^. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


1.4 


IM 

2.2 

1.6 


V] 


<? 


/a 


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rv 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 

1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 
D 

n 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pellicul6es 

□    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 


0 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i  e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  coul9  ir  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

□    Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 
D 


Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in6gale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


0 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fa?on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


^ 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


SOX 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


is 

u 

ifier 

le 

ige 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Harold  Campbell  Vaughan  Memorial  Library 
Acadia  University 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Harold  Campbell  Vaughan  Memorial  Library 
Acadia  University 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film6s  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^♦^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning   "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


rata 
> 


elure. 


3 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


J 


«* 


1 


IT 


THE 


Encyclop/Edia  of  Missions 


DESCRIPTIVE,   HISTORICAL  BIOCRAPHTCAL, 

STA  TISTICAL. 


WITH     A     FULL    ASSORTMENT    OF    .MAI'S,    A    COMPLFTK     1U15LI0G 
KAIMIY,   AND    LISTS    OF    15I15LK    VEliSlONS,    MISSIONARY 
SOCIETIES,    MISSION    STATIONS,    AND    A 
GENERAL    INDEX. 


VOL.  1. 

EDITEIl    l?Y 

REV.    EDWIN  MUNSELL  BLliSS. 


WCLFViLLE    'si  --^^ 


FUNK     \'     WAONALLS; 

MKW  Vt»UK, 

LONDON,       '        1891  TOKONTO. 

All  liii/hts  Itimirvcd. 

riilNTKD    IN    TIIK    UnITKI)   STATES. 


Enf"rp(l  ncpordlnR  to  Act  of  ronRTPSs,  in  tlip  j-'-nr  1R9I,  ny 

FUNK    i     WAONALLS, 

111  the  OfllCA'  of  tlip  Librarian  of  ConKress  nt  WnsliiriKton    I)  C 

(Kegistered  at  Stationers'  llali,  Loudon,  Kngland.J 


BV^O'i  0 


v:) 


/J^. 


PHEFACR 


The  standpoint  of  tliis  EncyclopiEdIa  Is.primarily,  that  of  one  who,  interested  in  foreign  mission 
•worlt,  seelss  to  enlsirge  his  vision  and  increase  Lis  linowledge;  secondarily,  tliat  of  one  wlio,  looking 
forward  to  a  personal  slnvre  in  it,  seelts  to  inform  himself  as  to  its  various  pliascs,  that  he  may  the 
more  readily  decide  where  he  can  probably  labor  to  the  best  advantage.  IIcucc  the  book  centres 
in  the  organized  mission  work.  The  basis  is  the  Society,  in  which  each  individual  is  more  especi- 
ally interested;  its  history,  organization,  development;  its  missions  and  stations.  Then  the  view 
broadens  to  take  in  the  countries,  races,  and  religious  In  their  relation  to  the  work,  not  only  of  his 
own,  but  of  other  denominations.  Special  topics  open  up,  individual  workers  stand  out  in  promi- 
nence, and  as  one  step  after  another  is  taken,  it  becomes  apparent  that  the  work  is  not  divided, 
but  is  one;  and  all  these  with  varied  names  xre  Out  portions  of  the  one  great  army  of  the  Church. 

The  plan  thus  includes  two  general  departments;  1.  The  organized  work— the  societies,  their 
origin  and  growth  at  home,  and  their  work  abroad ;  i.  The  countries  in  which,  the  races  for  which, 
that  work  is  carried  on,  and  the  religious  beliefs  hat  are  encountered. 

Accessory  to  these  are:  1.  A  gazetteer  of  Mission  Stations;  3.  Biographical  sketches  of  Jlia- 
sionaries;  3.  Statements  of  Bible  versions;  4.  Articles  on  special  topics  closely  related  to  the  work 
of  Foreign  Jlissions;  5.  JIaps,  appendices  of  bibliography  and  statistics,  and  indices. 

It  became  early  evident  that  to  accomplish  so  much,  minutiie  must  give  place  to  perspective. 
However  fascinating  the  details  might  be,  they  must  oe  constantly  used  merely  as  illustrations. 
To  do  more,  Avould  not  only  Uave  ^o  enlarged  its  extent  is  ;o  malie  the  book  unwieldy,  but  have 
blurred  the  distinctness  of  the  impression  that  it  has  been  sought  to  give.  Thus  ii.  the  accounts  of 
the  societies  and  their  work  personal  terns  ire  ;ew.  The  history  of  Missions,  both  at  home  and 
abroad,  is  largely  the  history  of  individual  men  and  women.  Those  who  have  stood  at  the  helm 
and  guided  these  great  organizations  were  and  are  no  less  missionaries  than  those  who  have  gone 
to  the  foreign  field,  yet  to  even  mention  the  names  of  all  within  the  space  allowed  would  have 
almost  made  the  work  a  mere  chronicle.  So  of  the  countries  and  stations,  the  races  and  religions. 
The  effort  has  been  to  give  so  much  of  geography,  liistory,  etc.,  as  would  serve  as  a  frame- 
work for  the  pictures  of  missionary  work  and  spiritual  need. 

With  regard  to  the  biographical  sketches,  it  became  evident  very  early  that  it  would  be  neces- 
sary to  draw  the  line  sharply  to  exclude  the  living,  and  that  to  mention  all,  even  of  the  dead, 
•would  be  impossible.  The  sketches,  too,  must  be  brief,  indicating  rather  than  describing  the  work 
each  did.    So  of  the  Bible  versions;   brief  paragraphs  were  all  that  could  be  attempted. 

When  the  question  of  special  topics  came  up,  the  scope  seemed  unlimited.  There  were  city 
missions;  home  niissious;  missions  in  their  relations  to  commerce,  music,  the  liquor  traffic,  the  slave- 
trade;  early  Christian  and  mediDeval  missions;  the  various  questions  under  discussion  in  regard  to 
methods  of  missionary  work,  the  lay  element,  education,  self-support  of  native  churches,  etc. 
To  treat  even  a  few  of  these  thoroughly,  though  eminently  desirable,  would  be  impracticable.  As 
careful  a  selection  as  possible  has  been  made,  and  as  much  space  given  as  seemed  proportionate  to 
the  general  scope  of  the  work. 

The  plan  led  also  to  the  decision  to  embody  statistics  and  general  lists  in  the  form  of  appendices, 
■which  could  easily  be  changed  in  subsequent  editions,  as  the  work  developed.  These  appendices 
include:  'a)  A  bibliography,  (ft.)  Lists  of  Bible  versions,  arranged  alphabetically  and  geographi- 
cally, showing  the  languages  and  dialects,  the  number  of  people  reached  by  them,  the  linguistic  fami- 
lies to  which  they  belong,  the  characters  in  which  they  are  written,  the  amount  of  translation  work 
done,  and  the  society  under  whose  auspices  they  have  been  prepared,  and  in  the  Index  the  page  of 
the  Encyclopedia  where  they  are  referred  to.  (c)  A  list  of  missionary  societies  with  the  addresses 
of  their  secretaries,  the  date  of  organization  and  the  page  of  the  Encyclopajdia  where  they  are 
«poken  of.    (d)  A  list  of  missionary  stations,  giving  their  geographical  location,  the  societies  carry- 

iU 


ly 


Ing  on  work  in  them,  the  number  and  sections  of  the  maps  where  they  arc  to  1m'  found,  nnd  the 
page  of  the  Encyclopiedia  where  they  are  described,  {e}  Tables  of  statistics:  (1)  by  societies  and 
missions;  (2)  by  countries  and  societies;  (3)  a  summary  of  tlie  whole.  The  General  Index  includes 
names  of  persons  mentioned,  places  referred  to,  and  general  subjects  treated.  The  maps  cover 
all  important  missiou-fields  with  as  much  fulness  as  is  practicable.  The  effort  has  been  made 
to  locate  every  mi.ssion  station  of  importance,  and  iu  some  cases  the  outstatiuii-s.  The  imiwrtance 
of  political  iulluence  iu  Africa  and  of  the  languages  of  India  has  led  to  the  furuishing  of  a  map 
of  each  country  speciall}'  designed  to  bring  out  those  characteristics. 

Speciflo  statements  as  to  the  appendices  will  be  found  in  prefatory  notes  to  them. 

3Iauy  questions  came  up  for  considi  ration.  In  the  alpha'^etical  arrangement  f)f  articles  a 
dilliculty  arose  in  regard  to  the  location  of  the  societies.  To  place  Ihem  under  their  corporate 
names  would  be  confusing,  and  the  effort  has  been  made  to  designate  each  by  the  term  by  which  it 
is  most  widely  known,  with  cross-references  wherever  it  seems  necessary.  If  there  is  dilliculty 
in  liuding  any  one,  a  reference  to  Appendi.x  C  will  easily  give  the  solution. 

Theu  came  the  iiueslion  of  spelling.  The  spelling  of  foreign  names  is  in  hopeless  confusion. 
No  two  societies  agree.  Often  the  same  .society  is  not  consistent  with  itself.  Governments  have 
laid  down  rules,  which  few  follow;  and  no  two  Governments  make  the  same  rules.  Should  we 
spell  Beirut,  RejTout,  or  Beyroot;  Maulmain  or  Moulmein;  Ilarpoot,  Ilarput,  or  Charput ;  Foo- 
chow  or  Fuhchau;  Gurhwa!  or  Garhwal;  Punjab  or  Panjab;  Ilyderaliad  or  Ilaldarabad;  Assiout, 
Assyoot,  or  Siout;  San  Paulo  or  Sfio  Paulo;  (Jtjimbeuque  or  Otyimoingiie. 

But  instauces  almo.st  innumerable  could  be  added.  The  reader  will  tind  a  few  of  the  per- 
plexities noted  in  Appendix  D.  To  be  absolutely  logical  or  consistent  was  impossible.  In  India 
names  the  spelling  of  Iliuiter's  Encydopicdia  has  been  adopted.  In  Africa,  the  Church  !Mission- 
ary  Society  and  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  "SI.  reports  have  been  followed  in  the  main;  elsewhere  the  editor 
has  done  the  best  he  could,  and  if  in  anj'  instance  some  mission  station  eludes  the  patient  search  of 
the  reader,  let  him  make  a  note  of  his  failure  for  the  benelit  of  futiu'e  workers  in  this  line. 

Numerous  recpiests  have  come  in  for  an  indication  of  the  pronunciation  of  the  names  of  places. 
To  do  this,  however,  was  so  manifcstl}'  impossible  that  no  effort  has  been  made.  Each  reader  is 
at  perfect  liberty  to  pronounce  Kachchh  or  Njenhangli  as  he  chooses. 

Another  dilliculty  arose  from  the  recurrence  of  the  same  name.  If  one  is  jierplexed  to  dis- 
tinguish the  "Washiugtons  that  occur  in  every  State  of  the  Union  he  will  understand  the  danger 
of  confoimdiug  the  various  Salems  of  Africa,  the  Bethels  of  the  "West  Indies  and  India,  or  the 
Bijuaurs  (Bijnours?)  of  the  Northwest  Provinces  and  Oudh. 

The  question  of  statistics  was  also  a  i)erple.\ing  one.  After  much  consideration  it  was  decided 
to  give  the  general  statistics  iu  the  form  of  tables  in  an  appciulix,  introducing  into  the  body  of  the 
Encyclopa'dia  onlj-  such  as  were  necessarj-  in  order  to  indicate  the  general  nature  ami  scope  of  the 
work  in  the  different  stations.  So  far  as  practicable,  these  have  been  brought  up  to  date  of  publi- 
cation. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  work  blanks  were  sent  to  every  mission  society  and  uussioa 
station  that  could  be  learned  of.  The  societies  in  almost  every  case  responded,  and  many  of  the 
stations.  With  these  as  a  basis  and  the  careful  study  of  the  reports  of  the  societies,  the  various 
Eucyelopffidias,  etc.,  the  great  majority  of  the  statements  were  prepared.  In  a  few  instauces 
the  society  statements  came  from  outside  parties.  Thus  the  article  on  the  American  Baptist 
Missionary  Union  was  furnished  by  Dr.  L.  P.  Brockett;  that  on  the  Moravian  ^Missions,  by 
Rev.  B.  Romig  of  Ilerruhut;  and  so  of  a  few  others.  Whenever  it  was  practicable  these  state- 
ments were  referred  to  persons  connected  with  or  specially  informed  regarding  the  societies,  with 
a  view  to  their  being  free  from  inaccuracy.  Some  countries,  etc.,  were  described  by  writers 
specially  actpiaiiited  with  them.  Thus  the  India  articles  were  prepared  by  Rev.  C.  W. 
Park  of  Birmingham,  Conn.,  formerly  of  Bombay;  Japan,  by  Rev.  W.  E.  Griffls,  D.D.  ; 
Brazil,  by  Rev.  J.  Beatty  Howells,  long  n  missionary  in  that  country.  The  subjoined  list 
will  indicate  most  of  the  writers.  The  biographical  sketches  are  chiefly  the  work  of  Rev. 
Samuel  Hutchings,  D.D.,  whose  eighty-three  years-  of  age  have  not  dimmed  his  interest  or 
dulled  the  keenness  of  his  pen.  For  the  lists  of  Bible  versions  we  are  indebted  to  the  kind 
courtesy  of  R.  N.  Cust,  LL.D.,  of  London  (see  Preface  to  Appendix  B).  The  sketches  of  the 
versions  have  mostly  been  prepared  by  Dr.  Bernhard  Pick  of  Allegheny,  who  has  made  the  subject 
a  special  study.  The  Arabic  version,  however,  has  been  described  by  its  translator,  Rev.  Dr.  C. 
v.  A.  Van  Dyck  of  Beirut;  the  Turkish  version  by  Rev.  H.  O.  Dwight  of  Constantinople. 

In  seeking  for  any  title  look  first  in  the  Encyclopaedia;  also  in  the  Index  of  Appendix  B  for 
Bible  versions;  in  Appendix  C  for  societies  or  faith  missions;  in  Appendix  D  for  Mission  Stations; 
and  In  the  general  Index  ior  all.    The  page  references  in  the  appendices  refer  only  to  articles,  not  to 


places  where  mention  of  any  topic  Is  uiudu  in  other  articles;  e.g.,  the  station  of  Alluhabail  will  bo 
fdiiiul  by  Appendix  1),  on  page  -11,  of  Vol.  I.  It  will  also  be  found  by  the  general  Index,  on  page 
250,  Vol.  II.,  etc.  So  of  the  versions.  Any  person  desiring  to  look  up  the  whole  work  of  a  Sociity 
will  turn  from  the  account  of  the  Society  itself  to  that  of  the  country  where  it  works,  the  .stations  it 
occupies,  and  the  liioiirapliical  .sketches  of  its  inis.sionaries,  as  lie  finds  tlieni  inciitioncd  in  the  differ- 
enl  ariiules.  lu  givinj;  accounts  of  stations  only  those  have  been  included  in  the  body  ot  the  work 
Willi  regard  to  wliicli  some  detiuite  information  is  given  beyond  the  mere  fact  of  their  being  occu- 
pied l)y  a  curtain  society.    The  complete  list  appears  in  Appeudi.\  D. 

It  is  a  pleasjiut  duty  to  acknowledge  the  kind  courfjsy  of  the  many  who  have  assisted  in  tho 
work:  of  the  publi.sliers,who  have  furnLshed  the  means  and  have  left  the  editor  .so  free  to  carry  out 
the  plan  as  fully  as  was  piacticable;  those  wlio  hrve  worked  in  the  olllio  with  an  interest  that 
lias  shown  their  task  to  be  no  mere  perfiuielory  iiuty;  the  cnnlriljutors,  whose  patience,  consid- 
eration, and  ability  have  done  so  nuicli  to  make  I  lie  work  not  merely  instructive,  but  eiiierlaiiiing; 
the  olUccrs  of  the  Jli.ssionary  Societies,  whose  unfailing  willingness  to  answer  innumerable  ([ues- 
tioiis  lias  been  so  often  put  to  the  test.  To  name  each  one  Wi  Id  be  to  give  the  list  of  all  with 
wluim  the  editor  has  come  in  contact  in  his  work;  yet  he  cannot  liut  make  special  acknowlcdg- 
meiils  to  Dr.  Dalmaii  of  lA'ipzig  for  his  article  on  the  Jews;  to  the  Rev.  S.  M.  .Jackson  for  the 
IJibllography;  to  Dr.  C'usi  of  London  for  his  table  of  Bible  versions;  to  the  oflicers  of  the 
Church  Missionary  Society  for  the  free  use  of  their  atlases  of  India  and  Africa. 

That  errors  and  omissions,  .some  apparently  inexplicable,  will  be  iioliced,  must  be  expected. 
Any  ie[)ort  of  such  to  the  i)ublisliers  will  be  gladly  received. 

The  work  in  truth  has  been  a  labor  of  love,  and  the  highest  return  that  can  come  from  it  will 
be  the  consciousness  that  it  has  furnisheil  a  link  in  the  chain  that  is  to  bind  to};etli'>r  the  great 
divisions  of  the  one  great  army  of  the  Church,  as  they  come  through  its  pages  to  know  and  under- 
stand each  other  better. 

EUWIN-    JICXSELL  Buss. 

Niiw  YoKK  (  rrv, 
March,  1891. 


'^Ol.'ry 


T   - 


^BAR-. 


■3 


LIST   OF  CONTRIBUTORS   OF  SPECIAL  ARTICLES. 


Andhi's,  Rev.  A.  N., 

Miircl'i ,  Turkey. 

Attehbuhy,  Rev.  W.  W.,  D.D., 
Now  York  City. 

Bahton,  Rev.  I.  L., 

llnrpoot,  Turkey. 

BnooKETT,  L.  P.,  M.D., 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
CuA-MHEus,  Rev.  R., 

Erzroom,  Turkey. 
'Cobb,  Miss  M.  L., 

East  Orange,  N.  J. 
Droil,  Rev.  J., 

Moutreiil,  C'annila. 
Ckowell,  Jliss  K.  R., 

East  Orange,  N.  J. 
CrsT,  R.  X.,  LL.D., 

Londou,  England. 
Dalman,  Prof.  G., 

Leipzig,  Germany. 
DwiGUT,  Rev.  II.  O. , 

Constantinople,  Turkey. 
Ellinwood,  Rev.  F.  F.,  D.I)., 

Sec'y  Presbyterian  Board  of  For. 
Alissions,  New  York  City. 
Gate8,  Rev.  O.  IL, 

Berlin,  Germany.  . 
GruMAN,  Rev.  E.  AV.,  D.D., 

Secy  American  Bible  Society, 
New  York  City. 
G]i.\CEV,  Rev.  J.  T.,  D.D., 

President  International  Missionary 
Union. 

GiuFFis,  Rev.  \V.  E.,  D.D., 

Author  of  "  The  Mikado's  Empire." 

Boston,  !Mass. 
GHot-T,  Rev.  Lewis,  (late  of  South  Africa,) 

"West  Brattleboro,  Vt. 


Happer,  J.  a., 

Canton,  China. 
HowELLs,  Rev.  .1.  B., 

Jaher,  Brazil. 
HULBERT,  Prof.  II.  B., 

Seoul,  Korea. 
HcLBERT.  Prof.  II.  W.,  (late  of  Beirut.  Syria,) 

Marietta,  Ohio. 
HuTCHiNos,  Rev.  S.,  D.D., 

(late  of  Madras,  India,) 
Orange,  N.  J. 
Jackson,  Rev.  S.  M., 

New  York. 
KVLOPOTIIAKES,  Rev.  M.  D., 
Athens,  Greece. 
Labaree,  Rev.  B.,  D.D., 

Orot)niiiih,  Persia. 
Laurie,  Rev.  T.,  D.D..  (late  of  Mosul,  Turkey,) 

Providence,  R.  I. 
Lawrence,  Rev.  E.  A., 

Baltimore,  Md. 
Leonard,  Rev.  J.  Y., 

(late  of  :Marsovan,  Turkey,) 
New  Iluveu,  Ct. 
LooMis,  Rev.  S., 

Newark,  N.  J. 
LovETT,  Rev.  R., 

Sec.  Religious  Tract  Society, 
Loudon,  England. 
Marshall,  C.  J., 

Salvation  Army,  New  York  City. 
Martyn,  Rev.  Chalmers, 

(lute  of  Bangkok,  Siam,) 
Moorestowu,  N.  J. 
McFakland,  Rev.  II.  II., 

Woodhaveu,  L.  I. 
McLaubin,  Rev.  .1., 

Sec.  Baptist  Foreign  Miss.  Society, 
Woodstock,  Canada. 


Tilt 


McLbman,  Rev.  D., 

Akiiroa,  Now  Zuiilund. 
iMousK,  U,  C, 

See.  Intonmlioiml  f'oin.Y.jr.C.A., 
New  York  City. 
Panauetofk,  H.,  I'rof,  HobiTt  Colli.ge, 

CIousliitiliiKipIc,  Turkey. 

I'ahiv,  Itev.  C.  \V.,  dak'  of  lloiiilwy,  luilia,) 

Hinuiiiglmiii,  C't. 
pAItSoNS,  Ml.ss  K.  ('., 

JAiitor  W'oiiiiiu's  WorkforWoman, 
New  York  City. 
I'K  Iv,  lUv.  li.,  I'll. P., 

Alli'ghoiiy,  Pii. 
l{<iMli;,  Hc-v.  ]$., 

Bt'c'y  Moravirtu  Missions, 
Ilerrriliut,  Geriimny. 
RvusEM.,  Uov.  v.,  D.I)., 

Hec'y  Kvaiigelical  AlliaucL', 
Now  York  City. 
8iir;i)i),  Rev.  J.  If.,  D.D., 

Orooiniiiii,  l'er.sia. 
!^m;i.T(.x,  Rev.  C.  ^Y„ 

Bee 'y  American  Miss.  Associalion, 
liiniiiiigliaiii,  Cl. 
SrnofM,,  Rev.  W.  ,7., 

LiUakieli,  Syria. 
Staihu  CK,  Rev.  C.  C, 

Audovcr,  Muss. 


Steki.e,  Rev.  R,,  D.I)., 

Sidney.  Austmlln. 
Tavloii,  Rev.  J.  Hiidso.i. 

Chinu  Inland  .MLswion, 
liondun,  Knirland. 

Tiio.MsoN,  Rev.  A.,  D.I)., 

CoMHtantinople,  Turkey. 

TOWNHENU,  Rev.  W.  .1., 

Asliton-iinder-Lyue,  England. 

Van  Dyck,  Rev.  C.  V.  A.,  D.D., 
Ikinil,  Syria. 

AVatson,  Rev.  A.,  D.D., 

Alexandria,  Kgypt. 

WiiiT.NKV,  Rev.  .1.  F.,  dale  of  iMieronesiu,; 
3Iarshlield,  Vt. 

AVii.snKiii;.  Rev   D., 

Na.ssau,  Ralmnins. 

■\Voui),  l£ev.  I.  F.,  (late  of  Ceylon,) 

New  Haven,  Ct. 
Wuou,  Rev.  J., 

Hoc.  Canada  Congregational  MLss.  Soc, 
Ottawa,  Can, 

WuitiUT,  Rev.  W.,  D.D., 

Sec.  Hriiish  and  For.  T3iblo  Soc., 
London,  England. 

Wylik,  Rev.  A.  :McE,, 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y, 


LIST  OF  MAPS. 


8. 

!). 
10 
11. 
Vi. 

la. 

14 

in. 


VOL.  I. 

ApniCA,  Political  Map, 

JidYiT  AM)  Eastern  Soudax 
"        Ck.vthal 

"  f^tHTll,  •  .  .  , 

"  Wkstiohn    SoiDAX, 

"         NoitTII 

liKxiiAL  (Kantkux  India), 

UoMiiAY  (Wkstkhn  India). 

SinTii    Amkiika 

ClIl.NA 

(!iti:i;(  K   AND  lUucAN  Pexinsula,  . 

IIaw.viian  Islands, 

India  (LANorAdK  Mai').    (See  also  Beno.u.,  Bo.mh 

Alaska  and  Canada, 

Japan  and  Kokea 


16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
23. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
SO. 


^lADACi.VSCAIi 

Madham  (Eastehn  India), 
Malay  Pkninsila,  IJoiineo,  etc.,   . 
MicHoNKsiA  and  Melanksia  (Westehn 
Mexico 

Polynesia  (Eastekn  PAriFic), 

PrN.iAii  (NouTiiEHN  India),     , 

Pehsia,  Afghanistan,     . 

Siam, 

TritKEY  IN  Asia  and  Syhia, 

West  Indies,    ,       .       .       .       . 


Y,  M 


Fiiciiijj: 


piigc 


vs.  Pr 


N.IAlO 


)L    II. 


'acific) 


0 

10 

14 

SO 

20 

80 

14!l 

174 

180 

247 

:s!Mi 

411 
444 
452 
482 


8 

19 

27 

58 

91 

208 

2C2 

218 

3132 

412 

469 


t 

fl 

a 
1 
•> 

r( 
1. 
A 

h 

vi 
o< 
A 
w 


ENCYCLOPEDIA 


OF 


M  ISSIONS 


Aann,  n  town  in  the  western  pnrt  of  tho 
island  of  Samoft.  Mission  station  of  the  London 
Missionary  Society,  with  iCM  church-members. 

AiiiiKCleken,  n  mission  station  on  the 
northern  boundary  of  Natal,  between  Oskars- 
borR  and  An.oibie,  founded  by  the  Swedish 
State  Church  in  1879.  The  chief  work  is 
among  the  Zulus. 

Abiiba,  formerly  Torres,  the  northern- 
most island  of  tho  northernmost  group,  Bank's 
Islands,  of  the  Melanesian  Archipelago.  Tho 
inhabitants  have  m<  chiefs,  and  train  their 
children  to  agriculture  and  independence  at  a 
very  early  age.  Fights  with  clubs  and  arrows 
lire  frequent,  and  human  life  is  held  at  little 
value.  A  mission  station  of  the  Melauesian 
Mission,  founded  in  1S7S). 

.'ibaco,  an  island  of  the  Bahamas,  West  In- 
dies. A  station  of  the  Baptist  Missionary  Soci- 
ety, with  l.")7  church-members,  and  of  the 
Wesleyan  Methodist  Society  (2  missionaries,  24 
native  helpers,  4',l(i  church-members,  5i;)  school- 
children). 

Abatcniba,  a  tribe  of  Kaffirs,  of  about 
Kill, 000,  occupying  the  territory  about  Tambuki. 

Abct'i,  David,  b.  Juno  12th,  1804.  at 
New  Brunswick,  N.  .T. ;  entered  the  Theological 
Seminary  at  New  Brunswick,  182(i,  and  hav- 
ing completed  the  course  of  3  years,  was  or- 
dained, and  settled  as  pastor  at  Athens,  N.  Y., 
the  same  year.  His  health  having  failed,  he 
resigned  his  charge  at  the  end  of  2A  years. 
He  accepted  tho  position  of  chaplain  of  the 
American  Seamen's  Friend  Society  at  Can- 
ton, with  a  conditional  appointment  as  mission 
ary  of  the  American  Board  at  the  end  of  a  year, 
and  sailed  with  by  Mr.  Bridgman,  October  14th, 
lH2y.  for  China. "  Ueaching  Canton,  February 
2r)th,  iriliO,  they  were  cordially  welcomed  i)y  the 
residents,  especially  by  Dr.  Morrison.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1H;U,  Mr.  Abeel  entered  the  service  of  tho 
American  Board,  and  sailed  on  tho  27th  for 
Batavia,  partly  for  his  health,  but  ehielly  to 
visit  the  churches  planted  by  the  Dutcii,  2 
centuries  before,  in  the  islands  of  Southeastern 
Asia.  He  first  went  to  Java,  stopping  for  a 
while  at  Batavia  with  Mr.  Medhurst,  engaging 


with  him  in  mission  work  and  the  study  of  tho 
Chinese  language.  On  June  30th  he  reached 
Siam,  and  in  January,  1832,  Singapore  and 
Malacca.  During  these  visits  he  was  constant- 
ly engaged  in  missionary  labors,  distributing 
books,  conversing  with  the  sailors  and  Chinese 
residents.  In  May,  1832,  he  made  a  second 
visit  to  Siani,  remaining  between  5  and  6 
months.  His  health  having  entirely  failed,  he 
was  invited  by  the  Prudential  Committee,  in 
1833,  to  visit  the  United  States  and  labor  as  an 
agent  among  the  Reformed  Dutch  churches. 
Arriving  in  London,  October  31st,  .^ith  health 
improved,  he  visited  Paris,  where  1:(  ireached 
to  Protestant  residents,  then  journeye  through 
different  parts  of  tho  continent,  cv^  rywhere 
diflPusing  missionary  information,  and  urging 
the  claims  of  the  heathen.  Heturning  to  Lon- 
don, July  25th,  1834,  he  told  of  tho  degradation 
of  the  women  of  tho  East,  and  presented  an 
ai)peal  to  the  Christian  women  of  Great  Britain, 
which  resulted  in  the  formation  of  the  So- 
ciet.v  for  Promoting  Female  Education  in  the 
East.  October  17th,  1838,  he  returned  to  Can- 
ton,  but  tho  "  opium  war  "  preventing  his  use- 
kulnoss  there,  ho  visited  Malacca,  Borneo,  and 
other  jdacos.  In  1841  he  visited  liis  brethren 
of  tho  Keformed  Dutch  Church  at  Borneo,  and 
Macao.  Tho  next  year  he  visited  Amoy,  one 
of  the  r>  free  ports  in  China,  and  in  1844 
founded  tho  Anuiy  Mission.  The  same  year  lie 
was  joined  by  Messrs.  Doty  and  Pohlman. 
Early  in  1845  the  progress  of  his  disease  had 
become  such  as  compelled  him  to  relinquish 
the  missionary  work  and  return  home.  He 
reached  New  York,  April  3d.  1845,  and  died  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  September  4th,  1840,  aged  42. 
Ho  published  A  Joiininl  of  a  liisiilence  in 
I'ltina  ;  A  Missionciri/  Coiivenlion  in  Jerusalem  f 
The  Cldims  (]f  China  for  the  dosjiel. 

Abcib,  a  city  of  Syria,  25  miles  south  of 
Beirout,  near  Deircl-Kamr,  a  principal  place 
of  the  Druses.  A  mission  station  established 
by  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  but  in  1870  transferred 
to  American  Presbyterian  Board.  Tho  Theo- 
logical Seminary  which  was  founded  there  in 
18(>',t  was  transferred  to  Beirout  in  1874.  At 
]iresent  occupied  by  2  missionary  familie*  and 
a  female  missionary. 


ABENAQUI 


ABYSSINIA 


Abenaqui,  a  dialect  of  the  Mic  Mac  lan- 
guage of  tlie  North  American  Indians,  It  was 
flrst  reduced  to  writing  l>y  niistiionaries  of  the 
American  Board.  Kev.  1>.  P.  OsunkhirLine,  a 
native  of  the  Abenaijni  tribe  in  employ  of  the 
lioard,  near  St.  Francis,  in  Lower  Canada, 
translated  the  Gospel  of  Mark  from  English 
into  his  vernacular,  and  an  edition  was  printed 
at  Montreal.  At  the  station  of  this  preacher 
there  were  in  1847,  5o  .Vbennciuis  reclaimed 
from  their  savage  state  and  united  in  church 
fellowship. 

AbcoklltH,  the  capital  of  the  Egba  tribe, 
Yornba,  West  Africa,  stands  on  the  western 
shore  of  the  Ogan  Kivcr,  about  MO  miles  east  of 
Lagos.  It  was  founded  in  1H30  by  fugitives 
from  Yoruba,  but  became  soon  a  llourishing 
seat  of  comuiorco  with  Sierra  Leone,  and  was, 
in  1842,  visited  by  Christi  n  missionaries— Free- 
man, of  the  Wesleyan,  ,iud  Townsend,  of  the 
Church  Missionary  Society.  A  follower  of  the 
latter  founded  the  first  congregation  there. 
But  in  18()7  a  (juarrel  between  Abeokuta  and 
Lago.s,  instigated  by  the  English  dealers  in 
whiskey,  brought  dnwn  a  heavy  blow  upon  the 
Christian  mission.  The  churches  in  Abeokuta 
were  sacked  and  nearly  destroyed,  all  white  men 
were  expelled,  and  4(i()  Christian  Egbas  left  for 
Ebute  Meta.  Still  the  congregation  held  on 
under  the  guidance  of  the  able  negro  preacher, 
Johnson.  At  present  the  city  has  about  l"i(),UOO 
inhabitants,  of  whom  about  ;!,0U()  are  Chris- 
tians. The  C.  M.  S.  collected  in  1885  over 
$2,000,  but  it  has  to  tight  very  hard  against 
j)olygamy,  whiskey-drinking,  etc.  The  Wes- 
leyans  have  3  congregations  in  .Abeokuta, 
comprising  about  300  souls.  The  Southern 
Baptists  renewed  in  1870  the  mission  which 
they  began  in  184'J. 

Abelifl,  a  city  of  4,000  inhabitants,  in  the 
territory  of  Okwawa,  West  Africa,  which, 
though  belonging  to  the  domain  of  the  Ashantee 
language,  is  independent  both  of  the  English 
in  the  Gold  Coast  and  of  Ashantee.  It  has  4,000 
inhabitants.  Mission  station  of  the  Basle 
Missionary  Society  ;  2  missionaries,  1  mission- 
ary's wife,  (t  native  heli)ers,  a  native  church 
and  boys'  school. 

AI>kllUHiaii§,  a  warlike  tribe,  inhabiting 
the  country  between  the  Black  Hea  and  the 
Caucasus.  Under  the  Boman  Emperor  Jus- 
tinian they  became  Cliristians,  but  subsequent- 
ly adopted  Mohammedanism,  to  which  religion 
tliey  still  nominall.v  belou;!;,  though  their  re- 
ligion in  fact  consists  of  a  barbarous  mixture  of 
Christian,  Moslem,  and  heathen  notions  and 
usages.  A  large  number  of  Abkhasia  is  havj 
lately  emigrated  from  Kussia  to  Turkey.  Xo 
I'lission  work  has  been  attempted  among  them. 

Abok<>bi^  a  city  on  the  Gold  Coast,  West 
Africa,  15  miles  north  of  Christiansborg.  A 
station  of  the  Basle  Missionary  Society,  with  2 
missionaries  and  their  wives,  1  single  lady  ;  a 
congregation  numbering  ;m!3  members,  a 
girls'  school,  and  several  branch  establishments. 

Aboiiio,  the  eapitol  of  Dahomey,  is  famous 
for  its  royal  palace,  whose  jirincipal  ornnmonts 
consist  of  thousands  of  human  skulls.  It  is 
not  a  mission  station,  but  has  been  reached  by 
the  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society, 

Aburi,  a  city  of  n,500  inhabitants,  on  the 
Gold  Coast,  West  Africa,  3U  miles  north  of  Chris- 


tiansborg, bnt  in  the  domain  of  the  Otshi,  or 
Ashantee  language,  A  Btation  of  the  Basle  Mis- 
sionary Society,  with  2  missionaries  and  their 
wives  ;  1  single  lady,  and  17  notive  helpers. 
The  congregation  numbers  884.  There  is  a 
girls'  school,  and  since  1885  a  medical  estab- 
lishment. 

AbySNilliu  (from  Arabic  "  Halmsh "  — 
"  mixed  "  population.  Inhabitants  call  them- 
selves Itiopavians  =  Ethiopians).  The  region 
now  included  under  the  common  name  Abys- 
sinia has  been  called  most  appropriately  the 
"Switzerland"  of  Africa.  It  consists,  tor  the 
most  part,  of  a  mountainous  plateau  averaging 
9,000  feet  above  sea  level,  precipitous  on  the 
east,  and  falling  away  more  gradually  in  other 
directions,  everywhere  being  intersected  by 
profound  ravines  and  dominated  by  lofty  snow- 
capped  peaks.  A  desert,  stretching  from  the 
Bed  Sea  to  the  base  of  the  mountains,  still 
further  isolates  this  Alpine  region.  Abyssinia, 
made  up  of  the  various  provinces  of  Tigiv, 
Lasta,  Amhara,  (rojam,  Shoa,  and  adjoining 
lands,  covers  244,000  sipiare  miles  (a  little 
larger  than  France  and  somewhat  smaller  than 
Texas).  The  average  climate  on  this  lofty 
plateau  is  delightfully  temi)erate,  the  dejiths  of 
the  ravines  being  thoroughly  tropical,  .vhilo  the 
higher  mountain  shoulders  are  decidedly  Arctic. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  and  supports  a  great  variety  of 
vegetable  and  animal  life.  Kicli  mines  of  great 
variety  abound,  and  the  country  furnishes 
every  necessity  for  a  highly  developed  civiliza- 
ton. 

The  people  of  Abyssinia,  numbering  from 
0,000,000  to  7,000,000,  are  much  sup<rior  in 
every  respect  to  their  African  neighbors.  As 
indicated  by  the  Arabic  designatioi. ,  "  Ha- 
basli, "  the  population  is  "  mixed."  Thi  dates 
and  projiortioii  of  the  admixtures  are  largely 
conieotural.  The  racial  element  that  predomi- 
nates is  doubtless  Turanian,  and  not  dissimilar 
to  the  Egyptian,  but  with  a  considerable  infu- 
sion of  negro  blood.  However,  since  historic 
times  the  Semites,  originally  immigrants  from 
the  Arabian  peninsula,  have  had  ))olitical  as- 
cendency, and  have  imposed  upon  the  country, 
for  the  most  jtart,  their  language,  laws,  and  re- 
ligion. There  are  70,000  "Falashas, "  who 
were  converted  at  an  early  date  by  Jewish  mis- 
sionaries, and  still  practise  the  Jewish  rites. 
This  influence,  and  with  it  some  Hebrev>'  blood, 
may  have  come  in  as  early  as  the  Babylonian 
cajiiivity.  The  Abyssiuians  are  a  tall,  athletic, 
bold  race,  with  keen  intellects,  polite  in  ordi- 
nary intercourse,  yet  with  savage  outbursts  of 
brutality.  As  they  are  the  only  Christian  na- 
tion in  Africa,  so  they  are  the  only  savage 
Christian  race  in  the  world.  All  indications 
point  us  to  the  conclusion  that  the  Ethiopians 
were  once  a  mighty  race  of  conquerors,  a  con- 
stant menace  to  ancient  Egypt,  and  holding  the 
gateway  of  commerce  for  all  Central  and 
Southern  Africa.  Since  historic  times  inter- 
nal discord  and  powerful  enemies  without 
have  weakened  their  power  and  hedged  them 
in  their  mountainous  retreats.  For  centuries 
the  devotees  of  Islam  have  swarmed  about 
the  base  of  this  isolated  plateau,  occasionally 
successful  in  penetrating  the  ilesolate  ravines, 
but  eventually  being  driven  back  to  reform  their 
ranks  and  prepare  for  another  raid. 

The  fntrnduction  of  Christianity.— Ahysfiinin  has 
been  called  the  first  and  only  mission  held  of 


ABYSSINIA 


3 


ABYSSINIA 


the  Coptic  Church.  It  was  converted  to  the 
Ch.istian  faith  early  in  the  4th  century,  in  this 
Miwe  :  Meropius,  a  philosopher  of  Tyre,  went 
on  a,  voyage  for  purposes  of  travel  and  observa- 
tion to  "  India"— 11  uinch-nbuaed  title,  sujjposed 
to  designate  in  this  case  South  Arabia.  He 
took  with  him  his  two  youthful  nephews,  Fru- 
Mientins  and  Edesius.  On  the  return  voyage 
the  ship  put  in  at  a  certain  port  on  the  western 
shore  of  the  Red  Hea  fi  ir  supi)lies.  Therenpon, 
the  natives  attacked  the  passengers  and  crew, 
and  slew  all  of  them  except  the  two  boys,  who 
were  spared  on  account  of  their  tender  age. 
These  were  carried  inland  as  slaves,  and  pre- 
sented to  King  Kliadad  at  his  capital,  Axum 
(variously  written).  Their  royal  master  soon 
discovered  their  sagacity  and  talents,  and  made 
Edesius  cup-bearei  at  bis  table,  and  Frumentius 
keejier  of  the  royal  records.  On  the  death  of 
the  king  the  oducatian  of  tlie  boy-prince  was 
entrusted  to  the  tw  yo'  iig  strangers,  who  took 
advantage  of  their  opp.irtnnity  and  brought  him 
up  in  the  Cliristian  faith.  After  awhile  the 
Konian  iner^'hants,  wlio  Hocked  in  large  num- 
bers to  Axuin,  suggrsted  that  some  arrangement 
ougL.  "  made  l'>r  a  Christian  service  at  the 

heathei  "apital.  A  prayer-house  was  accord- 
ingly bum,  and  Frumentius  took  the  load  in 
divine  worship.  Gradually  the  church  grew. 
When  the  prince  came  of  age  he  gratefiiUy 
yielded  to  the  urgent  request  of  liis  Sirian 
tutors,  and  allowed  them  to  go  back  to  their 
native  land.  Inst<M»d  of  returning  to  Tyre, 
Frumentius,  filled  with  a  missionary  ppirit, 
went  directly  to  Alexandria  and  laid  the  matter 
of  the  spread  of  Christianity  in  Abyssinia  before 
Athanasius,  lately  made  bishop  at  that  centre. 
This  great  man  and  his  co-laborers  urged  the 
work  upon  Frumentius,  saying,  "  Who  could 
remove  better  than  you  could  the  gross  igno- 
rance ot  this  people,  and  introduce  among  them 
the  light  of  the  divine  truth  y"  Thereupon, 
this  "  earlier  Livingstone"  was  ordained  as 
Bishop  ot  .Vbyssinia,  and  went  back  to  Axum 
to  jirosecute  his  missionarj-  labors.  Under 
royal  patronage  he  commenced  his  preaching, 
and  before  his  long  and  useful  life  was  ended 
he  had  succeeded  in  winning  the  heathen  to 
the  Cro.ss  ;  and  that  early  Church  enshrines  his 
memory  in  the  fond  title  of  "  Abu  Salama," 
"  the  father  of  peace."  To  this  day  the  Abys- 
sinians  sing  his  praises  in  the  following  verses  : 

"  Hiiil  !   wiih  n  vnitc  nf  joy  I  cry 
K.itiillini.'  1111(1  laudiiit;  lii'in, 
Siiluiim.  ilii'  piirtnl  of  iiu'iTy  and  Rraco, 
Wlio  ojMiii'd  Ethiiipiii  lo  tlif  Hpli'iidor  of  ChristV  li(,'ht, 
Whin  ix'fori;  that  it  was darkiiec« uiid  id)?lit." 

The  venerable  translation  of  the  Bible  into 
Ethiopic  dates  from  the  ith  century,  and  if  not 
perfected  by  Frumentius,  was  doubtless  set  un- 
der way  by  his  zealous  foresight.  The  Gospel 
spread  to  Nubia  and  the  surrounding  countries. 
A  powerful  kingdom  was  set  up,  which  ex- 
changed greetings  with  the  court  at  Constanti- 
nople. 

The  Arabian  ^Jpisofh'. — The  Christian  faith 
had  by  this  time  spread  into  Southern  .\rabia. 
The  once  powerful  Himyarite  Kingdom  had 
fallen  into  decay.  The  Jews  were  already 
numerous  in  that  country.  A  usurper,  Ibu 
Nowas  by  name,  seized  the  throne.  He  was  a 
bigoted  and  dissolute  proselyte  to  Judaism. 
He  perpetrated  frightful  cruelties  upon  the 
Christians  in  the  neighboring  province  of 
Najrun,  who  had  refused  to  embrace  his  faith. 


One  of  his  intended  victims  escaped,  made 
his  way  to  the  court  of  Justinian  the  Great  at 
C.->nstantinople,  and  holding  up  a  half-burned 
Goipel,  invoked  retribution  upon  Ibn  Nowas. 
Thereupon,  the  emperor  s-^nt  an  embassy  to 
the  King  of  Ethiopia  (at  Axum)  with  the  request 
that  he  would  go  over  and  punish  the  usurper 
who  was  seated  on  the  throne  of  the  Him- 
yarites.  The  king,  whose  name  was  Elasbaan, 
accepted  the  commission,  and  thoroughly  ac- 
complished this  "first  crusade,"  i)lacing  a 
Christian  king  upon  the  throne  tributary  tD 
him.  We  have  the  following  lament  in  Ethiopic 
over  the  martyrs  of  Najran  :  "Ail  hail  the 
beauty  ot  the  stars  of  Najran,  gems  of  light 
which  illuminate  the  world.  May  your  beauty 
be  reconciliation  and  j)ai'itication.  Should  my 
sin  stand  before  God,  the  Judge,  show  Him  the 
blood  which  you  have  shed  in  bearing  your 
testimony  to  }Iim."  With  this  heroic  episode 
the  Ethiopians  and  their  church  disappear  from 
the  annals  of  history  for  1,0(10  years. 

T/ie  Jesuit  Episnde.-  In  ll'JO  a.d.,  the  Abys- 
sinian Christians  were  rediscovered  by  the  naval 
officers  of  .John  IT.  of  I'ortugal,  who  had  sailed 
all  the  way  around  Southern  .\fiica.  The  Chris- 
tian world  thought  that  at  last  the  famous 
"  Prester  John"  was  found  away  uji  in  the 
Abyssinian  :^^ountaiIls.  Tho  King  of  I'ortugal 
sent  I'etro  Cavilham,  the  Jesuit,  to  i)ush  the 
interests  of  I'orttigal  in  Africa.  This  interfer- 
ence was  resented.  The  Abyssiniaus  came  to 
blows  with  the  Portuguese  soldiers,  who  worked 
under  orders  from  tlie  Jesuits,  At  one  time 
these  zealous  churchmen  were  victorious,  and 
8,000  enemies  lay  dead  iipon  the  battle-tield. 
As  the  young  Abyssinian  Prince  Facilidas, 
whom  tho  Jesuits  had  half  won  over,  walked 
through  the  heaps  of  slain,  lie  is  reported  to 
have  come  \:.  luis  conclusion  :  "  A  religion 
which  causes  so  much  bloodshed  cannot  be 
good.  We  had  better,  though  victorious,  re- 
turn to  the  faith  of  the  conquered  and  remain 
faithful,  as  they  were."  When  he  became  king 
ho  expelled  tho  Jesuits,  and  all  further  attempts 
on  their  part  to  get  a  footing  in  the  country 
failed.  The  attemjit,  in  1(')'21,  when  the  Jesuits 
installed  a  jiatriarch  in  Aliyssinia,  was  espe- 
cially disa-strous.  Over  a  century  later  (1750- 
17o4)  a  third  attemjit  was  unsuccessful, 

I'rotesl'tnl  Missions  in  Aliyssi}ii(t. — In  1830 
Bishop  Gobat  ond  Mr.  Kugler  were  sent  on  a 
mission  to  Abyssinia  by  the  Church  Missionary 
Society.  The  work  began  with  bright  pros- 
pects. Bishop  Gobat  travelled  extensively  and 
learned  the  Amharic,  the  common  language  of 
the  people,  a  dialect  of  the  ancient  Kthioiiic, 
which,  though  still  used  in  church  services,  has 
become  a  dead  language,  even  to  many  of  the 
jiriests  who  go  through  the  ceremonies.  Bishop 
Gobat  broke  down  in  health,  and  had  to  leave 
the  country.  Mr.  Kugler  died.  Later,  Mr. 
Isenberg  and  Dr.  Krapf  took  up  the  work. 
The  Jesuit  cloud  again  appeared  on  the  horizon 
in  the  shajie  of  Sapeto,  who  was  sent  out  by 
the  Propaganda.  His  intrigues  aroused  tho  old 
suspicions  of  foreign  interference,  and  all  for- 
eigners were  expelled  the  country  in  1838, 
Krapt  and  Isenberg  went  to  Shoa,  and  were 
received  in  a  kindly  manner  by  the  king.  There 
they  compiled  an  .\mharic  dictionarj-,  as  well  as 
a  geography  and  prayer-book.  Before  this  the 
Bible  had  been  translated  at  Cairo,  in  1808,  into 
Amharic  by  an  Abyssinian  monk,  Abu  Runii, 
assisted   by  the  French  Consul  Asseline.      In 


ABYSSINIA 


AOORA 


1840  the  M8H.  was  bought  and  revised  by  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

Although  the  ProteHtant  minHionaries  had 
been  expelled,  the  work  went  on.  Two  Abys- 
sinian boyg,  Gabru  and  Marioha,  who  had  been 
exiled  with  their  father,  were  brought  up  in 
the  Protestant  faith  at  Bombay.  Later,  the 
young  men  returned  to  their  native  land. 
Oabru  soon  died,  but  Marioha,  in  1864,  became 
chief  minister  of  Prince  Kasai  of  Tigr6,  and 
for  '20  years  kept  Abyssinia  peaceful.  Through 
him  Admiral  Hewitt  made  a  treaty  with  King 
John,  and  later  Maricha  went  to  England  on  an 
embassy.  The  Protestant  missionaries  re- 
mained on  the  borders  of  Abyssinia,  continually 
kept  in  check  by  Jesuit  and  French  intrigues. 
In  1859  King  Theodore  turned  his  back  upon 
the  Jesuits,  and  they  were  again  expelled  from 
the  kingdom.  Bishop  Gobat  corresponded  with 
the  king,  and  received  permission  to  send  a 
number  of  lay  missionaries  to  Abyssinia,  whose 
object  should  be  to  teach  the  Abyssinians  tho 
arts  of  civilization.  Flad,  Bender,  Mayer, 
Kienzler,  Saal-Muller,  Shorth  and  his  son,  and 
Waldmoier  were  the  naoiea  of  the  men  sent. 
The  Abyssinians  said,  '  '■  You  Europeans  are  a 
windcrtul  people,  and  God  has  revealed  to  you 
t  erything  except  a  medicine  against  death,  for 
yoo  die  just  as  we  do."  In  IHOO  Dr.  Stern  was 
sent  out  to  carry  on  a  mission  among  the  Jews 
in  Abyssinia  by  the  London  Society  for  Pro- 
miting  Christianity  among  tho  Jews.  A  little 
liitsr  Mr.  Staiger  was  sent  for  similar  work  by 
the  Scotch  Society.  In  1802  Captain  Cameron 
went  to  Abyssinia  as  an  English  Consul,  and  a 
little  later  carried  letters  from  King  Theodore 
to  Queen  Victoria  and  Louis  Napoleon. 
Through  some  unaccountable  mistake,  Came- 
ron returned  to  Abyssinia  without  an  answer 
from  the  Queen.  Theodore  grew  suspicious,  A 
treacherous  French  secretary  to  Cameron  trans- 
lated portions  of  a  book  by  Dr.  Stern  on  his 
travels  in  Abyssinia,  giving  a  sinister  turn  to 
the  translation,  Tlio  king  was  furious,  but  at 
the  intercession  of  W'nldineier  did  not  carry  out 
immediately  an  intent  to  hang  Stern  and  Rosen- 
thal ;  instead,  however,  he  imprisoned  most  of 
the  missionaries,  as  well  us  the  English  Consul, 
Captain  Cameron.  They  were  taken  to  Mag- 
dala,  the  capital.  Tho  English  Government 
fi^nt  out  a  special  envoy,  Mr.  llassam,  to  inves- 
tigate and  bring  back  Captain  Cameron  and 
other  British  subjects.  The  negotiations  failed, 
and,  as  is  well  known,  war  ensued,  in  which 
the  English,  in  18(!H,  niarched  from  the  sea 
caast  up  to  Magdalii,  completely  subdued  tho 
country,  and  brought  back  safely  the  prisoners 
and  all  the  foreigners  in  the  kingdom.  King 
Theodore  killed  himself  in  chagrin.  From  that 
date  until  recently  (1800)  Abyssinia  has  been 
closed  to  missionary  effort.  Since  tho  recent 
war  with  Italy  about  Massowab,  and  the  set 
back  from  Mahdi  raids  from  tho  west,  a  great 
changj  seems  to  have  come  over  this  interesting 
land.  Menelek  II.,  King  of  Shoa,  on  the  death 
of  King  John  II.  became  the  supreme  ruler, 
aul  made  a  treaty  on  May  8tb,  1881)  (confirmed 
in  October),  with  Italy,  which  places  the  coun- 
try practically  under  the  Italian  Protectorate. 
The  ancient  land  is  once  more  open  to  mission 
enterprises.  It  holds  a  strategic  position  in 
the  African  question.  Europeans  thrive  on  its 
lofty  table-lands.  It  is  the  natural  portal  to 
Central  Africa. 
Since  the  time  of  Frumentius  the  Abyssini- 


ans have  remained  closely  connected  with 
the  Coptic  Church,  and  share  its  monophy- 
sitic  tendencies.  The  "  Abuna"  from  the  first 
has  been  consecrated  by  the  Coptic  patriarch. 
The  ceremonial  is  said  to  be  of  great  interest. 
The  patriarch  breathes  the  Holy  Spirit  into  the 
month  of  the  candidate  for  the  position.  On 
one  occasion,  it  is  reported,  when  war  ruado 
communication  between  the  two  countries  im- 
possible, the  patriarch  breathed  into  a  leathern 
bag,  which  was  safely  transported  to  Abyssinia, 
and  the  symbolic  ce"3mony  was  performed  there 
by  substituting  the  bag  for  the  patriarch. 

The  Abyssinian  Church,  ruled  over  by  the 
Abuna,  has  departed  at  great  lengths  from  the 
simplicity  of  the  Gospel.  There  is  a  strange 
mixture  of  Christianity  and  Judaism  in  their 
customs.  An  ark  is  found  in  the  centre  of 
every  Abyssinian  church,  and  is  accounted  the 
holy  thing.  Circumcision  is  universally  prac- 
ticed. The  worship  is  extremely  perfunctory, 
the  oSSciating  priest  rarely  understanding  the 
force  of  the  words  he  is  using.  There  are  102 
fast  days  in  the  year.  Tho  new  year  com- 
mences September  lOth.  On  September  2r)th 
comes  the  greatest  feast  day,  the  anniversary  of 
the  supposed  finding  of  the  true  cross  by  tho 
Empress  Helena,  on  which  occasion  innumera- 
ble bonfires  are  lighted,  as  in  Syria,  Asia 
Minor,  and  Ilussia.  The  ethical  standard  is 
very  low,  and  heinous  crimes  are  committed 
without  compunction  of  conscience. 

Feudalism  is  the  basis  of  the  political  institu- 
tions of  the  country.  The  king  is  a  despot, 
held  in  check  by  custom  and  certain  ancient 
laws.  There  are  24  great  feudal  lords  who  are 
responsible  to  the  king  for  local  taxes,  as  aro 
also  the  provincial  governors  and  village  chiefs. 

The  clergy  are  the  only  educated  people, 
and  hold  the  power  in  their  hands.  Con- 
servative influences  prevail  on  every  side.  Tho 
Italian  Protectorate  has  a  flattering  outlook. 
The  Mahdi  forces  are  in  danger  of  being  out- 
flanked, nnd  trade  will  return  to  its  ancient 
channels.  In  the  new  Africa  of  the  20th  cen- 
tury  Abyssinia  is  to  play  a  most  imjjortant  part. 
That  it  should  be  brought  to  a  living  faith  in 
tho  Gospel  is  a  most  pressing  duty  that  rests 
upon  the  Christian  Church, 

Area,  a  station  of  the  C.  M,  S,,  in  West 
Central  Palestine,  not  far  from  NazHroth.  The 
work  hero  is  very  recent,  nnd  is  as  yet  hardly 
organized.  It  is  conducted  by  2  lady  mission- 
aries, 1  ordained  native  pastor,  and  2  native 
teachers.  It  has  1  preaching  ])laco,  2  schools, 
and  U4  scholars. 

Accra,  or  Akra,  a  city  on  the  Gold  Coast, 
West  .Africa.  Station  of  the  Wesli>yan  Jlis- 
sionary  Society  and  tho  C.  M,  S.  ;  0  mission- 
aries and  assistants,  03  native  helpers,  3  chapels, 
71">  church-members,  8  schools,  330  scholars. 
The  congregation  is  8elf-supi)orting,  but  con- 
nected with  the  mission  at  Cajio  Coast. 

Accra,  or  CJa,  a  language  belonging  to  the 
negro  group  of  .Vfri^an  languages,  is  spoken  in 
the  eastern  part  of  tho  Gold  Coast.  In  1843  the 
gospels  of  Matthew  and  John,  as  trnnslatod  by 
the  llov.  A.  Hanson,  a  native  of  Accra,  were 
printed  at  Loudon,  in  Itoiuan  letters,  by  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  Since  1805 
the  entire  Bible  is  in  circulation,  the  transla- 
tion having  been  made  by  the  late  missionary, 
J.  X.  Ziiiiinernmnu  (died  1870),  of  the  Basle 
Mission,  and  revised    since    by  the   liev.    G. 


AOORA 


ADELAISB 


Christftller.  Up  to  March  3lHt.  18H9,  this  ver- 
Hion,  as  a  whole  or  in  parts,  has  boen  circulatoil 
in  '11, soy  portions. 

Adll,  a  city  of  7.000  inhabitants  on  the 
(inld  Coast,  'West  Africa,  at  tbo  mouth  of  the 
AVolta.  A  congre^'ation  was  formed  there  in 
IHCl,  under  the  iJaslo  Missionary  Society,  and 
numbered  l(i(!  members,  when,  in  l«h;!,  M'2  re- 
tiriid  on  account  of  dissension  concnrning  church 
polity.  There  are  now  at  work  in  Ada  1)  mis- 
sionaries, 2  missionaries'  wives,  and  ID  native 
helpers. 

Aiiilbtizar,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  about  (10 
miles  east  of  the  (iulf  of  Nicomediu,  an  out- 
station  of  the  A.  J>.  ('.  F.  M.  Mission  work  re- 
sulted early  in  the  establishuKint  of  a  strong 
cliurch,  which  became  self-suiipovtiuf,'  and  a 
centre  of  great  influence  among  th((  villages  of 
that  section.  Kinco  the  removal  of  the  girls' 
boarding-school  from  IJardezag,  largely  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  native  church  iindirtool;  a 
large  sliaru  in  the  expense  of  maintaining  it,  it 
has  grown  rapidly. 

Adll(*lli,  a  station  of  the  Viiion  ('liurch  of 
Christ  in  Japan  ;  5n  <'hurcli-members  ;  contri- 
butions, 9,772  yen. 

Atllllin,  a  city  on  the  southern  const  of 
Asia  Minor.  I'ojmlation  chiel.y  (ireck.  Not 
occupied  as  a  nu.ssiou  station,  but  visited  by 
colporteurs  of  tlie  13.  and  F.  B.  Societ}'. 

A«IuiiinIi<>«»|»,  a  city  in  Orange  Free  8tate, 
East  Africa,  founded  by  the  son  of  a  slave  who 
had  become  rich.  A  mission  station  of  the 
Jierlin  Mission  Society  ;  GHH  church-mendjers, 
1  missionary,  2  single  ladies,  H  native  helpers. 

A«laiia,  a  city  of  ^(1,000  inhabitants,  in 
Southern  Asia  Minor  (Cilicia),  25  miles  north- 
oast  of  Tarsus.  It  commands  the  ( 'ilician  i)asses 
of  the  T'aiirus  Mountains,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  enterprising  cities  of  'J'urkey.  The  popu- 
lation is  chielly  Turkish,  Armenian,  and  Nu- 
sairyeh,  but  there  are  many  Creeks,  and  it  is  a 
gathering  place  for  merchants  and  traders  of 
every  kind.  The  people  are  especially  noted 
for  their  energy  and  force  of  character.  It  is 
occupied  as  a  mission  station  of  the  Central 
Turkey  Mission  of  the  A.  IJ.  C.  V.  M  ;  2  mis- 
aionary  families,  2  single  ladies,  a  largo  and 
important  girls'  school.  The  congregation 
numbers  al)out  1,0(10,  and  occupies  a  fine 
church  building.  The  mission  of  the  Eoformed 
Presbyterian  Church,  U.  S.  A.,  to  the  Nu- 
Rairyeh  holds  it  as  an  out-station  of  Tarsus. 
Bible  work  in  charge  of  a  Superintendent  of  the 
Levant  Agency,  A.  B.  S. 

AddinslOII,  New  Zealand.  Mission  sta- 
tion of  the  United  Methodist  Free  Church  ;  1 
missionary,  8  native  helpers,  121  church-mem- 
bers. 

A<idymail,  J»lin,  was  born  in  Leeds, 
county  of  Yorkshire,  England,  on  October  22d, 
IHO.S.  When  1(5  years  of  age  ho  gave  him- 
self to  God,  through  some  deep  impressions 
which  were  made  on  his  mind  while  attending 
a  love-feast.  Immediately  he  threw  himself 
earnestly  into  evangelistic  work,  ttist  in  Leeds 
and  tli"ii  in  London.  He  w  -s  at  this  time  con- 
nected with  the  Wesleyau  Jlethodists,  ami  he 
became  deeply  convinced  that  he  was  dcstineil 
by  Providence  to  enter  the  Christian  miiiistiy. 
Therefore,  he  studied  many  books,  which  tended 


to  furnish  his  mind  with  Biblical  and  theologi- 
cal knowledge,  often  shortening  bis  hours  of  re- 
])ose  to  devote  the  more  timo  to  this  purjiose. 
His  views  on  the  subject  of  church  government 
having  undergone  some  change,  he  loft  the  Wes- 
hyan  community  and  united  himself  with  the 
Methodist  New  Connexion.  He  was  called 
into  the  ministry  of  that  body  in  Ihm;!.  Just  at 
this  time  tlio  subject  of  commencing  a  mission 
in  Canada  wns  seriouslj'  occujiying  the  mind  of 
the  New  Connexion  and  Mr.  .\ddyman  was 
chosen  to  lie  tlio  pioneer  of  the  movement  in 
the  Fur  West.  He  married  a  lady  who  was  will- 
ing to  sliare  the  rrs]ionsibiliti(S  of  such  an  en- 
t"rprise,  and  in  isii"  he  sailed  from  England 
and  settled  at  Hciiiysburg,  Upper  Canada. 
He  was  joined  in  iKi'.)  b_  'tev.  H.  O.  Crofts, 
and  together  thr^y  struck  ^.  '  in  all  directions 
and  establislicd  an  extcn  ivo  network  of 
churches  and  congregations  in  the  Diuninion. 
Tlic  la'oois  ol  Mr.  Addymiin  in  Canada  were 
V  ry  trying,  invrdving  great  inivations  and  dan- 
gers, and  often  attended  by  romantic  expe- 
riences. During  what  is  known  as  the  Canadian 
nbellion,  lic^  was  in  gnat  ]ieril,  his  life  being 
tlireateiied  ;  being  su.spectf  il  as  a  spy,  he  was 
iirrested  and  ki  pt  for  seme  time  in  juison.  At 
luigth,  tlirougli  bis  urdnous  toils  and  trials,  his 
lioallh  failed,  and  in  IM.')  ho  reHinied  to  his 
native  land,  liaving  been  the  iiiiiin  instrumtnt 
in  establishing  177  churches,  which  containeil 
more  than  -l,!!!!!)  ineiolurK,  but  which  have  since 
cxi)anded  into  largo  and  nourishing  centres,  and 
now  form  part  of  the  Methodist  Church  of 
(.'anada.  The  churches  established  by  Jlr.  Ad- 
dyman  were  in  many  cases  in  farm-h.uises  and 
barns,  but  as  settlers  multii)lied  and  poi)ula- 
tioiis  gathered,  churches  were  erected,  and  the 
privileges  of  religious  worshii)  were  thus  afford- 
ed to  emigrants  from  iiis  native  land.  On  his 
return  to  England  liis  health  regained  its  vigor  ; 
he  labored  diligently  and  successfully  in  many 
of  the  New  Connexion,  circuits  in  Fhigianil,  ^in- 
til,  in  1H73,  he  retired  from  the  active  ministry 
throiigh  growing  iutirmities.  From  this  time 
he  resided  at  Bristol,  in  Yorkshire,  preaching 
as  he  hail  opportunity,  and  delighting  to  spend 
a  portion  of  each  day  in  visitation  of  the  sick 
and  the  jioor.  Ho  died  after  a  short  illness, 
June  7th,  1hh7.  Ho  was  a  man  of  great  gentle- 
ness of  si)irit,  and  ardently  devoted  to  tho  work 
of  his  life.  Many  fruits  of  his  earnest  ministry 
still  remain  both  in  Canada  and  in  England. 
His  j'iety  was  of  tho  most  simple  and  healthy 
character,  and  in  his  later  years  ho  seemed  to 
live  in  tho  closest  fellowshij)  of  tho  Saviour. 
His  name  will  ever  bo  preserved  in  the  com- 
munity in  which  he  was  a  minister  more  than 
')0  years  as  a  precious  memory. 

Adelaide.  Kaffraria,  South  Africa,  on  the 
left  bank  of  th(!  Koonap  Kiver,  -lo  miles  from 
its  source  and  l'>0  n.iles  north  from  Algoa 
Bay.  Climate  mild,  dry,  and  healthy  -2.5  to 
100  F.  Population,  l,r)(lll,  of  Dutch'  British, 
(ierman,  Hottentot,  and  Kaflir  descent.  Be- 
ligion,  tho  deuondnations  common  in  Britain 
and  America— native  fetich  worship.  Lan- 
guage, English,  Dutch,  Kaffir.  Social  condition 
of  natives  very  bad,  ovsing  to  their  poverty  and 
'ieirr<eof  intoxicating  licpiors.  Mission  sta- 
tion of  I'nited  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland 
|1«(;2|  ;  1  missionary  and  wife,  1  native  preacher, 
2  out  stations,  2  churches,  14;i  members  ;  con- 
tributions, X^i,    Also  a  station  of  the  8.  P.  G. 


ADEN 


AFRICA 


Aden,  a  senport  town  at  tho  Bonthwestern 
corner  of  Arabia,  was  bonglit  from  the  Turks  in 
IMHI)  by  tho  British  Kast  India  Company;  hns 
risen  rapidly  under  Uritisli  rule.  A  mission 
station  of  the  C.  M.  S. ;  1  missionary  and  his 
wife,  and  1  other  European  worlcer  ;  1»  nutivo 
workers,  10  churcli-uiembers.  Freo  (Church  of 
Scotland,  Keith  Falconer  Mission  ;  1  mission- 
aries,  who  work  aiuony  tho  Moslems  and  So- 
malis. 

Adiuho,  P  town  on  the  Bay  of  Old  Calabar, 
West  Africa.  A  niissifiu  station  of  the  United 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Jsootland. 

Admiralty  iNlaiids,  a  ^ron])  of  islands 
in  the  I'aoiti(!  Oceiin,  now  belcufjiny  to  tho  Bis- 
marck Archipelago,  which  see. 

Adowu,  capital  of  TiRro,  .ibyssinia,  which 
see. 

AdrlHiiopli',  European  Turkey,  on  tho 
JIaritza  (ancient  Hebrew),  in  ancient  Thraco, 
130  miles  northwest  of  Coiistiintinoplo.  Pojiu- 
lation,  liJO,000  —  Cireeks,  Turks,  Ariiii-nians, 
Jews,  Franks,  etc.  The  scenery  of  tho  city  is 
beautiful,  the  gardens  of  the  wealthy  citizens 
delightful,  and  the  appearance  of  the  40 
mostjues  most  picturesipic.  Tlie  trade,  centred 
in  a  capacious  bazaar,  is  considerable,  tho  city 
being  *he  most  important  in  European  Turkey, 
Mission  station  of  British  Society  for  Propa- 
gating the  CTOS[)el  among  tho  Jews  ;  1  Jewish 
missionary  ;  also  occupied  for  many  years  as 
o  station  of  tho  Western  Turkey  Mission  of  tho 
A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  now  an  cut-station  of  Constanti- 
nople, lias  a  native  cliurch,  and  a  successful 
Bible  depot  of  the  A.  B.  S. 

AO;llHlliHtllll,  a  country  of  Central  Asia, 
on  the  northern  border  of  India,  between  that 
and  Turkestan.  A  mountainous  country,  with 
lofty  tables  and  deep  ravines,  few  rivers,  and  a 
climate  that  presents  a  great  variety,  changing 
from  intense  cold  to  tropical  heat.  Popula- 
tion, 5,(100,000  to  i),000,0(10,  Mohammedans  of 
the  Suiinite  sect,  and  divided  into  2  classes, 
Durranes  and  (thilzais.  They  aro  a  fierce, 
turbulent  race,  constantly  at  feud  and  ditlicult 
to  govern.  Tlie  early  wars  between  tho  .Vfghans 
and  tho  British  resulted  from  the  faihire  of 
Dost  Mohammed  to  keep  tho  pledges  given  to 
the  British  residents,  and  were  made  notorious 
by  the  massacres  of  British  tru.ipsin  the  passes. 
At  present  tho  Britisli- Indian  forces  have  re- 
tired from  the  cities  of  Calnil,  Candahor,  etc., 
and  the  Ameer  .Vbdurralinmn  is  on  terms  of 
peace.  Tho  occasion  for  anxiety  rests  in  the 
well-known  desiro  of  Kussia,  already  close  on 
tho  northern  boundary  of  Afghanistan,  to  uso 
the  Afghans  as  assistants  in  her  designs  on 
British  India.  The  present  power  is  loyal  to 
England,  and  feels  that  it  has  reason  to  dread 
Russia  ;  but  the  hold  of  the  Ameer  is  not  the 
strongest,  and  a  revolution  may  at  any  moment 
raise  difficulties  of  the  most  serious  nature. 
No  mission  work  Jias  been  attempted  in  Af- 
ghanistan, but  the  British  and  Foreign  Biblo 
Society  have  published  the  New  Testament, 
Psalms,  and  historical  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment in  Pashtn,  or  Afghani. 

AfrlCB.* — .\frica  has  been  described  as 
"  one  universal  den  of  desolation,  misery,  nnd 

*  For  the  first  pdrtlim  of  this  article  we  lire  indehlcil  to 
the  otllcerB  of  tlie  Churrh  Misslonnry  Society,  wlio  have 
allowed  e.xlenoive  line  of  their  article  in  the  ('.  M.  S. 
Atlas  of  Africa. 


crime;"  and  certainly,  of  all  the  divisions  of 
the  globe,  it  has  always  had  an  unfortunate 
pre-eminence  in  degradation,  wretchedness, 
and  woe.  Almost  all  tho  missionary  societies 
of  America,  England,  and  Europe,  commiserat- 
ing tho  condition  of  the  ])ooplo,  ond  more  j)ar- 
ticularly  of  tho  negro  race,  on  account  of  tho 
cruel  wrongs  which  the  slave  trade  had  inHictod 
upon  them,  have  sooner  or  later  selected  Africa 
as  a  special  field  of  missionary  enterprise. 

The  ('ontinent  of  Africa  is  eipial  in  area  to 
Europe  and  North  America  combined,  compris- 
ing nearly  1 2,000, 000  s(iuare  miles.  Its  greatest 
length  is  5,000  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth, 
■t,(')00.  Both  t-opics  cross  it,  and  tho  ecpiator 
cuts  it  a  littlf  below  the  centre.  By  far  the 
largest  portion  f  its  territorj'  is  therefore  inter- 
troj)ical. 

I,  Qeooiiaphkaii  Explobation  ok  Afkic.v. 

In  its  i)hysical  contiguration  Africa  has  been 
happily  compared  to  an  inverted  saucer.  It  is 
rimmed  on  a  great  part  of  its  seaboard  by  a 
narrow  strip  of  low  land  ;  at  a  distance  of  from 
50  to  200  miles  from  tho  coast  tho  land  rises 
rapidly  to  an  average  height  of  from  2,000  to 
3,000  feet,  and  in  some  ])arts  to  lofty  moun- 
tain ranges  ;  then  the  whole  interior  is  a  vast 
table-land,  sinking  slightly  in  tho  middle.  In 
this  hollow  lie  tho  great  lakes  whence  How  the 
mighty  tiver.-i  that  drain  tho  whole  country. 

These  rivers  aro  tho  dominating  features  of 
-Vfrican  geography.  Its  problems  have  been 
the  sources  and  tho  courses  of  tho  i  great 
streams,  the  Nile,  the  Niger,  tho  Congo,  and  tho 
Zambesi  ;  and  tho  trium[)hs  of  modern  African 
exploration  aro  almost  all  connected  with  thesa 
•1  uame.s.  Tho  Nile  is  by  far  the  longest  of 
the  4,  having  a  course  exteiuling  over  37  of 
latitude  ;  but  the  Congo  exceeds  it  in  volume 
and  in  the  size  of  its  basin. 

In  the  second  rank  comes  the  Senegal,  tho 
Gambia,  tlie  Ogowe,  and  the  Orange,  llowiiig 
into  tho  Atlantic  ;  the  Juba,  the  Kufiji,  tho 
Ivovumn,  and  tho  Limpopo,  into  tho  Indian 
Ocean  ;  and  the  Shari,  in  tho  Soudan,  which 
falls  into  Lake  Tchad,  an  inland  reservoir  with 
no  otitlet  to  the  sea.  Of  the  4  great  lakes  of 
what  is  usually  called  Central  Africa,  tho  Vic- 
toria Nyanza  and  the  Albert  Nyanza  belong  to 
tho  Nile  system  ;  Tanganyika  to  that  of  the  Con- 
go, and  Nyassa  to  that  of  tho  Zambesi,  one  of 
whose  tributaries,  tho  Shire,  Hows  out  of  it. 

Modern  African  discoveries  fall  naturally 
into  2  groups.  The  exploration  of  the  coast 
lino  was  the  work  of  tho  15th  century,  and 
of  the  Portuguese  ;  that  of  tho  interior  has 
been  tho  work  of  tho  ISIth  century,  and,  in  the 
main,  of  the  English,  .\ncient  knowledge  of 
tho  continent  was  contined  to  North  Africa  and 
the  Nile  Valley.  Tlie  well-known  story,  how- 
ever, of  the  expedition  made  by  the  ships  of 
Pharaoh  Necho,  about  (iOO  u.c,  has  been 
thought  to  indicate  that  the  circumnavigation 
of  Africa  was  accomplished  by  them  ;  and 
the  Carthaginians,  2  or  3  centuries  later,  ex- 
plored a  considerable  portion  of  the  western 
seaboard  ;  but  in  tho  Middle  Ages  nothing  was 
known  of  the  coast  beyond  the  limits  of 
Morocco.  During  the  15th  century  the  Portu- 
guese gradually  pushed  their  researches  south- 
ward, reaching  Madeira  and  the  Canaries  in 
141H,  Cape  Verd  in  144G,  Sierra  Leone  in  14C3, 
the  month  of  the  Congo  in  1484,  and  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  in   1486  ;  and  in  the  closing 


00 


oc 


m 


o 


t3 


CO 


AFRICA 


AFRICA 


yean  of  the  century  Vanco  de  Gfinm  cxiilornl 
till!  ciiHt  coiiHt  froiu  Nittul  to  Captj  (rtmnlitt'iii. 
I'.pitiiKiieMC)  unturpriHu  cstiililislicil  iMin.sivo 
I'oliinit'S  and  trailing  Hcttlciiiirits  on  both  hkUm 
of  tile  I'liiitiiK-nt,  and  many  of  tlit<  nioHt  pninii- 
nunt  naiurs  on  tliu  map  ot  Atrica  at  oni'o  1>o- 
tray  tin  ir  origin  as  duo  to  th«  littli'  kingdom 
which  wns  then  thu  most  andiitions  stato  in 
Kiiropo.  Hut  tliii  liouthirnmost  of  tlio  diirf 
livtTK,  namcMl  iiflfr  tlui  lloiisn  of  Oiani^c,  re- 
minds us  that  tlui  hutch  were  tlie  euhuiists  of 
w  Imt  is  now  known  as  South  Afriiwi,  which  they 
occupied  in  the  middhiof  the  17th  ciiutury. 

(hir  knowh'd^'t)  of  tlie  interior  is  much  more 
recent,  notwithstanding^  Home  straui^e  aliticiiia 
lions  of  tlie  truth  in  oMer  writirs.  In  tlie 
sec^ond  century,  ah.,  the  (ireik  m^o^raplirr 
I'tohimy  ilescrihes  tins  river  Nih>  as  issuiiij^ 
from  2  1,'reat  hikes  at  the  foot  of  the  Moun- 
tains of  the  >[oon.  In  the  I'Jtli  century  llie 
Aral)  (;eojirai)her  Almlfeihi  asserted,  on  the  au- 
tliority  of  a  traveller  named  Urn  Saul,  that 
the  Nile  llowed  out  of  a  lake  having'  the  ciinr- 
mous  dimensions  ol  IM  from  north  to  scuitli. 
A|,'ain.  in  the  lllth  century,  the  Italian  I'i^a- 
fetta,  m  a  work  on  the  Con^o,  allirmed  the 
t'xistelico  of  I'tolemy's  U  lakes,  liiit  ^ave  thiiu, 
on  the  autlKuit;  if  l>uarte  Lope/;,  a  ^ortu^;uese, 
a  dilferunt  relative  position.  Several  later  geog- 
raphers, such  as  Mercator,  in  lli^lO  ;  Vischer 
and  De  Witt,  in  IHIM,  and  .T(din  O^jilhy,  in 
11)711.  laiil  down  some  of  the  priiieipid  features 
of  the  African  Continent.  Jhit  when  the;  ad- 
vance of  science  demanded  accuracy  in  carto^'- 
raphy,  aeceiitin},'  noth'iij,'  on  hejirsay,  tluse 
conjectural  nuips  were  discarded.  In  17NH  thc> 
newly  formeil  .Vfrican  .\sHociutioii  put  forth  a 
statement,  in  which  the  following  words  iq)- 
jiear  : 

■'  .-Vfricii  stands  alone  in  a  geographical  view  I 
Penetrated  hy  no  iiilaml  seas  ;  nor  overs|)r(iid 
with  extensive  lakes,  like  those  of  North  Amer- 
ica ;  nor  having,  in  common  with  other  conti- 
nents, rivers  running  from  Ihe  ci  litre  to  the  ex- 
tremities ;  hut,  on  the  ('oiitrary,  its  regions 
separated  from  each  other  liy  the  least  practiv'a- 
hle  of  all  houndaries,  arid  deserts  of  such  for- 
miilahle  extent  as  to  threaten  all  those  who 
traverse  them  with  the  most  horrihlo  of  all 
deaths,  that  arising  from  thirst !" 

Accor'^lngly,  English  maps  ot  Africa,  from 
that  of  John  Arrowsmith,  in  18(li;,  down  to 
30  years  ago,  ventured  only  upon  a  vagiu'  out- 
line of  the  supposed  Mountains  (.f  the  Moon, 
and  made  no  attempt  to  imlicate  the  hdips. 

The  first  of  nuxlern  travellers  was  Jiruce,  who 
travelled  through  Xuhia  and  -Vhyssinia  in 
17(W-7:i,  and  traced  the  course  of  the  Hlne  Nile. 
After  that  the  Niger  was  for  a  half  century  the 
goal  of  successive  explorers.  Mungo  I'ark 
reaohed  its  upper  waters  in  17'.i(i  ;  Di'nham, 
Clapperton,  and  Laiug  followed;  hut  it  was  not 
till  IMHO  that  Lander,  sailing  down  the  stream, 
discovered  its  outlet  in  the  (iulf  of  Guinea,  lu 
l8I(i  Tnckey  attempted  to  explore  the  Congo, 
but  fell  a  victim  to  the  climate.  Central  Africa 
proper  still  remained  untouched.  In  ISl.j  Sir 
lioderick  Murchison,  President  of  the  IJoynl 
Geographical  Society,  said  :  "  Our  knowledge 
of  Africa  advances  slowly,  and  is  confined  al- 
most exclusively  to  the  coast  ;"  and  in  1H51  an- 
other president,  Captain  Smyth,  said  :  "All  be- 
yond the  coast  of  Central  and  Southern  Africa 
is  still  a  blank  in  our  maps." 


'I'ho  wonderful  discoveries  of  the  last  30 
or  II)  years  hegin  with  the  'i  missionaries  of 
of  theChur<h  Missionary  Society,  Lud»ig  Krapf 
and  ilohii  Uebmann,  w  lio  were  the  eailiest  i  x- 
phirers  of  Afri<'a,  friua  the  eastern  side 
(Hll-l(')|.  lU'bmaiin's  discovery  of  Mount 
Kilima-N'jaro,  in  IslH,  was  the  tlrst  great  Htei> 
forward  in  what  has  been  Well  calltul  the  Ite- 
covery  of  Central  .Vfrica.  In  the  following  year 
Livingstone  made  his  lirst  imiporlant  journey, 
in  the  far  south,  and  reiudied  Ihe  small  lake 
Ngami.  In  lH.")t  Ilaikie  took  thi!  si  cond  Niger 
exi)i'ilition  (with  which  was  S.  Crowlheri  up  tho 
lliniu';  branch  mor<  thin  IjIII)  miles  from  thu 
sea  ;  and  about  the  same  time  Ilarth  was  prose, 
ciiling  his  exli  iisive  journi  ysin  theSoiulan  and 
around  Lake  Tchad.  Livingstone  was  then 
gaining  his  great  reputation  in  the  south,  par- 
ticularly by  his  j  juriiey  across  .\frica  from 
Loanda  to  the  mouth  of  /ambesi,  by  which  tho 
course  of  that  rivir  was  determined  (IH.VI-M")). 
In  ls.")7  liiirtoii  anil  S|ieke,  sliii.ulatcd  by  the 
researches  of  Kiaiif  and  Itebmnnn,  which  had 
for  several  years  poiiili  .1  to  a  gri  at  inlatid  stii 
simewhere  in  Ihe  inl.rior,  made  their  great 
journey  from  the  I^ist  Coast,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  discovered  Lake  T'aiiganyika  and  tho 
Victoria  N'yanza.  In  1  i.")'.)  Livingstone  discov- 
ered Nyassa,  and  not  knowing  thai  the  niyslery 
of  the  inland  sea,  heard  <d'  by  lU  bmaiin,  had 
been  solved,  wrote  home  :  "  rhis(Nyassa)  must 
be  what  the  Church  Missionary  Society  has 
been  thinking  of  for  many  years."  (Tho 
I'orluguese,  however,  knew  of  Nyassa  ;  and 
Ca/embe"s  capital,  in  the  heart  of  the  lake 
region,  had  been  reached  by  Laeerda  as  far 
back  i.s  17'.is,  and  by  Monleiro  in  l>^;tl.)  In 
ls(;-.i  Spike,  on  his  second  journey  with  (iriint, 
discoveied  rgaiida,  and  the  outllow  of  thu 
Nile  from  the  Victoria  Nyan/.a.  and  sent  homo 
his  famous  message,  "  The  Nile  is  sctllcd." 
Meanwhile  several  I'.gyiitian  olVicers  and  Pether- 
ick  had  ascended  the  White  Nile  nearly  to  tho 
Albert  Nyanza,  which,  however,  was  first  seen 
by  Ilaker  in  iHiVl.  In  I'liHi  Livingstone,  aban- 
doning his  southern  fields,  began  his  later 
travels  in  tho  lake  regions,  around  Tanganyikii, 
and  on  what  are  now  known  to  be  tho  head- 
Huarteis  of  tho  Congo.  Tho  search  for  him, 
when  his  long  absence  caused  anxiety,  led  to 
Stanley's  lirst  journey  (1  '71),  and  to  that  of 
Cameron.  'I'lie  latter  wiis  the  first  to  cross 
.Vfrica  from  east  to  west  (ls7U7."i)  ;  but  Lis  too 
southern  route  missed  tho  course  of  the  Congo, 
which  was  determined  by  Stanley  on  his  second 
journey  in  bS7()-77.  Tliis  was  the  journey  in 
the  CDUrse  of  wliieh  Stanley  explored  the  Vic- 
toria Nyan/a  and  visited  I'ganda.  Meanwhile, 
tho  remarkable  explorations  of  Kehweinfurth 
(iHiill  71)  and  Nachtigal  (l.S()l)-7-l),  in  the  Sou- 
dan, particularly  those  of  the  former  in  the  ter- 
ritories west  of  tho  I'})per  AVhito  Nile,  revealed 
to  the  world  countries  and  peoples  utterly  un- 
known before,  notably  the  Monbuttu  and 
Nyam  Xyam  districts  and  races. 

Among  tho  most  important  of  more  recent 
journeys  have  been  that  of  tho  Portuguese, 
Serpa  Pinto,  across  South  Central  Africa  from 
west  to  east  (1H7H)  ;  that  of  the  Germans,  AViss- 
mann  and  Pogge,  across  the  continent  in  tho 
same  direction,  over  much  of  Cameron's  and 
Stanley's  ground  (lMHl-82) ;  thatot  the  Italians, 
Mnnteucci  and  ?Iassari,  across  North  Central 
Africa  from  tho  Ked  Sea  to  tho  Niger  (1880-Hl)  ; 
that  of  the  Russian,  Junker,  in  continuatiou  of 


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AFRICA 


fichwoinfiirth'H  oxplnrationo.  ^n  tho  very  lipnrt 
of  Afrioii  (1Hk;1-H()1,  hikI  IIiohk  of  'riioiiiHon,  of 
thn  Uoyiil  (ioii^rikiihiciil  Siioixty,  in  KiiHt  Africiv 
(iKHO-H-t).  A«  rt'Cfiitly  itH  IHHl  'I'lioinHnii  wan 
Iho  firHl  Kii^liHlinmii  to  follow  tip  Kriii)f'H 
routi'H  itnil  reach  thn  Victoria  Nyan/ik  dirt'i't 
frnm  tho  nnanmt  coast,  through  thu  MaNui  contu 
try,  H(1(1iii){  thcroliy  to  tho  map  of  Africa  nn  uii- 
tircly  now  rci^iori  of  niouutainM  nnil  lakcH.  A 
lioNtof  travcllirM,  trailers,  ami  missiotiaricH  havo 
ft'Mcil  lar^i'ly  to  <  iir  knowli'il^o  of  tho  Lako 
country  ami  tho  /anilnsi  nml  Coni^o  liaHiiis. 
'I'ho  Coii^o  «'spi'cially,  vithin  8  years  of  tho 
tliscovcry  of  its  course,  Las  liecomo  n  compara- 
tivi'ly  familiar  Htream.  Tho  vast  territoriis 
(Iniineil  by  it  liuve,  hy  r.urci]ioan  treaty,  heeii 
f.>rnieil  (ho  far  »:i  conimerco  is  concorneil)  into 
ftCon^^o  I'rco  Slato  (sob  articlo  Conno  I'reu 
.Statu)  ;  ami  tho  researches  of  Mr.  StaiHey's  fol. 
lowers,  and  of  tho  Itaptist  missionaries  in  their 
Bteauier,  tho  ''  I'l'ace,"  aro  rapiilly  mapping  out 
tho  course  of  its  numerous  trihutaries. 

Tho  only  rcMuainiu}^  lilnnks  on  thn  nui])  of 
Africa,  of  any  lar^o  extent,  uro  ;  (1)  tho  (lalla 
Country,  stretchin^{  from  Thomson's  northern, 
most  point  to  Iho  houtliern  liorilerof  Aliyssinia, 
tho  country  tlraineil  northward  hy  tho  Hohut  (ii 
tributary  of  tho  Nile),  ami  eastward  by  thn 
Juba  ;  an<l  (I)  tlio  vast  stilluntraverseil  district 
north  of  tho  Cont^o,  watered  by  tho  Welle,  tho 
Shari,  tho  Uinue,  tho  Ogowe,  and  tho  trihu- 
taries of  tho  Congo.  Tliero  is  now  littlo  doubt 
that  tho  Weill!  is,  as  Stanley  always  coutendeil, 
connected  with  tho  Congo  ;  but  tho  ga))  be. 
twoeu  tho  two  rivers  lias  not  yet  been  covered. 

II.    lUcES    AND   LaNOUACIES   Of    AlIlIIA. 

Tho  population  of  Africa  is  roughly  estimated 
as  i!()0,()OO,t)()(),  or  nearly  ono  seventh  of  tho 
■whole  population  of  tho  earth.  Tho  etlinologi- 
cal  divisions  aro  not  easy  to  fix,  liut  tho  best 
authorities  aro  fairly  agreed  in  arranging  them 
by  languago,  and  tho  linguist iu  grouping  has 
made  conHidenblo  progress  of  lato  years. 

Following  tho  arrangement  of  A  ,^Mrh  of  the 
^fl)denl  Lunijmtije.i  nf  Afrirn,  by  llobert  Need- 
ham  Cust  (2  vols.  London  :  Trubner  &  Co., 
18HH),  we  obtain  the  following  groups,  which 
in  strictness  are  linguistic  only,  but  which 
may  afford  somo  rough  indication  of  tho  ethno- 
logical grouj)s  : 

1.  IfiimUir. — Of  tho  riamitio  family  of  lan- 
guages thero  aro  It  groups — viz.  (a)  Kgyptian, 
comprising  tho  ancient  language  of  Egypt  in  its 
Buccessive  forms  ;  the  latest,  Coptic,  having 
still  nn  ecclesiastical  use  in  tho  (!oi)tic  Church. 
(6)  Libyan  or  Berber,  comprising  tho  indigen- 
ous vernacular."?  of  North  Africa  prior  to  tho 
Arab  irruption,  and  still  used  by  the  Berbers 
and  other  tribes.  This  group  is  believed  to 
represent  the  ancient  language  o£  Carthago  and 
Numidia,  gpoken  by  Hannibal  nnil  Jngurthn, 
»nd  doubtless  understood  by  Augustine,  and 
therefore  may  rank  among  tho  most  venerable 
of  human  tongues.  (Seo  articlo  lierber  Kaco.) 
(c)  Ethiopic,  comprising  tho  original  vernaculars 
of  Northeastern  Africa  from  the  southern  bor- 
dor  of  Egypt  proper  to  Capo  Guardafui,  also 
prior  to  the  dominant  Semitic  languages  of  that 
region.  In  this  group  aro  the  ln"guages  of  tho 
Bisharin  and  other  tribes  of  Nubia  east  of  the 
Nile,  and  of  the  Somali  and  Galla  nations 
south  of  Abyssinia. 

2.  Hemitio, — In  this  liuguistic  family  thero  aro 


2  gronpn.  Tho  chief  roprenentatir*  of  tb« 
llrst  is  Arabic,  rightly  called  one  of  thn  great 
coniiunring  laug'iiiges  of  tho  world,  and  rvpro- 
Henting  very  emphatically  tho  intluenoo  of  .Mo- 
hamnu'danism.  Tho  Arab  raco  itself,  which  iH 
widely  spread  in  North  Africa  and  tho  J'aHterii 
or  Egyptian  Soudan,  is  Kemito  ;  but  thn  .\rubia 
hinguago  has  spread  much  more  widely,  and  it 
is  probabln  that  most  of  tho  nations  and  tribes 
speaking  it  aro  not  Semite,  but  llamite.  Tho 
Keconil  Semitic  groiij)  includes  thu  languages  of 
Abyssinia,  tho  ]iriucipal  of  which  ore  Amhnriu 
and  Tigre. 

It.  .Siiliiil'iihih.  —  In  this  group  arn  ))rovision- 
ally  included  some  languages  in  tho  Egyptian 
Soudan,  those  of  thn  Masai  tribes  between  thn 
l'.a..t  Coast  and  tho  Victoria  Nyan/u,  that  of  tho 
Nyaiii.Nyam  of  Scliweinfurth's  Ihitrl  af  Afrim, 
iind  that  of  tho  great  i'lilidi  nation  of  West 
Africa.  Homo  of  these  races  ])robidily  aro  llani- 
ito  in  origin.     (Seo  artielo  Nulia  Fulah.) 

\.  ,\>;/r().— Tho  familiar  Negro  race,  though 
not  covering  almost  tho  wholo  j'ontinent,  as  was 
formerly  HUppiised,  oecupies  tho  greater  part  of 
AVestern  and  Noiilierii  Central  Africa,  from  thn 
Atlantic  to  tho  Nile.  AVhether  thn  traditional 
view  vhieh  culls  tho  Negroes  tho  "  sons  of 
Ham"  bo  cornet  or  not,  thero  can  bo  no  doubt 
that  in  jihysieal  characteristics  they  urn  widely 
different  from  tho  races  now  called  llamito; 
and  this  ditlereneo  is  jihiiiily  visible  on  tho 
most  ancient  Egyptian  monuments.  Tho  Negro 
linguistic  area  com]>rises  no  less  than  lO.j  dis- 
tinct languages  and  -I'.l  dialects,  including  all 
the  languages  of  West  Africa  north  of  5  N.  lat., 
onl.v  excepting  Eulah,  and  including  also  parts 
of  central  Soudan.     <Seo  articlo  Negro  Baco.) 

5.  HiDiiii.  WA\\  (^thnologieally  and  linguisti- 
cally this  term  comprises  almost  all  tho  nations 
and  tribes  south  of  tho  Eipiator.  The  Bantu 
races  resemblo  tho  negroes  proper  in  many  re- 
spects, but  differ  in  having  more  regular  fea. 
tures,  not  being  generally  ho  black,  thiek-lippeil 
and  largo-mouthed,  and  in  speaking  a  totally 
different  language.  Almost  all  tho  East  and 
South  African  tribes — viz.,  of  tho  Lake  districts, 
tho  basins  of  tho  Congo  and  tho  Zambesi,  and 
the  Zulu  and  Kafir  territories  in  the  south, 
among  whom  missionary  enterprise  has  recently 
been  extended  so  greatly,  belong  to  this  family. 
As  far  as  at  present  known,  they  havo  KiH  lan- 
guages and  C5  dialects.  The  word  "  Bantu" 
simply  means  men  in  several  of  these  languages. 
(See  articlo  liantu  Baco.) 

G.  Jfoltenint-Iiushinen.  —  Ethnologieally,  this 
group  is  the  lowest  in  the  scale  of  humanity 
in  Africa.  It  includes  the  Hottentots  and  tho 
Bushmen,  and  tho  I'ygmy  tribes  lately  discov- 
ered in  tho  heart  of  the  continent.  (Seo  article 
IIotteutot-Bushmcn.) 

III.  Kelioions  op  Africa. 

AsBTiming  the  total  population  of  Africa  to  be 
200,000,1100,  it  is  probable  that  one  fourth  are 
Mohammedans  and  almost  three  fourths  pa- 
gans. There  are  about  3,500,000  Christians,  of 
whom  nearly  ono  half  aro  Copts  and  Abyssin- 
ians  and  the  remainder  Roman  Catholics  and 
Protestants  in  about  equal  proportions.  Tho 
Roman  Catholics  include  tho  French  in  Algeria 
and  the  Portuguese  in  Angola  and  Mozambique. 
Tho  Protestants  include  the  English  and  Dutch 
of  tho  South  African  colonies.  There  are  250,- 
OOU  Hindus,  eto.,  chiefly  on  the  East  Coaat ; 


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APRIOA 


uikI  marly  I,(hiii,immi  .Icwh,  cliicllv  mi  llu'  hlmri-^ 
i>(  ilin  Mi'iliti'rrurii'iin. 

Till'  luriii  |iiiKikii  ciiinpriNi'H  nil  licutlipli  tlmt 
do  imt  lirliiiii^  til  oiii' (if  till' ^rriit  liiiiik  rrlit^ioii''. 

Ol'    lllll    {llt^'UIIM  oil    tllK   I'tltirr   ^llllll',    Hl\    Nt'Vl'lltllS 

urn  ill  At'rii'ii,  xihicli  is  tliiri'fnri'  <'iii|>liiitinilly 
tliii  |iii^iiii  riilililu-iit.  S|ii'iiUiii^'  rnii'^'lilv ,  tUo 
ri'li'^iiMH  lii'lii'fs  lit'  liolli  till'  ^;ri  lit  Afticuii  riioi-M- 

Hu'    Nl'^ril  lllul  till"  Hl'llllll — llllHt  111'  hll  ^■lllH^jtll'll. 

'I'lii'  lliiiiiitic  mill  Siiiiitir  |>i'n|ili'N  iiri'  in  tin' 
iiiiiiii  .Miiliiiiiiiiii'ilitii  ;  mill  iilsii  smiii'  of  tlii>^> 
^riiii|iril  uiiili'r  tliii  iimiii'  Nul<ii-l''iiliili. 

.l/>i''i(/t  ruii'iiiisiii  is  wry  ililliniit  froiu  tin' 
]inl\tlii'isiii  iif  mii'ii'iit  (iri'i'cii  iiiul  Umiii',  or  nf 
Iiiiliii.  Sii  fur  us  It  lii'tii't'  ill  II  diviiii'  ln'inutx- 
ists  ut  itU  mill  mii>iii({  tliu  lii't^ru  initiiuis  (if 
Wi'st  Afririi.  lit  li'UNt,  it  ilms  ('\iht     it  is  ii  lulii  f 

ill  (IIIK    sllpl-l'lllr  (  1(1(1.      J'lllt  tllis  (iii.l   iM  tint  hll[i' 

jiiisi'il  til  liiisv  liiiiisi'ir  with  tliu  iilTiiirs  nf  iiiiii  ; 
mill  iiccordiiiKl.v  lin  is  not  lialuliiiilly  \i(ir- 
Nlii;i|)(iil.  Till)  hll  I'uUcil  ^{imIs  tlmt  iiri'  wur- 
h1iI|i|ii'<1,  if  wiirsliip  it  cuii  liu  iiTiiii'il,  iitL-  tutlicr 
spirits  III  (Umikuis  Alricmis  iiii(liiiilit( dly  lic- 
licii'  ill  u  viist  Hpiritii  il  iii^i  iK'v.  "  'I  lirv  ri-^'urd 
tliciiisi'lvi's  us  liviii)4  ill  till)  midst  of  iiii  uivisililc 
wiirlil  iif  spiritiml  lifiiii^'s,  liy  wliom  tlii'\  urn  in 
diiuncr  of  liciiij^  I'liiislmitly  intliiciici d  li  r  evil 
rallicr  lliun  (^ikkI."  Willi  tlijs  is  t'diuliiin d  ii 
iinivirsul  fuilli  in  witi'licruft  in  vuricms  fnriiis. 
This  fuith  is  iiiiulc  hy  tlui  iiriisls  mid  iiirdiciiic- 
nun  nil  insiiiiiiii'iil  uf  ti'rrildc  npprissiun  ;  .  '.d 
it  is  tliMs  thii  sDHici'  d'  \viil(spr( ml  misery.  All 
Hii'kiicss  is  rc^^Mrdi'd  us  pdssissinn  hy  soiiiu  ciil 
Hpirit,  mill  the  liltsiiH'SS  (if  the  IiicilirilK'  iiiiin  is 
nut  sci  mui'li  t(i  cure  the  ilisi'  isc  us  to  oorci"!- 
fliii  spirit,  or  clsii  to  discover  the  (guilty  person 
who,  ll(■iIl^^  sierelly  uddictid  In  wilchcnift.  1ms 
lii'ivilehed  the  sutli  rer.  Till'  siisp'i't"  il  piirtv 
is  siiliji'i'ted  to  triul  liy  ordeul  of  tire  und  wuter, 
and  to  nvoiil  this  Mill  Noiiu'tinieH  uonfuKs  to 
criiiics  li(!  1ms  never  oomiiiitti'd. 

riiitli  in  u  spirit-world  also  involves  lulief  in 
a  life  lifter  dcuth.  Hence  tlio  liuiimn  wicritu'es 
ut  the  liiiriul  of  Uin^s  mid  chiefs,  so  coiiiniou  in 
Aslmntcu  und  l>iilio!iii  y,  on  the  Ni^^er.  and  in 
Houio  (N'litnil  .\friciin  countries.  The  deceuscd 
inHHt  lie  hoiiorulily  iittended  to  the  world  of 
Hjiirits  ;  wives  und  hIiivis,  therefore,  must  ue- 
I'oiiipuny  him,  mid  tlm  Hucritice  Kometiiiies  takes 
the  horrilih)  form  of  intermeiit  ulive.  (in  the 
other  hiind,  miiny  trilus  have  no  coneeption  of 
a  future  existnnc(\  "  When  u  nmn  was  hor  i, 
he  was  liorn,"  Kiiid  one  chief,  "  and  when  he 
died,  liu  WI18  (l(;ud,  and  thuru  was  uu  t-ud  of  the 
imluver. " 

Idiilutry,  in  tlio  hciiso  of  the  ninkini„'  und  wor- 
f-''ippin^'  of  inmj^es,  is  not  so  widely  dilfiisod  as 
might  bo  supjiosed.  'J'horo  is  nothing  in  Africa 
like  tho  elahorato  imago-worship  of  India. 
Hideous  idols  aro  coiumoii  niiiong  the  We>,t 
.Vfricaii  Negroes  ;  hut  in  Central  .\fricu,  no  far 
as  is  known,  noiio  are  to  he  found  i!ut  «hat 
is  called  fetich  worship  i.s  nniviTsal.  (.See  article 
retiehisiu.)  A  fetich  is  fl  chuim  ;  und  uliiiost 
liny  oliject--u  tree,  a  stick,  a  stone,  a  shell,  u 
pliint,  tho  liml)  of  an  uuinial,  a  vessel  filled 
witliHomo  strunge  coiiipnund-  in  fact,  anything 
whatever — may  have  power  imparted  lo  it  l>y 
certftiu  medicine  men — power  to  preserve  tho 
owner  orheurcr  from  danger,  or  jiower  to  injure 
liis  enemies.  I'articulur  fetiches  fulfil  pnrticnlnr 
purposes.  "  One  guards  against  sickness,  an- 
other against  drought,  a  third  against  the  dis- 
asters  of  wur.  One  is  used  to  draw  down  rain, 
another  to  Becuro  yood  crops,  ind  a  third  tills 


the  Nell  mill  rivers  with  tlshis,  und  lirin^s  then: 
to  the  tlslMrnien'H  net." 

M'lliiimiiiiiliiii'isiii  iMie  article  Islanii,  which  in 
the  "th  century  was  curried  hy  lire  und  swotil 
over  North  .\frica,  has.  in  the  last  two  celitiitie., 
udvaiiood  its  liorders  consideriihly,  und  now 
prevails  widely  in  Imlh  the  Western  niid  I'.ast- 
ern  ^'oiiiliiu,  in  We..,i  .Vfricii  proper,  und  iiliih); 
tho  east   const.      Inliim    liaH   lieeli    culled    one   (i( 

tho  niissioniiry  religions  of  tho  world,  hut  it 
iippi  Ills  neither  to  mind  nor  to  heart,  und  its 
progress  in  .\frica  is  due  almoht  iiitiri  ly  to  forcu 
or  friiiid.  It  is  a  luoot  ipnstloii  win  tin  r  itit 
Intension  lias  liceii  fir  good  or  for  evil.  Tliero 
call   ho   no  doiiht  tlmt  ill  soliie  ri  spi  cIh  it    is  UU 

improvement  on  the  ih  grudatioii  of  pugiiniKni, 
and  that  its  introduction  has  hei  n  uccumpunii d 
liv  u  certain  udvaiice  in  outwurd  civili/.iitn  n— 
for  instance,  in  tho  mutter  of  clothing,  (in  tho 
other  hiilid,  its  good  ilillin  lice  lias  liei  II  gri  iitly 
exuggcraltd,  Mr.  'I'homson,  the  triiveller, 
criMJits  It  with  the  law  und  order  that  prevail  iu 
the  liirgo  towns  of  the  ( 'elitriil  SoUilali  ;  hut 
eipial  law  und  order  ]irevml  in  much  larger 
toivns  in  the  roruha  couiitr.v,  where  fiill.v  or- 
gaiii/.ed  communilies  exist  that  are  idniost  entire- 
ly pagan. 

.\ii(l  idling  villi  this  pxnggerntion  of  the  ad- 
vmitages  (if  Islam  there  is  u  careful  ignoring  or 
minimi/iiig  of  lis  evils.  The  Negro  triln  s  that 
huve  heen  VMili  to  allegiance  to  the  I'ldiilK  t  ot 
Mecca  are  Moslem  in  little  more  than  name. 
Mol'.immedaiiisiii  has  cngralted  itself  ujioii  tho 
ancient  ]iagaiii^iii  of  the  country,  and  has  mere- 
ly liiodlliid  the  form  of  the  feliehism  vhieh  is 
the  real  religion  (if  so  it  may  ho  culled)  of  the 
liiii|ile.  (harms  and  amulets  are  their  trust 
still,  only  the  charms  or  feliches,  instnid  of  he- 
iug  slicks  and  stones,  are  Arahic  te.its  from  the 
IiCoraii  (which  they  cannot  nndi  seiiii  up  iu 
strips  of  red  Katlnr,  mid  tied  round  the  neck 
to  preserve  tho  wearer  from  (lunger.  Minwood 
lieade,  in  o,i(;  of  Ids  hooks  on  Africa,  wrote, 
"  .Mohammed,  a  servunl  of  (lod,  redeemed  the 
K.istern  woild.  ills  followels  iiro  redeeming 
Africu."  In  Jioint  of  fact,  their  iirincipal  work 
is  to  enslave  it.  "•'\n'  whole  of  the  vast  inluiid 
slave-trade,  which  IJaker  and  ( iordon  strove  so 
liard  to  siippress,  is  in  their  hands.  Trohably 
(he  two  greatest  sociiil  evils  of  .\frica  are  jmlyg- 
amy  ami  shivery.  Molmmmedmiism  saiictiona 
the  former  and  fosters  the  latter.  M.  Mage,  tbo 
French  traveller  in  Seiiegamhia,  siivs,  "  Islam 
is  ut  the  liottoni  of  tho  Weight  of  ills  under 
which  .\friea  is  suffering."  Schweinfurth  si  ys, 
"  The  haniier  of  Islam  is  the  liunner  of  hlooil." 
Livingstone  said,  "'  Heiitlu  u  .Vfricmi^.  are  Uiucli 
superior  to  tho  Midiaiumedans,  who  are  the 
most  worthless  ono  can  liave."  Tho  Moslem 
mullams  of  West  Africu.  who  go  about  writing 
the  infalliblo  charms  above  referred  to,  mid  giv- 
ing them  to  those  who  ore  willing  to  embrace 
Islam,  anil  who  aro  described  by  an  Kiigli.sh 
writer  of  repute  as  "  simple  and  single  minded 
missionaries,  the  ideal  of  whiit  a  Christian  mis- 
sionary should  lie,"aro  stigmati/ed  by  Schwein- 
furth, who  lias  seen  hundreds  of  them,  as  "  in- 
carnations of  human  depravity,"  In  most 
cases  they  do  not  even  know  the  meaning  of  the 
few  Arabic  words  they  write.  \l  Lagos  and 
other  large  idaces  there  are  schools  for  teaching 
them  to  write  !ht  te^ts,  but  this  is  done  merely 
as  a  mechaniial  process.  Sir.I.  l'o|ie  Hennessy, 
when  Governor  of  Sierra  Leone,  read  a  jiajier 
before   the   Society  o£   Arts,  iu  which   he   de 


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10 


AFRICA 


scribed  ii  "  ^[ohniiiiiiodikn  I'liivorsity"  at  Tiiu- 
1>o.  Uii  immiry  this  "  university"  proved  to 
1)1'  tlu!  veriuidii  nt  it  mud  built  himse,  in  whicli 
n  sin^lo  teiioht'r  tuu^jht  a  number  of  boys  to  re- 
cite i)ortion8  of  tlio  Kuniii  in  Arabic  liy  rote. 

It  is  undeuiitble  that  so  ciilled  Christiiin  nn- 
lions  have  done  uliiiost  as  niudi  liarni  in  Africa 
as  tlic  professors  of  Islam  ;  but  when  the  inrtu- 
en.;o  of  the  two  ri'li},'ions  is  compared,  it  must 
be  romombored  that  tho  wickedness  of  those 
who  must  statistically  bo  counted  as  Christians 
lias  been  in  the  teeth  of  tho  reljj^'inn  they  have 
dist^raced  ;  whereas,  in  ki>  fui  as  an  enlit^htened 
Mohammedan  (such  as  the  present  .Vidian  of 
Zanzibar)  governs  well,  and  i)nts  down  slavery, 
it  is  through  his  imitating  Christian  States  ainl 
ignoring  tho   Koran. 

(XoTK. —  The  statements  for  tlio  followinc;  are 
lai'i^ely  based  upon  Iteclus's  wiuk  on  Africa  ) 

Takiiif^  now  tho  continent  in  detail,  and  cnm- 
nieucin^  with  J'lt^ypt,  we  shall  jiass  alon^;  tho 
eastern,  southern,  and  western  coasts  to  tho 
shoren  of  the  Mediterranean. 

1.  /'.';////)/.  l-f,'ypt  proper  extends  from  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  north  to  Wady  Haifa  (Ui 
tho  'id  C  itaract  on  the  south,  and  from  tho 
Suez  Canal  and  the  ]!e<l  Sea  on  the  east  to  an 
indilinito  line  of  desert  on  the  west.  Politi- 
cally it  mdiules  also  a  strip  of  .\rabia  on  the  east 
of  the  Suez  Canal,  Nubia,  and  an  micerlain  sec- 
tion of  tho  Souilan.  ISy  far  the  t^reater  jiart  of 
this  territory  is  lu'actii'ally  uninhabited,  so  that 
of  tho  ollicijdly  reiiorted  KKI.OIKI  sipiare  miles, 
not  min'e  than  I'J.iKH)  square  miles  contjiin  a 
IHipuliilion  of  (l,li(l(t,llil(l,  ^,'ivinn  a  density  of 
population  three  times  as  great  ns  that  of 
I'lance,  and  even  greater  than  that  of  lielgium 
and  Saxony. 

.V  genoi'id  history  of  Egypt  will  not  be  at- 
templed  in  this  article.  A  brief  stntenient  of 
the  present  (ISHO)  political  condition  is  all  that 
will  bi'  given. 

I'litil  the  rebellion,  in  ISlS,  ot  Mohammed 
AH.  a  Mameluke  otlicer,  Kgypt  was  practically 
a  part  of  the  Turkish  Empire.  Since  that  time 
the  Sultan  has  claimeil  littlo  moro  tli/in  a 
suzerainty,  which  became  more  and  moro  shad- 
owy until  tho  rebellion  of  Arabi  I'aslia  and  the 
occupation  of  the  country  liy  the  I'.ritish  troops 
in  IHSJ,  when  it  almost  entirely  disappeared, 
and  the  pr  ■sent  Khedive  (a  meiuber  of  Mo- 
hammed .Mi's  family)  and  his  ministers  ar(^ 
virtually  English  otlicials.  The  local  adminis- 
tration  is  left  to  tho  Egyptian  cmirts,  but  all 
cases  affecting  foreigners  are  trieil  by  a  mixed 
commission.  The  general  social  condition  of 
tlio  jieoplo  has  undoubtedly  improveil  undi  r 
tlie  English  supervision.  Much  of  the  former 
oppression  has  ceased,  and  the  ))easaiitry  aro 
luoro  .justly  treated  and  more  prosperous  than 
ever  before. 

I'opulntion,  acerr<liiig  fi  census  of  1882, 
('.,S(I(;,I(HI. 

Mohammedans 0,031,025 

Cbristinns  : 

Copts 408,003 

Koman Catholics. . .  .   57,:!S0 

Greeks 42,(i(!0 

rrotestants 4,ri;)0 

Aruiinians 1.0'27 

n 14, 521 

Foreigners ",M),Hsti 

Jews 15,700 

The  Mohammedans  include  : 


1,  Tho  Fellaheen,  or  peasants,  ot  the  sanio 
race  as  the  Copts,  and  the  descendants  of  tlia 
original  Egy])tians,  idiout  o,ll(iO,(l(lO. 

2  The  .Vrabs,  of  whom  a  sm.iU  number  dato 
back  perhaps  to  tho  llyksos,  but  the  greater 
number  came  from  .Uabia  and  Syria  ui'.der 
Amru  in  a  d.  (i:l'.l.  They  have  undoubtedly 
mingled  with  tho  native  Idood,  ytt  aro  still 
ipiite  distinct  and  some  of  tho  regular  liedouiu 
tribes  preserve  their  liiiiage  with  great  pride. 
Tho  liedouin  tribes  on  ihe  l{ed  Sea  coast  ami 
the  desiMt  bonli  r  are  estimated  to  number  about 
250,(1(10,  and  the  other  Arabs  about  7(Hl, (!(»•. 

H.  Tho  Turks  aro  vi^iy  few  in  number,  esti- 
mated at  1(1,(1(10  to  20,llO('l. 

Tho  Copts  oceuiiy  ehielly  Upper  Egypt,  in  tho 
vicinity  of  Assiout,  and  the  oasis  of  Fayooui. 
They  are  still  mouophysites,  and  havo  in  inany 
jilacus  preserved  their  original  cliaracteristica 
very  closely,  developing  ti  shrewdness  of  chir- 
ncter  far  superior  to  that  of  the  I'elhdieen  origi- 
nally ot  the  same  race,  but  never  brought  under 
Christian  influences.  In  the  villages  ot  Upper 
Egypt  they  aro  agriculturists,  but  in  tho  town* 
and  in  liower  Egypt- tho  Delta  they  are  arti- 
sans, money  changers,  and  emidoyis.  They 
aro  gentle  in  their  general  character,  but  not 
sclfas.serfive,  and  havo  tiot  taken  tho  [lolitical 
position  attained  by  tho  .\rmenians  and  .bnvs. 

Tho  Koman  Catholics  aro  mostly  Syrians  who 
have  come  in  from  the  Syrian  coast  and  the 
Lebanon  for  Purposes  of  trade. 

Tho  (ireeks  aro  partly  foreigners,  partly 
(ireek  Syriai  s. 

T'he  language  of  Egypt  is  entirely  Arabic. 
The  Coptic,  representing  tho  old  Egyptian 
hieroglyphs,  has  long  been  a  dead  language,  ex- 
isting (udy  in  the  Scriptures  unil  liturgies  of  tho 
Coiitic  monasteries. 

'ihe  climate  of  Egypt  is  in  general  very  dry. 
Xortheily  winds  prevail  in  summer  and  souther- 
ly wiiuls  in  winter,  so  that  there  is  a  great  uni- 
formity in  temperature,  ranging  in  Cairo  from 
50  to  S5  ,  the  highest  reeorded  being  llCi" 
I'ahr.  There  is  also  ve-ry  littlo  ram  practically 
none  at  all  in  Upper  Egyjit  though  in  Cairo 
there  aro  some  very  heavy  rainfalls  ;  yet  the 
rise  of  the  Nile  is  accom|iaiued  with  a  great  deal 
of  moisture,  so  that,  especially  on  the  Ited  Seiv 
coast.  Olio  se.'uis  to  be  in  a  vajior  bath.  Tho 
houses  aro  built  chiefly  of  sundri  nl  brick,  ex- 
cept in  tho  cities,  where  a  porous  stone  is  used. 
Tho  walls  aro  thick,  rendering  the  rooms  cool 
in  summer  ;  but  as  there  aro  no  appliances  for 
lieating,  they  aro  apt  to  l>o  chilly  during  the 
time  of  tho  winter  rains.  Tho  general  effect  of 
the  climate  is  not  unhealthful,  and,  except  an 
oi)htlialmia  prevails  to  a  considemble  degree, 
foreign  residents  en,ioy  oven  during  the  sum- 
mer a  good  degree  of  lu'alth  and  comfort. 
Through  tho  ports  ot  Alexamlria  and  Suck 
Egypt  receives  all  the  fruits  of  tho  Jiovant,  iu 
addition  to  the  oranges  aiul  dates  of  her  owa 
gardens. 

Missionary  ■work  is  carried  on  by  tho  United 
rrcsbyterian  Church  of  tho  United  Slates  ot 
America  and  the  Church  Missionary  Society 
of  England. 

tit  tiiese  two  iniRsions  the  former  is  much  th» 
more  important.  The  latter  has  coutined  itself 
to  work  for  Mohauimedans,  chiefly  in  connec- 
tion with  the  schools  established  for  Moslem 
children  by  Miss  Whately,  who  died  in  ISHO, 
leaving  the  schools  under  the  general  charge  of 
the  society.     Missionary  work  among  the  Copta 


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AFRICA 


11 


AFRICA 


liiiM  iiovcr  iiiii  with  huc)i  Mltor  jxTHiuMition  us 
in  snino  otlu'f  liiiids.  Tlio  iicrHoiiiil  riliitioiiH 
lietwceii  thii  niii^Hidiiitrii'S  iiiid  tin-  |h'0|)Ih  hiivit 
buon  vory  pluiismit,  lunl  tlu)  i^ovctmiiciit  liiis 
lonkcd  iiiiiiii  tliti  iidnciitloiml  work  of  tlio  Idniu'i' 
witli  fiivor,  I'Vi'f  iiiukiiit^  a  grunt  of  a  v.ilimblo 
jiiico  of  i>rii]ii'ity  iu  Ciiuo  in,:  tluMi'  sclinnls. 
(See  I'lUtfil  I'lcsliytiiiiun  (luiri'li  MisHintis. ) 
The  Wnslbyuii  .Mi^llmdistH  i  lOiigliiiid)  und  tliu 
C'oldiiiul  and  ('i)ntini'iitid  ( Kiij^lund)  liave  niiK 
sioiis,  tlio  foriiKtr  in  tlii^  urniy  oidy. 

.\iiliiti, — 'I'liu  sccticin  of  L'liiMitiy  soutli  dl 
Kxypt,  cxtenilinn  fi'nni  Wudy  llullu  tci  liorlnr 
on  tlu'  Nile,  und  Suukin.  cm  llii'  lied  Sea. 

Tliu  j^reattr  ]iuit  ol'  tlio  t'duntiy,  especially  to 
the  weHt,  is  dt.'.sert,  tlic^  Nile  valley,  in  many 
jilaces  vciy  narrow,  I'lirnisliini^  tliti  only  relief. 
To  till)  east,  lir)wev<!r,  es|)ecially  in  tlio  VK'inily 
o£  tlio  Hod  Sea,  wliero  tliern  are  niinieroiis  raui- 
fulls,  wells,  fountains,  und  iiustiuuf^ti  arn  found 
in  uliundaneo.  'I'lio  eliiiiate,  ihoiiuli  hot-  aver- 
agint,'  H(»  Kalir.  — is  very  dry  and  lieulllifiil  for 
tlidsii  who  koup  away  from  the  moisture  of  the 
river  heds  ;  und  oven  ophthalmia  is  almost  un- 
known. Tho  fruit  trees  of  KLryjit  are  found 
only  in  gardens,  and  even  the  (hito  disappears  in 
tho  southern  seetioiiH.  'I'lii'  N'uhian  horses, 
fuiiinus  for  their  lleetness,  eaiinot  heur  a  idiango 
of  climato,  and  have  doeruased  mucli  iu  nam 

h(UN. 

I'lio  constant  jirey  of  opposing  forcos  from 
the  north  and  south,  the  ]population  of  Nulla, 
numliering  about  l,(l(l(l,lHl(i,  is  very  mueli  mixed, 
the  original  Klhiopiuns  liuving  once  givi^i  place 
to  till)  Kgy|)tians  and  then  regained  an  ascend- 
ancy. These  Jiurliarins  (the  connection  with 
'•  harlmrian' '  is  prohalily  laiicifulr  are  among  the 
darkest  of  .\frican  tribes,  hut  under  thi  ir  dark 
skins  are  transparent  reddish  liues,  clearly  dis- 
tinguishing tlii-m  from  the  negroes  of  Central 
Africa.  T'ho  huir  is  wavy  without  heing  woolly, 
the  features  regular,  tlit)  nose  i,traiglit  and  liiiu, 
und  many  coiiie.  to  even  tin)  F.uropean  Klandanl 
of  heuuty.  T'lii)  custom  of  making  tlirce  ohliipu) 
scars  on  each  cheek  they  can  give  no  reason 
for,  as  it  is  not  a  distinguishing  mark,  many 
other  races  doing  the  same  thing.  'J'hoy  fur- 
nish tho  greater  numher  of  the  slaves  and  at- 
ti-nihiiits  for  i'gy]it  and  Turkey.  Originally  a 
lirave  ]ieoph<,  constant  oppression  has  rendered 
tlieiii  co\vardl,v  and  suhject  to  incursions  from 
the  iimre  warlike  tribes  of  Kiu'dofan.  The 
southern  Nubians  am  much  moro  given  to 
trade,  and  hold  themselves  aloof  from  the  ]ieas- 
untryor  t'ellulieen.  They  und  the  pustoral  jieo- 
]ilo  of  the  Nilo  vulloy  cull  themselves  Arabs, 
though  their  origin  is  iirobiibly  Kthiopic.  'i'he 
most  prominent  of  these  Niiluun  .\rabs  are  the 
liishurilis  or  Ihgas  iiud  Ababdehs,  and  uiiiii- 
ber  perhaps  •((10,11(1(1. 

Missionary  work  has  bpen  confined  to  ocia- 
sioiial  visits  of  colporteurs  of  the  .\mcricun  and 
the  Urilish  und  I'oreign  Jiiblo  Societies,  (ier- 
niuii  missionaries  have  endeavored  to  occupy 
Ivhartnum,  and  (lenerul  (iordon  did  uiucli  to 
illustrati)  and  comnuind  Christianity. 

Tlie  SiiiuIkh. — This  is  not  a  distinct  country, 
having  regular  geographical  boundaries,  imt  a 
soiiiowhat  indelinitn  section  stretching  across 
the  continent  along  the  Kith  parallel  of  latitude 
from  the  J{ed  Sea  to  tho  Atlantic  Ocean,  and 
including  especially  the  districts  of  I'pper 
Nubia,  Ivordofan,  Durfnr,  AVadai,  Ijiike  Tchad, 
and  thu  valliiy  of  the  Nigpr.  Of  late  years 
it  has  come  to  have  a  somewhut  limited  appli- 


cation to  what  is  Kometinips  called  tlie  I'.gyplian 
Soudan,  including  l'))pcr  .Nubia,  Kordofun, 
D.ufur,  tlie  section  that  was  annexed  to  Kgyjit 
liy  the  notorious  /ebehr  I'aslia,  ami  where  (ien 
eral  (iordon  undertook  to  establish  a  barrier  to 
till)  slave  trade  that  liroiight  the  blacks  if  Ceii 
tral  .\frica  to  the  lied  Sea,  and  then  distributud 
thrill  through  .\rabia  and  the  Levant.  (For 
special  account  of  this  region,  see  artidn  Sou- 
dan.) The  dilfi  rent  sections  will  betreatid  in 
ludei,  leaving  the  western  section  to  come  in 
connection  with  t'c  slates  of  the  weslein  ciast, 
as  lieing  more  closely  connected  with  tliiiu. 

i  lijiir  S'ilii'(,  or  tlie  l'",gy|itiun  Soudiiii  ii  por- 
tion of  uiieieiit  I'.lhiojiia,  extends  from  the  i!er 
her  Siiakiii  line  lo  the  bonlers  of  .Miyssinia,  in 
eluding  the  city  of  Khartoniii  and  tlie  counliy 
along  ihe  rhie  Nile  and  the  Atbara.  It  is  a 
mouiitaiiioin  country,  broki  n  bv  ridges  into 
sections,  eacli  to  a  degiee  independent  of  the 
others.  .Vlternalely  held  by  the  .\byssiniiiim 
and  the  Kgyptiaiis,  the  revolution  of  the  .Malidi 
has  connected  it  with  Kordofan  and  Darturas 
the  seat  of  a  new  government. 

The  populalion  is  aliout  It, (1(1(1,(1(1(1,  niaiic  up 
of  a  great  niimlar  of  tribes,  and  n  pn  seiitiiig 
all  the  gre.it  races  of  North,  iJist.  und  Ciiitial 
Africa  Kthiopic,  Negro,  Niil.a  -  I'ulah,  und 
Arab.  Tlie  most  pnuuinent  iiiiiong  them  are 
tlio  liegiis  or  itlemniyes  of  the  ancients,  and 
]irobably  the  ]''.lhiopians  of  Herodotus,  w  lio 
luiilt  Meroe.  In  the  Middle  .\ges  they  were 
mostly  Christians,  but  now  are  .Moliumiiii  dans 
—  at  least  so  far  as  their  interest  in  the  .Mahdi 
is  concerned  one  of  their  most  powerful 
tribes,  the  lladeiidoiis,  numbering  about  1.(1(1(1,- 
(1(1(1,  having  taken  a  most  iinuiiineiit  jiurt  in  the 
recent  wurs.  They  are  a  line  looking,  arislo 
cratie  people,  not  unlike  the  It.lntil  race  of  tlie 
south,  though  wiih  many  customs  of  tlie  negro 
races. 

Like  other  F.tliiopio  jieoplc,  descent  is  reck 
oned  from  the  mother,  and  while  women  Ix  fore 
niurriago  are  treated  with  greut  civility,  after 
marriage  they  are  not  at  ail  undi  r  the  control 
of  the  liiisband.  The  annals  of  the  kingdiuii  of 
.Meroij  and  Seiiaar,  ever  since  the  lime  if  (^uctu 
Caiidace,  show  the  prominence  given  towenicn. 
The  prominent  lilies  are  Kliartoum.  at  the 
junction  of  the  liliie  and  the  Wliite  Nihs,  the 
commerciul  centre  for  the  whole  region,  und 
made  memorable  by  the  death  of  (!i  iierul  (inr- 
don  ;  Seiiaar,  the  rupilid  of  the  old  I'liii)  king- 
dcuii,  and  which  bus  gn  atlv  di-cii  um  il  in  impor- 
tance I  Ml  roe,  the  old  Kthio)diin  capital,  is  ii 
mass  of  ruins  on  the  east  bunk  of  the  liliio 
Nile)  ;  Kassala,  between  the  .\tbara  and  Masso- 
wali,  formerly  an  Ivgypliun  fortitss  destined, 
perhaps,  to  bo  an  .Abyssinian  outpost  ;  and  lier- 
lier,  the  starting  )ioint  for  curavans  from  the 
.Middle  Nile  to  Siiakin,  the  best  Jiort  on  the 
lied  Sea,  and  tlie  point  from  which  jiilgriiim 
start  for  Jb'cca  ainl  slave  tradi  rs  for  Arabia. 
The  religion  of  this  whole  region  is  the  Mo- 
hamnieihin,  yet  tlie  old  faiths  are  by  no  nu  uns 
exliiiit,  and  the  fact  of  a  general  profession  of 
Christianity  during  the  .Middle  .\gps  would  ren.  / 
der  Christian  evangelizatifin  a  labor  of  eoniiiura- 
live  ease,  as  soon  as  the  iron  rule  of  the  .Mahdi 
can  be  broken. 

h'iiril(</i()i.—  \  country  west  of  I'pper  Nubia, 
whose  chief  eit,v,  KI-()l)eid,  is  the  capital  of  tlio 
Mahdi.  AVith  a  territory  half  the  size  of 
France,  it  has  an  esliiiiated  )iopuliition  of  only 
;)(l(l, (1(1(1,  or  about    threo   petHOUH   to   a   sijuars 


AFRICA 


la 


AFRICA 


mile.  Tbo  tempemture  is  tbo  liottest  in  tbo 
world,  tho  thermoinetor  frcciueiitly  rising  to 
10")  Fiihr.  in  tlio  sbudo  during  the  hot  seuHon, 
which  coiniiioiicos  in  Miiivh.  Jiinr,  July,  niul 
AiiKUst  nro  thu  riiiny  months,  and  the  iiir  is  full 
of  viipoM  and  niiiisnm.  indiieint,'  cpidi'Uiic^ 
fevers,  \vlii(!h  ure  very  tiital  to  Arabs,  Turks, 
ami  Kuropeiins.  The  conimereial  importnnco 
of  Kordofaii  arises  from  its  lieiii;.;  the  starting- 
jioiut  for  caravans  to  Western  AfriiNi  and  Triii- 
oli  liy  way  of  Darlur,  AVadai.  aiul  the  oasis  o£ 
Fezziiii.  (\  Turkish  mereliant  of  Ft /zan  oneo 
visited  Constaulinojile  with  a  lar^e  supidy  of 
En'.;lish  nniforiiis  whieh  fnllmvcrs  of  the  .Malidi 
Lad  taken  from  tho  triojis  in  Khartoum,  and 
liroii^^lit  l>y  this  route  to  the  Mediterranean.) 
The  nativo  trilios  are  not  numerous  or  j)o\ver- 
ful,  the  most  influential  eleiueiit,  and  that  which 
constitutes  the  suiiport  of  the  Mali<li,  hein^  tho 
two  Jiedoiiin  tfibi'S,  Knhaliish  and  Jia^^^aro. 
Tliey  elaiui  to  he  of  pure  Ariili  descent,  hut  have 
not  a  low  of  tluiCHstouis  of  the  Kaliyle,  and  have 
n  red  sUin  very  mueh  like  the  American  Indian. 
They  are  of  exceptionally  Hue  physiijue 

Dnr/Ki:  — .\  country  about  the  si/e  of  France, 
lyinji  between  Kordofan  on  the  east  and  Wadai 
on  the  west,  and  formiii'^  the  line  between  the 
Xile  iiasin  and  Lake  Tchad.  It  was  Inw^  en- 
tirely closed  to  Kuro]u>ans,  and  not  until  the 
famous  Zebehr  I'asha  cimpiered  it  for  ]'".t,'ypt 
was  much  information  t,'ained  about  it.  Since 
the  rise  of  the  .\lahdi  it  is  attain  closed.  Its 
eastern  p<irtion  contains  some  eo]ipi>r  mines 
that  were  the  chief  ob,iect  of  desire  ou  the  Jiait 
of  the  Eg.vptian  (lovernment.  The  clinuite  and 
general  features  arc  much  the  siimo  as  tliose  of 
Kcuvlofan,  there  l)eing  hi^'h  rau^'es  of  moun- 
tains nnd  extensive  uplands.  'I'lie  ]>opnlation, 
variously  estimated  at  from  ]  .."illd.tHill  to  -l.(MH),- 
{100,  is  composed  chic-lly  of  the  I'ur  or  For  tribe 
of  the  Xuba-Fulah  race,  who  pive  their  name 
to  the  country.  All  are  Mussuliiuuis,  but  min- 
gle many  practices  of  African  origin  with  tho 
precepts  of  the  Koran.  The  former  connuercial 
relations  of  Darfur  were  chietly  with  Ej,'ypt  by 
a  caravan  route  direct  through  tho  desert  to 
Assiout,  but  now  the  caravans  go  both  east  and 
West,  reaching  Egypt  through  Kordofan  and 
Khartoum,  and  Tripoli  through  Wadai  and  tho 
oasis  of  Fe/zan. 

Wmhii.  —The  eastern  section  of  tho  Lake 
Tchad  district,  occupied  by  the  Wadai  tribe, 
that  for  some  time  has  held  the  predominance  in 
that  region.  (For  special  description,  see  Lake 
Tchail.)  It  is  mentioned  here  as  the  farthest 
section  west  where  there  is  a  di.->finctly  Arab  ele- 
ment, although  tho  native  negro  element  still 
retains  the  pre-eminence.  The  inlluential 
tribes  rest  their  claims  to  prominence  on  their 
early  acceptance  of  Islam.  This  country  is  the 
chief  sphere  of  the  Senoussi  movement,  although 
the  Sheikh  himself  has  his  headipiarters  in  Trip- 
oli. The  greater  i)art  of  the  Moslems  being 
converts,  are  the  more  earnest  in  their  support 
of  tho  new  faith,  and  they  have  nmde  deter- 
mined efforts  to  overcome  the  Mahdi  and  ex- 
tend the  Senoussi's  intluenco  to  the  Red  Sea. 

Missionary  influence  through  the  whole  of 
eastern  Soudan  has  been  almost  entirely  want- 
ing. Foreign  travel  has  been  contined  to  a  few 
men,  Xachtigal  (18(!'.1-74)  being  the  only  one 
who  succeeded  in  really  penetrating  Wadai, 
Uarfur,  and  Kordofan,  and  the  account  given 
by  Mohaniineil  el  Tunsy  (the  "  Tunisian")  is 
Htill  the  beat  that  exists  of  that  section. 


AbiiK.iiniii. — Abyssinia  iirojier,  including  its 
southern  district  of  Shoa.  is  a  territory  co\er- 
ing  about  in;, 000  scpiare  miles,  its  eastern  boun- 
<lar,v  extendiiigabiiut  oi Ml  miles  south  from  Mas- 
kowmIi,  on  the  Jted  Sia.  Then,'  is,  however,  a 
wide  stret(di  of  tirritory  between  that  and  the 
Ued  Sea  and  Imliaii  Ocean,  kuowp  as  liallalaud 
ftud  Soiiialiland,  which  historically  and  geo- 
graphically is  connected  with  Abyssinia,  but 
being  the  home  of  indei>endeiit  tribes,  must  bo 
considered  seiiarately.     (See  aiticlo  Abyssinia.) 

The  London  Societv  for  Propagating  Chris- 
tianity among  the  Jews  and  the  Swedish  Evan- 
gelical Society  have  stations  in  Abyssinia. 

Alar. — The  section  between  .\b,\ssiiiia  jtroper 
and  the  Ited  Sea,  and  iiicliuling  the  coast  from 
Massowiih  to  the  Strait  of  liab  el-Malideb,  is 
occuiiied  by  the  .\fiir  or  Danakil  tribe,  belonging 
to  the  central  Ethioinan  branch  of  the  Hamitic 
group,  although  they  claim  to  be  .Vrabs  by  de- 
scent, and  may  indceil  have  .Vrab  blood.  Tlie,v 
have  a  tine  [diysicpie,  and  have  succeeded  in 
ju'cserviug  their  independence,  recognizing  only 
their  hereditary  chiefs.  Nominally  Moslem, 
they  have  retained  muidi  of  their  fetich  wor- 
ship, and  observe  many  of  the  rites  common  to 
the  kindred  tribes.  England  and  Italy,  and 
still  later,  France,  have  estalilished  trading  sta- 
tions along  the  coast,  but  have  not  undertaken 
to  extend  inland,  as  the  ccumtry  is  sterile,  hard- 
ly furnishing  food  for  the  natives,  who  gain  a 
large  jiart  of  their  subsistence  from  the  caravans 
moving  between  .Vbyssinia  and  the  lied  Sea. 
The  princi]ial  caravan  stations  in  the  .Vtar  coun- 
try are  Heihet  and  Asali  (Italian i  and  I'erim 
(English). 

ii'ill'iUoii}. — South  of  Abyssinia  and  the  Alar 
country,  from  the  Stiait  of  Itah-el-Mandeb  to  the 
Eipiatoi.  extends  the  country  of  the  (iallas,  one 
of  the  largest  nations  in  .Vfrica,  numbering  j)er- 
haps  ;!, 500,011(1  in  the  distinctive  (lalla  States, 
but  found  on  either  hand  in  largo  numbers, 
Thev  are  siiiil  to  number  altogether  more  than 
(1,000,00(1.  They  are  generally  jdaced  in  the 
Ethiopic  family  of  the  Hamitic  group,  and  are 
thus  allied  closel,v  to  tho  Somalis  to  tho  east  of 
.\far,  to  the  Degas  of  ri)per  Nubia,  and,  more 
remotely,  to  the  Lorbors  of  North  Africa,  and  to 
the  ancient  Egvidians.  Their  dialect  bears  con- 
siderable resemblance  to  tho  Semitic  languages. 
Their  homo  is  said  to  have  been  tho  ecjuatorial 
region  about  Lake  Nyasa,  and  some  of  them 
still  make  jiilgrimages  to  Mount  Kenia,  They 
are  of  medium  heiglit,  iinel,v  proportioned,  with 
an  attractive  and  open  countenance.  In  color 
they  are  a  deep  reddish  brown,  the  women  be- 
ing usually  very  light,  and  in  youth  very  hand- 
some. Tho  northern  tribes  are  more  intelligent 
than  those  of  the  south,  but  there  is  no  educa. 
tion  among  them  except  as  tho  result  of  niis- 
sioiiarv  teaching,  and  the  only  books  are  the 
Go.sjiels,  translated  by  tho  missionaries,  and  a 
few  dictionaries  and  a  grammar  by  Tusidiek. 
In  general  i)eaceful  agriculturists,  they  are 
forced  to  defi'iid  themselves  against  tho  Abys- 
siniaiis  in  the  north,  the  Soimdis  (ui  tho  east, 
and  the  Arab  slave-traders,  who  lind  among 
them  their  most  attractive  prey.  The  English 
stations  ou  the  coast  at  Tagurra  l!ay,  Zeila,  and 
Bulha  have  done  much  to  prevent  this  trade. 

Missionary  efforts  among  tho  (iallas  date  to 
the  visit  of  Krapf  to  Shoa  in  \xi'l,  when  en- 
gaged in  the  Abyssinian  Jlission  with  Hishop 
tiobiit.  (See  Abyssinia.  1  Later,  work  has  been 
CBrried  on  by  the  Swedish  Evangelical   Soci- 


AFRICA 


13 


AFRICA 


ety.  (See  Swedish  EviintJoliciil  Society.)  Tln! 
Keitli  i'lilooner  MiHHiou  (iiiulor  tln'  euro  of  tliu 
Tree  t'liurcli  of  Soolliiuil)  iit  Slu'ilvli  Otliiimii, 
iifiir  Aili'U,  on  tho  const  of  Aialiiii.  is  cudcuvor- 
iuj^  to  ilo  II  work  luiinn^'  tUe  Hiilliis  tlirounh  tho 
rescued  sliives,  «  lioiu  they  ^^llthl■r  in  tlieir  schools 
uii.l  educiito  with  the  liojio  tliiit  th(\v  «ill  return 
iind  work  lUll.^n^^  their  |)eoii!<!.  The  Churcli 
Jlissioniiry  S,>ciety's  work  is  the  most  jirosjier- 
ons  ;  tlie  Cniti'd  Tree  Metho  lists  iiiul  the  Aiis- 
t^iiriiis  Union  hnvo  ciieh  one  stiition  in  Soiimli- 
liiiid.  One  of  tho  hiirdest,  it  is  also  one  of  tho 
most  lUtriictive  lields  of  iiiis^ioiiiiry  hihor, 

Siiiivili  l.'iiiil. — I'lio  oiintry  between  Gnlla- 
liind  iiiul  tho  Imliiin  Ocenu  is  occiijiied  hy  the 
Smiivli  tribes,  iikm  in  rneo  to  the  Afiirs.  with 
whom  they  have  n  ^;reiit  deiil  of  intercourse,  inch 
piissinj.;  into  tho  other's  territory  for  jmstuniLte, 
iiccordin^^  to  tho  sciisiin.  They  are  iiracticall,r 
in.lependent,  an  I  have  not  attracteil  the  inter- 
est of  Eur.i[i-.'ans,  beiiij;  treacherous  and  cm- 
htaiitl.v  at  war  with  themselves. 

TIm  Sinrrvn  i;f  Ihe  .\ilf  nnd  the  lirfiit  I.'ik'.-i. — 
The  s.>utherii  boundary  of  Kordofan  and  J)ar- 
fur  marks  practically  the  limit  not  only  of  their 
territory,  but  nt  llieir  climate,  race,  and  ^eiieial 
j)liysical  characteristics.  The  section  south  of 
Balir  el  Aral),  althoui^li  included  iu  the  j;eneral 
term  Soudan,  is  s  >  ditVerent  as  to  Ije  jiractically 
an  entirely  distinct  c  uuitry.  Tho  dry,  intense 
heat  of  Jvordofan  gives  [ilaco  to  ii  climate  more 
moist  and  t,'entle,  althouj^h  scarcely  less  uii- 
healthy.  Insteail  of  jilains,  there  are  great 
junL;les  with  luxuriant  vegetation  ;  oxen  take 
tho  place  of  horses  and  caiuels,  and  the  Arab 
disappeais  eiilirely  before  the  Xegro.  In  tact, 
two  continents  could  hardly  be  more  niarkedl.v 
distinct  than  are  these  two  sections  of  what  is 
often  called  one  country. 

In  tho  absence  of  any  maiked  geographical 
boundaries,  we  shall  divide  this  section,  ex- 
tending from  Kordofau  to  tho  upper  end  of 
Lake  langanyika,  intJ  :i  jiarts  ; 

1.  The  Xeriba  country,  Iving  between  tho 
IJahr  el  -Vrab  and  the  west  bank  of  the  Nile. 

2.  T'lio  Sobat  and  Val  basins,  on  the  east  bank. 
13.   Tho  great  lakes. 

Note.  —  riiero  seems  to  be  some  confusion  in 
the  different  atlases  a^  to  the  distinction  be- 
tween tho  llahr  el  Arab,  tho  liahr  el  llomr,  and 
tlie  Iiahr  ol  Crhazel.  Tho  tir.-^t  is  hero  used  to 
designate  the  most  northern  of  tho  western 
tributaries  of  the  Nile,  while  the  last  is  its 
largest  conduent. 

1.  The  Zeriba  country  extends  from  Kordo- 
fan, on  tho  north,  to  the  Lake  .\lliert  Nyan/a, 
on  the  south,  and  from  the  White  Nile  (liahr  el 
Jabel),  on  the  east,  to  the  somewhat  indefinite 
boundary  of  the  NyamNyam  country  on  tho 
west,  and  includes  a  section  that  has  been  most 
jirominentlj'  before  the  world  for  several  years. 
It  wa.H  here  that  (Jeneral  (iordnn  hoped  to  es- 
tablish a  government  that  should  etfectually 
stop  the  slave-trade,  and  tint  Kmin  I'asha  for 
so  long  a  time  held  his  own  against  hostile  at- 
tacks from  every  side.      (Sco  Soudan.) 

The  extent  of  country  is  about  1  ill, (1(10  square 
miles,  and  the  population  is  estimated  at  !(»,- 
(H)ll.O(HI,  but  it  has  doubtless  Kiitfered  much 
from  the  depredations  of  the  Arab  slave-dealers, 
who  make  this  their  special  tield  of  supply. 
The  routes  to  the  l{cd  Sea  can  still  bo  traced  by 
the  bones  of  men  lying  bleaching  in  the  sun'. 
They  almost  nil  belong  to  the  Negro  race,  al- 
though  tho   dillereut   tribes   are  verv  distinct 


from  t  ach  oiher.  Among  the  most  prominent 
are  the  Shuli  and  Madi,  iu  whose  territory  is 
Wadelai,  till  lately  Emiu  I'asha's  place  of  lesi- 
deiico  ;  the  liari,  among  whom  SirSamuel  liaktr 
established  his  settlement,  Ismailia  ;  tlu^lJenka, 
tho  largest  tube,  and  famous  as  tho  best  cooks 
iu  .\fiica  ;  the  Iiongos,  bordering  on  tho  Nyam- 
Nyam country,  an  1  not  tinlike  their  neighbors, 
generally  very  kindly,  gentle,  and  industrious, 
skilled  as  smiths  and  artisans,  producing  with 
very  simple  tools  articles  not  inferior  to  those 
made  in  Kiirope.  These,  with  the  kindred 
tribes  mound  them,  were  the  chief  l)ooly  of  the 
slave  dealers,  who  gave  tlnir  name  to  the  sec- 
lion  from  their  Zeribas,  or  forts,  which  they  es- 
tablished all  over  the  country.  Tho  ravages 
luado  among  them  may  bo  indicated  by  the 
statement  of  Schweinfurth  that  the  IJongos 
nuiid)ered  certainly  ;i(l(l,(l(M),  whereas  at  tho 
present  time  there  are  [scarcely  l(H»,(Ml(t.  ]!ut 
Hot  only  in  their  reduc(;d  numbers  is  tho  result 
of  tho  slave  trade  manifest.  Tho  tribes  have 
become  greatly  mixed,  and  in  tho  pn>cess  tho 
worst  elements  have  como  to  the  surface,  some 
among  them  being  described  as  the  most  repul- 
sive tribes  in  Africa. 

Missionaiy  efforts  in  this  section  have  been 
contiin'd  to  tho  work  of  some  Catholic  mission- 
aries auiiuig  the  ISari  and  Hongo  tribes,  but 
without  any  apparent  result.  Mohammedanism 
prevails  toward  the  north,  but  to  tho  south 
fetichism  is  still  dominant. 

2.  Sobat  and  Val  basins  include  a  section  of 
about  Tti,iiil(l  scjuare  miles  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Nile,  witha  jiipuliition  of  iierhai)S  ;i,lii"l,(l(l(l. 
These  are  mostly  negroes,  though  there  are 
siuiie  (ialla  tribes  among  them.  The  most  i)OW- 
crful  aio  the  Shilluks,  tho  oidy  race  (Ui  the  Nile 
recognizing  a  king,  who  rules  all  tho  tribes. 
Mohiiiuniedanism  has  had  no  influence  niiou 
them,  but  they  worship  an  aiu'estor  whom  they 
consiiler  the  creator  of  all  things,  invoke  the 
spirits  of  the  stream,  but  avoid  those  of  tho 
dead,  believing  in  metemp.sychosis. 

y.  The  great  lakes,  including,  1.  Albert  Ny- 
aiiz  I  ;  2.  Victoria  Nyanza  ;  3.  L'nyoro  and 
L'ganda  ;   1    Karagwc. 

The  whole  section  of  tho  ,:;reat  lakes,  cover- 
ing about  ITll.lMill  s.juaro  Hides,  is  a  plateau 
about  J:,()IHI  feet  above  the  oc»:an.  There  are  no 
elevated  highlands,  but  tho  jdains  are  broken 
by  hills  and  ridges  which  of'T  no  hindrance  to 
exiiloration,  and  help  to  give  tho  country  a 
diversit.v  and  beauty  of  scenery  scarcely  sur- 
passed iu  tho  World.  .\dd  to  this  the  full  sup- 
ply of  water,  the  rich  vegetation,  and  a  climate 
of  the  mean  iemiierature  (7'J"  Falir.  throughout 
the  year)  of  N<w  t)rleans,  and  the  idea  gained 
is  scarcely  that  of  a  location  within  the  torrid 
zone.  Tho  animals  are  tho  biitt'alo,  antelope, 
rhinoceros,  eh]iliant,  and  boar  ;  ostriches  are 
abundant  ;  the  lion  is  rarely  met  with. 

The  ]iopuhition,  numbering  12,t)(Mi,(i()il  (.'),  is  i 
of  the  lUintti  race.     (See  article  on  Zulu-liantu 
r:rco. ) 

1.  -Vlbert  Nyanza  (known  to  some  of  the  na- 
tives as  the  Mw  ufan-Nzigc.  ortiiasshopper  Sea  ; 
to  othi^rs  as  the  "  (ireat  Water"),  so  named  iu 
lsi;l  by  Sir  Samuid  liaker,  its  discoverer,  in 
honor  of  the  lalo  Prince  Consort,  is  about  lli) 
miles  long,  with  an  average  width  of  a  little 
over  Is  miles.  At  both  northern  and  southern 
ends  tile  land  is  low,  while  tho  middle  lies  be- 
tween high  cliffs,  giving  the  lake  tho  appearance 
tf  a  fissure  in  the  earth's  surface. 


AFRICA 


U 


AFRICA 


! 


Till)  SomerHot  Nilo,  wliich  coniiftots  Vii'toriii 
N.viinzii  with  Alliort  N'viinzii.  t-iiti'i'M  the  foriiicr 
oil  tlio  ciiHt  Hidti,  lu'iir  tlio  northern  extremity 
nt  Mnrchison  FjiUh,  not  fur  from  wliero  the 
Whito  Nile  lenvos  it.  The  west  <'oiist  lm«  not 
heen  fully  ex]iloreil,  iiiiil  it  in  Homevvlmt  iiiirer- 
tnin  whether  the  lake  is  sni)|)lieil  ent-ruly  from 
the  Somerset  Nile,  or  liiis  other  atUnents.  Jt  is, 
however,  Hettleil  timt  Livingstonu'M  idea  of  n 
eonueeliDii  Ituiwueu  itauil  l.alie  Tau^iinyika  was 
not  correct. 

2.  Vi(aoria  Nyanza  (I'kerewe),  the  hirpcHt  lake 
in  Africa  and  tho  Hecoiid  in  the  world  (Lake 
Kiiporior  takinj<  tln^  tirst  i>lacc),  wns  discovered 
by  Captain  Spcke  in  lH."i8.  It  has  an  altiliule 
of  ahout  4, (Hid  feet,  heinj^  nearly  '2,llii(i  feet 
liiKhor  than  the  Alhert  Nyan/.n,  and  its  VliO  miles 
of  coast  scenery  is  of  every  descriidion  and 
fitvie  of  lieauty.  Tin  re  are  level  plains,  hi^^h 
hills,  hare  cliffs,  richly  wooded  kIojics,  and  all 
broken  np  by  countless  indentations  and  hid- 
den by  numerous  islands,  many  of  them  of 
grttat  beauty  and  intercKt.  Tlie  Somerset  Nile 
tiows  out  of  it  on  tho  north,  and  its  tjroatest 
fttttuent  is  the  Alexandra  Nile,  enleriiii;  it  on 
tho  west.  The  sourcii  and  bnnth  of  this  river, 
which  seems  to  be  the  true  beginning  of  the 
Nile,  have  not  yet  been  fully  explored. 

3.  Unyoro  and  I'ganda.  The  territory  bound- 
ed by  Albert  Nyanza  on  the  west,  tho  Somerset 
Nilo  on  the  northeast,  anil  N  ictoria  Nyaiizi  on 
the  soutlieast,  covers  an  area  of  about  7i>,(iiiO 
miles,  and  is  one  that  has  attracted  a  large 
amount  of  attention  from  tlie  missionary  v,orld. 

Tho  gent^ral  government  of  the  whole  section 
is  in  the  hands  of  the  Wahuioa,  a  race  ajipar- 
entlyakinto  the  (bdhis  of  the  nortlieast.  They 
are  of  a  different  type  from  the  Ji/iiitus,  have 
flue  features,  and  are  without  the  pouting  lii)s 
of  the  negro.  Tliey  are  a  race  of  sheidierds, 
and  liave  preserveil  their  (lurity  o£  race,  refus- 
ing to  mix  with  the  subject  tribes.  They  Inive 
come  into  contact  very  little  with  foreigners,  as 
they  live  mostly  in  the  iungles  aloof  from  the 
villages,  and  i^inseipiiaitly  very  little  is  known 
of  tiiem,  exce[)t  that  they  furnish  rulers  to  the 
country  biitween  the  lakes. 

Tho  northern  section,  or  I'nynro,  is  a  plateau 
on  about  tho  same  level  as  .Mliert  Nyau/u  cJ.dllU 
feet),  with  ft  copious  rainfall,  but  a  less  lux- 
nrinnt  vegetation  than  is  found  to  tlut  south. 
Tile  people,  too,  while  of  the  same  race  as  tho 
Wagiinda,  are  less  numerous,  less  powertid, 
and  have  attracted  nincli  less  interest.  South 
of  Unyoro  lies  an  uninhabited  country,  a  sort 
of  b.irder  land,  through  which  caravans  )i,iss 
only  under  guard  ;  and  then  comes  the  territory 
of  Uganda,  This  is  the  most  poi>ulous,  power- 
ful, and  most  widely  known  of  all  the  .States  in 
East  (Central  Africa,  and  from  its  intimate  con 
nection  with  tlie  work  of  missions  deserves  a 
fuller  notice 

The  kingdom  of  Uganda  (or  rather  of  (bindn, 
U  or  13u  being  merely  a  prolix  indicating  the 
country,  as  \Va  or  ]ia  indicate  the  peojile,  ainl 
Ki  or  TjU  or  Ku  tho  language)  covers,  with  its 
deiiendeneies,  about  7d,(MJ()  sipiarc  miles,  and 
contains  tlio  richest  utnl  most  fertile  jiart  of  the 
section  of  the  great  lakes.  Its  high  altitude, 
about  4. Olio  feet  above  the  level  of  tho  sea,  and 
the  abundant  yet  int  excessive  rainfall  give  a 
ciolness  to  the  climate  wdiich  renders  it  hos- 
J)itftble  to  vegetable  products  of  the  temperate 
zone,  which  have  been  introduced  to  some  ex- 
tent by  Europeans.     Sweet  potatoes,  beans,  to- 


miitoes.  mai/e,  rice,  and  various  other  vegetables 
are  grown,  and  thecollee  plant  is  somewhat  ciilti- 
vateil.  The  jirincipal  triiit  is  the  banana,  which 
grows  luxuriantly  in  illllereiit  varieties,  and  is 
used  for  llour  and  licjuor.  The  liuts  ari^  built 
more  carefully  than  in  other  sections,  and  are 
of  the  beehive  form,  with  a  double  roof.  Ho  that 
there  is  a  constant  eirinihition  jmrifving  the  air 
of  the  hut.  Other  buildings  have  been  intro- 
duced by  the  Arab  trachrs  and  by  the  JJuo. 
jieans,  who  are  chielly  missionaries.  'J'lio 
jieople  (AVaganda  or  J(agaiida)  are  of  Itaiitu 
origin,  and  akin  to  the  Zulus  of  the  south. 
Various  estimates  have  been  made  of  their  num- 
bers, about  .'i.OOO.OOO  being  that  gelit  rally  ae- 
I'eiited.  One  jn'culiarity  is  that  there  are  far 
more  women  than  men.  I'olygamy  ]>ievails, 
there  being  no  limit  to  the  number  of  wives. 
In  war  the  Wagaiida  kill  ihe  males  and  carry 
otf  till'  females.  There  is  no  hiw  to  forbid  tho 
marriage  of  near  relatives.  The  eldest  son  in- 
herits all  his  father's  wives  excipt  his  own 
mother.  'Ihe  women  are  reall,v  servants,  and, 
with  the  slaves,  do  all  the  domestic  labor,  leav- 
ing the  men  free  to  keep  their  strength  for  feats 
of  arms.  The  young  man  toils  only  as  long  as 
is  necessar.v  to  provide  the  means  tor  the  jmr- 
chase  of  wives,  when  ho  imniedialelv  drops 
into  ft  state  of  idleness,  jiassing  his  time  in 
gambling  and  drinking.  The  \Vaganda  liavo 
little  regard  for  liumnii  life,  though  they  wel- 
comi,'  the  stranger  with  kindness,  and  treat  the 
shno  with  gentleness.  They  are  well  clad. 
Speke  (iMS'Jl  was  the  first  European  visitor  to 
]ienetratc  their  country.  .Since  that  time  real 
j)rogre.ss  has  been  made  in  agriculture  and  in 
various  species  of  liandicraft.  especially  in  forg- 
ing iron.  Svvahili,  the  must  useful  idiom  in  East- 
ern -Vfrica  -the  idiom  of  the  coast  —  is  sjn  ken 
lluentl,v  in  the  capital  iiiiil  market  towns  of 
Uganda.  Some  of  the  chiefs  sjieak  and  write 
Arabic.  The  (iaiida  alldiabet  is  coiiiimsed  of 
Latin  letters,  x  and  ij,  however,  being  reidaced 
by  other  eharaiters.  .\11  the  trade  of  any  im- 
liortance  is  in  the  hands  of  Arabs  and  Zanzibar 
half-castes.  Tlie  exports  are  ivory  and  slaves, 
in  exchange  fnr  which  the,v  receive  guns,  ])ow- 
der  and  shot,  w  oven  goods,  glassware,  and  some 
other  European  articles.  Monev  is  rarely  em- 
ployed, the  recognized  eurrenc,v  being  the  doti, 
or"  eight  cubits"  of  calico.  Itoutes  of  trade  are 
oi)ening  U]),  and  facilities  for  exchange  increas- 
ing. Arab  dhows  on  t'.e  Nyanza  render  the 
navigation  of  that  lako  less  dangerous  than 
formerly,  and  tho  miry  jiatlis  of  thi^  interior  are 
giving  place  to  good  roads.  Egyptian  authority 
never  reaidied  I'ganda.  Ol'iicers  of  the  Khedive 
entered  the  country  only  under  the  title  of  am- 
bassadors. The  king  is  absolute  master  of  hind 
and  Jieople,  though  in  State  atVairs  his  povv  er  is 
controlled  bv  three  wakungu,or  liereditar,v  vas- 
sals Tho  Kiitekiro,  ft  sort  of  "  mayor  of  tb-' 
]iidace,"  and  (lovernor  of  I'di,  is  nominated  by 
the  king,  and  with  the  three  wakungu  takes 
his  place  with  the  sovereign  in  the  jirivy  coun- 
cil, and  in  the  king's  absence  jiresidos  over  the 
luchiko,  or  governing  body,  which  is  comiiosed 
of  all  the  grandees  of  tho  country,  vassals,  and 
feudatories,  and  palace  dignitaries.  On  the 
death  of  the  king  a  successor  is  selected  from 
among  his  children  by  the  wakungu.  Tho  two 
most  freipientcd  jnuts  of  Uganda,  on  the 
shores  of  the  lake,  are  Usavara,  on  Murchison 
Bay,  and  Mtebi,  on  tho  gulf,  limited  south  by 
the  Sesse  Archipelago, 


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CKXrilAL  AFRICA 


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15 


AFRIOA 


Tlie  WftKiWKlu  del  nut  wnrHliip  iilnls  or  fi'tidi 

gncln,  )ir>i|ii'i'i,v  h>i  ciilli'd.  'I'lii'  iiiiivt'rHiil  rri  u 
tor,  Kiitniidjt,  tluiii^h  lirlii'Vol  in,  in  ilidii^'lil  ti> 
1)11  lii'voml  llir  rnti'h  (i(  tlii'ir  vMirtlilii,  'I'lirv 
|iruy  tn  till'  luliiu'i,  >Nlir)  urn  i  itlirr  wcll-iliHinmril 
((I'liij,  orilri'iiilxil  (loiiiKiis,  iUvi'llin){  in  tint  litkcs, 
riM'i's,  tri'i's,  I'lM'ks,  ami  iiinnnliiius.  'I'lii*  kinu"* 
iM'ciitiiit  ili'iiii  ^  Ills,  iiiiil  I' mliniii'  to  uMvt-rii  l\i<- 

Jiini|ill'      uftlT     (lllllh     HM     lllrV     dill     «  111  n     ItliVf. 

AiiiulntH  (if  wood,   Ntiinc,   |ii>rii,   mid  Nlinds  ol 
cloth  nre  worn   aH   prutoctiuu  ngainHt  the  pvil 

Isliiui,  nmkin){  Kt'oiit  jiroi^roHH  iinitli  iind  south 
of  I'^iindu,  Hcfiiicd  distniicl  to  |in'Vnil,  l)lit  is 
vln'ckcil  li.v  tlui  fiict  timt  (•iri'niiici>ion  inf liners 
the  IiiWH  of  till'  riinnti'v,  wliicli,  prriiiittin^  niiii' 
\\<r,  torliid.'i  all  iiiiitiliitiiwiN.  rrnti'stuiit  nii-<- 
xioiiH  in  r^iuidit  Will!  iiiidiTtitkcn  liy  tlu' Cliiurli 
Missiiiiiiiry  Socii'ty  (  Kii^laiul)  iiiiinrdialrlv  ii|iiiii 
till'  |iiil)liciitiiiiiof  Sliiiilcy's  li'tlcrdfsciiliinn  his 
iiitcrcoiirM'  with  Mti'sii,  and  challi'ii^'iii^  ChriH. 
(I'lidoni  lo  Hcnd  niisHidiiai'iim  to  ruandii.  Tliiit 
Jrttrl' ii|i|ii'iirrd  ill  thd  Itidli/  Till 'I  Ill/ill  il,on<loiii 
<in  Niivcinliii-  I'lth,  Jh;.",,  On  Jillii'  MiUh.  1^77, 
ji  (Miiii|iiiiiy  of  iiiissioiiarii's  I'litchcd  Kiilui^ii.  thu 
t'ii|'itiil  of  the  Uiii^iloiij.  IConiaii  Cutholio  nii^- 
Bioiiiiiiis  iirriviMl  in  |h7'.i. 

In  IhK'.i  KiiiK  Mwiiiina.  who  had  hiiii  di-- 
|)(>Ni'd.  siii'i'iM'di'd  ill  re  cHtaliliHliin^  hiiiisidf  on 
ilif  thronii  of  this  tlii>  ^'reati'Ht  native  kingdom 
tliiMMj^lumt  iiitciior  Afrira.  lli'  jiroclaiiuiMl 
liiiiiscit  a  Clii-istian,  ami  iliHtrilmted  his  chief 
]io»ts  aiiioni^  Ihd  ('lii'istiiins  ri'sidin^  in  his  ter- 
ritory. This  yi  iir  ( IH'.Mi)  Uritish  inrtncnci'  lias, 
liy  siii'cial  treaty,  lifcii  cstalilished  in  rpiiida, 
and  ]>aku  Victoria  Nyan/a  may  urelouy  liu  con- 
ned cd  with  Moiiiliasa  hy  railroad. 

After  all  its  vicissitudes,  tho  niissioniiry  work 
now  secMH  well  estalilished,  and  its  friends  are 
liopifiil  of  u  threat  future.  (Heo  article  Church 
Jli>isi Hilary  Society.) 

K'li'Kjiri ,  ft  (h'])endency  of  T^panda,  hounded 
en  the  west  itiid  mnlli  liy  the  Tiiiif;iire  Itiver, 
Jimited  on  tho  south  liy  Iziii/a,  and  having 
Victoria  Nyaii/iv  on  the  east,  covers  aliout  (i.iHMi 
silUiire  miles  of  everj^veen  hills  and  fertile  val- 
leys, interspi  rsed  with  lakes  like  the  liaverii, 
which  SpeUe  and  (iruiit  tlioiij,'ht  lovely  eiiouuh 
to  lie  called  tho  .\frican  "  Windermere."  Hot 
f))irini,'s  in  the  ninthwest  furnish  n  health  re- 
sort for  the  surrouiidiiiv,'  populations.  The 
liinnuajie  is  Zonyora,  a  Ih'intu  dialect,  and  the 
jieophi  iiplon^^  mostly  to  the  AVaiiyamho  stock. 
The  country,  except  in  a  few  distri<'t.s,  is  thiiil.v 
liopuluted  ;  Warahiiiije,  tho  ca[iit.il.  at  a  height 
<if  l,:ilMI  feet  aliovo  the  Sea,  overlooks  Lake  Win- 
dermere, Ivory,  coffee,  and  other  native  prod- 
uce aro  f,'iven  in  exchange  for  woven  goods, 
Kalt.  and  Kuropean  wares. 

M'isin-hiiiil.  U\  >,'oveinbcr,  188(1,  n  conven- 
tion was  held  at  London  to  r.iark  the  respective 
*'  siihijres  of  iiitlnence"  of  ■  nglaiid  and  <ier- 
luany  in  Kast  Africa.  In  this  convention  Masai- 
liind  fell  to  the  portion  of  Knglaiid.  It  is  a 
niountainous  region  of  umlelinml  extent,  lying 
hetween  Zan/.iliar  and  Lake  Victoria  Nyan/a, 
with  Mount  Kenia  and  the  Tana  Kstuary  in  the 
north,  while  its  southern  lioundary  passes  to  tho 
north  of  Mount  Kilima-Njaro  and  I'samhara, 
touching  Victoria  Nyan/a  ut  KaviroudolaniL 
This  territory  covers  an  area  of  aliout  ri."i,iiiiO 
sipiare  miles,  and  has  a  jiopulation  of  jierliaps 
:i,(M)(l,(i(l().  It  is  one  of  the  most  heantiful  re- 
Jjions  of  Central  Africa,  and  has  a  vigorous  and 
in  some  sections   i\u   industrious   populutiou. 


TriivcrHinK  thin  ri'>(ion  from  HoiUhonit  to  uortb'- 
Went  is  II  )jreiil  volealiie  tlxHure,  contiiiiiinKt 
Itonded  dipn  ssioiis  of  sail  and  fr  sh  water  lakiH, 
llanki  d  oil  I  ilher  Kide  hy  elevated  pliitiaus 
crowned  liy  lowering  lieightH.  Mount  Keiiia 
rniches  a  lieight  of  |n,  Ion  fi  it  aliove  the  Kea  ; 
at  the  hiiiilhern  terminus  of  the  naliiiu  ]>ogilntii 
steli|ie  htilll'ls  Mount  111  hi,  ll.illO  feet  hi);li, 
and  .Mount  Kilinia  Njaro,  where  tho  eontinenial 
asci  nt  front  the  Nell  coast  at  .Momliasn  reiichi  s 
its  crown,  is  tho  highest  nmuntiiln  in  Africa. 
This  nioiinliiin  ccnsislHof  a  Iiiiki' ^olcanie  iiiasH, 
r.ii  miles  hiiig  liy  oH  wiile,  and  rising  in  one  of 
its  ]ieaks,  lati'l.v  nseeiideil  liy  a  lierniaii  «'\pe- 
ditioii  niiilertlie  direction  of  Mr.  Mcytr,  to  tho 
height  of  I'.I.Ci'.HI  f.ct.  The  legion  streti  hing 
from  the  ocean  to  the  (luvial  liasins  of  the  rp. 
per  Tangiini.  Salniki,  and  Tana  has  lieen  com. 
pared  to  a  lliior  oxer  which  the  rnnning  wati  rs 
liave  trftci'd  variegated  designs.  T'liis  region  is 
I'ulleil  N\  ika,  or  Savage  Land.  .Mmig  the  coast 
nnd  toward  the  interior,  w  here  the  N.\  ika  plains 
are  interrnpled  liy  highlands  which  intercept 
the  moisture  liearing  clouds,  vegetation  is 
aliundaiil.  Tro|iical  vcgetaliiii  and  that  of 
Western  I'.urope  Iind  their  Imnnls  in  tho 
diversitieil  jihvsical  ciindil ions  of  the  country. 
The  tiiice  and  lawless  .Masai  ( Niilia-I'iilah 
groui>)  roam  (diielly  over  the  scruliti.v  iinil  arid 
]>lains,  while  tho  agrii'ullural  lii'intu  trihes 
occupy  the  more  fertile  regions.  The  Kisva- 
hili  languagii  is  the  general  nu  diiiiii  of  inter- 
course. Tho  Impirial  Uritish  Jjist  Africa  t'om. 
pany,  which  ripnsents  the  Uritish  authority  in 
Last  .\frica,  has  its  )irincipal  ]iort  at  .Momhasa, 
which  idace,  it  is  allirmed,  will  rrelong  rival 
Zanzibar  in  its  commerce.  Other  islands  also 
along  the  coast  nre  heing  foititied  n:A  garri- 
Koutd  in  order  to  control  commerce  ard  oppose 
the  Klavetrade.  A  railway  is  iirojected  from 
Mnuiliasa  ultimately  to  reach  Victoria  Nyan/a. 
The  capital  of  the  coniii.iny  is  to  he  increased 
to  So, (MM), 0(1(1.  Karly  in  s'eptemlier  of  Ihn'.i  it 
was  announced  in  London  that  the  Sultan  of 
Zanziliar  had  conceded  to  this  eomiiaiiy  the  ad. 
ministration  of  tho  island  and  jiort  of  Laniii, 
and  the  jiorts  on  the  northern  mainland  —  Kis- 
niayu.  l^rava,  Magailisho,  and  Warshiekh-  thus 
giving  the  company  7ii(i  miles  of  coast  and  the 
tine  waterway  of  tho  Tana  liiver.  The  AVa- 
Hamliara,  wli.i  have  lieeii  strongly  inlluenced  hy 
their  proximity  to  tho  coast  jieople  ;  the  Wavu- 
vii,  jiowerfiil  fetichnien  in  tlie  I'angini  linsin  ; 
the  friendly  Wataveta,  southeast  of  Kilima- 
Njaio  ;  the  ^Vnschaga,  skilled  agriculturists, 
occupying  the  southern  slopes  of  tho  Kilima- 
Njaro  ;  the  Wanvika,  superstitious  Imt  hrave, 
forming  ft  grouj)  of  aliout  ft  do/en  trihes,  and 
occupying  tho  jihiilis  north  of  tho  I'angani 
liiver  far  into  tho  interior  ;  the  ngricullund 
I'nkomii,  lutween  Momhasa  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Tana  Itiver;  tho  roving  Wakamha,  to  ilio 
north  iiiul  northwest  of  Kilima-Njaro  :  tho 
Wakwafi,  mountaineers  of  the  northwest, 
formerly  dreaded,  now  hirgi  ly  settled  ftinl  in- 
diistrifius,  are(exce])t  tho  last)  Iiantu  trihes  who 
have  hitherto  carried  on  a  hitter  strugglo  for 
ascendancy  witli  tho  Masai  and  (ialhi  trilies. 

Missionary  work  was  commenced  in  \M\,  nt 
Ml  niliasa,  liy  the  Church  Missionary  Society. 
In  \>^H.\  a  mission  station  was  opened  ftt  Sagallfi 
under  tho  Ndara  Hills,  aliout  KXI  miles  from  the 
coast.  Suliseiiuently  to  Di.shop  Ilaiinington'a 
visit,  in  l^s.";,  another  station  was  estalilished, 
this  time  at  Moscbi,  ou  the  bouthoru  slopes  of 


)l 


AFRICA 


16 


AFRICA 


1 


tlio  Kilinm  >sjftro.  This  society  liiis  stations 
nlsd  at  I'roretowii,  on  tbo  nmiuland  ooimsitt' 
Moiiiliasa,  iiiiil  lit  Kisulntini,  l."i  niiUs  in- 
lanil,  wlicni  niuubfrs  of  Wanyilia  liavis  couio 
uiiilcr  Christian  instnictinn,  aiul  many  havo 
lirtii  haptizinl.  Thrt  riiilfil  .\tuthoilist  I'rt't? 
I'huri'h  Mission  has  stations  at  Joinvu  and 
liiliO. 

/.'(ii:ihiii: — In  IfSbS  the  ruTnian  Kast  African 
Company  ao(iiiiri'il  from  llio  .Siiltaii  of  Zanzili.ir 
a  fifty  years'  luasu  of  llio  mast,  with  rights  to 
all  ilutii'S  and  t  )lls.  This  concession,  tngetlier 
witli  the  results  of  tin'  conveiilion  with  Kii<,!land 
already  n-lerred  to  (see  Masaidandi,  ^;ives  Iter- 
many  tlie  proteetorato  of  a  region  covering; 
ahout  l.")l,iioo  square  miles,  ineluiling  an  ap- 
liroxlmate  population  of  li.OdO.iiiill,  It  is  coter- 
minous on  the  north  with  tlie  Jlritisih  I'rotector- 
ate  oE  .'.iiisai-land,  is  lioumled  on  the  south  liy 
tho  ItoviiMia  liiver  and  on  the  west  liy  a  line 
connecting  the  Victoria  Nyan/aanil  Lake  Nyasa. 
The  (iermans  commenced  at  oiieo  establishing; 
stations,  commercial  and  missionary,  providing 
for  the  reclamation  of  this  revjion  -  so  far,  how- 
ever, with  disastrous  results.  The  tribes  of  tho 
interior  have  united  with  tho  .\rabs  and  Swa- 
hilis  to  resist  tho  (lermaii  occupation.  Stations 
esta!)lislie,l  at  SimalierL;,  in  the  heart  of  I'sa- 
gara,  lijo  miU'S  fr.ua  the  coast  ;  at  Jvorogwe.  in 
Usambara  ;  in  the  Khutu  eoiinti.\,  southeast  of 
I'sag.iia,  and  a  station  established  about  Hid 
miles  up  the  river  Waiiii,  liave  nearly  all  lieeu 
ruined.  Other  disasters  havo  occurred,  com- 
nierco  being  destroyed,  the  (termaii  I'rotestant 
Missi.ui  at  Dares-Salaam  and  the  German 
Itoiuan  Catholic!  Jfission  at  Vugu  ilismautled, 
travel  rendered  i)erilous,  and  many  mas.sacres 
occasioneil.  .Vt  the  present  time  (May,  Ih'.id) 
a  war  is  waging  between  tlie  (Jerman  troops  and 
the  still  turbulent  natives.  Success  is  atti  nd- 
ing  the  arms  of  the  former,  and  it  is  hoped  that 
the  countrv  will  erelong  be  peaceably  jios- 
sessed.  Tho  (ierman  East  African  Steamship 
Company,  subsidized  by  the  goveriiiiient,  is  to 
establish  a  line  between  Hamburg  aiiil  Ihdagoa 
li.i.v.  The  steamers  of  a  coast  line  are  to  call  at 
the  principal  towns  between  J)elagoa  ]!ay  and 
^[omllasa.  The  densel.v  peopleil  islaml  of  Zan- 
ziliar,  ab  u;t  'Jd  miles  Irom  the  coast,  is  fertile 
and  Well  ciihivafeil,  yielding  seveial  annual 
crops  of  c,irn  and  niinioe,  the  staple  food  of  the 
people.  The  sealioard  (the  Swaliili  coast)  is  a 
s\Viiai|),v  and  alluvial  region,  inttrsected  by 
numerous  streams.  The  climate  is  malarious, 
the  rainfall  abundant,  and  vegetation  luxuriant. 
All  the  tropical  plants  an  I  several  Kuroliean 
species  flourish.  Mountain  ranges,  toward 
which  the  coast  region  gently  rises,  separate 
this  region  from  the  jilateaus  which  form  the 
water-shed  between  the  sourcis  of  tho  seaward 
rivers  and  of  those  of  the  Congo  region.  The 
region  west  of  I'sagara  and  Xgiiru,  consisting  of 
w.iterless  plains,  have  a  dry  climate  and  are 
largely  sterile.  The  first  of  these  plains  sepa- 
rates the  Isagara  from  the  populous  district  of 
Ugogo.  Beyond  that  district  a  si'cond  arid 
plain  is  crossed,  and  the  water  shed,  averaging 
fnmi  J.ddd  to  r>, Odd  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  is  reached,  llenco  flows  the  Shiiiiuyu  Kiver 
northw,.id  to  the  Victoria  Nyanza,  whence 
emerging  it  becomes  the  Nile.  The  lluligi 
also  rises  here  and  llows  eastward  to  the  In  lian 
Ocean,  and  streams  which  empty  into  Lake 
Tanganika,  and  thence  find  their  way  to  tho 
Congo,    have    their   birth  here.      Unyauyembo 


(Kazeh   or  Taboro),  in  tho  midst  of  this  dis- 
trict, is  an  iniportftut  trnding  centre,  ouO  miles 

from  the  coast. 

The  principal  inliabitantsof  theOeruinn  Pro. 
tectorate  are  : 

1.  Tho  Waswahili  (.Vrabic  Sahil,  coast),  the 
people  of  the  coast  and  island  of  Zanzibar. 
They  are  of  Haiitii  stoik,  and  while  inter- 
mingled with  immigrants  from  all  the'  neigh- 
b  iring  regions,  havo  a  national  unity  sup- 
]ilied  by  their  profession  of  the  iloliaiume- 
dan  religion.  The  Arab  element  has  enriched 
and  extended  their  language,  niodilied  their 
usages,  and  develojied  their  trading  instincts. 

'Ihe  Kiswahili  has  bec(uiie  the  general  medi- 
um of  intercourse  with  the  tribes  of  the  interior, 
and  is  spoken  of  as  one  of  the  1 'J  most  impor- 
tant languages  of  the  world,  with  reference  to 
the  vast  area  over  which  it  is  spoken.  Hcsidcs 
the  liiblo  and  many  religious  treatises,  it  Jkis- 
sesses  already  cnlleetions  of  Jiroverbs,  legends, 
poems,  etc.,  and  its  literature  is  receiving  con- 
stant iiccessifins.  Tho  .Vrabic  alphabet  is  being 
replaced  by  tho  lioman.  The  Waswahili  havo 
jilayed  an  important  part  in  rendering  aid  as 
interpreters,  couriers,  etc.,  to  .Vfrican  explorers. 

2.  The  Wasagara,  inhabiting  chietly  tho 
I'sagara  highlands,  which  separate  the  coast 
regions  from  the  interior  ]ilateaus,  have,  iu 
sime  of  their  clans,  becoiiu^  more  or  less  civil- 
izeil  through  intereoiuse  with  explore  rs,  wliilo 
other  clans  remain  in  unrelieved  barbarism. 
Their  laiiguaoe  is  w  idely  extended.  The  ]iierceil 
lower  lobe  of  the  ear,  which  somelimes  liangs 
down  so  as  to  touch  the  sliouhler,  serves  to  hold 
tobacco  pouches,  instruments,  etc.,  and  is  a 
mark  of  freedom.  Slaves  are  forbidden  ti 
pierce  or  ornament  tho  ears. 

M.  'ihe  Wazaramo  are  coterminous  with  tho 
Waswahili  on  the  wi  st.  Contact  with  the 
const  i>eoi)lc  has  had  a  civilizing  intluence  ujion 
somo  of  the  tribes,  w  ho  wear  the  .\rab  dress  and 
have  <liscontinned  man,v  of  the  ferocious  prac- 
tices which  still  prevail  among  their  kin  in  the 
remoter  districts.  They  do  not  practise  cir- 
cumcision, th<uigh  in  many  res|iects  under  Mo- 
hammedan  inlluence.  Tiieir  jiossession  of  tire- 
nrms  renders  them  fcuiiiidable  slave-hunters. 
Slave-hunting  exi)editions  and  feuds  among  the 
tribes  serve  to  cutoff  some  of  the  seaports  fvoui 
all  intercourse  with  the  interior,  except  for  the 
exportation  of  slaves  ;  but  tho  <'stablishment  of 
German  authority  will  result  in  controlling  tho 
slave-trade,  ojiening  up  routes  of  trade  with  all 
parts  of  the  interior,  and  dcveloi)ing  the  rick 
mineral,  agricultural,  and  commercial  resmirces 
of  Ihe  C(Uinfry.  The  missionary  societies  occu- 
pying stations  in  the  regions  above  described 
are  ; 

1.  Tho  Engli.sh  Universities'  .Missions  iu  Zan- 
zibar, both  island  and  mainland,  with  stations 
in  the  I'saiubara  country  and  in  tho  Hovuma 
district. 

2.  The  Church  Jlissionary  Society,  which  ha* 
a  station  ixd  miles  inland,  in  the  I'nguru  dis- 
trict, while  10  miles  farther,  on  the  western 
borders  of  I'sagara.  is  th>'  important  station  of 
Mpwapwa,  and  in  the  district  of  I'nyan.vembe 
is  the  station  of  I'yui. 

;t.  Tho  Koman  Catholic  Missions,  which  have 
their  headejuarters  at  liagamoyo. 

Tic  X'liiiliesi,  in  volume  and  the  extent  of  it.s 
basin,  is  sur[iassed  on  the  .Vfrican  Continent 
onl,v  li.v  the  ('ongo,  the  Nile,  and  the  Niger. 
During  its  cours^'  of  about  l,2dd  miles  it  drama 


iM 


AFRICA 


17 


AFRICA 


nil  iirm  of  (il)ont  (i(Hi,0(H)  H(inaro  iiiiU's.  'I'lio 
easttiii  slope  of  tlu;  ciiiitiiieiit  in  Hiis  lult  com- 
iiioui'i'S  near  tlu'  Atliiiilic.  Tlic  Kul)iiiit,'(), 
wliicli  nmiiy  cxijIoi'i'I-s  tliiiik  s(?!iils  a  iiortion  of 
its  wiitirs  iiltiiuatcly  to  tlit^  Zainbe.si,  rises  iu 
tlie  iiilie  rej^ion,  about  2">0  miles  eastward  from 
the  Atlaiitie  coast.  Three  streams — the  Liiii^^e- 
liuii^o,  the  lieeaiuliye,  ami  the  Leelia  risiiij^  in 
the  reijioii  immediately  east  uf  tlie  JJihe  and 
south  of  the  tenth  de^jree  of  south  latitude, 
unite  to  form  the  I'liper  /amliesi,  which  was 
discovereil  by  Livini^stone,  and  which,  after 
rtowin;.;  south  throuj,'li  IJarolse,  turns  east,  ,ioin- 
in^i  the  Chobe  and  jiassin^  over  \'ietoria  Falls. 
Tlie  Middle  /andiesi  contiiuu's  northeast  tow- 
ard Zumbo  (which  is  the  farthest  inlan<l  Irad- 
lili^-post  of  the  I'ortuj^uese)  and,  as  th(;  Loner 
Zandiesi,  curves  soutluvarl  to  the  Indian  t  )cean, 
which  it  enters  throuj^'h  live  mouths  at  aboiit 
18  south  latitude.  Its  waters  are  derived 
cliietly  from  the  northern  |ilateaus  lyinji  be- 
tween Lake  Nyassaand  Ani^ola,  and  which  form 
the  water-shed  between  Central  and  Southern 
Atrica,  Its  chief  tributaries  .iru  the  Jjoanijwa 
and  the  Shire,  w  hich  latter  drains  Lake  Nyassa. 
The  couise  of  the  river  is  interrnpted  by  rapids 
and  cataracts,  ott'erin^;  serious  obstruction  to 
navi;^'ation.  This  area  has  a  less  c.ipioiis  rain- 
fall,  a  less  diversified  vei,'etation,  inferiiu'  nat- 
ural resources,  and  is  less  populous  than  the 
ConL;o  region.  T'ho  I'lutui^uese  claim  the'  whole 
rej^ion.  and  showed  on  maps  a  I'ortui^uese 
Africa  extendinn  from  the  Indian  Ocean  to  An. 
giila,  'I'lio  claim  was  allowed  by  the  (iermans 
and  French  in  Issn,  but  refused  by  Knijlanil. 
The  popidation  is  at  present  iierlia|is  not  more 
than  •l,(H)l),(i;iit  or  r),(lll(l,(Hiil,  whereas  the  region 
uu'^ht  supjiort  •Jllll,ilil(i,(i(li).  Devastating,'  wars 
liave  depopulated  it.  The  Portuguese  authority 
centres  in  Mo/.imbiipie  (island  and  town)  ami 
tlie  capital  of  a  region  of  the  .same  name  extend- 
ing along  the  coast  froui  Tape  l)elgado,  on  the 
liovuma,  to  Lorenzo-Manpies,  on  the  south 
siile  of  Delagoa  l!a,v.  'i'liis  strip  of  territory  is 
about  1,'Jillt  miles  in  length,  with  indefinite 
boundaries  toward  the  interior. 

Commencing  in  bio."),  a  few  settlements  and 
military  posts  have  been  established  along  tho 
caast  and  on  the  Zambesi  as  far  as  Zumbo,  out- 
side of  which  posts  tlio  rortugueso  authority  is 
but  feebly  felt.  Little  has  lieen  done  until 
recently  to  explore  the  c;>untry  and  develop  its 
resouives,  Tho  slave  trade  was  almost  the  only 
tratWc  carried  on,  and  the  beatua  tracks  were 
jealouslv  giiarded  by  the  ilealers,  Tho  eli:nato 
is  suljject  to  sudden  changes,  but  the  mean 
annual  temperature  is  high,  and,  with  moderate 
care,  danger  to  health  is  avoided.  The  whole 
region  is  intersected  by  numerous  rivers  and  is 
very  fertile,  but  the  tsetse  tly  is  in  some  dis- 
tricts very  destructive.*  Valuable  tindiers  are 
found  in  tho  forests.  The  mineral  resources 
(gold,  copper,  iron,  and  c.ial)  aro  of  excei)tional 
importance.  'I'lu;  Chinde  Kiver.  i'l  nnles  south 
of  (^uaiina,  it  is  now  said,  proves  to  be  a  mouth 

*  Tlio  t«'i»e  lly  1  (Hiiitxiiiii  iinirsil/iiis)  i<  fdiiiid  in  ceiiain 
Kliiaiilvclellacil  licli..;,  uMiiillv  in  llie  neiL'lilualaioiief  Mjii!!-. 
In  till'  cHxlern  l)enl(•^^<  ef  llh''l'inii«viiiil.  lai'  to  tlio  Houlli  ef 
Ilel«i;e:i  li:iy,  in  the  r,i)lii>nilin  Miinniiiin- and 'roiimilari'l, 
unci  llironu'liiMil  tlie  conive  nf  ilie  l,ini)iii|ii)  it  is  verv  ilr- 
^l^n•ti^e.  It  ^ecian  to  fnllmv  llie  Ihil'it  L'linie  iinrtliwiinl, 
lail  it  i"  net  liiiiiwn  Innv  f.'ir  tci  ilie  nortli  ii  is  fimnil.  Tlie 
'•lly-liclt""  are  well  knnwn  to  the  natives.  The  ilv  is 
alient  the  size  iif  the  coniinun  hoase-ily.  Its  liite  Is  siiiil  in 
'"■  fatul  to  the  horse,  us,  mid  ilni;,  Init  is  iniuieiKMis  in  iimn. 
No  cure  Is  kiKiwii  fur  it.  ami  death  «n|ier-venes  after  ilavs 
or,  It  may  be,  weeks  of  grujual  Ueteriurutluu. 


of  the  Zambesi,  and  furnishes  a  channel  three 
fathoms  deep  and  ."jOO  yards  wide,  and  good  an- 
chorage. An  ordinary  steamer  can  thus  pii.ss 
direclly  into  tho  river  and  on  to  Lake  Nyassa. 
Hitherto  gotals,  after  several  days'  journey  u[> 
the  (Juaipia,  had  to  be  carried  8  nides  over  ii 
swamjiy  depression  to  the  Zambesi,  where  they 
Were  transferred  to  the  small  Zambesi  steamers. 
We  will  refer  in  order  to  the  various  districts 
of  this  region  -viz.,  the  dominion  of  the  .Ma- 
(pias,  Nyassaland,  llarotse.  Lake  Nyaiiza,  Mate- 
beleland,  (ia/aland,  and  Delagoa  Day. 

'J'lie  Miiijiins  are  the  dominant  inople  north 
of  tho  Zambesi,  their  domain  stretching  to  the 
Namuli  Highlands  and  the  sources  of  the  Lu- 
.jeiida.  The,v  are  governed  by  i>etty  desiaits. 
The  tribes  are  freiiuently  at  war  with  iiuli 
other,  and  large  sections  of  fertile  country  are 
almost  coniplelely  depopulated.  The  .Mawas  (ii 
Macjua  tribe)  still  eat  hune.n  liesh.  Siiirit  Mor- 
shiji  is  universal. 

.V//'(.s,sv//.(„(/.-  Lake  Nyassa  is  idiout  ;iii(i  luilen 
long,  varying  f;om  II  to  HO  wide,  and  cover.s 
an  area  of  12. (Mill  s(|Uare  miles.  It,  liki'  tho 
T'anganyika,  is  formed  by  a  fissure  in  the  earths 
surface.  I'urious  gales  sweep  over  it,  render- 
ing care  in  navigation  necessary.  It  is  drained 
by  the  Shire  liiver,  which  sweeps  over  the 
^iurcllison  Falls,  where  navigation  from  the 
lak(^  is  arrested.  I),v  means  of  the  lately  discov- 
ered clianiiel  aftdrded  by  the  Cliinde  Iiiver, 
navigation  between  Murchison  Falls  and  the 
ocean  is  iiiiintemiiited.  The  lake  is  nearly 
surrounded  by  mountains.  The  norihern  rango 
is  calle.l  the  Livingstone,  '('he  most  northerly 
i'ortugiiese  station  is  Shirongi,  on  the  Shire. 
Tho  densest  iiopulation  is  found  at  Karonga, 
on  tho  northwestern  shore  of  the  lake.  Tlii.s 
region  is  unhealthy  in  the  riun,v  season,  during 
which  the  missionaries  rejort  to  Momhera,  in 
the  ujiper  jiart  of  the  vidley.  Kota  Kota,  on  the 
west  coast,  1211  miles  from  the  southern  ex- 
treniit,v,  is  the  great  centre  of  trade,  and  was  a 
great  market  tor  slaves.  Kiswahili  is  the  domi 
nant  tongue.  Ninety  miles  south  of  Nyassa,  in 
the  Shire  upland,  is  Dlaiityre,  founded  iu  lh7(> 
by  Scottdi  missionaries,  and  named  after  Liv- 
ingstone's birthiilace.  Its  elevation  above  the 
sea  level  is  ;i,  11(0  feet.  Dlantyre  is  connected 
with  the  network  of  routes  between  Zandiesi 
and'I'anganyika.  Mandala,  near  DIantyre,' is  tlie 
central  station  of  tho  .\friean  Lakes  Society, 
whose  2>uri)ose  is  to  estidilish  factories,  carry  on 
trartie,  ami  develop  enterprise  on  Christian 
jirinciples.  Lake  Shirwa,  east  of  the  Shiri; 
Iiiver  and  near  the  head  waters  of  the  Lujenda, 
was  discovered  by  Livingstone  in  iN'i'.l.  It  hati 
an  area  of  720  siiuare  miles.  The  original  iu- 
hidiitants  of  the  liovuma  basin  have  been  al- 
most exterminated  within  recent  periods  by  the 
Magwangwara,  who  dwell  to  the  north  of  the 
liovuma,  along  the  northeast  shores  of  the 
Nyassa, ami  by  llio\Viinindi,of  theeasternshores. 
From  this  source  nian.v  thousands  of  slaves 
have  been  i>rocured  for  the  coast  trailic.  These 
conipierors  adopted  the  garb  and  usages  of  the 
Zulu-Kafirs.  The  re))orts  of  the  niissionarieH 
at  the  different  stations  of  this  region  tell  at 
the  iiresent  time  ( IN'.KI)  of  tho  idtiless  ravages  of 
the  .Vrab  slave-traders,  who  are  making  desper- 
ate efforts  to  secure  their  trallie  against  idl  the 
civilizing  influences  now  making  themselves 
felt  in  .\frii'a.  T'hese  districts,  occupied  by  tho 
.\frican  Lakes  Trading  Company  ancl  by  mis- 
sionariea  of  the  Established  and  Free  Churches 


AFRICA 


18 


AFRICA 


or  ScotUnil  mill  of  tlie  Universities  Mission  of 
Knulaiid,  niiturally  deprtctite  tlie  esti\l)lisliuient 
of  rorliiKUPsc!  iiuthiiiily  over  the  country,  iinil 
l)r('fi>r  to  recoKUiZtf  tlic  liritiMli  nscuudiiiicy. 

The  H'lralyi  (K'ciipy  the  viilli-y  of  tin'  I'li- 
jior  ZiiiiiUi'si,  II  Mist  1111(1  jioimlouM  iilaiii,  IS'.' 
mill's  loiij^'  liy  iitt  tn  Ho  hroiul,  Biiliject  tn  period, 
iciil  iiiiiiidiitioiis  iiiid  resultant  fevers.  The 
l5iirots6  Kiiipire  was  founded  liy  a  IJasuto  con- 
<]iii'rnr.  The  liarotse  suceeeded  in  Ihrowin^; 
olf  the  foreign  yoke,  lint  the  kint;doiii  was  iimiii- 
taiiicd.  It  was  descrihed  as  ini'ludint^,  in  IM"'), 
18  lar^^p  nations  sulnlivided  iiitoi>ver  1(111  tiihes. 
Each  trihc  speaks  its  own  dialeet,  hut  I.esuto, 
(he  toiij^iie  of  tlii'  exterminated  JJasuto  (Mako. 
lolo)  eoiupienu's,  is  the  CDiiiiiion  nu'diuiii  of 
ojiiiiimiiii'ation.  'I'lie  reu;ioii  oeeupied  liy  tribes 
Knliject  to  Ihd  Hiirotse  kintidom  covers  an  area 
of  aliout  llIK, 11(10  scpiare  miles,  with  u  poimla- 
lion  ol  perliaps  1,(1011.0(111.  Jluroiieans  are  harely 
tolerated  in  the  eountry.  (iraiu,  vej^etaliles, 
imd  eatlle  ahound.  The  villages  are  huilt  on 
artilieial  mounds  for  jiroteetion  a;,'ainst  the  in- 
niiilatiims  of  tlio  Zambesi.  The  jieojile  wiuship 
the  sun  and  the  new  moon,  and  observe  feasts 
at  the  Ljiaves  of  their  ancestors.  The  missions 
of  thu  French  I'rotestants  have  been  very  suc- 
cessful aiiionj^  the  liarotse,  and  late  rejiorts 
speak  of  a  great  part  of  the  liiirotsd-  tribes  ae- 
oeptint<  Christianity. 

/y.iAc  Xii'tim  (about  II, (Kill  feet  above  the 
Kea  level)  is  the  <'entre  of  a  district  lyiiij^  lu'- 
tween  Matebeleland  and  Damara.  Many  parls 
of  this  district  are  sulMcieiitly  wateleil  to  sup- 
pnrt  a  luxuriant  forest  growth,  while  elsewhere 
only  thiu'ny  plants,  sr'rub,  and  dreai'y  wastes  of 
sand  are  visible.  From  May  to  July,  tlie  rainy 
season,  the  cnuntry  is  largely  ehaiigeil  into  a 
system  of  swampy  fens  and  lai^oons.  The  na- 
tive tribes  are  the  Hayeye,  s;dd  to  number 
aboui  'iOD.diKl  souls,  and  tliou!,di  very  supersti- 
tious, are  yet  spuken  of  as  jieaceful,  honest,  and 
industrious  ;  and  the  lialunda  (akin  to  those 
of  the  ('on(jo  basin),  whose  forests  furi'.ish  most 
of  the  beeswax  exported  from  Loandii  and  J>en- 
fiuela. 

On  tlie  eastern  shores  of  Luke  N<i;ami  is  a  sta- 
tion ot  the  Lonilon  Missionary  Sochty. 

Mnlehilfl'iiiii  lies  between  the  Middle  7„im- 
liesi  and  the  Limpojio.  The  authority  of  its 
ruler  lliObeiigula)  extenils  west  from  the  bor- 
<lers  of  I'mzila's  kiiijidom  to  Lake  Ngaiiii,  over  n 
jiopulation  variously  estimated  at  truu  'idll.lldO 
souls  to  six  times  that  number.  It  forms  n 
liart  of  the  lately  projected  liritish  Zambesi. 
In  llecember,  l^*.**!*,  tiio  liritish  (invernment 
granted  a  charter  to  the  Jhitish  South  .\fri- 
c.in  Company,  whose  sphere  (.f  operations 
extends  over  the  wholo  region  north  of  )>e- 
eliuimaland  to  the  Zambesi,  coveriiiL;  an  area  of 
about  1(1(1,(1110  s'luarc*  mib's,  I)  times  the  si/o 
of  (ireat  Ihitain.  This  <  ompany  is  authoriiud 
to  abolisli  slavery  and  to  regulate  the  trathi'  in 
intoxi(Mliiig  drinks.  Tin'  territory  covered  by 
this  charter  Jias  great  deposils  of  golil.  Tho 
vast  tableland  of  the  north  and  northeast  has 
nn  eh'vatiiui  of  about  fj.ddd  feet,  ami  is  veil 
watered,  with  a  rich  soil  ami  tine  climati'.  The 
Matebele,  so  called  from  an  immense  sliiehl 
behind  which  they  were  "  liidileii  "  in  war, 
were  originally  a  ban.i  of  Zulu  warriors,  whose 
ranks  were  recruited  from  the  lands  they  pr.n- 
qnored.  They  are  very  tieree,  daring,  and 
Iiroud.  The  jiresent  king  (IS'.id)  is  tyrannical 
and  obstinately  Iniutlieu,  and  there  is  great  un- 


rest nmntiK  his  people  on  nccoiint  of  the  gather- 
ing of  gold  seekers  upon  the  frontiers.  This 
state  cf  attairs  induced  the  king  to  send  a  dele- 
gation to  (^ueeii  Victoria,  asking  aid  against  in- 
truders. Jiut,  notwithstanding  Jiobengnla's 
apiaireiitly  friendly  attitude,  fiars  ari'  enter- 
tained that  the  Knglish  South  African  Company 
will  bo  com))elled  to  engage  in  u  jirotracted 
struggle  in  order  to  secure  from  the  king  his 
]jriuuised  concessions.  Thi^  Makalaka  and 
.Mashono  were  the  former  m.isteis  of  the  land, 
'I'hc  former  were  nearly  exterminated,  the  latter 
form  the  substratum  of  the  northern  poimla- 
tion,  and  are  Very  iinlustrious.  Of  the  sub.iect 
races  who  still,  on  account  of  their  distance 
fr(un  the  royal  residence,  are,  to  some  degree, 
]ioliticall.v  independent,  an;  the  ]!anyai,  dis- 
tinguished by  their  jihysical  strength,  light 
comple:.ion,  cleanly  habits,  and  by  the  respect 
]iaid  to  wonu'li.  The  London  Missionary  So. 
ciely  established  stations  at  Imyati  and  Hope 
Fcnintain  in  1N('(I. 

(iiiyihiiiil  extends  from  the  Zambi  si  to  the 
Limpo]io.  and  from  the  sc  a  to  Matebeleland,  it 
is  sometimes  called  I'mzila's  kingdom,  and  is 
now(IMi(l)  ruled  by  his  son  (iungnnyanu.  It 
covers  about  ll'i.ddd  sipiare  miles,  and  has 
Mld.dOd  of  a  population.  ]"xtensive  jdains 
slojio  trom  the  coast  to  the  inland  )dattaus. 
The  coast  regions  sutt'er  from  lack  of  rain,  but 
the  inland  region  is  wtU  wateied  and  fertile. 
The  countr.v  is  cajuible  of  sustaining  a  vast 
]>opulation,  and  has  rich  mineral  deposits. 
Changes  of  tempeiatnre  are  often  ver.v  sudden. 
The  fauna  is  diversified.  The  tsetse  liy  and  a 
spi'cies  of  termite  are  in  some  districts  verv  de- 
structive. Tho  king  has  ipiilo  recently  become 
a  vassal  of  the  I'ortugucse  (iovernment.  He 
has  been  hitherto  )irofounilly  jealous  of  the 
jiresence  of  F.uropeans.  and  nnder  the  infliienco 
of  i'ortugnese  agents,  refustd  (in  July,  l.s^',l)  to 
allow  I'rotestant  missionaries  to  establish  a  mis- 
sion among  the  iieoide.  In  the  s(uithern  jiart 
of  this  region  tlu'  only  town  on  the  coast 
hitherto  occiqiied  by  the  I'ortugUese  as  a  sta- 
tiiui  is  called  Inhanibaiie.     It  is  a  ciiitre  of  the 


Me 


I'l'djiaganda,  and  was,  in  Inn:!,  chosen 


by  American  missionaries  as  a  base  of  opera- 
tions for  their  projected  w<u-k  in  the  country. 
The  Tongas  (a  namo  ajiplied  in  a  collective 
Sense  to  the  tribes  luiginally  inhabiting  the 
land,  and  who  were  c'oncpiereil  by  Ihe  northern 
Zulus,  or  Lamlins,  nmler  I'niziho  are  a  jieacc- 
ful  and  industrious  jieojile.  Their  language 
has  lately  been  reduce<l  to  writing,  and  a  hymn- 
book  and  the  whole  New  Testament  have  been 
translatid.  The  jiublicatiin  of  tho  latter  wus< 
completed  on  March  1st.  IHSO.  The  Zulu  lan- 
guage is  siioken  b.v  a  great  majority  of  the  jien- 
ple,  and  it  seems  to  be  the  iiolicy  of  the  kino  to 
enforce  the  teaching  of  that  language  through. 
out  his  dominion.  There  are  two  other  exteii. 
sively  spoken  languages — tho  Isiseiia,  spoken 
from  the  Sabi  to  the  Duzi  ;  the  Isinblweiiga, 
south  of  the  Sabi,  North  of  the  ISuzi  the  Scnn 
language  is  spid^eii  by  a  ]ieople  who  only  oi  ca- 
sionall.v  use  the  Zulu.  The  niissiiuiaries  ol  the 
American  liiard  have  stations  at  Inhambaiiu 
and  at  one  <u'  two  other  jioints  farther  inland. 
The  Koman  Catholics,  under  I'ortugucse  jiro- 
teetion, have  stations  on  tho  coast  and  in  the 
interior. 

IMmj'tii  liiuj,  a  Portnguese  possession  south 
of  the  Limpopo,  is  the  capital  of  a  region 
of   unreclaimed    primeval   forest.     Its   area   is 


AFRICA 


111 


AFRICA 


nl)i>ut  l"),iMHI  s(iimro  miles,  nnd  its  ]iri]iuliitiiin 
80,(111(1.  A  very  lint-  Imilmr,  it  must  in'(|iurt' 
f^rnit  iciiiiortiiufo  iis  tliu  liiituirtl  txitlet  ot  the 
Jjiiil)Oj)0  liiisiii  iiuil  of  tlu!  .Stati'S  (in  tlii'  Sontli 
African  pliitciius.  Tlie  Knglisli  cliiinipd  posscs- 
niou  o£  it,  lidt  ilicir  cliiiiii,  ri'ferrctl  to  urliitra- 
tinii,  was  ilisallowed  in  1H75  li,v  I'rcsident 
Me.Malion.  Ivntiizo  Miir<nit's,  tlii'  princiiial 
town  (if  tlm  district,  is  very  insidubrinus  during,' 
th(!  lidt  s(>as()n,  liut  the  island  of  Invak  is  nscd 
by  tho  natives  ai-  a  kind  of  Hanitariiim.  A  rail- 
road lias  tieen  opened  from  Lorenzo  Manjues, 
■wliicli  idready  extends  iulam!  a  distanc(!  of  !>l 
miles,  crossing  tho  Transvaal  bonier. 

T  'Di.iriiul,  ()/•  Sdiitli  Afrii-  Ik  Hiiuthlic,  an  tiuton- 
oni.ms  State,  tlioiij^'li  accepting  tlie  nominal 
«i./.erainty  of  (Jreat  liritain.  Its  boundaries 
were  ])recisely  detined  in  IHSl.  On  the  north 
and  northwest  tliu  F^impopo  seiiarates  it  from 
Matebelelnnd.  It  is  separated  from  Oran^jc 
Free  Slat(i  and  Natal,  on  tlie  south,  by  the  Vaid 
nnd  the  Itutfalo,  and  on  thct  east,  from  (lazaland 
nnd  Zululan  1,  by  the  l^ubombo  ranj^e.  Its 
Western  bon.iibiry  is  formed  by  the  ^blrico  nnd 
the  Hart,  nnd  an  irr(  j^ular  line  between  these 
.streams,  separatiiii;  it  from  Jleeliuanalaiid.  It 
lies  idiout  ")()  miles  from  the  ocean  at  Delafjoa 
liay,  has  a  mean  altitude  of  over  It, (1(1(1  feet,  and 
covers  about  ll(!,(l(il)  sipiare  miles,  sustainiuL!  a 
(lopulation  variously  set  down  at  from  ;!i;(l,(l()0  tii 
h(l(l,(l()0.  I'ho  iipland  rej^'ions  draitied  by  tho 
Vaal  liiver  (Hoo.^'e  Veld),  from  1,(1(11)  to '7,(«"l 
feet  liit^ti,  includes  most  of  thi!  richest  mineral 
districts,  and  has  a  healthful  climate.  The 
eastern  terrace  lands  (H.inkeli  Veld)  include 
.Swaziland  and  the  I'piicr  .Mii))iitii  Valley.  J'hese 
lands  are  low  lying,  some  being  not  more  than 
■J.diHl  feet  high,  lioscli  Veld,  the  inner  plateaus, 
;),(lii(l  to  l.diMt  fe,!t  high,  is  largely  stepi'e  land, 
and  suitable  for  grazing.  On  tlie  whole,  the 
climate  is  invigorating,  .\long  the  river  valh.ys 
and  in  the  low  lying  districts  fever  is  endemic. 
Till'  rainfall  is  niieipudly  distributed.  Its  niin- 
end  risoiu'ces  are  abundant  and  the  land  fertile. 
The  settlers  have  (diielly  busied  themselves  with 
stuck  raising,  though  tlie  tsetse  tiy  ]iroves  verv 
de■^tnu•tiv,'  in  tlu^  river  tracts  and  terrace  lands. 
A  tsetse  belt  1(1  miles  wide  along  the  Lim- 
Jinp,;  bars  the  progress  of  settlement  in  that 
direction. 

liritish  settlers,  attracted  by  mining  interests, 
are  increasing  in  numbers."  The  Ifoers  (peas- 
antsK  nearly .")(!, (10(1  in  number,  are  the  descend- 
ants of  hutch.  I'renidi,  and  (Jerman  immigrants 
to  the  ('apt>.  They  call  themselves  .Vfrieanders, 
and  mostly  still  ju-ofess  the  religion  of  their  an. 
cestors.  They  a,-e  thrifty,  methodical,  and  per- 
fievering,  not  lacking  in  strength  and  courage. 
but  inferior  in  culture  to  the  other  whites. 
They  have  had  but  little  regard  to  the  rights 
and  moral  demands  of  the  nativi'  r.ices. 

The  aborigines  number  about  li.'iO.OOO  In 
the  .southern  districts  they  have  entirely  lost 
their  tribal  organization.  Those  in  the  <  st, 
"orth,  and  northeast  still  retain  it,  TUey  b... 
long  mainly  to  the  liasuto  and  Keeli'nana 
bnuKdies  of  the  IVintu  family,  and  thus  are 
allied  in  Hjieech  and  physiipie  to  the  Zulu. 
Kafirs. 

All  iiolitical  rights  nta  reserved  to  themselves 
by  the  whites.  The  old  masters  are  only  toler- 
ated, and  are  not  allowed  the  right  of  suttiage. 
Otlicers  of  government  (Volksraad)  must  be 
I'rotestants  and  land-owners,  and  at  least  ].") 
years  resident  in  the  eountrv.     Butch   i.,  the 


otliciul  language.  In  Transvaal  the  Society  for 
the  rropagatiou  of  the  (losiiel,  tlu'  ISerlin  K\an- 
gelical  I-utlieran,  Wcsleyan  .Methodist,  I'ari.s 
Kvangidioal  Missionary  Society,  Swiss  Canton 
De  Vaud,  Hermansburg  Society,  and  Dutih 
Ketornied  Church  have  prosperous  missions. 

fh-diiiif  /■')■•  I  .s/((//  is  the  smaller  of  tlie  South 
African  Itoer  Slates.  Its  western  boundary  is 
Griipialand  West  ;  its  southern  is  Cape  Colony  ; 
its  eastern,  liasutidaiid  and  Natal,  and  its 
northern,  the  Transvaal.  It  has  an  area  of 
about  -I'J.dOO  siiuare  miles  and  u  jioiiulation  of 
CO. 000  whites  and  72,oOO  natives.  It  has  but 
little  aridile  land,  except  in  the  eastern  Jiarl, 
near  the  foot  of  the  hills.  The  pasture  lands 
form  tho  chief  source  of  wealth.  Tlii>  Ihitisli 
restored  its  autonomy  to  the  State  in  l.s.'il,  on 
condition  of  a  pledge  that  slavery  bi'  not  rein- 
troduced. Iliitcli  is  the  ollicial  language,  but 
English  is  making  rapid  headway,  and  repre- 
sents the  culture  of  the  ('(nilitry. 

The  Society  tor  tlu^  rrojiagation  of  tlii^  (ros- 
pid,  the  Wesleyan  .Missionary  Soei(  ty,  and  the 
Berlin  Mission  occujiy  the  tield. 

ToiiijidnKil,  occnpyiiig  the  low-lying  coast 
lands  between  Delagoa  May  and  Ziilulaiid,  and 
including  the  large  lagoon  called  Lake  St. 
Lucia,  has  a  malarious  (dimate.  The  jieople 
are  iieacefiil  agriculturists.  The  country,  in 
IMNM,  came  under  Jtritish  lU'otection.  The 
jiopiilation  aiiKnints  to  Ho, 000,  and  the  area  is 
7, '1(1(1  sipiare  milts. 

Sc-iizil'ihil  lies  fartlier  inland,  beyoinl  the  Lii- 
boinbii  range,  and  between  the  Transvaal  jda- 
teaus  and  l>elagoa  May.  Its  area  is  :i,."iOO  sipuire 
miles,  and  its  population,  .sii,(i(i(i.  The  ja-ople 
enjoy  a  semi-indepeiideiic  •  under  a  native 
ruler.  Their  chief  is  one  oi  the  wealthiest  jier- 
sons  in  South  Afrii'a,  on  n. ■count  of  the  tolls 
jiaid  him  by  tlu'  iiunieroi  s  coiuiianies  which 
work  the  gold  niincK  in  bis  territory.  In  lf>S8 
there  were  I'l  Knglish  coiupnnies  for  devcloldng 
the  mines  in  Swaziland,  Matcbelelaiid,  Maslmna- 
land,  and  Transvaal.  In  Isn'.I  there  were  ](M) 
such  compaiiits  investini,  luillions  of  capital  in 
these  enterprises. 

Urilixh  y.'iliii,ii(,l,  eiuL-rin;.;  N,.")0o  sipiare  miles, 
and  having  a  1  o|)idaiion  o'  IJO.OdO  inhabitants, 
is  a  province  of  Natal.  The  eiuintry  is  undu- 
lating. The  liilN  are  clad  in  green,  and  the 
ineeipices  and  ravines  are  well  wooded.  The 
chief  wciilth  of  the  ]ieople  consists  in  tlieii'  cat- 
tle.    (See  articde  on  Maiitu  lince.  1 

Xiilnl  is  a  crown  colony  of  (ireat  Britain.  Its 
l>opulation  is  .iss.ood.  mid  it  cov  rs  an  aici  of 
'J1.7."i0  sipiiire  miles,  with  a  coast  liht^  of  ).'>() 
miles.  The  Drackenburg  Mountains,  Inmi 
'.t.ooo  to  10.00(1  feet  high,  sejiarate  it  from  liasu- 
toland  and  the  Orange  I'ne  State  and  Tians- 
v.i  il.  It  is  sejiarated  f r  uu  Zuliiland  on  tiio 
liirtheast  by  the  Tu -> '■  iiiver,  I'ielermaritz- 
l)''Tg,  one  of  the  most  .;eugl:'ful  cities  in  .Vfrica, 
is  ihe  capital.  Durha  ,  'i.'  only  ])ort,  is  1,0(IO 
III,.'--,  fnuu  Cape  Town,  ''he  elimat(!  is  (b  light- 
£■.!  and  invigorating.  The  tem|ieratnre  ranges 
from  hC>  to  M2  I'ahr.  The  coast  regiiui  is 
SLieitropicid,  and  jiroduces  tho  sugar-cane,  jiine- 
apple,  banana,  and  colVee.  Wool,  corn,  and 
sugar  are  the  stai>le  lunducts.  In  the  nnilln  rn 
districts  magniliceiit  coal  deposits  are  found, 
.Ml  the  Kuropean  cereals  are  cultivated,  .\lieut 
'•0.000  acres  are  cultivated  by  Kuro)ieans,  who 
own,  however,  it. 000. 0(10  acres.  The  reserves 
secured  to  the  Zulus  are  'J, 000. 000  of  acres. 
Ililipopotanii,    monkeys,   baboons,    and    crooo- 


AFRICA 


30 


AJ^UOA 


diles  iii'e  to  be  seen.  Anttlopi>s abound.  There 
lire  iimuy  poisonous  xunkts.  Tlie  populali'u 
consists  of  ;t7,tiiMI  whites  (Knj^lisli,  Dutnh,  and 
Gernmus),  4Ul),i)Ui)  Zulus,  iind  Ul.OdO  Asiatic 
Coolii's. 

There  are  high-schools  in  Durban  and  Marits- 
burg  ;  primary  schools  are  found  in  the  other 
large  towns.  Mission  and  i)rivato  schools  re- 
ceive government  aid.  The  Zulus  are  a  branch 
of  the  liantii  race.  They  are  usually  tidl  and 
well  foniieil,  tierce  and  Jtroud.  The  Kraal,  or 
vilhigi',  consists  of  a  circular  series  of  huts,  with 
the  cjittle-pen  in  the  centre.  The  huts  are 
ahout  15  feet  in  diameter  and  7  feet  high,  with 
a  single  opening  which  serves  fur  door,  win- 
dow, and  chimney.  The  furniture  consists  of 
a  few  mats,  pots,  and  blankets.  The  usual 
clothing  of  the  wild  natives  is  a  scanty  cover- 
ing of  skins  worn  a1>out  the  loins.  Jieads  and 
lions'  teeth  and  claws  are  worn  as  ornaments. 
The  men  hunt  and  tight  ;  the  women  do  the 
menial  work.  Their  chief  faith  is  in  witchcraft, 
demons,  and  ancestral  spirits.  By  nature 
a  concpiering  and  superior  race,  they  extended 
their  compiests  far  and  wide  throughout  South 
Africa.  In  their  language  the  word  "  Abantu" 
denotes  '"  people.  "  The  Bantu  languages  are 
highly  spoken  of  for  their  beauty  ami  tlexi- 
bility,  and  their  gniiuniatii'al  structure.  They 
occupy  about  one  ludf  of  Africa,  extending  from 
near  the  Niger  Delta,  and  from  Lake  .Vlbert 
Xyaii/ii  to  the  southeastern  extremity  of  the 
contini'Ut.  Its  various  branches  bear  a  close 
lesemblauce  to  one  another.  The  use  of  the 
Zulu  dialect  extends  beyond  the  river  Zambesi. 
It  is  the  language  of  the  ruling  classes  in  Mate- 
beleland  and  Gazalaiul.  Natal  may  bo  called 
civilized,  though  there  are  sections  where  the 
old  lienthenism  may  still  bo  seen.  The  I'.nglish 
Wesleyan  Mission,  the  Free  (.'hiwch  of  Scotland 
Mission,  the  Nnrwtgian  Mission,  the  Berlin 
Mission,  the  Ilermannshurg  Society,  the  S.  V. 
Ct.  Mission,  the  A.  B.  ('.  F,  M.  Mission,  and  the 
lioiimn  (.'atholic  Mission  are  each  and  all  doing 
a  good  work  in  Natal.  The  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 
Mission  began  in  Isii.'),  and  was  the  first  among 
the  Zulus,  who  were  then  a  savage  people,  with 
a  laiigMiige  as  yet  unwritten  and  unknown.  The 
translation  of  the  Scriptures  into  Zulu  was  com- 
pleted in  1NM3.     (See  Zulu  version.) 

Oilie  (nlniii)  is  bounded  on  the  west  and  south 
by  the  .Atlantic  and  Indian  Ocean  ;  the  Orange 
Itiver,  on  the  north,  separates  it  from  Namaipia- 
laud,  tli'>  Kalahari  Desert,  and  Orange  Free 
State.  On  the  cast  it  is  separated  from  Free 
Katirlnnd  by  the  Smit's  River,  the  Storm-Berg, 
and  the  Great  Kei.  Area,  including  T'ranskei, 
East  Gri((ualand,  and  Teiid)uland,  ,'l;)3,0t)0 
Kcpiare  miles  ;  population,  l,'l')'2,'M'i,  of  which 
the  whites  for'u  one  third.  A  mountain  r.ingo. 
in  general  parallel  with  the  coast,  dividing  tlio 
drainage  of  the  streams  flowing  into  the  Orange 
River  from  that  of  the  coastal  streams,  is 
reached  from  the  ocean,  about  100  miles  dis- 
tant, by  a  series  of  terraces.  North  of  the 
range  the  country  slopes  gradually  toward  the 
Orange  River.  Aliout  two  thirds  of  the  c(dony 
consists  of  ariil  jdains  (called  Karroos)  ju'e.sent- 
ingmiiny  dejiressions,  containing  rich  soil,  wliich 
only  reiiuires  irrigation  to  make  it  productive. 

Included  in  the  south  temjierate  zone,  the 
climate  presents  many  varieties,  but  in  its  gen- 
eral character  is  mild  and  very  salubrious  ;  epi- 
demics seldom  lU'evail.  Tiio  rainfall  is  un- 
eipially   distributed.     The  basin  of  the  L.ower 


Orange  and  Great  Karroo  plain  and  the  Kala- 
hari JJosert  receives  occasional  torrential  down- 
pours, but  springs  are  rare.  The  cattle  of  the 
liechuana  herdsman,  of  necessity,  drink  little, 
and  are  watered  only  once  in  two  or  three  day.s. 
Wells  are  sunk  and  a  system  of  irrigation  re- 
sorted to.  The  flora  is  the  richest  in  the  world. 
Vineyards  produce  abundantly  ;  cereals  give  a 
fair  return.  The  forests  are  confined  to  the 
margins  of  the  colony  ;  one  third  of  the  popu- 
lation is  said  to  engage  in  stock  Vireedmg. 
There  are  about  10,1100,0(10  sheep  in  the  coun- 
try. Cape  Colony  has  a  virtual  monojioly  of 
ostrich  farming,  tin  ugh  that  industry  is  not  so 
pro.sperons  as  fc.imerly.  Manufactures  are 
rapiiUy  increasing.  The  mining  industry  is  de- 
veloping. Copper,  coal,  salt,  and  guano  abound  ; 
in  (iriipialand  West  are  found  rich  diamond 
fields.  Carriage  roads  and  railway  lines  inter- 
sect the  country.  A  railway  is  ju-ojecttd  from 
the  Cape  2,0(10  niiles  to  the  Zambesi.  The  wiM 
animals  have  been  largely  driven  north  beyond 
the  boundaries  of  the  colony.  The  constitution 
is  modelled  after  that  of  Great  Britain.  The 
right  of  sutfiage  is  enjoyed  only  by  British  sub- 
jects who  are  j)roperty  owners  or  luive  a  stated 
income.  The  immense  majority  of  the  aborig. 
ines  are  disfranchised  by  these  and  other  prri. 
visions.  State  churches  were  disendowed  in 
1h7.").  The  Dutch  Reformed  and  K|)isco)ialinn 
(S.  P.  (i.)  communions  are  the,  largest  among 
the  white  communities.  The  Wesleyan  Meth- 
odists are  the  most  jirosperous  among  the  na- 
tives. The  Malays  aio  Moslem.  There  are 
large  facilities  for  i)ublic  instruction,  but  sehouls 
for  aborigines  are  still  chietly  in  charge  of  mis- 
sionary societies.  Twenty-five  Knglish  and  five 
Dutch  newspapers  are  pui)lished  in  the  colnny. 

Races. — The  ilalays  were  introduced  by  the 
Dutch  as  slaves,  and  are  fouiul  chieriy  in  the 
seaports.  The  Griipias  are  half  castes,  active, 
vigorous,  enterprising  and  c(uiriigeous,  and  supe- 
rior to  the  aborigines  in  strength  and  stature, 
and  number  among  them  Rome  of  the  best  and 
some  of  the  most  desperate  characters.  Bush- 
men inhabit  the  western  section  of  Cape  Cohuiy. 
The  name,  derived  from  a  characteristic  of  the 
country — low  growth  forests  of  underbrush — 
has  aciprired  a  contemptuous  meaning.  They 
are  remnants  of  the  San  races,  are  diminutive  iu 
stature,  and  have  light  yellowish  brown  com- 
plexions, and  are  jierhaps  related  to  the  Hotten- 
tots. They  have  made  but  little  jn-ogress  m 
civilization,  and  have  no  tribal  organization. 
Scattered  in  various  districts,  they  number  per- 
haps r)0,(Hll)  in  South  Africa.  Hottentots,  a 
term  of  contempt  borne  by  a  people  who  call 
themselves  KhoVnKlioVn  imen  of  men),  are 
numerous  in  the  western  part  of  Cape  Colony, 
amounting  to  about  100,(|()0.  They  resemble 
the  Bushmen,  except  iu  utatu'e  and  degree  of 
culture.  They  occupy  kraals,  wear  leatlur 
aprons  and  a  sheepskin  cloak.  Charms,  amu- 
lets, find  fetiches  exist  among  them,  and  (ire 
connected  for  the  most  J)art  with  the  worship 
of  the  dead.  Tribal  organi/...tion  is  preserved 
only  among  those  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the 
European  possessions. 

Ill  I'll n(utnl<ind.  — 100,000  scpiaro  miles,  47"),oiii) 
population  ;  a  portion  annexed  to  Cape  Coloiiv, 
the  remainder  a  British  I'rotectorate.  The 
Bechuanasaro  physically  one  of  the  finest  niein- 
bers  of  the  southern  Bantu  family,  the  fecMo 
and  ..iekly  being  gotten  rid  of.  Circumeisioii  is 
universal  ;  young  men  and  women  are  subject'  1 


AFRICA 

a  and  the  Kala- 
orrential  ilown- 
lio  ciittlo  o£  the 
,y,  drink  little, 
I)  or  three  clajs. 
f  irrigation  re- 
st in  the  wdrUl. 
;  tiereala  give  a 
ontineil  to  the 
d  of  the  poim- 
tock  breeding. 
c[>  in  the  eoiin- 
d  nionojioly  ot" 
ilustry  is  not  so 
nnfaetnres    aro 

industry  is  do- 
gnano abound  ; 

rich  dianioml 
«ay  lines  inter- 
lirojectid  from 
besi.  Theuilil 
n  north  beyond 
ho  constitution 
;  liritain.  Tho 
by  liritish  suli. 
ir  hiivQ  a  stall  d 
■  of  the  aborig. 

anil  other  {iri>. 
disendowed  in 
d  Ki)isco]ialiiin 

largest  anmiig 
^'esleyan   Mith- 

auioiig  the  iia- 
111.  There  ato 
ion,  Imt  sehoiils 

charge  of  mis- 
English  and  tivo 
1  in  the  colony, 
rodueed  by  tho 
I  ehietly  in  the 
fcastes,  active, 
^eoiis,  and  suijc- 
;th  and  stature, 
>f  the  best  and 
racters.  liush- 
ot  ('ape  Colony, 
icteristic  of  tlio 
:'  underbrush — 
iieaning.  They 
re  diminutive  in 
isli  brown  coiii- 
l  to  the  Hotteu- 
tle  jirogress  m 
il  organization, 
ley  number  jjir- 
Hottentots,  a 
[leoiile  who  call 
1  of  men),  aro 
if  Capo  Colony, 

They  reseniblo 

e  and  degree  of 

,    wear    leatlu  r 

Charms,  auiu- 

theiii,  and  nre 
ith  tho  worship 
on  is  preservi'l 
)undaries  of  the 


3  miles,  47r),iiHil 
to  Cape  Colony, 
;ectoratp.       The 

the  finest  nieiii- 
luily,  the  feel'lo 

Circumcision  it 
en  are  subject'  d 


f 


29  rruin 


Urct'tiwirh 


6 


SOUTH  AFRICA 


II  XU  dV  OU  -i\'  -lU  fni 

Miaaionary  Stot wns  iircahowii  bymtulhl  Uut  i  •). 
COLOR  REFERENCE. 
Gciinan 

Pnvtugucsi: 


9 


10 


11 


H 


M 


i 


I 


■3 


AFRICA 


81 


AFRICA 


4 
^ 


to  severe  pliysioal  tents  ere  cleclnted  "  men" 
aUil"woiiuii."  There  are  no  ^mXn,  idoln,  or 
giitUerinj^s  for  iiul)liu  worship  unions  them,  hut 
siicrilices  lire  offered  to  ohtuin  rain  iind  wiird  off 
evil.  Thu  (liiid  ari!  huried  with  tlie  face  due 
north,  whence  came  their  ancestors.  The  trilial 
kinn  is  not  ahsolnte.  Seconihiry  chiefs  and 
free  men  may,  on  ^reut  occasions,  constitulu 
themselves  a  parliament. 

Missionary  work,  having  secured  a  footinj;  in 
all  the  ]irin(M]ial  villages,  has  elfecteil  threat 
chiinj^es.  The  horder  trihes  have  inhipte<l  the 
European  (M)stuiiies,  Iniilt  houses  in  European 
Ktyle,  observe  Sunday,  etc.  The  peojile  are 
iiidtative,  and  have  a  cpiick  intelli^'ence.  The 
hi^;h\vay  to  Oranj^e  from  Zamhesi  has  many 
Well  known  stations  and  market-places. 

The  northern  division  of  the  Jhitish  Protec- 
torate west  of  Ijimiiopr)  is  occupied  hy  the  lia- 
maiij^wato  nation,  one  of  the  most  powi^rful  na- 
tive States  in  South  .Vfrica.  The  capital  was 
Shoshon','.  Ils.diief  is  Kluinie  (IHIKO,  a  Chris- 
tian, and  one  of  the  most  n'markalile  leaders  in 
.South  .Vfricii.  He  has  lati^ly  removed  to  Cwa- 
pnnj^,  where  water  is  aliundalit.  The  nation 
has  larj^ely  ailopted  the  Christiun  faith. 
Throu^^liout  their  territory  the  sale  of  alcoholic 
driidis  anil  thu  hrewint^  of  beer  are  forbidden. 

The  HasiliUa  people  dwiOl  east  of  Shoslioiii,' 
auil  ne.ir  IjiiM[)opo,  They  have  never  been  sub- 
jui,'iited,  chietly  because  of  the  tsetse  /one  which 
surrounds  the  bluff  on  which  is  perched  their 
central  stronghold. 

The  JSakidulinri  tribes  (IJechuana  of  the 
Desert)  were  slaves,  but,  thanks  to  the  liritish 
Protectorate,  are  now  recoj^nized  as  free  men. 

Tiie  liasuto,  once  coterminous  with  their 
Bechuana  brethren,  now  com2>letely  hemmed  in 
by  Cape  Colony,  Transvaal,  and  Natal,  have 
adapted  themselves  quite  remarkably  to  their 
environment.  They  are  nearly  all  Christians, 
mill  are  a  vigorous,  alert,  and  pro><perous  jjeo- 
ple,  numbering  IsO.dOd.  Area  of  their  country, 
10,301)  square  miles,  .\bo\it  one  sixth  of  the 
whole  people  have  been  educated  under  the 
mi.ssionaries.  .Xj^riculture  and  pasturage  of 
flocks  furnish  their  wealth.  The  Paris  I'2van- 
geliual  Jlission  has  had  yreat  succes.'i  among 
this  people. 

K'lttilnial,  lying  between  Cape  Colony  and 
Xatai,  called  also  Tran.skei,  since  lHfS7  has  been 
directly  administered  byJSritish  authorities.  It 
is  saiil  to  be  the  most  salubrious,  fertde,  and 
pioturescpie  region  in  South  Africa.  Area, 
1(1,(11)0  sijuare  miles  ;  population.  .^00.0(10. 
Kafirs  are  foremost  among  the  liaiitu  for 
beauty  of  physicpio  and  (piality  of  intellect. 
Their  customs  were  similar  originally  to  those 
of  their  Uechuana  relations,  but  now  greatly 
nioilitied  by  European  contact. 

The  liiintu  of  the  English  and  Dutch  posses- 
sions in  South  .Vfrica  are  designated  by  the  gen- 
eral name  of  Katir,  an  Arabic  word  meaning 
"unbeliever,"  and  given  by  the  Portuguese. 
That  name  is  now  restricted  to  the  tribes  in- 
habiting between  Capo  Colony  and  Natal.  The 
tribes  to  the  north  of  Natal,  I'nd  extending  to 
the  Portuguese  possessions,  related  to  the 
Katirs,  are  called  Zulus  or  Zulu-Kafirs.  The 
Basuto  or  Bechuana  are  of  the  same  stock. 
They  ditfer  very  much  in  habits,  polificnl  com- 
plexion, and  degree  of  civilization,  but  their 
various  dialects  belong  to  the  same  family,  and 
partake  of  its  interesting  characteristics. 

Missionary  work  has  been  vigorously  pursued 


since  173C,  when  the  Moravian  Brethren  com- 
menced among  the  Hottentots  of  Cape  Colony. 
'I'he  missionaries  have  reduced  various  diahctH 
to  writing,  and  have  given  not  only  the  liible, 
but  many  other  books,  to  the  uativi!  peoples. 
There  are  about  'JOO.OdO  native  Chlistlaiis  iu 
Cape  Colony  now.  'I'he  Society  tor  the  Projia- 
gation  of  the  (iospel,  the  London  Missioimry 
Society,  the  I'ree  Cliurcli  of  Scotlaiid,  the 
rnited  Presbyteiiiin  Church,  in  Katirlaiid  ;  the 
lihenisli  Society,  the  Berlin  Society,  the  IKr- 
maliiisburg  .Society,  in  li«  chuanahiiid  ;  the 
l)utch  Ueformed,  the  Moiaviaii,  the  Primitive 
Methodist,  the  Colonial  and  Continental,  the 
Koman  Catholic,  and  the  Paris  Evaiigelieal 
Society,  among  the  Basuto,  represent  the 
Churcii  of  Christ  in  Cape  Colony  and  its  de- 
peiidi  iicies. 

The  London  Missionary  Society  was  repre- 
sented liy  Moffat  in  l^is  and  by  Livingstone 
in  IH'y'.i  and  siibseijuent  years. 

(jin'it  Sniiiiiijiitt  Hull  DniiKiiii  /.<(). (/.s,  in  ISM, 
Were  constituted  into  a  (ieimaii  dependency 
under  the  <lesigiiatii>n  of  Southwest  .Vfrica. 
They  oeeujiy  about  IKiO  iiiibs  of  the  Atlantic 
coa.st,  stretching  fiem  ( Iraime  Itiver  northward 
to  the  iiiouth  of  the  Cum  lie,  aii<l  pi  iietrating 
into  the  interior  as  far  as  tlie  twenlii  th  degrte 
tast  Iniigitude.  (Little  Naii)ai|Ualiilid,  lying 
south  of  Orange  iiiver,  was  inecrpcrated  with 
Cape  Ciil,)ny  in  IhCi,"). )  They  form  a  territory 
abniit  as  gr(  at  in  extent  as  the  whole  tiermau 
l-lmpire,  Iti'.o.c.dO  sipiare  miles  ;  jioiiuliitiou, 
'J.id.dOd.  The  cliffs  stretch  with  greater  or  less 
regularity  parallel  to  the  coast,  and  at  an  aver- 
age distance  inland  of  about  I'Jd  miles.  Erom 
the  coast  to  this  ridge  the  hind  is  terraced.  The 
land  west  of  this  ridge  passes  thicaigh  dee])  de- 
pressions off  into  the  Kalahari  Jleseit  and  the 
Kubaiigo  basin.  The  rainfall  is  very  slight, 
and  much  of  the  coast  is  a  sundy  waste,  though 
on  the  uplands  luueh  pasturage  is  afforded,  and 
in  the  northern  districts  are  vast  fertile  plains. 
Bich  copper  ores  have  been  found  in  mary  of 
the  plateaus.  The  jaipidation  is  viry  sparse, 
es|>ecially  in  the  south,  where  droughts  and 
famines  have  wellnigh  deiiojiulated  the  coun- 
try. Hottentots  occupy  about  three  fourths  of 
the  land,  and  constitute  about  one  fifth  of  the 
popidation.  To  the  north  an^  the  Bantu  tribes, 
Hereros  and  Oviimbos,  desi'ribed  as  robust,  in- 
telligent, and  industrious,  but  still  in  the  pas- 
toral stage.  The  (iermans  have  not  as  yet  made 
much  impression  uj)on  the  country.  Mission- 
aries have  great  influence.  Their  work  com- 
menced in  l«t2,  and  they  have  over  20  stations 
in  the  territory.  The  Einnish  Lutheran  Society, 
the  Khenish  Society,  and  the  English  AVesleyan 
Mission  work  in  this  field, 

]\'iilHsrh  I'litfi,  lying  nearly  midway  between 
the  north  and  south  boundaries  of  this  region, 
is  British  territory,  forming  about  Tdd  square 
miles  of  an  enclave.  It  is  the  only  outlet  at 
jiresent  of  the  whole  region. 

The  Xamaqua  (Hottentots)  of  Walfisch  Bay 
are  said  to  be  the  most  debased  of  their  tribes. 

Aiiijti}!!^  an  ap])ellation  variiuisly  employed  to 
designate  jiortions  of  the  west  coast  of  Africa, 
is  ju-operly  applied  to  the  Porttignese  posses- 
sions extending  from  the  Cuuene  north  to  the 
Congo,  a  total  distance  of  over  720  miles,  ex- 
tending eastward  to  the  Kubango  and  Kwango 
rivers.  .-Vrea,  312,000  square  miles  ;  popula- 
tion, about  2,000,000.  That  characteristic  feat- 
ure of  the  African  coast,  the  line  of  cliffs  ap- 


AFRICA 


M 


AFRICA 


proiicheil  liy  terriicfs,  is  contiimcil  iiorthwniil 
throiij;!!  .\H|,'(ilii.  'I'lii'  c'lmiitry  is  well  watert'd, 
eH|)ci!iiill,v  in  the  iiiiitli.  111  tin-  smilli  tlic  ruin, 
full  is  less,  iind  iimiiy  of  the  stri'iinis  dry  \H). 
The  (.'imn/.ii  Valley  forins  the  Athmlic  seetliin 
of  the  triinscnntineritiil  depressinn  conliniit'il 
liy  the  hi'.sin  of  tlio  Ziuiiliesi  to  the  In<Iiiin 
Ofeim.  (treat  (liversity  of  eliiiiate  is  exjieri- 
enced  in  siieh  u  length  of  einiKt  line.  There  are 
nlso  extreme  loenl  \ariations,  due  lo  ai'cideiital 
conditioiiH.  Ventilation  tieeonies  more  alnin- 
dant  us  yoii  pass  from  south  to  north.  The  elo- 
idiaiit  and  lion  have  heeonio  scaroe.  I'anthers 
and  hyenas  are  inimeroiis.  Zehras  and  ante, 
lojies  oee.iir  in  th(i  south.  InseetH  are  tare, 
hut  the  rivers  are  well  stoeked  with  fish. 
('aout<dioni',  orehilla  njoss  (used  iu  dyeing), 
iinm  eopid,  jialni,  aeaciu,  liaahah,  etc.,  are 
ehief  sonnies  of  wealth.  Manioc,  mai/e,  millet, 
sor^o,  and  Kiiropean  fruits  and  vei^etaliles  are 
iMiltivated.  'I'ho  country  is  also  rich  in  niin- 
cnils.  Inhuhitants  :  Tho  iiopulatloii  <if  .ViiKola 
is  art'ecleil  hy  the  norllnvard  inovement  of  liocrs, 
also  liy  imiui^'ratioii  from  Itrazil,  and  liy  the  in- 
ti'rminjiliiii^  of  l'ortu^;ueso  with  the  natives, 
liut  north  of  Mossumedes  acclimatization  for 
Kuroiieans  is  a  dillicult  and  dan^-erous  process. 
There  are  only  alioiit  1,000  of  European  descent 
in  .\nj,'ola. 

I'reto  is  the  natiie  ^iven  to  the  nef^roes  who 
have  hi'eii  hrouj.;lit  into  <lirect  contact  with  Ku- 
ropean  civilization,  and  who  are  found  chietly 
in  the  I'oast  towns  and  their  vicinity,  and  on 
the  lines  of  travel  and  trade.  -Vmont;  them  are 
found  many  well-informed  jieople,  merchants, 
and  colonial  officials. 

The  trilpcs  south  of  lieiif^nela  are  su|)po.sed 
to  IicIoiil;  to  the  primitive  race,  liushiuen  or 
Hottentots,  and  partake  of  their  i;eneral  char- 
acteristics. 

The  (rui;j^uelas  occupy  the  Fpiier  Kiilian},'o 
hasin.  .V  j^'r.'at  variet,v  of  social  condition  is 
found  in  studying,'  the  ditfereiit  trihcs.  They 
are  represented  as  savai^'e,  hut  intelli^^'ent  and 
enterprisini,'.  In  some  trihes  trial  li,v  ordeal 
of  the  poisoned  cup  is  practised.  Their  head- 
dress is  wonilcrful,  surpassing,'  that  of  most 
.Vfrican  i>eo[)les  :   their  dress  scant,v. 

.V-Tiunda. — The  Ihinda  speech  is  oni!  of  the 
most  widely  diltiised  in  Afru'a,  propa^jated  evi. 
denfl.v  by  means  of  their  trade  relations  with 
the  interior  tribes.  It  has  two  dialects. 
Northern  or  .Viif^olan- north  of  Cuanza— and 
Southern  spoken  in  the  rej^ions  between  Ben- 
guela  and  the  liilu'  territory.  Those  near  the 
coast  and  trade  centres  are  stroni^ly  affected  by 
European  contact,  but  those  in  the  uiiland  \il- 
Inges  are  still  .sava;.!e.  The,v  are  intelliHeut,  ex- 
cellent traders,  and  make  j.;ood  artisans. 

On  the  Congo  is  found  the  Jtafyote  or  Ba- 
cont,'i>  gi'onp.  They  were  the  founders  of  the 
ftucient  kingdom  of  Congo.  That  kingdom  still 
exists,  though  weak,  as  most  the  tribes  have 
seceded.  Catholi;;  intluence  was  once  ajjpar- 
ently  great,  but  evidentl,v  stiperticial.  Fetich- 
ism  is  rampant,  nearly  every  natural  obi'ect  be- 
ing a  fetich.  The  Baiuba  magicians  have  won- 
derful skill. 

The  principal  centres  of  trade  and  general 
intiuence  are  San  Salvador,  capital  of  the  old 
Congo  kingdom,  and  the  centre  of  a  flourishing 
Baptist  mission  ;  Ambriz  ;  Loando,  the  capital 
and  largest  city  for  ;i,000  miles  on  the  West 
African  seaboard  ;  Dondo,  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation of  the  Cuanza,  which  it  is  proposed  to 


ciinni  ct  with  the  Cazeiigo  region  in  the  Lueala 
N'alley  (;.;rcut  coffee  district )  by  railway  ;  I'aniba, 
in  the  Aniluca  district,  chosen  as  the  tenuluUH 
of  tlie])rojccted  railway  from  I.,oaiido,  and  liihe, 
the  terminus  of  (he  sfuithern  trade  rout'-,  ItlK) 
miles  long,  starting  from  Iteiiguela  (liihe  in 
liroperly  tlii'  name  of  the  extremely  fcitile  Jila- 
teaus  about  o.OIIO  feet  above  the  sea  level  oi'Ctl- 
pied  by  rude  and  wludly  uncivilized  but  shrewd 
[leople  of  mixed  origin.  It  is  the  lieadi|uaiterH 
of  a  mission  of  the  ,\.  1!.  ('.  1'.  M)  ;  lienguela, 
charmingly  situated  on  the  coast  ;  MossauiedeH, 
a  well-sheltered  port  on  the  desolate  coast,  but 
linding  great  wealth  in  the  waters  (a  railroad  is 
)U'o,iected  to  connect  Mossaiiicdes  and  Ifihc)  ; 
t'aconda,  on  a  idateau  5,  too  feet  above  the 
sea,  in  a  rich  country,  and  with  a  salubrious  cli- 
mate ;  llnmpala,  on  the  well  cultivated  phiins, 
and  the  principal  Boer  station. 

.\part  fr(uii  Uomaii  Catholic  missions  under 
I'oituguese  iirotection  are  I'.isliop  Taylor's  in- 
dependent missions  m  the  nortluin  section, 
the  English  Jiaptist  Mission,  ami  thi!  .V.  B.  C. 
F.  M-  Mission. 

Thr  CoH./o  Jtdsin.— The  Clianibezi,  the  head 
stream  of  the  Congo  Ifivi  r,  rising  in  the  plateau 
south  of  Lake  Tanganyika,  between  10  ami  12' 
south  latitude,  tlovvs  southwest  and  eiiti'i's  Lake 
Bangweolo,  whence,  (lowing  northward  through 
Lake  Mwerii  and  ricciviiig  the  outtlow  of  Lake 
Tanganyika,  it  continues  in  a  norlhwestetly 
direction  as  the  Lualaba,  until,  tumbling  over 
numerous  cataracts,  it  crosses  the  Ei{uator.  and, 
making  a  long  detour,  turns  to  the  southwest, 
recrosses  the  r;(|Uator,  ]iasses  through  the  cata- 
racts of  Vellala,  anil  enters  the  Atlantic  about 
the  sixth  degree  south  latitude,  thus  forming  a 
vast  semicircle  with  a  periphery  of  2,'MU)  miles 
and  a  diameter  of  'J, 000. 

This  stream  is  in  volume  the  most  remarka- 
ble in  the  Eastern  llemisiiheie.  With  its  alllu- 
eiits  it  drains  an  area  of  about  1  (ilio.ooo  sipiaro 
miles.  Its  heail  waters  are  found  in  the  eastern 
table-lands  |."i,000  to  7,000  feet  high)  about  400 
mil.^s  from  the  shores  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
whence  separate  thu  waters  of  Central  Africa, 
to  reach  the  Mediterranean  through  the  Nile, 
the  Indian  Ocean  through  the  Zambesi  and 
other  eastward  flowing  streams,  and  the  At- 
lantic bv  means  of  the  Congo.  Besides  tho 
waters  of  Lake  Bangwoolo(a  shallow  lake  cover- 
ing H,-100  square  miles,  with  marsh.v,  reed- 
grown,  ))artially  submerged  banks),  of  Lake 
Jlweru  (00  miles  from  southwest  to  northeast, 
and  separated  from  Tanganyika  by  an  isthmus 
00  miles  broad,  reached  from  Lake  Bangweolo 
over  dangerous  rapids  representing  a  total  fall 
of  1,000  feet,  bounded  on  the  south  by  marshy 
jilains,  and  confined  on  the  north  by  lofty  clilfs 
and  wooded  slopes),  of  Lake  Tanganyika  ia  deep 
fissure  'MO  miles  long  and  ISO  wide),  and  tho 
Kauiolondo  (a  great  stream  from  the  south- 
west, which,  in  its  course,  like  tho  Lualaba, 
drains  a  series  of  lakes),  the  main  known  afflu- 
ents of  tho  Congo  are  the  Luania,  the  Lufu, 
and  Kankora  (between  which  streams  occur  the 
seven  cataracts  called  collectivfly  Stanley 
Falls),  the  Lubilash,  Lulami,  and  Konango, 
with  its  numerous  confluents  from  tho  south, 
and  the  Aruwiiiii,  Loika,  and  Mongala  from 
the  north  ;  from  the  east  Lulongo,  Ikalciiibn, 
Kuki,  the  mighty  Ubanghi,  the  Litpialla,  and 
Alinia.  Stanley  Pool,  IHO  sipiare  miles  in  ex- 
tent, is  situated  between  4  and  5  south  lati- 
tude,    A  little  below  this  Pool  commences  the- 


i 


AFRICA 


AFRICA 


IniiK  liiif  (l(i">  iiiiloH)  of  nxpiclH  iiml  ciiscadt's 
ciiUt'.l  collitcrlivi'ly  I,iviiiHHl.)iin  I'iiUs,  wliii'li 
i'ciiii[ilcti'ly  clii'i'k  imvi^jiition.  HcIvmh n  Stiiiilcy 
FiilU  iiriil  [ jvin^^stotio  I'lills  tlir  iMiiiii  sfri'iim 
lii'uHciilsaii  ii|iiiii  wiitcr  wiiy  (it  iilioiU  1.(1(10  iiiilcn, 
tn  wliuli  III  ly  I"'  llldi'il  I. ("Ml  milts  nf  iiuvikuIiIii 
I'Diilliic'iit  slriNiiiis,  wliilii  ill  iu  uiipci- ami  lnucr 
coiirHcH  •■)(i(l  miles  nii>r(>  of  mivinMliln  wuti-rs  nmy 
l)u  (.•stiiiiiitr  l.  Alnii'ly  17  stfiimiTs,  twcmf  tliciu 
bt'lrmi^lii^  to  tilt)  Itiiplist  MisHJiiii,  jily  upuri  tlio 
r|)liin' Cdii^i),  iiikI  '.t  mniii  nn  tlif  Low.  r  ('niii^'n. 
In  pliii'i's  (ill)  iiiiriiiii""  vnlmnti  "I  wntif  llows 
tliroii^lii^  ir^ji's  imivHiiriiin  l.Diu  T^'id  tn  l.odd  I'ttt 
wi.lt\  wliili!  ciHt'wlii'rK  it  t-xpiiiuls  tn  tlif  w  iillli 
of  fully  1(1  mill's  ;  iiml  wlnru  it  fnlers  tlm  sen  it 
is  7  iiiili-'S  wiilf.  A  liiilwiiy  liiif  fnnii  Mntiidi  to 
Stiiiiltv  I'li'il  is  ti)  CDtiiU'ct  till'  I'lipiT  Coiiv;) 
rt'j^ioii  ttitli  til.'  Lower,  Iiml  in  fuiim'i'tioii  wiili 
it  a  stt'Kim'rof  over  1,(MI0  tons  is  to  run  Intween 
JtiUmnii  iinil  Miitiuli.  In  m;iiiy  places  prospef- 
oils  si'ttleiiifiits  iii'o  foi'iiiiii^-.  wln-re  iiurieiiltural 
products  111!'  alreaily  I'oiiii  1  in  aliiimliini'e. 

Tile  eliicf  stations  in  tin  Coiii^o  liiisili  iiVe 
Boiim,  the  principal  depot  and  seat  of  govciii- 
nieiit  of  the  <'on^J  1  I'ri'e  State  ;  Vivi,  at  tin- 
farthest  point  nf  navi^^atioii  of  the  r,otter<'ont,'o, 
Hiiil  ll'i  miles  from  the  coast;  Isati^^liila.  con- 
nected liy  a  road  "i.!  iniles  loiit,'  with  Vivi,  where 
is  11  depot  for  hoat  service  hetween  this  point 
(ind  Maiiyanj^a  i7;t  miles),  near  which  is  Liiteti', 
a  missiiiiiary  station  ;  I.copoldville,  IM'i  milts 
from  Manvaii'^a,  coiineeted  liy  a  roadway  (fniin 
this  p  lint  then>  art)  nearly  I, (Kill  miles  of  nnin- 
torrupted  navii;atioii  to  Stanley  I'allsi  ;  Kim- 
poiia,  on  a  t  irivnt  llowin;^  to  llie  lastern  ex- 
tremity of  Stanley  I'oo!  ;  Lnliialiiiru.  amoni^ 
the  heal  wati^rs  of  tin)  Kassai  ;  <'liuiiil'iri, 
anion:,'  the  jialiii  ^,'roves  ;  liohdio  and  liUUolela. 
near  tlio  .Vliiiia  eontliicnci^  ;  ahoiit  "ill  miles 
farther  on,  liiisindi  and  Ireliu,  in  iiii  iij^ricul- 
tiiral  district  ;  liaUiili;',  tlie  l',i(iiator  station,  and 
most  happily  selected  ;  ISaie^al  i,  ahont  |:)l)  miles 
iiliove  liakiite,  eeiilre  of  a  lai^c  and  warlike 
trilio  ;  Upoto,  liild  miles  farther  on,  aiiioni^  sav- 
11^0  iltid  naked  Irilies  :  Stanley  Falls,  the  iid- 
vaneed  post  of 'I'ipno  Till,  and  alioiit  l,."ill(l  miles 
from  either  oeean.  At  some  of  these  stations 
there  are  prosperous  settlements,  with  planta- 
tions and  tlocks. 

'I'hii  soverei'^'ii  of  the  Coie^o  Free  .State  is  KiiiL! 
Leopold  of  Iiclyium,  whose  authority  extenils 
over  aliout  one  half  tht>  lluvial  basin,  iir  7Hll.(Ml(i 
stpnire  miles  of  territoi.v  :  hut  the  whole  rej^inn 
drained  hy  the  ('1111140  atid  its  triliutaries  falls 
within  the  zoim  of  operation  of  the  international 
free  trado  jirovisions  adoptcil  in  u  conference  at 
Herlin  in  H.sl  hy  representatives  of  ImIuiuui, 
(teriuanv,  lOnj^land,  France,  Spain,  Italy,  fnited 
Stales,  the  Xetherlands,  and  Switzer'ainl.  (.siee 
also  article  tloni^'i)  Fret)  State.) 

Of  this  region  (iermany  claims  thti  portion 
west  of  Tan;,'anyika  ;  France  imssesses  that  ]iart 
of  the  liasin  lyini,'  hetween  the  I'ppcr  F  lariLii 
and  .Manyant,'ii,  wiiilo  the  northern  lioundary  of 
the  Portu^'uese  Aii'^'ola  follows  tlip  river  finm 
its  mouth  to  VoUala  Falls,  thence  directly  east 
to  the  KHan^'o.  Portugal  possesses  also  a  tlis- 
triot  north  of  thoConi,'odescrilied  in  coiineelion 
with  the  Kwiln,  ()!,'o\vay,  and  Galioon  hasins. 
The  numherof  inhaliitaiits  is  estimated  at  more 
than  -.i'.l.dOO.OOn.  The  climate,  though  tryini^ 
to  Fjuropeans,  does  not  jiresent  ^reat  <>xtri?mes 
of  temperature,  seldom  ri.sint;  ahove  !>()  Fahr. 
or  fallinf^  lower  than  '>3  .  There  are  two  rainv 
seasons,  October  to  December  and  Februarv  to 


yiny.  The  rainfall  diminislies  ra|iii1ly  Month  of 
the  Con^o,  but  increases  froiii  the  east  tow  aril 
tilt)  interior.  Vegetation,  in  the  abiimlantly 
watered  plains,  iseMiberaiit.  The  principal  ex- 
ports art)  ivory,  p,ilm  nuts,  palm  oil,  caoutchom', 
cotfcP,  wax,  skins,  etc.  The  inhabitants,  with 
few  exceptions,  are  united  by  a  coiiimon  Maiitu 
speech,  though  till)  various  tribes  dilfer  ^^ii  atly 
both  in  appearance,  liabits,  and  dialect.  Tim 
plateau  south  of  I.ai.e  TanKaii,\ika  is  inhabited 
chietly  by  tlie  lieiiibik  nation.  Tin)  llabembit 
are  said  to  be  oim  of  the  tiliest  nf  the  Jliintil 
peoples.  They  are  skilful  craftsmen,  Wtar 
skins  and  bast,  ami  cover  themsehes  with  ele- 
t^aiit  tattoo  (lesions.  Their  rulers  are  capriciouH 
and  pitiless,  'iriiiniiin  skulls  stuck  un  polen 
warn  the  traveller  that  a  vilhe„'e  is  near. 

Ill  the  islands  ainl  morasses  of  Jlaiii^weolo  anil 
the  iieinhboriii^;  U|ilaniiH  i>t  a  uroiip  of  jielty  ro- 
liublictin  States  which  luue  succeeded  in  luain- 
taiiiini4  their  iinlependi  nee  iii^ainst  tlie  lieioliv 
jieople.  lietwt'en  Lakes  iJanow  colo  ami  Mweiil 
is  Ka/eiube's  kingdom,  once  a  powerful  State, 
now  subject  to  the  liabeinba.  'I'he  most  power- 
ful State  in  the  I'pper  ('on},'o  region  ut  present 
is  that  of  !\roshi(lt'  or  Msiri,  a  chief  of  tho 
Nyaine/.i  race.  The  ciiintry  is  called  (iareii- 
i^aii/.e.  It  lies  west  of  the  Liiliia  Itiver,  is  pic- 
turesipieand  salubrious.  The  kiii^'  is  strict,  but 
not  cruel.  Corn  is  raised  in  iibumlanee.  Mii- 
kiirru.  the  capital,  is  llid  miles  west  of  I,ako 
Jiaiinweiilo. 

To  the  north  of  (iareiinaiizc,  and  pxtendin',{ 
frmu  the  Lomaiiii  liiver  to  Lake  Tanganyika,  is 
the  empire  ot  Kassonno.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
iiml  the  mountains  ritdi  in  mineral  deposits. 
The  ruler  is  n  nardeil  ns  a  f,'od.  and  is  no  less 
cruel  than  his  iii'ii^hbors.  Kiist  of  f^ake  Tan 
l^aiiyika  is  rnyiiiut /i,  "one  of  the  pleasiiiitest 
regions  of  Africa"  The  people  are  related  t(» 
the  (iareiigan/c,  but  more  advanced  in  culture 
on  aci'oiinttif  their  proximity  to  the  trade  routes 
between  Zanzibar  and  the  lakes. 

The  Iteggas  nccuiiy  a  vast  territory  between 
the  Congo  and  Lake  .Miita  Nzigt'. 

The  rpper  Congo  basin  is  occupied  l.irgely 
by  the  .\Ianyenia,  or  "  Katers  of  Fle.sli,' noted 
for  physical  bi;ituty,  artistic  skill,  and  jiililess 
rapacity. 

The  lialolo  are  widely  distributed  w  illiin  the 
great  curve  of  the  river.  Thev  number  perh.ips 
Id.iKKi.ddd. 

The  Lushilongt!  anil  the  Jyunda  predomi- 
nate about  the  southern  atHueiils  and  wooded 
plains  of  the  Kassai  :  the  Kioko,  to  the  north 
of  these,  are  enterprising  traders  :  the  warlike 
liangala  dwell  along  the  southwestern  bend 
of  the  river,  which  (lows  on  successively  through 
the  territories  of  the  l.almngi  (of  Fbangi 
Itiveri,  liateke  (above  Stanley  Pool),  W'a- 
buma.  and  finally  the  Itafyote,  or  Congolese. 

Ot  th.'  missions  established  in  the  Congo 
region,  three  are  Uoman  Catholic  :  (1)  the  I'rench 
-Mission,  at  the  iiirmth  nf  the  river  ;  (2)  the  l!el- 
gian  -Mission,  on  the  Fpper  Cniigo  ;  and  (It)  the 
Peres  d'.Xlgerie  (or  Algerian  Priests),  on  Lako 
Tanganyika.  The  eight  Protestant  missions  are: 
(l)the  .\mericiui  Baptist  Missionary  Union, 
with  7  stations  on  the  upper  and  lower  river, 
and  about  HO  missionaries  ;  C2)  the  English 
ISaptist  Mission,  with  t!  stations  on  both  the 
I'pper  and  the  Lower  Congo  ;  (;t)  the  Swedish 
Missionary  Society,  with  a  station  at  Mnkin- 
biingn  ;  (4)  the  London  Society's  Mission,  on 
Lake  Tanganyika  ;  (5)  Mr.  Arnot's  Mission  in 


AFRICA 


94 


AFRICA 


the  ((iiri'iiKdiizn  rniiiitry  ;  (•!)  tln'  lliiloln  Mis. 
Hiiiii,  Hdiitli  (it  the  I'liiicr  ('(111^(1  ;  (7)  flio  Mis. 
hioiiikrv  Kvitiii^i'liciil  Altiiinci',  liiivin^  I  kiiiiiII 
Htulinii  uiii!  N'lvi  ;  (M)  ltiNliii|i  Tiiyliir  H  MiHsruii. 
J  h'li'ihi,  (I'lmcdi/,  unit  iiiilii:(iii  It'isiiis  rmliinul 
|)oh..t'HHi'.Hii  ttirntiiry  rovciiiiKii'""!!  1,(1110  s(|imrt< 

mill's,  <vitll  II  popiilittinti  <it'  ;ill,(MIII  M(11lls,  HiMltll 
tif  till'  .MiiHNulii  l!i\  I  r,  Hint  liiiiiti'il  i>iiNt  aiiil  Hdiitli 
))y  I'Kiivi'iiliiiniil  liiii's  si'iiiiriitiiii;  it  t'liim  tlic 
('i)ii^!(i  I'lfi'  Stiitc,     I'lH'  riiiicli  |iiihsi'SHi(iiiH  in 

Olll  U<     tllll     Vt'lllllilllll't'     nt'     tlll'NI'     llllHIIIS,     llt'Hillcs 

tliiisi-  of  the  ('i)h);ii  Mllliii'iits,  iiH  t'lir  iiM  till' 
riiiiiil^'i.  'rhity  cKvcr  iiu  luiii  nt  uliniit  ;Mii.iiii>i 
M(|niil'i'  liiih'H,  mill  li.ivi'  It  |i(i|iMlHliiiii  VMlioiisly 
cstilimtfil  III  fioiii  '.',1111(1.111111  1,1  ."i.lKHI, noil,  'I'lii' 
iiiiithciii  hiiiiiuliin,  si'iniriitiii'^  (hi'  l-'niirli 
<'ii|()ny  fmiii  tln'  tli'iiimii  I'mli'i'lniuic  nf  (Miiir- 

I'dDll,  t'lllloWS  thr  (  11  111  I  Ml  ltj\  I'l'  MS  till'  llH  10  I  list 
IllllHitlllll',    tlu'lU'O    on   11   pMl'.llll'l     to     its     illtl'I'SCC 

tion  vitli  till'  I'l  I'list  Iciij^itiili'.  S|iuin  linlds 
tho  islunil  of  Cu'sii'iv  I'tiil  till*  Inn  ishts  of 
Eloliy,  mill  I'liiiiiis  II  Nliip  on  the  iiiainhiinl. 
Tills  li'i^loll,  liclwi'iii  the  oci'illl  mill  till'  Colil^d, 
mill  i'\triiilln^'  fi'iini  'i  south  hititii.lu  to  ;l  iiuith 
Intituili',  ronsisis  of  ii  si'i'ics  of  ti'iriii'i'S  nsiiij.; 
fioiii  till'  const  mill  sliiitinl  liy  cluiins  of  hills 
whu'li  vary  from  1,(100  to  lu'iiily  5,ooo  fnt  in 
hi'i^iht.  It  is  well  wiiti'i'cil.  Thi'  KHilii  liiis  ii 
total  nanrsii  of  ilClt  iiiili'S,  the  (>^;inviiy,  "JO,  mul 
till' ( tiiliooii  is  iir.  ('stiiiiiy  lo  niilis  lon^' iiint  7 
hroiul.  Tlioi'i'iirn  two  ruiny  si-nsons,  Si'iiti'iiilni' 
to  Di'i'i'miImt,  unci  tlii'ii,  iifti  T  iin  intiTviil  of 
tine  wiMthrr,  tho  ruin  sits  in  until  Miiy.  I>ur 
in^  tllll  hottrst  (lays  in  Miinli  mul  Aiu-il  tlu' 
thi'rui.uiii'ti'i- viirii's  from  ~H  to  ICI  I'ahr. ,  mul 
ill  tlu'  001)1  lu.uiths  of  .Inly  mul  Au(.;iist  7:1  to 
8()  Fiilir.  Till'  cliuiiili'  H  ins.ilulirious,  hoth  on 
luM'oiint  of  its  liuuii.lity  mul  tlu'  iioisnnoiis  cx- 
luiliitioiis  fniui  tllll  iiioniKsi's.  Tlu' soil  issmuly, 
mill  vci^ctMtion  consi'ijuciitly  not  kd  rii'li  us  tlu' 
ulmiuhiiu'H  of  iiioisliiri' wonl'l  Uiul  us  to  I'xpirt. 
Till'  o.irilln^  chiuiimii/.i'i',  etc.,  uImuiiuI.  Tho 
<h'|iliiiiit  is  witlulruwiiiK  into  tliu  iiitiTior  ;  Ihc 
luilfulo,  xvliitu  fuci'il  wihl  Imiir,  hi|iiMi]iotuuius, 
iiMil  rviu'oilih',  mill  scvi'iul  uiitivi'  sinciis  of 
liii'ils.  ri'ptih's,  mul  tislus  are  fouiul.  t'uhiiulii, 
n  liuuiititiil  mul  Imsy  Kciiimrt,  unil  pii'turi'siiuf 
Lmuluiui,  with  its  lloiiuiu  Cntholio  mission,  full 
within  till'  Pnrtutjiu'su  territory,  Jjouiii^o,  the 
liriiK'iinil  [lort  of  the  rp^ion  mul  the  site  of  iiiun,\ 
Kuropeun  fuetories  ;  Miiyunilm,  chief  depot  for 
KUiiis  coUecteil  in  the  iieijihlioi-in^^  forests  : 
rruneeville,  ci  iitriil  stution  tor  the  interior  ex- 
iiloriition  ;  Luiiilmrene,  on  tlie  (l;,'iiwiiy,  mul 
Lilireville,  the  cupitul,  are  iiiiioni^  the  chief  sta- 
tions ill  the  I'Vench  territory.  JIauy  fuetories 
are  foiiiiil  iilonj,'  the  const. 

The  orii^iniil  inhuliitiints  have  been  lui^icly  ilis- 
l>liu'eil  hy  iiiiniit!ruiits  from  the  interior.  The 
Mpou^we,  of  the  Ciiiliooii,  the  reiinimit  of  u 
oiu^o  powerful  niition,  are  intelligent  hut  frivo- 
lous. The  lien^u  of  (lorisco  are  reluteil  to  the 
IJukule,  south  of  the  Ofjown.v.  These  are  now 
traders,  imcUnien,  etc.  The  lianj^'we  dwell 
hetweeu  the  ui>per  and  the  lower  course  of  the 
Oi^oway.  The  Funs,  who  occupy  most  of  the 
ref,'iou  past  of  the  (luhoon  mul  north  of  the 
Ojioway,  form  t «o ^^roups,  constmitly  at  wur  with 
each  other.  They  are  lishtcomplexioned,  mus- 
cular, and  vigorous,  the  most  energetic  and 
industrious  of  all  the  trihes  of  the  region.  The.v 
jiructise  caunihalisni  in  the  inland  districts. 
Among  the  Ashango  forests  and  toward  the 
(^ingo,  the  Abongo  are  shy  and  timid,  of 
small  stature,  and  dwell  reuiute  from  the  beaten 


traeliH.  The  llaliimlio,  or  liavila,  are  a  iiilxeil 
iM'ople  (hirgely  riiniiway  hIum's  from  the  (in 
tiooii  mill  Congo  tiietorii'si,  who  have  found 
ntu^e  in  the  inhospitalile  regions  Hniitli  ot  the 
Nyiinuii  liiver.  of  the  various  diahctsof  the 
llulitll  Kpeedl,  the  .MpoligWe  is  tlie  liiiist  widely 
dilfilr-eil  throiighnut  these  const  hinds.  It  %Mis 
reduced  tovvritiiig  by  .\iuerieun   iiiissioiiiirii's. 

.V  mission  was  estubllsliid  ill  (iubooli  liy  the 
A.  II.  ('.  1'.  M.  in  IhCJ,  mid  trunsferied  ti'i  the 
I'resbyteriiin  liimrd  in  Ih7I,  It  liiis  sliitions  iit 
lli'iiitii,  on  the  coast  ;  Almigo,  on  tlii'  islmul  of 
<  iirisco  ;  llariildi,  on  th"  l^ipiutor  :  .\ligoiuu,  on 
the  (fuliooii  UiM  r,  uiul  Kang\M>,  on  the  (Igowiiy 
liiver.  The  I'relieh  lAlingelicul  Society  hns 
liitely  luiilertiikeii  to  aid  the  rresbytenmi  I'lourd 
lieeausu  of  the  deluand  of  the  I'rellch  (rovecn 
nielit  Ihiit  the  I'leiich  Imiguiige  be  used  in  all 
the  schools.  Itoiiiali  (iitholic  niissions  liuvu 
long  been  established  at  ililVrrelit  points, 

i''iiiifri>niis.  The  uiountuin  muss,  so  euUed, 
situated  on  the  iiiainlund  over  aguinst  the  islmul 
of  I'enimiilo  I'll,  covers  mi  anu  of  It'io  si|iiurii 
miles,  and  rises  in  one  of  its  )ieiiUs  to  the  height 
of  11,00(1  teet,  siirpiissed  on  the  .Uriciiii  Conti- 
nent only  by  Ki  liiii.  Kiliiiia  N.jmo,  Siiueii  (in 
.Miyssiniiii.  and  the  lately  exiilored  Kiiweiizori. 
Its  lower  iiortioiis  are  covered  by  n  luxuriunt 
vi'getiilion  of  iMiluis,  acacias,  fig  trees,  kokiis, 
pliintaiiis,  mid  other  trees  mil  slinibs.  At  n 
iieight  of  7.000  feet  iiliollier  eliiiiatie  /one  is  en- 
tered, where  me  found  ferns,  grasses,  and 
heather.  Sjirings  are  rare,  none  being  found 
above  '.1,100  feet.  Thesiiluiuit  is  bare,  except 
for  II  few  trailing  pluiits  sheltered  in  the  iiol- 
lows.  The  Kurroiiii'lJiig  country  is  well  wutered 
by  siiiull  hikes  mul  rivers  «illi  their  coiilluelits 
mill  ilelliis.  The  niiiiie  Culm  roons  has  been  e.\- 
teliiled  to  cover  the  ( b'luiall  liossessioiis  se]iu- 
ratcd  on  the  north  from  liritish  territory  by  tho 
Millie  liiver,  and  n  line  drawn  thence  in  u 
liirlheasterly  direction  to  the  Cliuddu  or  Iteliue, 
iibovo  Vohi,  mul  on  the  houth  from  the  .Vrencli 
]irovince  of  (tubooii  by  the  Cuiii]>i)  liiver.  dli 
the  east  the  bouiular.v  is  iudethiite.  lint  little 
ot  the  region  has  been  explored  fir  brought  iin 
I'.er  the  inllueiice  of  its  ]'',uroiii'an  iiiasterK.  The 
urea  is  idiout  1 1.000  sipiare  miles,  and  the  popu- 
lation estiliiilted  at  .1^0,000.  On  the  luiiriiio 
banks  the  miiligrove,  on  the  lowlunds  the  piiu- 
dmidus  iind  riilViii  puliu,  and  on  the  higher 
grounds  forests  of  great  trees,  with  tangled 
massesof  tall  creepers,  leiiresent  the  t'.ori!.  The 
fiiunii  is  represented  by  elephants,  who  are 
found  in  great  numbers  about  lio  miles  inlmul 
in  the  Mungo  biisins  ;  apes,  which  abound  in 
the  forests,  mid  by  a  vast  abundance  of  insects, 
crustaceans,  and  rejitiles.  lu  the  Rummer  rainy 
season  (May  to  .Vugnst)  the  rainfall  is  very 
heavy,  and  the  season  of  the  winter  rains  is 
chariicteri/ed  by  Hipialls,  tornadoes,  mid  dense 
vapors.  The  cliief  station  is  Victoria,  beauti- 
fully situated  at  tho  foot  of  the  mountain  and 
on  the  shores  of  the  ,\>ubas  ]>ay,  which  atforda 
n  sheltering  harbor  for  the  largest  ships.  Vic- 
toria was  founded  in  l.SoH  by  ilaptist  ■lissiou- 
aries,  who  took  shelter  there  from  Spanish  per- 
secution on  Fernando  I'o  :  liimbia  isa  haven  nt 
the  southern  extremity  of  tho  mountain  ;  ]ia- 
kundu-bu-Nanibele,  on  the  Mungo  liiver,  is  the 
headiiuarters  of  a  mission  to  tho  linkundu  : 
Cameroons  is  apiiliecl  collectively  to  a  dozen 
populous  villages  on  the  east  side  of  the  Came- 
roons estuary. 

The   chief   inhabitants,  all  of   Biintu   origin 


I 
f 


AFRICA 


15 


APRIOA 


an<l  Hpooch,  nro  tlio  llvnly,  intflliKcnl,  anil  (lur- 
ing liut  vi'iy  Hii|)rrMtitiiiiis  lliikwirj,  lii'twi'di 
tlm  cimut  mid  Uw  iiiniintaiiis  ;  tlm  iiiiliiMtriMiis 
hikI  )'(|iiiilly  Hii|iiirHtitii>ii'i  lliilviiinlii  of  tliii 
ii.irllii'iii  slci|ifH  ;  till'  ('(iiiimiiiii^lii'  liuloiiun 
III!  I  tnilirii{  .\Im>  ('list  lit'  tint  llikiiinlii  :  thu 
toiii'toiii  liiiitiii^  mill  wi'll-kiiouii  DvMillii,  tit 
thi>  Cuiii'iiiniis  I'stiiiiry  ;  furtlnr  khuiIi  tin' 
Mivii^ii  lliiUiU'i  mill  tlin  Itiiiiii.'^ii  niMii|i-.,  «li.i 
iiri'  lliii  iii'Wt  Hkill'iil  limit  liiillili'i-t  ill  Atiii'ii. 

I'll issiiiiiiif  tlm  I'liit^lisli  |lii|ilisls,  tniiiiil  il 

in  M'lM,  WHS  (ISHi'.)  |iliu'iil  iifiilrr  till' r.ii'i' III  till' 

(illUlllIl       IlllSsillllUl'llS      I'lolll       ll.lsll',      will       IllVl- 

111. I  III  lli'Mii'l  tlii'ii'  iiuiiii  Ntiitinli,  wlii'l'ii  11  train 
iin;  si'liiiiil  fur  imli\ii  ln'IpiTs  wiis  c.stiililisln'  I  in 
IHS:).  I'.li  viii  ili'i'iiiaii  iiiisHiiiiiiirii's  (S  nil  till- 
tli'jil  ami  ;i  a|ii)iiiiiti'il  tii  aiil  tlu'iiii,  with  si'V- 
cnil  nativo  iissirttanls,  iirii  oarryuin  mi  u  in'nm- 
isiiiH  wiirU.  'I'lui  hiili'li  I'rotvHtiiul  Mismonary 
H  ii'iity  iilsi)  has  a  iiiissiim. 

.\tu  itinlla  1,'iiitl  mill    Sn'iiii  Xil'im.    -'I'lii'  Wi'lli- 

ItiviT  risi's  ill  til istirii  imrl  nf  llm  wati'r  slii'il 

iliM'liiiK'  I'll'  Nilii  hysti'iii  trmii  till' <'. 111^4".  "n 
till'  until  it  is  tliiis  Mi'|iiiratril  frniii  tin'  Itilir  rl 
(lliii/^.il  aiiil  iilliii' li'ilmtiiiii's  of  till'  Nilr,  wliilu 
(111  llm  cast  it  ri'ci'ivi'H  the  watuls  fiom  tlif  iqi 
lainU  Mkirtiii|4  tlio  lift  suli'  <if  I.iki'  AIIhtI 
Nyaii/.a.  It  lliuvs  wostwaiil,  criissiiif^  tlm  -H 
•'list  liiM'^itiiili',  mill  joins  tlm  I'liaiit^i  mi  its 
w,iy  ti>  tImCi  111^11.  It  passi's  till. Ill, 'li  iiiirNiilnriil 
ri'fiiiiiis  111  Miiiiliiltlil  Laiiil,  mi  "carllily  para 
disc,"  (' insiHtiiit^  nf  rnllii'.i^  uplands  'J,."iiiit  ti 
'2, SIM)  fi'c't  liiiili,  with  a  ti'Mipi-ratii  cliiiiali'  and 
liixiiriaiit  vi'v^.'latinii.  Area,  ali mt  l.lliM)  sipiarn 
mill's,  pipiilatiiiii  iilmiit  l.diHi.diiii.  Kiiiiii 
I'.islia  spi'iiks  (if  tlm  .Monlmttu  us  a  [iliysically 
iiiid  iiiti'lli'i'liially  supirinr  iiinpli',  and  nin'  nf 
the  diiiiiinmit  races  in  Ciiilial  Africa.  I'liey  arc 
industrious  and  Kkilfiil.  and  iiiaku  I'Si'tllciit 
utensils  ill  WDiicl  and  lirus.s.  'riniir  cmiiitry 
jimdiici'S  Hiavcs,  ciial,  inm,  leather,  etc.  Hu- 
man llesh  is  larj^cly  llHcd  as  ull  iirtiele  nf  fund. 
Tlicy  aro  Ji.'iiilu,  liut  arc  distiii^'uished  liy  a 
Very  li'^lit  ('iiiiiplexinn.  Their  dress  is  luiulc 
frniu  the  liiirk  of  tlm  liLjtriMi.  'I'lie  wniiieii  wear 
li  lueri)  liiiiii'lulh,  and  ]i>iiiit  their  Imdies  with 
eiiilli'ss  and  evcr-eliaiit,'ili!^  dcsi^jiis.  .Scattered 
nmon^;  tlm  Monlmttu  arc  found  the  .Vkka 
dwarfs,  suiiposed  tn  lie,  liUi)  the  lldttciitots  of 
the  south  and  tlm  Walwa  of  the  I'ppcr  Con- 
go, roninantsof  tlm  iilmrijjsinal  trilicH  wliiuh  were 
displaced  liy  tlm  Jiiintu  invasions. 

The  N'yaiu-N'yani  country,  west  and  northwest 
of  Monlmttu  Land,  is  triiverscd  liy  the  Nile 
C'oiino  watershed,  and  is  a  plea.siint  and  licaii- 
tifiil  region,  •i'lill)  to  ;),(Mli)  feet  liif^li,  occupied 
liy  the  ]iow()rful  Zandcli  nation,  perli\ips  related 
tn  tho  Fans  of  tin*  Friinch  t'mi(,'0.  Scliwcin- 
furtli  estimates  their  territory  lis  covering;  nearly 
CO, (KM)  scpiaro  miles,  with  a  po]mlatioii  of  iiliout 
2,(100,01)0.  Tluiro  is  no  national  or(,'ani/.ation  ; 
the  tribcn  are  frequently  at  war  with  each 
other.  C'annibalisiu  prevails.  Tlm  drtiss  is  the 
nkin  of  a  boast  coveriiit,'  tlm  loins,  while  the 
chiefs  wei'r  also  n  leoparil  skin  on  the  head 
The  Zandeh  are  distini,'uislied  by  tlm  length 
and  deuHity  of  the  beard  nnd  by  their  noldc 
carria^^e  and  ^roat  at,'ility,  and  tlm  iiircction  of 
tho  husband  for  his  wife.  There  is  no  lui.s.sion- 
ury  work  carried  on  aiiKm^;  these  tribes. 

The  Trhnd  Itusin  forms  tlm  geoi.;rapliical  cen- 
tre of  tho  continent.  Tho  lake  ri'seinbles 
N^;alni,  in  South  Africa,  bein<:;  a  shallow,  marshy 
la^!oon  of  variable  extent,  aeoordini.!  to  Itolilfs 
4,500  s(iuaro  aiiles  in  tho  dry  soasou  and  22,000 


in  the  wet.  Oil  the  riiAt  ainl  h  uitli  are  nionii- 
tailiH  iilld  U|ilalidH  :  mi  the  linrtli  and  west  hills 
and  terraces,  uhicli  drop  inln  npeii  plains  in 
tho  Hiiiithwt'st  toward  the  Iteiiiie  ba-.in  ;  and 
thoU(4li  the  Tchad  has  no  oulh  I.  its  Haters  are 
(rc-.li.  Area  of  tlm  bahin,  2hii,imhi  Nipiarc  miles  ; 
Jioplllatimi,  over  7.01  o  lioil.  The  soil  is  fevlile, 
vcnetafimi  rich,  and  clinmle  H.diibrimis.  Tern 
peraturc  ranj;cs  jielweiii  7'"i  in  |)i  ci  iiibi  r  Hiid 
'.)!  Ill  .\pril.  Its  chief  ilillilelit  is  the  Shaii 
which  lises  in  tlm  unc^plnnd  uplands  south- 
west of  |t;ir  I'lir.  'I'he  niinf.ill  is  ^^reater  in  the 
west  and  south  than  in  the  east  and  north.  Ill 
the  Miilidaril  uplands  the  Wet  season  Lists  kpVi  11 
iiioiiilis  ;  111  li'irnu,  ab.iut  four.  The  fauna  is 
very  riili,iiicluilinv:  tlmhippi'potmiiiiH,  eiephant, 
lion,  liyi'iia,  (,'iratfe,  antelope,  osliich,  stork, 
pilose,  and  all  iiidelliiitu  Variety  of  reptilian  and 
insect  lite.  Mai/.',  rice,  etc.,  are  raiKid,  and 
the  li'.,,  citron,  poiiie^ranate,  with  wheat  and 
barhy,  have  been  latily  iiilroilnci  d.  Iiiiiii'stii; 
aiiiiiiiils  thrive  Well,  and  are  found  in  liii^e 
variety.  The  |iolitical  ilivi-.ionM  nf  the  Tchad 
basin  Hie  Wail. li,  which  enio\s  the  pnpmider- 
aiice  of  )iower  ;  Kaiiem.  str.'tchiii^'  limlli  into 
tlm  desert,  mice  the  seat  nf  a  powerful  kinj^dmii 
and  the  "  hot  bed  nf  the  .Miissulnian  |iropuoaii 
da  ;"  li  irnu,  west  and  south  nf  the  lake,  aii.l 
Ha'.;liiriiii,  east  nf  the  Shari.  The  abon^^inal 
tvpis  have  been  i^reallv  liinditic  1  by  .\rali  and 
NubaFulali  elements.  War,  slavery,  trade, 
and  iiiiuiiv;ratiiin  have  resnlte.l  in  a  pupulatimi 
of  Very  mixed  chanii'ter.  Mnlianiiiiedanisiu  is 
the  ruliini  relinimi,  and  is,  w  itli  varyin.i;  (ervor, 
iir-;i  d  upon  the  pa^;aii  tribes. 

I  If  till'  three  roiitescnniiectiiii^  this  region  with 
the  outer  World— vi/.  (li  thr.iin;li  Uarl'iir  to 
the  e.ist,  whence  the  .Mohamnied.in  civili/alion 
entered  ;  (2)  thnuioh  l'e//.aii  to  Tripoli,  mi  the 
Jli'diterraiiean,  and  (:l»  by  means  nf  the  lieiiuO 
and  the  Nif^iT  to  the  (liilf  nf  (iiiinea,  the  last 
but  easiest  route  is  ciiniin^^  into  jirominence. 

(jti'inm  is  tho  nanieapplied  b,v  I'.uropcans  ton 
portion  of  the  western  coast  nf  .Vfriea.  The 
Suitliern  or  Lower  ( iuiiiea  coast  extends  from 
Cape  Ni't^ro  f.>  the  Caniernons  Mountains,  while 
Xortlurii  or  I'ppcr  (iuiiica  comprises  the  Cala- 
bar district.  Ni^,'er  lielta.  Yoruba,  ])ahmiie_\, 
.Vshatitee,  Liberia,  Sierra  Leone,  and  part  nf 
Seiieoanibia.  These  States  arc  treated  in  their 
order. 

T/i"  Si'ier  llunin. — The  Xi^or  is  the  second 
river  ill  .\frica  for  volnnic,  and  the  third  for  the 
length  of  its  course.  It  rises  aiiimit^  the  Kmij{ 
Mountains  almut  200  miles  inland  from  Sierra 
Leone,  tl.iws  to  the  desert,  curves  mund  to  the 
cast  nnd  Koutli.  and  after  a  courso  of  2,'"iOO  niiks 
enters  tho  (iiilf  nf  (liiinen  between  the  bights 
of  Heuin  and  Iliafra.  I.ioo  miles  from  its 
source.  It  drains  1,000,000  sipiaro  miles  of 
territory.  Its  chief  allliient  is  the  Cliadda  or 
llciiuu,  which  brink's  frmii  the  N'ile-Con^^o-Shari 
watershed  ii  volume  cipial  to  that  of  the  main 
stream  itself,  and  afTonls  a  navij,'ablo  course  of 
nearly  '.••H)  miles  into  the  interior  of  the  cniiti- 
iient.  The  conference  held  in  lie  rliii  in  IHH.T 
reserved  the  supremacy  of  tho  I'l>;ier  Nii,'er  to 
France,  nnd  that  of  tho  rest  of  the  course  nnd 
of  tho  lienne  to  England,  though  the  main 
stream  is  to  remain  an  international  highway. 
Tho  Ilo,val  Niger  Company  represents  tlifl 
English  ftutbority,  and  is  tho  political  ruler  of 
"all  tho  territories  ceded  to  it  by  the  kings, 
chiefs,  and  peoples  in  the  Niger  basin."  Tho 
company  engages  to  oppose  the  shivo  trade  nud 


r 


■M 


APRIOA 


26 


AFRICA 


rum  imlUi',  wlii<'li  it  is  iloin^,'  with  vi(,'or.  Thu 
Ni^^cr  Di'llii  I'xti'iids  iiliiiij^  I'Jd  mill's  nf  cimsl, 
mill  I'diisists  of  22  strt'iims  iiilo  wliiirii  llu'  mniu 
sli'i'iiMi  (liviiU's  III  II  ilistitiici'  iriliiiiil  nt'  iiliniil,  I  |o 
mill's.  'I'lu'sii  stri'iiiiis,  Willi  I'diilit'i'tlii^  clmii- 
lU'ls,  fdnii  11  viist  iii.iii^i'DVc!  .swuiii]).  'I'lici  Itiviiiiy 
mill  llio  NiM\ Ciilnliiir  mo  I'oiiiiccti'il  willi  tln' 
Dcltii.  'I'litt  ()l<i  Ciiluliai' Hows  iioi'tli  111  Hit'  i; 
iiiirlli  liiliiiiili',  iiii.l  tlii'ii  ciisl  mill  soiilli,  rii- 
rlosili;^  II  liiiiss  of  hills  :(,(HII)  fi'i-l  liinli.  'I'lii' 
Ui'iiiii'  ll.uvs  tliroil'r^h  nil"  of  tliii  most  pniiiiloiis 
mill  prmliu'livo  ri'i^iuiis  of  Afrii'ii,  wlirri'  llii' 
s  iifiii'ii  itJ  iliviTsiliiil  liy  u|ilmiils  iiiiil  iiioiiiitmii 
cli.iiiis.  Cittiiii  is  wiililv  ciilliviiti'il.  Tim  lloni 
is  tliiit  of  tliii  south  ti'iiiiPi'iiito  /oiu'.  The  rlii- 
]i|iiiiil,  ihiiiiH'i'ros,  Willi  liiillnlii,  |iiiiillii'r.  oivi't, 
lint  fi'W  siiiilii's,  mill  no  spiilrrs  iiii'  foiitnl. 

VVii'  .li/i(,/iinc'i  jiruri iii-i;  lint  liltlu  kiiinvii,  iii- 
cliiili'S  most  of  tliii  r|i|inr  lii'iiiU'  Imsiii.  lis 
nipitiil  is  Volii,  oil  (ho  soiilli  liiiiik.  Mi'lwi'i'ii 
tliii  Ki'iiiK'  mill  Koriiii  i,ii[  l.;\.\n\  'rchml  ir^'ioii), 
mill  just  iiori;  .f  tlin  l^'mo  lii'iiiu'  conlliirtiri',  is 
Di'iiisii,  II  |ili'iismit  liiiiil.  North  of  tlio  Jteiiiu'- 
Ni^jiT  roiilliii'iii'i),  iimiiut^  till'  liiKliliiiiils,  wIiith 
risi's  tliii  (l.>ii^,'olii,  is  ViiUoliii,  i'ii|iitiil  of  Itiiiiti'hi  ; 
mill  iKirtlumst  of  Viikiilni,  iiriir  tlm  li^lit  Imuk  of 
tliii  (li)ii'^iilii,  is  ( 111111111',  riipitiil  of  Kiiliim  ;  wi'st 
(if  lliii  (i.iiit^.ilii  I'oiilliU'iirii  is  tlm  Mini  Sliiti- ; 
mill  oil  tlm  o|i]iiisiti<  siilii  of  till!  Iti'iiiii',  mill 
fiirtlmr  ilowii,  is  tlm  KorniMfii  Stiiti'.  IioUo,  '.to 
mill's  iiliiiVK  tlm  jiuirtiou  of  tliii  lirliiii''  iiiiil  Ni- 
giir,  is  tlm  liirji^st  ivory  nmrkil  in  West  .\frii'ii. 
Tokii|ii,  on  tlm  wi'st  shoriMif  tlm  Ni^;ri',  iiiul  nriir 
tlm  I'Diitliii'iU'ii,  is  nil  imiiortmit  criitri'  ;  (ilu'lii'. 
on  till'  op|iositi)  siili',  is  n  hiisy  tnnlint^  post. 
Iilihi,  pii'tiii'i'sipii'ly  silMiiti'il  on  llu'  li'tt  Imnk  of 
tlm  l/iiWiT  Nif^rr,  is  tlm  nipitiil  of  tlio  Iho  klii^;- 
iliiiii.  Knllovviiii^  ilowii  tli'i  nvi'r,  mi  I'lthrr 
liiilik,  wo  liiiil  Asalia  ;  tliiili'lia.  liiilf  wiiy  lir- 
twtii'ii  tlm  roiitliii'iii'ii  mill  tlii'  niniiih  of  tlio 
Nun,  ami  tlm  most  imporlmit  ilipot  of  all  ; 
Ali'iHi)  ;  Osiiiuari  :  Niloiii  ;  Aim  ;  Wmi,  capital  of 
tlm  kiiii^iloiii  of  Wmi  ;  Akassa.  in  mi  islmul 
iii'iir  till'  liar,  iiml  tin'  cliii'f  trii,liii|.i  I'l'iitro  of  tlm 
lioval  Afrii'an  I'lniipany.  Mast  of  tlio  Nun,  mnl 
iiii'luilinj^  tlm  Olil  Calaliiir  I'stiiary,  iiro  mmiy 
trailing  posts,  whoso  chiif  artiiln  of  rxport  is 
]ialiii  oil,  as  Ih'iiss,  Nrmlii',  'I'uwan,  Now  ( 'alaliar, 
Okrikii,  Ifoniiy  (Imsii'st  of  iilh,  ImUitinvn, 
< 'I'oi'ktown  Ikorolioni;.  At  soiim  of  tlmsn 
jilai'i'S  tlm  trailiirs  ri'siilo  in  hulks  ^;ro:ipi'il  to- 
Hillirr  to  form  a  lloalini;  town.  Tlm  trilns  of 
thr  Ijowi'r  Ni^;i'r  liavo  litilo  I'ivili/iilion,  ami  aro 
rxtii'iiii'ly  siipi'i'stitioiis.  In  tlm  lii'iiiic  tiasm, 
lii'siili's  tlio  l''iiliili  riilrrs,  mostly  .Moliaiiiiiu'ilan, 
lint  cspi'i'ially  towiinl  tlm  I'ppor  lii'iiiii-.  still 
|iii|.;an,  aro  fniiinl  tlm  ill  favorril  Itaiiti'hi 
(Hilos)  ;  tlm  pftnan  Wiiriiku  ;  llio  ilnaili'it  nimi- 
I'aliii}^  TaiiKahi  ;  tlm  l'"ali  ami  Hi'lc  ;  tlm  en 
slavi'il  Itatta  (of  .Vilamawjii,  miil  thru  smith  of 
till'  I'.i'iiiii-.  mill  ri'iu'liiiii.;  lowanl  Ohl  Calaliar, 
tlm  Akpa,  Wakari,  ami  Mitrlii  ;  iiiiil  iilont^  tlm 
li'ft  hank  of  tlm  lii'iiiio  iiii'l  on  Ilio  Ni'^rr,  tlio 
I'riarra.  \roiiiiil  tlio  i-onlliii'iirn  tlio  Niihi'  Imi- 
(,'na'.;i'  priiloiniiiatrs  ;  from  t)niti'liii  t  >  tlm 
Diilta,  llio  ;  ami  in  tlm  lli'lta,  dl/:)  lljni.  In 
Ilio,  Iilz),  N'npe,  iKma,  ami  I^'hira,  Ilisliop 
Crowthcr  mnl  his  ln'lpirs  hiivo  piililisheil 
priiimrs,  tUo  prayorliook,  ainl  imrtuins  of  tlio 
fScriptiirns. 

lliasiiiiii.'l,  iiii'lii.liiix'  11  liirnti  number  of  jietly 
Stftti's  mnl  Uinoloiiw  joins  tlio  Suhftfii  on  tlm 
north,  tho  Tchiiil  ronion  on  tlm  t'list,  tlio  Iti'iiiu'' 
wiitt'P  partinv;  on  tin'  snilh,  ami  llio  Ni^or  on 
tho  wost.     It  is  ini'liiili'il  within   tUo  siihero  of 


oporatiiin  of  tlm  Koyal  Xij^or  ('omiimiy.  is  a  rich 
I'onntrv  ami  ilciisily  popnlalcil,  ami  its  lmi|.;iiii^o 
has  I'liii  ililViisril  tliriiiiL;hoiit  the  greater  part 
of  till'  S.iiiihiii,  I'opnhition,  pi  rliaps  I, (Hill, (Kill. 
Till'  country  is  low  ami  llat,  ilnriiij,'  tlm  rainy 
season  allmi^t  iiiipassalih'.  Ill  tlm  iiorthi'ili 
portion  the  rainfall  is  iiiiii'h  less  than  in  tlm 
sunt  hern,  where  ve;.;i't  at  ion'is  III  iiiiiilmit  111  riiii);li 
lint  the  year.  The  palm,  lamarinil,  haohiib, 
liiilliT  tree,  iloria,  whose  seeils  form  mi  arliclo 
of  export,  liamina,  nee,  onions,  etc,,  alioiiml. 
The  ele)>liaiit  ami  tlm  maiieleHH  lion  are  foiiiiil. 
The  ^;oiils  are  hrown  ami  the  cattle  while. 
Mosiiiiiloes  in  the  marshy  ilisliicts  miioiinl  to  ii 
plague.  Kmio,  in  I'.ast  llaiiMi,  is  pi'rlia|is  tho 
t^reatest  ci!y  of  North  ('eliliiil  .Urica.  Within 
its  walls,  wliicli  siinoiinil  a  space  of  111  si|iiaro 
miles,  are  foiiinl,  in  tin  ir  various  ipiarlers,  ini- 
iiii^;raiits  of  every  race  ;  Wiiriio,  northeast  of 
Sokoto,  ami  on  the  same  river,  is  the  present 
resilience  of  the  s.iverei[.;n  of  the  .\l iissiilmans  ; 
Sokoto,  with  a  population  (once  amoiintiii)^  to 
rjO.IMliI)  of  'Jo.iHiil,  is  an  iiii]iortaiit  trmlini^  cen- 
tro  mill  capital  of  the  enipiro  ;  (oiliilo,  aliont  M 
miles  siinlliwcst  of  Sokote,  is  the  capital  of 
West  Ilaiisa.  Niipe,  lietween  the  Kailiina  anil 
Ni;.;i  r,  Is  a  rich  and  lavoriilily  silimteil  ilistrict, 
ami  its  ca|iilal,  Hiilii,  a  city  of  perhaps  1(1(1,0(10 
iiihahitants.  Soiitli  of  the  Ni^^cr  stainls  tho 
threat  repiililicaii  city  of  llorin,  .Missionaries 
of  the  ('liiirch  .Mishioiiiiry  Society  ami  the  Wch- 
levaii  Mithoilist  Society  liavi'  foiiiiilcil  stations 
at  Kipo  Hill.  I''.'^j.;aii,  llnlii,  Slioii!.;i,  tie.,  in  the 
Nnpe  kin^'iloni.  Ilaiisalaml  forms  a  ^reiit  I'lilah 
empire  iliviileil  into  tlm  two  kin^iloms  of  W  iiriio 
i.Sokotoi  ami  (iaiiilo,  haviiii,' also  imiiiy  trihntary 
provinces  in  the  ririiiU'  hasin.  Thf  llaiisa  Ian 
1^1111(^11  is  praiseil  for  its  simplicity,  elet;aiice,  iiiitl 
for  its  wealth  of  vocaluil.iry.  The  triliis  of 
llaiisame  iiiiich  farther  ailvanceil  in  civili/atioii 
than  tlioso  of  tlm  Lower  NiL;er  mnl  the  lieniitj. 

riif  Miihlli-  Ai'/i'i-,  from  limlniktii  to  (iomliii, 
at  the  Sokolo  conllilelice.  isaliiiost  llliinhaliitod, 
except  in  tho  soiitheni  portions.  Tlm  region  ti> 
tlm  imrlhwest,  and  to  some  extent  to  the  Koiith 
(ai'ioss  the  river;,  is  peopleil  liy  .\ralis.  'I'o  tho 
east  as  far  as  the  Tchad  region,  ami  north  iis  far 
as  the  Algerian  froiilier,  aro  scattered  countless 
trilies  of  jterliers,  w  ho,  south  of  tlm  river,  liiivo 
iiiixel  with  tlm  negro  trilies.  On  liotli  sitles  of 
tlm  river,  from  Timluiktil  to  the  Sokoto  cnlitlil- 
encii  and  south  of  the  curve,  ilwell  the  Songhiii, 
once  powerful,  now  siihject  to  the  l''nlali  enipiro 
'  of  Mussina.  Tlm  Sniighai  negroes  are  dull  anil 
mifrieiidly.  The  chief  centres  of  this  region 
are  the  famous  Tiiiilinktn.  (logn,  and,  IM)  miles 
farther  down  tln^  river,  (larii  and  .Sjiuhr,  ami 
farthi  r  on  Sai.  The  I  pper  Niger  is  iiihaliili'il 
liy  .Maiidingans  mid  llainluirra,  who  are  lirokeii 
up  into  a  large  nnmlier  of  petty  iiiilepeinlent 
States.  I'he  people  are  mostly  indiistriouH, 
skilful,  and  superstitions.  The  ('  .M.  S.  iiinl 
Wesleyaii  ^Tethllllist  in  Ilaii'ialaiid,  and  tho 
riiited  I'reshyterian  Cluireli  of  Scotland  in  Ohl 
Calaliar,  aro  tlm  missionary  socielies  repre- 
sented 

/7n'  Sliirr  I'lid.v',  so  called  from  its  sad  proiiii 
neiice  in  llio  shivti  tratlic,  Htieiiehes  from  tlm 
Niger  Delta  to  the  Yolta  Kiver,  with  imlelinito 
liiiiindaries  inliind.  It  imiii.ies  (I)  Vornliii, 
{2)  rorto  Novo,  (11)  Dahomey,  (I)  (ireiit  I'opo 
and  Agvf,  and  t")!,  liittio  I'opo  mid  Togo. 
.\rea,  pi'rhapa  li'J, 11(10  sipiiire  miles,  with  It, 000,- 
000  of  people.  Ilritain,  (iornimiy,  I'mnce,  ami 
I'ortiigiil  sliaru  thu  territory.     The  uuuioul  lino 


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ATRIOA 


27 


AFRICA 


of  fho  continont  nowlios  about  5(1  miles  inlnnd, 
ftllil  tills  stll|)  nf  iiioilrril  (^i)iisl  lini'.  (Icfelldoil 
IjyMiiiiil  1)1111  ks  1111(1  Wiislu^il  hy  ii  sorites  nl'  liij^doiis, 
j^eiitly  rises  toward  tho  inliiiid  plateaus,  where 
peaks  are  touiiil  ti, 7(111  tuet  hit^h.  The  land  tlieii 
falls  rajildlv  toward  the  uortheril  stepjies.  'Ihe 
seaward  rivers,  of  whioh  the  (>^;uu,  rising;  l.so 
miles  inland,  is  the  [iniuupal  one,  an!  not  lart^e, 
and  in  the  dry  seasons  lose  tlu'inselves  in  lln) 
coast  la^^oous.  The  eliniato  is  salubrious,  exee|it 
tortile  marsh  fevers  whieh  prevail,  jspeiually  at 
the  eloso  of  tlio  rainy  seasons.  U  has  t«o  dry 
and  two  wet  seasons  ;  mean  teniperaturi?,  7'.l  . 
The  cultivated  lands  of  I  hit  i  nterior  are  separated 
from  the  coast  la^,'oous  by  delist!  forests  ot  t,'it<an- 
tif  timber.  In  the  interior  tin!  forest  t,'rowths 
t:;ivo  Wiiy  lar^,'ely  to  tliicki  is  ami  lierbaj^o.  I'alms 
o£  several  species,  buttertries,  aiul  the  Kuhi 
ttourish.  In  tlio  interior  a.e  found  eh  phaiils. 
bnlTaloi's,  i^azi'lles,  wild  boars,  monkeys,  and  in 
the  riv<!rs  hi|ipopotaiiii,  ero(!<idiles,  ete.  In  Iho 
coast  ref^ions  the  tsetse  ll.v  anil  destructive  ants 
Hivo  j,'reat  annoyance.  ISetweeii  tin!  Nij^er  and 
the  (.1^^1111  rivers  lies  Voruba,  <)eeup,*iiii^  the 
liii'^^er  portion  of  the  Slave  Coast  territory.  It 
consists  of  a  lar^je  number  of  semi  independent 
States,  kinf,'doms,  etc.,  often  at  war  with  one 
another.  The  Vorubas  aro  sociable,  hospitable, 
and  industrious.  Their  cities  aro  laij^e.  They 
raise  mai/e,  yams,  sweet  jiotatoes,  manioc,  ban- 
anus,  cotton,  etc.  They  are  skilful  artisans,  and 
excel  all  other  African  tribes  in  buildini^.  They 
lire  very  sui)erstitious,  but  tlio  old  ))aganism.  iii- 
cludiiij;  human  sacrifices,  is  ^'iving  wa.v  before 
Jlohamiiiedanisiii  anil  Christianity.  Abeokuta, 
the  native  capital,  a  city  (>f  more  than  1(10, (ICII, 
Hituated  on  the  Ogun  liiver,  and  formed  of  soiiui 
(iO  ciuumunities,  each  with  its  own  dialect,  as 
well  as  its  civil  and  leliyious  organi/atimi, 
brouj^ht  from  tin!  various  villa^^es  from  which 
the  people  tied  for  i)rotectioii  aj;ainst  slave  and 
other  enemies  ;  Ibadan,  a  similar  city  about  (id 
miles  to  the  northeast  ;  L  igos,  about  H  miles 
from  the  sea,  on  an  island  in  the  Ossa,  wealthiest 
city  on  the  East  African  .seaboard,  with  a  Kiiro. 
pean  ([Uarter,  where  the  Jiritlsh  ailministrator 
resides  ;  Li!ckie,  lying  east  of  hagos  ;  Jl.ulagry, 
formerly  capital  of  a  kingdom  and  the  great 
Slave  market,  10  miles  west  of  Lagos,  are  the 
principal  towns.  The  Churcth  Missionary  So- 
ciety has  a  llourishing  mission  in  the  country. 
The  \Veslt!yaii  Missionary  Society  (Knglish) 
and  the  .Vmerieau  Uajjlist  1,'onveution  (Southern) 
also  have  stations. 

l'i)ilii-Xm-ii,  an  enclave  on  the  coast  between 
Voruba  and  Dahomey,  a  Freindi  iiossession  at- 
tiiclie<l  to  the  government  of  Sinegal,  has  a 
cnast  line  of  2\  miles,  area  of  "(id  sijuaro  miles, 
and  a  population  of  about  l.")0,(H)(), 

l)nl,i,iwji,  a  I'orluguese  Protectorate,  lies  be- 
tween 1  ;!()'  and  2  'MY  east  longitude,  and  ex- 
tends about  1'20  miles  inland.  The  chief  coast 
town  IS  Whydah,  formerly  a  slave  port,  now 
I'xporling  great  (luantites  of  palm  oil.  Al)ome, 
the  capital,  is  (i."i  miles  inland,  and  connected 
with  Whydah  liy  a  road  which  continues  to  the 
ibihi  country,  :i(»  miles  farther  north. 

The  North  (lernian  (Uremeu)  Missionary  So- 
ciety has  a  work  in  Dahomey. 

ijfeid  I'djiii  iiDil  .b/ir/  have  together  ft  popu- 
lation of  about  I'JO.OdO  inhabitants,  iiuder 
French  protection.  The  people  are  mostly 
refugees,  ami  have  built  up  a  cousideriiblo  trade 
with  foreigners. 

L'Ulle  I'upo  und  Toijo,  lying  between  1    Id'  and 


1"  Id'  oast  longitude  or  thereabouts  bi  lungs  to 
(iermany.  'I'he  trading  places  are  situatetl  on 
the  scalioard  The  region  beyond  the  lagoons 
is  hitter  cultivated,  but  almost  unknown.  The 
(lermaii  (rovenimeiit  is  represented  by  the 
llaiuburg  and  IJremcn  tradeis,  settled  in  the  sea- 
p  irts,  who  cannot  as  yet  vie  with  tlu!  village 
iliii  fs  and  fetich   j'riests  in  intluence  over  the 

people. 

i'he  tribes  between  the  Oguii  and  N  olta  rivi  rs 
bthiiig  to  the  Ewe  family,  ami  from  ihcm  the 
region  takes  the  na!iie  "  Eweliie."  The  Kwe 
language  is  classilied  into  .")  distinct  dialects — 
Mulii,  spoken  iiurtli  of  Dahomey  ;  J>ahoiiiise  ; 
.V.juda,  spnkeli  by  the  .Iiji  of  the  \\  hydah  coast  ; 
Anfwe,  s|)oken  liy  the  Krejii.  west  of  IJie  Jeji, 
and  Anio,  south  of  the  Krepi.  The  iimst  pow- 
erful of  the  Ewes  is  the  Fan  or  Dahomey 
Sioui).  The  p(!Ople  are  intelligent  and  i|Uick 
to  learn.  The  king  is  a  god,  all  the  ])eo))le  his 
slaves.  Fart  of  the  army  cnusists  of  fiiiiale 
warriors,  t  jual  to  the  males  in  bravt  ry  and 
cold-blooded  cruelty.  Cimnibalism.  human 
sacrifices,  incredible  cruelty,  and  contempt  of 
death,  begotten  of  a  firm  belief  in  immnrtality, 
distinguish  these  tribes. 

'I'lie  Gold  Co<ist,  known  oflicially  as  the  Cape 
Coast,  extends  from  the  (ierman  faclnries  nf 
Togo  to  the  French  possessions  of  .\ssini-a 
coast  line  of  :t(!d  miles.  .\rea,  l'7,ddd  siiuaro 
miles  ;  poimlation,  4ds.diiu.  Cape  Three  Foiuls 
is  the  most  j)roiuinent  lieadland,  and  is  crowned 
with  the  peaks.  Kxtending  back  from  the  coast 
are  isolated  hills  or  short  ridges,  \aryiiig  in 
height  from  li.'id  feet  to  'J.( Kid  feet.  Farther  north, 
the  .\kwapuii  range  runs  to  the  northeast,  and 
is  jiierced  by  the  Volta  Kiver.  Other  ridges 
branch  in  various  directions,  merging  in  broad 
plateaus  or  thinly  peoiiled  stt  p)>es.  North  of 
the  hilly  region  stretch  vast  plains,  with  here 
and  there  a  bold  blulf,  which  extend  in  a  north- 
easterly direction  to  the  Niger,  while  in  the 
northwest  they  merge  in  the  unexplored  high- 
land region  of  the  Kong  Mountains.  F'roui 
this  highland  region  llow  copious  streams,  such 
as  the  Volta,  the  lioosum-l'rah,  the  .\ncobra, 
and  the  Tan  we. 

The  climate,  flora,  and  fauna  ))reseiit  the 
saiiu!  general  features  as  on  the  .Slave  <  'oast.  The 
hilly  distrii!ts  in  the  interior  furnish  pleasant 
health  resiU'ts  for  the  Europeans.  Cotl'ee,  to- 
bacco, cacao,  caoutchouc,  cotton,  etc.,  are  culti- 
vated. The  chief  article  of  expert  is  jialm  oil. 
(iold-miiiesare  workeil  in  Wassaw  and  .\sliantee. 
.\xim,  an  English  fort,  west  of  Cape  Three 
I'oints,  the  best  landing  [dace  on  the  coast,  and 
which  will  become  an  important  jiort  ;  .\odwa, 
formerly  capital  of  Wassaw,  now  deserted  by  its 
inhabitants,  who  have  n moved  to  the  mining 
region  ;  Coomassi,  capital  of  .\8hantee,  destroyed 
by  the  Kritisli  in  ls7t.  rebuilt  iii  lMh3  ;  .Vccra, 
ltd  miles  east  of  Cape  Coast,  chief  centre  of  Eu- 
ropean life  and  starting  point  of  several  routes 
for  the  interior  ;  Christiansborg.  otHcial  capital 
of  the  liritish  ])0!isessi(>ns,  and  l^uettah.  where 
a  strong  garrison  is  placed,  aro  the  chief  towns. 
Deyond  tlu'  Hritish  possessions  are  other  im- 
^lortant  trading  centres,  such  as  IJontuku,  in 
tTaniau  Kutampo,  7d  miles  north  of  Coomassi  ; 
Salaga,  presenting  the  appearam!e  of  an  .\iab 
town  ;  ilendi,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Dft- 
goinba,  which  stretches  northward  to  the  Man- 
dingan  territory  ;  .\beteti,  on  the  watershed 
between  the  Volta  basin  and  the  I'mli,  and 
chosen  as  a  centre  by  the  liaale  luisaiouaries. 


AFRICA 

la  tho  Upper  Volta  biisin  nnd  interior  high- 
lands  the  uboriginos  liavo  held  thoir  f^roiind  an 
Sfiparato  (^niiips.  Hut  this  distinntions  of  lau- 
Riiago,  oiistoins,  and  physical  characteristics  are 
rapidly  disappearing.  Tho  aborigint^s  are  called 
Patoso,  that  is,  "  liarl)aTians, "  liy  tho  Ashanti 
conijui'rors.  Tluur  laugiiago  is  the  Gttauy, 
Nta,  and  allii'd  idioms,  which,  though  unin- 
tclligihUi  to  the  AshantiH^  pcoi)lcs,  yet  belong  to 
the  same  family  of  languages  as  tlie  Otji  or  (ia. 
The  Otji  poopUis  include  the  Ashantis,  i)an- 
kiiMs,  Wassaws,  Akinis,  Assiiis,  and  i'antis,  and 
are  tho  ruling  race.  They  are  well  developed 
])hysically,  ami  perhaps  owe  some  of  their 
characteristics  to  lierber  and  Arab  blood.  They 
are  farmers,  artisans,  merchants,  stock  breeders, 
fishermen,  according  to  their  surroundings. 
The  missionarifs  use  for  their  translation  of  tho 
Bible,  prayer. biok,  hymns,  etc.,  tlio  Akvvapoin 
dialect,  i'he  incredible  cruelty  and  carnage  of 
Ashanti  power,  with  human  sacrifices  and 
slaughter,  have  largely  been  stopped  by  the 
British  aggression, 

Tho  WesU^yan  Missionary  Society  (British), 
the  X.)rth  (i"riiian  Missionary  Society,  and  the 
Basle  Missii  nary  Society,  which  succeeded  the 
M  iravian  lir.'thren.  have  sevci-id  stations  in  the 
country,  as  have  also  the  K.iman  (!atholics  ;  Vmt 
missionary  work  meets  with  great  ditticulties 
among  a  people  so  superstitions  imd  tierce. 

Iri)!'!/  Const. — Tho  gentb  ,  iirve  stretching 
from  Capo  Three  Points  to  fajio  I'almas  is,  on 
account  of  the  protection  its  contour  affords 
from  Atlantic  storms,  called  the  Leeward  Ciiast. 
Ivory  (yoast  occui)ies  that  portion  lying  between 
the  Tauwe  liiver and  (,'apo  I'almas.  The  French 
possessions  on  this  coast,  with  indctinitc  limits 
inland,  occupy  l:iO  uiilos  of  coast  line,  extend- 
ing from  tho  TanwO  t )  tho  Lapu.  Continuing 
from  the  Lapu  to  San  Pedro,  IJi)  miles,  we  skirt 
a  region  almost  unknown,  and  as  yet  unap- 
propriated by  any  European  power.  The 
French  possessions  have  a  double  shore  lino. 
Betwtaui  tho  outer  beach  and  the  interior  forest 
lands  are  lagoons  into  which  the  rivers  from 
the  interior  break,  through  creeks  and  inlets. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tanwe,  Kindjabo, 
and  Akba,  the  last  said  to  be  240  miles  in 
length,  affording  splendid  access  to  the  interior. 
The  population  of  the  Ivory  Coast  inland  to  the 
Niger  water-shed  is  estimated  at  .^)l)ll, 01)11.  The 
origin  of  the  inland  peoples  is  not  definitely 
known.  The  trading  tribes  about  Ebue  Lagoon 
are  called  by  the  English  nickname  "  Jack- 
Jack  ;"  west  of  tho  Lahu  are  the  Avekvoms, 
commonly  called  Qua  t^uas  ;  while  farther  west 
are  the  Kroomen.  Tho  coast  tribes  arc  mild 
and  trustworthy.  Mohammedanism  has  made 
no  progress,  nor  are  there  any  Christian  mis- 
sions among  them.  Tho  French  ollicials  reside 
at  Grand  Bassani,  Assini,  and  Dabii. 

Lilii'rid. — .V  republic  after  tho  United  States 
model,  established  by  colonies  of  emanciiiated 
slaves  from  America.  It  has  ',M)  miles  of  sea 
oa.st,  extending  from  San  Pedro  to  Capo 
Mount,  and  inland  to  tho  Kong  uplands.  Area 
(of  colony  and  protected  territories),  (50,01)0 
Kipiaro  miles  ;  population,  1,0")0,()()0.  Tho  sea- 
board is  low  and  fringed  with  lagoons  and  in- 
lets, with  a  few  conspicuous  headlands,  as  Capo 
Monsurado  ('2sO  feet),  near  tho  entrance  to  Mou. 
rovia,  the  capital  ;  and  (^a|)e  Mount  (l.OO.'J  feet), 
marking  the  western  boundary.  Inland  appear 
chains  of  hills.  The  rivers  take  their  rise  in 
the  Mandingan  uplands,  which  form  the  wnter- 


AFRIOA 


shed  between  tho  Nile  basin  and  the  seaward 
streams.  Tho  mean  annual  temperature  of 
Monrovia  is  Kl  Fuhr,,  and  ranges  between  77 
and  H(i  .  Tho  climate  is  diingeroiis  for  immi- 
grants. Veg(!lation  is  luxuriant  and  tho  fauna 
rich,  especially  in  the  Mandingan  uplands. 
The  largest  river  is  the  St.  Paul  (which  rises 
nearly  20l)  miles  from  the  sea),  along  whoso 
banks  are  uuMierous  sugar  and  other  piaiita- 
tions. 

The  principal  towns  are  Monrovia,  the  capi- 
tal ;  Itoiiertsport,  north  of  Ciipe  Mount  ;  Cald- 
W(dl,  on  the  St.  Paul  ;  Musanlu,  chief  town  of 
the  >hindiiigans  ;  (irand  liassa  (Buchanan),  near 
the  mouth  of  tho  Junk,  the  commercial  centre 
of  the  rejmblic  ;  Harper,  a  salubrious  town  near 
Cape  I'almas. 

The  inhabitants  are  the  seafaring  Kroos,  be- 
tween Cniie  I'almas  and  tho  Siuu  Ifiver  ;  tho 
Bassaa  ;  the  still  savage  Barlins,  south  of  tho 
St.  I'aul  ;  the  Mandingan  \'eis,  agriculturists  ; 
the  tierce  ( iolas,  dwelling  along  the  western 
atHuents  of  tho  St.  I'aul  ;  the  warlike  I'ussis 
and  liussis,  and  in  the  niilauds  of  the  interior, 
the  powerful  Mandingans. 

The  .Vmerican  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
Methodist  Ei)iscopal  Church  (American),  .Vmer- 
ican Presbyterian  Church,  the  .Vmerican  Bap- 
tist Missionary  Union,  the  Evangelical  Lu- 
theran GeiK^ral  Synod,  and  a  few  unattached  in- 
dividuals have  missions  in  Liberia. 

Sierra  /yCOHK  covers  the  British  possessions  and 
I'rotectorate  (inchnling  tho  Sierra  Leone  colony 
lu'oi)er  and  the  adjacent  territory,  mainlmid, 
and  islands)  lying  between  French  Senegambia 
and  Liberia.  Total  area,  28,000  siiuare  miles  ; 
jiopulation,  l,()00,()i)0  ;  area  actually  in  posses- 
sion of  tho  British,  1,120  scjuaro  miles  ;  popu- 
lation, 00,o4().  Tho  peninsula  of  Sierra  Leone, 
which  is  completely  surrounded  by  water  in  the 
raii'.y  seasoi  by  tho  junction  of  Waterloo  and 
Calmont  creeks,  covers  an  area  of  about  2'.)l) 
scpiare  miles.  It  is  mostly  occupied  by  a  range 
of  gently  roundiMl  hills  rising  in  jilaces  to  a 
height  of  ;i,0()0  feet.  Tho  rainfall  in  the  \\h<  lo 
territory  is  heavy  ;  copious  streams,  rising  in 
the  Niger  water-shed,  flow  south  and  west. 
The  climate  is  equable,  ranging  from  7f<  to  H(l  . 
The  rainy  season  commences  in  .Vpril  or  Jlay, 
and  declines  in  October,  November,  and  De- 
cember. January,  February,  and  March  are  al- 
most rainless.  The  mean  annual  rainfall  is  1,'j-t 
inches.  Tho  marshy  exhalations  during  tho 
rainy  season  render  the  climate  very  insalubri- 
ous. The  death  rate  is  very  high.  Principal 
exports,  which  come  chiefly  from  the  interior  : 
Benni  seed,  cola  nuts,  ginger,  ground  nuts, 
])alm  kernels,  and  oil,  gum  copal,  rubber, 
liides,  ivory,  and  gold  dust.  Vegetation  is  lux- 
uriant. 

Freetown  (30,000  inhabitants'),  on  Cape  Sierra 
Leone,  is  tho  capital.  It  covers  four  sipiare  miles, 
and  has  some  good  buildings,  schools,  churches, 
and  government  offices.  The  dominant  race  is 
the  Timni  (about  2t)0,000),  on  the  j)lains  bet  ween 
the  llokelle  and  Little  Sarcio  rivers.  Their 
language  is  widesi)read.  Several  books,  ri'lig- 
ious  and  educational,  have  been  translated. 
The  people  are  very  superstitious  and  suspi- 
cious. A  great  power  among  them  is  (lie  Puna, 
a  se^cret  society  in  which  wizard  influence  is 
very  strong  and  often  deadly.  Of  the  samo 
stock  are  the  BuUams,  divided  into  two  sections 
by  the  encroachments  of  the  Tiiuni.  Tho 
northern  occupy  between  the  Mallecory  Elver 


AFRICA 


29 


AFRICA 


10  Siena 
ire  iiiilos, 
li\irt'lii>s, 
it  rin'o  is 
betwoon 
Till  ir 
is,  ri'lit!- 
msliUi'd. 

(1    MllSlli- 

Jic  I'uriii, 
luencc  is 
Ihi'  Kiinio 
1  scctinns 
Ji.  The 
Iry  lUver 


and  the  Sierra  Leone  estunry  ;  the  Houlhern, 
Sherlii'i)  Island  nnd  nei^liburing  district.  Thu 
warlike  Meiidi  dwell  east  of  the  southern 
JJiillaiiis.  The  Linibas  are  a  imworfnl  triho 
dwelling  mirtlieastof  the  Tinini.  The  Giillinns. 
on  tho  liihurian  frontier,  are  aggressive  nnd 
skilful.  The  SatYrokos  and  Konos  dwell  near 
the  Niger  water-shed,  among  the  sources  o£  tho 
coast  stre.iiiis.  In  the  east  the  Moslem  Man- 
dingans  are  making  eneroachnients,  and  in  tho 
northeast  the  lliii>us  (Fulah  tribes).  East  of 
the  Tiiuiii  are  the  pagan  and  uncultured  Kur- 
ankos,  and  farther  nortli  the  hospitahlo  Solimas. 
The  colonists  (freed  negroes)  are  nearly  1(),(MI0 
in  number,  and  are  rrotestaiits  of  tho  various 
denominations.  The  Los  Islands  and  adjacent 
coasts  north  of  the  Mallecory  Itiver  are  occu- 
pied by  the  I'ligas  and  tho  courteous  Su-Su.s, 
whose  spi^ech,  a  Mandingan  dialect,  is  the 
diuuinant  one  in  the  whole  region,  and  pos- 
sesses tho  Bible  and  several  other  translations. 

Thi^  Cliurch  Missionary  Society  undertook  its 
mission  iii  Sierra  heono  in  IsiH,  and  has  en- 
joyed encouraging  success.  The  Wesleyan 
Methodist  .Missionary  Society  comes  next,  with 
nearly  ecpial  statistics  ;  Lady  Huntingdon's 
connetaioii,  the  Society  for  the  Proiiagation  of 
the  Gospel,  the  I'aris  l^vangelii'al  Missionary 
Society,  the  T'nited  Methodist  Free  Churches, 
the  I'nited  liretliren  of  Ohio  I.Vmerican),  tho 
African  Methodist  Kpiscopal  Church,  and  the 
lioiiian  Catholics  also  pursue  missionary  work 
there. 

Sfiii'ii'tinhUt  comprises  the  regions  watered  by 
the  Senegal  and  tho  (raiiibia,  and  is  divided 
politicidly  into  Knglish,  Portuguese,  and  French 
Seiiigambia.  The  first  comprises  the  settle- 
ment on  the  left  bank  of  tlie  (iambia  at  its 
nioutli,  Klephant's  Island,  lull  miles  inland  ; 
.McCarthy's  I.sliiiid,  still  fartli(  r  from  the  sea, 
and  tho  Los  Islands,  forming  together  the 
colony  of  Gambia,  with  Uathurst,  on  St.  Mary's 
Island,  as  the  capital,  and  is  connected  with 
Sierra  Leone  (ip  v. ).  I'ortugiiese  Seneganibia 
(also  calliMl  (iuineai  lies  botwten  theXunezand 
Casamaii/a  rivers,  including  ISissagos  .Vrchipel- 
ago.  -Vrea,  17(100;  |)opulation,  loll, (Kill.  But 
little  of  tills  fertile  territory,  watered  by  rivers 
rising  in  the  Futa-.Iallon  highlands,  has  been 
actually  occupieil  by  the  Kiiropean  masters. 
French  Sonegiimbia  constitutes  the  jirovinco  of 
Sewijal,  or  Ihe  Frrnch  Soniinn.  and  has  a  coast 
line  extending  from  the  Mallecory  ti)  the  Xuuez 
(ITid  miles)  ;  and  jiassing  by  the  I'tutuguese  pos- 
sessions, it  (Mimmenci^s  again  at  the  Cassamanza 
and  continues  to  Ca])e  Bianco  ((."ill  niiksi. 
From  Cape  Verd  inland  the  French  jxissessions 
extend  C.IKI  miles  fo  the  Nigir.  The  Futa-.Jallon 
highlands  and  tho  I'pper  Niger  basin  are  also 
under  the  French  Protectorate.  Area,  about 
2(1(1  llllll  sipiare  miles.  The  l,.w  Hat  si aboard  of 
S.'iKgambia  rises  toward  the  vast  plateau  which 
culminates  in  a  di  ersilieil  mountainous  region 
which  duscends  abruptly  to  the  I'piier  Niger 
basin.  Ill  tho  south  it  meets  the  Kong  Moun- 
tains, and  in  the  north  throws  out  some  spurs 
into  the  desert.  Nuiiu-rous  rivers,  as  thi!  Melle- 
eiiry,  Dubreka,  Nunez,  Ccuiiponi,  Cassiiii,  Kio 
(iranile,  (reba,  Cacheo,  (^isamanza,  (iambia, 
Salum,  and  Senegal  rise  in  the  highlands  and 
'low  in  jiiirallel  directions  to  the  Atlantic.  Tho 
lluvial  basins  are  fertile,  and  the  iiKuintains 
and  alluvial  deposits  contain  iron  and  gold. 
riiH  giant  baobab,  acaoia,  p/ilm,  kola-nut  tree, 
lig,  orange,  sycamore,  etc.,  are  representative 


among  the  flora.  Tho  ostrich,  bustard,  stork, 
l)arttiitgo,  and  a  gieai  variety  of  large  and  small 
animals,  both  wild  and  domesticated,  aro 
found.  The  clin.ato  is  severe  for  Europeans. 
The  rainy  season  commences  in  May  or  Juno, 
and  increasps  in  length  as  you  approach  tho 
E(piator.  The  Senegal  is  the  northern  limit  of 
suiticieiit  rainfall.  The  thermometer  ranges 
between  an  average  of  77  in  tho  winter  Keason 
and  W  in  the  suniiiier.  Tho  heat  in  tho  in- 
terior and  in  the  south  is,  during  the  latter  Jiart 
of  tho  lainy  season,  almost  intolerable.  'Iho 
chief  town  in  Seneganibia  is  St.  Louis,  tho 
capital  of  the  French  possessions.  Dakar,  near 
Cape  Verd,  is  the  head(]Uarters  of  trading  com- 
imnies  and  the  tiirminus  of  tho  St.  Louis  Kail- 
wav  (Kill  miles  long)  and  of  the  .\tlantic  Cable. 

Tho  inhabitants  are  :  1.  Jloors,  descended 
from  tho  /aiiaga  Berbers,  and  intermingled 
with  both  .\rabs  and  Negroes,  show  a  great 
varietv  of  types.  Thev  arc^  sjiirited,  brave,  and 
fanatical  Moluimmedaiis,  and  aro  found  north 
of  the  Senegal,  only  om^  trilie,  the  Dakalifas, 
being  fcuiiid  (Ui  the  south.  2.  'I'he  Negro  raci  s, 
which  form  the  bulk  of  the  population,  includo 
the  Wolofs,  very  black,  brave,  and  suiierstitious, 
mostly  Mohamme(bins,  inhabiting  most  of  tho 
territory  bounded  by  the  Senegal,  FalemC-,  Ciam- 
bia,  and  tlio  sea-coast  ;  the  Serers,  akin  to  tho 
Wolofs,  and  cui  their  southern  borders  ;  tho 
Sarakoles  of  the  Mi<ldlo  Senegal,  akin  to  tho 
Mandingaiis,  of  u  wild  dispositiiui,  ami  an  im- 
portant element  in  the  population  ;  the  Kas- 
sonkes,  eastern  neighbors  of  the  Sarakoles  ;  tho 
Jallonkes,  formerly  occupying  Futa  .Falhui,  now 
resiiling  between  tho  Bating  and  the  Niger  ;  tho 
-Mandingaiis,  occupying  the  ( iambia  and  ]iart  of 
the  Upper  Senegal  basins,  mostly  Mohanimedaii 
dealers  and  the  chief  preachers  of  Islam  ;  and 
the  Toueouleurs  (Tacurol,  the  old  name  of  tho 
country),  mostly  half-caste  Negroes,  Moors,  and 
Fulahs,  eastern  neighbors  of  tho  Wolofs,  and 
fanatical  Mohammedans  ;  ;!,  The  Fulahs  aro 
found  between  the  Negroes  of  the  seaboard  and 
those  of  tho  Niger  in  a  more  numerous  and 
comjiact  body  than  olsew  here  in  .\frica,  though 
cnup-'unities  of  them  are  found  as  far  south  as 
the  Benuc  Itiver  and  us  far  east  as  Darfur. 
They  claim  kin  with  tho  wbito  races.  Many  of 
them  are  very  beautiful.  They  are  intelligent, 
skilful,  and  brave,  though  mild,  and  have  never 
taken  part  in  the  Klave-trade.  Thoy  aro  mostly 
Mohammedans. 

The  principal  languages  of  Seneganibia  are  the 
Wolof,  which  is  the  language  of  commercial  in. 
tercourse,  and  has  grammars,  dictionaries,  etc., 
the  related  (ienres,  the  Mandingan,  the  Fulah, 
and,  north  of  tho  Senegal,  the  .\rabic.  Tho 
French  Protestant  Church  and  the  K(Uiian  Catho- 
lic have  mission  v oik  i.i  Si  in'gal.  The  Wesley- 
an  Methodist  Mission  (Fnglisli)  has  stations  iu 
(iambia.  on  the  islands  St.  Mary  and  McCarthy. 

77(6  Siliitni  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  tho 
regions  known  as  the  Soudan,  and  watered  by 
tho  Senegal,  the  Niger,  the  atlhieiits  of  Lal:o 
Tchad,  nnd  the  hiiul  streams  of  tln^  White  Nile  ; 
on  the  (ast  by  the  Nile  ^■alley,  and  on  tho  north 
by  the  Mauritanian  uplands  and  the  Barka  pla- 
teaus (Cyrenaica).  The  leiigih  is  it, (Kid  miles  ; 
mean  breadth,  about  illKI,  Excluding  tho  desert 
regi(Uis  of  Tunis,  Algiers,  and  Morocco,  the 
oasis  in  the  nortlieast  'i!id  the  grassy  zone  in 
the  siuith,  tho  area  may  be  estimated  nt  2,5(10,- 
(1011  scpiare  miles,  .\bout  one  ninth  of  the  area 
is  covered  with  sand  dunes  ;  tho  rest  consists  of 


AFRICA 


311 


f: 


roc'kH,  liii^lilandrt,  stoppes,  ouhps,  strips  of  MjUi. 
viiti'd  liorilcr  IuikIh,  etc.  There  firo  viilleys  iiiid 
running;  wutors  aiiinn^;  the  tiiilainls.  Wells  iir(> 
Hiinken  hern  and  tiiere,  hut  the  water  is  liraek 
ish.  The  atiiiDsphero  is  very  dry,  fo^;s  aliimst 
unkninvii,  heiivy  showers  rare  ;  tlesh  never 
jMitrelies,  Tlio  tlieriiioiiieter  raiit?8s  from  1 1(1 
K.ihr.  ill  the  daytime  to  2(1  ut  iiinht.  The 
hiroi'co  froui  the  south  is  greatly  dreaded.  Tlio 
desert  routes  are  often  rendereil  dangerous  by 
the  tilling  >ip  of  tho  wells,  or  their  possession 
liy  an  enemy.  The  guides  form  a  sort  of  priestly 
paste.  The  ehief  routes  across  the  desert  are  : 
1.  Fioni  Timhuktu,  on  tho  L'ppor  Niger,  to  In- 
salah,  theiieo  to  (rhitdames  and  Tripoli,  or  to 
Algeria  and  Tunis  ;  2.  From  Timhuktu  to 
Morocco  ;  It.  From  Katsena,  in  JJritish  Soudan, 
to  Tripoli  hy  Air  and  (llmt  ;  1.  From  Knka, 
southwest  of  Lake  Tchad,  to  Mur/uk  and  Trij)- 
oli.  The  trade  of  these  routes  amounts  to 
about  |;K)(),()()I)  annually.  As  tho  great  river 
routes  into  the  interior  are  explored,  the  desert 
routes  will  heoomo  less  imiiortant.  A  railway 
is  projected  connecting  tho  French  possessions 
on  tlie  .Vtlantio  and  Mediterranean.  Politically, 
tho  Sahara  is  divided  between  Jlorocco,  the 
French  possessions  in  tho  nortli,  and  Turkey. 
Arab  tribes  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  desert. 
AVest  and  south  of  tho  oasis  of  Kufarah,  and  as 
far  as  tho  trade  route  bet«'een  Lake  Tchad  and 
Fezziin,  dwell  tho  Tibbus.  They  are  jealous 
Mussulmans.  Economic  conditions  render 
them  hardy,  agile,  and  rather  undersized. 
They  are  of  jiegro  stock,  but  mixed  with  Arab 
blood,  and  aro  related  to  tho  Darkas  of  ]?orgu. 
Chief  centre  of  population  is  Itardai,  in  tho 
midst  of  palm  groves.  Tho  western  central 
Saha.a  and  northsvestern  regions  are  occupied 
by  Taureg  lierbers.  They  are  tall,  slim,  and 
enduring,  of  light  conii)lexion,  and  ambitious. 
The  western  Saliara  receives  n  share  of  rainfall, 
and  has  a  few  rivers  tlowing  into  the  Atlantic. 
The  Spannirds  possess  the  coast  line  from  Capo 
Blanco,  tho  northern  limit  of  the  French  j)os- 
sessious,  to  (!ape  IJojador,  4H()  niiles  farther 
north,  There  aro  no  Christian  missions  to  the 
Saharan  tribes. 

MDmc.cn,  0)'  ^^((rro<•l'n,  bounded  north  and 
west  by  tlie  Mediterranean  and  Atlantic,  and 
east  by  a  conventional  liuo  separating  it  from 
Algeria,  extends  into  the  desert  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent,  according  to  tho  activity  and  jxnver 
of  the  reigning  Sultan.  Xwn.  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  'iOO.OOO  to  ;)().">, (HH)  scpiaro  miles  ; 
population,  perhaps  (!. 0(10,(1(1(1.  It  consists  of 
three  States  subject  to  the  Sultan  Shorit — the 
kingdoms  of  Fez  in  tho  ncu'th  and  Morocco  in 
tho  southw(!st,  and  the  oasis  of  Tallli'lt,  besides 
several  semi-independent  tribal  territories  of 
the  desert.  Tho  Atlas  (l)eren)  range,  from  4,000 
to  1:),000  feet,  traverses  the  country  from 
northeast  to  southwest.  For  the  rest,  the 
surface  is  occupied  by  rolling  steppes  diversi- 
fled  by  mountain  spurs,  and  merging  in  the  low- 
lands  of  the  Sahara  and  the  Atlantic  shores. 
The  rainfall  is  greater  than  that  of  the  other 
Miiuritanian  States,  as  also  the  nundier  and  size 
of  tho  rivers,  none  of  which,  however,  aro  capa- 
ble of  floating  anything  but  very  light  craft. 
The  flora  is  that  of  Southern  Kui-ope,  most  re- 
Boiubling  that  of  Spain.  A  plant  ])eetdiar  to 
Morocco  is  the  one  which  yields  "  ammoniac  " 
— a  resin  used  for  the  purpose  of  fumigation  ; 
the  argania,  which  needs  no  irrigation,  and 
whose  berry  is  eagerly  eatou  by  animals,  is  also 


AFRICA 

indigenous.  The  lion,  i>anther,  bear,  wild 
boar,  hyena,  lynx,  fox,  rabbit,  osfrich,  and  all 
domestic  animals  arc  found, 

T"he  climate  is  mild.  e(iuable,  and  very  salu- 
brious. The  governiiK'Ht  is  an  Oriental  despot- 
ism, cruel  and  barbjirous,  and  the  country  is 
iiifcst(Ml  by  lawless  bands.  There  are  no  ])ro|ier 
means  of  transiiortation  in  the  interior  ;  agri- 
culture is  of  the  must  jirimitive  kind,  and  the 
rich  resources  of  the  country  remain  unde- 
veloped. Every  seapcnt,  however,  has  its 
trad((rs  ;  in  Fez  there  are  riOO  Spaniards  ;  with 
Fiance  and  England  there  aro  extensive  com- 
mercial relations.  Tho  schools  aro  very  primi- 
tive ;  no  newspaper  is  jmblished  anywhere  ; 
slavery  still  exists  ;  the  emperor  has  hundreds 
of  wives,  though  iinlygamy  is  not  extensively 
liractised  liy  tho  people.  Tho  houses  aro  built 
of  stone. 

The  ISerbers,  original  inhabitants  of  the  coun- 
try, form  two  thirds  of  the  population,  and  are 
divided  into  several  groups,  as  tlio  Kabyles  of 
the  north,  the  Shellahas  of  the  southern  sloiies 
of  the  I'liper  Atlas  range,  the  Jlaratius  of  tho 
south.  The  Shellaha  language  is  that  most  ex- 
tensively spoken.  Arabic  is  also  largely  dif- 
fused, especially  in  the  north.  The  Arabs  are 
called  Moors  in  tho  towns,  where  they  form  tho 
majority  of  the  po|mlation.  They  aro  sociable 
in  disposition.  Miu-occo  ranks  next  to  Arabia 
in  the  Mohammedan  mind.  The  Jews,  still 
calling  themselves  "  exiles  from  Castile,"  num- 
ber over  100, 000.  They  speak  Spanish,  and  to 
some  extent  Arabic.  The  negro  population, 
pure  and  half-caste,  are  constantly  recruited  by 
the  slave-trade  with  the  Soudan.  Mohammo- 
danisni  is  the  religion  of  the  empire,  and  tho 
Sultau-Sherif  is  to  the  AVfstern  Mohammedans 
what  the  Turkish  Sultan  is  to  those  of  the  East. 
There  are  missions  of  the  North  African  Jlission 
and  of  the  London  Society  for  Promoting  Chris- 
tianity among  the  Jews  in  Morocco. 

Ahjeri't,  a  French  colony,  has  a  coast  line  of 
about  .'ioO  miles,  and  reaches  inland  from  H'iO 
to  ItSO  niiles.  Area,  1 7(), 000  s(piare  miles  ;  jiopu- 
lation,  :),400,00(l.  Traversed  by  parallel  ridges 
from  east  to  west,  the  whole  country  is  moun- 
tainous, with  extensive  table-lands  and  elevated 
valleys.  T'iie  rivers  are  numerous,  but  short  ; 
lakes  and  marshes  abound,  though  many  of 
them  are  dry  during  the  summer  ;  warm  medic- 
inal springs  are  fouiiil.  The  "  Tell,"  or  hilly 
country,  including  tho  maritime  zone,  lias  tv 
fertile  soil,  abundant  rainfall,  and  extensive 
arable  jdains,  which  )iroduce  wheat,  barley,  and 
other  grains  :  in  tlie  south  or  "  Sahara"  country 
pasturage  and  fruits,  the  ])alm,  pomegranate, 
tig,  peach,  etc.,  alxnmd.  The  fauna  is  similar 
to  that  of  Morocco.  The  mineral  wealth  is 
enormous.  The  climate  of  the  "  Tell  "  country 
resembles  that  of  tho  south  of  Spain.  In  tho 
"Sahara"  country  the  heat  is  often  excessive. 
Next  to  Cape  Colony,  .Vlgeria  is  tho  largest  cen- 
tre of  Eurojiean  population  in  Africa.  French, 
Spaniards,  Italians,  (iermans,  Uritish,  natu- 
ralized lews,  and  other  Europeans  number  .lOO,- 

000.  French  settlements  are  found  not  only  in 
tho  coast  towns,  but  in  tho  interior,  and  loads 
run  in  all  directions  to  tho  verge  of  the  desert  ; 
there  are  about  1,'200  miles  of  railway.  Tho 
native  population  (2.000.000)  is  Mohammedan. 

1.  Kabylo  I.erbers,  active  and  industrious,  are 
b.v  far  the  most  numerous.  2.  Moors  are  found 
chiefly  in  the  coast  towns  and  villages.  ,'1,  Bed- 
ouin Arabs  roam  over  the  "Sahara"  country. 


Is  Hiniilnr 
Ivea'ith  is 
I'  cnuntvy 
In  tho 
bxcessivp. 
tgost  cell- 
Fvriu'li, 
Lh,  niitu- 
|i\).>r  ",00,- 
l)t  only  iu 

aosert  ; 

Iny.     Tho 

Ininiediin. 

^ions,  are 

ixre  found 

3.  Bed- 

I  country. 


I 


■i 


i 


I 


AFRICA 


31 


AFRICA 


4.  Nt'uro  froedmrn  nnd  linlt-cnstcs  fiiriii  iin  iiu- 
l)i)rtiiiit  iiidiistriiil  clfiiiciit.  Coiisliintinf,  Al- 
^(iiTM,  mill  ( (ran  urn  the  ciiintiils  of  the  three  iid 
iiiiiiistiative  (livisiiuis  nt'  tlie  (•nlimy.  'I'he  North 
Afiii'ii  Mishidii,  the  I  lilted  rreslivleriiiii  Chineh 
of  Scofhiiid,  tlie  I'reiieli  Kviiii^jelinil  Mi^sioimrv 
.Society,  the  I.otiihm  Soeiety  for  I'ldiiiotinn 
Christiiiiiily  iiiiioli;^'  the  Jews,  mid  tlie  Itoiiimi 
(-'iitliDlie.  Ohiireh  lm«e  iiiirtsioiis  in  Alueriii. 

Tunis  is  (^eiieriilly  siiiiiliii'  lo  Aij^eiiu  in  its 
lihysieiil  mill  cliiiiiitii^  coiiditions  mid  etliniciil 
cleiiienls.  Areii,  1(1, "i")!!  siiiime  niili  s  ;  iioi>iilii- 
lion,  iiliiiiit  l,.")lHl,()iMI,  NhowiiiK  very  iiiueh  j^reiiter 
•  leiisity  tli.tn  in  AJi^iriit  or  MDroeeo.  'I'he  Kuro- 
)ieiiiis  iiiiiiilier  idioiit  Mi'i.diHl.  The  iiiliiiinistrii 
tioli  r.f  the  country  is  divided  lietweell  the  l!ey 
mid  the  l''rench  (ioverniiient.  The  former  ex- 
ercises nominul  control  over  the  iilVnirs  of  the 
interior,  whih^  I'rmiee  iidniinisters  the  linmices 
and  |iroviiles  for  the  defcne(^  of  the  country. 
There  are  I'rotestiint  missions  in  Tunis,  curried 
nil  liytlie  North  Africa  Mission  iind  hy  the  Lon- 
don Society  for  rromoting  Christinuity  iimony 
the  JewH. 

Tri}m\i,  bounded  on  tho  northwest  by  Tnnis, 
on  the  east  by  the  Nubian  Desert,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Knypt,  imd  inulndinn  within  its 
Kouthern  border  tho  oases  of  Kiifra,  Po/,zan, 
etc.,  coverH  an  area  of  about  4Ku,U(M)  H.juare 
miles,  and  has  a  iiopulation  of  1,010. (ton  souls. 
It  is  a  dependency  of  the  Turkish  Kiiipire, 
thiui^h  the  authority  of  the  Sultan  is  often  set 
at  niiu^jlit  by  the  local  chiefs  and  nli^jions  lead- 
ers, Tho  reli^;ious  order  of  the  Selioussis,  whose 
cajiital  is  .Tarabuh,  in  the  Fared  (rliah  (Jasis,  in 
tlie  Libyan  Desert,  is  the  dominant  power  in 
the  wliol(>  country.  The  Senonssi  is  a  Moslem 
sect  which  has  ^rown  very  rajiidly.  The  Caliidi, 
or  ■'  lieutenant  of  (tod,"  has  under  him  a  com- 
plete hierarchy  of  subordinate  oflicers.  Special 
couriers  at  his  disposal  enable  him  to  communi- 
cate with  all  parts  of  the  comiiiunity  with  in- 
credihle  celerity.  Once  a  year  he  convokes  the 
Kuperior  officers  in  a  synod  at  .larabub.  The 
various  ^'overnments,  K(^yptinn,  Turkish,  and 
Tunisiaii,  have  accorded  to  the  society  (isoal 
imiunnities  and  concessions  of  territory.  It 
has  1.")  stations  in  Morocco,  in  in  AlKcriu'.  10  in 
Tunis,  CiCi  in  Tripoli,  and  17  in  Kg.vpt.  The  Sul- 
tan of  Wadai  is  one  of  the  most  fervent  adherents 
of  the  sect.  It  does  not  confine  itself  to  the 
white  race  ;  tho  lilacks  have  been  drawn  in  by 
its  nuiiierons  schools,  founded  in  the  Soudan, 
which  have  extended  their  intlueneo  from  Sene- 
Kiimbia  to  Timbuctoo,  Lake  Tchad,  liahr-il- 
<:  ha/el,  and  even  to  the  country  of  the  Dauakils, 
the  (iallas,  and  the  Somalis. 

Tripoli  is  divided  naturally foradministrativo 
puriiosesinto  lour  iirovinces  :  1.  Tripoli  proper, 
lying  between  Tunis  and  liarka  ;  •>.  liarka  or 
t'yrenaica  ;  It.  Fezzan,  and,  i.  lUiat,  southwest 
of  Fezzan.  besides  these  are  the  oases  of  Kufra, 
lield  hy  tlin  Senoussi  brotherhood,  and  inde- 
pendunt  of  the  Turkish  authority.  Tho  cnun- 
try  is  made  up  of  vast  sandy  jiluiiis  interrupted 
liy  rocky  ranges,  with  a  fertile  strip  ail.jacent  to 
the  sea,  and  hero  and  th.'ro  in  the  desert  a  de- 
pression, wliere  the  s|.rings  of  water  are  sutli- 
cient  tor  a  few  inhabitants  and  their  groves  of 
date  iialiiis.  The  iirincijial  jiroilucts  are  corn, 
barley,  olives,  saffron,  figs,  and  dates.  The 
climate  is  varialile,  resembling  that  of  Southern 
Kurope,  and  generally  salubrious.  Tho  popu- 
lation consists  of  Arabs.  Herhors,  Negroes 
(brought  from  the  interior  us  slaves,  and  speak- 


iiig  miiny  clialects,  chielly  the  Hausa),  Turks, 
and  .lewisli  mid  Ijiropean  (Maltese)  traders. 
•V  fi-w  uiiiiilluential  Coptic  groujis  are  found. 
The  Maltese  are  lirilish  subjects,  speak  Italian, 
and  jirefer  the  Christian  (liomiin  Catholic)  re- 
ligion The  North  .\frica  .Mission  has  1  sta- 
tion in  'l'ri|ioli. 

SiuUliinsL  Atiii'iin  Isldiiils.-'Vtisinii  d'.Vciiii- 
lia  (ill  :I7  south  latltiub'  and  \2  west  longi- 
tude) is  a  rocky  group  on  the  highway  between 
the  Cape  and  La  Plata.  It  is  1,H(MI  miles  from 
the  Cape.  .\rea  of  all  the  islands,  DO  Si|Uaro 
miles.  It  belongs  to  llritain,  mid  the  language 
of  the  ]ieoplo  is  Kiiglish.  '1  he  highest  jieak  oti 
the  priiii'i]ial  island  is  H.."iO()  feet  high  and  snow- 
clad,  i'laiits  of  the  temperate  Zone  thrive  well. 
I'liere  are  no  niitihs  or  insects,  .\ipiatic  birds 
abound.  Domestic  iinimals  are  tlii'  (diief  re- 
sources of  the  jieople.  The  climate  is  excellent. 
The  natives  are  i>liysicall.v  a  line  race,  and  are 
the  issue  of  I'.iiropeans,  .Vmericans,  anil  lioers, 
married  to  half-caste  women  fieiii  St.  Helena 
and  South  .\friea  ;  pojiulatioii.  ll'i 

St.  Helena,  1,110  miles  due  west  of  Mos- 
samedi'S,  and  1,100  miles  north  of  Tristan 
dWeuiiha,  has  mi  area  of  17  sipiare  niiles.  Tho 
climate  is  mild,  varying  between  fj:!  in  the  win- 
ter and  .Hit  in  the  summer.  Ijiropean  settlers 
have  introduced  the  princi]>al  domestic  animals 
and  n  great  variety  of  plants.  I'opulatioii, 
4,r)00.  It  is  a  liritish  Crown  colony.  Chinese 
and  Malay  Coolies  and  Negroes  are  mixed  with 
the  population.  The  Society  for  the  I'ropaga- 
tion  of  the  (lospel  has  a  station. 

.Vscension,  '.i:!0  miles  south  and  a  few  degrees 
west  of  Cape  I'almas,  isalJritish  Crown  colony. 
Though  within  550  miles  of  the  Kipnitor,  and 
at  times  sub.jeet  to  oiijiressivo  heat,  the  climate 
is  salubrious.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  liritish  gar- 
rison.    I'ojiulation  '200. 

In  the  (iulf  of  Ciuinea  are  four  islands  :  1.  An- 
nobon,  a  mass  of  fissured  rocks,  covering  7 
sijuaro  miles.  The  rainfall  is  copious  and  tho 
forests  dense.  Its  ttOO  inhabitants  are  negroes, 
and  profess  the  Koiiian  Catholic  religion.  The 
island  belongs  to  Sjiain. 

'2.  St.  TliomaH  (San-Thonie),  though  so  near 
the  Kcpiator  and  the  marshy  coast  line  of  tho 
continent,  yet  enjo,vs  the  cool  southern  current, 
and  its  uidands  liiivo  a  salubrious  climate, 
especially  for  I'uropeaiis.  It  covers  H70  sipiaro 
miles,  has  an  abundant  rainfall  and  exuberant 
vegetation.  It  is  a  rortugueso  colony  with 
a  white  jmpulation  of  about  1,'JOO,  while 
the  natives  numbiT  17.000.  Some  of  them, 
],l!00  in  number,  on  the  west  coast,  are  de- 
scendants of  A  Hunda  negroes,  who  preserve 
their  customs  and  speech.  Others  are  descend, 
ants  of  the  slaves,  who  cultivated  the  cinchona, 
coffee,  and  cacao  plantations  of  tlie  I'ortugueso 
colonists. 

I).  I'rincoss  Island  (I'rincipe)  belongs  to  Tort- 
ugal.  Area.  (10  sipiare  miles  ;  poiiuiation.  2.500. 
They  are  all  negroes,  but  call  themselves  Port- 
uguese  Catholics.  The  rainfall  is  coiiious  and 
vegetation  luxuriant,  but  the  climate  insalu- 
brious. 

4.  Fernando-Po  is  a  Spanish  possession  IS 
miles  from  the  mainland.  It  covers  an  area  of 
H'M)  square  miles,  mostly  mountainous.  Tho 
llora  is  diversified  and  abundant.  Most  of  the 
European  domestic  animals  have  been  intro- 
duced. Population,  liO.OOO.  The  natives  are 
called  Bubis.  They  are  evidently  from  tho 
mainland  orip''nally,  though  inferior  in  spirit 


^ 


AFRICAN 


33 


AQARPABA 


I 


Mild  pLyHi(|Mo  tn  their  relntivoH  of  ttip  rnaRt. 
Tlii>>' H|iQi>kH('voralttialoctHof  thii  lli'iiitu  f"tiiily. 
'I'tiny  worMliii)  tlui  (irt)iit  Spirit,  mid  liiivp  iniiiiy 
l)iirlpiiri)iiH  1111(1  niipcrMlitiium  iirm'ticin.  S|miii.sli 
inis>iic)!iitri('H  liilior  auion^  tli)<  liliicUs,  uiid  tlio 
I'riiiiiUvu  MtitliodiHts  liiivu  '2  HtittiiiliM  on  tlin 
islillld. 
Tlii^  Wi'Ht  AfricHii  IhIiiikIs  arc  : 

1.  'riiii  ('a|iii  Viird  IslaiidH,  which  Idriil  a  cnlo 
iiiitl  |ii)ssi'ssi(iii  of  S|>iiiii.  Anil,  t,  l>~iii  H(|iiiir() 
iiiih'H  ;  iiopuliitioii,  Id,')  (Kill,  Thx  clitiiatu, 
cilniili/iMl  li_v  tin'  siiniiiuidiii^;  wiitcrK,  viirici 
from  I'll  ill  winter  to  ',l|  in  siumiiut  ;  lui'iin 
tfiiipcniturt',  7")  .  'I'liK  ruinfiill  in  iiri'nulm-  mid 
Hoiiii'titiii's  iliit'i'i'tivi'.  'I'lii-  inlialiiliints,  iiltiioHt 
exclusively  negroes,  call  tliernselvcs  Ciitliolic, 
tlioiii^h  tliey  iiiinnlc  many  of  the  mudciit  supor- 
Htilions  with  the  pnu^tice  of  Cliristiauity. 

2.  'i'lio  CiinaricH,  near  the  Morocoaii  liead- 
lands,  are  also  a  Spanish  possession.  Area  (7 
islands),  2  ><">0  Kipians  miles  ;  ]iopiilation,  ;!()1.. 
0(10,  Fh)ra  and  fauna  arc  I'.iiropeaii  in  char- 
acter ;  mean  ti^mperiitnrc,  ahoiit  7ii  ,  with  a 
ditturiiuco  of  17  lietwceii  th(^  hottest  mid 
cohk'St  months.  'I'hi!  inlmliilants  use  the 
Spanish  latiKua^c  fxclMsivcl,v.  and  in  all  re- 
spoct.H  aro  scarcely  ilistmgiiishahle  from  the 
jipoplii  of  Spain. 

U.  Madeira  is  IIImI  miles  from  the  .\frican 
Coast  and  5:1.")  miles  from  I'ortuj^al,  to  which  it 
lielonns  p(ditically.  Two  of  the  islands  are  in- 
habited.  Area,  325  square  miles  ;  population, 
i:il,(Hi().  'I'hti  scenery  is  jiicturesipie,  the  cli 
male  <leli|^htful.  Sut,'ar  and  wiiic  are  the  (diiet 
liroducts.  'I'hn  inhaliitants  are  mostly  I'lU'tu- 
t^iiese,  with  an  admixture  of  .Vrali  and  Negro 
blood  amoii(4  the  lower  classes. 

Jui.ll  A/n'niH  l.iliDuls. — -1.  Sokotra,  15(1  miles 
east  of  Capo  (iuanhifiii,  the  extreme  ])oint  of 
Snini'.'iland,  is  a  crnwn  colony  of  (Ireat  Uritain, 
and  is  administereil  from  .Vdeti.  .Vrea,  l.iidi) 
.scpiaro  miles  ;  |)0|)nlatinn,  12. (Hid,  The  surface 
is  largely  rocky,  some  of  the  crests  heinj^  4, 7(H) 
feet  hiirh.  Not  f^enerally  fertile,  valleys  and 
tracts  are  found  whose  vegetation  contrasts 
nmrkeilly  with  tho  nei^,'hliorinn  shores  of  Asia 
and  .Africa,  Climato  is  less  sultry  than  that  of 
Araliia,  lieiiiK  relieved  l>y  the  monsoons.  The 
people  are  aluuist  exclusively  pastoral.  Cattle, 
sheep,  goats,  asses,  camels,  have  lieen  intro- 
duced. Heptiles  are  common.  Mohammedan- 
ism prevails.  Nearly  all  the  people  call  them- 
selves .Vrahs,  thou^^h  they  are  of  mixed  ori- 
gin. 

2.  The  Seychelles,  5  soutli  of  tlio  Kciuator 
and  about  hoo  miles  from  the  .\frican  siMiboard, 
form  a  group  of  2'.t  islets  disposed  in  circular 
form,  as  if  resting  upon  a  submerged  atoll  lid 
miles  in  circumference.  In  sonio  of  tho  islands 
(.'ranito  rocks  rise  to  a  height  of  2, (Mil)  to  ,3,;i(l() 
feet.  Population,  15,15(1.  A  liritish  depend- 
ency, it  is  administered  from  Mauritius.  Cli- 
mate, equable  and  fairly  salubrious,  ranging 
between  Hi  and  7h  .  Tobacco,  cacao,  coffee, 
sugar,  rice,  etc.,  are  raised.  Exports  are  cocoa- 
nuts,  vanilla,  tortoise-shell,  and  cloves.  (lOats 
are  the  chief  domesiic  animals.  The  current 
speech  is  the  French  imlnis  of  Slanritius.  Many 
negroes,  mostly  rescued  by  IJritish  cruisers 
from  Arab  dhows,  are  found  on  the  islands. 
Missionary  work  is  carried  on  by  the  Scottish 
Presbyterian  and  the  Colonial  and  Continental 
Societies. 

3.  About  half  way  between  tho  Seychelles  and 
Mudugascur  are  the  -Vmirantes,  only  (i  of  which 


arn  inhnbited,  nnd  theMo  by  NiittlerH  from  Hej- 
rhalles  and  MauritiiiH, 

I.  Midway  between  Madagascar  nnd  the  Afri- 
can mainland  are  the  Comoro  iHlands,  in  tho 
Mo/.ambiipi(^  Channel.  They  belong  to  I'rance. 
Area.  M()(l  sipiare  miles  ;  population.  5(1,(1(10. 
The  Kartal  Volcmio,  in  the  (Ireiit Comoro  Isimid, 
occasionally  active,  is  N  ."pill I  fci't  higli.  beaiilifiil 
and  imposing.  Teni|)eiature  ranges  betwcer» 
CpH  and  Hi  from  May  to  Oi^tober.  and  in  tho 
wi't  season  between  77  mid  ',15  .  Itains  aro 
copious  and  tli<^  soil  fertile.  The  inhabilantH, 
called  .\nl'Aloi'li,  arc  a  mixture  of  African, 
.\rab,  unci  .Malay  elements  ;  the  religion  is  Mo 
hammedaiiism  ;  one  half  the  jio|iulation  con- 
sists of  slavi's.  The  current  spceidi  is  a  variety 
of  Ki-Swahili,  though  the  ollicial  language  in 
.\rabit!.  Knglish  cii|iitidists  own  |>lantations  on 
some  of  these  islands. 

5.  Mauritius,  or  Isle  of  rrmice,  OK)  milen 
soutluiist  of  the  Seychelles  and  550  east  of 
Madagascar.  Area,  71  :l  scpiare  miles  ;  popula- 
tion, about  '10(1,0(10.  It  is  a  crown  cohuiy  f)r 
(ireat  ISritain.  The  island  is  surroumli'  I  by 
coral  reefs,  and  is  of  a  very  mountainous  char 
acter.  Hills  ri^c  to  the  lieight  of  U,70(l  feet. 
From  llecember  to  .\pril  the  climate  is  opprcs- 
nively  hot,  and  tine  island  is  visited  by  destruc- 
tive cyclones  ami  rain  storms.  May  to  Novem- 
ber the  weather  is  conl  and  pleasant.  I'rincipal 
export  is  siigiir.  Two  thirds  of  the  population 
is  madu  up  of  llimlil  Coolies.  The  remainder 
is  comiiosed  of  I'reiK'h,  Knglish,  half-CMstes, 
and  s(uue  representatives  from  the  Aliiciiii 
mainland  mid  from  Madagascar,  the  Mala,vait 
Archipelago,  China,  eti'.  The  clergy  are  sup- 
ported by  the  State,  and  rei)rcsent  tine  Churcli 
of  Kngliind,  Church  of  Scotland,  and  lioman 
Catholic  Churcli.  Most  of  the  wl  itrs  are  Cath- 
olics. A  government  sclioid  system  jireviiils. 
Protestant  missionary  work  is  carried  on  by  tho 
Socuety  for  tho  Propagation  of  the  (iospcl. 

Arrioiiii  ITIclliodiNl  KpiN4-o|»al 
<iiiir«'li,  miHNi«»iitiry  ll<»iir«l  *tf  I  lie. 

-    Ileinhpiarters,  Koom  (11,   Pible  House,   .\stor 
Place,  New  York    N.  V.,  U.  S.  A. 

The  foreign  mission  work  of  the  African 
Methodist  I'^piscopal  Church  is  carried  vn  at 
Port  au  Pritu'e,  Ilayti,  at  San  Domingo,  in  Sierra 
Leone,  .\frica,  and  in  the  Indian  Territory.  In 
Africa  the  outlook  is  especially  hojieful.  Tho 
work  wasc(Uiimcneed  in  Freetown,  Sierra  l.eone, 
in  iMMil.  .\  mission  1ms  since  been  organized  in 
the  interior,  on  the  Scarcies  lUver,  where  10 
acres  of  land  were  given  to  tho  missionaries  by 
tho  king  of  the  country.  A  mission  bouse  ac- 
commodating loo  has  been  erected.  IJeceijitH 
for  the  cjuadreniiiiim,  Ihm-I-HH,  *I5.2',)5. 

Atfiiii,  or  FiiliiNlin  Kara,  a  language 
belonging  to  the  llamitic  group  of  African  lan- 
guages, and  spoken  bv  tho  FaliDsha  Jews  in 
the  Kara  district  of  .Xbystunia,  about  Metam- 
nieli.  These  Jews,  says  Mr.  Cust,  occupy  the 
anomalous  position  of  not  being  Semitic  either 
in  blood  or  in  speech.  During  the  year  lHH-1 
tho  liritish  and  Foreign  liiblo  Soiuety  publisheil 
an  edition  of  the  Gospel  of  St.  Mark  in  tho 
Kthiopic  character.  Tho  version  was  made  by 
a  i'onverted  Falaslia  Jew  named  IJcru,  from 
Professor  Klieinisch's  Pogos  version.  Tho 
latter  also  revised  and  edited   the  translation. 

Agarpara,  a  village  in  the  district  cast  of 
Calcutta,  India.     A  station  of  tho  C.  M.  S.,  with 


i? 


I 


« 


AOARPARA 


3S 


AINU 


liiu- 

Is    ill 

Itmii- 

tlio 

lilliiT 

tlio 
|o  by 

from 
Tho 
tion. 


'JlH  chiiruh  lUdiiiborH  and  it  honae  (nr  (eiualu  >ir- 

jllllltlK. 

Atfril,  tlin   nipitftl   of   tlin   prnvinne   of   llio 

rtiiinii   iiiiiiH',  foriiiin^   n    UviHinii   of  ttio   north 
wdsti'iii   proviiK'rs  lit'   Itritisli   Iiuliii.  NtiiniU  in 
tli«  o]Miii   plitin   of   himli,  liiis   lH(l,'Jiiii    inliitlii 
liinU,  ntiil   H  stfiiilil.v  KuinifiK.     'I'ln' Urst  mis 
hion  wiis  Htiirtf'il  InTi'  in  IHIJ  hy  t'lm|iliiin  Cor 
ric,  ('.    .M.   S.  ;  in    Ihici  airivcil   Mr.   rfiiinlcr. 
riii>  |iiililu!  (lH|iiitiitions  l>i'lu'i'i'n  llm  luttri  .  lul 
tlic  .MoliiiMiiiK'iliin  HclinliirH  in  Ih.'iI  nimlu  av.'x  t 
Hi'iimitmn.    'I'lm  .MoliitiiMiii'ditns  niisi'd  tin*  ({ri'ri 
liiii^,  tlui  wiir  token,  Imt  tlicir  InnliTs  wcri'  I'oin 
pfllcd  to  IliMi  to  MniMM  or  Constuiitinopli'.  Tlirri) 
ari'  now  Mill)  I'liristiiHH  in  tlin  city,  iiiuoim  whom 
III  iirit  lliiptists.      lli'siih^H  jtn  coiiinion  Nchoolx, 
thu  iiiisHJon  niiiintiiins  ii  'loriiml  school,  u  nifili- 
ciil   hi'„'hsidioo|,    iiiiihi   iitiil    fciiml",   oponcil   in 
IHSl    liy  Dr.   Vidrntitli',  iiml    tlio    Collect)   of   St. 
John.     It   is  iils>>  oci'iipli'il  MS  u  stiition   lpy  th« 
lliiplist   Miss.  Soc,  iKiiuiliind)  iiinl  thu  Mothodist 
EpLsi'o[Jul  (liiinlM North),  U.  S.  A. 

AuiiaMCiilivilU'o,  Mi'xii'o,  ciipitiil  of  the 
siiiiillfst  State  in  the  Moxii'im  IJepuMie,  '270 
miles  northwest  of  Mexico  (-'ity.  SiirroiindiMl 
with  rich  niirdiins  iilpoiindinn  in  olives,  tl^'s, 
vines,  pi'irs,  etc.  Chiimte,  teinperiitu  ;  uver- 
.i>,'e,  .'..s  Fiihr.  Population,  :iil,iiliii  .Mexicans, 
Lini^;im(4i},  Spunish.  Uidi^;ion,  Itonmn  Catholic. 
Mission  station  of  Ciimlierliind  rreshyterian 
Church  (IHHH)  ;  1  missionary  and  wite,  'J  native 
helpers,  I  oiit-Ktation,  1  (jliuruh,  'J  UicmbtTM  ; 
coutribulions,  iitoOi), 

.Vuilllt*. —  I'own  in  Naj4asaki  diHtrict,  Japan, 
which  borders  on  ihti  cast  coast  o[  the  island  of 
Kiusliiu  Mission  station  Methodist  episcopal 
Church  I  North  I,  II.  S.  .\.;  1  nativo  preacher, 
■M  cliurcii-iiieinbcrs. 

.\llllltl«llll>a«l,  tht)  capital  of  tho  provincn 
of  (iujarat,  the  jprcsidency  of  lionibay,  British 
India,  has  l'Jli,<llMI  Inlialiitaiits,  .V  station  was 
founded  here  in  ISIJ  by  llin  S,  !'.  (r.  Since 
l''il:l  it  has  boon  occupied  by  the  Irish  I'resby. 
teriati  (y'iiiuch  Mi.ssion,  which  sustains  a  hif^h- 
sidiool  and  a  |irintln^  ostablishment.  In  1x77 
a  peculiar  movoiuent  caused  considerable 
trouble.  'I'ho  converts  of  the  caste  JJIied  op. 
p  )sed  tho  reception  by  the  mission  of  converts 
from  tho  lower  castes,  and  many  of  tlieiu  lef!. 
the  mission  themsidves.  Onu  missionary,  1  lay 
teacher,  ;t  zenana  missionaries,  and  1  modical 
(female)  missionary  ;  21)  nativo  helpers, 

AlliiiiidiiiiKur,  a  city  in  tho  presidency  of 
Bombay,  British  India,  stands  on  the  l)eccun 
plateau  and  on  a  lino  of  rail  loinin^^  Bhond  on 
the  Bombay  and  Madras  line,  with  Manmad  on 
the  Bombay  ami  Calcutta  line.  It  has  It7,o<lil 
inhabitants,  and  is  one  of  the  most  proniisin){ 
stations  of  the  V.  B,  C,  F,  M.,  with  a  hiL;h- 
Hchool,  a  college,  a  theological  seminary,  a  girls' 
boarding-school,  and  a  church  with  a  native 
pastor  and  over  ItOl)  members.  In  IHMI  (Iraves, 
Hervey,  and  Uced,  missionaries  of  the  .\.  B.  0. 
F.  M,,  settled  here,  founded  schools,  and  visit- 
ed the  neighboring  villages.  Some  able  Brah- 
mins Were  converted.  Still,  np  to  Is,"),")  the 
wh;>le  number  of  converts  amounted  only  to  7H. 
But  then  a  movement  arose  which  spread  to 
about  101)  villages,  and  brought  over  CiOl)  coiu- 
liiunicants  into  tho  church.  .\  convert,  Krishna- 
riio,  introduced,  in  JSC-J,  the  KirlUiii  at  the 
meetings— songs  on  the  life  of  Christ,  sung  with 
instrumental  accompauiment.    After  I'iUD  many 


hoiiKoboIdH  ileclitrpil  theinHelvi'H  willing  to  pay 
titheH,  In  lM7Hher(' were 'JI  pastors  partially, 
since  IMX'J  entirely,  maintaiiii'd  by  the  coiiure- 
gations.  The  .S.  I',  (1,  entenxl  the  llidil  in  Im7i), 
ami  the  Konian  Catholics  a  few  ^icars  later,  ainl 
some  friction  was  thus  caused.  Since  IM?',) 
however,  the  two  Brotestanl  societies  liaveiiiiii 
ably  diviileil  the  li  dd  between  them,  and  the 
Komanisls  have  practiially  witlnlrawn.  The 
.V.  B,  C,  K.  .M.  has  :|  missionaries,  with  their 
wives.  '1  female  missionaries  ;  also  a  station  of 
the  S.  1'.  ()  ,  with  t  niisHionaries  and  ^^  schools. 
The  Christiiin  Vernacular  Kdiii'iilion  Society 
'ho  maintains  a  training  schoid  lure,  in  (lose 
a:  illation  with  the  ,Vmerican  mission,  which 
avails  il<elf  largely  of  the  advantages  thus  af- 
fordeil  for  the  |)r(iper  training  of  its  native 
teachers,  I'llpi's  are  also  sent  to  it  by  some  of 
the  other  missions  in  the  Presidency. 

.\i<lill,  a  city  (called  "(iii/.el  lllssar." 
'beautiful  castle")  in  the  province  of  .\idin, 
in  Western  Turkey,  ")7  miles  southeast  of 
Smyrna,  ropulation,  in  iiiii)  i  hielly  Turks,  It 
is  a  pretty  ]ilai'e.  piclures(|iiely  situated  on  the 
.M.iander  Uiver,  and  built  out  of  the  ruins  of 
the  ancient  city  of  Tridhs,  once  occu]iying  thin 
site  The  city  is  noted  for  its  activity,  aiul 
|>ossosses  many  khans,  ba/aars,  mosi|iies,  pal. 
ai-es,  and  interesting  ruins.  Out  station  of  tho 
.\,  B.  C  F,  JI,  worked  by  the  missionaries  at 
Smyrna. 

Ailllliril,  a  South  .Vmerican  languagi>  spoken 
in  the  republic  of  Bolivia.  .V  trniislation  of  tho 
New  Ti'stament  from  the  Vulgate  was  made  in 
Is-27  by  I)r,  I'azos  Kiiiiki.  Of  this  translation 
only  the  (iospel  of  Luke,  with  the  Spanish  ver- 
sion in  liarallil,  wiis  issued  in  Isil'J  by  the  Brit- 
ish ami  Foreign  Bible  .Society,  which,  up  to 
March  Hist.  Ins'.I,  disposal  of  l,|i)l  copies. 
Hibli'  Work  is  now  more  effectively  carried  on 
by  the  American  Biblo  iSociety  through  the  Val- 
l>arai80  Bible  Society. 

{Hj/ecimen  verse,  John  !)  :  10.) 

Huoama  Diosf^a  mundo  munana,  sapa 
Vokapa  quitani,  taquo  baquenaca  iau-siri 
Iflayan  h&cana-pataquL 

Aiiios,  or  AiiiUH  (I'.e. ,  men).  Tribes  inhabit- 
ing Saghalieii,  Ve/.o,  tho  Kurilo  i.slaiids  and 
various  adjaciiit  regions,  jjiirtly  under  .lapaiieso 
and  partly  under  Bussian  jurisdiction.  Tra- 
dition says  that  the  Japanese  were  originally 
.Vinos,  and  only  became  a  distinct  raci;  by  in. 
termarrying  with  tho  Chinese,  The  .Vinos  are 
ditTerent  from  other  Mongolian  tribes,  and  in 
their  more  vi^;orous  jihysical  formation  resenu 
ble  the  Caucasian  type.  Though  armed  and 
painted  like  savages,  thoy  are  inoffensive  and 
liospitable.  but  rather  shy.  They  are  pagans, 
and  jiraetiso  jiolygamy,  groups  of  ID  or  12 
families  living  together  in  miserable  lints,  with 
a  chief  for  each  group.  They  sujiport  them- 
selves by  hunting  and  fishing.  There  is  no 
special  mission  work,  though  tliere  are  portions 
of  the  Scriptures  translateil  for  them. 

Ainu,  tho  language  spoken  by  the  Ainos, 
They  have  no  literature  of  any  kind,  and  though 
they  are  iible  to  speak  a  low  jKtois  of  Japanese, 
they  can  neither  read  nor  write  that  language, 
nor  are  they  able  to  follow  or  understand  a  ser- 
mon jireacheil  totbeni  in  Japanese.  They  there 
foro  require  a  version  of  the  Scriptures  in  their 
own  language,  which  tho  Ilev.  J.  Batchelor,  of 


AINU 


34 


AKOLA 


tho  ("liurph  MisRtoimry  Society,  lias  rfiluofd  to 
wrieiiit,'.  Ht>  iiIho  puMislnil  it  very  iiiiiPdrlniit 
Ainu  Hraiiiiiiiir.  liciii^  tlif  only  t'ciri'if^iirr  wlm 
Hiiiji'i-slaiiils  tile  liiiinniif^f.  V  traiisliitii)ii  of  tin' 
<ios|)il  of  Matthew  was  ]iu1iHs1i(m1  in  IhmV  at 
'I'liliio,  aiiil  was  fiilli>Wf(l  by  tlu-  i>iililicatii>n  of 
till'  r.ook  of  JdiuiIi  in  Iw^^.  JtotL  iiarts  are  in 
Itmiiaii  rliaiacti'l's. 

•  ■  b,  a  city  of  Asin  Minor,  nliont  'Jj 
of  the  Kuplirati's,  near  t  iie  Syrian 
las  ;{."i,lMi(i  iiilialiitants,  ciii  'lly  I'lirks 
nnd  ..riiicuians.  One  of  the  most  Idiirisliiii" 
stiitioiis  of  tlie  A,  ]!.  C  I'.  M.,  with  a  lar^e 
feniali  seiiiiiiary.  aeolle^'e  f  iiindeil  in  IsTl.  and 
a  nu'ilual  institute  foundeil  in  Isno.  'I'Lere 
urn  I  hir^'o  chnri'hcs,  2  of  tlieiii  lia\jn<;  stono 
l>uihlini;s,  with  acoDiiiinoilatioti  for  over  1.(100 
ca<'li  The  Protestant  eoiniiiunity  i>.  one  of  tlie 
most  inlluential  in  I'nvkey  The  effort  in  lHil:l, 
to  esfal)Iisli  an  Kpiscoinil  cathedral  failed.  In 
the  early  part  of  IS'.IO  there  was  a  yreat  revival, 
and  lar^e  nuiulurs  of  persons  were  converted. 
'I'lie  coiniiion  schools  are  on  tlie  ^,'radeil  system, 
are  supporteil  entirely  hy  the  people,  aiul  nro 
of  very  marked  efficiency  Aintali  f'ollc|,'e.  al- 
tliounh  indopendi'iit.  is  closely  coniiecti'd  with 
tliy  mission.  The  hospit'd  and  dispensary 
has  l)een  most  elUcient.  'I'he  missionary  forco 
consists  of  :!  missionaries,  with  their  wives,  nnd 
3  fuuialo  niissiouarit's.    (See  Armenia.) 

Aillllllki,  onp  of  the  '.)  Ilervoy  Islands 
(q.v.)  ;  the  inhahitaiits  are  Christians,  with 
native  iireachers.  Mi.ssioii  station  of  L.  M.  S.  ; 
1  missionary  and  wife,  -  native  pastors. 

/liyoilNll,  a  station  of  the  ('.  M,  S.,  in  tlie 
«lioc(>seof  Calodouia,  IJritish  Colunihia,  foundeil 
in  is.s;). 

AJillllKlitii,  a  mission  station  of  the  Nether- 
lands .Missionary  Society  iu  the  Minaha.sa  Ten- 
insiila  of  I'eleliis  (il.v.). 

AJlllore  (British  Indial,  the  HmnlleRt  of  the 
five  jirovinces  into  which  the  jprcsidency  of  Iten. 
({at  is  divideil.  It  is  situated  in  Kaji>ulana,  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  India,  some  '.lOO  luiles 
from  Calcutta,  in  a  straij^ht  linc\  Its  limits  of 
latitude  'north)  are  'S'>  110  and  2(1  4."),  and  of 
east  lont,'ituile,  7:1  Til' and  7")  2-'.  Its  area,  in- 
cluding; the  <listrictof  .Murwiiia,  which  forms  its 
Houthern  jpirtion,  is  only  2.711  sipian;  miles, 
iind  its  iiopulation  in  issl,  ■l(io.7'.i2.  It  is  en- 
tirely surrounded  liy  distrii'ts  iiinler  native  con- 
trol, and  thus  forms  an  island  of  liritish  terri- 
tory in  the  midst  of  the  liajput  Stales  of  tliat 
region.  The  chief  ixeciitive  ollii'er  of  the  prov. 
ince  is  the  commissioner  of  AjmcreMerwara, 
liiit  the  ii'^'ent  of  the  (lovernor  -  (leiiiral  for 
Itajpiitaua  is  c.im.jWci'o  chief  commissioner  of  tho 
jirovince,  and  in  this  way  the  provn.cial  Hf)V- 
trnineiit  is  Iirnuj4ht  into  direct  relations  w  itli 
tlie  general  t;i>vi'rnment.  The  province  occu- 
Jlies  the  cri'st  of  llie  water  shed  lietweeti  the 
valley  of  the  (iaiij^iH  and  liie  Indian  Ocean; 
Home  of  its  slnaiiiK  llow  casluiird,  and  liecome 
triliulary  to  soiiieof  tile  liraliches  of  the  <  iaiiLies, 
vliih'  till  waters  of  others  tlow  southwest  into 
the  Oalf  of  Cnl.'h.  A  ranv;e of  hills,  the  highest 
heiiij'  iwarly  li.OOO  feet  aliove  sea  level,  runs 
from  the  northeast  throneh  ilu'  district  to  tlie 
tiouthvvest.  North  and  west  of  .\jmere  the 
country  is  a  sandv  desert.  The  population  is 
87  per  cent.  Hindu  and  l:t  jier  cent.  Mohaniine- 
dan,  Includeil  amonv!  the  former  are  the  .lains 
(q.  v.),     XUe  uumber  of  Jvwh,  raiHis,  and  Ku- 


ropeims  is  liardly  ureal  enough  to  lie  appreci- 
able, amodiitiiii^,  all  tohl.  to  onl,v  a  little  above 
2.000  souls.  Of  the  hi^h  Hindu  castes,  the 
lirahmaiis  arc  returned  at  22,:(nh  and  the  liaj- 
pdts  (see  article  Kajputi  at  1  t,'.MM.  Other 
tastes  embrace  th'3  merchants,  while  the  'lats 
(;i2,i;'.iO)  and  the  (iiijars  (lll,''^.'^)  are  the  iirinci. 
pal  aj,'ric\iltural  castes.  Then-  are  also  sevend 
tribes  of  aborii;ines.  known  as  Mers,  or  11(11 
.Men.  The  iio|)ulation  is  net  dense.  averaf^iuK 
170  to  the  si|iiare  mile.  There  are  but  few  lar^e 
towns.  .Vjtiiere,  the  capital  of  the  province, 
ccuitaincd  in  l^^l  a  population  of  lH,7:i.">  ; 
lieawr,  the  capital  of  the  Merwara  division, 
l'i,>t2!l  ;  Nasir.diad,  where  a  detachment  of  the 
Indian  army  .i  stationed,  21  .:120.  and  Kekri, 
(1,1111.  These  are  the  only  towns  with  a  poim- 
latioii  abovi!  ."1,000.  .\s  the  district  lii  s  i.n  tho 
))oriler  of  the  liajputana  liesert,  and  is  not  fa- 
vorably situateil  with  refeiciice  to  the  raiiitidl 
(the  yearly  avera^,'i-  of  rain  beinj^  hardly  over  22 
lliehes),  it  is  liable  to  huller  from  failure  of 
the  'Ops.  There  have  bieii  six  famines  within 
the  jiresent  century.  The  most  severe  was  that 
of  IMCS-Ci'.t,  during  which  it  was  estimated  that  a 
<|uarter  of  the  population  and  a  third  of  the 
eattlo  perished,  .\jmere  is  now  coiiiiectid  by 
vail  with  the  other  Indian  provinces.  One  lino 
leads  northeasterly  to  A^ra  ;  another,  toward 
tho  south,  jiins  tlie  liiunbay  and  IJaroila  Kail- 
wav  ;  while  still  a  third  cfinneits  with  the  (Ireat 
In. .tail  I'eiiinsula  llailway  at  the  station  of 
Khandvva,  on  the  east. 

The  fniteil  I'resbyterian  Church  of  Scotland 
has  missions  in  this  ]U'ovince,  with  stations  at 
lieawr  ilHCO),  N'asirabad  ilsdl),  .Vjuiere  (ls('.2i, 
I'oili^har  (l^^ti:!),  Peoli  (IK71).  The  jiriucipal 
laii^ua^e.s  are  Miirwari  and  Hindustani. 

AJlllllia,  n  place  in  Siani,  Varther  India, 
now  mostly  in  ruins,  is  a  braiK  h  station  of  the 
.Vmerican  I'resbyterian  Mission  statiiuiin  Haiit;- 
kok  '([.v.!. 

AkilHH,  a  town  in  the  Nif^er  ilelta.  \Vest 
Africa,  founded  in  iMll.at  the  mouth  of  tho 
Nun;  a  branch  station  of  the  C.  M,  S..  under 
liisl.op  Crowther.  It  has  not  jiroveil  a  favora- 
ble field  on  account  of  Kuropean  influences. 

.lliHNlli,  a  town  on  the  southern  coast  of 
the  island  of  Nipon,  .lapan.  soulhwist  of 
Kioto,  I'ast  of  Okayania,  anil  12  miles  west  of 
Kobe;  substation  of  .V.  I!.  ('.  F.  M..  worKi  d 
from  Kobe  I'nion  Church  of  Christ,  in  Japan. 

.\killll.  a  city  iu  the  southwesteiii  part  of 
the  Teliinulaiid.  presidency  of  Madras,  jsritisli 
India,  on  Lake  Kobr.  A  llourishin.;  station  of 
the  Itaptists  of  ( intario  and  (Quebec,  having,  to- 
j,'Ptlur  with  Tiini,  l.:l'.il  cliurcli-nienibers. 

.\killl.  a  city  ill  the  island  of  Hondo.  Ja|>an, 
with  :ii;.(i(H)  inhiibitatifs.  A  statiui  of  the  His. 
ciples  of  Christ  ;  1  luissiomiry,  1 1 1  church  1111 111- 
bers. 

.%kkll\VII)',  or  Acawaio,  a  l.iiij^uaj^e  of 
South  .\meriiM,  and  spoken  111  Dutch  (iiiiana. 
lielweiii  the  years  lH.-,(l-(;il  the  Society  for  I'ro- 
niotiiit^  Cliristian  Knowledge,  at  London,  pub. 
lislied  the  liooU  of  (teliesis  and  a  )>iirt  of  the 
(iospel  of  Matthew,  the  translation  having  been 
made  by  the  l!ev.  W.  H.  Hrett. 

Akolll  HiKMhlll,  Berar,  Haiderabad,  India, 
in  part  self  supportiiii.,,  aiiUd  li.v  volunlur\  coii- 
tributious.    Tho  luissiou  (formerly  North  Bcriir 


i'rj    ; 


AEOLA 


35 


ALBANIA 


Mission)  Wiis  orf;iini/,f<l  in  IhSO,  with  1  nipiii- 
lii-rs.  who  liiid  (n't'viimsly  hirn  eiiKii^^t'il  in  in- 
<hiiiiiilint  "  fiiith"  work  in  Indiii.  At  presfnt 
the  mission  nuiiilnTs  ;">— the  Htv.  M.  J!.  I'lilli^r, 
Mrs.  Fuller,  iiml  3  l.iy  iiU'iiilitTs.  The  four  cohl 
months  of  the  jciir  Mr.  I'liUtT  ili'voti'S  to 
jiri'iii'hiiit?  tours,  ri^iu'liiu'^'  us  iimiiy  tiwvns  ninl 
vi11iil;i-s  iis  ])ossilil('.  (In  tluso  tours  thousiimls 
of  tniots  1111,1  portions  of  Siiripturi^  iiro  sold.  In 
tho  niitiy  season,  when  triivi'llitij^  is  dilHcult, 
.Mr.  I'ullcr  pri.'iichcs  in  .\kohi  iiiid  in  ncinhhor- 
iiit!  villii^!('S.  'I'ho  -Vkolii  dislrii-t  ooiMjiriscs 
'J.i'iiiil  siiiirini  miles,  with  II  jio]oiliition  of  lion,- 
(HIM.  'I'liere  lire  HTH  tnwiis  mid  villii^;es.  'J'lie 
town  of  .\kolii  cniitains  -Jo.immi  inlmhitiints.  \ 
twills'  school  und  orplmniiL;e,  for  liotli  Kiiioiieim 
and  native  twirls,  has  heiii  estahlishi.'d  ;  it  now 
rontiiins  "211  nirls.  There  are  1"(  hoys  in  tlr 
Jtoys'  Industrial  School,  Shoeiuakii.'i;,  earpen. 
try,  iiiid  hlacksmithiii^  are  t.iunht  ;  lliis  Mohool, 
it  is  hoped,  will  soon  hecome  self  supiiortinf.'. 

Work  aiiion}^  Wdiueii  in  .\kola  and  in  the  n  ar 
villtit^es  is  carried  oi>  hy  .Mrs.  Fuller  and  m.tive 
Ihlile  women.  .V  Siiiidaysehool,  urowii;).;  in 
nuiuliers  and  interest,  is  sustainecl.  In  this 
mission  eaeh  worker  is  left  free  in  the  manai.;e- 
meut  of  his  own  liraiieh  of  work,  and  holds 
himself  responsilile  for  the  e\p:'iises  of  it, 

I'upils  showing  exeeptional  iiliilily  are  trained 
to  he  |)reneliers  or  teaeliers,  hut  the  Iiiiiill  oliject 
of  the  mission  is  to  lit  its  seholars,  hy  means  of 
n  eomiiion-sehool  eduealion  nml  ii  j^ood  trade, 
t.T  earn  their  own  living;  and  to  hear  tlieir  .iliare 
in  till!  support  of  the  native  chuivhes,  which  it 
holies  soon  to  seo  formed, 

.\kolll,  capital  of  Western  IJerar,  or  Wirata, 
a  division  of  tlie  province  of  Central  Indiii. 
Since  1nn:I  ii  faith  mission  has  heiii  carried  on 
by  .Viuerican  and  Knglish  Methodists. 

Akr4>|>4»IIK,  II  city  on  flie  (lold  Coast,  West 
Afriea,  lo  miles  north  of  .\huri,  in  the  diuimin 
of  the  Olshi,  or  Asliaiili  lan^^uaj^e,  has  the 
largest  native  con^^repition  in  llio  whole  ro. 
^;ioii,  comprisiii}^  l,7'i:l  ehurcli  memhers,  a 
preache--'  seminary  with  'J I  pupils,  a  middle 
school  ,.:;d  a  hoys'  Kcliool,  all  uiiihr  the  liiisle 
Missionary  S  n'iety,  which  at  the  present  has  ,"> 
mission:u'ies,  1  missionary's  wife,  and 'J'.' nalivo 
helpers  eaiployed  ut  this  station. 

Ak\Vll|»flll.— This  is  a  dialect  of  the  Otshi 
or  .\sliiiiili  lai.;,'uane  of  the  (lold  Coast  and 
Ashantiland,  in  West  .Vfrica.  .V  version  of 
l>.>rtions  of  the  Scriptures  is  hein^'  pre|iared 
thrnii^li  the  Hritish  and  Foreign  liihlo  Society. 

.\ll>Hllill. — In  giving;  some  account  of  the 
.\lhaiiians  of  Turkey  from  an  evangelistic  jioint 
of  view,  we  hhall  notii'c  :  1.  Their  country  ; 
2.  Their  history  ;  :t.  Their  lan^;uane,  and,  "l. 
Their  presiiit  po.Miion,  and  w  hut  it  sei'ius  do- 
birahle  should  he  done  for  them. 

1.  Thrir  ('iitiiitn/,  -The  region  now  called  .VI- 
haniii  is  a  province  of  Kiiropean  Turkey, 
strelchinn  alonj;  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Adri- 
atic Irom  :t;l  to  4.1  north  latitiuh\  and  fnuii 
is  21  to  21  4H  cast  longitude.  Its  extreme 
lenf^lh  is  iihout  :tiM»  miles,  from  Montenegro  to 
the  (iult  of  Arta  and  the  frontiers  of  (treece, 
while  its  hreadtli  varies  from  TiK  to  liio  miles, 
from  the  .Vilriatic  to  au  irre^^ular  lino  on  the 
east.  t;enerally  followint,;  lofty  mountain  ran^^es. 
It  is  ilecidedly  mounlaiiKuis.  heinK  traversed  hy 
two  or  even  three  elevate  I  riin},'es,  which  neti- 
eriilly  run  piinillel  to  tho  shore  of  th..  Adriatic. 


those  in  tho  south  beinp  the  Acrokeraiinian 
along  the  sea  shoro  and  I'indus  on  the  last. 
It  is  also  Well  watered,  its  lofty  niouiitains  giv- 
ing  rise  to  iiumerons  streams,  among  w  liicli  tho 
most  important  are  the  .\rta.  llowiiig  south,  tho 
Voyussii,  tlowin;.,'  iinrlhwest.  in  South  .Mhaiiia  ; 
and  in  North  .\llmiiia  the  Krgent,  the  Shi'iimhi, 
and  the  i)nii,  which  llow  westwanl.  There  are 
important  fisheries  on  some  of  the  rivers,  hut 
none  of  them  are  navigahle,  while  the  large 
lakes  of  .laiinina,  Castoriii,  ( >chrida,  and  .Scu- 
tari impart  ii  peculiar  interest  to  the  country. 
The  )iriiicial  towns  an?  .hiniiiiia  in  the  south, 
with  its  jiort  of  Frevesa  ;  jierut  in  the  centre, 
with  its  )iorls  of  .\vlonii  and  I»urii//o,  and  Scu- 
tari, or  Scodra,  in  the  extremis  north,  on  the 
iako  of  the  same  miiiii'.  Next  to  these,  which 
are  the  seats  of  Turkish  Valis,  come  F'.liias.san, 
Argyrocastro,  Koritza,  I'rev.sa,  Avloiiii,  and 
l)urii/./o.  The  soil  is  light  hut  fertih",  and  in 
several  districts  is  will  cultivatid  ;  hut  much  of 
it  lies  waste,  iiarlly  from  defective  methods  ot 
agrieiftture,  hut  also  from  the  iiisecuriiy  of  life 
and  property  in  conse<iiience  of  tho  hands  of 
rolihers  that  so  freciueiitly  infest  the  country 
and  commit  the  most  frighlfiil  exi'esses.  It  is 
ditiicult  to  form  any  reliiihle  estimate  of  the 
]iopulatioii,  hut  probably  2,(10(),(KIU  may  not  be 
far  from  the  truth. 

The  name  .Mhaniii,  first  njiplied  to  this  conn- 
try  .\.i>.  111"'.',  originated  from  Kll.assun,  the  seat 
of  the  trihe  of  .Mliani  in  the  ceiitie  of  the  land, 
.\ncieiitly  the  regnui  from  I'revesa  to  the  mouth 
ot  the  Voyussa  was  called  Epirus,  and  was  con- 
sidered  more  or  less  as  a  jirovince  of  (ireece, 
while  all  north  of  the  Voyussa  was  known  as 
lllyricum  Hence  we  may  conclude  that  the 
.Vpcistle  I'aill  himself  preiKdled  the  (iospel  in 
.\lhania,  whin  he  tells  us  (lioiu,  ]">  :  1',')  that 
"  from  .lerusalem,  and  round  iihout  unto  lllyri- 
cum. I  have  fully  ]ireaclied  the  (Iospel  of 
Christ."  and  again  (2  Tim,  4  :  Hh  that  Titus 
had  departed  unto  Ilalmaliii.  He  tells  us  in- 
deed that  he  was  to  winter  at  Xicojiolis  (Tit.  it  : 
12),  the  ruins  ot  which  arc  a  little  north  of 
Frevesa. 

2.  Thi'  Il'slnnj  lit'  till  Alli(iniiiiis. — The  earliest 
authentic  notices  of  the  country  occur  in  con- 
nection with  the  (ireek  colonies  of  Fpidamnus, 
or  Uyrracliium,  n.nv  Dura//..),  tho  ancient  port 
of  transit  fnuu  l>ruiidusiuiii  i  Itrindisi  :■  iin.l  Fpi- 
ihiurus.  in  lliilmatia,  to  which  wo  may  add  the 
later  one  of  .Iiinnina,  which  seeius  to  liave 
grown  up  almost  uiinoticeil,  not  far  from  the 
ancient  ()racli>  of  D.idona.  on  the  Wistern  shore 
of  the  lake  ol  the  same  ii.ime.  There  is  now  also 
a  large  colony  of  Houmaiiinns.  called  Koiit/o- 
Vl.ichs,  occupying  the  I'indus  raiigt-  from  Thes. 
silly  to  .Vvhuia,  w  ilh  ram ilicat ions  on  both  sides, 
and  liol  ling  in  their  hands  the  larryiiig  trade 
of  that  di>trict.  .\s  tlu'V  speak  Itoiimanian, 
however,  tlli'y  are  ilollhtless  cohillies  friuil 
Kacia,  or  lioumniiiii.  north  of  the  haiiuhe,  and 
cannot  cliiiiii  a  higher  nntii|uity  than  the  reigns 
of  Traiun  and  .\i|riiin  (v.n  S'H-Ft.si.  hut  are  pioh- 
ahly  ot  much  later  origin.  It  is  far  •■llurwiso 
with  tho  bulk  of  the  p  .piilation,  who  cull  them- 
selves Skipetar  (the  I'.ugle  people)  loit  accejit 
also  the  name  of  .\riiiiouls,  and  thiuu^h  <li\ided 
into  numerous  idaiiswith  dialective  varieties, 
speak  the  same  language,  and  are  distinguislipil 
by  many  jicculiur  customs  and  ideas.  The  two 
chief  ilialects  are  the  Tosk.  ]irevailing  in  the 
south  as  far  north  as  Iterat.  and  the  (JIkl', 
sp  iken   in   the   region  north  of  that  cit.v.     As 


ALBANIA 


36 


ALBANIA 


there  are  Albnninn  colonios  in  Calabria,  on  tho 
oi)j)osito  L'liiist  ot  Itiily,  iinil  in  tlio  island  of 
Sinily,  while  tliiTH  Sft'iu  to  lie  traciM  over  a  I'oii- 
sidrriililu  part  of  Snitlmrii  aiul  ('(antral  Itiily 
that  tht)  Albanian  lanmiat^n,  or  onu  (.'loHt'ly  nkin. 
to  it,  was  oiici-  [irfvalcnt  tliere,  an  interi'stinj^ 
(luiistion  hasbfiTi  raised  as  to  the  allinityof  tho 
Albanians  with  the  orij^inal  inhabitants  of  Italy. 
Wo  cannot  enter  on  this  iniiuiry,  and  must 
content  ourselves  with  brielly  statinj^  the  best 
ascertained  t'ai'ts  and  ])robable  conclusions  as 
to  tho  Albanians  of  Turkey. 

Previous  to  tin'  invasion  by  tlie  (ireeks  of  tho 
country  now  called  (Free<e.  it  was  sparsely  occu- 
pied by  si'veral  races,  chielly  noinaillc,  of  which 
far  the  iM.>st  important  for  nmuliers  and  civili 
zation  were  tho  I'elasni.  They  were  largely  an 
a;,'ricultural  people  ;  were  eniinently  ilistin- 
^uisliod  as  aniiitects,  almost  all  tlu^  most  an- 
cient and  remarkable  monuments  of  arcliitect- 
ure  in  (treeco  boin^^  ascribed  to  them  ;  they 
Were  acipiainted  with  the  higher  styles  of  pot- 
tcrv,  with  workin'4  in  various  metals,  with  thu 
m  iiiut'acture  of  el.illi,  ami  with  other  arts  which 
r.iilir  civill/ed  life  so  much  more  attractive 
than  the  rude  habits  of  earlier  times.  Uut 
niiist  impcu'tant  ot  all,  it  is  the  opinion  of  Dr. 
Ilalin,  the  f^rcal  authority  on  such  cpiestions, 
that  this  pe  )iile  possessed  the  I'lio  nician  alpha- 
bet, which  they  had  enlari^cd  and  adapteil  to 
represi;nt  the  copious  soumls  of  their  own  lan- 
f,'uai;e,  and  which  the  Albanians  a|ipear  to  have 
preserved  to  our  own  times.  'I'heir  reli^'ion 
seems  to  have  been  the  worship  of  tho  sun  and 
niDiui,  tho  heavens,  the  sea,  tho  earth,  with 
niiiroor  litssof  ])ersonilication  ;  while  tho  Kates, 
or  the  eternal  decrees  of  a  Supreme  Deity,  were 
re^^'ardeil  as  controlling^  all  thinj^s.  They  had 
alsj  many  semi  religious  notions  and  customs, 
which  seem  to  have  been  coeval  with  the 
earliest  traces  wo  possess  of  the  lireoks  and 
Itimans.  According  to  this  view,  the  Alba- 
nians in  Continental  Greece,  in  Thessaly,  Attica, 
an  1  various  piirts  ot  the  Peloponnesus,  and  in 
the  islands  of  Hydra,  I'oros.  S|H:/zia,  Salamis, 
Andros,  etc.,  are  not  colonii'S  from  .\lbaiiia, 
but  (H)nimunities  of  the  original  inhabitants, 
retaining  to  this  day  their  distinct  language  and 
nationality.  Dut  notwithstanding  tliis  prog 
ress  among  tha  Polasgi,  the  GrtM'k  invaders 
had  more  advanced  ideas  still  in  regard  to 
social  order  and  personal  liberty,  and  much 
greater  aptitu<l((  for  literature  and  the  sciences, 
and  perhaps  a  clearer  a;)prehension  of  the  per- 
sonality of  tho  Deity,  though  perverted  by  an 
exuberant  imagination,  whiidi  cvorywhero  per- 
Honitted  abstract  ideas  and  deilied  those  jier- 
sonili(!ations,  and  by  an  idolatry,  tho  degrading 
ctfei'ts  of  wliieh  even  the  niatidiless  skill  of 
Phidias  and  Praxiteles  could  not  counteract, 
but  rather  riveted  them  on  the  piopio,  Hence, 
while  the  Pelasgi  c:>miiiiinicated  to  tho  (ireeks 
all  their  own  attainments,  they  were  soon  ex- 
celleil  by  tlii>  new  comers.  Tho  (ireeks  gaine<l 
universal  preeminence,  and  finly  such  of  tho 
Pelasgi  rose  to  ilistinction  as  a<1optei|  the  Ian 
guago  and  name  of  the  (ireeks.  and  were  con 
tent  that  their  Pelasgic  origin  should  bo  forgot- 
ten. T!io  lyre  ot  the  jxiet  also  and  the  j)en  of 
the  historian  were  in  the  hands  of  the  (Ireeks  ; 
and,  in  fact,  the  very  name  and  existeni'o  of 
those  Pelasgi  aro  ignored  in  (ire(!ian  histi>ry. 
Literature  and  civilization  advanced,  but 
through  tho  medium  of  the  (treek  language 
only,  while  the  mass  of  thu  I'elasgi,  clinging  to 


their  own  language,  mnst  have  lagged  far  be- 
hind their  neighbors  in  intelligeui^e,  in  social 
inrtuence,  and  in  the  refinements  of  civili/ed 
life.  This  is  no  imaginary  i)icture,  for  we  be- 
lieve it  can  be  distinctly  proved  to  have  existed 
in  ancient  (ireeee  ;  and  it  is  an  exact  descrip- 
tion of  the  i>resent  relative  position  of  the 
(rreeks  and  Albanians,  both  in  the  kingd<un  of 
(Jreece  and  in  Albania.  It  may  perhaps  be  re- 
joined that,  granting  all  this,  things  are  just  as 
they  shouhl  be,  tho  more  gifted  race — for  such 
the  (ireeks  are  in  some  resjiects — coming  to  tho 
front.  We  demur  to  this,  and  assert  that  there 
i'l  cruel  injustice  in  the  jioliey  which  consigns 
to  ignorance  and  degradation  any  cousidcrablo 
portion  of  the  population  of  a  State. 

]iut  there  were  counterbalancing  circum- 
stances, such  as,  lirst,  th<!  intense  spirit  of  na- 
tionality among  the  Pelasgi,  which  made  tht^m 
cling  to  each  .)ther,  to  their  language,  and  to 
their  customs  and  traditions  with  invini'iblo 
tenacity  ;  next,  thi^  rapid  increase  of  their  num- 
bers, whi<'h  madi'  them  crowd  over  into  Tlies- 
saly  and  Ma<^edoiiia,  and,  tliiid,  umpiestionable 
personal  valor  and  military  talent.  Tlu  se  con- 
siderations  bulk  so  largely  in  the  estimation  of 
Dr.  Halm  that,  whili;  lie  admits  that  the  ex- 
peclitions  of  .Vgesilaus  and  of  Xeiiophon  sug- 
gested to  .Vlexan.ler  the  idi  a  of  invading  Persia, 
h(!  ascribes  liis  brilliant  victories  to  the  invinci- 
ble bravery  and  discipline  of  the  Albanians  -or 
Pilasgi,  for  he  identities  the  two — who  com- 
]iosed  the  bulk  of  Ids  army.  The  exi>edition  ot 
Pyrrhus  against  the  Poiuans  brings  tho  people 
again  for  a  little  (Ui  the  stage  of  history  ;  but  in 
11. 1  .  Ill"  they  becami!  subject  to  the  Roman  re- 
imblic. 

I'lieiiceforward  their  history  may  be  brielly 
related.  While  furnishing  bravo  troops  to  the 
governmi'lit,  their  clans  in  their  own  land  had 
too  little  cohesion  to  maintain  anything  like 
national  unity,  and  it  was  only  in  preseiii'c  of 
a  common  eniMiiy  that  they  laid  aside  their  jeal- 
ousies to  defend  their  native  soil.  Two  such 
occasions  occurred  :  the  Ibilgariaii  invasion  (A.n. 
r>17  :").-)((),  the  extent  and  duration  of  which  aro 
indicated  by  a  multitude  of  nanus  on  the  map 
of  .Mbania,  but  wliicdi  was  iio  etl'ectually  thougli 
slowly  repulsed,  that  scarce  any  liulgarians  are 
left  within  the  limits  of  the  country.  The  next 
occasion  was  the  heroic  struggle  of  the  people 
under  Prince  (ieorgo  Castriotes  called  by  the 
Turks  Iskenderbi'g(Scanderbegi,  or  Prince  .Mex- 
ander,  from  his  sujiposed  reseml)laiico  to  the 
great  (ireek  warrior.  I'or  twenty  three  years  he 
successfully  resisted  tho  w  liole  force  of  the  Turks 
under  Miirail  II.  ia.d.  1  i  I:I  iD'o  ;  and  even  alter 
!iis  dcNith  Scutari,  under  tho  direction  of  the 
Vi'iietlaiis,  maintaiiieil  so  gallant  a  defence  that 
Meheiiict  II.,  the  <'oniiueror  of  Constantinople, 
had  to  retire  from  its  walls  in  a  n.  1  ("n.  Put 
soon  aftertliat<'ily  was  ban. led  over  to  the  Turks 
by  treaty,  and  most  of  the  country,  with  tlu'  ex- 
cei)tion  of  the  Mirdiles,  professeil  allegiance  to 
tho  Sultan.  Since  tin  n,  sunk  in  the  dei^pest 
igiioranci',  harassed  ami  tt  uiplcd  by  the  govern- 
ment, and  longing  for  military  distinclioii, 
nearly  one  half  of  the  nation  iiavo  become  Mo- 
hamiiiedaus,  though  their  orthodoxy  is  not  lul 
mittcd  by  their  Turkish  coreligionists.  They 
have  thus  got  admission  info  the  army,  ot 
which  they  may  justly  bo  called  the  llower,  and 
many  individuals  have  risen  to  distiiii'tion. 
Pre  tuiinenl  aimuig  these  was  Mehemet  .\li, 
tho  Pa.sha  ot  Egypt,  who  succoeiled   in  getting 


ALBANIA 


87 


AliBANIA 


his  fiiiuily  recnunized  hh  tbo  hereditary  rulers 
(if  that  uiieiciit  hiiii\,  whoso  sitiiiitioii  iissij^iis  to 
it  Ik  poriM'timl  iiiiiiortiiiu'ij  in  tin;  history  of  tho 
world  ;  mid  iinich  iilioiit  tho  huiik'  time,  Ali, 
I'lishii  o£  .Iiiiiiiiiiii,  hy  II  fonrso  of  wiuxiiiiililed 
cruelty,  misi'mjudoiisni'ss,  and  deslerity,  at- 
taiiiiMl  for  some  yrars  to  almost  alisolutc  |)o\m;i-, 
and  is  regiirdod  l>y  sonio  as  having;  jiaved  the 
way  for  the  (irctk  war  of  iiidepiiideiiee.  lint 
he  bore  tho  (ireeks  no  t^ood-will  :  and  it  liu 
helpfil  them,  it  was  liy  sliowiiij^  the  neressity 
for  some  I'l'iitnd  authority,  if  tluir  siattered 
forces  were  ever  to  achii  ve  anythinj^  imiioitiint. 

tSineo  tho  (Ireiks  olitaiiifd  their  indipen- 
deuce,  they  have  done  niiuh  to  jiroiuolc  educa- 
tion in  (ireece,  and  tlnir  zeal  has  stimidated 
their  hn-tliren  in  tlu!  provinci's  of  Turkey,  and 
even  tho  'I'nks  and  oth(  r  nationalities,  to  co|)y 
their  example.  l!ut  it  woidd  he  most  unjust 
not  to  acknowledge  also  th(!  powi'rful  assistanco 
that  was  rendered  to  them  in  the  cause  of  edu 
cation  liy  the  Kn^^lish,  and  especially  the  .Viiicr- 
loan  .Missions  to  the  (irceks,  whieli  were  estal>- 
lished  at  that  time.  Tho  rej^iilar  weekly  visits, 
too.  of  tlio  Austrian  steam  pai^kets  iilonj;  the 
Alhanian  coast  have  greatly  ])roniote('  commerce 
in  every  part  of  tho  country.  Nor  must  wc; 
omit  to  mention  a  singular  and  ancient  char- 
acteristic of  this  jieople,  which  steam-iiavit^a 
tion  has  also  facilitated  -wo  mean  the  hands  of 
men,  married  and  unmarried,  who  leave  their 
honus  for  Constantinople.  Smyrna,  Hucarcsi, 
Salonica,  .Mexaudria,  etc  ,  for  periods  val•yin^^ 
from  six  iiioiiths  to  as  many  years,  to  earn  (heii- 
Kulisistenco  and  the  support  of  their  familfes 
as  masons,  j^ardcuers,  liutchers,  j^rocers,  and 
lal)  irors  in  every  ca|iacity,  'i'hcre  is  thus  a 
Ihiatint^  .Vllianian  population  in  all  the  cities  of 
the  Levant,  that  in  ( 'onstaiitinoide  hein^  esti- 
mated at  'JO.iiimp,  Must  of  these  emi^^rants  are 
poorly  educated,  Imt  are  esteemed  eminently 
lirave,  faithful,  and  trustworthy.  Some,  hoM 
ever,  are  hij^hly  educatiil,  and  are  employed  as 
teachers,  doctors,  dentists,  clerks,  interpreters, 
etc  Tho  district  of  /  ii^orion.  east  of  Jan 
nina.  is  famous  for  seuiUng  forth  a  liifjih  class 
of  such  eiiii^^rants. 

i).  'I'll''  Allifintriii  I.ih'iiiwir  — .\s  the  term 
"  liarliarian  "  was  npplitMl  hy  tho  (ireeks  to 
nil  who  siioke  a  difTi'rent  lan^jnat^e  from  their 
own,  \vi\  know  that  the  I'elasjji  in  (ireeci,'  itself, 
the  K|)irotes.  and  the  Ill\  rians,  with  many  of 
the  Macedonians,  spoke  not  (ireek,  hut  a  dilTer- 
eut  hiiii^iiagi',  which  there  is  every  reason  to  lie- 
lievo  is  the  same  as  the  .Mhanian.  now  spoken 
hy  their  ih'sceiidants.  Its  ori',^'in  ami  character 
have  heeii  tho  sulijectof  much  disciissii>n.  some 
rof^ardinn  it  as  lielimuini;  to  tho  Indo  ( lernianic 
class,  and  others  pronouiicimr  it  a  Turanian 
hui(,'uaeo.  In  fact,  like  the  Armenian,  it  jiar 
takes  of  tlii' chaiai't  eristics  of  h  ith  these  classics  : 
lait  from  its  undouhted  aiialo;,'v  in  its  peculiar 
roots  to  the  (ireek,  Liitiii.  Sanscrit,  Celtic,  etc., 
if  is  classed  hy  many  sclmlars  not  as  a  derivative 
from  any  of  these,  hut  as  a  sistc^r  of  ecpial  an- 
ti'piily  A  f^reat  ohstach'  to  tho  critical  study 
of  Alhanian  is  tho  idisi'iice  of  any  literature  ex' 
ce]it  of  coiiiparativrly  ri'ceiit  oriijin.  Hence  not 
a  litth^  I'aro  is  noi'ded  to  distiu'^uisli  the  original 
terms  and  forms  of  the  lanuuaee  from  the  iiianv 
words  adopted  later  from  tho  Greek,  L.itin, 
Slavic,  Turkish,  jin-l  other  laii«imnes.  The  suh 
ject  has  en«a>;ecl  much  attention,  and  we  may 
notice  uu  i)ru  oiuiueut  in  this  department  Dr. 


Hahn,  who  compiled  an  Alhanian  dictionary 
ami  ^'rammar,  with  many  <  haracteristic  sjieei- 
meiis  of  tho  launua<,'e,  and  Demetrio  Camarda, 
who  studied  the  lali^^uai^e  ehietly  amoiij,'  the  .\l- 
lianian  colonies  of  Calahria  and  Sicily,  and  has 
written  lar^jely  on  its  structure  and  allinitii  s. 
To  promote  these  studies  care  is  now  taken  to 
commit  to  writiii",'  such  historical  halhuls  ns 
have  been  handed  down  to  the  present  time,  as 
well  as  other  poems  which  have  liecn  preserved 
in  various  fori. is  of  writing.  The  piildications 
also  of  the  liritisli  and  I'oreien  Ihhle  Society 
and  a  fe'V  also  hy  the  Iteli^ious  Tiact  Society, 
of  London,  have  t,'reatly  aidod  these  studiis. 
.Several  t^rammars  also  iiave  laeii  )iuhlished, 
aiiionj4  which  wc  niav  mention  that  for  the  Use 
of  (ireiks  hyCon.  Christoiihorides,  a  native  of 
Llhassun.  'I'liere  <an  he  no  doiiht  that  tho 
adoption  of  one  alphahi  t  for  the  whole  nation 
is  uit^'eiitly  called  for  ;  and  as  such  an  alphahet, 
suhstantially  the  Koman,  has  heen  introduced 
hy  a  representative  committee,  we  trust  it  may 
soon  come  into  ^,'cneral  use.  It  is  not  indeed 
invulneralile  to  criticism  ;  Imt  if  once  j,'cneral- 
ly  ado|ited  and  intrniliiced  into  the  national 
sclionls,  practice  will  su^'t;est  uniendments. 

4.  Tliv  I'lfsmt  J'li.silii)))  lit'  (III'  .MhdiilKiis,  nnil 
ifliitt  it  si-mts  lifs'fiihle  tiliiiih'il  hi'  (III), I'  fill'  till  m. 
-I'n.ler  this  division  we  happilv  i  scape  from 
specul.ttion  ami  diihions  historical  iiilimatiniis 
into  the  lii^ht  of  every  day  facts.  Ihre,  then, 
is  a  nation  occupying  n  considerahlc  portion  of 
(ircice  and  its  islands,  stretching;  from  tho 
frontiers  of  (ireece  to  those  of  Montenegro,  and 
pelutratini,'  into  Macedonia,  which  speaks  i\ 
language  entirely  dirt'ert^nt  from  (ireek,  or  the 
Slavic  dialects  of  Itiilgaria  and  .Servia.  I'll- 
haiijiily,  that  langiiago  can  hardly  lie  saiil  even 
yet  to  he  a  written  language  ;  fi  r  though  cer- 
tain jiortions  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  and  somo 
elementar.v  educational  works  have  liceii  piili- 
lishe  1  and  largely  circulated  in  that  language, 
it  would  ho  premature  to  say  that  Alhardan  lit- 
erature is  in  general  use,  or  that  the  jieoph'  em- 
ploy the  .Mhanian  language  as  the  nn  (liuiu  of 
correspondence,  the  want  of  one  accepted 
alphahiH  having  hei  ii  hitherto  perhaps  tho 
chief  obstacle.  This  fact  alone  speaks  volumes  ; 
for  though  in  n  nation  without  vernacular  Mt- 
erature  a  certain  iiroportion.  favored  hyweiiMi 
or  hy  local  circumstances,  may  acipiire  a 
limited  iiiijount  of  education  through  a  foreign 
language,  tho  mass  of  the  people  must  remain 
in  harliarism.  And  sr>  it  is  in  Albania.  In 
Southern  and  part  of  Central  .Mbania,  where 
the  jieople  belong  to  the  (ireek  Church,  and 
where  the  worshiii  in  the  churches  is  conducted 
in  ancient  ( inrk.  tho  schools  give  n  scanty  edu- 
cation in  (ireek,  wluidi  the  children  with  dilli- 
culty  acipiire,  as  tlu  ir  mothers  are  wholly  illit- 
erate, and  Albanian  is  the  sole  language  of  their 
homes.  The  chief  exci'litlon  to  this  is  that 
•lannina  Heems  to  have  been  fr 'in  the  lirsf  ii 
(ireek  cohiny.  and  jioss.'sses  a  .justly  celebrated 
gvmnasium,  which  his  promoted  (ireek  edi.ca 
tion  to  a  considerable  extent  in  Southern  .M 
bania,  but  is  still  v.ry  far  from  reaching  tho 
mass  of  the  poimlation  Something  simihir 
may  be  said,  but  in  a  far  less  degiee,  of  It.rat, 
<i  >rit/a,  Klbiissan.  and  .\rgyrocasfro,  with  Mon- 
astir  in  Macedonia,  wlih  h  has  a  consiih  rablo 
Albanian  population  ;  while  .Scutari  in  tho 
north  and  I'risrend  in  the  northeast,  b.itli 
slronghoUls   of    tho   Kouiuu   Catholic   Church, 


AliBANIA 


Its 


ALBANIA 


•m 
■-+S 


■  ! 


J; 


teach  ivii  liiij^  mul  writiuy,  tlio  former  in  Itiiliim 
nuil  Allmiiiuii,  tlio  lattur  iii  tlu'  Sirviuii  liiii- 
^1111^1',  l>iit  withdiit  pioviiliii'^  ill  I'illicr  enso 
citlur  till)  Word  of  llnd  or  iiiiy  liti'riitiui'  wlmt- 
over  to  sjitisty  flio  ilitcUictilul  uikI  s|iirilii;il 
wiiiit.s  ot  till!  jMi)i]l<>.  As  to  tlui  Miiliuiiiiiifiliwi 
jiopuliitioii.  tilt)  1,'oVLrniin'iit  liiis  ^{iiii'nilly  i>ro- 
viilii.l  schools  in  which  Tiiikish  n•lllliIl^^  iiml 
writing'  iiro  tiuit,'lit,  and  in  soiii.!  iiisiiinot's 
Aniliic  and  I'lTsic.  Itiit  tin)  jn'oido  uvini-ti  an 
invetorati)  prtitiivncc  lor  their  own  vcrnui'iil.ir, 
and  tlu'i'o  is  no  liUelihood  that  'I'lirkish  wdl 
ever  takii  its  placd.  In  slioit,  tlio  national  lan- 
Kua^,)  has  licen  i^^noi-'-d  and  sinipresscd  as  a 
lueio  jar},'on,  ninvortliy  of  liotico  and  incapalilo 
of  cultivation,  wliih)  t^vciy  rifort  has  ln'iii  iisi  il 
liy  the  (Jiceks  to  llclhiii/o  the  iieoplo  tlirouj^h 
('liiirch  and  school.  It  would  Im  unjust  to  deny 
that  t  certain  aiiinuut  of  lient>tit  has  liecii  con- 
ferred on  the  Allianians  lliroiiHh  these  elVorts; 
we  oviii  thankfully  admit  that  tlio  only  educa- 
tion which  the  people  have  as  yet  acipiired  in 
till!  south  has  lieeu  throu^,'h  the  <  ireek  lan^;iiaee'. 
]>ut  what  opinion  can  he  eiitertuilieil  of  a 
Church  that  has  niadi)  no  etT.ut  f(U-  many  cen- 
turies to  c.immunicalu  to  the  Allianians.  in  their 
own  laii'^ua'^e.  the  precious  tnasuio  ot  (iod'n 
W  )rd.  or  even  tlio  luero  arts  o£  reading  iii.d 
writing;  .''  To  tlio  iiiaNS  of  tli«  .Vllianiaiis  th  i 
services  oE  the  (rruek  Cliur'h  arc  ii  mere  panto, 
mime  in  a  forcii^n  ton^,'ue.  with  no  lueachire^;, 
and  with  little  indeed  t  )  minister  to  the  iiitel- 
h'l'tual  and  spiritual  cravings  of  the  immortal 
spirit.  On  the  other  hand,  the  'lurks,  while 
they  jiliL'il  the  peoiilo  as  the  l\ilii!isi:  Aiiiiiinil  ~ 
the  liooklcss  .Vlhaiiians  -  fomented  jealousies 
iM-tween  tliH  trilies,  and  foolishly  soiit^ht  to 
keep  them  divideil  and  in  ioiiiu'aiice,  whi'e 
aiuusiiiL,'  them  with  promise)  of  u  national  lit- 
erature, which  there  is  no  evidence  that  they 
ever  me, ml  to  fullil.  What,  then,  has  In  imi  the 
resu't  of  this  sin^;ular  stale  of  matters V  'I'liu 
answer  is  a  very  sail  one.  .Uhaiiia  is  thu  least 
civili/ed  of  all  the  provinces  of  Turkey.  Ks- 
cept  at  raro  and  short  intervals,  under  honest 
an  I  I'lieii-'etic  I'ashas,  liri^^aiidane,  with  its  cruel 
iniirders  and  atrocities  may  almost  he  said  to 
111)  a  constant  fiMf.ir<'  of  the  country  ;  so  much 
so,  that  the  ilistricts  of  Dilira,  .lakova,  Ipck, 
have  loll'..;  heen  inaccessihle  to  outsiders,  while 
till)  Mirdites,  southeast  of  Siitari,  retain  evi  n 
now  a  liarharous  semi-indcp.ndenco,  to  (^uard 
which  all  straiiKcrs  are  jealously  excluded. 
That  the  people  possess  valor  military  genius, 
and  hi;.;h  administrative  aliility  mi'.;lit  easily  he 
prove  I  ;  liiit  under  the  cHiiditions  we  have  de. 
scrihed,  national  proei',.ss  has  hoeii  impossilih'. 
The  same  causes  which  led  to  their  political 
ilisappearance  in  aiicniit  (treeco  have  kept 
tliciii  till  now  in  semi  harharism,  while  their 
neii{hliors  all  aionnd  have  lieell  Hdvunciu>;  ill 
civili/„uion  and  national  inllueiicc. 

The  first  well  directed  elTort,  BH  W<)  helieve, 
to  remedy  these  evils  was  the  puhliciilioii  hy 
tlieCirfu  .\uxiliary  of  the  Hrilish  and  l'"orei^;ii 
llihle  Society,  ill  IHJO,  of  the  New  Testament 
in  Tosk  .Vlhauian,  in  (Jreek  leltirs,  accom. 
panied  by  a  mudern  (rreek  translation.  The 
impression  consisted  of  '2,ll(Ml  <'opies,  an>>  was 
distriliuteil  cliielly,  if  net  enlifelv  hy  nift.  In 
lH."iS  a  second  edition,  also  of  2,IMI(I  copies,  was 
imhlished  at  .Vtlieiis.  Vigorous  etTorts  were 
lunde  to  put  this  edition  into  the  hands  of  the 
people  hi)  sale,  and  altlioiu^h  many  o£  the  clergy 
aud  of  the  (leoplo  regarded  it  a.s  almost  impious 


to  express  the  sacred  truths  of  the  Gospel  in 
the  lanoua^;e  of  common  life,  these  etTorts  were 
so  successtul  that  a  new  edition  \\as  sanctioned 
hy  the  Society,  in  an  improved  style  of  orthoo- 
ra|  hy,  and  puhlished  in  1^7'.'.  I'liis  inw  and 
revised  edition  of  the  Ni'W  Testament  consisted 
also  of  2,(1(1(1  copies,  hut  iilolij^  w  itii  it  were  luili- 
lislied  1.(1(10  tiospels  ami  Acts  in  one  volume 
and  1.(1(111  of  each  of  the  i  (iospels  and  of 
the  Acts  for  separate  circulation,  all  of  theso 
heino  accompanied  hy  the  Society's  tiaiislatioii 
into  modern  (ireek.  The  I'salms  were  also 
imlilislied  in  Tosk  in  iHd.S  ;  the  (ioh|iels  and 
.Vets  in  (ihc^!  in  IHCiii  ;  the  (ihei;-  I'salms  in 
IsiiS,  and  the  entire  tihe^;  New  Testament  in 
Jsii'.l.  l!ut  as  the  two  latter  editions  were  de- 
stroyed hy  lire  as  soon  as  their  circulation  had 
lie;^un,  the  Society  generously  sanctioned  at  olico 
anew  edition  of  tiie  ( 'In'!-!  lestaim  lit  and  I'salms, 
which  was  pulilishi'd  in  1S72.  These  iiditions 
Were  followed  hy  the  pulilication  in  Tosk  of  the 
iiooks  of  (ieiiesis,  Kxoiliis,  Deuleronomy,  I'rov- 
erhs,  and  Isaiah.  .Ml  the  Tosk  editions  wcro 
imhlislied  in  (ireek  letters,  supplemented  hy 
lionian  letters  and  si^iis,  while  the  (ihc.^  edi-. 
tions  Were  printed  in  the  Koman  alphaliel,  )uo- 
])osed  for  the  .Vlhauian  laiiviua^e  liy  Ijcpsius, 
The  Tosk  New  Testament  only  and  its  parts 
are  accompanied  hy  a  translation.  The  com- 
miltee  were  wi  11  aware  that  it  was  most  desira- 
hle  to  have  liut  one  alphaliet  for  the  whole  na- 
tion. Itut  the  selection  of  such  all  alphaliet 
they  hft  to  the  .Vlh'iniaiis  tlii'luselves,  and,  in 
the  mean  time,  use. I  the  alphahets  known  to  the 
people  f.irwlioiu  the  hunks  were  ilesimud.  Tin) 
Socii'tys  etVorls  nut  and  still  meet  with  miicli 
opposili'in  from  tin'  (ireik  deroy,  and  especial- 
ly the  hishops,  who  regard  the  circulation  of 
the  Word  of  (ioil  in  .Vlliaiiiati  as  contrary  to  all 
Cliurch  order  and  almost  imidoiis,  w  hile  otlii'rs, 
li  ith  ch'rjiy  atnl  laily,  ihspise  it  as  impractica- 
hle  ainl  ridiculous  The  nlleetinj;  part  of  the 
I'ommiiiiKy,  however,  have  heoun  to  regard  tho 
si'lieme  as  (he  only  one  that  f^ives  any  Imiie  of 
uniting  all  sections  of  the  nation;  and,  as  wo 
have  s.iid.  an  inlluciitial  commiltei'  was  foriind 
which  adopted  tuie  alphaliet  fi.r  the  w  hole  iia. 
ti  'U,  prepared  various  school  hooks,  and  opened 
an  Mlianian  school  in  tiie  city  of  (iorit/.ator 
(iortcliaj  in  l.ssT. 

Meanwhile,  ii  yonn'.»  .Mhaniaii  preacher,  whi> 
had  heen  edueali' I  at  .S.uiiakov  hy  the  .Vmericall 
Moard'.',  .Mission  for  lahor  aniou'.^'  the  lliil^a- 
riaiis,  was  led  to  devote  himself  to  the  evan- 
j^elizalion  of  his  countrymen,  aiel  for  thai  end 
entered  tho  service  of  the  liritish  and  i'oreii^'u 
Uihle  Society.  In  the  prosi'cution  of  his  duty 
he  was  earrii'd  otV  hy  hri^;ands  in  Issl,  and  dur- 
ing a  six  months'  cruel  captivity  leariiel  from 
experience  the  miseries  nnder  whii'h  his  nation 
groaned.  He  was  r.insomed  at  a  hioh  sum,  ami 
resumed  his  laliorswith  eiier'^'y  and  success. 
Diiriii)^  a  \isit  he  made  to  (roritza,  in  1hh7^  the 
|ireaehin'^  of  the  (iospei  in  AUianian,  and  tlm 
sinoin^;  I  ly  the  pupils  of  the  school  of  somi>  hymns 
which  he  had  translated,  made  a  deep  impres- 
sion on  the  aiiilieiiee,  amon^  whom  were  many 
.Moliainniedans,  and  he  was  cordiall.y  invited  to 
return.  The  supporters  of  the  Hcliool  also  re. 
ipiested  the  Itilile  Socii'ty  to  pilhlish  Certain 
portions  of  Scripture  in  tho  new  alphaliet,  ami 
cnoai^ed  that  the  hooks  Khoiild  he  read  hy  hotU 
hoys  and  ^irls,  Mohammedans  and  Christians, 
of  all  denominations.  Tlii'ir  reipiest  wait 
granted,   uud  the  portions — (iouesis    aud    tho 


ALBANIA 


:i'.) 


ALEXANDER,  WILLIAM  P. 


-'* 


Gcispil  liv  Miittlicw— ftp'  now  lOcloliir,  l■^^'.l| 
ill  ciri'iiliition. 

Diiliriiltiis  iimv  nriso  fruiii  tlic  f,'i'Vt3vniMciil. 
I'lMiii  till'  (iii'ck  IT  K.iiiiisli  ('liiiiclics,  111- liom 
till'  |p('ii|ilr  tliiiiisclvi's,  Imt  wit  I'cj^iinl  till'  iiiul- 
ti|ilii-iitiiiii  i)f  si'liiiols  ill  wliii'li  till'  tiMicliiii^;  I'l 
Allmiiiiiii  sliiiU  li.ivii  its  liijlilfiil  ilrv;i'i'n  ni  iilti  li- 
tinli,  111!'  I'irciiliitioii  nf  till'  lillili',  iiiiil.  iiliovc  iill, 
fill!  iirrailiiiii^  nf  tlii'  i^ii^pil  ill  Alliiiiiiim  in 
ivi'i-y  cDniir  of  llii' luiiil,  li>(^rtlitr  willi  tin- imiji 
ni'iitiiiii    lit    11   rlii'ii|i    Imt    w  IidU'sdiih'    AUmiiiiuii 

lilllMlliri',     us    till'     licst     IIH'IIIIS    llf    lllVlllillf^      llln 

iintinii.  lint  Wf  wimlil  liv  iii>  nil  mis  In-  niuli  r 
stii'iil  us  ilrsiriii^i  111  I'Xiliiili-  tint  stiiilv  lit  ( Iicik, 
Tiii'Uisli,  unil  l-jiylisli,  uliicli  \\f  rt'vjiinl  us 
isMiitml  til  iiiiliiiliiil  ]ii'iiv;r(ss.  W'l'  iiiirrlv  in- 
sist tliiit  till'  viTiKii'uliir  ]aiij,'iii«^,'r  111'  niiuli'  llic 
basis  nf  itistnirliiin.  iinil  i  spi  rinlly  that  tin' 
jii'iipli'  sliniilil  cvi'i'v  wluii-  lm\i'  till'  ^^iispi'l  mill 
anil  ini'iirliDil  in  tlu'ir  own  ti)iii,'iu'.  l''.tViirts  iiri' 
liriii'^  liiuili'  to  |iri'|iiiro  Alliaiiiaiis,  iniilii  ami 
frill  ill',  fur  Willi  aiiioii'„'  tlii'ii'  own  i)t'o|ili',  Imt 
lltlli'  ran  III'  tloiiH  witliimt  tlui  aiil  of  koiih'  in- 
lluriitial  lioily.  \Vi'  ri'joii'H  to  Iciii'ii  lliat  tlio 
Aiiii'riran  lloanl.  that  has  (loiit>  so  nititli  for 
Tnrki'V.  may  at  lust  coiik!  to  thi'  rcsitiip,  aiiil 
I'liliT  on  this  tii'lil,  in  whirli  niiiili-rn  liarliariaiu 
mill  uiii'ii'iit  civili/ation  so  stniiii^'ily  iiici't. 

Ailiaiiiaii  Vci'Ni«»iiM,  —  iS-i'  |)rt'viiiiis  iir> 
tioli'  ) 

(Sperimin  msis,     John  11  ;  10.) 

UllKJ. 

ScpsS  Perondia  kalii  «  ilcsti  botcno,  nk'  Sa 
Birin'  0  vet,  vrtom-l'Omino,  pi-r  mos  me  uvdici'c 
peo-kus  t'i  bcsuyo,  por  to  keto  yete  to  pa- 
sosptne. 

3'«fc'fc. 

Si  y^e  Flepmia  kuke    e    Sicri,    iroTeve,  ai 

ie  Bii   T€   TTt'p^'  sTiy  re   /SeTe/xti/f,  ki    T^i'X* 

6o   Ice   T^  TTfauye  m^   ui  re  fi6<:   ■^ovfindfre, 

vi)  Tf  /ctVf  7€Tei''  e  ttA  aoaovpe. 

Alllllll),  a  lily  in  Moosomi',  Itritish  Coluni- 
Iria,  -.iiH'i  |K."i.",  ;i  stutioli  of  till'  ('.  M .  S. ;  1  iiiis- 
Muliary  ainl  wifi-. 

All»rrf>li|,  4'liri«liiiii,  inissionun  of  T. 
M.  S,  to  South  Afiicu.  isiii-i.,.  Of  ■(;,.rniun 
liirih,  Mr.  Allini'lit  was  unioii^^  tin'  lirst  I'oin. 
imny  of  niissiniiurit's  who  I'l-ossi-il  tin'  draiini' 
UiviT  to  lii'-^in  thi' work  of  Christiaiiii'.iiiu  tin' 
(Mi'ut  Naiiiui|iiul,inil.  Tiny  lift  Cujit.  Town 
May,  ISO.",.  I'h,  ii'  joiiriuy  was  tliroiijih  u  wiM 
ami  ilrcary  I'oiiiitry.  lon(,''uml  full  of  Imnlshiii, 
lii'fori!  thiiy  ri'urhi'il  tlm  rivi  r.  Hire  tln-v  ili'' 
I'iili'il  to  ri'st.  whiU)  Mr.  Alliii'ilit  wus  hint  for- 
wanl  t'l  I'Xplori'  llu'  I'lmntrv  ami  liinl  a  siiitalilo 
|ilact(  for  till'  mission.  ( >ii  ui'coiint  of  Imi^;  I'oii. 
tinui'ii  ilioiij^hts  ami  snirrity  of  wiiti-r,  Im 
sili'i'tiiil  II  spot  iii'ur  two  foiiiiluins,  whiili  wint 
nuiui'.l  '.sili'iit  llopi''  ami  "  llappv  Di'livir 
niii'f."  Id'  ii'tiiriii'il  mill  I'omlm'ti  il'  lln'  mis- 
siomirii's  tliitlni'.  Tho  iljili.iiltii's  iimlir  whirli 
tht'y  laliori',1  wvtv  many  ;  lack  of  wutir  .'om- 
pi'll.'il  thfiii  to  waml.'r  from  iilui'i.  to  placo 
with  th.'  pi'opli',  who  Were  roiistuntU-  m(>vin^■ 
to  hiiil  p.isturane  for  tlicir  niltli',  nml  from  tinm 
to  tiiiii'  till'  sliitions  huil  to  111)  iilmiiiloiii'il. 

Aftor  varii-il  .'xpnrii-in'cs  it  wus  ili'i'iiu'il  lirst 
to  ri'Miovi'  thu  mission,  for  ^'rcnti'r  sufntv  to 
Wurm  lluth.  Mr.  Alhrwht  soon  fouml  it  irni'i's- 
•ary  to  iiocomimuy  his  brothur,  Abrubum  AL 


lini'ht,  who  was  failing,'  in  ht'ulth,  to  tho  rnlony. 
On  riui'liiiit,'  Honing  IIitk  his  Innlln'r  iln-<l. 
Clinstimi  .Mlirirht  wriit  on  to  tlir  rnlmiy, 
wlnri'  111!  was  nnlaimil,  .Vii^iist  'li\,  IMll.  On 
this,  his  thinl  visit,  lu'  murriiil  Sophia  Mli/it- 
lu'lh  liiii^mun,  all  ui'i'iiinplislii'il  lOn^lish  laily, 
who  rrliiriiril  with  him  to  his  In  hi  if  lalmr. 
.Xfiii'umr.  a  warliku  I'liii'f  «lio  hinl  wilroiiM  il 
till'  missioiiarirs  on  tlnir  urrivul  in  thr  ciiiin- 
try,  lollowcil  tliini  !>  Warm  Hath  ;  Imt  in  nui- 
si'iiiii'iii'i'  111  soiiii'  imprinli mil  annni^  tin-  jko- 
pli'  at  thr  mission,  .^frii'ainr  Imi-iiiih'  cin-.i^^cil, 
ami  uftrr  a  inoiith  of  tirror  tin'  mission  wim 
uliiiniloiii'il.  Afrirainr  totally  ilistroviil  tin) 
iiiission.  Ill  ls|l  .Mr.  .Mtinrht  nml  his  wifo 
sit  out  to  ri'  I'stalilish  tln'  mission  at  Warm 
Hath,  Imt  liifori'  till-  tiilnms  aiul  ilisin  ssiiij^ 
jniuni'V  was  i-mli-il,  .Mrs  .Vlliri'iht  ilii'il.  Tin! 
mission  was  ri'sunml  at  I'lilii,  soiilli  of  thu 
livir,  Imt  afti'i' a  short  limi'  .Mr  .Mliri'i-hl  iliiiI. 
In  his  ili'iith  till'  mission  Inst  one  of  its  most 
zi'ulons  ami  self  ili'iiyiiij.;  nirii. 

Al4*IIN«»,  a  I'ily  on  tin;  nulit  hIioi"  of  thu 
Nit^i'i',  Wi'st  .\frini,  uliovi-  tlm  ili'lla  ;  an  out- 
station  of  till'  ('.  M.  S.,  foiiuiKil  ill  |n7m. 

.%l<'|>|IO,  a  I'ity  of  Norlhi'rn  Syria,  ("ipiliil  of 
a  Turkish  vihiyct  of  tin'  sami'  liami'  k'.\  tho 
lionli'rs  of  till'  Syro  .\raliiaii  Disi-rt.  Ird  iiiilcB 
I'ast  of  .\iitiocli  anil  7"  iiiihs  from  tin-  Mtili- 
ti'rrani'iin.  I'opiilation,  Ilill.lllHl.  ChristiaiiH, 
1%()0(I  ;  Ji'ws,  t,(Mlll  :  (iri'iks,  Ariiiiniaiis, 
Arabs,  Turks.  Tin'  I'ily  is  inroinpussiil  by 
low,  liarrrii  hills  ami  irroi.;nlar  moiiinls.  iiiler- 
sii'tt'il  by  fi'riilii  valleys,  Tlm  rlialk  rm'ks  in 
till'  virinity  urn  coiiriali'il  liy  tlm  cili  hiaiiil 
|iistarhio  tiiii's,  ami  );arili'iis  of  i'\i|uisiti'  fruits 
ami  llowirs.  .Vlippo  is  a  rity  of  tboroufilily 
Orii'iital  type,  with  cxtilisivi)  lia/aars,  iinmi  r- 
ous  iiiiisi|Ui'S,  iiml  a  lu'ople  reimirkalile  for  their 
elej^iint  bearili;^.  The  streets  are  unusually 
j,'iioil  for  the  l-".ast  ;  ami  the  stoiie  bouses, 
with  till  ir  bali'oni'S  for  an  eveiiiii)^  proine- 
liaile,  are  Very  Well  built  ainl  sulistalitlal.  'I'lio 
eity,  bein^,'  the  only  safe  route  lietweeii 
Syria  ami  Kustern  .\siu,  is  the  ^reiit  eeiitro 
of  the  Daiiiuseus  ainl  Ilaj^'ilail  I'araViiiis.  Tli<> 
inliubitunts  are  noteil  for  their  shrewil- 
iiesM  ill  tniile,  uinl  it  bus  bii  n  very  ilif- 
lii'iilt  to  carry  on  mission  work  witli  siieeesH 
amoiin  theiii.  Several  times  it  has  lieen  oo- 
I'Upieil  liy  the  Central  'I'uikey  Misnion  of  tint 
.\.  !>.<'.  I.  M.ainl  rii'iiitly  i  iH'.ilh  a  nieilical  mis- 
sionary I'onneeteil  with  the  stutioli  ut  .\intal» 
has  taken  up  his  resilience  there. 

.lltM'l  llll)',  u  city  of  the   Kwav;utl  tril ii 

the  northern  const  of  Vum-ouvir  Islaii.l,  ami  ii 
station  nf  the  ('.  .M.  S. ;  with  I  ii.issiinmry  iiiitl 
wife,  ami  a  native  teacher. 

-llt'llllllll,  the  luiii^nai^'e  Rpoken  by  the  in- 
huliitiints  of  tlie  .Meiitian  Islumls,  belongs  ti> 
those  liin)^imj,'es  whirli  are  styli  il  tlie  luiinuiit^e.i 

of  llie  I'Alre Orient.      Into  this  laii^jnani'  thu 

(iospelof  Mutlhfrt-  was  traiisliiteil  by  the  .Metro- 
politan Inuoeeiit,  and  priiiteil  at  .Abiseow  in 
Islii,  with  the  liiissian  in  parallel  coIuiuuh. 
The  .Meiitiuns  belong  to  the  (ireek  Church. 

AI*'XHiHl(>r.  AVilliiim  l*tiU<>rM»ii.  b.  in 

I'uris,  Ky.,r.  S.  A,,  July  •Jotli,  IsiC,;  stmlnil  Latin 
uinl  (M-eek  at  Itourlioii  Aeailemy  ;  taiiubt  school 
to  obtain  the  means  to  (,'o  to  "college  •;  eiitereil 
Centre  College,  Ky.,  iM'Ji;  ;  (.niiliiateil  at  rrinco- 
toii  Tlieolo(,'iral  Seminury,  IsMO  ;  onlaiiieil  by 
rruHbytery  of  Ciueinuati",  October  12th,   1831  ; 


ALEXANDER,  WILLIAIV;  P. 


40 


AIiEXANDRETTA 


crabiirked  Novoml)er '2*ltli,  ls;n,  ns  a  iiiisHinnary 
of  the  Aincricrtii  It.ninl  for  flu-  lliiwitiiiin  IhIuiuIs, 
renoliiiiK  Ilonohilu,  Miiy  iHtli,  lH:t:i.  Sdoii  after 
his  arrival  lie  was  aiiiioiiitcil  oiio  of  a  depnta- 
tinii  from  thu  Hawaiian  Islands  to  tho  l^nf^lish 
Missiiii  at  tlio  Society  Islaiiils,  and  also  to  visit 
tlio  Mar(|iit'sas  Islands  to  ascortaiii  if  it  woidd 
be  txpi'ilicnt  to  cstalilisli  a  mission  thorc.  A 
favoral)li'  report  liavinj^  liecii  made,  it  was  d(s 
ci.hid  ;)t  a  nioeting  of  tlu!  mission  in  April,  IKV.], 
to  nndertako  a  mission  at  the  .Manpu'sas 
Islands,  and  Messrs.  Ali'Ximder,  Armstr^n^',  and 
Parker  were  appointi'd  to  coinmeneo  tliu  new 
mission.  They  reaidicid  Niinliiva,  the;  lar^,'nst 
isliinil,  N'ovi'ndier  liith.  After  spindiiig  eitjht 
months  ainont;  the  oannihids,  they  left  the  Mar 
qiiesas  Islands  to  the  I,.  M.  S  ,  whose  mission- 
aries were  th(!n  on  their  way  thither,  and  re- 
turned to  Ilonohiln,  arrivin'^  May  I'itli,  isiM. 
The  i'rudontial  Committeo  approved  their  de- 
cision, and  eonimended  the  conra^i',  enterprise, 
and  self  denyiti!,'  zeal  with  which  thi'y  had 
prose<Mited  their  mission  for  oi^ht  months  amid 
the  most  appalling  dangers  and  ]irivations. 
Mr.  .Vlexaiider's  first  station  in  the  Hawaiian 
Isliinds  was  at  Waioli,  on  the  island  of  Kauai, 
where  he  remained  from  ls:tl-l:t.  .V  sub 
stantiul  church  was  built  in  ls:i,"i,  and  the  con- 
^rogation  on  Sunday  numbered  from  HOd  to 
1,0111).  Tilt!  great  revival  occurred  IHiiCi-ltM, 
when  the  natives  camo  incessantly  from  eatjy 
in  the  morning  till  hilo  at  night  to  converse  on 
religion.  In  ls:i7  Mr.  .Vlexaiider  translated 
Legendre"»  (rometry,  aiicl  pripared  a  ti'xt  bonk 
on  surveying  and  navigation  for  the  Lahaina- 
luna  Semiiiiiry.  His  efforts,  in  conjunction 
with  ])r.  .Vrmstrong,  to  establish  a  boarding- 
Hchonl  for  the  missionaries'  children,  resulted 
iu  the  founding  of  the  I'onalnie  Scdiool  (char- 
tered in  IS.");)  as  Oaliu  Cidlege).  Kailure  of 
health  reipiiring  a  change  to  u  drier  climate. 
Mr.  .Vlexand.'r  left  the  Waioli  jiurish.  where  he 
had  laboreil  for  nine  years,  and  took  <diargi'  of 
the  seuiinary  at  Laliainaluna.  on  Maui,  in  1^4:1. 
This  was  a  high  school  established  for  the  spe- 
cial ]mr|)ose  of  educating  teachers.  It  was 
opened  in  IHUl  with  '!'>  i>upils,  and  in  lH:t7  had 
107.  Mr.  -Vlexander's  health  having  sutTered 
from  his  sedentary  employment,  he  was  graiiteil, 
in  1MP.»,  a  year  of  resjiite  from  school-teaching. 
This  year  he  spent  in  surveying  land  for  the 
Havv'aiian  (rjverniiient  on  Ka.-^t  .Maui.  Here, 
ftt  an  idevati m  of  •J,.'i(K)  feet  aliove  th(i  sta,  he 
lived  in  a  tent,  and  was  oecu])ied  in  entering 
trails  through  the  forest  to  divide  the  country 
into  sections  for  sale  to  the  natives.  During 
this  period  ;he  Hawaiian  (ioverninent  was 
changed  from  an  absolute  to  a  constitutional 
mnnarcdiy,  and  the  jioor  serfs  were  granted 
their  honn^stea  Is  in  fee  simple.  In  this  move 
meiit  Mr.  .Vlexander  was  greatly  inferesteil,  and 
gave  its  Inailers  his  earnest  co-operation,  lie- 
sides  his  I.ibors  in  the  Lahainaliina  Stuiiinary, 
he  prepare  I  books  for  the  llawaiiaiis.  He  pub- 
lished a  P'lsl'ii-'s  Midiiiul,  common  sidio  d  and 
S'inday-S(dii)iil  books,  twostandanl  books  on  Tin- 
Kiiihnrou  iif  Clirlstiunilil,  an<l  .1  Si/sli  III  nj  'I'liviil- 
(ujij.  Having,  in  X'^'i'i,  by  the  advice  ol  pliysi- 
cians,  resignid  his  post  at  Lahainaluna,  wlnre  he 
had  labored  thirteen  years,  he  became  pastor  ot 
the  ohurcli  at  Wailnku,  continuing  there  the  re 
muining  twenty  seven  years  of  his  life.  In  1m,")S 
ho  was  sent  by  the  missiiui  to  the  I'tiite,]  States  to 
BBCurn  an  endowment  and  a  president  for  Oaliii 
College,  returning  in  December,  IH")',).     Iu  1K(;3, 


by  appointment  of  the  mission,  he  commeneeil 
n  theological  H(diool,  which,  in  addition  to  pas- 
toral labor,  he  taught  .'>  days  a  week  for  1 1  years, 
"  instructing  in  all  (■i7iMipils,  niori^than  half  of 
w  hoiii  entered  the  ministry,  and  did  good  wiu'k  in 
the  native chundies and  in  Micronesia."  In  Isii'J 
ho  r(!signed  the  pastorate  of  the  Wailiiku  cdiureh, 
in  order  to  give  more  attention  to  the  theo- 
logical school,  continuing  to  preac  h  once  on  the 
Sabbath,  assist  in  the  pastoral  care  of  the 
churcdies,  and  to  take  an  active  ]iart  in  the  ses- 
sions of  the  I'resbytery  anil  of  the  Kvaiigelicnl 
.\ssociatiou.  In  ix"!  ho  was  sent  as  a  delegate 
t.)  the  Manpie.sas  Islands,  wherehe  had  labored 
for  a  few  months  forty  years  before,  and  the  fol 
lowing  year  as  a  delegate  to  Micronesia.  In  1^73 
his  huig-cherished  desire  for  a  reunion  of  his 
family  was  fullilled  in  the  gathering  of  jiarents, 
children,  and  grancUdiihlreii  at  the  (dd  M'niluku 
mansion, 'Jll  in  number.  In  1X7  I,  on  account  of 
failing  health,  he  relimpiished  the  theological 
scdiool,  and  it  was  removed  to  Honolulu.  l)n 
October  v!")lh,  issl,  his  golden  wedding  was  cele- 
brateil  at  <  ileiiside,  Haiku,  Maui,  the  home  ot  his 
son,  Kev.  .lames  M.  .Mexaiider.  It  was  a  memora- 
ble occasion.  Of  the  44  living  (hildreti,  ehildren- 
iii-law,  and  grandtdiildren,  Mil  were  present. 
T'lie  oidy  <leath  in  the  circl(>  in  fifty  years  was 
that  of  luic  grandchihl.  In  April,  Ins),  acconi- 
patiied  by  his  wife,  he  visited  his  son  Samuel 
111  Oakland,  Cal.  In  a  few  weeks  he  was  taken 
suddenly  ill.  .\  slight  mishap  m  a  surgical 
operation  resulted  in  liis  death  aftir  t^^•o  weeks 
of  intense  sulfering  'J'liis  he  bore  with  singular 
I'ourage.  His  last  hours  were  ]pcaee.  'J'lie  Itev. 
S.  I'..  IJishop  thus  speaks  of  him  :  "  Ho  was 
<'specially  great  in  couiisil  and  executive  efli- 
cieiicy.  .\s  an  instructor  he  probably  had  no 
eiiual  among  his  brethren.  He  was  a  ver.y 
decided  man,  saw  his  way  clearly  and  acted 
jiroiiiptl.v  and  vigorously.  The  secret  of  the 
wide  i>ersonal  popularity  of  so  positive  a  na- 
ture lay  in  tlui  strong,  tender,  ainl  generous 
sympathy  of  his  s])irit.  which  made  him  inde- 
scribably winning."  Mr.  I',.  ISailey,  of  Wni- 
lukii,  says  :  "  .\s  a  missionarv,  he  was  indefati- 
gable, and  never  sei'iued  to  know  when  he  had 
done  enough.  No  call  for  help  was  unheeded, 
when  it  was  in  his  power  to  hel|i.  In  cheering 
the  atllicted.  in  bearing  with  human  frailty,  in 
smoothing  the  jiathway  ot  those  iu  trouble,  he 
was  exemplary." 

(icneral  S,  ('.  .\rmstrong.  of  Hiinipton  Insti- 
tute, pays  this  tribute  :  "  He  was  the  soul  of 
hosjiitaliiy  and  of  all  kindness.  How  many 
exhausted,  wave  tossed  fathers  and  mothers  and 
children  have  been  welciuiied  by  him  as  they 
landed  from  tlit>  "Maria,"  or  "  Iloikaika,"  or 
"  Kamidiatiieha."  or  lesser  coasting  craft  on 
the  beach  at  Lahaina  ami  ascended  to  Lahaina- 
liina, and  Were  cheered  by  his  unfailing  In.mor. 
I  deejily.  teiiibrly  revere  his  memory.  I  recall 
his  noble  form,  embodying  the  Christiiin  and 
till!  lieroi(!  tyiies  I  can  almost  say,  '  The  no- 
blest Itoman  of  them  all,'  for  <lid  he  not  tower 
above  all  the  fathirs  with  his  benignant  smile 
and  never  failing  tbov  of  wit  and  wisdom  y  Ho 
sowed  seed,  the  fruition  <if  which  sjireail  silent- 
ly over  the  islands,  the  value  of  which  cannot 
bo  estimated," 

AlC'.iillKlrclln  (Iscanderoon),  a  town  on 
the  nnrthern  coast  of  Syria,  the  siiiport  for 
Northern  Syria  and  Mesopotamia.  The  port  ot 
lauding  for  missionaries  iu  the  Central  Turkey 


I 


51 


I 


ALEXANIDRETTA 


41 


ALLAHABAD 


tlio 
iin- 

iinle- 
Wai- 
i-fati- 
Imil 
■il.'il, 

Itv,  in 
be 


Insti- 
ml  of 
luany 

tlioy 
II,"  or 
ft  on 
i\uiinu- 
iiiinor. 
I  rfTiiU 
III  iiiul 

H>    IIO- 

t  tower 


suiilo 
lie 
silout- 
cannot 


iwn   on 

hilt   for 

lioit  of 

^Turkey 


« 


iiiiil  part  of  the  EaHtorn  Turkey  miHHions  of  tlin 
A.  I{.  ('.  1''.  M.  It  is  low,  niarnliy,  utul  uii- 
lu'ilthy,  ami  luo^tt  of  tliono  wlio  iln  lni'iincss 
llii'i'u  ii'Hulo  ill  tlm  city  of  Jti'vliin,  on  tlir 
iiiiioiitain.H,  alioiit  ll2  iiiilos  ilistaiit. 

Alcxillllli'iil,  a  city  of  K^ypt,  on  tin-  sliore 
of  llio  Mnlilcrraiuan.  I'miinlcil  by  Alixaii'ler 
till)  (treat,  :t:t2  ua:  Unvii\'^  fliii  Jtoiuiiii  Km 
piru  it  vas  tliii  capital  of  tlui  country  aii<l  a 
iiii>^t)  and  ifiiporlant  city.  During  the  Mi.Mlo 
Ayrs  it  (Ircliiicd  greatly  in  imp  irta'ic«.  an  t  at 
tlic  tiiMi' of  tliH  M.inn.'lulii!  riiliM''""'  1h(Iiia.ii.) 
tin-  inlialpitiints  wcro  rcdiicicl  to  alioiit  r),oiMl. 
I'ndcr  tlio  'I'lirkisli  ruin,  liowcvcr,  ami  tspo 
cially  during'  tlh>  reigns  of  Mnhaninicd  Ali  (Mil) 
Alexaiiilria  t^ri'W  rajiidly,  ami  now  tlm  popiila 
tinii  niiiiil)irs  alioul  2"(),(IIM).  Of  tlifso  •Jdll.ouo 
arc  mitivi'S  (rhiclly  .MolMiuiiiedaiisi,  spcnkiu^  t'lc 
Aial)iu  latinnaf^c.  Tlio  rcniaindc!r  arc  from 
every  country  in  Kuiopo  ami  almost  of  the 
world,  so  that  it  is  nvcii  iiioru  of  a  llalx  I  than 
is  Constantinoplo.  Tlio  i>rcsenco  of  a  larj^'o 
niimlicr  of  Kuropcans  resident  there  tliroii^di- 
out  the  year  has  hail  a  ^reat  intlueiice  in  luak 
iii^^  tl.o  city  one  of  the  most  altraetivo  in  ap- 
peaiaiico  on  the  Meiliterraneun,  with  hroad 
streets,  lino  luiildm^'s  auil  jileasaiit  drives. 
Jti'in^  on  the  sea,  the  heat  is  not  us  intense  as 
at  Cairo,  and  there  have  j^rinvn  up  a  uiiiiilier 
of  Huliiirlis,  aiiKin^  which  Kainleh  is  omt  of  thu 
most  jiopiilar. 

i'lii^  j^taieral  cliaracter  of  the  Jienpl.'  is  very 
low,  the  mitives  having  acipiired  mm  uf  the 
vices  o'.'  the  Kuropcans.  Siiiiie  uf  these  furei^'n 
residents,  liovever,  aro  imii  who  take  an  inter- 
fst  in  the  puhlie  welfare,  and  are  liheral  in  siis- 
tainin;4  hospitals  and  other  lienevolent  and 
]iliilantliropie  undertakings. 

The  Mohammedans  have  acquired  a  very  hit- 
ter feelinf:!  toward  the  riiristians  and  the  .lews, 
and  are  ever  ready  to  join  in  any  demonstration 
or  insurrection  a^fainst  them,  if  they  have  any 
reas  in  to  suppose  sucdi  a  movement  a;,'reeal)le 
to  tho  rulers  of  tho  city,  (riven  a  chief  of 
liolico  like  tho  oiio  in  olHco  in  issj,  and  an- 
other scene  like  that  of  June  Ulh  of  that  year, 
with  all  its  hiirliaric  horrors  and  cruelty,  would 
lie  enacted,  for  the  elements  suitable  for  such 
iin  net  aro  ever  ready. 

Next  to  tho  Mohanunoilaus  the  Syrian  Cath- 
olics and  Muscovites  aro  ipiito  Htrous.  Tho 
(treek  ('hurcli  is  wealthy  and  intliiential,  but 
the  ("optio  community  is  Kuiall  mid  feeble. 

Mission  work  is  carried  on  cliielly  by  tho 
Missions  of  tho  llnit(!il  rresbyterian  Ohureh  of 
tho  L'uiti^d  States,  who  maintain  two  schools,  one 
for  boys  and  a  very  llourishini,'  ami  etllcient  one 
for  Kirls.  There  aro  also  preaching  services  in 
Arabic,  and  a  church  with  sixty  one  members. 
There  are  also  two  schools  ami  Sabbath  services 
maintained  by  the  Scotch  Free  Chiirch,  one 
by  the  Church  of  Knt^land,  and  a  small  (ioruian 
church,  but  these  are  for  foreign  residents. 

Alflior,  one  of  the  Malaysian  languages, 
mill  is  used  in  the  isle  of  Celebes.  In  the  year 
]HV.>  tho  Netherlands  liible  Society  puhlislip.l 
the  (Inspel  of  .Ahitthew  in  that  language,  the 
translation  having  been  wade  by  Kov.  J.  Iler- 
iiiunii. 

Altf  lent,  a  seaport  of  the  French  cobuiy  of 
Algeria,  North  Africa,  rojiulation,  ico.diio  — 
French,  li;  (kmi,  and  Jews,  (i.dlMl,  who  own  most 
of  the  land  in  tho  city,  ami  native  Algerians. 
The  town  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 


theatre, on  an  elevation  of  oiiil  f,.ct,  and,  seen 
from  a  distance,  |ireseiits  a  very  imposing  np- 
pearani'c,  heightened  by  the  ilM/./.liiig  whitem  s8 
nf  its  houses,  w  hich  rise  in  terraii  s  on  the  fide 
of  the  hill.  Ilul  nearer  by  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  city  is  very  dirty,  and  the  streets  narrow 
and  tcu'tiious.  It  is  surnmndeil  by  a  wall  .'id 
feit  high  and  12  feet  thick,  with  towirs  iiiid 
b.ttteries,  and  has  a  lighthniise,  arsi'iial,  diiek. 
yaril,  many  nioscpiis,  banks,  theatres,  fmin- 
tains.  baths,  fac'toriis,  Imtels,  synagogues,  n 
haiidsime  cathedral  and  three  other  Catholic 
ihiirches,  a  J'rotestalit  chapel,  six  colleges,  an 
e|iisco|ial  seminary,  government  h.iuse,  ex- 
change,  bishop's  palace,  and  public  library,  lu 
the  lower  |)art  of  the  city  arcades  have  been 
built,  and  tlie  streets  widened  auil  given  I'lencU 
names,  anil  tho  whole  place  is  fast  ussuming  a 
French  aspect. 

Mission  station  of  the  I^ondon  ,S,>eiety  for 
I'ropagatiiij  the  (iospel  among  the  Jews. 

.\li-llllllM'«'«,  a  sect  of  religionists  existing 
among  the  Mnliammedans  of  Persia  and  Tur- 
key, They  are  known  under  ditlereiit  names, 
as  Dawooilees,  Alpdoolbegees.  There  is  great 
resemblance  between  their  religious  beliets  and 
those  of  the  Nusairiyeh  of  Syria,  if  indeed  tln-y 
aie  not  one  and  the  same  sect.  'I'liey  holil  their 
real  opinions  in  secret,  while  professing  before 
Mohamiiiedans  to  lie  strict  .Moshins,  and  in 
their  presence  conforming  to  all  the  rites  of 
Islam.  Ihit  to  Christians  they  declare  their 
hatreil  of  the  Mohammedan  prophet  and  law, 
and  do  not  hesitate  to  violnte  the  Moslem 
ritual.  Nevertheless,  even  to  Christians  they 
will  not  reveal  tlnir  secret  doctrines  or  jirac. 
tices  with  any  iiarti<'ularity.  Tiny  have  no 
books.  The  Davvoodee  divi,- ion  juofess  to  have 
great  respect  for  the  I'salms  of  |)avid.  A]i]iar. 
eiitly  this  strange  religion  is  but  n  heathenish 
eonudonu'ration  of  I'agun,  Moslem,  Jewish,  and 
Christian  superstitions.  Its  adherents  number 
many  hundred  thousands  in  I'ersia.  It  is  under- 
stood that  many  of  them  are  becoming  liabeea. 
Considerable  atteiii|its  have  been  made  to  load 
tliciu  to  Christianity,  but  with  little  success. 
Their  gross  superstitions  and  ignorance,  with 
their  great  fear  of  the  Mohammedans,  hold 
tli.Mii  last  in  their  iireseiit  (le|iloiablo  con- 
dition. 

Alitflirll,  ft  city  in  Aligarh  district.  North- 
western I'rovinces,  India,  xl  miles  southeast  of 
Delhi.  Cliinato  variable,  subject  to  extremes  of 
temperature.  Population,  iHsl,  of  city  and  sub- 
urbs, <'il,7:td— Hindus,  Moslems,  Jains,  Chris- 
tians. Language,  rnlu,  Hindi.  Mission  station 
of  C.  M.  S.  (ls('.:ti  ;  1  missionary  and  wife,  1(5 
native  helpers.  :i  outstal 'oiis.  It  churches,  'M 
members,  (1  schools. 

Alipiir,  a  city  in  the  district  east  of  Cal- 
cutta, in  Keiigal.  ICast  India.  An  out-station 
of  the  iJaptist  Missionary  Society. 

Aliwtll,  \<>rlll,  a  city  in  Itritish  KatTraria, 
South  .\fri<!a.  .V  mission  station  of  the  I'riiii- 
itive  Methodist  Society,  with  1  missionary  and 
wife,  1  native  ordained  pastor  and  wife,  'idl 
church-niembers. 

AllullillMltl,  cajiitikl  of  tho  presidency  of 
the  Northwestern  Frovinccs.  liritish  India, 
situated  at  the  continence  of  the  ( iaiiges,  Jumna, 
and  Saraswati  rivers,  and  is  the  stronghold  of 
Iliiidiiisni,  which  for  centuries  has  fought  sue 
cuHsfuUy  iu  this  region  against  Muhauimedau- 


ALLAHABAD 


43 


AMASIA 


f 


iHin.  Itiit  it  is  iiIho  n  HtrnnKliolil  for  ChriHtiiin 
missions,  roiiiilalioii,  l."ii),.'t7>',  sti-ii'lily  iiu'ii'iis- 
iiiv;.  Mission  sliitinii  ul'  Aiiii'rii'iiii  |'icsl)_vl('- 
riiiti  Clmri'li  N'nrlii,  IninKlid  in  \'*:u\,  wiili  a 
printitij.;  csiiililisliiiicnl,  u  tin  (il,)(,'i(iil  scniiiiiirv 
sini'c  1S7'2,  and  si'vcial  alilc  iiiilivi'  |irriicli.rs. 
.Mission  station  of  tlm  < '.  M.  S.,  witli  a  then, 
logical  sclimil.  Mrllnnlist  I'.|)isco|ial  Cliillrli 
Xo'tli,  I'J  nativi'  w.irkurs,  l"i  clniri'ii  iihihIm  r-, 
't  scliuols.  Hi  si'liolaix.  Tim  ('liurcli  of  Kiij^laiid 
/:'naiia  Mission  IS  also  very  iiutivu.  l'oi>ulation 
noar  I'lK^iHlO. 

Allen,  l>iivi«l  Olivt'r,  !>.  in  iiarro.  :^Iass.. 
Septi'Milicr  1  Ith,  IT'.i'.l  ;  liltrd  for  <•olU■^;<■  at  tlit' 
ni^a'liMuifS  in  Nrw  Ipswicli,  \.  II,,  and  New 
Hali'Mi,  Miiss  ;  sludnnl  at  Williaiiis  •olli'j^i', 
Isl'.l'il:  (^iiiduatiMl  at  AiulitTst  Collen.',  Ihj:,  ; 
Was  pri'cc'iitor  of  Lattn-nci'  Afadt-niy,  (iroton, 
l«2:l-'2t  ;  j,'radiiati'd  at  Andovir  i'licolo^ical 
Seminary,  1S27  ;  ordained  and  sailed  as  a  uiis- 
sionarv  of  tlie  American  llnard  for  India,  June 
(!tli,  lH-i7.  In  iHiil  he,  with  Mr,  Iteud,  vislteil 
iniportant  places  iu  thii  lieecaii  to  ascertain  tlm 
most  eli^ilile  place  for  a  new  station,  ami 
Selected  the  city  of  .\hlllallna^;ar,  17'>  luiles 
from  lioinlmy.  In  |s:;;l  .Mr.  .\lleii  l.fi  li.mihay 
for  the  I'nited  States,  arriving  in  May,  an. I 
retnrnoil  two  months  afterward,  emliarUiii)^ 
with  a  conipany  that  left,  Jiil.v  1st,  tore  enforce 
the  Ceylon  Mission.  Defore  proceedinK  to  liis 
station  he  visited  the  mission  in  .latlna,  Cey- 
lon, roachint^  li'Muhay,  .Imuiary,  1h:I1.  Ho 
sjieiit  most  of  ix:!")  and  \sm\  in  itineratint,'  us  a 
IJihle  and  tract  distriloiter,  ami  in  oral  preach 
iu^;  of  the  (i.ispcl.  In  Jsl7  an  eilitiim  of  the 
whole  liiUle  in  .Marathi,  translat<d  l>y  the  mem- 
bers of  tho  two  missions,  was  revisid  hy  Mr. 
Allen,  who  was  the  editorial  superintendent  of 
the  .\iiieri<'an  .Mission  I'ress,  and  a  no  iidier  of 
the  Coamittee  of  tho  JSomliay  liilile  S.icnty. 
Ho  was  <v)nne(!te  I  w  ith  the  )iress  for  many  years, 
Imt  in  lM,"(:t  was  compelled,  through  failure  of 
health,  to  h^ave  the  mission  and  return  home. 
There  liidnt!  ""  lu'ospeet  of  his  l;einn  alile  to 
resume  his  work,  his  e mnectioii  with  the  Hoard 
was  ilissolve  I.  He  received  the  dioree  of  I),l>. 
from  .Vmherst  Colli  ^,'e  in  l>^'il.  l>r,  .Mien  was 
II  faithful  worker  ami  wise  eonnsellor.  His 
s^'rviei's,  especially  in  connection  with  the  press 
and  the  transhition  of  the  Scri))tiires,  were  nf 
great  value  to  the  missionary  cause,  Ur,  .\llen 
liilhlisheil  a  valualile  work  on  Imlin,  Aiiclml  und 
Af'iil'tfi,  ami  was  tin*  author  of  several  articles 
in  periodicals.  He  resided  at  Lowell,  Mass., 
fiMin  IsCO  until  his  de;itli,  from  coni^estioii  of 
the  lun;,'s,  July  17th,  isii:t. 

.%ll<'ppi,  a  seaport  on  the  flat  Travancoro 
coast,  at  the  foot  of  the  \V(!stern  (Jhats,  in  the 
Travancore  native  State,  South  Hidia.  I'oiiula- 
tion,  MD.IHMI,  In  isu;  the  C.  M.  S.  founded  a 
station  there,  principally  f.ir  the  piiriiose  of  re- 
(lei'iiiiii;^  the  Syrian  c'onKrepition,  which  hail 
been  si'tlled  there  since  ancient  times,  hut  had 
Wtterlv  de^^i'iierated.  In  the  he^inninn  the  un- 
(lerlakiliK  seemed  destined  to  succeed.  Tho 
Syrians  even  alloweil  the  missionaries  to  preach 
in  their  churches,  and  their  conntu'tion  with  tho 
Itoimin  Catholic  Churidi  beeaiiKi  looser.  Hut  in 
1H3(;  a  new  bishop  siu'ldenly  broke  otf  all  rela- 
tions with  the  mission,  and  whi'it  it  became 
evident  that  all  further  c  i-operation  with  tho 
old  church  was  an  impossibility,  the  iiiLssion- 
nries  addressed  themselves  to  tho  heathen. 
This   uiUTemeut  proved   a  great   Huccess,   and 


when  the  mission,  in  1h7'.i.  numbercl  about 
•id, I  Mil  I  Christians  (l,:tlis  eate.  humeiis  and  |s.,");i',t 
baptized,    aliiolij,'   wliiuii    were    ."i.oH'i    ciiiiiiMiini 

cants  I.    its    leader.    S] lily,    was    conseeiated 

bi>hop  :  1  missionary  (in  char^;e  also  of  Tirii- 
Wi'llai,  :l  chiindies,  'J  10  communicants, 

.\llllora,  capital  of  thi^  Kiimaiin  district. 
Northwestern  Provinces,  India,  situated  amoli^ 
the'  llimala\as.  '~i,:i:t7  Ici  t  above  the  sea,  on  the 
frontier  of  Tibet,  Cliniiili'  temperate,  iiiakiii;{ 
it  a  re,-.iirt  for  invalids  during;  the  hot  and  rainy 
sc  .isoiis.  I'opulation  of  the  district.  r.i:i,.")'.l'.t  — 
Hindus,  Moslems,  Diiropi  iiiis.  I.aiimm^r,  llin- 
ili  (Kiim  an  ni  dialect)  llelij^ion,  miNeil,  .Mission 
station  1j.  JI.  S.  (Im.")!!!,  ;(  luissioiiaries,  I  mis 
sioiiar\'s  wife,  ■.;  siii^,'le  ladies,  II  native  helpers. 
It  out-stations,  J  churches,  '.I'J  members,  lit 
schools,  l,(l.")l  •scholars.  ('i>ntributions,  !>!'.Mt  I'i'.i. 
Thi,s  society  uIho  supports  an  asylum  for  lepers. 

Alwiir  isee  Tlwurl,  a  station  of  the  T'niled 
I'resbyterian  Chuich  of  Scotlainl,  ill  l!a,iputana, 
India. 

.VlWIiy,  a  town  of  Travancore,  South  India, 
is  the  station  of  several  itinerant  loiaeheis  of 
theC,  M.  S. 

Aniallt'i,  a  town  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Ceraiii,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  is  the  seat  of  a 
preacher's  -ssistant,  appointed  by  the  Dutch 
(iovernnu  The  .'i.l'.i;!  Christians  are  divideil 

into  II  coiij^ri'^ations.     (See  Moluccas,) 

.\||IH||||»III'IIIII,  ft  city  in  the  ilelta  i  f  th" 
(i.)davari.  Madias  Presidency,  South  India.  .V 
station  of  the  C,  .M,  S.  (since  lH7r,,  amoim  the 
Tehigus  ;  'i  native  aj^cnts. 

.AllllllioilNtolll,  a  town  nf  Cajie  Cnloiiy, 
ScuUli  .\tri<'a.  Mission  station  of  the  licrlin 
lOvHiii^idical  I.utheran  Missionary  Society  (lx">M|  ; 
.")"il  Hottentot  converts,  :i  missionaries,  IH  native 
heli)ers.  Tlie  mission  premises  were  orininal- 
Iv  purchased  by  a  ( iermaii  lady  enthusiastically 
interested  in  missions,  and  i)resented  to  the 
mission.  After  the  transfer  of  /oar  fnuii  the 
South  .Vfricaii  to  the  Jierlin  Sficiety  in  \^>\~,  tho 
number  id'  bapti/.id  in  the  "J  stations  rose  to 
l,'J'J7.  The  name  .Vmaliensteiii  is  from  that  of 
the  diuior  of  the  site  of  this  mother  instituliou 
of  that  tield. 

.%llianxillll«>i«',  or  .Vdams,  a  city  of  Natal, 
Smith  -Urica,  'JJ  miles  southwest  of  the  seajuiit 
iJurbaii.  Climate  healthy  and  charming'  ;  sum- 
mers not  excessivelv  hot  :  winters  mild  and  de- 
lightful. I'cipulatioii,  l7H,llllll,  (hielly  native.^ 
of  Zulu  orij^in.  with  some  natives  of  India  and 
Kuroj)eaiis.  I,ati^,'uat^e,  Zulu,  Kiif^lish,  Dutch, 
HiiKli,  and  Tamil,  Jtelieion,  varimis  loathen 
su|)erstitioiis,  Hindu  and  Moslem,  Proti'staiit 
and  Itomaii  Catholic,  Social  condition,  heath 
eiiisll  and  def,'raded.  Made  \\\)  of  all  <'lasses  of 
])eople  from  man,v  dltTereiit  nations  and  races, 
their  society  embraces  the  best  and  the  worst 
to  be  found  anywhere.  Jlission  statiiui  of  tho 
\.  li.  C.  1".  M  ;  2  missionaries  and  wives,  1  siii- 
t^le  lady,  2'.\  native  lieli>ers,  Itl  out-stations,  2 
(diiirches,  Pid  members,  \i  schools. 

.AiiirHOII,    capital  nf  Kast  liernr,   Contrnl 

Troviuees,  liritish  India.  Poi>iilntion,  'J"), (1(10, 
and.  since  1S71,  a  mission  station  of  the  Freo 
Cliundi  of  Scotland,  with  20  communicants. 

.'\niHi>ila,  ft  city  of  .\sia  Minor,  on  the  Yeshil- 
Iriiiak  Kiver,  oO  miles  Houthsouthwest  of  Snm- 
soon  ou  tho  lilack  Sea,  ikud  about  50  uiileti  cunt 


'>!  i 


AMASIA 


43 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


Natiil, 
iipoit 

SUlll- 
llMll    tll'- 

lImtiv«■^^ 
lliii  anil 
iDutili, 
i(  iilliiii 
Iti'staiit 
lurtlh- 
lissis  of 
races, 
worst 
of  tlio 
1  sin- 
lions,  '2 

"cntral 
l2."), 11(H), 
le  Freo 
Ills. 

lYfshil- 
l)f  Sani- 
leH  cast 


of  M.iisovan.  ropnlntirin,  2.'),0()0.  Ft  in  Hitu- 
at<  il  in  II  ili'i'|i  viillry  iiiclosfil  liy  HtiM'p  roi'ks, 
in  vvluili  arc  sniiic  intcrcsliii|4  tomlis  of  Arme- 
nian l\inj,M,  An  iiii|hiilaiil  Inulo  centre,  aiol  an 
out  station  of  the  A.  Jl.  ('.  I'.  M.,  w.irliiil  fri>m 
Marsovan. 

AlllllH\VII'/.i,  a  tnlxi  of  tlie  Ma^waiiilia,  ill 
Nortli  Iransvanl.  Tlie  \V.'sl.>,\ans  liinan  u  niis- 
Hioii  here  in  islc,  hnt  wire  oMiKel  to  tly,  in 
IKI",  to  Natal,  liny  look  witli  tliciii  the  at 
taclieil  cliief,  Swa/i  After  vain  ullcinptt  liy 
the  lierlin  Society  and  the  lltrrnannslniri,'  So- 
ciety, tlie  W fsleyans  liiiVi^  at  last  siiccee.led  in 
t!iiniiin  a  foolliolil.  It  is  lioinvl  that  before  lon^4 
the  country  will  lieconie  a  imrl  of  the  Trans- 
vaal. 

.\llll»lllll,  n  city  of  J'aiijali,  Iinlia.  l'o|nila- 
lation  near  Tn.tliKi.  A  iiussidii  station  of  tho 
I'nited  I'reKliyleriali  Chiircli  and  I'reshyteriau 
Cliiirih  Nortli  of  .\iiicrica.     (Si'i>  riiihala  ) 

Alllbull»liarillllllUI,  a  t  >\\n  i>f  Mada^'us. 
cur,  near  the  ca|iital.  .\ntananarivo.  Has  a  col- 
luge  founded  in  IHMl  l.y  tlio  S.  1'.  (i. 

Aiiiltiiloiiiikiiiitfii,  Ainholiiiiiaiitfii, 
and  Allll»«>lli|»«>l»i  are  three  uii|>nrlaiit  luaiieli 
stations  of  the  I,.  .M.  S.  Chief  station,  .\ntan 
aiii'.rivo,  the  capital  of  ^[ada).;ascar.  The  tirst 
was  foundiMl  in  isitl,  tbu  si^cond  in  iM'.'i,  and 
the  third  in  |Hr,;(. 

Allll>4tllil»«-I«iniil.  a  town  in  the  province 
of  Inn  riim,  dntral  .Mada^;ascar.  west  of  Antun- 
unarivo.  .Mission  station  of  tin-  I,.  M.  S. ;  I  mis- 
sionary. 

AllllM>llilllllll«lrOM<>,  a  town  occupying'  u 
cenlrid  position  f(U'  the  provinces  ot  liani  and 
'i'aiiala  Madiij^ascar.  The  neit^hlioriiii^  districts 
art?  thickly  poiMilated,  the  native  po])ulatlon  he- 
in;,'  Itetsileo.  The  uneducated  peojile  are  ex- 
tremely dull,  superstitions,  cowardly,  suspi- 
cious, anil  incorrif^ilily  la/y.  Mission  station 
of  the  L.  M.  S. ;  2  missionaries,  .si  schools, 
2,'.tHl  scholars,  is  out-stations. 

Alllboilin,  one  of  the  Molucca  Islands.  East 

Indies.     Population,  :!:t, i,  of  whom  •2i,(inO  are 

t'hristiaiis.  There  are  'J  preachers,  aiipoinled 
by  till)  Dutch  (iovorniiient.  with  2  assistant 
lireaehers  :  I  for  the  southern  ;iiOt  of  tho 
island,  with  I, '.Mi  souls,  in  IM  coiij;rei,'atioiis, 
and  1  fur  the  northern  part  and  liiitii,  with 
;l,'i7"i  souls,  in  s  eonerej^ations.  The  Preachers' 
.Seminary,  fuunded  in  Isii.")  by  Uoskott,  but  now 
a  .Statu  institute,  i.s  here. 

.AlllhONlIra,  a  eity  of  South  Central  Mada. 
t,'ascar,  south  of  .Vntaiianarivo.  Mission  station 
of  the  L.  M.  .S  ;  1  luissioiiary  and  wife,  12  ont- 
Htatioiis,  1:1  schools,  11,47'i  scholars. 

.Allllirfin.  an  island  bolonyini-  to  tliu  niiddlo 
group  of  the  New  Hebrides,  Melanesia,  ciuitain- 
mn  an  active  volcano  1,(M;"  feut  liii^li.  The  na- 
tives of  the  island  aru  entirely  uncivilized,  and 
Wear  no  clothes.  .\  uiissiou  station  of  the 
L.  -M.  S. 

Aiiu'ricaii   and   Foreiun  4iiriN|iuii 

I  llUm.— Secretary,  Kev.  L.  T.  Chaniberlain, 
D.l).,  mi  Classon  .\venue,  Itrooklyn,  N.  Y. 

The  Society  was  foriuud  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  in  the  year  ISli),  tor  the  tinitin^  of  all 
Cliristian  dcDominntiouH  in  the  work  of  the 
world's  evangel izAtiou.     Its  eiirly  hibord  wore 


among  Iho  no  callod  alien  jiopMlations  of  our 
own  country,  especially  in  the  largi'  cities.  It 
also  wrought  vigorously  in  foreign  lands,  with 
main  ndereiice  to  giving  (lod's  Word  and  the 
priachilig  of  the  liospel  to  those  wlio  Wire  ill 
the  bondage  of  Itoman  Catholicism.  Ilaly, 
iloliemia,  .\iistria,  France,  Spain,  the  countries 
of  South  Aimrica,  the  ^Vl•sl  linliis  and  Mexico 
Wire  inclildi  d  III  Itswide  lield.  Inthclinedf 
its  jiresidiiits,  iliieitors,  secretarii  s  and  evan- 
gelists are  found  some  nf  the  most  lionorid 
names  of  the  .\iiierican  chuiches.  Its  holy 
work  was  signally  owned  lilid  blessed  of  (iod. 

As,  however,  the  several  denominations  be- 
came more  numerous  and  strong,  there  arose 
the  not  unnatural  leiuli'licy  to  eondiut  their  mis. 
siotiary  labors  through  their  own  denomina- 
tional agencies  'I'hus  the  .American  iind  I'nr- 
eigii  Christian  I'nion  found  itself  gradually  h  s. 
seiied  in  its  resmirees.  and  was  compilled  to 
liuiit  the  lield  of  its  Work.  At  Jirescnt  il  de- 
votes its  energies  to  the  evaiigeli/ation  of 
France,  believing  that  no  missionarv  lield  otVers 
greater  attractimis  or  jinseiits  greater  nrgi  nc\. 

The  I'nion  owns  the  site  and  building  of  the 
.\iiierican  Chnrch.  'Jl  l!ue  do  i>erri.  I'aris,  of 
which  the  Itev.  K.  (i.  Thuiber,  1).l».,  is  llio 
honored  and  siiccesstul  iiastor.  The  niainte- 
iiiincu  of  that  most  iiii]iortant  church  is  included 
in  the  I'nion's  care.  It  also  co-opirates  with 
the  French  missionary  societies  in  their  most 
devoted  evaligulizilig  efforts.  At  the  same  time 
the  rnion  is  trustee  of  the  funds  raised  in  this 
country  for  the  building  of  an  American  chinch 
in  lierlin. 

.\niong  the  officers  and  directors  are  n  num- 
ber of  proininent  clergymen  and  laymen  repre- 
senting the  dilfereiit  denominations  in  New 
York  Cit.v — Congregational.  Presbyterian,  Mi  th- 
odist  and  lieformed  (Dutch). 

.Aiiicrioan  BapiiwI  ItliwHiitaar.v  I'n- 
iltn,  —  lleadiiuartcrs,  Tremont  Temple,  lioslmi, 
Mass. 

CoNsriTfKNcv.  —  Till'  liiii>list  Churclds  i\l  tin'  Snill,- 
tm  iiikI  H'enli-ni  Slulrs.  'I'lir  .ImcnCoi  It'ijilixt 
MinsidiKiril  ('diici  iillon  [I'dloinl)  dinl  tin'  lliuirn! 
JliililisI  AfKiiriiiliiiii  iif  till'  Wistrni  Stilli':<  iiinl 
Tiiriliirii  y  rii.iipeiiltt'  icilh  llii.l  SicirliJ  in  suiiii'  <'/ 
its  Mis.'iinns. 

T.  lfiH*ory, — Thoro  had  been  in  the  Itajitist 
churches,  especiall.v  cd'  New  I'.ngland  and  the 
Middle  States,  a  constantly  increasing  inli  rest 
in  luissionarv  work  among  the  In  atlun  for  sev- 
eral years  before  Isl.t.  promiited  in  part  by  tho 
admirable  results  of  the  Seiampore  Mission,  con- 
ducted by  the  I'.nglisli  l!a|itist  Missionary  .So- 
ciety. Dr.  Carey  had  attempted  successfully 
the  translatiiui  of  the  Siri])tnres  into  nuiny  of 
the  hinguages  of  India,  and  so  great  had  been 
tho  sympathy  of  American  ISaptists  w  ith  this 
good  work  that,  in  Islv!^  they  had  forwar.led 
to  the  F.nglish  IJaptist  Missionary  Socii  ly 
$l,l'i-")ll  to  aid  in  this  Work  of  translation.  Tho 
organization,  in  Isl  I,  (if  a  National  Foreign 
Missionary  Society  among  the  ISaptists  of  tho 
I'nited  States  was  a  direct  result  of  the  same 
cimses  wdiicli  had,  l  years  earlier,  led  to  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  .Vmerican  Hoard  of  Comniis- 
sioiiers  for  Voreigi.  Missions,  whiidi,  as  is  well 
known,  was  brought  about  through  the  efforts 
of  .\donirani  Jiidson  and  his  associates  (see 
article  on  A.  H.  C.  F.  M.),  February  l!»tli,  IHl'i, 
and  Messrs.  Judson,  Newell,  Hall,  and  Nott, 
with  their  wives,  and  Mr,  Lutber  Itioe,  Huiled 


V 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


44 


MISS.  UNION 


Ui    I 


%} 


ii  < 

3:  1 


I  ^  t 


f>ir  Iiiiliit  iiiiiit>r  nppniiitiiii'iit  of  tlio  Ainorii'nn 
]<i>tii'il.     During  tlii>  V(ivii^;i)  to  Culciittit,  Mr.  ami 

Mrs.    Jllllsdil's   \  ixWH    oil    tilt'    Nllllji'I'tS    iiikI  IMOiIc 

of  liii|itisiii  \Kri>  cliiinncil  iiM  till'  ri'Milt  of  tlii'ir 
Kill  ly  of  thd  Scii|>iinrH,  iind  Mr.  Jtii'n,  on  it 
(littVn-nt  vi-ssi  I,  itiiil  with  no  (Miiiiijiiniciition 
with  tlu'iii.  was  liroiinlit  to  tin'  hiiiiio  I'oiiclii 
Ki'iii.H,  'I'lii-y  IiiiiiIim)  at  Ciilruttii,  Mti<l  t'liidini^' 
tliitt  tlio  Kasl  Iiiiliii  Coiiipaiiy  \v,i>t  liiltrrly  )ios 
till'  to  nil  iiiis-,jiiiiary  iiitiTjiriHis,  tliiy  \vi>rc 
('(uiipi  Mill  to  titko  nfiit^K  ill  tlio  littlo  hitiiisli 
I'olony  of  Soriuiipori',  vvliiio  tlo'  lliinlisli  )!a|)ti«t 
Mi-t-^ioniiry  Socii'ty  liail  fst.ililislicd  a  mission 
uiiilrr  till!  tiiiiiiii'iit  nilHsioiiary,  Cnri'y,  'Jii  yi urs 
lii'fori!.  lliro  .Mr.  anil  .Mrs.  .IuiIkoh  and  .Mr. 
Itice  Wcrii  lpii|iti/i'il  a  fi»w  wi'iks  latiT.  .Mr. 
.Iiidsiiii  and  Mr.  llicn  addro.ssi'd  Irttrrs  to  tlio 
.•\.iiii'ri(Mii  jtoard,  ri'sii^nint^  tln-ir  i'oniii'ctioii 
with  it  as  niissioiiarii'.s,  and  also  to  tint  fiw 
l!:i|itist  niiiiistuts  whom  they  UiU'W,  asking,'  if  tlic 
liaptists  of  .ViiK-riiMV  Wi'ro  disjiosiil  to  Kustnin 
missions  ill  thu  Kast.  .Mi'aiiwliilf,  luforo  tiny 
(■Dili,!  olititiii  any  intrllit,'in('o  from  tlifir  nulivi' 
land  thry  wi-ro  to  pass  throiij^h  si'as  of  troiiMc. 
Knulaml  and  tlio  I'nitcd  Stati's  wiiriuit  war  with 
cai-li  other,  aiiil  tint  K.ist  India  Company  was 
dftfrmiind  that  no  missionary,  and,  aliovn  all, 
no  .Vmcriran  niissiiiiiai\\.  should  ii'main  in 
thidr  cxtiiidi'il  realms.  They  wiro  Kiiiiimoin'd 
ln'forn  thii  CouiiimI  at  Cali'iitta,  and  ordt'i'i'd  to 
ri'tiirn  to.Vmiiri<Mi  imiiicdiati'ly  ;  tiny  lu'titioiuil 
fur  h'avti  to  HO  to  thu  [sli>  of  I'laiiri-,  Imt  tlir 
only  »fHSi  1  sailing; to  Tort  Jj  )iiis  coiil  1  c.irry  hut 
two  passiiii^or.s,  and  they  ^avi)  up  their  plans 
to  Mr.  and  .\rrs.  Xevvell,  tlnir  friends,  who  had 
reiiiiiined  under  theearoof  the  .Viiieriean  ISimrd, 
and  who  were  hoi>ini.^  to  found  a  mission  in  the 
island  of  Madat^asear.  Siiliseiiiunlly  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  .Iiidson  and  Mr.  Uiee  siiceee.ded,  though 
witii  Ki'ii't  dilUculty,  in  ohtainiiiL;  a  passage  to 
the  Isle  of  I'l'imei',  where  they  arrived  .lannary 
17th,  l.si;t,  and  found  that  Mrs".  Newell  had  died 
there  iiiorii  than  twomintlis  lutore.  On  Mandi 
loth,  Mr.  Ilieo  omharked  for  Ameriea.  to  jpreaeh 
(I  missionary  erusade  umoni^  the  liaptists  of 
the  rniteil  States.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  .ludson  wero 
loft  alone,  ami  without  intelli^'etice  fr.im  home. 
-Vfter  four  months'  delay  they  determined  to  ^m 
haek  to  India,  and  sailed,  May  7tli,  1^111,  for 
Madras,  hoping  to  he  ahlii  to  estahlisli  a  mission 
on  the  island  of  Tulo  I'enaiit,',  in  the  Straits  of 
Malaiu-a.  l)n  their  arrival  at  .Madras,  tliey  were 
again  confronted  liy  thn  authority  of  the  Kast 
India  Company,  and  found  thai  they  could  not 
remain  there.  'I'liero  was  no  vessel  there  {,'oinj,' 
to  any  eastern  l)ort,  cxeept  one  hound  to  Itan- 
goon  ;  and,  t^reatly  a,i<aiiist  their  wishes,  they 
were  compuUeil  to<'mliarkon  this.  .Vftera  pas- 
Hiv^e  of  three  weeks,  in  which  they  suffered  much 
discomfort,  they  landed  at  lianeoon  ;  andtlu're, 
on  July  i;tth,  1h|:1,  was  comiiieneed  the  Itaptist 
Jlission  to  Hurma,  altliouj^li  as  yet  these  pioneer 
missionaries  knew  not  whether  there  was  any 
organization  in  .Viueriea  t.)  support  them.  They 
only  kiK'W  that,  tlirouj^h  friends  in  Massncliu- 
Kctts,  provision  for  their  needs  was  ^uiminteed 
for  a  year,  and  that  Mr.  Ilieo  had  sailerl  1  months 
hefiu'o  for  .Viueriea,  to  Ktimiihili)  the  liaptist 
cliuridies  to  greater  interest  in  missions  for  the 
Inathen.  ("oniiiiunnntion  lutweeu  the  East 
an  1  West  was  slow  and  ditKcult  in  those  days, 
and  many  months  elapsed  liefor  >  anv  further 
intellinenco  reached  them.  Meanvvhile,  in 
.\uiprica,  the  news  of  the  clmiiHo  of  views  of 
Mr.   aud  Mrs,   Jndsou  iiud   Mr.  liicu   reached 


IloHinn  in  Fehrimry,  \f<l%  and  was  received 
with  KIM  at  .joy  liy  the  Itaptist  ministers  of  that 
city  .\  meeiiiij,'  Was  fortliwith  eonveinil  at  tho 
home  of  l>r.  Ilalilwin,  and  those  asHemhled  iiii- 
mediately  formed  tlie  Itaptist  Society  for  I'rop 
a„'atinf>  the  (iospel  in  India  and  other  i'onign 
I'arts,  which  at  once  assuineil  the  siijiport  of 
.Mr.  and  .Mrs.  .ludson  and  Mr.  Itice.  Circulars 
Were  sent  to  lliiptist  ministers  and  laymen  in 
all  ]iarts  of  the  country,  seeking;  their  eo  npera- 
tioii.  and  the  sceri'taiy  of  the  society,  Itev. 
Uaniil  Sharp,  I).ll.,  was  directed  to  i.pjdy  to 
the  l',n^;lish  liaptist  Missionary  Society,  askiiii^ 
tliat  its  missionaries  might  hi>  received  into  the 
Siiani|iore  Mission,  the  American  liaptists  pro- 
viding for  their  support.  The  I'.nglisli  Kociety, 
however,  decided,  as  the  L.  M.  S.  had  previous- 
ly in  regard  to  tlie  .\meriean  Itoiird,  that  tliiit 
course  would  he  a  very  unwise  one,  and  itH 
Kccretarv,  .\ndrew  Fuller,  advised  the  .\merican 
society  to  estahlisli  luissioiis  of  its  own.  The 
eliiirches  were  aroused,  and  the  feeling  overj'- 
wliere  prevailed  that  this  was  u  divine  call, 
which  must  ho  heeded  ;  ,vet  no  considerahln 
organized  etforts  Were  made  until  after  the 
arrival  of  I.uther  Itice,  in  Septemlur  of  the 
same  year  (Mill).  .Vfli  r  much  earnest  pn  linii- 
nary  work  a  convention  asseiiiMed  in  I'liila- 
delpliia,  .May  Isth,  1^1  1.  There  were  present  at 
this  convention  twenty  six  <  hrgymeii  and  seven 
laymen,  representing  eh  veil  ditVereiit  States  and 
the  Uistrict  of  Cnlumhia.  The  (ih.jeet  of  the 
meeting  was  to  "  elicit,  comliiiie,  ami  direct  " 
the  energies  of  the  whole  deiiominalion  into 
one  elTort  to  hring  the  glad  tidings  of  salvation 
to  the  heathen  ;  and,  it  lieing  tlie  first  attempt 
to  hring  ligither  the  representatives  of  the 
widely  scattered  churches,  dilTereiices  of  view 
were  to  he  met,  and  much  light  wcs  to  h"  shed 
on  the  Kuhject  ot  missions.  .\s  stated  else- 
where, theresiiltof  thiselfort  was  the  formation 
of  a  convention  to  meet  once  in  three  years,  and 
hi  nee  known  as  the  Triciimd  Convention.  I>r, 
Furman,  of  South  Ciuolina,  was  the  lirst  pr<  si 
<lent,  and  l)r.  lialdwin,  of  Itostoii,  the  tirst 
secretary  ;  the  conduct  of  atVairs  was  i-ntriisted 
to  a  Itoard  of  twenty-one  managers.  Mr.  Itice 
WHS  iijipointed  hy  the  convention  missionary  to 
Itiirma,  and  his  Hiip|><U't,  in  addition  to  that  of 
Mr.  and  .Mrs.  .ludson,  was  assumed,  hut  he  wis 
directed  to  remain  for  awhile  in  .Viueriea  for 
the  purpose  of  "  awakening  in  the  piihlic  mind 
a  livelier  interest  in  missions,  and  to  assist  in 
originiiting  societies  or  in  litutioiis  f.ir  carrying 
the  missionary  design  into  execution."  Tho 
I'.oard  of  Managers  of  the  Triennial  Convention 
sent  out  missionaries  to  their  tirst  field,  Iturnia 
(see  helow.  Mission  Fields  of  the  .V.  It.  M.  I'.\ 
as  fast  as  their  means  wiuild  allow,  until  ]h-,>:I, 
when  a  great  impulse  forward  was  given  to  the 
work  h.v  the  visit  of  Mrs.  .ludson  to  Aicerica—  a 
visit  whose  intlueiice  lasted  for  10  years.  .Vt 
the  time  of  this  visit  culminated  the  discussion 
in  regjird  to  the  union  with  the  missionary  so- 
ciety of  an  edueational  institution,  and  an  ef 
fort  for  domestic  missions  in  the  frontier  States 
and  among  the  Indians,  this  iiliin  la  ing  w  ariu- 
Iv  advocated  hy  some  of  the  hest  friends  of  tho 
Itoanl,  including  especially  the  Southern  mem- 
hers.  In  1.H17  the  constitution  was  so  modilied 
as  to  admit  of  its  being  carried  into  ett'ect  in 
IH'JO,  The  Triennial  Convention  of  l«'i<;,  how- 
ever, reverted  to  the  oiiginal  imrposc  nf  carr,v- 
ing  on  f.-.reign  missions  (udy,  hut  a  very  slight 
couneutiuu,    involving  no   rcHponsihility,    was 


m 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


4S 


MISS.  UNION 


pprmittod  with  Columblii  Collt'Ki'.  Thin  ^reiit 
i'liiiiii.(i-,  mill  tint  ri'iiii>viil  i>r  Hill  li(iitil<iiiiirl)'i's  «( 
Ihi-  llimnl,  liist  in  I'liiliidclipliiii,  liittT  in  \Vii>,li 
iiiUliiii,  111  Huston,  Willi  si'vciiil  otliiTH  cif  iiiiiiir 
iniiiiiitiiiiiM',  Will'  niit'lit  witliiiiit  ill  ft^'linn  ami 
willi  tliii  liiiifly  coni'Mrrinci)  of  nil. 

'I'lii'  yiiiis  lHJ:i  '.i'l  wcrii  u  tiuii'  of  ^ri'iit  iinxiily 
to  tlic  ildiii'cl.  I'or  Hcvt nil  VI  iirs  uftur  its  imioviil 
til  lliistiin,  Its  iinniinl  niiiiils  wirr  Hiimll,  rnii'li- 
in^'  llnii-  liiwist  iiniht  in  l^'i'l,  wlnli  tiny 
luii'iiuitii  I  to  !:;il,7ii|.  Duiinj^  this  juriml  Urn. 
liiiMwin  iiii'l  siidi'^hlon  Imil  ilinl,  iiinl  Ihn  mis 
sioiis  III  Itiiriiiii  Willi  niiiidi  ilisoruiiiii/iil  ;  nrv 
fiiil  iiiissioimni'S  hinl  dii'il.  wliilii  olhiishml  hfl 
thii  work.  Itiit  with  tlm  udvi'iit  of  \>>'M  niiim  a 
fav'iriil(U)  rcartimi.  At,  llm  rliisii  of  IvjH  .Mr, 
.Iililsiili  sent  III  th'i  H'liilil  till'  niMiliiMlsitlon  liM 
rri'i'ivcil  triiiii  thii  Itntish  ( iMViTiinnMt  d'V  liis 
Kirvii'ort  us  transliitiir.  iiitiipii  lir,  ami  iliplo 
mat,  lit  Iho  rliis.'  of  tlm  Ihilish  IJiirmrM'  war, 
mill  with  it  what  hn  )ia  I  talii  n  tn  liiiiiiia  of 
his  own  ]irivatn  |ir.ii>ri'tv,  tlm  ^vhohi  amimiit 
iii^,'  til  .■jii.iMMl,  tlm  must  miiniruMiit  )^ifl,  run 
siiji'iin^,' all  llm  cinMimstaiiros,  wliii'h  llu'  lliaril 
I'Viir  ri'i'i'ivoil.  .Shmlly  aftii"  lliis  .Mr.  .liiilsnn 
rfipii  sliil  tlm  Kiini-il  tn  ilivliiit  oni'  lililh,  an. I 
Kiiiisi'i|ii«.ntly  lumfoiirlh  mnri',  fnnii  llm  sliiidrr 
Hti|>iiiil  hn  iiM'iiiviil,  mill  with  siii'li  an  i  \am|iiii 
of  siMf.Karrilirii  liifori)  Ihi'iii,  tlm  Amii  ii'iin  I'lip- 
tists  I'oulil  not  avoiil  (^iviiin  in  a  nmii-  lihinil 
fashion.  During  tlm  hiuii'iiIiiik  yrai's  tltiTu 
was  ino^^roMH  all  alonu  llm  lini'  ;  ixistiiin  mis- 
Hioiirt  Wbri'  (greatly  slri'nt^tlniii'il,  ainl  iniw  m- 
tiirpristiM  weru  mnlurtiikeii.  (Suo  Duvelopiuuiit 
of  Work.) 

I'roiii  its  (ir^^anizatinn,  iti  1x1  I,  until  ls|."i,  tin' 
Tniinnial  Cnnvi'iition  was  siipporti'il  hy  tin' 
rhiiri'hrs  of  tlm  w  liolo  (Icnoiiiiiialinn  in  tlm 
Soutln-rii  as  will  as  tin'  NortlnTii  Stales  ;  hut  tlm 
imriml.  lHl(l-l."i,  hail  hi'oli  oiii'  of  (^irat  ixriti!- 
Iiiriit  mill  at^itation  on  tho  siili|ii't  of  slaviTV, 
uiil  tarly  iu  l^il-'i  tlm  .Vlaliaiiia  Stato  liaptist 
('onviiiilion  passi'il  a  scrii's  of  ri'soliitinns  on 
till'  siihji'i't,  ih'iilarinn  its  viiiws  on  its  own 
ri>;lits  ami  imiiinnitii'S,  ami  ih'iiianiliii^  from 
till'  Artiiit^  liiiaril  an  "  i"iplii'it  avowal  that  slavr- 
hohliTs  aril  plifjilili',  ami  eiilithil  iipially  with 
non  slavi;  holilors  to  any  appointmiiit.  fillnr 
as  at^iiiitH  01'  as  missinnariis.  iii  the  ^ift  "f  tlio 
Ifiiaril."  To  this  thn  .Xctint;  lioaril,  whila  ml- 
iiiittini^  tilt)  justiin  of  tlm  claims  of  tin'  Cniivi  ii- 
tion  in  otlicr  ii'spicts,  ri'iilii'il  "  that  if  any  oim 
Hhouhl  olfiir  hinisi'lf  iis  n  missionary,  liavini,' 
slavcs.aml  shor.hl  insist  upon  ntaininn  tlii'iii  as 
his  priipirty,  tho  Itnarl  coiilil  i.-.it  appoint  him." 
As  soon  as  this  (Ifchinition  was  mailo  jiulilir, 
till'  chiiri'lii'S  in  all  tin.'  Sontlmrn  Slatrs  with- 
dri'W  from  tho  'rrii'iinial  Convititioii,  iiinl  aKi'pa 
rato  assiH'iation,  with  tho  tithi  of  tlm  South- 
oni  ilaptist  Convi'iition,  was  ort^aiiizcil.  This 
lU'tion  niii'i'ssitatiil  a  ri'orj^mii/.utiim  of  tin' 
frii'iiils  of  missions  in  tlm  Nnrthcni  States, 
wiiii'h  was  hrounht  ahoiit  at  an  extra  Kession  of 
the  Triennial  CNmvention,  hehl  in  New  York 
City  iu  Niivemlier,  iMt."),  when  a  new  coiistitu- 
lioii  was  aitiiiiteil,  ami  measures  were  taken  to 
liriieuri)  new  charters,  hoth  in  riiiiisylvania  ami 
Massachusetts.  Theso  haviii^^  lieeii  olitained, 
tliu  new  Convention  went  into  operation  in 
Miy,  iHli;,  iiniler  the  naiiio  of  the  .\merlean 
liiiplist  Missionary  t'nion.  Tlm  enthusiasm  of 
hiilli  tho  N'ovemlier  ami  May  meeliiif's  was 
greatly  inereaseil  hy  tho  presence  of  |)r.  .Tml- 
Kon,  then  visiting,'  his  nalivo  laml  for  the  tirst 
tiiiio  since  he  loft  it,  iu  lsi;(.     .Missions  about 


to  III'  ulianilonc'l  woro  inHtuad,  upon  ])r.  Jiul. 

Niin  s  earnest  pleadillHS,  roellforeed,  and  new 
work  was  entered  upon.  The  ilelit  of  the  Cnri 
venlioii,  aiimiinlin^  to  )[;|ll,Ollil,  was  ]iaiil,  ami 
conlrlliiitiiiiis  Wire  largely  ini'reased.  Iiinliij,' 
the  lit  years  which  have  since  elapsed,  the  pru^ 
ri'HS  of  tho  niisNion  has  lieen  uniformly  om'  of 
steady  pro^ri  HS  ;  1h  new  missions  have  hieli 
estahlislied  in  liiirma  alone  ;  the  Telii|{u  .Mis- 
sion has  heen  nrrally  cxtendeil  ;  in  w  enter- 
prises have  liei  u  undertaken  in  (hina.  .lapiiii, 
and  Africa,  and  the  Kiiropeaii  missions  havoals.i 
made  ^reat  advalicis. 

Tlm  receipts  of  the  I'liioii,  which  for  the  lirst 
III  years  after  Is |i;  averaned  only  alioiit  :<l  In, 
iiiiii  pir  milium  diiiint^  the  last  In  viais,  « inUia^ 
with  iNSi.l,  liuM,  iiveraHed  over  !i:l.'ill, IIIIII,  ami  in 
Hie  2  eliisiii;^  Veins  of  llm  decade  li.iiclied  .'jJllMI, 
lion,  wliihi  tiny  look  forward  to  s.'i.'id.lHH)  us  tho 
miiiniiiiiii  of  tin  ir  receipts  for  IH'.K). 

liiil  It  is  not  alone  or  principally  in  its  tinmi- 
ces  that  the  Missionaiv  I'liion  has  made  kiicIi 
Uriat  advaiicis.  Tlm  Js^sTti,  |ii:t /JT  which  it 
lull  rei'eived  and  rxpelidi  d  in  the  "."i  years  of 
itn  exist!  lice  is  indeed  a  cnlisidenilile  slim,  hut 
when  compared  w  illi  the  |;rowtli  ot  the  di  noiiii- 
nation  ifroiii  i;ii,iiiiii  to  ovi  r  :i,ihiii,iiimi  in  ihe  smuo 
timi'i  seems  hut  a  mere  Irille  ;  Iml  the  i  diica- 
tim^  force  exmtid  hy  tlm  Missionary  I'nion  and 
ils  Ulndred  hnily.  the  Soullnrn  liapllst  Con- 
veiitioti,  il|ion  tlm  llaptisis  of  ihe  cniintry  has 
hei'ii  si)  wisely  expended  that  Ihe  man  or  woman 
in  tlm  Itaptist  cliiiiclns  who  is  not  interested  in 
missions  is  si'arcely  to  liol'oiind. 

II.  (h-iioniziifloii   ainl  ConHfitiifioii. 

Tho  single  ohject  of  the  ,\niericali  liaptist 
Missionary  rnion  is  to  dilTuse  the  kiiowhdno 
of  .lesiis  Christ,  liy  means  of  missions,  throiinli- 
out  llm  world  The  I'nion  is  comiiosed  of  life 
memhers  and  minual  nieiiilierH,  and  meets  an- 
nually in  the  third  week  of  May,  when  its 
ollicers  piesideiit,  two  vice  presidents,  record- 
ing; secretary,  mid  one  third  ot  the  lioiird  of 
Manat.;i'rs— are  chosen  hy  hallot.  llm  Itoard 
of  Managers  is  eoiii]ioseil  of  "i'l  peisniis,  at  least 
one  third  of  whom  are  not  In  he  ministiTS. 
Immediately  iifl.r  tho  annual  nnetint^,  tho 
lioiird  of  Mana^;ers  elects  its  ntlicers  and  an 
execulivo  committeo  of  !t  (not  more  than  5 
ministers),  whose  duties  cmiiprise  all  tho  man- 
ii'„'eiiient  of  tlm  entire  missionary  vvoik  of  tho 
Iniun,  and  the  control  of  the  linaiici  s  at  Inuuo 
and  ahroad,  the  latter  in  accordance  with  the 
instruclions  and  approval  of  the  ISoanl  of 
Manu^;ers. 

All  the  offleers  and  members  of  the  Ituard  of 
Jlanai^ers,  the  secretaries,  and  nil  missionaries 
employed  by  the  I'.xecntive  Committee  iniist 
bo  members  in  ^ood  standing  of  rei^nlar  Itaptist 
churches. 

III.  IH-velnpment  of  Work,  1.  -Iv/n/io 
.l/i\.s(o»v.  Owing  to  tho  fact  that  when  Mr  and 
Mrs.  .ludsoii  were  comiielled  by  the  Kast  India 
Coiiipanv  to  leave  Madras,  the  only  vessel  ia 
which  they  I'ould  secure  passago  was  bound  for 
Umigoon,  the  missionary  work  of  Iho  Itaptist 
Convention  had  its  commeuceiiient  in  lliirnia 
rather  than  in  India,  as  was  tho  tirst  intention. 
The  mission  thus  started  for  tho  Itiirmese  ia 
Uatigoon,  ill  ISl:t,  was  gradually  extemled  from 
Ihingoon,  and  included,  in  addition  to  the  Itnr- 
iiieso,  the  Sgaii  Karen,  I'wo  Karen,  .Shan, 
Kachin,  and  Chin  races.  In  IM.'il  the  mission 
to  Siam  was  commenced.  In  ls;i5  llm  Itoard 
of  .Managers  direcod   Mr,  und  Mrs.  Comstock, 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


46 


MISS.  UNION 


oriKiimll.r  nppointocl  to  Iliiriiiii,  tu  oninnu'iici'  u 
misNioii  HiiiiDnvliiirx  nri  ttic  ciiiiMt  of  .Vnikiiii,  it 
|)ii)Vitico  (MmIi'iI  to  (rritiit  lli'ititiii  iil'lcr  tin'  vvur  of 
iH'it  2<!.      riii'ir  tirxt  stittioti  on  Ituniri'i'  Kliiinl 
|ir(>viu){  very  iinliniiltli.v,  Dllnrn  witi'   kcNm^Ji'iI, 
mill  wi>iU  maiiiin  llm  ArnkiunsK  prn^rdsHcl  fiivi)r 
alilv  fur  iiiiiiiy  yuars,  ii  it»'itli->tuiiiliii^  n  rlliiMtn 
Hiii;>iiliirly  tittiil  til  tliK  iiiHMiiriiirii's      I'liitlur 
extrusion  of  work  whs  ili'tiri'.l   liy  tlu'   lliipliHt 
oliuri'hiM,  mill  tlm  Trii'iiiiitil  I'  uivi'iitjoii  in  1h:)'J 
itnil  iiLiitiii  in  1h:|.j  Miillion/inl  tin'  I!  mril  of  .Mitn 
imi'Tfi  to  estiililisli  ni'w  iiiissiiiiis  in  "  every  iin 
oeeiipicd    tlolil    wliere    tlnTii    wiih  it   reiiHDniilile 
pr^wpm't    of    siirees-i  "      Ai'' irilin^,'ly,   upon   tllo 

roi'oiiiiniinilittiiin  of  llev.  Amos  Sutton,  of  tlie 
(Iimu'mI  lliptist  Missionury  S  n'lity  i  lOn^lislii. 
Mr  itiiil  SlTH.  Dity  Wont  Heiit  in  Septenilur, 
Ih;).*!,  ti>  (Miiiiiieni'ii  itiuon^  tli<>  ri'lii'^im  of  Imliit 
tlin  work  whirli  wiis  iiflervviinl  erowneil  willi 
8  li'li  niiirvelloiiH  sii'iMHS.  Another  oiitf^rowtli 
of  the  riisoliitiiiii  of  till)  'rrii'iiiiiiil  ('inveiitiofi 
til  ociMijiy  itll  new  lielils  whii'li  j^'itve  proiiiise  of 
HIli'eeSH  wits  till)  luissinii  to  Aisuiii.  which  lies 
north  itinl  northwest  of  llurniit,  This  work  wits 
uniliirtitken  itt  tho  reiinest  of  the  Knt^linh  Coin 
luissioner  III  Assitiii,  ('ii|itiiin  I'riineiH  .lenkyns, 
who  llitil  hecoiilH  liiuell  interesleil  in  the  As 
Hitiiii'se,  itnil  niiiile  iippliciition  to  tlu)  Itaplist 
niissioiiitries  in  lliiriuit  to  Iihvd  n  mission  eom- 
niiMieeil  itiiion^  them.  This  work  is  now  or- 
({itni/eil  into  :<  ileimrtments  vi/ ,  the  As. 
Hitmese,  tho  Oiini,  iiiul  Nit^a  missions.  The 
mission  to  Siitm  liiiviii'.^  Iieen  uinlerliiken  jirin 
oipiilly  for  tliH  lienelit  of  flii>  Cliinuse  in  tliiit 
country,  tliu  mission  to  Chiim  wits  reiiUy  com- 
nieneeil  itt  ISiiii^kok  in  HM:)  ;  it  post  wits  iilso 
brill  in  Miieii)  Its  (iitrly  its  Isin;  ;  imt  it  wiis  not 
until  lifter  tho  treiity  of  IHPJ  ilmi  work  was 
lie^iin  in  (.'liiTiii  proper,  Dr.  l>eiin  nmovinj,' 
from  I!itn'4kok  to  llonn  Kon,'  in  Oitolier  of  that 
yeitr.  .Vfter  the  reort^iiniziitioti  of  the  Conven- 
tion, in  1H1.">,  thesH  missions  wero  Iitrnely  ex- 
tenileil,  anil  in  lH7'i  it  mission  to  Japan  was 
ooinun'iiiieil,  It  littlo  lie^inniiin  for  wliieh  liiul 
been  previously  mado  in  the  I. m  Choo  Isliimls. 

"2.  Afric'iii  Missiiiiis.  In  Ih'JI,  in  responsi?  to 
a  eall  from  tho  American  Colonization  Society, 
the  Hoanl  of  Managers  commeiiceil  a  mission 
iu  Ijiheriii,  West  Africa.  Jleyoinl  this  region 
tho  work  in  .Vfnca  was  not  nxtemliil  until  lsM:t, 
wlinn,  liy  an  arritiii^euieiit  with  Mr.  II.  (Irattan 
Guinness,  tho  Livin^stono  Mission,  on  the 
Cori^o  Uiver,  was  transtcrreil  to  the  Union. 

H.  K'lropnin  .Ui'.svio/iv  •  I'.uropean  missions 
Were  not  contempluteil  in  tho  oriv;inal  purpose 
of  the,  T'riennial  ('onvention.  Asiile  from  it  few 
))oints  on  tho  western  frontier  of  tlie  I'niteil 
States,  where  cloniestio  iiiissjonH  were  main- 
tniiieil  for  a  few  years,  itinl  ii  mission  to  the 
North  .Vmoriciin  Inilians,  the  f minlers  of  the 
Convetition  hiiil  no  tliou^;ht  of  itny  missions  as 
within  tlioir  scojic  exi^cpt  missions  to  the 
heathen  ;  anil  when  tho  way  was  opeiieil  for 
missionary  work  in  Kiirope,  a  distinction  was 
Hoon  ustitblishfld  lietweun  missions  to  lands 
where  tho  Greek  or  lioman  Catholic  was  tho 
State  Church,  and  fhoso  whern  n  nominal  I'rot- 
t'stiintism  prevailed,  though  controlled  liy  an 
established  hierarchy.  Thus,  missions  to  franco 
(1*W),  Groeoo  (1H:)(!),  and,  later,  Spain  (1H70). 
wero  conducted  as  foiei|»n  missions,  and  mis- 
KiiiiiariHS  wero  sent  to  them  from  the  I'nited 
States,  thoir  work  to  lie  supplemented,  as  in 
Asia,  liy  native  iireachors  ;  while  the  mi.ssions 
in    t>ermany   (1H:M),    Sweden    (1H34),    and    in 


other  I'mtistant  countries  (see  helow,  MissionH 
of  the  American  llaplist  Missionary  I'nion)  weru 
from  til'-  tlr-.t  proseciiti'd  liy  native  preachers, 
the  Convenlioii  cxercisiiit!  only  a  neiii  nil  super- 
inteniletiie.  and  lenderin.L;  c ninsei  an  I  llnaiiclal 
aid   when   neiessaiy, 

IV.     MiHHIimit,       lil   liMA.  iSee      l.lso     lirll 

cli:  on  liiirnia.)  As  has  lucii  saiil  the  misMt  n 
to  lliirmit  was  eommeiiced  in  .Inly,  1h|:|,  witli 
the  ariival  of  Mr  iiMil  .Mrs.  .ludsoii  at  Uan>{iion, 
I'roiii  tliis  time  the  «orU  was  prosceiilrd  with 
energy,  althoiii'h  more  tliantuo  \ears  elapsed 
liefore  tliesii  missionariis  hiirneil  that  its  Mip. 
port  had  liei'ii  assumed  hv  the  liaptlst  Trh  Miiiiil 
Convi'iitioii.  I'or  an  ai-coiint  of  the  thnlliiii^ 
c\]ierielices  of  lir.  •Iiidsoii,  and  the  wnndirliil 
Work  he  itce.iiiiplished.  see  the  liioi^raphical 
sketches     of     the      .Iu  Isons,         Ite  enfolceMletltS 

were  sent  to  the  liiiriiiiin  .Mission  as  f.ist  as  tho 
menus  of  the  Convention  would  all  lu  .  and  sta- 
tions Were  estalilished  at  various  points,  somo 
of  which  were  for  the  li.,nelU  of  the  ISuriiieso 
only,  others  for  Karens,  and  since  IsVti  for 
Sli.iiis,  Ited  Karciis,  Kaehiiis,  Chins,  and  Kem- 
mees.  Ivii'h  ol  tliese  trilies  speakini^  a  ditl'er- 
cnt  htn^uat^e,  a  distinct  missionary  uork  is 
carried  on  for  each,  and  the  work  in  Ihirmit 
will  accorilinnly  lie  desenlied  under  the  captions 
of  liiirmiin  ^llssion.  Karen  .Mission,  etc. 

1.  V'/ic  ll'iiiii'iii.  Mi.siiitii,  There  was,  of  ooiirsc, 
no  hope  that  the  Ijiiperor  of  Ihirniit,  himself 
aspiring  to  lie  a  l;uililh,  would  look  favoriiMy 
upon  a  iiiis-,i  111  whose  ultimate  purpose  was  to 
overthr.iw  iliulilliism  ;  and  for  ii  time  the  ob- 
vious policy  of  till)  missionaries  was  to  remain 
ipiiet,  to  iteipiiie  It  thorough  kiiowleil^!(!  ot  tho 
laiii^iiaee— It  diUicull  task,  as  there  was  no  die 
tionary — to  beiromo  thoroughly  conversant  with 
the  sacred  books  of  liuddhism  iind  the  manners 
and  customs  of  the  (leople,  and,  as  soon  its  )>rac- 
ticable,  prepare  somoclearand  simplestatiiiients 
of  Cliristinii  doctrine  and  belief  I'lirsuin^^  this 
course,  l)r.  .Iii.lsou  was  able,  in  IHld,  to  resid 
and  converse  in  liiirmese,  had  prepared  a  Kiiiall 
^'ritmmar  and  dii-tionary  of  the  lan^uiiee  and 
translated  into  it  the  (tospelof  Matthew  (the 
translation  of  the  w  hole  liiblo  was  (Completed 
in  ls;)iii,  and  two  or  threo  tracts  on  the  (  hristiati 
relij^ion  ;  but  it  was  not  until  Isp.)  that  he  was 
able  to  jireach  in  his  zui/'il,  and  to  receive  in- 
(piirers  there.  In  .luiio  of  this  year  he  bap- 
tized the  first  Ihirman  convert  to  Christianity. 
In  tho  same  year  the  Kmpernr  of  Ihiriiia  died, 
and  the  ario;,'ance  and  tyranny  of  his  successor 
broutjlit  on  the  lirst  Ihirman  war  (IS'JI-2(1),  and 
led  to  tho  dismemberment  of  his  empire.  In 
|M-2:t  Mr.  and  Mrs.  .ludson  and  Dr.  Price  had 
beon  (!omniaiided  to  remove  to  .\vii,  then  the 
capital  of  Hurma,  imd  mis.sion  work  at  Itaiinoon 
was  Huspended  until  1S211,  when  a  nativo 
preacher  was  ordained  pastor  of  tho  liiirman 
Church,  wliich  had  been  organized  there  beforo 
the  war,  and  which  maintained  a  ]iiecarious  ex- 
istence until  Ih:!",,  while  the  Karen  church,  al- 
thou'„'h  not  organized  until  ]K:!t,  and  sutTcring 
much  from  persecution,  increased  in  numbers. 
Tho  .Vmerican  missionaries  could  only  come  to 
tho  city  at  rare  intt^rvals  for  a  very  short  stay, 
and  it  was  an  indication  of  tho  (jcnuiueness  of 
the  conversions  that,  under  these  circum- 
stances,  but  one  member  of  the  church  apos- 
tatized. Dr.  .Tiiilson  returned  to  l{ant,'oon  in 
1S17,  but  the  Durmeso  governor  was  ojiposed  to 
Christianity,  and  drove  out  tho  missionaries 
and  the  native  Christians.     In  1H.)2  fho  second 


i 


AMBRIOAN  BAP. 


47 


MISS.  UNION 


rilll 


)riic- 

ll'lltS 

thiH 

riMid 

Kiiiall 

and 

(tho 

Ic'ted 

istiiin 

in 
l>ali 
it>. 

hrd, 

ssor 
iind 

In 
hiicl 

tho 

l^OOIl 

mtivi) 
riiiiin 
f(iro 
lis  ex- 

i,  iil- 
■.■rinK 

Imth. 
inio  to 

stiiy, 

^«s  of 
rcnm- 

I1I)0S- 

011  in 
m^l  to 
nnries 
oud 


I'll 


el 


llurmi'Hc  wiir  orciirrcil  ;  Itiiii^ixm,  I't'v;!!.  iiUil 
nil  Siiiillicrn  lliiriiiii  ln'cuiin  llritisli  Irrrilor.  ; 
Kiiii^iiiin  liri'iiiiii'  ii^ikin  ii  Ktiilinn  <>i  ili"  ILiptist 
MiHHioiiiirv  riiiuii,  itinl  llii'  lliiiiiiiiii  Mi-<->h>ti  li<> 
Kiili  to  ^Tow.  I'r.iiii  lliiM  |ii'I1>mI  ItaiiK  '•'>>  <"» 
Nliintly  iiirri'iiM'fl  in  iiii|>Mrtikiii'i'  hh  k  iiiinHintiitrv 
oenlrf,  iind.  H'.Mi,  1"  Aimrii'iiii  iiiiN..jiiiijinr-.  mid 
U  ii.ilivi'  iiriiiiliiTH  «iTi'  di'Viiti'd  1  \iliiini  Ix  t'> 
W(j'li  itnioii)^  llic  lliiriiiini'  ill  till'  |irliii'i|iiilHliiti<>u 
and  tlic  Tout  NtiilionM  of  I(miii,'imiii. 

Till'  Itiiriiiiiii  work  iit  Miiiihnriri  Iiiih  iiHmiiiii'd 
lar;^!' |>r<>|ii>rtliilis.  and  till' iis|Mrl  in  at  |iri-Hi'nt 
Vi'i'v  cMcoMiai^inn,  til'  tlic  t«.>  rhiiri'lii  H,  oni' is 
Molf  Mii|i|Miitin)^,  and  till  Ti-  ai'i-  fniir  nativf  wcirk 
•Ts.  Tin- S.ii'iiiy  of  CliriHlnin  Kndiavor  Is  do 
ill).'  miii'li  i{>ii>d  and  inTniani'iit  uurK  In  rnaiiv 
t'liviis  and  ritii'H,  rariirst  nvihU  fni'  llm  IIiirnianH 
is  carriud  on.  A  di-tuili'd  arr  Hint  of  tliat  pmst! 
i'liti'il  at  'I'linii^/it  will  ^ivii  alwi  a  ({oiiil  idiu  of 
till'  lliirnian  wnrk  ^mrrallv  at  tli«  Nlatii'tis  of 
liiiniia.  Ill  wliirli  it  is  iKisv  {irosi't'iiti'il.  In  ^'iii 
i^ral,  prij^rt'ss  is  slow  Iml  suri^  'I'Ih'  imiiortaiit 
Mtulions,  lii'sidcs  tliosit  all'radv  liiiiiicd.  ai'i>  . 
JIassi'in.  Ili'li/ada,  l'i'iiiiii>,  Maiidalav,  and  Sa^'a- 
in){.  At  llliaiiio,  wliii'li  is  Hi  milis  Irniu  tlii^ 
proviiii'i'  of  Viinnan.  inCliina,  tlurn  isa  nnssinii 
to  Kiii'li'ins,  and  at  'riiayrtiiiyo  and  otjitl  lioilits 
work  for  tho  Chins  is  earricil  on. 

7Vi../,7:h  is,  in  many  rcspiiHs,  oni'  of  tho  most 
rciiiarkaldi'  iiiissiiins  in  lliirnia.     It  was  |ilnntt'd 
(tlimiKh  a  very  siiiall   plant)   in   1h."i."i.     In  Ix.Vj 
Mrs.    Murilla    IS.    Ini^uils,    tlir    widow    of    Uv\. 
Lovi'll    Iii<„'alls,    a   iiiissiKiiavy   to  .\rakan.   who, 
nftir  tho  diatli  of  her  liiisliaml,  had  ritnrniMl  to 
Aimrica,  .saihd   a;,'aiii   at   tlir  t'lid  of  a  year  for 
Ihiriiia,   itiid    on    Iht    arrival   went    at    oin'c    to 
TlioiiK/.c.     Sim  has  rciiiiiiiii'd  in  that  mission,  of 
which  Him  has  had  tlm  fiitirn  (vmtrol,  for  thirty 
yuiirs,  willioiit    any  niali!   missionaiy  fXiTpt  a 
native  ordaiiii'd  jiri'iiclier  liinl  several  otlii'i' lia 
tiv(^  assistants  to  hi'lp  her.      .V  part  of  the  time 
Hhe  has  had   one   or   morn   lady  assistants  sent 
out  liy  the  Woiiion's  Mis>ioii  Soeietiis  with  her, 
but    oflRIl    she    has    lieeii    ali>lie,    and    lias    coll 
ducted,  with  ^^^eat  ability,  a  most  Hiii'cessfiil  mis 
sioii.   She  ]iroiioiiii(!es  no  )iiililii'  ilisemirses.  per 
forms  no  I'l'L-lesiastieal    filMetions.      She   teiielns 
the  women   ami   llie    iiim    in   all   that  eoneerns 
Cliiistiaii  truths  and  elniri'h  ori^am/.ation.     Sh-j 
Meh'cts,  indoctrinates,  and  eiieoiiranes  thu  native 
nun    for   evall'^'ilistie  sirvieis.      She  i,Mlides  the 
fhiirtdi   in   the   aiipointiiunt   of   its   pastor,   in 
striirls  hiiii   III   IliMe   truths,  jiastoral  theolo^-y, 
inelii'linj;   homiletieal    truininn.  and  siipervise.s 
nil  the  Work  of   tlm   statii>n.     She  keeps  an  i  ve 
on   tile   sehool  at  the  station,  and  is  sure  to  de 
toet  aptitude  for  teaeliinj,'  in  any  of  the  pupils, 
und    sends    them    out    to    teacli    in   the    \illie.;e 
schools.      SIk!   1ms  established  ■ni/nl  iireiichili),', 
orf{aid/ed  a  eireiilatinn  liliraiy,  liiid  keeps  ui>  a 
Kvstem  of  liililti  aiiil  tract  disirilmtioii  throiiL-h- 
out   tho   whole   distrii't.      She    miiintiiins   strict 
discipline  ill   the  two  eliiin  lies  of  the  station  — 
more  strict  pirliaps   than   exists   in  any  other 
mission.        Slie    has    encountered    malcoiitenl-i 
and  ii*akened  opposition   in   a   few   iiistaiiees, 
liiit    in   every  case   her   perfect  iimsteiy  of  her- 
Ktdf,  herf^ood  jiidoiii-nt,  eqiiahle  temperament. 
Ii<-r  tirmiiess   j'liiied  with  kindness,   her  ready 
tact,  and  her  Christian  spirit  have  hronola  heV 
through   in   triumph.     No    jar    has    up   to   this 
time    produccil  any  violent  chaiij^e,  nor  has  any 
iinpediiucnt   resulted   in   anythiiio  more  than  a 
tpuiporiiry  check  to  the  prosperity  of  tho  mis. 
Kiun. 


llkl  ll-lll  L.\T|oN    >>»     Itl'IIM.tN'    MlHslilN. 

Till'  prini'ipal  centres  of  work  in  the  lliirmau 
Mission  are  : 

I.  /I'Oe/.Miii,  with  Ituriiiali.  S^au  aliil  I'wo- 
Karen,  .Shan,  Kiirasiaii,  I'ji^lisli  and  printing 
di-partnienlH. 

\i.  Mi"ilmr!ii,  witli  Kiiriiiiin,  Kan  ii,  'IVlui^n, 
Taii.il  aiiil  KliKlish  Church,  I'.urasian  lliuiie, 
and  iiiedical  wotk. 

o.  Ilnsffiii,  with  lliirman.  S^au  Karen,  nnd 
l'»o  Kan  n  <le|  iirtmeiits  :  and, 

I  7'"<fi</i">.  with  liiirnian.  I'likii  Kari  n, 
lluhai  Kari'U,  ICed  Karen,  and  .sliali  depart- 
liielits 

Tavoy,  Srliwet^yin  and  lli'n/.ula  have  liurmnn 
and  Karen  depnitiiieiils  :  riioin,v.e.  rroiiie,  ,Sa- 
^ain^'.  Myin^.Mtn.  and  Malidalay.  Itiirniali  only  ; 
I'cKU  for  till-  I'alailins  i  lludilhists'  ;  'riiiiyelmyn 
und  Sandoway  for  I  he  Ch'iiis  (Khyelisi  ;  llhaliio 
for  the  Kacli'ilis  iKakhyeiisi  and  Sliaiis  i  jiiid- 
dliists)  :  and  Thihaiv,  thi*  Sli.in  capital,  for  tho 
Slums. 

h'liiiii  Missiiihs  — The  first  mission  to  the 
Karens  III  lliiriiia  was  foumled  in  I^'Jn  in  Ta- 
voy, capital  of  the  province  of  the  saii:e  name, 
l>y  ICcv.  tii'or^e  Italia  ISoardliiali  and  his  W'if<>, 
missionaries  of  the  .\inericali  liaptist  Hoard, 
uHsif^iifd  as  missionaries  to  the  lliiiiiiaiis  in 
Tavoy  in  Is-Js,  They  had  lieen  detained  at  Cal. 
ciitta,  on  account  of  the  jiiiriuese  war,  till  iH'iT, 
aiiil  had  Ktudied  the  liiirmali  lan^ua^e  with  .Mr. 
and  .Mrs.  Wade,  who  h.id  escaped  from  Itiin- 
Hoon,  hut  returned  in  1"<'JT,  When  the  Hoard- 
mans  went  to  'I'avoy  they  took  with  tluiii  ii 
middle  aeed  Karen  imnied  Ko  lliah  hyii  (see 
Ko  tliah  hyu).  formerly  a  slave,  wlm  had  hecn 
converted  through  llr,  .ludson's  laliors,  and  was 
lia|iti/.ed  l>y  Mr  Iloiinliiiaii  at  I'avoy,  May  tilth, 
1^2"".  He  Was  the  first  Karen  convert  ami  the 
first  preacher  to  the  Karens,  and  fiom  his  ^'eiil 
for  their  conversion  was  iiameil  "  the  Karen 
.\postle. "  Mr.  lloardiuaii  soon  loiiiid  tho 
Karens  more  n  ady  to  receive  the  (iospil  than 
the  Itiirmans  :  and  through  hislaleirs  and  those 
of  his  wife  and  assi.^tants  the  lirst  Karen  church 
Was  formed  in  Tavoy  in  1h:!ii.  (por  his  ahiin- 
daiit  labors  and  early  death,  in  1^:11,  see  ISoard- 
man,  (ieor^e  jlalia.) 

The  Karens,  of  whom  there  live  fifteen  or 
twenty  tribes  more  or  less  dosdy  connected, 
are  the  )"asaiit  population  of  liurnia,  iSeo 
Karens,  iiiidi  rartii'le  liiiriiiu.)  'I'heyare  divideil 
into  three  classes  :  1.  The  Lowland  tribes,  the 
S'„'au  nnd  I'wo  Karens,  oci'iipv  ino  the  deltas  of 
the  Iniwii'li.  the  Silano,  and  the  .Salweli,  nnd 
the  intervi'iiiiii>  jilains.  Tin  se  lire  iinricultu- 
rists,  tislierineii.  nnd  laboti  rs.  They  are  j^reatly 
opliressed  iiii.l  cruelly  treated  by  tin!  Jbuiiians, 
the  rulili},'  class.  '_'.  The  central  or  liiohlalid 
tribes,  the  I'akuK,  It^^liais.  (ieckos,  Kalelinees, 
etc.,  occupyin.^  the  table. lands  and  valleys  if 
the  Sitaiii'  ami  Salweii,  of  which  Toiinj^oo  is 
the  centre.  :(.  The  hill  or  iiioiintain  tribes, 
wilder,  and  soiiio  of  them  not  so  certairil\  of 
the  Knren  family,  as  they  differ  materially  iu 
habits  and  language  from  the  two  preceding 
classes  :  the  Chins,  the  Toiinofhoos,  the  Kem- 
iiifes,  Kach'ins,  who  have  recently  btcii  identi- 
tieil  with  the  Sinnplios  of  Northeast  ISurm.i 
and  .\ssam  .\11  of  tlnse  tribes  are  supposed  to 
be  of  the  .\ryaii  stock  :  they  were  not  iilolaters, 
hail  some  ideas  of  ii  Supreme  Iteiiij;  nnd  of  n 
liivine  IJeileemer  who  would  save  tlieui  from 
sin   nnd   sorrow  ;  they  made   offerings   to   evil 


I   :>[    (. 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


H|>irils,  ili'iiiniiH.  ii'ils  or  i/cr.s,  fniiii  iiiotivi's  of 
fiiir,  Ixit  liii^l  III)  ti'iii|ili<s,  Kliriiii'H.  or  iiIkIh. 
I'lii'.v  liJiil  tiailithiiis  cif  tliK  I'i'i'jiliori,  llii'  tin  hI. 
IUI<I  (illii'i  Itlrl'li'llls  ri'i'Drdnl  ill  (ii'lli'sis,  llk.t 
(illnr  II  Mtlicrii  A-^ialirs.  'I'lu^y  hid  no  will 
till  liiii.;iiiiv;>'  III!  111'.  Wii'li^  rcMliifcil  tlirir  s|i<'i  ili 
til  A  I  itiiii<.  itiwl  Ill's.  Wiiili',  Mjtsdii.  mill  Iti'iiytmi 
tl'ali^liih'il  tiiii'ls  mill  till)  Si'l'l|>llll'i'S  tor  lliriii. 
.\l.ui\  111'  llii'Mi  With  I'm  Iv  to  ri'i'oivii  tlir  (i.is|ii  1 
111  niici'  ;  iilliir.'^.  triiiii  fiiir  of  tlii>  KurmaiiH  <  r 
(ilInT  rmi>is,  I'l  jii'liil  il. 

I''i'iiiii  iN  I'liiiiiniiiri'iiii'Ml  ill  Tiiviiy,  in  Is.iii, 
till'  i^iiiiil  »iirlv  i'\l  iiili'il  ti>  .Miii>;iii.  ni|iitiil  i>t' 
till'  siiiilli  r.itiasscriiii  I'r.ivinrr,  in  I"!!!!;  In 
.Miiiiliiii'iii  la  |i:l|  .\\>  ;  t.i  limi^ii  111  mul  .Mauln'ii 
ill  |s:i.l  iiliiiii;;li  iiii  cliiii'i'lii's  \\i  r<<  I'Miinli'il  till 
|s:l|i;  tn  ll.is-.iiii  ill  \  VM'i  (lliiiii^;li  lliii'i'  NMfii 
111  li.i|>lisiiM  llll  lolii.  'I'lic  lir-.l,  lioiiks  ciri'ii. 
Iiiliil  «Ti'ii  ill  lliii  lliiriiMii  liiiii^imi,'!',  Iiiit  IhiTii 
Wi'iii  triiiu  mil  ihii'limis  nf  llm  Si  w  'ri'staiin'iit 
|iriiil('i|  ill  S^jmi  Kiiri'ii  in  {"^A't,  llir  cnliii'  Ni'«' 
Ti'shiiii  'III,  in  |H|:|,  mul  tli^  w  IioIk  I!iIiI<>  in  |s.',:t. 

Till'  I'wii  K.inii  \v  IS  nut   nilii I  I  >  wlillll^;  till 

lH:t."i  :lii.  Siiiiii' trai'ls  mill  iiuitidns  of  Sriiiitiiiii 
wi'i-i'  isHiii'il  lit  isll,  jsl."!,  mil  l-lii;  tin'  N.w 
'I'l'slaiiii'iil  iliil  lint  appiai'  till  |N'M,  mill  till'  Ol.l 
Ti'staliiilil  liiil  llll    |ss|, 

I'rinii  till'  liisl .  till'  wiii'U  <il'i'vanv;rli/.atiiiii  wa.s 
lai'^;i'lv  r.iii'icil  mi  liy  iiali»'ii  iiu;riiry,  llm  nils. 
Kimiarii'S  sii|Miriiili>iii|iii;,',  traininv;  tlii'  liali\i< 
iisHislmits,  lAuininin^  mi. I  li.i|>li/iiit^'  tln'  rui- 
Virts,  alul  ailmiiiislci'iii^!  tin'  Lui'iI'm  Sii|i|ii|-. 
'I'liis  was  |iarlii'iilarl.Y  llm  nisi-  in  lluii'.^iiiiii. 
Maiilii'i',  aiiil  liassiin,  tliii  only  ilislriils  wliiili 
wi'i'ii  in  ISiii'iiimi  trrrilory.  mul  in  uIik'Ii,  till 
|H,")-J,  tint  I'linviiis  sulTi'i'ril  iiiiisl  crnrl  piTsii'ii- 
tion,  liiii's,  iiii|ii'isotiiiii'nl,  toilnri'S.  anil  di'iitli 
friiiii  Itiiniian  oilii'ialH.  Moiilmi'in,  'I'avoy,  ami 
.MrrK'ni  With  llll  ill  Itritisli  tiTi-itory,  mul  iioih' 
111  till!  (itlii'T  statioiu  wci'i'  coiiiiinni'cil  lufoiii 
lM.-,:l. 

'I'lio    Uaiij^'ooii   mill    .M.iiil iiiiKsionH  niay  1>o 

cniHiiliii'i'il  tonctliiT.  Tor  iii'ai'ly  IvMiity  \  lais 
))(Ts.iMitiiin  ra^i'il  iillii.mt  ("instantly.  'I'lio 
Kaii'ii  idiiirclies  were  Mi'altiTcil,  Iml  i^ullirri'il 
iiHixiii.  I''i'.iiii  ilmiiiary  to  .hily,  Hhl,  l.iino 
Kiiniw  wi'i'i'  aiMril  to  tlii'SH  niisKiniis,  Imt  m 
1^17  tlii-y  WiTi'  ilrivcn  out  of  llm  rc^i m  liy  llm 
liiiniii'SH  ^^iiviinor.  In  I'l'iJ  l!ain;oiin  was  i-ap 
tiii't'il  liy  llm  Itritisli,  mul  llioiii^li  iii'slilriicii  mul 
I'aiiiiiii'  I'lillowi'il  war.  tlii<  ltiiii..;oon  .Mission  liiis 
|ir  ispcfi'l  cvrr  siiH'i'.  It  li.iM  now  llic  Kan  ii 
'I'lii'iilo^ii'al  Si'imiiary  for  yonii';  Kari  ii  ini'ai'li- 
lis;  tliii  ltin.;oon  liaplist  Collfun  for  yoiiiij.M  r 
|>ii|iils.  liiii'iii. Ill  mill  Kari'ii  ;  liolli  tlicsn  arc  jiar- 
ti  lily  sii|i|iorlril  liy  tli.'  Kami  rlnii'i'lHs  of  liiir- 
iiia  mill  jiaitly  liy  tlii>  Missi mary  rnnni.  Il  lias 
ills  I  a  '.girls'  liii;!!  si'lmol,  an  I'jirasian  si'liool,  mi 
l''.ii'.,'lisli  rliuri'li,  lliit  lai't^o  missi  in  jnt'ss,  tin' 
Itiiniia  llililii  mill  Trart  Sornty,  MO  Kurm 
I'liiiri'Ims  w  llll  I.  Cl'l  iimiiiliiTs,  uinl  ol  hi'IiooIs 
with  l.iri'J  |iii|iils  llolli  cliiiri'lii'S  taiA  Hclioois 
urn  imarly  nil  siOf  sH|i|iorliiii,'.  Itiit  tin'  Itassiiin 
S;,'aii  Kar.'ii  Mission  is  llm  rrowniiiK  ^;lory  mul 
liiosl  piTfii't  llowi  r  of  tlm  Kanii  iiiissions  of 
Ihiniia.  lii'^iiii  ill  l^:)"  hy  IIih  |iri  ai'liiii'_;  of 
Mr.  MihotI,  wlios|iiilit  lint  live  or  six  days  tlnri', 
tlm  i^ood  work  wi'iit  on  cntiii'ly  lliroiin||  tji,. 
Iiilior  nf  nativit  ('oiiv<<rts  and  llm  ciri'iilaliuii  nf 
hooks  and  trm'ts  in  Karen  mid  Ihiriiiaii,  till  in 
Hil'.t  iiinnt  than  '2.11111)  win*  ciiiivirtid,  tlioiiL;h 
only  mill  had  liin'ii  lia|iti/i'd.  TIk"  llri's  of  pir. 
HiM'iitinli  Mi,'i'd  tliiri'ii|y  ;  tlm  i-iilivirts  wiTn 
iMMiti-ti,  chiiiiii'd,  Hnrd,  itii|irisoni'il,  sold  us 
slitvuH,  tnrtnruil,  ainl  put  to  d^utli  ,  Imt  ii  it  miii 


|M  MISS.  UNION 

iipoHlali/.i'd.  Mr.  .Miliott  mul  tlu*  ntin  r  iiiissioii- 
arii's  WI'I'I*  firliiddi  n  to  rntrr  Itiissiin  iindiT 
pain  id  dnilli,  mid  in  |s|ll  hr  ii'iiinvrd  to  Sail- 
dovviiv,  .\rakaii  l>rilish  titritory,  srpanitrd 
from  Itasscin  liy  tlm  ^mna  rali^o  nt  iiioiintains  ; 
an  1  liiiiii  tlnrr  Im  und  liis  iissoi'iati'S  maiiii^i  d 
till'  Kami  MiHsimi  for  Ihirtri  ii  vrais.  (Sm 
Arakan.  .Missions  ill  I  In  l^^'i'J  lil  llm  iiiissimi. 
mil's  and  till'  Salidoway  .Mission  vm  ri'  tralisfi  iinl 
to  li.issi'in.  .Ml  lilt  'Jii  I'hiirrhi  s  mul  'J.lliiii  iiiiiii. 
liiTsw.nt  from  .\rakan,  mid  in  all  tlurr  \\  i  ro  oH 
rhiiirhi's,  iihoiit  11,11111  iiiiiiilii  rs,  mid  lirmly 
.1,111111  I'.iiivi  ris  not  \tt  hapti/i'd.  .Morn  tliiiii 
."i.linil  lia.l  pas.M.d  iiway  from  Ihirmrsi'  I'riirllii'H, 
rlmh'r.i,  iin.l  nlln-r  pcstilrlici  s,  faiiiilii',  and  t'\- 
piisiiri'  on  tli.i  mmililuiiis.  'I'hi'  wliirlo  iinmli'  r 
of  I'lllVi'lt^  lip  In  lliiit  tilim  had  liciii  iilioilt 
|i;(iiiii.       Till  ir   coiM'sc    frmii    that  tiiim  on   liiiH 

I II    mil)    of    slrady   iiro^inss.      In     IK.M     tho 

('liiinhi'S  lii-raiiii'si  If  supporting,  and  missionary 
I'Ifiirts  for  tlm  hralln'ii  moiiinl  ihiiii  liy  iiativi) 
••van^;i'lists  with  (■oliiliirlii'td,  villa(,'n  HrlinolH 
wrri' islalilishi'd,  mid  a  town  lii^li  scliool  foiii- 
mi'in'i'd  iiliihrMr.  liiii'lii'r'H  I'lTorts.  'I'lir  spir- 
itual I'onditiiiii  Was  improvi'd  ;  in  iHlHi  all  tlit> 
s.'hools  Wfrr  siipporti-.l  liy  tho  rhiirihis.  Mr. 
Ahlioli  diid  in  IH.M,  and  Mr.  Ili't'ilar  in  iMiii. 
In  Mils  Mr.  Cirpi'iilir  took  rhar^'r,  and  w  liilo 
lonslaiilly  strivino  for  llnir  spiritual  ^^ro^^tll, 
llll  piishi'd  fiirvvard  idiiralional  mi  asiircs  and  iv 
tlioroiii^h  systi'iii  of  srhoojs,  riiliiiiiialin^  in  tin) 
Ko  Ihali  liyii  .Mi'iiiorial  Hall,  till  in  Iwilvf  v  al-i 
this  pi'oph',  sli  ipi-d  to  llm  lijis  in  povrity,  t  \- 
pi'iidi'd  in  tlm  Imildint^,  siippmliii^',  mid  in- 
dowini^  Hi'liiiols  .•<|:i"i, 11(111,  lii'sidcs  Imildino  llnir 
chapi'ls,  supporting  tlx'ir  pastors,  llnir  \  illavjo 
Ki'hools,  iiiid  tlirir  nalivii  missimiarirs  ;  mid  in 
1^7.")  and  |m77  sfiit  I.'hiii  riipii  s  to  llm.  hiilTi  irx-t 
frnm  fmiiiim  in  'rniiii^on  and  tn  tlm  pi  rishini; 
Ti  liioiis.  Siiicii  iSKii,  nndiT  Mr.  Nirhols,  liny 
liavii  riintiniird  to  advaiini.  'I'lny  liavo  rii- 
ilowc  1  llii'ir  hinh  srliool,  "  tlm  la-st  ill  all  lliir- 
ma,"  with  alioiit  !f."iii,liilO  ;  tiny  liavi'  iiliont  l'J."» 
sliidi'lits  of  liotli  Hi'M  s,  a  tilio  ]iriMtlM);  ntliri', 
and  all  •'xti'iisivo  sawmill  and  iiiai'liiiii'  shop, 
liiiili  lioard  and  tuition  ari>  fno  to  llmsi' \\  ln> 
riiM  pass  tlm  rMuiiiiiatinn.  Tiny  hiivo  rnlaroiil 
Ihrir  ).'i'i'at  Mi'iiiorial  Hull  and  Iniilt  mid  rii- 
ilowi'd     II     hospital  Tlm     iliNi-iplini'     nf     tlii> 

cliiiri'licM  is  strirl  ;  tlirir  pastors  iiro  wi  II  ninl 
tlioroiit^hly  traiiiid  ;  tlnir  liiiii'Voh'nin  is  main- 
tiiiiii'd  on  a  HyHliiii  whii-h  ri'arln'M  cviry  ini'iii- 
lirr  ;  and  in  llnir  drtss,  fiirnitiiri',  doint'slin 
lifi  ,  mid  M.ii'ial  rmidilion  (Imy  ronipam  favora- 
lily  with  tlm  I'oiintry  I'lnirrln'S  in  tin'  I'tutnil 
Slatrs  'I'lnrr  iirii  iiow  K'.l  chiiri'ln  s  and  marly 
lii.dou  mi'iiiliirs,  with  itn  inllnri  nt  popiilatinn 
in  their  «.">  t'liristimi  villiiKis  nf  aliout  .■lO.dnil 
siuIh. 

Tlii>  I'wo  Kai'i  II  Mission  in  llnHsiin  was  not 
startid  till  IHI'.I  ;  it  had  fi.\M  r  Imoks,  and  im 
New  Trslami'iils  till  \\\:\,  and  tho  liniinin  t'alh- 
olii's  had  ,;ailii'il  a  htroii^  foothold,  and  am  liovv 
mori'  niiiiici'oiis  than  the  I'roti'slmils  ;  Init  nnr 
missiniiarii's  tlnii'  liavo  'j'J  iliiirrln's,  '.'I  villai^i'S, 
I, Mil"  nii'iiilii'rs,  17  Kihools,  und  .'iji'  pupils. 
Ni'iirly  all  ure  si  If  snpporliiii;  They  liavii  jus' 
eslalihshed  a  tiiii'  hiLjIi-scliool  in  Itii'.sein.  'i  In  y 
are  t,'rowiiii.;.  The  Karen  liilssimisiit  Moiiliiiein, 
Taviiy,  and  Mil'^iii  have  lieeti  frnm  llm  llrst  on 
llritish  territory,  und  havn  emoiinlend  im  per- 
seelltimi.  Tlie  |:^t  iimiied  is  now  ^iveii  up. 
Till  Karen  Mission  at  Mniiliinlii  has  llvci  .Vnier. 
ieaii  iiiissloniiries,  liesides  Iwi  in  ehar^e  nf  all 
KnullsU  Tiuiiil  and  'I'l  lii^ii  chuiih,  and  u  lady 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


40 


MISS.  UNION 


III 


■^liitiK 
,  llicy 

!•        lll- 

r.tir- 
II t  IJ.". 

iill'irK, 

.slio|). 

I'  \\lu> 

m|.;i'il 

,1    tii- 

thi) 

II  iiixl 

iiiiiiii- 

iiii'in- 

iin'slid 

aviini- 

ItuIcmI 

iiiiirly 

lititiiiii 

.11,11111) 


Ills  imt 
itlhl  III) 
II  t'lilli- 

llii  II'IW 

ml  iiiir 
illiinrx, 
imiillH. 
ivii  just 
'i'li.y 
iliiii'iii, 

llist  (III 

nil  jM'!'- 

Ill  \\\>. 

.Viiirr- 

III   lilt 

a  lu.ly 


itt  llii'  lii'it'l  nf  till'  r.uruHiaii  llo:iii>  alul  sclimil. 
It  liit-i  II  i-liill'i'lii's,  '.iH  liittivii  |irru('lli'l'H,  1,111 
liii'iiiliir-.,  -I  srIiiiiilK  uilii  lilll  |iii|iils.  Ilntli 
climrlii'H  itliil  sc'liMiils  liaM!  .S^iill  mill  I'ah  iiii'Iii- 
liiTs  mill  si'linliirs,  mill  hit  si>II'  Kii|i|Mittiii^. 
Tiiviiy  li:iM  17  (•iiilirliis  alul  '.l'<l  iiii'iiiliiTs,  all 
si'lf  sll|i|lnrHlli,'.  Imt  of  till'  fiilllti-mi  silllmls.  Irst 
than  halt  an'  M'lt  sii|i|iiii'liii>;.  Ilin/ailii.  'Iliiir 
rawaihly,  ainl  Sli\\it;yiii  ari'  lliii  uiily  iillirr  S^^aii 
Ktri'ii  iiiissiiiii-<  lit  liii|iiirtaiiri<  in  Ihiri'ia,  ami 
M.inliiii  Ihii  iiTil,v  iitliiT  r«i>  Kaiin,  'rin-  liisl 
tliii'i'  am  iiiil)^ri>tttlis,  ilirrrtly  nr  iinlin  r(ly, 
fl'iiii  llassi'jii.  All  liavM  li.'i  ii  cstalillslii'il  siiiri' 
l•^•"l.■!,  ami  liavi'  iii'Vir  siilTiriil  |HrHi'iiiiliiii  lliii 
/.ala  lias  |iriis|i<'rril  frmii  llii-  liiv-t.  It  hnslimv  Is 
rhiiK'lii's  mill  aliimt  '.',M"i  nil  iiilii'i's,  :iii  Nrhouls 
anl  I.JJT  |m|iils,  llm  iiiajnrity  <>(  Imlli  clmirhi^ 
ainl  si'hiiiils  silt  sii|i|iiii tiii;^  ;  'lliarrawiulily,  an 
iilT^liiiiit  ti'iiMi  l|ili/..|i|a,  liJis  'Jl  I'hiirrlirH,  'iSi 
111  iiiiliiTs,  mill  '.I  si'h'iiiN  with  '.Ml  im|iils,  mnslly 
hilf  siiii|MirliiiK.  SliHinyiii,  on  tin)  l.owir 
Sit.ini,',  is  a  |iriis|iiriiiiH  iiilssjoii,  with  III 
rliurihi's,  l,."ii|-.J  iiiiiiilii  rs.  Ill  si  honls  uiiil  ilTH 
|m|iiU,  anil  is  Tast  ii|i|iriiMiimlin;4  to  srlf  niiji 
|iirl.  Mauliin,  alioiit  niiil»ay  lirtwiiii  Itmi^iiuii 
mill  Itassi'ln,  has  iliawn  must  of  its  Twit  Kan  lis 
truiii  liali^iiiin.  It  has  I'l  rhiiri'hrs  ainl  liT'.l 
iiii'iiilii'rs,  li  Hi'lniols  ami  isl  |m|ii|s,  all  sill'-snii 
imrllllk' 

rimn.;iiii  is  llm  srat  of  tim  missinii  to  thr 
I'aKil,  ll^liai,  ami  (iirUii  Irilas  of  Karrlis.  ami 
\iii>  also  Hiiiiiii  rhiin'hi'S  of  'rimni^lhoos  ami  Itril 
Kari'iis.  It  \(as  fiiiimhil  in  Is.")!!  Ii\  I)r.  .Muson 
mill  Mr.  Cniss,  ami  its  I'liily  siicrt'ss  was  larnily 
iliiK  to  nativii  I'Vaiiu'i'lists  fniiii  Itassiin.  'I'lii< 
Si'ri|ihirt'S  havn  lii-iii  tninslati'il  inln  llir  I'al.ii 
mill  Hnliai  lannuii^i'S  (■  or  a  iiinri' full  lurmini 
of  this  iiiissiiiM,  M'li  rminj^iiii.  iimhr  arlirli'  Ihir 
ma.  Till*  illHlrirt  isa  favoriililo  oim  for  miNKJuii. 
ary  work  on  tin'  Silmi^  liivirmiil  tlii<  railmail 
niiilway  Imtvvi'i'n  Uaiiyoon  mil  Mamlalay.  It 
lias  ]iaHsi>il  through  many  trials,  ami  lln-  It^lmi 
rimri'hrs  ucrr  iii'iirly  nut  in  twain  liy  vrry 
iintiirtiinalii  tcarliiii^js.  1  |ic\  liavr  now  |l! 
miNsioiiariis  (only  In  on  tIm  tii'lili.  I'll  I'likii 
I'lmn'hi's  with  ■i,riiHI  nn  inlii'is,  ami  il.")  Hrlinols 
with  Mill  |m|iils  Till'  I'likii  I'hiirrhis  ari'  wlf. 
sii{i|ioitini;  Imt  tlirir  srliiuils  iirr  not.  'rim 
llj^'liai  cliiirrliis  nuiiiln'r  7''.  Willi  'J,mhi  mi'in. 
Iurs,  .'iinl  (hiy   hail'  ."i7  si'hools  with    I,'jr.l  |m 

pils.  Imt  millM'r  ll Iiinrhi's  imr  tin' si-honls 

am    SI  If  Mi|i|iiirtiiiL.;.      Thi'     Kaniiiiii'    or    Kiil 
Kari'ii  i-hiinliis   an-   iinlinli'il  with   llii>  l!^;hais. 
I>  illi  liilirs  ari'  Hiiiiliiioiiiit  missii'i  arirh  to  new 
.iiiil    im|iortanl   plaii  s  on    tlm   linn  of   tlii'Titll 
r...i.l, 

riii'i'ii  am  in  all  liiirnia  atiinit  Isii  Kami 
cIiiiitIu's,  with  ahonl  •J->,'Jilii  iiu'IiiIh  rs.  (iflhchn 
ah  111*  '211,0(10  ari'  Snaii  Kari'lis,  'J,llllll  I'wos,  .">,  lllll 
I'al  .,  ituh.iis,  I'tr..  mill  Ihi'  riiiiaiii<lt  r  ( 'h'iiiH, 
Kirli'ins,  Kannni'i's,  Ki-nimiTs,  cii'. 

rill'  Ch  ins  liav.'  Ihrri'  cliiiri'lii's  at  'I'liiiy- 
liiino,  tw.i  at  S.iiiil.iwuy,  mill  will  kiioii  ha\i>ii|iu 
ll  Mmi'lalay.  Tli.' Kai'h'ins  liavi-om- al  l!limiiii. 
I  111'  Shaiis  iiri'  now  m n  .,siIp1i'  to  ihr  (ois|ii'l  in 
tliiir  own  I'  iiinlry,  a  Nlalinn  liaviii:^'  lnin  rHtiih 
lishnl   at    Thiliaw.  aiiil  ollii'rs  an^  to  lii<  loi'iiti'il 

siioii.     'riirn'  ar in'.^ri'(,Miioiis  if  tlicm  at  limi 

k'liiin  ami  T.iiini^iio.  Th,.  Ililihi  jms  hi'in  Irmis 
lilnl  inlothi'irlminuiiKi'  by  I»r.  ('iishinK.  Thi'y 
ari'  Ihi.lilhists, 

AVii'  Mixsifii  1,1  .l.vv./iM.  i.Si'i'  also  .\mshiii  ) 
—This  iiiiHsiiiii  was  iinolln  r  ii'siilt  of  llm  ri's 
uliilioii   of  llu'   Trifuniiil    ('.invcntioii    in  Ihiij 


(n'|iiati'il  in  Isil.'i)  to  ncciiiiy  all  iii'w  liiiliU 
wliirli  ^;avi'  |iriiniisi'  of  siirri'ss.  .\ssiiiii  liiH 
iiorlli  mill  norlli»rst  of  lliirma,  on  lioth  .hIiIch 
of  llm  l!i'iiliiiiii|mti'a  ainl  iinniml  itshi'inl  waters. 
Till'  riiiinlry  inul  lin  -i  iiiili  prnilriit  till  l^'J'.', 
Imt  afliT  M'Ji;  was  «'•<!:;,  iiinlir  Itritish  nih'. 
Till'  nioiinlains  risn  on  til  shIih  tioiii  (In  ii|i|ii'r 
vallry  of  till'  I!  ahimi|iiitni,  i Alilnlilii;  towiiiil 
'I'llii  t  on  till-  liorlh  ainl  (  lillia  oti  I  In-  riiNt.  'I'liK 
inhaliitaiils.  I.i  Inii^in^  to  iiinny  (lilTrn  iil  trihi  s, 
s|H'aKim„' ililVrrriit  lanniiM(;rs.  wiii' ofli  ii  at  war 
Willi  larh  oilnr.  .\nii  nj4  this<!  «iri'  Ihi  ,\s 
saiiii'si',  alliiil  to  till'  lliiiimilis.  iiiiil  s|>i  al.ili^' ii 
laii^iiai^K  aiia|o|.{ims  to  tin  ir»  :  thr  MiiiiiiIik,  in 
llm  nasi,  onii  of  tlm  hill  Iriln  s,  who  mi  liii  il  to 
III-  of  rhiiii"^!'  ori(.;iii,  Ihini^h  tii  ni'  mnl  war 
llki'.  'I'lii'  SiliL:|ihiis  (Sim/,  I  allsi,  (l.uos.  Na^as, 
ami  .Shalis  \t  i  m  1 1  in  otln  r  pi  iliri|  iil  II  lln  s.  I'.x- 
ript  till' Sliaiis  most  «i  II  lirahii.am.,  iiinl  vi-r.y 
hirii't  in  lliiir  inllii  nini'  to  cnsii'.  'I  hn  ('.nn- 
llsh  Commisniiimr  to  .\smiiii.  < 'ii|in:iti  I'ranrm 
.hnkyns,  hail  lii'i'onm  ilri'|ily  inliiisliil  in  llnso 
(rihrs.  iiiiil  ilrsiroiis  I.I  liaM'  iiiiKsii  mil iiH  l.ihi.r 
aiiioli'.^  tlniii.  Ill'  imnh'  ii|.|ilir!illii|i.  Ilirmii^li  all 
Iji^'IIsIi  liii'inl,  lo  llm  llii|  list  ml.^siiimirmM  in 
Kuril.  I  li>  orrii|iy  this  tii  hi,  i  Ihiin^  ■J.iiiiii  lis. 
(ifHiiiii  to«aril  tlm  i  arly  lApriisis,  'lln-  mis 
Hinnarii'H  silri'liil,  ami  alliiuaril  approvnl  l.y 
111.'  ItoanI,  wiri'  Ki'v.  Nallimi  l'.ro«ii,  win.  Innl 
llii'M  hi'i  n  in  liiiniia  (hnn  yi  ars,  hail  ari|iiiri'il  ii. 
vi'iy  thoroii<.,'li  know  lril|;i'  of  llm  i'.iirman  Ian 
I4iia;^i',  ami  hail  urilli  ii  siviral  liviiins  in  it,  uml 
Mr.  11.  T.  i'lillir,  a  iiiissioiiar.\  piiiilir.  'liny 
wnri'  at  lirst  disii^nalril  to  llm  Khamlis  ami 
'Shaiis,  mill  till'  town  of  Saili,Mi.  on  Ihr  l.otih  rs 
of  I'llii'l,  was  si'li'Cli'il  as  (Im  pi.ilil  floiii  whirli 
lo  hii^in  thi'ir  lal.ors  ;  Iml  iipiii  lln  ir  iirriMil  at 
Saili,\a  I  March.  IMir.)  llm  iiii.-.s|iiniirii  s  foiiinl 
lliat  till'  .\ssaiimsi'  anil  Sili^phns  wrnilil  Im  milrli 
nioii'  I  asily  narlmil.  'I  Im  Khmnlls,  la  iii^;  Iin.st- 
ly  nil  llm  ril.i'lmi  siili'  of  llm  lofly  Min){('  nf 
liioiintains  w  liirli  sipiiiali  s  'I'iIhI  fioin  Sinli.>  a, 
Wnm  inari'i  ssilili'  at  thai  liiim,  wlilln  hrlwciii 
Sailiyn  ami  llm  Sliaiis,  living'  in  llm  (  him  so 
]iriivliira  of   Viiiinan,  iiii'l   in  Nortlirithlirn   l.iir 

niik,  hi'Vi'ial    hiv'.li    niiit'i  s   of   i intiiiiis    inlir 

vjiimil.  .Vrronlilinly.  woik  was  iitnli  rlakrii  for 
tlm  .VsHiinii'si',  whiln  as  iiimi,v  Khmnlls  ami 
.Slians  as  ]iiissili|n   wiTo  rcarlmil,      .Mr.    jlrown, 

wli |iiiri'il  Imiv'ini^is  w  ilh  womhrfiil  Imilily, 

wilhin  luo  yi  ars  Innl  porlnnisof  llo'  Niw  'I'.sl.i 
iiii'Mt,   Irai'tH,    spillinu  Innks,   ami   a  ilii'lioi.arv 
in   .\ssmimNi<,  Shall,  mnl  Klnimli.      Nihonls  w  i  ni 
or|.;aiii/.ri|   ami   will   all' inh  il,  ami  llm  mission 
iirii'S  pnailnil  in  llm  ililTi  n  nl  liinniia^'is  iil  tho 
./l/||^v  I'Viry  Siimhiy.      f.irly  in   |s:l'.MInri' wiimi 

raiil  hy  si.i if  llm  hill  (i  ili.  s  upon  llm  Kin. mils 

III  Sa.|i\a,  ami  llnil  till..'  was  ilrivi  ll  i.v.r  Iho 
iiioiiniains  ;  dm  Krlmols  mnl  iiiissioii  liiiihlin^H 
wi-m  ilislroMil,  ami  llm  iiiissii.narn  s  hi  rn  rmii 
jii'lhil  to  minialn  lo  .l.iipnr.  on  mmof  llm  sotitli- 
crii  alllimnts  of  tlm  liriilimapntia  llcm  lln  rn 
wnro  .\ssaiimsi'  ami  Sinuphos,  l.iil  ll..-  >(alion  ilnl 
not  jiislifv  llmir  i\pii  lalioiis,  mill  in  Islnilny 
ri'imivi'il  lo  Sil.siiv;iir,  on  ll,.'  Ittaliniapiilra,  ihn  n 
iliiNs'  joiirimy  farllmr  soiilhwi  si.      Ilitillmy  liail 

•asy   a ss  to  llm  N'auim,  iilm  of  llm  lull  trihi'S, 

Sil.siiyor  hail  a  popiilalion  of  s.lNlli,  ami  wim  lli» 
most  siiitaliln  plari-  for  work  miioiin  llm  \n- 
hiiiimsti.      Ml.    Ilr.insoii,    in  (triohir.    I'^ll.    ro 

IIIOVl'll       to       NoHHOIin.      in      SllUtllWl-,t      .\sMini, 

wliiTc,   in   lH|:i,  ihi'  Niiwyoin;  Orplnm   Insliiii 
liou    was    I'^l.ililislmil.    ami    in    |m|:1  Mr.    Ilar- 
kir   iliKroliilitil   tliu    Itriiliniapiitrit   to  iniiiliali. 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


.ill 


MISS.  UNION 


i      I 


\ 


I    It 


4    |i 


whcni  hiimi'  flldils  hud  nlniiily  linii  nnul.' 
fcir  11  iiiissiiiii  lis  liirly  iis  |x:t7.  .\Ii  sms. 
Jiniwil  iilhl  I'litti'l'  rrlililllii' t  itl  Silisii;{iti',  IliK 
fdriiii  I'  ilili^^clillv  hIij4ii^;im1  in  ll■nIl^^l;lllll^^  lliu 
Si-rl|>tiiri-s  ml)  Ai'i.iiiKsi'.  iiiiil  the  IiiiIit  in  priiit- 
iiiL,'  ilii'iii  ill  till'  Ukiiuiii  chaructc'i's.  'I' lie  lirst  cuii- 
Vi'it.  Ni'llii  l.i'vi.  :iii  AssiUii' sr,  was  l)u]ili/.iil  lit 
SSil.^ii.;  r  in  .liiiir,  l^ll.  Iml  sunn  iilirr  ri'iimvi'il 
Willi  Mr  liiciiisiiii  til  Ndtti^mi'^.  ( iiliiTiii'i'csKions 
fi.||i>wi'il,  all' I  in  1^1 1.  Ilniii  wiwii  n  nmi'kiilili-  in- 
HalliiTiiii,',  i's|irciiillv  at  Niivvf^iinn  an.i  (iaiiliati. 
A  ''liiin'li  was  liiniD'il  at  cacli  .station.  an<l  |iii|iils 
t'r  nil  tlii^  Nmvj^(ili)4  tliiiliiili  Institute  j^nw  ii|i  to 
li  •  illii'ii'lit  mill  lailliliil  IhIimis.  I'Im'  N<'\v 
'r>>tiuiiinl  in  .Vssaiiic!*!!  was  inintiMl  ainl  si'V- 
cial  I'llitioiiH  wiTi-  piililislii'il,  ami  niinli  of 
till'  olil  Ti'slaiucnl  w.is  rniil\.  In  \s:,:\  Mr. 
('iilirr  iiiiil  III  is."..")  |)r  anil  .Mrs.  Jiniwii  wcro 
<'iiiii|ii'lli'il  to  li'iivr  the  iiiissiiin  in  coiisiMiiirnrti 
iif  siriiiiw  ill  lu'iiltli,  al'lir  'J*i  yiars  anil  ninro 
of  si'Viri)  anil  wiiariiii,'  liilnir.  Kroni  iH.'iO  to 
IS'i'.i  was  a  tiintt  of  ilarkin'ss  for  the  AHsimi 
iMissioii.  Conversions  wero  not  niinirroiis. 
til  iii^'li  tlmro  Were  revivaU  in  .Silisui^ar  ainl 
Nii\v;,'iiii!,'.  iiinl  niiieli  f.iiinratiiin  work  was  llon^^ 
Tin  iiiissioiiarieri  lalinnil  faitlil'iiil.v,  asiH.l  their 
UNHislaiils,  Iml  one  iiftir  annllier  of  their  niini 
liel  VJave  lip  I'leir  lives,  or  Were  ilrueli  liniiie  liy 
prolraeteil  illness,  till  in  |H"i(i  .Mr.  ami  Mrs, 
\Vlulin^{  Wile  the  only  niissinnariis  left  in  the 
UeM,  ami  they  were  ilisalileil  liy  sickness,  lint 
here   the   native   preaehers  iiml  pastors  showeil 

tliiiiiselves  fiiitlifiil  anil  i ipeli'iit   to  earry  on 

tile  work.  Kaiiiltira,  a  ftrinliiate  from  the 
Orpliin  Institute  at  Nownoii^!,  an  exeelleiit 
h'liolar  mil  a  man  of  line  alulities  anil  deep 
piety,  nlimpiislied  Ins  ^;.>vernlllent  i>osition 
an  1  liecame  pastor  of  the  (iauhati  I'h'.ireh,  the 
lar'.,'est  in  the  mission,  at  a  salary  one  third  of 
wliat  he  had  reeidved  from  the  government. 
'  fan  you  hold  on  till  some  one  arrives.''' 
iiskeil  iiiii)  of  the  missionaries.  "  .My  w  ish  is  to 
liiil  1  on  till  d"atli,"  was  tliii  modest  hut  hrave 
reply  of  Kaiidiira.  .\iid  he  his  held  on.  It 
was  lliii  tiiiiii  of  the  ^reat  Imliun  mutiny,  mid 
the  missionaries  in  .\s.-i,iiii  teand  that  the  Se. 
p>>ys,  maiiv  of  whom  were  llinliis.  mi<.^lit  rise 
till  re.  as  they  had  done  in  llellii  and  (awnpore. 
It  «as  II  rei^^n  of  terror,  Iml  1 1  mI  luereifiilly 
pre,.rvei|  them.  Itetweeti  iMCil  ami  1N<'.:I,  "a 
work  eoiiimeiieed  aiiiin^^  the  tiaros,  another  of 
the  lull  trihes,  the  iiiosl  li.-ree  and  warlike  in 
tile  lirili-^li  dimilnions.  The  work  eommeiieed  at 
(i  It  il para,  on  the  liraliiuapulra.  neaily  Km  miles 
III'!  ivv  liaiihati.  and  frmii  the  tirst  Wiis  liir^t  ly 
wniii'^dit  out  liy  the  (i.uns  tin  niselvi  s.  So  ex- 
(''iisivi'  has  tint  work  heen  aiiniti^  these,  ns 
Well  as  aiii'in^'  the  Nai.;av  miollnr  of  tli>'  liill 
trilii's,  that  siiiee  iHTii  tlm  niissinn  work  has 
lieeii  or^^ani/ed  anew  into  :l  niissi.iiis  :  1.  The 
Assaa.ese  iit  (iaiihali,  N  iw^'oiij,',  and  Silisa 
K'lr  At  the  last  miiin  d  plaee  one  of  the  mis- 
Hi  mnis  was  appunli'l  III  the  Kilils,  a  ilin 
du  hill  Irilie  from  Clihotit  Nii^piir,  who  have 
lieeli  lifoiiL^lil  In  ^sHaiii  tiwork  lii  llie  govern- 
iii'iil  lea  ^.ird' lis,  mil  of  wleuu  a  eonsideralile 
iiuiiilier  have  lieeii  I'onverli  ■!  and  luvniii/ed  into 
It  clnindi  ;  there  are  IH  mis' i"iiariis  1:| 
eliiir.'hes.  and  777  nieiulu  r-i  in  tuis  mission. 
'2  riie  (ram  .Mission,  n  •«  the  mo-t  l!ollri>lhlll^; 
of  the  :i,  with  H  missinliariis  I.")  of  them 
liidiesi,  with  Htaliniis  nt  Tula  mid  •  1  uvulp.ira.  In 
cihurehes  and  Ll^'i  memliers,  |:tj  liapti/ed  in 
IMS',),  '".l  sehnols,  and  l,ll7J  pupils.  These 
oburcheM   uru   |)urtly   Htill.itupporlinij.      :<.  Tho 


Na^a  Mission,  with  Htatioli.iat  .M<>luii>{,  Kohima, 
and  U'ekli.i.  Ill  Cenlial  .\ssaiii,  reporting',  in 
ISMl,  -I  ehiirchi  s,  I'lll  nieiiihers,  H  seliools.  and 
I7t  pupils.  There  are  N  missjonaries,  Imt  "J  of 
tlieiii  ant  in  llm  riiited  .States.  Total  for  .\s. 
sum,  '2.'i  missionaries,  of  wliom  only  °J0  are  in 
the  lield,  Jl  native  preiieliers,  -J'.!  ehuvehes,  |.S.") 
Iiiipli/eil  in  INN'.i.  I,'.i:i7  memlurs,  h7  sehools, 
I, '.Mill  seholars.  The  New  Testament  and  eon- 
sideralile portions  of  the  Old  have  lieeti  trillis- 
lati'il  into  .\ssaiiiese.  Na^a,  l!aro,  iind  portions 
of  it  into  Kliamli  and  .sdiaii  ;  the  whole  .'serip- 
lures  have  In  en  SI  paralel\  tianslali  d  into  Nlimi 
liy  Uev.  .Mr.  I'lishiiiK'.  -n  liurina.  Th<'  (laro  and 
Kohl  ehurehes  seem  ileslimd  to  (^row.  The 
Kohls  iinmlier  several  hundied  thousand. 

Mi.ssinn  III  .\i'il,iiii,  (See  also  .\rakmi.)  —  III 
Ih;!,')  tint  mission  to  .\rakan  was  ('iiiiimeiiei d. 
llev.  (irover  S.  Coinstoik  and  wife,  origi- 
nally appointed  to  Jliirma,  werti  ilirectud  li,v 
the  liiiard  of  .Mana^'ers  to  (Mimmeneii  ii  mis- 
hIoii  at  some  point  on  the  eoast  of  .Vr.tkaii, 
w  lili'h  was  omi  of  the  proviiiees  <'i  di  '1  to  I  in  at 
liritain  liy  the  Ihirnnse  kin^  after  the  war  of 
l.s'2'  Ki.  '  Their  lirst  station  was  at  Kvouk 
I'hyoii,  on  Uaiiiree  Nlainl.  at  that  time  the  prin- 
eijial  liritish  Klation  in  .\nikan.  This  proNiiiL; 
unhealthy  and  otherwise  nndesiruMe,  another 
station  on  the  same  island,  called  Jt.iiiiii  e,  ami 
another,  .\kvali.  farther  north,  w  ■  re  selrcteil. 
The  n.ilive  .\rakaiiesii  are  of  liiirmmi  stock,  iiud 
nii'lei^taiid  the  r>iirmeHe  laie^iia^e  ;  the  mission 
was  tiill  if  promise,  and  there  were  Imt^e  iicces. 
sions  lor  several  years  ;  luit  the  ciimatn  was  sin- 
gularly fatal  to  ti.e  iiiissloiiaries,  Mr.  iiiiil  Mrs. 
Levi  Hall  dyiiiK  within  fouriiionlhsaftertheiriir- 
rival,aiii|  .Mr.  and  .Mrs,  ( 'i linstock  and  t  wool  their 
cliil  Ireii,  Mrs.  .Moore,  .Mr.  ('amidull,  Mr.  Knupp, 
and  Mrs.  Kose  a  few  years  later,  while  many  of 
tho  olhers  Were  coliipelled  to  Icitvu  the  lield. 
The  Karen  liass'ln  .Vrakmi  .Mission  was  com- 
iiienced  in  Saiidoway,  .\rakiin,  hy  .Mr.  .Mdiott 
ill  I  Mil,  as  the  only  way  hy  which  the  Sj^aii  ami 
Two  Karens  in  I'.assi  in  could  he  reached  hy 
(he  missionaries,  the  lluriiians  forliiddiiiK'  Ihini 
to  enter  llassiin.  and  peineciitm^;  the  converts 
there.      It    Was    maintiiilied   from    IMll  to   |s.'i:i 

hy    Messrs.    .Miholt.    II her,    and    \  an    Meter, 

throuj; II  native  priacliersmidevan,.!elists  trained 
in  Sandon.iy.  The  missionaries  visilid  the 
frontier  and  met  the  mil ne  pastors  mid  deacoiiM, 
for  a  month's  instruction,  cuch  year.  Tin  in 
Were  alioiit  2. mill  Christimis  who  Hillhd  in 
Siulherii  .\rakaii,  mel  formed  cliiin  lies  mid 
('hrisliiiii  vilhines  tin  re,  cniinecled  with  tho 
Itassein  .Vssociation  ;  Imt  tluMi  removed  to  Has. 
Hiin,  after  the  war  in  l.s."ij-."i:t,  mid  the  Samlo. 
way  Mi-ision  was  (.;iveii  up.  Jt  had  Inver  had 
any  cniinecliim  with  the  .Vrakainse  Mission  ju 
Nnrlliern  .\rakaii.  (See  Kiireii  .Missions,  under 
.Missions  ill  iiuiina.)  That  mission  was  iiiiiin. 
taiiied  till  Is. Ill,  vheii  .Mr.  and  .Mrs.  S.ittrrlen 
liavinL;  died  within  it  year  after  tinir  arrival, 
mid  Mr.  Iii'^^alls,  w  ho  had  had  cliMr'.;e  of  the  mi'<- 
Nioii  from  I'aii^onn,  lia\inv;  also  died  at  si  it  in 
Is.V.,  the  missions  at  Itnmree  and  Akyuh.  as 
Will  as  a  iiew  mission  tn  the  Keiiiiiii  es.  a  north. 
I'm  tnlio,  perhaps  of  the  Kanii  family,  wem 
(,'ivi'n  up,  tile  I'liardof  Maiiaj^ers  feeling  niialile 
at  that  time  to  maintain  a  mission  wliich  had 
proved  so  fatal  to  its  missionaries,  Itiit  nfd  r 
the  Arakmi  lield  had  lain  fallow  for  W'l  years, 
the  iiiiHsion  at  Smidowa.v,  .\rakaii,  was  iiiiiin  re 
viveil,  itiid  has  now  (IHH',))-!  .\mericaii  iiiissinn 
iirieH,  'J  uativu  iireuuUvri),  7  uliuri-'lieH,  uud  Itio 


\ 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


51 


MISS.  UNION 


ilr 


Iniiiiril 

r.l     tllU 

'I'Ihiii 

I. a  ill 

IS  mill 
iili  till) 
I..  Has. 
Saliilii- 
M  r  liml 
sioii  in 
I,  iimlir 
lis  iimiii' 

lllllll'O 

iiiriviil, 

till'  Mlis- 

iit  HI  II  in 

.ill",  lis 
II  imrtli- 
ily,  Wfti' 
H  miiilili- 

llirll  llilil 
lilt  lift  I  1- 
l."i  yiiirH, 
ii^iilti  II' 
iiiissinti 

una  1  ;•.■■» 


nil  iiiburH.  'I'liu  \vorl<  Inul  Ihtii  ciirrii'il  mi  liy 
Kiiri'ii  mill  iitlici-  iiulivu  |iiriirlirrs  ttoin  llussiin 
ami  lli'ii/.iiilii  tnr  Hoviiral  yniis  iimlii-  llii'  iliicr 
tiiiii  1)1  .Mrs.  ('.  It.  'riKiiiiiis  iiiiii  111  r  viin,  Itiv. 
\\.  V.  riiiiiiiiis,  anil  liis  witr,  ami  2  siiif^lr  Imly 
luissiiiniirifs.  rill'  Cliiris  (Kli,\  riis,  a  trilm 
uIIk'iI  t.i  tlir  Kari'iis)  ari' till' iiiiiht  niiiiirriMis  con 
Vrrls,  llii>ii:.4h  artivi!  work  lias  ln'iii  rtsiiiiiril 
Hiiiiuiv;  tliu  Ki'iuiiici  H.  Till  ri'  lire  alsn.  in  tlm 
cliunlii'S  of  tli<>  Sitniliiway  ilistrii't,  ISiii'iiialis, 
AntkaiK'si',  KarriiH,  hihI  snriii*  'Irliii^UH,  'I'lii' 
f,'iM>i|  si'i'il  siiwn  HI  or  i'lii  years  a^^n  i.s  yii'liliiit,' 
iiliiiii  lant  fruit. 

Missiiiii  III  >i'(i/i.  'I'liti  inissloniirit's  in  Itiirina 
looki'il  w  itli  li'iinlii^  ryrs  to  till'  cimiitniH  lyiii^^ 
ill  tliii  ri"r{ioiis  lii'Mniil,  an>l  iiiiiili'  many  ) Hurts 
to  r.'iirh  tlii'iii.  .Slam  was  tin'  lirsl  In  wliirli  a 
missiiiii  was  t'staliliKliril.  \li\.  .lolin  lay  lor 
Jmmi's.  a|i|hiinli'il  to  llii'  .Moiiliiiiin  Mission, 
iirrivi'd  tliiTi'  in  iNill  ;  at  tin'  rr<|iii'st  of  tliu 
l.oiiiloii  Missionary  Sorirly,  ami  \Mlli  tlin  cor- 
dial ui'iiMJi^si'i'iirt)  of  his  lintlirrii  in  Itiirma.  Im 
%V''iit  to  lian^kok,  tliii  ca|i|lalof  Si.iiii.  in  .Marrli, 
]h.l:l,  to  start  ii  misHion  tlnri'.  Tins  stcji  nut 
witli  till!  lii'arty  a|i|iroval  of  ll:«  Itoanl  of  Man 
avtirs.  ainl  Mr.  .loniH  at  onco  inlrri'il  upon  ins 
Work  ali'l  sjii'imIiIv  a('i|iiiri'il  the  laliKila({i'.  ill 
Is  l."i  111-  visiti'il  Sint;a|iori'.  lo  |irinl  a  Iranslnlion 
of  a  part  of  tlu)  Ni'W  risiaiiiiiit.  ami  tlirrc  iiii't 
I>r.  William  Iti'iiii.  whom  tho  lioanl  hail  Hint  to 

II  in^k  ik  as  ii  misNionary  to  ilir  Chinisi'.  who 
f'lriii  Ik  lar;;ii  proportion  of  thu  population  of 
that  city.  Olliur  missiouariis  lollnwiil  I)r. 
Di-ali.  This  Mission,  iliiriii^;  tlic  .'>'>  vi  ars  of  its 
oxIstiiiK'i',  has  lii'iin  (or  tin-  m<>st  part  a  iloor  of 
ontran-ii  to  ( 'hiiiii,  ainl  tlm  work  for  tin'  .Siam 
»'si'  haiin^i  met  Willi  Imt  slight  siirrcss,  may, 
p  rli  ip-i,  liii  ^ivcn  up.  TIik  lasl  n  port  hIiows 
otilv  oiiK  Siamrsii  churi'h,  with  !:(  iiniiiliirs. 

Tlif  Cliliirsf  Mii.siiinn  wcri!  nally  commi'iirril 
at  it.iii^'kok.  in  Siam,  in  l>i:i:i,  hut  no  srUlrmiiit 
vva-i  iii.nlii  in  China  piopir  till  l^l'i,  though  .Mr. 
Shiic-k  hi'lil  a  post  on  Ihr  isliiml  of  Macao  as 
I'lirlyas  lM:l(i,  When  Ihc  Irnily  Willi  China  «as 
ralill '<!  in  isi'i,  a  missioo  »as  comiiunriil  at 
liiti','  Km;;,  wliilo  that  at  .Macao  was  main 
tiiin.'  I  for  a  liltlii  Kcasiin,  hut  soon  tiansfirn^il 
to  II  lUv;  KoiiH.  l)r.  Iicuii  iwlio  is  still  liviiij^i 
r^iuriviil  from  Ilau^-kok  to  11, oi.^  Kon^'  in  ( iciu 
h.r.  iNl'J.  Thii  Work  at  that  city  ami  its  vicin- 
iiv  pr  ispiri'il  f.ir  inarly 'Jti  years.     There  wcro 

III  my  haptisms,  hut  the  converts  win-  not  nil 
Cliiriese.  hill  of  ililTereui  nationalities  I'.n^lihh 
s  ijiliers  alii|  sailors,  .Viiierii'atis,  Malays,  .lava 
n.'se.  lie.      Willi   the   liope  i.f  j;ainin«  ^,'reatl■r 

ai ss   to   till)   Chinese,  the   Iloar.l  of    .Managers 

(leel'li'il    ti)    liiakii    Swalow,    when    opelieil    as    a 

fri  ■•  p  irt  in  Ihi;|,  the  principal  Htation  of  the 
Siiiithei'ii  China  .Mission. 

I>r    .\shiiiorii  ami    Mr.   Sawlelle,  who  hail  al 
re.i  ly  lalioreil   there    for  a  year   or    two,    \m  re 
j.iiiiel  hy  other  miHHionariis  from  Han(,'kok  ami 
from   Americi  ;  eliurches  weie  ornnni/nl,   mill 

Con..lilerallhl     niimherH    Were    haplu.eil.         ThcHC 

c  inverts  With   mostly  wounn  ami  coolies  ;  vcrv 

fert-  «er.'  from  the  l  I'lue.ile.l  classes.       The  Kast- 

crii  China  .Mission  had  its  lie.^'iniiinn  as  a  imili 
o.il  mission  at  NiiiHpo.    It.ilh  of  IIum!  misKioiis, 
for  luauy  years  after  their  fouiulahon,  siiirerd 
liiueli   for   lai-k  of   aili'ipiate  siippurt  ainl  n-  en 

foreeiueiit  ;  liiit  within    n nt   years   there  has 

' »    "    chaiiKe    in    this     respecl,     |h,     liaplist 

churchcM  having  invakemil  lo  |h,.  neeessilies  of 
<"liina;  ainl  anions  tlm  Chinese  also  ^reat 
cLiiiiKuH  Luvo  tttkuu  pliiuo  ;  thuru  ih  much  iiioru 


ri  ailincss  to  accept  Western  ideas,  anil  the  liar 
riers  to  ( 'hristianity  are  lireaking  ilo»  n.  In  I.Sh'.i 
tilt)  Western  China  .Mission  was  coiumeneeil  at 
Siicliau,  on  the  western  frontier  ol  China,  mi 
thii  liorilers  of  Tihet  ;  this  work,  it  is  liojuil, 
iiia.v  eventually  connect  with  .\ssaiii  ami 
lihaiiio.  In  l^s'.'  there  wi'ie  17  churches  mill 
l,.">:i.'>  iiiemlicrH. 

V'/.p  T'l'i'i"  Mi.isiiiii.  T'hi)  Telunu  Mission 
presents  a  curious  alioiiialy  in  the  missions  of 
the  rnion  It  was  the  nmsl  hopeless  at  the 
lirsl,  ami  it  now  the  most  jirospi  rous.  I  rum 
the  least  inlereslino  ami  eiicouraein^  it  has  inl- 
Valiceil,  in  less  than  J-'i  years,  to  lie  one  of  the 
most  mm  t'elloiisly  Niiccessfiil  missions  mi  tho 
face  of  I  he  earth.  The  hislovy  of  ( 'liristianity  in 
all  ai^ex  ami  coiiiitrii  s  hIi  .w  s  nolliin^;  w  liich  siir- 
passi  s  the  later  ,\ears  ol  the  .\mi'riciin  lliiptist 
Telii',^11  .Mis'-ioii  in  h|iontaiuous  i  xleiision,  in 
rapiilit.v  of  )iro;^ress,  in  giiniineiii  ss  of  conver- 
si'iiis,  in  staliility  of  result'<,  or  in  jirmiiise  lor 
the  future.  Thi!  missionary  inarvi  Is  of  llio 
.South  Seas  cannot  parallel  It.  (Inly  in  .Mai!a- 
l^ascar  can  we  liml  mi.\  lhiiit{  tocompare  w  illi  il  ; 
ami  111  the  luissioiis  of  to  ilay,  w  hen  thu  amount 
of  etrort  put  torlli  anil  the  realily  of  personal 
experience  are  taken  into  consnh  ration,  evi  ii 
the  woinlerfiil  ]>rogresH  of  Christiaiiily  iii'liijiali 
can  Kearcely  lie  placeil  liesiilc  it.  It  was  lieguil 
in  hSItCp,  wli  '11  Ihe  lloiiril  of  Malingers,  inliiij,' 
upon    the    ailviee    of    Hev.  .\lllos   Sutton,  of    the 

OrisHii  .Mission,  sent  .Mr.  mnl  Mrs.  l)ay  to 
Nellori',  in  tin-  '  "i  lu({u  «'or.iilry  ;  hut  110  years 
Were  Hpeiit  with  almost  no  result  ;  tune  iiml 
timii  again  the  .Missionary  I'liion  ilisciisseil  at 
ilK  annual  meetings  the  ipnslion  of  remo\iii^ 
its  mm  missionary  from  linlia,  ainl  putting  him 
among  its  other  missionaries  in  itiirma.  Tlm 
missionary  map,  always  in  view  at  these  iiiinuiil 
iiieeliiigs,  hint  upon  il  a  niimlier  of  reil  marks 
to  iiiillcate  the  Hiiitioiis  in  Ihirmii.  These  minks 
lookeil  like  a  cliislir  of  st.ils,  while  across  ihii 
liay  of  lleiigal  tin  re  was  lull  one  loiie  hiar,  in- 
ilicating  the  only  station  of  the  lioaril  in  linlia  ; 
mill  at  mn-  of  Ihe  linilings.  when  the  ipies- 
lion  of  ahainloiiing  or  p'  enforcing  this  mission 
tvas  miller  ilisciiH.su>n,  ii  washpokeii  if  us  thi> 
"  I. one  .Star  .Mission.'  l»r.  S.  I'  Smith,  Ihu 
aiilhor  of  the  nilional  anlln  m  of  "  .Sun  ricii," 
wrote  tli.it  night  a  poem,  pictunii)^  in  place  of 
the  mill  Htar  II  glorious  I'oiislellalioii  of  slais  in 
that  region.  C  iis  propln  i\  has  lueii  most 
gloriously  fiiltilleil.  I'pnii  Iheemilest  pleailiiig 
of  lir.  .Iiiilsoii  ami  Mi.  Siiltmi,  il  was  voleil  to 
continue  the  iiiis»ii.ii,  mnl  .Mr.  .lewelt  was  si  nt 
to  re  enforce  .Mr.  I'.iy,  ami  the  misHimiaiiis 
toihil  as  for  their  liMs,  ofii  n  with  lailing 
In  iillh,  aiiiiil  epiileiuii's,  f.imiiies,  the  gi'i  at 
miiliiiy.  ami  all  Jiossilile  (liseoiiiagemenls. 
They  Were  smin  times  ohln^'nl  to  lly  from  tlm 
country  for  a  time,  Imt  mvi  r  aliaiolmieii  the 
work.  Till'  .Scripliiii  s  m.'l  other  hooks  wirii 
translate. I  into  Teliiuu,  air.iiiiing  school  for  na- 
tive helpers  hail  liein  estahlisheil.  ami  'J  or  .'I 
churchi-H,  ciimposfil  .>f  Ijirasiaiis,  I'.iiglisii 
Kohliers,  Tamils,  ami  Iturmiiiis.  imil  u  very  few 

TelllgllH  -  I'llielly  of    the  holer  castes— liinr  lliell 

gatlni-eil  ;  only  tlils  after  :l(l  years  of  l.ilpor,  ami 
in  iHi'il.  the  proposition  to  ahmnlon  the  mi^sioti 
v.is  ag.iiii  niinle  :  hut  the  veinrahle  Mr.  .Ii  well, 
still  l.ilioring  on  in  faith,  refiiseil  to  gi\i>  it  up. 
Haying  that  as  long  as  life  hisle.l,  he  must  work 
for  the  TiliiguH  ;  tin-  lloar.l  ilnrelore  lookeil 
f  ir  s  Hue  one  to  w.irk  with  him,  ami  the  Jiev. 
J.  K.  Cliiugh  wiiH  Hciii  out  in  IHii.j,     Tliero  wero 


¥ 


1 


i 


AMERICAN  BAP. 

lii>l  lit  tliut  tiiiH'.  in  all  tli>'  'i'l'lii^  i  C'ttiiitiy, 
iiiiri'   tliiiti   'S't  Ijviiii^  I'liiiv.  lis  li'  irii  till'  Ti  liiK'i 

iii'ii|ili)   Nvlii>    liiiil    ncriviMl    li.i|itisiii    triiiii    till' 
l:l|i|ist  inl.ssiHiiiirii-*,  lill'l  lllr  Mli'ii  ss'it  lli«  fiilir 
other     ili'ii  iiiiiimtiiiiis     In     tlic     liiM.     iaiiiiiin^- 

llllioll'^'  its  itI.IIIIII.IMMI,   liiiil  IKit  I I>  ^iratrr  lllHll 

tliiit  of  till'  li.i|i(isi,  Atlir  till'  iiriiviil  of  Mr. 
Cloiiuli  Hi'VtTiil  jiiirs  wiri'  '.iiriit  in  uIiiiohI 
friiitli'st  liilior.  lu  It.  ii|ii>i>itri'il  :  Imt.  the  :iil  yurn 
of  i>ri'|mrutii)n  wrrr  to  ri'Hiilt  in  ii  glorious 
liiirvi'st.  \  iii'iv  Ktiilioii  \v;m  fornii'il  iit  nnj^oli., 
Ik  litlln  to  tin  iinrtli  of  til.'  oM  sliition  ut  Nrllorf, 
iiii'l  li_v  iiii'l  liv,  oni^  liv  iini',  till'  rniivcrls  lirnun 

tor  ulli'.       Ill  .llllic,  l^'w,  11  rllllli'll  «iw  or:<iini/ri| 
at  (tiii^ili',  witli  only  m  iiiiinlirrs  ;  iiihI   tin'  I'nii 
vi'it-i  lit  Ni'llori'iinilon"or  two  ollur  |"iiiits  nil  in 
l.'iri' I  lietwii'ii  ni  lui'l  ."in  niori'.      In  MUT  llirro 
wiT''  inori'  til  in  •>'•  liii|ili/iil  In  I'oniui'tion  with 
til"  f)ii'.^oli'  Musinii  ;  III  iHiiM,  '.11  ;  In  |Ki;:i  tliiTd 
w.ri'  >'>'1H  liii|ilisiHs,  iin.l  till'  ulio  <•  niiiiilur  of  liv 
iiiL^  iiiiiiiliiTs  «iisH:i.")  :  in  IH711,  '.i|."i  win.  I>ii|iti/iil, 
'J  ii.w  stiilioiiH  o.'i'iipli'il,  7  tmllM'  piiiii'li' M  or 
iIh.Iiii'iI,  ami   a   I'Uilliii'.^  for- 11  tlnulo^iral  Hi'iiii 
iiiiry  i''iiii|ilili',l.     In  .liiin',  IhTI,  tlicri' miTi' re 
]iiMti'<l   at    NelliTii    '.i'M'    iiK'iiilx'rs  :    at    I  )nt4o|i', 
'2.7'il  ;  at  KiiMiii|.iitani,  <17.~)  ;  at  .Minor,  CO  ;  loliil, 
:t,s:ij.     Tills  was  the  ^'rowtli  of  six  years.      Then 
('.iiini  11  fiiiin  of  trial  ;  a  severe  fiiinliie,  foUowcil 
Iiy  a  ile-itrilellvii  tlooil  ;  after  the  llooil,  rholera, 
mill    after    tlio    cholera,    iinolhi  r    anil    severi  r 
faiiiiiii!.     S  irely  were   the   new   eoiiverts   trieil, 
tint  neitliiT  their  faith  nor  the  faith  of  tlm  ml^ 
Kioiiiirii'S  fiiilcil.     I'|i  to    Iiei'eiiilier,    |H7ii.    7JI 
liaj   lieen  liaptuitil   iliiriii)^  that  ycur,  anl  there 
wi>rii    1, it'll    livinn    niciiiliers    of     the    Teliij^u 
chiiri'lics.     Then    eaino   the  ^reat  an<!    terrihle 
faiiiine,  extenillii'.^over  nearly  the  whole  of  I  ml  la, 
ami  I'liiisiii'^',  ilirielly  or  imiireetly,  theihath  of 
aliiMstli,l)(l(l,il<Hl  of  the  natives.    The  Govern n lent 
li.ul   to  contriliiite   lart^ely  for  the  relief  of  the 
Htarviii'.;  an. I  tlm  eni|iloyiiient  of  those  w  lihoiit 
Work.      Mr.  Cloui^h  si  eineil  to  have  heeii  ralseil 
il|i  fir  siii'li  a  tune  as  this,     lie  lunl  liei  n  a  civil 
f'ti','lm'cr  in   his  own   country,  and  here  he  up 
Jilii'il  fir  ami  olitalinil  the  conlruets  for  the  c  m 
Htni'lion  of  several  sections  of  the  |tiieklno|iaiii 
Ctiial,    which   the   j^overniiient   was   construct 
in^,  ami    he   employeil    many  thousaiiils  of   tho 
lliitives,  (•-insccratiii)^  all  that  he  receiveil  to  tlin 
li  Ipof  the  sutfcriii({,  wlilln  he  ami  his  lirethren 
lii'c.iiiiH  the  alnioiiersot  the  uoverniiieiit  lioiinly 
to  till)  sick    llm  stiirvliif^,  iiml  the  ilyiiij,'.     Tim 
work  was  ailiiiiralily  iloiie,  and  llie  i^overnnienl 
liestowuil  their  lil^li  eiicoiniunis  on  the  mission. 
nries,     .\)>oiit  Inn  of  the  native  Christians  ilii'il, 
Imt  the  niisslonaries  were  tliii  means  of  savirii.; 
liiiii.y  thoiisiimls  of  lives,  ami  the  region  within 
a  railiiH  of    l.')i|   mill  s  of  <  )n(,'ole  repoiteil  fewer 
ileaths  than  any  ollii'r  part  of  Soiitliern  or  ('en 
tral   In  Ha.     I)urlnn  the  whole  of  this   periml, 
from  .liinnary,  Is77,  to  .tune,    1s7h,  Mr.  Cloii^^h 
wouhl  permit  no  liaptisms.     The  missiomiries 
Were  too  fully  ociMipleil   for  riuiil   examination 
of   ciiipllhites,  ami    there  was   too  much  ilalit;er 
of  tilt)  peopli)  comiu'.^  for  the  sake  nf  (oml  only. 
JJiit  lifter  the  famine  hail  jiasseil,  those  who  hail 
lieeli  plea'llli'^'  to  lie  recin^lli/.eil   as  Christ's  pen. 
Jile  liei»iiii  to  press   into  the   kiliniloiii       The  ex 
uuilnatioiis  Were  very  careful  ami  critical,  iinil 
thousiimls  were  counselled  to  ilelay  for  a  time  ; 
yet  hi'tweeii.lunc  |.".lliiil\il  .luly  :ilst.  Ih7x.  h.C'.iI 
wen^  liii|iti/i  il.  'J.'J^'J  of  them  in  oiio  day.     In  this 

HHlue  .Inly.  1,IMIII  people  from  olli)  of  tlieOnyolu 
paiiUiiis  caiiii'  inlu  the  mission  eompnuml  ami 
giive   up  their  idols,  asking;  for   l.aptisin.     Tlie 


r,'i  MISS.  UNION 

wnik  has  cntitiniieil  without  Kcrions  a!>alemi'iit. 

I) Illller    .'list.     |SS|.     there    «ere     12    stations, 

'ilil  I  ut  stations,  Id  missionaries.  \'i\  native 
preachers.  ItH  Ihlde  Women  ind  M'Jil  ollnr  n.illve 
helpers,  12  chuiches,  with  _i;.:r.Hi  niendicr-.,  <if 
whom  1  ."..'it;  H  ere  lia|ili/ed  111  iHHl  Tlietiiim 
her  of  I  dhereiits  lalid  this  mciilis  much  ill  a 
cinil'try  where  caste  i  tilesi  exceeih  d  IIKI.dllll  per 
sons.  Vi  ry  considerahle  niimln  rs  of  Siidra'>  itlio 
lalii>riln{  casli'i  and  merchants  ami  the  mlliliiiy 
caste,  lis  Well  as  ii  niimlH  r  of  Itriihmlns.  Imvn 
aliali  Inlnd  caste,  iinil  are  ai'tlve  Chiistlaiis. 
The  leaven  liii>  worked  from  III  low  npMiird.  iilid 
this  is  II. )W  the  largest  mission  of  the  .Vnicrican 
ISaptlst  Missionary  riiioii  In  hialheti  lands. 
There  iiie  iiow  Jil  st.ition-,  incliidinn  (hose  of 
the  Canada  liaplisf  Mission,  which  is  working 
in  perfect  hariiioiiy  w  nil  the  Missionary  I'liioli. 
The  moveiiictit  toward  Cliristiaiiity,  which  h.is 
celitrid  alioiit  (  Inyoli  ,  seems  now  to  he  spniid 
inn  norlhwiud  iili  1  espccliJIy  westward.  Tln> 
nuiiiliir  of  iiiemli(  rs  Is  :i:i,s:is  ( inelourlh  of  tint 
7J  I  hurches  are  self  support iii;.;,  lint  as  \i  t  linin) 
of  the  ten  schools.  'I'he  llvoniisoii  Tlnoli  i^'icid 
Seminary  at  Itamiipiitain  and  tlm  lln^'nle  lli^li 
School  rank  vi  rv  hi^;li  In  scholarship  iiiid  iium- 
l."rs. 

l/i'v.si'oa  to  .hifiiiii.  The  nilssioii  to  .hipati, 
commenced  in  the  l.io  <  hoo  Islands  hy  the  Iren 
Mission  Socli  t,v  in  Ihi'h,  was  taken  over  \<\  tho 
.Missionary  rnioii  in  1h7'_',  Imt  has  lieeii  j;reiitly 
hampered  livwaiil  of  funds  to  i'an',v  on  Its  work 
iiileipiati  ly.  .More  than  any  other  country.  .Iiipaii 
rei|iiires  native  preachers  and  pastors,  and  .i 
iarne  sum  of  iiii>ney  is  needed  t.>  support  tlm 
Iriiiiiiiii^  schools  and  theolnnlcal  si  iiiinaricH 
which  are  icpilred.  .\  tlieolo^ieiil  school  has 
lieeli  estalillslied  at  \  (iknhaiiia,  ami  In  cliiiri  lies 
have  hecli  or;;ani/ed  :  II  .Viinliciin  mis-.|iin 
aries,  with  I  ordalmd  and  'i'l  iinordaliied  iialivo 
|ireacliers,  and  '.M)."i  iiienilicrs  make  up  the  pres- 
ent iiiiHHiomiry  Htalistics  of  the  I'niou  in  •lii- 
piin. 

Missions  ro  .Vkiik  A.  f.ihi'ii'i.  The  Trliniual 
llaptist  (ieiieral  Convention  were  disposed  Very 
earl,v  toiiid  the  .\friciin  liaptlst  Missionary  Socle. 
ty  in  planting  a  iiilssion  in  .Vfrica  In  the  vicinit.v 
of  the  present  repilhlic  of  I.iheria.  The  .\iiien 
can  Cnlonl/.ation  Society  had  planted  a  colony 
there  in  IHJI,  and  (wo  of  the  .\fricaii  Missinnary 
Scxrietys appointees,  Messrs.  I.nti  Cary  and  Colin 
TeanMc,  (colored  lireaehers  from  liichmond,  who 
had  lieeii  oriliiined  and  assisted  l<y  the  llnard  of 
Manap(ers  of  the  Triennial  Convention,  were  at 
the  Cape  Mesiirado  station  from  its  commeiici"- 
liii^nt.  Their  work  was  Idessed,  and  a  chiir.'li 
constituted  which  had,  in  IH-Jii,  alioiit  seventy 
niemhi  rs.  Itev  l,olt  Car,v  was  slain  in  Is-J'.l, 
while  defendini.;  a  fort  attacked  hy  the  slavn 
Hliips.  I'p  to  iHIH'i,  the  lioiirl  of  Maiia^;ers  had 
SI  III  tell  white  missionaries  into  that  held,  l.iit 
nil  hut  one  had  either  died  or  heeii  compelled 

t>    leave   til miilry    within    a    year   or   two. 

There  had  heeii  no  record  up  to  this  time  of 
the  conversion  of  a  siiinlii  idolater.  Tlm  livo 
cliiirches,  with  perhaps  'l'ii>  meml.ers  wero 
composed  entirely  of  ciiloiii^ts  who  had  cnnni 
from  the  I'lilted  States,  and  who  had  l.epn, 
ill  most  cases,  iiiciiiliers  of  colored  liaptlst 
chiirclies  there,  of  all  the  native  trilies  around 
them,  the  llassas  sei'inoil  most  approachiihle, 
and  in  Isiic,  |!iv.  W.  (r.  Crocker,  the  only 
surviving  white  missionary,  comnniiced  rediic 
inn  "i"  Jtassa  liiiinuaui>  to  writing  and  jirepur 
inu  honks  in  it.     Ills  labors  woru  ldt:H.seil,  ami 


! 

I 
(I  I 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


63 


MISS.  UNION 


imlivo 
II   ill   .III- 

niimiiil 
(l  viry 
Sdcii'- 

viiiiiily 

AllMll 

(iiiy 

NJMiiiiry 

KlCnlill 
111,  «  ll'> 

liiiiiril  of 
wcrii  lit 

lllirliri!- 

rliiirt-lk 
srVf'Ilty 
111     1HJ'.», 
slllVIt 

^rr^  Imil 
..•111,  l.ut 

|,l|M'll.'ll 

(11-  Inn. 
liiiif  iif 
rim    livii 

111    IllIlID 
I     I..PI1. 

r.iiptist 

;  iiriiilllil 
rliillili', 
,.    nllly 
ll    rnllK'' 

ll"-'!""', 
ll,  iiImI 


ill  Isr.t  thiTo  wiiH  H  Jt.tsHii  church  with  f..rl.v- 
I  Mir  iiii  imIhts,  mill  ii  iniHHKiii  Iiuiish  iiml  Ki'liiml 
111  lOliiiii.  Ol  till,  new  mlilitiiifiH  ll)  tliii  iiii>siiiii 
tin  Imtil,  ci^jlit  III  iiiiiiilpiT,  livii  tilliir  iln  1  nr 

lull  ll)  II.V  fl'.illl  tlir  Illlr.V,   tn  <si'Hpl!lln)  lliil  1- 

ly  f.vrr  h.if.irc  IIki  rluhii  of  I-^ln,  aiiil  .Mr. 
•  lorkfr,    who.sii    wifii     hiul    hiuciiiiiliril    tu    llic 

ilisiiisii  in  .\iit;iist,  l><in,  liml  lii'iiii  (■.iiii|iillii|  111 
rcliirii  h'liiio  with  his  IhmIiIi  iillirly  Hliultinil. 
Afti  r  111'  Im.l  liiiii  lit  iliiith'rt  ilmir  fur  iiinri.'  tliiiii 
lliriii  ,\iiu>i,  111!  lit  ll  Il^,'lll  rii^iivrii  ll  Kii  fur  lis  tn 
ntinii  with  ii  hi'iuiiil  uifi'  to  his  wnrl;,  lnil  iluil 
I'linniiy  Jllh.  1><II,  tlm  iliiy  iiftir  rcurhiii^ 
M  ilirnviii.  Ills  Hrc.ilnl  will'  ri'tiirinil  tn  tlm 
w  irli,  liiit  iliiil  ill  IH.VI.  Ifi'V.  Jvnry  Cliirki', 
iiftir  ll  HiTvirii  of  ten  yciifH,  wiis  i'niM|iiil|cil,  in 
I)  ■.•iiiiliir,  l^ilT,  In  naurii  t  i  tlm  riiil>il  Sliiti  s, 

lull    llli     I    lit    Hl-ll    ill    .Vprll,    1H|H.        'I'llll   \MirU    MUH 

I  ■II  III  llm  li.iinls  (if  ISiiKsii  iiiiivrrts  till  l''-">:i, 
mIh'Ii  twn  iiiiirii  iiiiHsinliiirii'S  iiinl  tlii'ir  wivis 
jniliiil  llm  liiissiiili  ;  lull  Wltliili  twn  yciirs  two 
ii.il  iliiMl,  mill  till'  othir  tw.iMilurim.l.  '  In  Ih.M;, 
tliii  liiissinii  \v:is  Hil'<|if!iili'il  liy  onlrr  of  tlm 
ll'iiinl.  .\ii  ikltriii|il  WHS  iiiiiilii  in  ritvivii  it  m 
I'^ii'*,  mill  mi  <\|ii'rn'iiciil  coliiriMl  inisHiniiiirv,  a 
iiiiiii  of  riiri'  aliilily  iiml  ciliiriitinii,  who  hml 
iilr.  inly  h|iiiiit  cij^htriii  yiiirs  in  luissiniiiiry  w  ni  k 
III  Alrini,  win  Mrliictml  tn  li'inl  tlm  >iilii|irisi'. 
II"  iiii'lirlimk  it  with  uniit  /.I'lil  iiml  rm  lu'V,  hnt 
just  us  he  WHS  iiliiiiit  to  Kiiil,  ilii'il  of  hinlili  11  ill 
liiiss  Kincii  tliiit  tiiiii'  tlm  I'nion  liiis  Iiml  Im 
iiiissiiiniiriirt  in  l.ilirriu  or  iiiiinnn  the  liiissiis  ; 
111''  l.ili.riiin  ltii|ilist  CniiMiitiiin,  wlmli  Iiuh  :;l 
rliiiriliiK,  hiis  fniiiiili'.l  Kicks  histililh',  ll  m  ll- 
hii|i|iniiiii;{  iiiiliiMtriiil  lli'.;li  Srlmol  tnr  iiutivi' 
.\fri  'illis.  III  iir  .Mnlirnvia,  mill  Ims  u  InlsHlnii 
luii'iii;,'  tlniii,  iiiiliil  \iy  till!  Wonii.'n  H  rnreii^ii 
.Mi^iimi  S.iiiitii'  i. 

All  i/i./s(ni.i'      liihlml    Mi.sshnl.  "  Ml  llliwhilr." 

Kiiys  Ui'V.  |)r.  .Miir.ioi'U,  tlio  Ki'rri'liiry  of  tlm 
I'liinii,  "  tlm  i'\i'i'iiti\<<i  coiiiiiiilti'ii  of  tlm  Ii  imil 
1   iiiliiiui'il   to  Htinly  tlm   iiiii|i  of  .Vfrii'ii.  with   ii 

Vll'W  to  Inrillllll^    ll    llliHSloIl    IIIIIOIIK    Mnllll'  of     till' 

imri'ly  liiiitlun  trihiK  of  tlm  coiiiilry,  lint 
n  ilhiiix'  fi'iisihle  jirisiiiti  ll  itsilf  till  l'<'<:i,  win  n 
tli'i  l.iviii^stoMi'  Iiiliiinl  Misslnii  uiis  tiinliriil 
tn  III"  rnioii  hy  its  foiimlirs,  linv.  mnl  .Mrs. 
II.  I  iiMtlan  I  iiiiniii'ss,  Tli"  inissioii  hml  ln'i'ii 
o|Miiiicl  only  a  fiw  iiiniitlis  iiftir  Slimli'V  hml 

I  iii"i'|.;"i,  at  tlm  iiiotitli  of  tlm  ( ' m^'i  finiii  his 
iiiiiiinnilili!  jniirni'y  arrisi  tlm  iiiiiliiu  iil,  hriii^! 
ill.!  an  iicniint,  of  the  woinlirfiil  rivrr  iiii'l  111" 
liaiililiil  Imi'l  tliroii|.;li  whiili  it  ll  lus.  .Slmihy 
Wis  an  .Viinriran  "ili/.iii.  iiii'l  our  |iro|ilii  wi-ru 
il'"|ily  intiinsli  .1  in  Ins  li.  Mi"  lalinrs  ninl  his 
1,'rial  ilisi'nviriis.  Our  lar.;"  Afririn  |ir>|>iil.i 
tiiii,  afl'r  tlii'ir  riiiaiii'i|iiitinii,  Ini'l  lui'ii  nlfrnil 
tlm  hl.'Ssinusof  I'lliir  itinli,  iiliil  lar;.;.'  niiiiiliirs 
li.i  I  iiv.iiliiil  tlniiisi'lvi's  of  tlm  o|i|inrt  unity  :  ami 

II  >\v  tlii'y  \M  ro  lo.ikiim  forn.iril  to  lielils  of  tins 
Miiiiary  lalinr,  mnl  is|i""ially  iiiu.inv,'  llmir  kin- 
ilri' 1  in  Africa,  where  their  linsl  imn  eoiilil  y.  , 
iiicl   timse  who   reiiiiiiimil   li.liinil  eniihl   anl   in 
tlliir    Ml|i|inrt       Till'    I.ivin^sliilii.    Mission    huil 

1 11  tlm  lirsl  |>liinl"il  in  this  t',int>u  Kr,.,.  si.ite  , 

it  lial  liieii  eiiirj^eticiilly  piislieil  f.iiMar'l,  mnl 
with  aiii|ilii  resiiiii s.      Sir.  ami   .Mrs.  (liiinness 

Well'     kllnwl!     tn     h"   Well  1 1  Hal  i  Tleil     ill    CVefy   ttaV 

t  1  eslalilish  siiih  a  iiiissmn,  mnl  I  In  ir  only  oli 
j'l't  ill  transfirriiii;  it  to  ntin  rliuinls  wlm  wmiM 
e.irry  mit  their  views  was  thai  tiny  iinuht  In' 
all!"  In  |,iisli  nil  dill  Imther  into  tlm  lieurl  of 
tlie  |),.rU  C'lnlineiit  In  ]preiii  h  tlm  (i  .s|iil  in  Ihe 
r'';{ioiis  liiyoinl.  When  llmrefnrn  .Mr  an  I  .Mis. 
tiuinuoHH, "in  l«y.'),   nfferoil  to  tho   .Missioiuirv 


I  iiinii  all  the  jirniierty  ami  rit;htK  of  lln-  niissioii 
on  the  <'iliv;'i  liiver,  with  hi\  well  eslitlilishi  il 
slalinlis,  Willi  their  Ml|i|illi'S  ami  liilllilin^s  usnl 
twenty   li\e  clirelllll,V  selccleil   llllsslolml  ies,   lliell 

ami  w'Piiii  n,  as  a  free  ^;ift,  with  tlm  sinnle  coii. 
ililioii  thai  tlm  liiissinii  hlniiil.l  he  vii^nroiisly 
sllst.lilli'll,  the  <  AeclltiMi  Ciiliillllltie  alnl  thu 
h|iei'iiil  coliiliiitti  e  of  the  Iliiiili  till  that  tin) 
o|ii  iiiiin  was  iirovnh  iitial,  ami  they  n  |iorteil  to 
tlm  .Missionary  riiloii,  in  lss|,  in  favor  of  its 
iiici'|iliince.     'i'he   |irn|i.  rty   hml  <•o^l   .■rl'J.'..(i(iii, 

ami  lliele  hull    lieell    lllllliy   Valllahli     llMS  Inst  111 

its  esliililiKliiiieiit  ;  hill  tlm  country  w.is  In  .ilihy, 
ami  tlm  iiiissioiiaries  acilimai>  il.  .Mr,  uinl  .Mrs. 
( 1 11 1  nness  Were  in  this  CI  unit  ry  while  tin-  in  ^:nl^- 
iilioiis  were  peiiilini.',  alnl  many  |.ii.lriii'lecl  mnl 
pravertlll  cnnfelelxes  were  hml  with  tin  in  oil 
the  Miliject,  ami  on  S"|iteiiilier  '.Mh,  I'^sj  (|i„ 
liansfi-r  Was  liiaile.  Since  tlm  mln|.l  loll  i.l  tho 
liilssliili  Imnl  IniM  liecli  seciircil  frniu  tin  .Mriciiii 
liilcrniitional  Associalioii  lor  three  htatmiis  im 
llm  liaviKiilile  wiiteis  of  ||m  r|i|ier  ( 'oliKo,  iihoM) 
Stanley  I'lMil,   the   iiinst   ri  mole   ofwhicli    is  at 

SlmileV  I'lills,   nearly   I.MH hs  from   Ihe  At- 

Imitie  Ocean.  'llm  sleaiin  r  "  Henry  Ilieil," 
wlmh  i-iist  $:!.">, Odil,  11  Kilt  from  .Mrs  Henry 
Itei  "I,  of  'riisiiianii,  t.i  llm  iiiissmn,  wa.s  hnincheil 
1.11  Slaiiley  I'liiil,  Nnveniler  'Jllh,  lSH|,  mnl   Ims 

he'll  |il\llll!  oil  llm  I|i|ier  ('i.lien  ever  since. 
N'luv  Hi, limns  liiive  heeii  o|ii  lie  I  ahove  llii'  I'liiil  ; 
one  lit  llieiii,  of  ^reat  iiii|iorltiin'e,  known  lis 
l'.i|iliilnr  Statinli,  (,'ives  JiroiiiiM!  of  ihc  most 
Hiililyiii^'  success.  Krieinls  in  Knuhiinl  IniMi 
fiirnishfil  the  fiiinls  ami  the  nieii  to  ]>iish  for- 
W.Uil  to  Stanley  I'alU,  alnl  win  n  the  r.ilhoml  so 
loii^'  chhiyeil  iironinl  Slimley  Tool  i--  cniii|ili»teil, 
the    niissioiis    will    achieve  very  i^n  it     n  suits. 

'I'liele    have    lieell   nillliy  ll  i  Hi"  11  It  les  lllllI   lIlMOIir- 

iil^eiiieiits.  Il  was  the  lirsl  instance  in  the  his- 
tory of  iiioilern  iiiissiniis  where  a  lar^e  iiii.ssiiin. 

Well  ei|ui|i|ii'i|  ill  every  res|iect.  was  t lallslerii  il 
williniit  coini'i'iisalioii  from  one  iiuiinii  to  an. 
other  only  on  llm  cnnsiihriilinli  thai  it  nhoiihl  III! 
vij^  ii'iiisly  iiiiiinlaiiie.l  :  when  tlm  iiiissioiiiiries 
Wire  iinl  of  the  same  iiali'inalily  or  i  v.ictly  of 
the  siiiim  ilcnnniination  viltli  the  I  liioli  which 
aci'i  jiluil  tin  111,  ami  the  cnviroiiiiiinl  wii^  imt  in 
all  ris|iei'ts  whiit  wniihl  Iium*  hei  n  ilesinil  :  the 
ti  rrihhi  tlMlVic  in  Ih"  Mlest  lii|iiors  In.in  the 
\Vest,  aiirl  the  feailill  ilii'iease  in  llm  triitVlc  in 
slaves  liy  Ar.ih  ami  rorliiKUesK  slave  Innleisoii 
111"  i".asl  ("nasi  ami  f.'r  iiiln  the  inleiior,  were  kc- 
rinilH  olist.ii'lis  to  silcci  ss  ;  Mt  it  is  In 'I  lielievi-il 
that  f  ir  a  iliiy  tlm  lla|ilisl  ll.ianl  of  Milliliters  of 
111"  Missiiiiiiry  riiioii  have  riureltcil  tin  Ir  iic- 
ci|ilmic"  o|  this  iiiissi'Pti  <  In  llm  contritry.  they 
have  hml  oreat  causii  fur  llialikl  illliesn.  Them 
an;  iinu  :i'.i  while  mnl  |:l  iiali.e  nnssioiiiirv 
workers,  o  chiirchi  s,  I.M.  hii|ilisms  in  iHHh,  Use, 
liieiiilnrs.  one  cliiircli  Ihat  III  ll.iii/a  .Minleki) 
— Iiiivinn  liii'l  a  reviviil  in  wlmh  m'm  ral  Iniii- 
i!v"ils  of  ii.itives  wern  ciiiiverleil,  iiinl  a  chiMeh 
of  'JIIO  ineliihers  w.is  ort!alii/eil,  mnl  is  still  ll 
slrmin  mill  wnrkiin,'  church  ;  M  sclmols,  with  Ii 
liiilive   leiieher>   ami    171    |iu|iils,  4   cliiirch  <ili 

Ii  'I'S    Vllllleil   111    ^:l'.l,."ilHI  ;    while  llllli\e  cnlllrihll- 

tiiilis  to  the  aiiniunl  of  ^Mtt  wen-  n  |inrlei|  at 
the  lieHiiiniii'.^  of  lHS!i,  These  lire  iml  n  ly  ureal 
n  suits,  liiil  cniii|iarei|  with  otln  r  iiiissiniis  nol 
Ml  livH  years  ohl,  they  are  <  iicouranin^;  alnl 
full  of  |iroiiiise.  The  new  wnrk  ainont;  tlm 
I'lihilo.  an  intellii,'!  lit  trihe,  whose  hinu'UiiUe  IH 
spoki  II  liv  niilliiins.  coiiiineiiieil  hy  Mr  iilnl 
.Mrs  II  (1  ( liiiniiess  ill  .\|iril,  1hs;i,  is  in  incoril 
with  ils  iiluus.     TUo  i'X|)iiise  of  cnuiliicliii^  the 


AME3RIOAN  BAP. 


M 


MISS.  UNION 


i 


lIliHsiilll,     IlutwitllntlllKlill^'    tllc    llllllllliri'Ill     ^ifls 

uliii'li  ultt'iKli'.l  its  irii'i'|itiiiii,  isaliiiiit:rl  1,111111 1  > 
!«;lH.iMi()  iiiiiiiiiillv  ;  lull  tlirsi'  iirti  iiMtniit  (pf  |iri)- 
]iiirti<iii  t>>  till'  woik  iic'ciiiii|ilislii'i|.  III!  I  till'  Slis 
Mi.iiiiin  I  niiiii  i>ii'_;lil  iii'M'i'l  >  f'lr^i'l.  Iliiil,  Imviii;,' 
ri'crivr'l  iiiiirli  Inmi  tlm  I,  iril,  llii'V  iiri' tiiiiiiiil 
to  nivi'  lliii  iiHii'i'." 

Kiitiii'KAN  Xris>jiiNs.  1.  i'lunrv.  'I'liii  work 
cif  till!  Ciiiiiii  ill  l-'niiii'ii  iliili'S  frniii  |h:|'J,  hIhI 
WHS  tliii  ri'MlIt  of  til''  rt  oiirt  of  ii  rMlninittci'  m  lit 
liy  till',  riijori  to  iiiviihli^alo  tliM  iici'il  of  mill 
n|i|poit  unit  V  for  iiiissioiiiir.\  «  nrk  in  lli;il  foiintrv. 
I'll  lir  till-  iiiliiiiiiinli'iitioii  of  i.oiiis  riiili|>|ii', 
till'  AiinTiritli  iiiissioiiai  ii'S  Wi  ro  iillowi'il  to 
]iri'iirli  all  I  liai'li,  lull  Dili  iinlis))  ]Mstiirs  iiinl 
liri'iirliirs  wiTi'  fri'i|iii  iitlv  liiii'il  iiihI  iiii|prisoiii  i| 
lor  tiai'liiii'.^  il  oi'triiii  H  loninirv  to  tin-  Kiiiiaii 
(alliolii!  I'liiin-ll,  wlili'li  I'lalliH'il  |o  Im  tin.  Statu 
(Jliiiri'li.  'I'lii!  ri'voliilioii  of  ls|s  |irofissi'illv 
Uraiili'^l  toleration,  yrt  ii|i  to  l"<7ii  tln!  ilistrilm- 
lion  of  Irai'ts  iiiipI,  in  lln-  provinrrs,  oilier  iiiis- 
Hionaiy  work  was  |iiiiiislii'i|  liv  lines,  coiilisi'ii. 
lions,  iiii'l  iiii|iris  iiiiiti'iils,  at  tlm  |>roin|ilin^'  of 
Koiii.m  Cittliolie  prii'sis  uinl  tlinm^li  tlui  lii^^otiy 
of  mayors  iiinl  |uefei'ls.  In  \f^'A>.  tliroii^^li  Ijio 
illness  of  the  .Viiierieaii  iiilssioiiiuy,  the  mission 
ill  Kraliee  was  left  in  llm  lialiils  of  native  |iiik 
tors,  iiii'l  tliii  small  tlii'olo..;i('aI  semiimry  lit 
l»  Hlai  was  siis|ieiiilei|.  At,  tins  time  tliere  were 
l.'i  small  I'liiiri'lii  s  anil  not  ijiiite  :iiiil  memliers. 
Tell  ye.irs  later,  tlie  niiiiilier  of  m<  iiiIm  rs  liail 
inereaseil  t  i  .'I'.i'.',  K  ir  m  Me  I  liiiii  "jn  .\i'iirs  jiroj^ 
ress  was  slow  ;  tin-  pastors  wi  rn  taitlifiil,  ear- 
nest, self  saerilieiie.;  iiieii,  Imt  liny  lacked  le:ii|. 
ers.  Williin  llie  pa-.!  few  .M'  rs  siieli  lemlers 
have  l.ei  II  f.iuiiil.  'I'liey  hav.i  iilliliaterl  with  the 
Mi'i'all  Work,  aii.l  one  or  iiioro  of  tlnir  chapels 
liavi)  l>ei!oiiie  stations  of  that  mission  ;  (liiriii^ 
tliii  Week  any  cniiverls  who  am  disposnl  to  lie 
eomii   llaptists  havliio  the  opportunity  to  i|,i  ho. 

UeV.    U.'lllell    SalllellS,   Well  kilOW  11  as  a  .joiimiil 

ist,  author,  ami  memlier  of  the  Chaiiilier  of 
hepiitiis,  wli'i  s)  iilily  ami  powerfully  ri  linked 
till'  l''reni'li  troverniiii'iit  f.ir  their  oppression 
iind  cruelty  to  the  Mahi^;as\  in  Ihh.",  xii,  is  u 
liiptist,  and  is  leadino  Ihese  liiiptist  jiaslors 
and  churches  t  i  t.ike  a  hi'^her  Ktaml  in  Die 
I'Vi'iii'li  nation,  lie  is  also  an  alilo  iiiid  ellicient 
pr  "lUoter  of  the  McC.iU  Mission.  Ill  the  report 
of  ISHH-S'.I,  it  isstated  thai  till  1(1  are  |:i  oriluim  d 
mil  islers,  ID  ehurches  ;  11  liiipllsms  were  lid. 
ministered,  and  tlnie  wi  le  hdil  eliiirch  mem. 
liers  actively  eir^aoi'd  in  iiiis,ioiiary  work.  I)iir 
xuj.  Ilie  ureal  I'Aposition  of  Isk'.i  in  Paris  the 
Script iiris  were  largely  circulate  1,  iiiid  very 
niai'.i;  not  only  of  flm  !''ri  nch  people,  Imt  of 
otli-r  nations,  were  hroiiuhl  under  (lospil  in 
llilelices.  |)illlli'.{  till-  ycMis  ISSII  H'J  tint  th, 
olo'.'.icid  siiiiiinary  for  Irainiii'.^  yoiinn  miiiisteis, 

which  li.id  I n  (,'ivi  n  up,  was  resii-eilaleil  iiiid 

p. need  illnlcr  tie?  char^ie  of  Professor  I''.,  ( '.  Mitch- 
nil,  now  at  tliii  lieail  of  Kelaiid  I'nivcrsity,  New 
Oilcans;  two  of  the  Parisian  pislors  iissisted 
liiiii.  and  the  students  w  ere  iilso  a'lniilted,  liv  iir- 
rali'^^eaielit,  to  th.-  lectures  of  Ilie  Protestant 
'riicolooji.al  Sclioil  of  Paris, 

■J,      Till'     ISnfill^l     MiSsinii    ill    '/i /'lllioo/  was    COIll- 

liieiiiteil  at  llaiiiliiiro,  .\pril  'Jid.  iNill,  when 
Uei'.  liariias  Sears,  It.  I),  I,1j.I»,  iitterward 
president  of  l!r  own  rni\  ersity,  liapti/id  Keveii 
persons  al.  infill  in  the  Mllie  near  that  cily.  <  •no 
of  these  SI  '  ell  was.lohaiin  (  o'rharil  <  Inckeii,  tiuii 


Mr.  I  llnkeii  had  eiiiliraced  ll.iplist  si  lililie  Ills 
Hoiiin  timii  lietore  his  liajil  Ism.  Ilewasaliiall 
of  education  and  of  ri  liiaikalile  alillltv  iili  I 
I  nerj,'.v.  The  III  At  d.iy  the  7  peisons  hapti/iil, 
with  sotiK!  olhei's  M  ho  had  lid  n  eoiilieeti  d  \t  llli 
Uaplist  ehurches  «lse\\here.  Were  oroani/.ed  as 
a  eliurch,  and  Mr.  Olickeii,  w  ho  hid  preiuhi  d  oc- 
easionally  f  ir  some  years,  whm,  mmh  (dler,  called 
and  ordained  as  their  piislor.  Tim  chiiri'h  Kl'W 
with  ciiiiHiiiiralile  rapidity,  its  iiii-mliers  lain^ 
all  active  Workers,  Vlsitill;;  Ilie  poor  and  the 
thousands  around  the  docks  and  w  harvi  ..  dis 
trihutinn  liililes  and  tlaets,  and  coiiMi'siiij.;  with 
Ihelll    on     n  lioii  us    Huhlecls.        .Mr    (IneKell    aUo 

\  isiled  other  cities,  such  as  ISirliii.  ( lldi  niiiiro, 
and  Stiitt^iart,  prciichinj',  liaptl/ili'^  coliviils, 
or^^aiii/ili'^  cliini  lies,  and  ordainim!  pastors  om  r 
each:  these  pastors  Were,  in  all  these  eaily 
churches,  of  their  own  niiiiiliers.  In  |s;is_  piiir 
years  after,  them  were  I  ehiii'clies  thus  ori;.iii- 
i/.ed,  the  llainliurK  church  havii'v^  ".">  iiiemlieis, 
and  the  four,  I  Hi  ni  em  hers.  Perseciilinii  was  now 
coniiiienied  le^aiiist  Mr.  (UicUeii  and  his  fol- 
lowers, hy  theotlieei'M  of  the  l.iil  lieiaii  ( Nat  iiial) 
Churcli  ;  at  lirst  hy  the  aclioii  of  the  , Semite  if 
llaiiiliur^',  which  issued  decreeM  aeallist  Mr. 
(Iiieken  ill  Ih:17,  |s:1'.i,  and  isl",  in  lln  lalli  r 
year  iui|irisoniiio  Inm.  sei^ino  and  Kelliii|.;  his 
furniture,  and  prohilmiie,;  hliii  from  ailminislei . 
iii^  liiiptisiii,  or  the  l.oid's  Supper,  and  forhii! 
(lino  any  one  to  iittend  his  f  niiily  woiship  i\ 
eept  his  ow  11  household.  This  oppressive  aelioii 
called  forth  most  earnest  ]iri. test  sand  niemorials 
from  till!  lioard  of  .Manaj^ers  of  the  Ml.sioiiaiy 
rnioii,  from  various  relii^mus  hodu  s  of  djMi  r 
eiil  denominations  in  the  I'liited  ,S|ati  s  iiini 
I'Uielalid,  and  from  dislmouished  indiv  idiiai-.  ; 
one  of  these  melliorial-i  li.ire  .'i.llllll  hionalllli  s, 
pleadinK  f""'  ri'liuioiis  lilicrty  for  these  liapti^t 
liri'llinn.  The  President  of  the  Inited  Slalis 
also  madii  representations  through  the  Ameri- 
ciili  Consul  at  llamliurK',  to  the  llamhui^^  Si  nalc, 
which  ciiiisi  d  the  annuUiii'^  of  the  oliiiovious 
Htiitules  :  and  tlin  aclivity  and  iisefidni  ss  of  thn 
liaplist  Cliurih  duriiio  and  iiMi  r  the  on  at  tiro 
ill  llaiiiliiir'.^'.  caused  lis  loiiiidi  r  iiiid  meliilii  rs 
I  1  he  reoiirdi'd  with  ureal  faver.  Hut  the  jn  r- 
seciitino  spirit  was  manifested  u  illi  >-tilI  un  ater 
intensity  in  lieilin,  <  ildeiiluiri;,  Slult^;arl,  Da 
viiriii,  Poiueranla,  and  the  kintid'uii  of  Han- 
over, at  Marliuro  in  llisse.aiid  in  liiiimark,  as 
the  niissioiiaiy  will  k  rciehed  those  Slates  and 
cities.  The  minisiers  weie  Ihiown  into  j.iils, 
tilled  and  lialiished.  Thn  iissemhlli  s  Were  scat- 
tered li.V  111"  police,  the  memlii  rs  Wern  com- 
pelled to  linno  their  children  for  haptism  to  thn 
priests  of  the  National  Cliureh,  iiml  were  pun 
ishi'd  for  their  )iartieipaliiin  in  the  so  called 
heresii  s  of  Iheir  pastors.  In  l!<  rlin.  Iiaplisms 
in  the  open  air  wire  proliiliilid  ;  in  llaimver, 
the  llaptists  Were  impiisoind  iinil  their  luop 
erty  coiitiscalel  ;  in  .Marluir^',  liny  were  lined 
itnd  li.inisheil.  As  late  as  I't.M,  .Mr.  Oin  Ion 
Was  evpelled  Iroiii  lli'rliii  f'  r  [ir'  achiii^  tin  m 
on    u    sinoli)   Saliliath.        In    |)i'iii<iiirk    iiialteis 

Were  still  Worse.        l«eV.    Peter    Ml. lister,   the  JiaK 

tor  of  the  Itaptist  (  hurcli  ill  ) 'openliaoen.  was 
Iw  ieii  imprisoned,  the  seciiid  time  lor  a  Jeai, 
iind  was  Imii'shed  from  the  eoiintry.  his  only 
olTeiice  lie  mo  (he  preach  i  no  of  Ihe  •  iospi  I,  Thn 
I'lTorls  of  the  Kurdish  Maptisis  and  Irielids, 
aided    liy   deli'i^ations  from   the   Iiiiled    Slali  s 


n  iioeiil  of  the  Ki'intuiri,di  Ihhhi  Saeiety  for  and  hy  the  llrilish  Minister,  were  at  leiiotli 
Ilamliiir^,  iiud  u  houkHuUor  iiud  lilllilisbi'r  in  successful  in  eaiisiiiL;  the  pasHii^i  of  an  act  of  uni- 
tbiit  city.  nesty,  but  tliiH  [irovid  of  but  litllo  viiliic. 


AMBRIOAN  BAP. 


MISS.  UNION 


Mi'iiiiuliilr,  till.  iiiisHioii  wnrk  iiiit<1i<^ri>nt  pm^'. 
riMi.  Ill  IHII  IIh'Ii!  w(  ri>  II  cliun-lii's  mil  :i."iii 
mi'iiilii'i's.  >li'.  'i  VN'.  Iii'liiiiiiiiii  w lio  hiiil  Imm  II 
liii|>li/<<l  iiii'l  onlaiiii'cl  IIS  |iii.tl<ir  >>l  tlii'  littln 
cliiin  li  III  !•' rliii,  hikI  Mr  Koimc  r,  liii|iti/i  i|  in 
tH:ii;  mill  oi'ilmiiiil  in  1*111,  li»<l  |ii'iivi.|  tlniii 
HcUi  s  Won  IitIiiIIv  1  Dii'iiiil  uii'l  imiih  --l  v\iirk«'ri, 
mill  HH  HiiDIi  us  tlii'ir  rJHil'i'lii  s  iiltiiini'il  a  litllii 
sirrliutll,     lllcV    si'tit    iiilt      Inlssliiliiini'S     tn    lll<: 

ii'i;iiiiis  liiivi.Mil.  Ill  till'  lii.^inniiin  of  isl.'i, 
all  r  ID  >•■  lu-i  l.ili'T,  tlirii-  Win-  I"  inrailiirs 
mill  iiHsisimit.!,  Ji'i  I'liiii  'III  ^.  mill  iirmlv  I,.'iIhi 
hii'iiiliri's  III  I'SIT.  tliii  II.iiiiIhiil;  I'liiiri'li  Iniilt 
itsi'ir  II  iii'vv  i'iiii|i<  I,  itml  hiiil  J  iiiissiniimii'H  tn 
llnii^iiiv  iiiicl  Aiistiiii,  «liii  \M  ni  vii;v  siici-i'mh 
fill  <lili).|'  I'liiirrlii'S  Ni'iit  liiiNsiiiiiiini's  to  Suit- 
/  ■ilmnl,  mil  i  rliiinlirs  wi'ii'  Inriiiiil  llnnr.  In 
.l.iiiiiiirv,  isl'.l,  till,  cliiiri'liis  wliii'li  liiiil  liicii 
fiiriiiiiil  int. I  I  iissiii'iiiti.iiis,  tnwliirli  tin'  limilsli 
Assoriuliiin  was  ml.liil  lain,  luriiii  il  a  Trii  iimal 
( '  itifrli'lir".  wliiili  li.  Ill  Its  lii'-l.  si  ssliiiis  al 
llaailiiH';,'.  .laiMlarv  ITlli  to  HAU.  iHI'.r.  'I'hi n' 
Wi'i'i'  al.  tins  tiiiiii  'JS  I'liiiirln  s.  not  iin  liulilii;  :l 
in  li  •iiiiiaiU  :  till'  li.t|ilisiiis  (if  tliK  Villi'  |<i'i'\ioiis 
hail  lii'i'ii  I'l^l,  mi'l  till' \s  lioli'  iiiiiiilii'i' III  iiniii 
Iii'i's  was  'J.H'.O.  'I'liK  Prussian  .\Hsi)ri.ili<ili  hil|i' 
|iiii'li'il  a  iiiishioiiai  V  in  Sili'sia.  .\  mIiiiiiI  fur 
ti'iiiiiiii^'  |ii'i'ai'lii'i's  liail  lii'i'ii  <  slulilislii'il  in  llmii 
Inn;.!  In  lH.il,  tin  in  wi'i'i'  :i'.l  cliiiii'lu's  in  <  ii  r 
iiiin>,  ''•  in  Mi'iiiiiark,  mi<l  'J  in  Swil/.i-ilmnl.  In 
tills  year  iiiissions  wii'i'  siiil  into  Itiissia,  i.itliii- 
miiii,  ami  into  tin'  .Sllc.iiiin  .Moiinliiins  lln. 
t.vcin  iHl"  ami  iH.'il,  si'ViTiil  conv'rts  fioiii 
S.t'i'il.:!!  lia.I  roiiin  to  llaliiliill')<  for  lia|ilisiii  ami 
ni'iliiialion,  ami  tliiis  tlm  tloiirisliini^  .Swiili^li 
Mission  v\as,  ill  Noiini  Ki'ii..!',  liorii  in  (■i'i'iiimi\ . 
In  Is.'il  llii'i'i'  .viTn  t'.ll.t  lia|iti^iiis  iiinl  .'i.lli'.) 
Ill  iiili'i'i.  Till'  cliiirrli  in  Mi'iinl,  Ijisiiin 
I'i'iissia,  tint  liir'.^i's|.  of  tlm  (iiriii.iii  iliiirrlii's,  in 
a  I  litioii  to  a  lilii'i'iil  hii|i|Mii't  III'  ils  own  Ini^ 
Nions,  ^.ivn  tliat.  viar  ^loii  to  ai'I  tlm  .Viin'iinin 
Ilii|ilist,  .Mlssi.inarv  riiimi  in  its  uniK  iinion'.^ 
till'  liratlii'ii  in  .\sia.  ami  in  hiiIimi'i|iii'IiI  yours 
si||i|i.irl<"I  i  iiiis><ioitiirii'S  to  tlm  IiimiiIii'II.  Ii< 
twiii'ii  IH"!,",  uii'l  ISiiO  till'  work  lia  I  I'Xliinliil  to 
I'lilainl,  \Vi'-,tirii  liiissia,  ami  Kiiiliiml,  uiiiotiu 
till'  I.i'l.ls,  ami  ill  I.itliii  iiiia  was  iiiaUinn  ){ri'iil 
|iroKri"-s,  In  l**!!!)  Ilnrn  \«  ii'  i;ii  rliiirnlii's  in 
( I  'rmaiiy,  S.Vi  out  slations  uinl  |iriinliiiin  |iluri's. 

mill  s  '.i.l."i  iiirMilinrs.     I'.rs itimi  liail  ciasiil  in 

Oiriiiany  Ai  tlii  ilnilination  uf  tlm  It,i|ili>t 
rliit|ii'l  ill  lli'i'lin,  in  N'ovtiinliir,  Ihi; |,  ||n<  kiii;^> 
mi  I    r.ival    faiiiilv    u.rii    invifrl,    ami    tlm    rily 

lllli  'ills,    wIm     lia  1     ITht  Villlll'     VISlll'il      ils      |lll-tor 

iiml  iin'iiilii-rs  willi  tims,  iiii|ii  Isiiiiiiniil,  utnl 
liaiiisliiii  lit,  |i  utiri|iiiti'i|  in  tlm  |iiililin  nMi'. 
cisis.  In  Isr,.!  iiiisMiiiiis  liuil  Imiii  ii|ii  ni'l  in 
r.ilainl,  W.ill.ii'liia,  ami  I'lirKi'V,  iiinl  tlm  llir- 
liiaii  I'linii'lns  liinl  siiil  iiii-.sionuni's  I  latiir- 
111  III  r  iloiiy  III  l!rili-.li  Calfriiri.i,  Soiiili  Afrii-a, 
wlii.'li  wn  aliiiml.intly  lilnssml.  'I'w nitv  six 
yniim/  iinii  (;ra.lii  ilml  fimii  tin'  II  iinlnirn 'I'Iimi- 
lo^ii'al  Si'iiiinary,  mil  wnm  Noon  all  at,  work.  In 
Ml  1  111-  It'issia,  III  r>iili;m'iu.  in  II  isiiia.  mil  in 
Till  s,  in  Caiii'iisii.  in  tlm  Nilln  rl.iinls.  uml  in 
Ci'litril  Aiislna,  I'liiirrlns  wirn  nr^.tiil/CMl  iiinl 
till'  (i  (S|M'l  ini'imlii'il  with  .;r<'ul  hhi'ci'ss.  \l  tin- 
'I'm-nniiil  (' mti  ri'iirn  of  Is'i)  tln-in  wcrn  l'2il 
ili'li';;iili's  iiri'siiil,  uml  it  Was  ri'portiil  that  tlm 
(liriiimi  Itipiistw  hinl  ciilcn  il  all  tlm  i|imrlirs()f 
till'  ylolii'.  hiiniiv;  tlm  :i  vmirs,  |M(;7-r,'.i,  tlm 
nniiiliiT  of  lii|itisiiiH  was  ."i,:i|i;.  rin-  wars  of 
Hi;i;  ami  of  IsTii  71  (ih..  |.',„i„.,,  I'riissian  Wmi, 
V  lull'  tlioy  inli!rrii|iti!il  to  sonm  cvli'iit  tlm  nnli 
nary  iiitHHioit  work,  wero  utiliziMl  iu  jiutliiiK  into 


I'irriiliilion  morn  than  '2,111111,11110  ropiis  nf  tho 
Srrii'liins,  trucls.  ami  nlinious  hooks  in  Kniirli 
mill  •  iirniaii.  In  I'^VT  tlmn'wiin  in  >iiimaiiy 
l.'i.J^T  iiniiihi'r'.  :  111  Iiriiiiiark,  J,  1 1  I  :  in  ItiiH 
sia,  i^i'i-Hi'p  ;  in  I'lilainl,  1717;  in  Aiisliia,  Ih.l 
laml,  Svv  il/.i'ilatiil.  TiirKiN,  ami  .S.nilh  .Miiia, 
uhoiit  1,'Jliii  iiiort',  making  III  all  ^l.i>:;:i.  Tin  ri> 
wirn  IJI  rhiiri'ln -.  1.'17I  |irrai'hiii^  HtutimiN  ; 
l,:l.'iS  iiii'iiilii'is  hml  I'liiiniati  il  III  Aiimrii'u  thai 
Mar.  mill  I.l7'.i  ha>l  Ini  n  ii<lilril  hy  lia|itisiii. 
Ill  I"''*"*  •■''  tlm  Iiilshiiiii  rninll  nf  l>.i|itlsl, 
I'liiiri'ln  s  ami  tlm  Iianish  In  ion  hail  hntli  In  1  11 
.si't  olf  iiH  s.'|iarat('  liilssiiiiis,  HO  that  oli'y  tlm 
I'hiiri'hrs  III  till'  lli'riiiaii  I  nion  riiiiailii'il.  In 
tlm  nil.^sion  thus  riirtaihil  tlnrn  wrrn  I'llHl 
lunui'lmrrt  1-17  iinlaiimil  uml  :!M)  unorilaini  il), 
\\\i  I'liiirrhiK,  l,."il7  lin|iliMiis,  uml  'Jl  1, '. l*. H 1  iin  li: 
Imrs  ;  tlm  loss  from  niiiinraliiii  is  very  Lilian 
not  h'ss  than  1..'ilKl  Marly  -  .mil  tlm  iiililit imiH 
hyha|ilisiii  rmiinit  ilo  iiiiii'h  imirn  than  km  |> 
|iiu'n  w  itli  tin  lii>si's.  I  Imki  n  iiinl  I.i  liiiiann  iim 
umii'  to  ilnir  ri'Miu'il.  ami  Kiiiiin  r  will  mmhi  fol 
low  tlii'iii  ;  hut  tlm  iiri'si'lil  hii|irriliti'ml)  lit  at 
Iliiiiiliurn,  lii'V.  hr.  I'liili|i  IJirkil,  is  a  worthy 
Hiici'estor  of  Oiii'ki'ii.  mill  tlm  Minn^ir  I.i'hiiialili 
mill  otliirs  am  will  lilliii)^  tlm  |ilar('s  nf  tlm  fit- 
Ihirs. 

Till'  Missionary  rnimi  has  hail  no  .Vnnrmaii 
nii-'.-.ioiniiii's  in  (iirmmiy,  thoii^ii  |ir.  limk.  I 
ami  sonm  ollmrs  lial  liii'ii  pastors  In  ri'  ;  hut  it 
li.is  Nilstaini'il  a  part  of  llm  missioiiai  lis,  anliil 
III  liiiililiiii;  <'lia|ii  Is  ami  rliiiri'li)  h.  In  l|iinn  tlm 
Ihi'iilonji-jil  SI  iiiimirir*-,  ilii.  llm  iiiis.,iiii|..,  ti> 
Ili'/iliiark  ami  t  >  l!iis->ia.  Iiotli  tlm  niili^row tlis  i  f 
till'  (i.'riiiaii  Mission  anil  roiiiii'i'ti  il  with  il  in 
tlm  Triniiiiial  < '■  iiifi  ri  iii'i'  till  |hsx,  hnin  now 
^rowii  so  hirni.  tlm  I  iimv  prifrr  to  riporl  ilii'i  ct  • 
ly  to  tlm  .Missionary  I'liion.  Iiiiimark  hml,  in 
I'ss'.l,  .-.S  1  |•l.l^l'lll■r■^,"  IS  of  tlmiii  onhiilm.l,  '.'I 
I'hiirilms,  ;|IIX  haptisiiis,  alnl  '2,7111  limlnlii  i  s. 
I'.iiii^ir.ition  hasr.irrii'il  otV  \avj.f  nil  ml  mis  of  tin  ir 
iiniiilii  rs  ami  will  ihi  so  still,  hut  thi-y  rnjoii'i' 
in  a  fair  imt   imriiisi' 

:i.  /nivMni.  Tlm  mission  in  Kussia  has  hml  it 
plii'tionmlially  rapiil  j,'rowlli  in  tlm  liiiilsl  of 
si'viTi-  ]iirsnutioii.  Tiny  iiin  niakim,.;  ^nml 
prnnri'ss  in  St.  I'ltrr^lmrL',  wlmrn  limy  liavi-  a 
(^ooil  ami  I'oiiiliioiliMiis  rliiirih  i'<Iilii'n  an  1  an 
I'M'i'lliiit  pa.,lt>r.  rimrii  am  'J.'i  iiiissionarns  in 
Siiiilliirii  Kiissia,  all  I  sonm  chiiri'liis  in  Itmi 
liiaiiiii,  Iiir.;aria,  liosnia.  uml  tlm  I'lui'iisiis. 
Tlm  stalisti  's  of  |ss:i  um,  '.l7  pn  in'ln  rs,  uf  w  lioiii 
•J."i  ail'  orilaiiiiil.  |."i  rhiirrlms,  1. 1  III  liapli/ii| 
III  l-iss  ;  tiilal  iiii'IiiIm  iship,  II.NS'J.  (Iiriiiaiiy 
has  thus.  Ill  till'  missions  |ilaiiti'il  in  llm  (iir 
man  Kiiipili'  ami  tlnisn  i'slalili~.liri|  hy  In  r  nils 
sioii.uiis  in  ailjari'iit  I.iihIh,  17^  ihtii'i'ln  s  7i;l 
pri'urlnr-.,  of  whniii  '.'iiO  iiii'  oi'iliiiinil,  •J.s7'i 
liaplisiiisin  1  'S'.i  ami  ll.i,  ^s'j  livin;;  ami  iisiih  nt 
Iili'inhnrs,  wluh'  williin  tlm  past  I .'.  \iars  not 
h'ss  than  |.".,iiiiii  of  hi  r  iinnihirs  havn  i-mi^jriili  il 
t  >  till'  I'liiti  il  Slati  s.  Ill  llm  (iri'si'iit  (iiriiiaii 
Mission  urn  iiii'liiilnl  tlm  nhiirrlms  ill  Swil/ir 
hiiiil,  Ilollanil,  I!i||;iuiii,  .\iistriu,  Iliinnarv,  ami 
South  .Vfrma  ;  in  tlm  I  ist  tlnrn  am  >\\\i  iin  ni 
hirs  ami  17  pnai'ln  rs.  Tlm  rhiirchrH  of  tliii 
(inriiian  I'liion  urn  almost  without  rxciptioii 
Jioor  ;  tlmy  arn  nia'ii'y  fi  uii  tlm  w  orkim.;  rlassis, 
iinil  tlm  Iniililiiiv;  of  tlmir  rhiiri'Ims  anil  rliapnls, 
tliii  Kiippnrt  of  tlnir  ministry  ami  of  niiNsinn. 
aril  s  to  ihi'  liiallnii  uml  to  tlm  |ii'risliiiin  in  thii 
nations  uroiin  1  tlniii,  liuvnilruwn  viry  Imimly 
upon  thi'ir  sniinty  imans.  Vit  tlmy  iiianai^i'  In 
hi'iir  till'  uriiilrr  part  of  tlii'sn  rxpiiisis.  In 
1HH4  thi'ir  uiintrihutioiiH  for  tin;  ynur,  inrlinlin^ 


S' 


!  , 

i'  ! 
'    !.  ; 


AMERICAN  BAP. 

tint  I'liiirvlii'M  iif  ItiiiHiii  mill  jiriiiiiiirk.  \\irit 
!|i|ii:i,l'.'2.  mill  i<(  iM't'iiiiiiiv  iilurii'.  k:I'J'J,hiii. 
Till'  MiMHJiitimy  I  iiinii  Invi'  •,;imili'<t  llii'iii  iti 
tliiMi'  ."i."i  yiiirs  iiliiiiil  jiit'iOlHiii.  miil  nil'  Imw  mil 
ill;,'  lliiMii  til  till'  t'Xii'lit  of  nil  ml  $7,  IIHI  a  yriil  ; 
liiit  II  |i<irl  of  llii-i  IS  )'y|ii-Miliil  iiiit^jilc  nt  llm 
Iti'riinii  l'jii|iirii. 

■1.  S'nriliii.  (A'lii|ilc'il  tiy  till' MiKMJiiniiry  I'liinii 
ill  iHCiCi.)  'I'lii'  lirnl  work  iImih-  in  SwimIi'Ii  nr 
Norway  in  llin  iiii'hi'mI  ci'iiliiry  «iis  liy  5  or  <1 
Norvvi'^imi  ami  S«iMli>li  Hiiilorr*  in  ItlT  ;  liny 
Imil  iii'i'ii  si'iiiii.'ii  on  till'  vriHi  1  wliH'li  ciirrii'il  'J 
niissionarii's  ot   tin'   liii|itist    Iriinniiil  t  niiviii. 

linn,  Mi'SSI-K.  ('olllimi  alnl    \\  llii'lnrlv     to    lliitinii, 

iiii'l  WITH  I'onvrrti  il  lliriiii;^li  tlnir  Inliors  on 
li.iiiril  tliii  Klii|i,  iiinl  on  tlnir  ntiirii  tiny  tolil 
tlnir  frii'tiils  mill  lu'l^'liliors  what  v,'rrat  tliiiii^s 
till'  l<iii'il  liinl  iloiiii  (or  tlniii,  mill  ii  revival 
ri'HUltril.  'Two  of  till'  nilliili<'r  cmin-  to  Itim 
ton,  MiixH  ,  mill  tlii'ii'  also  n  rnvival  rmii 
liii'Tii'i'il.  Otliir  iiii'ii  wli'i  fiilloui'il  lliii  Kill,  anil 
iiot:ilily.  in  l«:il  mill  Ixil'i,  ('a|itiiin  (1  \V. 
.Si'liroi'iliT,  of  liiillii'tilmr;;,  mnl  F.  <).  Nilssnn, 
liolli  aflrrwiinl  iirHHrlnrH  mnl  iiiiNHioriarii's  in 
.Srtiiil.tii,  wiin  riiiiviirl.Ml  in  Nrw  Vork  City,  mnl 
till'  foriinr  wm  liii|iti/ril  tlirir,  mnl  tlir  lallrr 
liy  Mr  llni'ki'ii  .it  llaiiiUiir^.  'I'lin  first  .Swinlisli 
ltii|ilisf  ( 'liiiri'li  wiis  or;{ani/.i'iI  in  ( ■otlii-nlnir^  l>y 
!■'.  M.  Nilssoii  in  Si'|it(iiiiliir,  IMh,  witli  f,  imiii 
liiTs.  Mr.  Nilssiiii  was  orilaini'il  in  llaiiilnir!^ 
in  iHl'.t,  ami  till)  Miiiini  yi'nr  was  iirri'stiil  liy  tln' 
J.iillii'riili  iiiii).;iHlrati's,  fur  )irriii'liliii;  ami  ml 
liiiiii.iti'rlM<^'  lia|itisiii  mnl  llm  l.oiirH  .Sii|i|ii.r, 
w  In  11  111!  Iiiiil  not  riTiivi'il  I.iillirnin  oriliiiatinii  ; 
111'  w.is  tliririi  iiii|irisoni'il,  furlinlilin  to  hpiak 
in  tliii  liiinls  niiiim,  Irn'il  twii'n  1m  forn  tin'  lii(,'li 
I' iiirt,  ami  I'm. illy  li>iiii->lii'il  frmii  S\m  ilni,  tin- 
kiii'^'  ii|i|iriiviii^^  till-  Kiiitiiicc.  lint  111'  lift  111 
lull  1  liiiii  a  I'liiirrli  of  .'ill  lii'liiivirs.  Iln  wmt  to 
( '  i|i.'iiliav;i'ii,  ii'iiimiiin:^  tlnrn  for  two  yii.irs.  oin' 
yi'iir  lii'iii'_!  iiaslor  of   tin'    Ha|itisl  I'liiirrli   llii'rn, 

II"  tlii'ii, ul  II miiitst  H'lliritiilion  of  Iiis.Swi'iIihIi 

Ini'inlM,  Hiini^ralril  w  illi  tlii'iii  to  tli«  I'nuril 
St.itiiK,  an  1  tlni  |iiirty,  alri'inly  ()rj;iiiii/iiil  as  u 
cliiiri'li,  with  Nilsson  as  tlii'ir  |iiiMtor,  sittliil  in 
(inn  of  tini  W'i'sli'rii  Slatis  in  |H.",:t  Hut  Ihi' 
most  coiisiiiriioiis  of  till'  fiiiinilirs  of  tlm  mis 
Hion  in  Srtiiili'ii  ami  Norway,  was  K>  v.  .Xmlnas 
WiliiTU,  an  I'liiiiii'iit  Hi'liolar  mnl  (^rmliiatr  from 
tin-  I'liivi'isity  of  I'lisala,  wlio  was  roiivcrlcil  in 
I'lTi,  oriliiirii'il  as  a  f.iitlii'rmi  in  Ih|:|,  uinl 
oDii'iatnl  in  llni  Statu  ('linu'li  till  |H|'.I.  11,,  lir 
<'ann'  a  l{ii|ilist,  afliT  a  loiiv;  hlniv;i;li',  in  |h.",'J, 
was  liii|i|i/.i'i|  at  (''>|icnlia^,'i'n  in  .Inly,  l^.'i'J, 
liy  I-'.  ()  Nilsson,  ami  soon  aftrr  |)iitili^lii'il  llinn 
liookson  llii|iti.iiii,  anil  s|ii'nt  two  or  tliri'r  ymtrs 
in  I'liiiin  rtiiiii  with  tin'  .Viinriritn  Itapti.'^t  I'lililicit. 
tioii  Sonnty,  tr.iiislrttiiiv;  iiml  stiTiolypinv!  mi'VitiiI 
.Swi'ilish  trai'ls  ami  liooks  for  cirrnlation  aimiii^^ 
Ills  I'oiiiilryiiirii  In  Ih.")."!  .Mr  Wilmri^  was  ii|i 
poiiiti'il  liy  till'  riitiliration  Snrii'ty  to  lal.or  as 
Hri|n'riiili'mlriit  of  i'iil|iortimr  in  Swrili'ii.  ami 
«-iiiiiiin'iici>i|    his    work    at    Stockholm,    (Irtoliir 

7lll.    lH."i.".. 

.Mcaiiwliili'.  uinlnr  thn  laliors  of  others,  maiiy 
Lail  biii'ii  i^iiiivi-rlt'il  ami  uern  ili'sirmis  of  liit|i 
tisiii.     Oiiii  of  tlii'ir  niimliir,  Mr    1'.  I''.  Ilrjili  n 
liiirn,  went  to  llaiiiliiiri?   in   the  spring;  of    Is.",!, 
Was  liiipli/i'il  mnl  onlaini'il  liy  Mr    llin'krli.  ami 
ntiiriiril  to  Stockhiilm,  wlnn-  li.'  imptiziil,  lie 
fore   the   rlose  of    iH.Vi,  alioill    '•>»>  lielievers.      .\ 
.Missionary  rnion  was  fnniipil   in    Marili.  H."ii;, 
for   semliiii^    out   missioiiiirn  s   ami    p:ililisliin|.; 
lili'l     I'irrillatilin     lioiiks     ami    traeU         ItisiileK 
ttililin^  tliiist)  piililicatiouN,  Mr.    WiIm'I'^  issiieil 


M  MISS.  UNION 


11  Hetfii  monthly  |iap(T.  calliil  the  F.iiiiiijiTml, 
wliii'h  lull  a  wiilii  eiri'iilatiiili.  A  hcliool  was 
also  opi  inil  the  hiiiiie  year,  tu  train  iinn  for  the 
ininislry.  At  the  elose  of  iH.ii;  there  wire  Jj 
I'hiiri-hes, 'Jl  iriinislers,  mill  '.nil  iiiemlicrH  ;  |!i'.' 
hinl  liieii  liapli/iil  ilnriii^  the  year  ;  llnre  wire 
^1  .Siimlay  hi'liools  mill  almiit  H"l  sihnliirs.  .\s 
ill  (iermaiiy  ami  lleiimnrk,  hitler  ami  cruel 
perseriition  Was  eomnnlii'eil  speeilily  hy  the 
Liithiran  iiiat;ist rales  ami  priests,  ami  many  of 
the  ministers  ami  lin  iiilnl's  were  ealleil  to  Hiif 
fi  r.  Mr.  Ill  iileiihin'o  wastrieil  mnl  iiiiprlsoneil 
I'i  times,  lilhers  were  Oneil  oiiii  erowiis  (alioiit 
sM'ii.  ami  an  inMitiotiiil  niiiii  for  Ineakiii^'  Ihn 
Salili.ith  liy  pre.iihinn.  Others  hail  lal>;e  lines. 
Illiprlsoniiielit  ill  <:|oN|i,  foul  cells,  on  II  illel  of 
liliii'k  lireail  mnl  water,  or  with  heavy  fi  Iters 

111  .lime,  lM.,7,  (he  first  conference  of  tile  .S\\  I'll- 
inh  lliiplisl  I'hiiri'hi'H  was  hehl,  ami  the  tlinn 
lirothers  raliiii|vist,  wliii  linil  lieiii  liilioriiii^  ii.s 
Inissionaries  iinioni^  the  .Sweiles  ill  theriilliil 
Stall's,  Were  ailileil  to  the  workilij;  force  of  thii 
iiiissioii  ;  \,'1'M  hail  liein  uihleil  to  the  chiircln  s 
liy  liaptisiii  tlMHyi'iir,  ami  iiotw  illiHlamlim.;  hirj^d 
eiiii^ralion.  llnre  were  It  pastors,  I.*!  cliiirclies, 
ami  '.'  lo."i  nieiiiliers. 

I'rnlll    l^'.'J  to  the    I'loHII    of    lHr,(;    the    prii(^reKS 

was  I'onstaiil  iiml  rapiil.  .Men  of  liit^h  iiiiil,  mnl 
eiliication  ami  of  ureal  earinstmss  ami  /i  iil 
came  ii.to  the  niission,  ami  ilnl  a  ^'oml  work. 
.\iiioii'„'  tliese  were  lii'V.  Ailolph  I  Iraki',  a  liolilc 
man  ami  a  ^rinliitite  of  the  I  niversity  of  \  psiilii  ; 
Mr     K.   (•.    liroaily,  ami  .1.  A.  I'.il^ren,  whohinl 

lieeii,    les| lively,  the  coloinl  of  ii  nuilin  III  ill 

oiir  Civil   War,   ami   the  caiitain  of  a  (,'im  Imal. 
'I'liese  were  nil  men  of  hi(^'h   chnrai'lir  mil  eilii 
ciilioii,aml  iiiilile,  earnest  woikirs      Mr   WilnTf,' 
hail  visiteil  r.in'laml  mnl  Ann  ricn  to  raise  fiinilH 
to  iinl  in  liiiililini,'  a  litri^'ii  cluipi  I   in  .Stni-kliolin, 
which     was    coiiipli'teil     m      IsC,.")    nt    a    cost,    of 
.'>::i.''i,lHiil  ;  ami   tlion<;h  it  seali  .1    l,'.'iiii  people,  it 
was  crowileil  from  the  ilny  of  its  opi ninj,'.     'I  Iid 
misHiiiii  III  Swi'ileii  hnil  liilln  rio  lieeii  iimlerthe 
chinnii  of  the  Americ.in  linptist  I'lililicalion  So 
iii'ty,  liiit   the  Work    hinl    (.Town   so  liiru,'el\  that 
the  Mii'ii'ly,  which  was  a  liom.<  msliliition,  fell 
tliiit  it  shoiilil  lie  trmisfi  ircil  to  the  Missmnnry 
I'liiiili.      The    Innili   ilecnleil   to  accept   it,   ami 
on  March  Isl,  Iscr,,  the  transfer  whs  minle.     Mr 
Willi  l\'  Was  ilesiniiateil    to  ^;|V^■   his  Htreli^th  to 
the  preparation  of  an  i'van{.,'elical  llnptiKt  liti  in 
tiire  ;   Messrs.  Itroinly  mnl   I'Mnreii  In  preaching' 
ami  pastoral  work  in  Storklmlm  ami  its  vicinity, 
ami  nt  the  haiiiii  lime  to  have  char;.;e  of  n   Iriiili 
iiit;  Ni'honl    for  an    alile   .mil   elVicieiit  ininislry  ; 
mnl    Mr    liriike   to  Imve  u  ^jiin ml  oversight  of 
ileiinmmatiiiiial    iiiattors    in  Imth   Sweilen   ami 
N'lirwny 

\\  IIki  close  of  IMCC,  tlicre  were  ill  Sweileii  ',i 
associations,  I7ii  chiirclii's,  mnl  I'l,!!!!!!  im  iiiliirs. 
The  tlieoloniciil  school  w as  opclnil  in  (liloliir, 
IHCC,  ami  has  jirospereil  very  ^really.  In 
l'"eliniary,  lsri7,  mission  work  was  conimenccil 
in  Norway,  ami  iiiailc  tapiil  pro^^iess.  Tlieiii 
were  e\tensiM'  revivals  there  ami  in  Innliy  parts 
of  Sweileti  ;  the  work  has  liei'ii  alteiiiled  with  re 
vivals  aliinist  from  it>;  commencement.  This 
year  also  the  Sweilish  missionaries  enleleil  Fin- 
laml,  ami  ill  llial  (irnml  liiidiy  there  was  soon  ii 
powerful  "  ork  of  iliviiie  ^'lacc.  The  Norw c  inn 
churches  piisheil  northwaril.  ami  in  Ihi;;!  7ii  n 
chinch  of  ."ill  iiiemliers  (soon  iiicrensini;  to  |ii(i) 
wns  conslililteil  at  Tloiiisoe,  north  of  the  .\rctic 
ciri'le,  in  Intitiiilo  711  north.  In  l><7'.i  the  Sweilish 
Conference  oi^tini/.cil  u  Foreinu   ^llHsiouary  So 


f 


AMBRI'JAN  BAP. 


67 


MISS.  UNION 


.1. 


Mini.   Mill) 

mill   /I  111 

ml    worli. 
,  II  Iiolilf 

I  liiMilu  ; 

Wllll   llll'l 

^iiiii  III  ill 
jjiiii  liiml. 

llll'l  I'lIU 

!•  Wilici'-; 
imi'  fiiiulH 

Imi'UIimIiii, 
■osl,  ..f 
,,,l...  it 
.  'Ilio 
(l,r  till' 

inn  Sn 
,\\   Hull 

lii,  f.'lt 
,i(iiiiiiy 
it.  mill 
Mr. 
Ii^tli  to 
si  111'  111 
ri'iirliitiH 
viciiiity, 
triiin 
iiiiistry  ; 
rsi'^lit  -if 

ilrll     mill 

,«r.l.II  '.• 
IHllllpil'S. 

( ii'loliir, 
illy.  Ill 
iiliicliri'il 
'I'Ih'Iii 
iiiiy  imitH 

Willi  II' 

it         I  liiH 

■  i-.-.l  rill- 

Jus  Konll  U 

liirui'iiiin 

\n{\\i  Til  a 

III   Hill) 

|l>r  .\ri'li" 

|.  Swiilish 

lUiirv  S(i 


(!!i'lv  to  Hi'iiil  till  <iiiH|ii>l  III  till'  liciitliin,  mill 
lilMiViil  Hiiiiis  wiT"  nuiiil  fur  lln'  wnrk.  'I'lin 
Hiiiiii'  yi'iir  till'  l,ii|iliiiiilii't  Went  viHitcil  liy  liiin 
HiiiiiiiriiiK,  mill   II   n I   W'lrk   Ihumii    Hurt'.     In 

I'^'l     tlllTl'     \Hri'     111    IIHSIII'illllllllH,    'JJH    cllliri'lllM, 

|ii,ii7."i  iiii'iiilii'i  -i.  mill  '''■*  iiii'i'tiiit!  liiiiisi'H.  'riii'ii' 
yi'iirM  liilor  IIuti'  \\vr'<  'J'lA  rliiiri'lnM,  l:l.i;'.i.'i 
iiiiiiilMTs,  mill  '.ii  liiiiisiM  111  wiirNlii|i  ;  '.'.IHHi  wrri' 

I  111]  ill '.I'll      III      I'*"".         'rilllllSlllllls    III     till'    ClillMTlS 

Imvi'  I'liii'.sriili'il  tn  .Viiii'i'irii.  mill  tliiiiisiiinls  ninri' 

liri'  slill  rolllllli.;  ;  Imt  tin' rlllirrlli'.shllll  riilillMllr 

til  liiilil  tlii'ir  own.  'I'liM  follouiii^  urn  tlirir 
liilist  HtiitiMlH'S  ilH-^li),  lull  wi>  iiri'  tiol  I'i'iljiiii 
tlml  tlnsii  jiii'lii  li'  till'  rlii.rrliiifiof  Norwiiy,  I'ili 
iiiiirK.  I.:i|>lmi  I.  or  I'lnlitiil.  wlijrii  wmilil  iiiM  al 
l>':i>l  J. mill  to  llii'ir  iiii'iiilii'rnlii|i.  'I'lii'  I'.t  iihsm 
ciiil  jipiis  si'ciii  to  Imi  all  ill  Swi'iliii  :  iiHsorinlioiiN, 
I'l  ,  cliiiri'lici,  .'ilii  ;  or^;iiiii/i'il  iliiriiii;  tlii'  yiiir, 
'.il  ;  ImiiHi'H  of  wiirsliiii,  'JiH  ;  |iri'iirliirs,  •I7<i  ; 
l..i|ili»;iil  III  IXHS,  -ijt'.n  ;  iiit'liilxTs,  :i:l,.'ij|  ; 
>Mitiil:iy  sriiool   Hi'lioliirM,   ItJ.'Jii'J  ;  ('iiiilriliiiiions 

of  llii.i'liliri'lli"<,  IjtH.'i.  l:IH.     'I'lli'SwcillsIl  rlllinllis 

iiri'  iiinstly  Hiilf  Hii|i|iiirliin,',  iiinl  iiri'  riirryiiiK'  on 
iiiissioriH  to  Hill  lii'itllirii.  'I  III'  Mi-.si<>iiiiry 
riiiiiii  iiiiikii  ii|i|ir'i|ii  iiilions  fni-  MiiiiM  lit  tliii 
|ir  ili'ss.irs  111  llii'  ImIIuI  'rinoluv^ii'iil  Sciiiiniiry, 
111''  sii|ii'rinli'iiilint  of  missions,  uml  .'In'  i  ilitors 
of  llii'ir  |iii|Mirs  mill  |iiil>linilioiis.  mul  aid  in  llif 
s!i|i|iiirf  of  I'vaii^^t'lists  will)  ^•u  111  lint  (llltlyin^; 
ilistni'Is.  'I'lii'y  liavi'  also  i^ivm  ulil  to  llsn 
liiiililin^  of   soiiii'  of   tliii   rily  iliiirrlirs  ainl  lliii 

'I'lii'ilo^iniil  .Siiiiiinaiy.  IIioiikIi  hi  s| iiil   ciisi's, 

a|i|ii'iils  liavi'  I II  iiiiiiIk  ti  llm  rliiiriliis  in  tliii 

I  iiili'il  Stall's.  Willi  till'  hiinrlioii  of  tlii'  rnioii. 
Till  f||ji|ii'ls  III  Sloi'klioliii  anil  (iotlii'iiliiir^  ami 
till'  liiiililiiii^s  of  Hill  si'iiiinary  arn  aiming  tlu'sr. 
'I'liii  a|i|iio|iriatiiiiis  for  sonm  yi'iirs  pasl  liavr 
ii.iTini'il  a  lilllii  iimri'  lliiiii  sT.iMiii,  ami  for  tlii' 
wliiilii  pirioil  Niiii'ii  till'  rslalili'.liiiii'iit.  of  tli>' 
mission,  aliiiiil  :t;'.i:iiMNiii  |n  no  missionary 
i'li'lil  williili    our    know  li'il^ii    has   /I'liloiis    lalior 

pro  liiiiil  mull   liir;;i-   ri'turiis.  wlii'llii'r  wi n 

^i'l<'r  till'  tiiiii'.  till'  iiiiioiinl  of  iiioni  y  i'\|ii'iiili'il, 
or  till   piipiilalion  naclii'il. 
."i    'ii'i (''•'.        Till'    mission   to   (iri'iTi-,    isla'i 

lislii'd  in  |l iiiliir.  H:ii;,  afliT  lll'ill^' roniininil 

w  illi  I'onsiil,  ralili'  spirit  lull  viry  iiioili-rati'  siu'. 
n  ss  (or  niiiitti'i'ii  Mars,  was  siispiniliil.  solar  as 
.\iii'riran  missiomirns  wi'riM'oiii'rrm  il.  in  l^.'i"), 
mill  IliM  only  r<'iiiaiiiini{  iiallvi'  assislnnt,  |)i  tin 
trios  Saki'll.irios,  Irfl  ilin  mission  in.Vpril,  Ih.'iC. 
Ili^jlit  missioiiarii's  liail  laliori-il  tlnri' laillifiilly, 
lull  liny  liail  Ipitii  am  sti-il,  iiiipris.iinMl,  ami 
forliiililt'ii  to  pnai'li  or  Imlil  nii'itint^s.  'I'liu 
t'onvi'rls  li.iil  liii'ii  fiw,  ami  iiiaiiy  ol  llnin  un- 
Nialilii.  Tliii  mission  was  siispcmliil  lor  lifli'in 
yiars,  mill  tlii'ii  ri'siimcil  In  1k7I,  liy  tlm  up 
pointiin-iit,  of  Mr.  I>.  Sakitllarios  as' a  nativi' 
liiissioiiary.  Iln  anil  Ills  wifi-  lalnri'il  lariirat- 
ly.  ami  witl.  siimi'  mitivi'  lu'lp.  ami  nlilaini'il 
fumls  I'r.iai  aliroal  In  iri'i't  a  rliapil  ami  I'slali 
lish  a   siliKol   in   .Viln'iis  ;   Imt  llni  jjoviTiimcnt 


liri'Vi'iiliil  tlii'iii  from  o^•l'llpyin^{  rillirr  tli. 
cliapil  or  tliii  Hrliiiol.  ami  woiiM  not  allow  Mr. 
Saki'llarios  to  liolil  any  ii'lii^ioiis  nni'linos  I'X 
I'l'jil  in  Ins  own  lioiisc.  .Afti-r  Hixtrrii  yrars  of 
slni'.^'.^lin',',  till'  Missioiiaiy  I'nioii  .lii'iileil  to 
ri'limpiisli  l.lii>  mission, 

V'/d'  Missiiiii  ill  Sixih),  wliirli  liinl  its  origin  in 
till'  l.ilior.s  of  I'lofrssor  W.  ■!.  Kmipp  as  an  in 
ili'pi'inliTit  missionary  in  .Mailriil  in  Ihi'.s  c,;!, 
was  iiilopli'il  liy  tini  I'nioii  in  \ii^;iisl,  ImTii,  ami 
forsixyi'iirs.  iliirinn  Mr,  Knapp's  ri'siilciii'dtlicrn, 
I'oiiliniii'il  to  prospir.  Cliiiiclics  wirn  <  slali 
lislii,il  III  Mailriil,  Itan'clomi,  .\lii:anti',  Lu  .Sculu, 


Vali'iicia,  TJniircN,  nml  Alwiy,  Nalivn  pastora 
\vi  rii  orilailii'il  ovi  r  tln'Si<  rliiiirlu's.  ami  llioii|.;|i 
(llii  piillllral  rrVolllllolls  III  .Spain  lllliili  lill  llio 
Molk,  lllli  lllinilirr  of  I'llpll/ril  convrils  was 
rirKiiinil  at  alioiit  'Ji"!  in  \'^~-2.  In  |h7I  tlm 
iiiiiiilii  r  liiipli/.i'il  Was  li'J.  anil  llir  niiiiilii  r  of 
■  III  iiilii'is  l.'ll.  'I'lniii  wrri'  fiiillnr  pnlilnal 
I'oiiiplnalions  ami  ilisliirlianri  s  ill  |m7.'i  ami 
l''7i'  Soiin  of  lliii  n  ritivi'  pr.arlnis  pioviil  im- 
worlliymnl  inlriKinil  Willi  tin'  poliliral  liinli  ih. 
'Ilni  slalloii  at  l.inariswas  lirokrii  up  ;  Hint  at 
.Miniiili'  ]>assril  tliroii|;li  ^nal  trials  ;  .Mr. 
Kiiapp  ilissoUril  hit  coninrlioii  with  Ihn 
I  liioli  ami  ri'tiirili'il  to  tin'  I'nili'il  .Slatrs.  Not 
lon^;  allir  tlm  pastor  ill  .Mailrnl  ilnil.  anil  tlm 
rhiipil  Has  cliisril.  'I'Ini  othrr  htlllioliN  Vrro 
also  rilim|iiishiil  ;  oiii'  of  tlm  ).aKtors  (.Mr. 
('iirri')was  iirri'sti'il  ami  put  ninlrr  ImiihIh,  ami 
llioiiv^li  III'  iiiaili'  Ik  fiirllirr  allrm|il  to  i  slaliliHh 
a  stalion  al  llarci'loiia,  ami  all  Ilir  iiiiHsioii  xvork 
was  riiilri'il  tin  ri',  thiri' wiis  a^^ain  a  ilifirtion 
from  till'  ministry,  ami  now  llar<  riona,  l''iKtii'raH, 

mill  l.a  I'.srala  iiri'  tl Illy  pnilils  w  Inrr  llaptist 

worship  is  niainlaimil.  lli-v.  I'>iii  I, uml,  u 
.Swiilisli  liiissioiiary,  ami  Iti  v.  M.  ( '.  .Marin,  iv 
natiM'  priai'ln  r.  an  l,il>oriiio  at  tlnsn  points, 
ami  llicy  ri  iiort,  in  I^H'.l,  .">  iiativi'  iiriarlnr.-H, 
'J  of  llnlii  orilaini'il,  :i  rliiirrlns,  ."i  lia|i|lsmH, 
mill  Ion  iiii'iiili,  rs.  'I'lni  rxiHiiiliturn  of  llni 
rniiiii  for  .S|iaiiisli  iiiissions  in  IHKli  wan  $2,- 
77i;.l'.i. 

I'.iii  I  Alios  VI,  \Voi;K.-  'I'lni  Missionary  Inioii 
has  alwayH  plari'il  Hii'  pn  arliilu;  of  Ihn  (lospi'l 
in  till'  lonfront  of  all  its  missionary  aj^iiii'ii'H, 
lull  It  ri'rii).;ni/i'H  tin'  fart  thai  Ihn  Hi'hool  has  ila 
[ijai  r  also  in  Inalhi  n  lainls,  ami  Iliii  poliry  of 
liirnishin^  I'lltintlional  farililins  for  cniivi  i  liil 
Inallii'li  ami  tin  ir  I'liililnn  haa  Imt'li  fori'iil 
ii|ion  il  liy  till'  iini'i'ssiliis  of  Ihn  ciihn,  uml 
within  till'  last  twi'iily  Ihn  ynars  ^ri  at  pro^•r^'^n 
has  lii'i'ii  maili'  III  •iliiralioiial  work.  In  1x1,1 
III'  I'l  w I  ri<  in  III!  tlm  missions  of  tlm  riiion,  'JilO 
hihools,  wilh  l.l.iii  pupils.  In  IhIMI  tlm  Iiillii- 
li(  r  of  srhiiols,  raiii^iii^!  from  thn  ,iuiiKl<'  mnl  vil- 
lau'n  srhools  |o  thn  hli'lnst  m'aili'  slalion  srhools, 
was  I, (Kill, with  ■-'o,r,|.",  pupils.  Within  this  pnrioil 
thn  I  olli^iali'  llisliliilioll  at  lialionon  has  linill 
<  slalilislnil,  also  tlm  Imlustrial  ami  Normal  liisli 
lull' anil  thn  Two  liinli  Sriiool  al  riasscin,  hinli- 

(;iailn    station    sil Is    nt    'I'oiinnoo,    Iiaii|^<iiiii, 

lli'ii/aila,  .Miiiilmi'iii,  'I'avoy,  mnl  .Mainlahiy.  A 
marki'il  i-miiI  in  tlm  history  of  thn  .Missioiiiiry 
I'liion  iluriii<{  this  last  ipiarlnr  nnliii  y  is  tlin  or- 
l^ani/atioii  of  wiuiiiii  for  wmk  in  missions,  ainl 
thn  iiiimnriiiis  lioariliii^  srhools  in  Hiiiiria  ami 
Imlia  am  Ihn  ri'siilt  of  uomnii's  Work,  'I'lm  most 
imp  ii'taiit  hrmii'h  of  tlm  mission  school  work  con- 
sists of  tlm  lulilii'iil  traininn. schools  for  pn  iicli- 
nrs.  Thn  'riinolo.^iciil  Sniiiiiiary  at  I!ml^^oo^ 
is  si'iiilint^  out  year  l>y  year  will  inslnii'ti  il 
|iri  aihnrs,  wlm  will  In  Ip  supply  thn  .'I'Jil  chiirclinH 
III  Itiirma,  ami  furnish  recruits  for  liial  iiativo 
missionary  force  whiih  is  opnralin^;  in  tin  cin. 
tral  iiroviiii'is  of  Itiirmn,  in  thn  Kachii;  Hills, 
ami  on  Ihc  horih  is  of  Slam,  Thn  'rinolo^^ical 
Snniinarv  al  liamapatmii  ami  Ihn  Oii^oln  lli^h 
School  arc  iloiiiK  a  (4raiiil  work  for  Ihn  'I'llii^ii 
Mission.  Ihlilical  schools  urn  also  Mislaimil  at 
Swutowaiiil  Ninnpo,  in  China,  uml  al  ^  okohaiim, 
for  tlm  traiiiiii|4  of  .lapannsn  preachers,  'i'lii) 
(icriiian  liaptist  ■riinoloniciil  School,  at  llaiu 
liurt!,  is  Hninlin  ,'  Ms  stiiih'iiis  throughout  (icr- 
ninny,  liussia,  Itohcniia.  ami  Polaml  ;  ami  last 
Imt  not  hast,  thn  linllnl  Seminary  at  Stoekholm, 
bweiluu,  liitii  BL'iit  out  .Hmm.'   hundrcils  of  uhlo 


f 


I 


I 


i  I 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


88 


MISS.  UNION 


iriinisti>rH  lit'  the  lioi|i(l,  wliii  iirx  lulinriii'^'  in 
itll    tliii   I'iliim   of   .S.\iM|i'ti  iwul  ill  tliM  S»i'ili>li 

HIltlll'IIH'lllH    of     tll«     I'lllll'll     Stilti'H.         (irUilllllli'S 

frmii  liaili  l|iiiiiliiiiv{  mill  Siiirklmliii  iiri' lulmr- 
ill|^  itlmi  III  lli'll.i,  Alririi.  uIkI  S|iiiiii,  nliil  liialiy 
llini'ii  iiii<  |>l'i'-.Mllii{  ilililliii  I  ililti  lif  tliiiHi'  wli'i 
.'ii'ii  <^ni|>|iliiii{  Willi  lii'iillii'iiiMiii  ill  Its  htri>ii|{- 
IimMh. 

Ill  III. K  'I' la  N  SI. Mil  IN.  Till'  \M  Ilk  mI'  liilijii  IrilllK 
llllinll   W.IS    (■•'i^llll    III    lIlM   Illtlllli'V  I.I    till'   llil|ili-.t 

.Sui'iilv,  iiml  lias  lii'i  II  \  i^^iiriiiisly  pi'iisi  riitiil 
tliri<iii.;liiiiit  Its  I'lU'rir.  IM.  .IiiiIsiiu'm  Itiiriin  si' 
liilili'  wiis  ■'iiiii|ili'ti'il  ill  |h:Iii  'I  hii  ti'iiiisliiliiiii 
III'  till'  .S).;itii  K.iri'ii    IIiIiIh    whs   prHiliil    in  l>s.'i:l, 

Unit     llf     till'       l'v\ll    Kill'i'M      Mill.     Illllll      |SH|;      III, I 

I'liku  mill  iJ^^lmi  liilHiiii  InT'J  hihI  IsTi;,  'I'Iim 
trmisliitimi  iiitu  .\siiiiiiiihi>,  Im'v^'iiii  hi'iiiIv  lifiy 
yt'iirs  iiU'i,  is  iiiiw  tliiisliiil,  nil  I  trmisliitiiiiis 
ill  tliK  tiiU'ii  mil  N'lu  t  iliiili'i'ts  ari<  ill  |ii'ii|^ri's>  ; 
anil  iiiiiv  tliitt.  till'  Sliiiii  iMiiiitry  is  fmrly  <i|imi 
Y'l  iiiissiiiiiiry  liiltiir.  I)r  t'iiHliiii'.{  Ims  tlic  Slimi 
llililii  i-imily  fir  its  |ii'(i|i|i>.  jir.  .Irwrlt  lias 
liri'ii  i'ii<^'aK"il  iiimiy  yrars  in  ri'visinj^  tlic  'rtlii^ii 
NiiW  Ti'stariii'iit.  ami  ilniili'.,'  tin'  lll^l  Viiii'  It 
lias  lii'i'ii  |ii'iiiti'i|.  Ill  .la|imi  I'r  111  nwii's  trans, 
llllinll  (if  till'  Ni'vv  'I'l'slaiiit'iit  iiilii  till'  |i|joiii'tiir 
(^liarai'tris  is  ii.uv  vrry  |Mi|iiilar,  miil  iii.Nfiini 
till'  iiiissiiiiiarii'S  aril  |irciviiliiii^  vuriniis  parts  of 
till)  Ninv  'I'l'staiiii'iit  in  lliri'ii  nf  tlin  ('1111^11 
iliiiliM'lM.  In  ('iiiiia  tlnri'  liavi'  lictin  llircn 
Virsiniis  iiiailo  liy  l!a|itisl  inissiuniirii'S  .  oni'  in 
till'  Maiiilariii,  nr  classii'  laii'..;iiii'.^i',  mii'  in  tli<' 
<'iilliii|ilial  iliiiliirt,  ami  iinr  nl  tln'  Ni-w  'I'lsta- 
iiKtiit  ill  tint  Hiikkii  iliali'i't. 

HlSTlllHC.tl,     ('.VT,VI.(l<IIIi:      III'       MiSHIiiVM     111'      IIIK 
.\MI'.I1II'\N    II.M'TIMI'    .M|:,s|iiS,\1!V    I'sliiS. 

1.  /i'i/('/ii(i/i,  lH|:t,  Koiiinli'il  liv  .Imlsnn.  I. 
Itiiriiiaii  Missmn,  Hiispcmliil  IN'J.I  'Js  ;  rrKiinii'il, 
|h:1|  ;  'J,  Kiii,'lisli  MisHiiiii.  |m:i:|  ;  .1,  S^an  Karen 
Missiiin,  |s:|."i,  ami  I'lvn  Kari'ti,  I"<:17  — all  siis. 
pi'mlii.l,  Into  It;  Hiili  s'taliiiii  of  .Mniiltiii'iii, 
IHII  .■■):i;  ri'siiiiii'il,  |H.-,:i  ;  Shmi  MiHsimi,  Ihui;  ; 
li'iw  has  tlii'iiliiHiial  himinaty,  I'lilli'U'',  anil  liirv;e 
printing  rHlitlilisliniriit,  h|  rluiiilii's,  miirly 
"(iillil  iMi'iiilurs. 

2.  .l/i'sfiDiiv  III  Aiiiiri''iin  l:iiliiiii.\\  |H|7-il.). 
I'.ittiivviittaniii'S,  |H|7  ;  Olliiwas,  Is'jl!  ;  Clii'rn 
kii"S,  valli'y  tov.fis  iuhI  west  nf  Mississippi, 
1H|S-:1S;  ('liiii'laws.  iN'.'i;;  Ci'itUs,  |M'j:t;l'2; 
Oloi'S  an  I  Oiii'ilias,  |s:i:(  :17  ;  lli'lawari's,  |s:i| 
Hit;  Sliawamii'S  latlrrrtanl  lli'lawansl,  |s:i|  ; 
Ojiliwas,  H'is.  I'lirt  of  tlii'sn  ilisioiiliniii'il 
prior  to  IH|J  ;  si'vrnil  traiisfirml  to  .\iiiirii'aii 
Iliiliaii  .VssiH'ialioii,  Isl'J;  tmi'  (tin'  Cniks)  to 
Koiitlii'rii  llaptist  ( 'oiiMiition,  alioiil  Isp;;  tun 
((!liiirokri's  anil  llilatvans  in  Imlian  Tirritory ) 
to  .VnirriiMin  ltapl;sl  Mmhh'  Missionary  .Soriity, 
in  Isc.'i.     Mission  to  Ilayti.  |h,!.",  :ih. 

:t  f.ihrii'i.  I.  Monrovia,  iH^.-j  ;  'i.  Hassi 
Civo,  is;!.*!.  |ti>tli  closi'il,  ISoli;  ri'.siliiicd,  with 
cnlorn  I  iiiissioii.irii'S,  IhiI'.i.  Mlatioiis  aniiiii'.4 
Hassiis  iiiul  Coiij^oi's;  Niispcmlcil,  |s7l!;  now 
only  tliri'i'  si'liools. 

1  /Im/i'Tv/.  Itiiriiia,  Is'ii;  ;  iiflrr  |X'i7onlya 
siili  station  till  Ifii;t.  In  Issi;  maili'  an  out. 
Htation  lor  tlia  'rrliii;ns  or  I'l  "^iiaiis. 

."1.  Miiitmiiii ^  |S'27.  .V  Itnriimn  Klalioii  ;  in 
iHlt'J,  a  Kari'ti  Ktutioii  luldi'il  ;  in  |s|li,  Kn^^lisli, 
'ruiiiil,  ami 'I'i'liioii  station  Milili'il  ;  iiiaiix  si'IiooIh,       in  Ihh-2. 


triiislati'il  Idtk  liy  I)r.   Musm,  1h|,|-.",|.     'lavuy 
.Nativn  .Missionary  Sociiiy  foiini'il.   1^:11 

7.     l/'/./.i/',    iH'j'.i,      I.    liMrinaii   .\iissiori,    Ih'J'.i 
117;   •<!.    I'wo    Kan  UN,    |h:I7  ;    :l.  Salon^;-<,    |s||; 
yinn  lip,   |s."iii  ;  Mill  station,   |s."):i,  ami   liiially 
aliiiiiiloiii'il,  I'xi'i'pt  liy  iiiilivii  pastors. 

H.  .siioii,  |s:l:l.  I.  liannkok,  Sianu'si' ;  2 
Cliini'si-,  |h;i|  ;  Si'riptiiris  traiislalril  into  Imtli 
lalii^ila  {('s,  Not  liiiirli  si|i'i'i'>s  with  SialiDsi'. 
rliiiii  sii  iiiisniiiiiarii  s  li  lll'^fl  1 11  il  III  Si.iithrni 
t'hliia  .Mlhsli'li,  ami  liiiii^knk  In  roim  s  11  siih 
hlatioii  in  Iss'.i  .Mission  to  IIim  Kan  ms  in 
Noi'thi'in  Kiaiii,  Mii-taim  i|  l',\  nativn  Kaiilis  in 
lliiriiiii,  Hiarti'il  Iss'j 

',1.  .Ir'(*i(/i,  is;i."i-."i.").  — 'I'liri'ii  stalion'4  nt  llr^t 
for  .\rakaiii'si>  ami  (li'iiis.  In  l><IO  Kann  ili 
partini'Iit  foiiiiili'il  at  .SMinloWMy  Kaiilis  lli  i| 
iroiM  pirsi  riitinii  in  riiiiina  .Si  vi  nil  tlioiiNiinils 
liiipli/t'il.  In  Is.'iil  ami  |s."i|  iiiftir  tin'  wan 
tlii'Hi'  ii'lnriii'il  to  liassi'in,  ami  llm  SjiiiiloVMiy 
Mission  Mas  ilisrontiinii  il  in  Is.M.  In  Ihhh  it 
was  rt'oiK'mil  for('h'iiii<,  Ki  mini  I's,  liiiriii'ins, 
ami  Arakaiii'M'. 

III.  Iiii.  \>^'1\  <;l.  r.iKiin  liy  .liiilson  ami 
I'riri'  in  \'^'l\,  Init  hroK' n  up  li,\  tin'  war  of 
l>*2l  'Jii  ;  attain  starli'il  hy  Kinraiil  in  ls:i:l,  Imt 
rlosiil  in  I«:i7  ;  in  |H."ili,  Imt  rlosi'il  li,\  Hn'oml 
war;  irsiiiiiiil  III  iH.'i.'i,  Imt  rilimpiishiil  in  |sr,l 

not  11  siii'i'i  ss. 

II.  'ill''  'I'lliiifi  .l/iv.si'i.ii,  |.s:iri.  Ciiniliictiil 
with  slight  snrci'ss  till  iMlll  •  sinrd  that  linn- 
has  piospifi'il  Ml  yrnitly  that  it  is  now  tin 
lar^'i'st  sin^lo  I'roti  slant  iiiisMon  in  tin'  svi  rlil, 
Willi  12  I'liiiii'hrs  ami  m;i,h:is  I'limiiniiriiHiitH. 

\1.     M'lxsinii    In    I'niiire,     \Ki[,       .\llir   ."i.'l     \iais 
of    fiiithfiil   liilior  ilnro  iiri'  .'i  stations,   :i^    out 
hiallons.   KI  rliiirchrs,  Hllll  iiiiinlii  IS. 

1:1.  Tlif  Uniiiiiii.  M'issliiii,  |h:i|,_  Itcv.  .(.  (1. 
Omki'ii,  foiinilir.  Mxli'iiils  all  ovir  ('iiitii.l 
I'.iiropi'.  It  has  now-  I  I  inissiotis.  Cm;  pn  arhiii-, 
ll'J  chnrrhi's,  ami  -.'ii,'.i'.ill  iniinliirH. 

II.  Missiiiii  In  Ijitiie,  \KW:, —  I'atras.  (irfil, 
/iiiiti',  ami  .MIk'Iis.  Aliicriraii  iiiissionarn  s  nl 
liist,  Imt  thi'ir  siK'i'i'ss  was  small,  ami  tiny 
wilhiln  w  ill  iN.'ii;  Siispi  nilicl  for  lifti  rii  .\  tins. 
Nalivi'  missionary  appoiiitril  in  |n7I,  Imt  mis 
si'ii  nlimpiishril  in  Issi; 

|."i.    .I.vs'oii,  IHlti;    -  At  first  tini  AssaiiiiKO  nml 
Sin),'pho  .Mission.     'I  hr  ( laro  .Mission  was  inlili  il 
111    lKi.7.  ami   ti.i    Naua   .Mission   in   Imuh.      Kohl 
Mission  roionn  iircil  ill   |sH'.i.     All  ari'  tlourish 
111;.%  wilh  ill!  I'hiirrhrs  ami  l,!Ml(l  iniiiilii  rs. 

H'l.  H'lssiiii,  \sA'  p;.  'I'lirii' iiiishions  :  S(^iim 
Kari'Ti,  Ik:17  ,  I'wo  Kann,  Isl'.i  ;  liiniiHin.  I^.M. 
'Ihc  Kaniis,  pirst  Tiiliil  anil  ilrivrii  out  of  ISiii 
ma  hy  till'  otlinals.  csrapcil  to  ,\r.ikmi,  winii' 
S1111111  tlioiisaiiilH  wirii  liapti/cil  ami  ori^ani/.nl 
into  rliiiii'ln  s.  Aflir  tint  War  in  l«."i;i  .'i.'itlnM' 
ntiirmil  t.i  llussi  in  proviiiri',  and  iimh'r  <  xci  I 
h'lit  iniina^'i  nil  lit  tlnia  iiro  now  ( iH'.lii),  in  |1,.' 
II  ih'piirtinints,  \I  niissionarii  s,  lo'.i  priiu'hrrs, 
|(l7  si'lf  siipporlllit,'  chiiri'liis,   lll.Osll  iininhirM. 

17,  Sii'illtvn.  11,11.11  M!s.sii,ii_  isili;  I'J,  -  At 
Marao,  |s:tr,  ;  llonn  KiiliK,  IM'J-fil  ;  Canton, 
iKll,  mill  Swatow,  lK(;|.'.i(l.  ('oiiiiii'liil  with 
liitii'^koU  from  till'  litst.  At  Swatow  ami  its  out 
station  tlicri'  wiri',  in  Ihk'.i,  1'2  iiii.ssioniitics,  'Ji; 
iiativo  pri'aclnrs, '.i  cliurrlns,  I,I;|H  ini'inlu'rH,  |o 
schools,  llilt  si'holars.  Tins  cxrlilsivu  of  a  tloiii 
I  liiii;^  mission  anions  tim   Ilakkas,  i'HlHlilisln'<l 


an  Kiirasiau  Hi 


■Vl'llll'l'll 


'liill'cli 


IJisli 


CI, 


Mi: 


nut     jhsxiiin 


lM.t:i,_\in(.'p 


<!.  Tirnii.  IH'J.S.  Tim  first  Kariii  station  in  ami  thr.n  Mil)  KtiitioiiH  Shaohinv;,  Kinliwii,  iiinl 
liiiriiia,  mill  11  small  Kiirnnin  Mission  cstahlislu'il  Ilui'haii  ;  21  stations,  'ill  nnssioniirii'S,  3U  na 
huro  H«mo  your.     Sj^mi  Nowuiid  Old  TestiiiuL'nt      tivo  hulpt'iH,  11  cLuri'liuH.  3hI  ineuibvrH. 


f" 


UNION 


AMERICAN  BAP. 


00 


PUB.  SOOIBTY 


liivciy 

11.     1H'21I- 

>,    l-^H  ; 

II  t'lllMll.V 

KM"  ;    - 

SillllU'H''. 

S    lilllflll 

H     It     will 

;iiri'iii<  i» 

till'i'lis    HI 

M  til  tlr-t, 
■iiinti  ill 
iritis  ill  ll 
liiiUHiiiiiN 
till'  vMin 
«;,iiiiliiwiiy 

III  IHMH   It, 

lliiriii'iiiH, 

ilsnil     mill 
III'    \\  111'    of 

|s:i:i.  lull 

|>v  hh'iiIkI 
ill  ill  IHI'.I 

;'lil|illH'lril 

tliiit  tiiiii 

4  IIIIW  till 
till'  Wl  llll, 
lil-HlllH. 

f  ,",.".    vrlin 
IS,    '■i'>    mil 

!i'V.  •!.  <•. 
if  ('(iiliiil 
|ir«  iirlii'l'-, 

iiiw,    ('■  rfii. 

imiiirirs  III 

mill    llii.v 

111   II    \  llllK. 

I ,  liiit  iiii^ 
[iiiiii'HO  mill 

v  us  lllllllll 

iMiH.        Klilil 

,      IIiiIII'IhIi 

,1"  IS. 

iiiis:  St;iiii 
mull,  l»^.'il. 
|>iit  of    I'OI 
nil,   vvliiii' 

ilt;illll/lil 
ill  ."i.'i  lliri-i' 
lillT  <  x<ul 
;ili|,  ill  tlin 

|ii-iin'li('rs, 

iiiiiiili<-l«- 

It,    I'J.  -  .\l 

;    «'iillt(ili, 
Ill-till   will" 

ml  its  <iiil 
liiiiiirirK,  -'■ 

I'llllll'tH,    1" 
1;  1.1'  li  lll^lK 
itlllllisliril 

ll._NitlMlii 

jiiliNva.  nil'' 
lii's,  :I0  nil 

Its. 


m 


II  I!  l;  : 
.i'.(] 


r.i,  W'f.slmiChiiui,  |H»il(. -Hiiiihiiw,  in  H/ohiii-n 
]iriivitii'i',  just  I  iiiiiiiii'iii'i'ij. 

'Jii  llmii'l'i,  lH,"i;;,  -  'Iwii  iiiiHsiiiiis,  lliirmmi 
mill  s„Mii  Kiiii'ii  ;  7  iiiisHiiiiiiiriis,  "7  mil  •■tu 
t  lulls.  "I'l  iiiilivr  III  l|MTs,  li'.l  rlr.iirliis  |I1h  iif  tliilii 

KiiniiK  'J,:!'!!!  iiiiiiiiiirs,  ;ii  si'IihhIh,  l,;irj  |iii|iilH. 

•Jl.  .s/iio./i/iii.  |s."i;l.  .Miislly  Kiinii  ;  iii  tin' 
Sitiinn  liiviT  ;  ."i  iiiiHiiiiiiiinrs,  ^'i  imtui'  liil|i<rs. 
Il.'i  mil  st.itiiiiis.  .'I'l  rliiirrliin,  l.'i'Jii  nil  iiiliirN,  ill 
Ht^lioiils.  71 1  |iii|iils. 

•J'J      /'iiiiiic,     \<i\,      nil    ll,r      liilirilili,       jllirillllll 

.Missiiiii  ;  I  iiilssiiitmrirs,  h  huIim'  lii'ljn  rs,  il 
rliiiirlii"!,  1171  iiiriiilMTM,  llll  lliiriiiiiiis. 

'2;l.  7Viimi/:i.  |H."i.";.  — I'riiiiiii  mill  Kmiu 
S  liils-iiiiiiiirii's,  liiitli  luilitiH,  will*  liiivi-  iiiiiimu 
tin*  iiiissiiiii  I'liliiily  triiiii  tliii  lirsl  ;  7  iiulivn 
Iiri'iirlii  I's,  I  rliill'i'll  |M  It  sll|i|iiirtill|^  I,  J'^7  lill'lll' 
li'Ts,  llll  Iliiriiiiilis,  ni'l(iin\v|i'i|i;i''l  ill  llll  lliuiii'st 
viiinliirlcil  iiuHNiiMi  ill  kinmini 

21.     '/'iMiMi/riM,   iH.'iil        I'lvii  si'iuil'iili'  iiiissiniis 
Iliirmmi    I'.ikii    Knn  ii,  lli^liiii    Kunii,  Itiil  Knn  ii, 

Hlli|    Sllilll         S 'I'ljil  lins    tl'illisllttril     111  llll  I'Mrjil 

tliii  Ki'il  K.ii'i'ii.  mil  |iiirliiiiis  iiitliis.  In  nil  tlm 
i|i'|iiii'liii''iils  llii'i'i'  mi'  Hi  iiiissiiiiiiirii's.  |h7  iiii 
tivi'  |iri'iirlii'rs  mill  lii'l|ii'rs,  I  I'J  nut  slntliuis,  I  II 
cliiiri'li's,  ."i.ir.M'i  iiD'iiiliiiis  ;  I'll  III  till-  iliiirrliis 
urn  Mill  ■>ii|i|iiirliiin,  7'i  iiri'  lint, 

'i'l.      Till       Missiill,       III       .SlCi/l/l,        |H|S     Kj|>,t 

chllri  It  rnllHtilUli'll,  iH.'il  ;  liiissilin  nt'i^lini/.ril, 
iH.'i.l  ;  trmisfiTliiil  ll'iilil  Am.  Ilii|il  I'llli.  Snr.  Ill 
Am  liiiplist  Missinimn-  riiinii  in  Iniki  ;  nnw  Ims 
liriiiH'li  iiilssiiitis  ill  Niir\Miy,  I'riiinmk,  I'liiliinil, 
mill  l.ii|ilmiil.    lAii'ii'iriliiiiiiy  ^rii»  111  in 'Jl  yiars. 

Jll  Swiill'Il  lllllllll  in  IHHH  H'.l  llirril  WlTii  r.l  lissii 
('iiltinlis.  ."il7  liilliistil's.  ."llll  I'liiiri'liiH,  'JO'S  liniisis 
of  \viiislii|i,  :i:l..")'Jl  iiiiiiiilirrs  ;  riiiitriliiiliniiK, 
!!i"<."i,  IIH      'I'liii  liriiiii'li  iiiissioiiH  wiiiilil  i^ivi'  ovur 

-J,IHHI  iiinrr. 

■Jli,   .lllllllll,    |h7J  ;      Y«l''ili'niiii,     Ti'l.lii,    |h7I  ; 

A'i)/)|.,  IKMI  ;  Sintfll,  |SS|  ;  Sliillllllli:1ll.i,  1 HMI  ; 
Miiiiihl,     I«H7  ;     ll'lrhimihii,     |SH',I  ;      Yiliwuiiiili',, 

IK'.Ml,  .Vkhi/ii.,  Ih'.iii,  All  tlii'Ko  stiilinns  will 
m.iniii'il      II    missiniiiirii's,  J'.l   imtivi.  priurliiis, 

III  rilliri'lllis,  IMI.'i  llll'lllllils,  (1  silinills,  'Jll',  llll|ills, 

mill  II  llii<iilii){inil  .si'liiiiil  III  Vnknliiimii. 

•J7.  /^I'./ii/i,  lH7ii.  -  I'rti)  Kiiri'ii  :  J  I'lnirrlii's,  I 
niilivii  |iri!ituliiirH.  'JilJ   iii.iiilii'rs,  il  Hrlmnls,  III 

SI'lliillll'S, 

'JH.  Uniililii,  |H7',|,  A  iiiiw  linvii  in  tln'  ili  Itii  of 
tliri  Iniwiiili,  lull  i'ii|iiilly  ^rnuiii;^.  ll  Imil  m 
IHH'.I  IJ  imtjvii  |ii'i.|ii!lii.|s,  I  irliiinliis,  r,7'.l  iiiiiii- 

IllTSlTwil    Klll'l'll).    11   Sl-llllllls,    Hi     |'II|I||S. 

'J'.l.     'I'ltfl-Uilii,     IHSII,      is   nil     till'     ,Sillwi'II,      llial' 

Miiiilnniii  It  is  a  iiiissinii  Inr  Kiiniis  mnl 
'rniiii;;! linns,  mnl  is  rnin'  I'lc  1  liy  .Mi-.s  K.  I.inv. 
ii'iH'i!  Ki'lli'y.  It  liiis  :t  imlivr  pri'iii'lnTH,  I 
lOiiii'rIi.  mnl  Jii  iiii'mlii.rs.    ll  is  llm  ntily 'rmini,' 

tlinii  I'lllil'i'li  111  lliirillll. 

llll.  Illiiiiiiii,  |H77.  On  till.  I'|i|ii-r  Iiiiwiiili,  Isii 
niili'X  iilinvii  .\l.iiiiliiltiy  mill  °Joii  nnli's  frnin  Vim 
nmi,  in  .SniilliMi'sliiii  I'liiint.  Tin'  iiiissinn 
iiii't  with  iiimiy  ilisiisti'i's,  Imt  nnw  iniiiiiisi's 
MUiTMss.  Il  is  |iriln'i|>iilly  ilnvnti..!  In  Uni 
Kiirli'iiis.  Ft  liii'l.  In  iHH'.i,  7  niissinnmiis,  I 
iiiitivii  iiriiiii'lii'rs,  I  rliiiri'li.  ."u  iiiinilii!rs,  'I'Ihti, 
is  u  liirtco  .Slntn  |iii|iiiliilinii  IIiiti'. 

111.  Tin-  M:ssIuii  1,1  iiiv  Slums. — Tliis  iiiisHinn 
Imil  nn  iKiil  iiliiiliiii,' pliirii  until  Isiid,  wlmri  ii 
iiii-i>.iiiii  IV, IS  I'sliililisiiiil  in  'I'lii'liiiw,  till,  nipitiil 
of  IliH  SImii  ,S(iiti.M,  Mini  nllii'i's  mi-  In  liii  (•nni. 
nii'ii  ii'l  lit  onci'.  'I'll!'  .Sliiins  aii.  vi'iy  niiiinrniis 
ill  Niirtlii'iistiTii  Itiiiniii.  Wistnii  Cliiiia,  mnl 
Siam.  'I'liii  liililii  LuH  been  trauslutuil  into  their 
ImiKnani'. 

3J.  J'rijn,  1X77,  in  the  neat  o£  u  missiuu  tu  tUo 


'raliiinUH,  an  iinriiiil  |ii'0|i|ii  of  llurina,  m ilH 

mills.  It  Ih  nii»  till'  only  iiiihHinii  tn  tlii'in. 
Cliiiri'lii-h,  Jl  liirliiliirs,  lis;  SI  liniils,  11;  |iii. 
|iils,  7'< 

llll.  M'liiiliihli/.  iHHi;  'rill,  lirrsillt  rll|illlll  of 
lliiniiit.  II  rily  lit  |Hll,llllll  iiilialiilmils,  isilistinnl 

to    III    Onil     of     till'     llll'^l'St      llliHHiollS     III      lillllllll. 

I''rnni  it  ri'inly  ari'<  hs  i'Iiii  Ik'  Innl  In  lliinnmis, 
('li'iiis,  Ki'iiiiiii'i's,  Sliiins,  lii'il  Kaii'iin,  mill  (In 
!ii'si.,  I'll*.      Itliiisiinw  I  rliiinli  iilnl  Mil  nil  liilii  IN. 

III.  /ViKI/l'liil/nlClrillsl.  |HS7;  .l/i/;/,.;yilii  I'^hV; 
S'hinili-I,  IHHS'  (liiilli  lllirilllllll  I  .\l'iUlhi.  I""!', 
mill  )'i  llll  11,1  II,  Ins'.l,  iiiK  stallolis  liiwly  I  stall 
lislii'il  mnl  favnriilily  sitniili  il  for  lutiirr  mnl.  in 
simi' I'lisis,  i'ii|iiil  ^:in«lli,  rrnlmlily  llnii'  mo 
not  iniu  •,inrii  limn  Jiiil  liii'iiilirrr*  ill  Ilin  lour  sla 
lions. 

Il.'i,    Tlnnntiniililii.  sitolffrnm  llili/inla  in  iHHil^ 
is  a  llnurisliin^  Kiiriii   Mission,  with  'J  niissmn 
iirii's,  'jI  cliiirrlits,  ."iMj  iiifnilii'rH,  '.i  Nrhools,  jiH 

|iil|i||s. 

llll  yVii!  .Miisliiii  III  .Vy,.ii/i.  hliirtiil  in  1^70, 
li.is,  finiii  piililii'iil  ri'VoliitiniiH  mnl  ilihtiirlimnis, 
tlir  ilfiirts  of  |inlitii'iil  iliiiiiit;iiniU'S  to  iisi.  it, 
mnl  tliii  Iri'iii'ln  I'y  mnl  ilifirtimi  ol  sniin  of  thn 
liiilivi'  li'inli'rs.  Iii'i'ii  ^'I'latly  ilisnlili  i|,  Inil  is  rti- 
riivii'ifin  In  sniiii'  I  xtinl.  It  hits  tlirii  Kiiilioiis  - 
lliirri  lollil,  I'li^iliriis,  mill  l.u  I'.sriilii  ll  liiis  r> 
liri'iii'liiTs,  II  I'liurrlns,  mill  Ion  iiii'iiilirr'<,  mnl  a 
fiivv  otlii'rs  HI  ilislialiih'il  cliiiri-hrs  in  .Miulrnl 
mnl  cUnsN  lirro. 

117.  VV/f  <'itii,j,,  Missiiiii.  Foninlril  in  1''7m  ; 
trmisliTrril  to  llni  Mihsiniiiiry  Iniiin  in  IsnI. 
Anions  till-  ililTiri  lit  Irilirs  mi  Ihr  ('iin^^-n  liivir, 
fi'ntii  its  lillllllll  tn  Slanliy  l''alls,  l,."i(ili  iiiili<s 
alinvi'.  H  sliiliiiiis,  ll'.l  iiiissii'iiiirii  s,  .'i  niilivi- 
[iri'lU'lirrs,  .")  rliiinlii'S,  Dmi;  inciulicrs.  III  srhools. 
171  |iil|iils.  ll  is  ili'sliinil  to  llll  It  |iiiuiiliil 
Iiiissinn  for  tliii  iiiilliniis  of  (inlial  .Vfina 

IlH.    I)i lllllllll.         ()ri^;iiially    a    luiiinli    ol    llm 
(irrnimi  .Missinii,  si't  otT  as  mi  iinli  pi  inh  lit  lins 
kIoii   in    |M><7.      It   hiis   now  'iX   pn minis,  \H  i.f 
thrill  nnlailii'il  ;  'Jl  rliiiri'liis.  'J, 7111  nn  iiiIhIs. 

ll'.l.  Unssi'i.  Mkii  It  liranrh  of  tlin  (irllmill 
Mission  till  Ishm  ;  now  inilrpcinlrnt.  ll  in 
HiilTrriiiK  •mill  llm  pi-rsi'i-ulioii  of  ihi'  lliissmn 
(Ori'ik)  Cliiirrh.  Inil  is  iloiii^  ^nml  iiiissionary 
wiirK  in  till!  ri'.;i'ins  Ih'MiiiiI.  ll  hinl.  in  l^s'.l, 
'.•7  prim'lii'rs,  'J.inl  lill'lll  oi'ilaiiii'il  ;  I.'i  rlniri'hfx, 
soalti'ri'.l  all  nvi  r  Uiissia  ;   |r,,KH'J  nn  iiiln  rs. 

Aiiifi-lrini  lliiplikt  I'lililU-iilioii  K«»- 
«'l«'ty,  'I'Im'.  -  111 'iil'iimrti'i's,  1  I'.iii  (  lii'sima 
.Stri'.'l,   I'lill.nli'lpluii.    I'.i. 

Till'  Aiiiriiriin  iJiiplisi  I'lililii'iitinii  Kiii'ii'ty  wiiH 
orKiini/i'l  in  tin  rity  of  \\  iisliiiij;liiii,  I).  «',  in 
IS'JI.  Its  ori^iin  ll  nniiin  was  tlir  *'  lluptist  I  li'ii- 
cral  'I'nti't  Sii'lily."  lis  lii't;iniiiiu,'s  wiri' vi  ly 
Hliiall.  It  illil  lint  riiiitinipliitr  miNlliiliK  liini  • 
than  (III!  piiKlii'ittiiiii  of  a  fi'W  ili  iiiiiiiiiiiitiii,  1 
trai'ls  mnl  tin  ir  iiri'iilation,  ^I'lnriilly  i^iiiliii. 
toilsly,  itiiioii^;  till'  pi'oplc.  'Ihi'  rii'i'ipts  of  tli> 
(IrHt  yiiir  wim  ,'^11711. ho  It  rnnli'inplati'il  n.) 
missionary  work.  'I'Im  surii-ly  was  ri'iiiovi'il  tn 
I'liilaili'l|iliiit  in  lli'i'i'iiiliiT,  Im;  Ii,  whi'ro  it  Ims 
siiiiN)  ri'iiiiiini'il. 

Iiuriiii^  till)  first 'JO  yi  ars  of  its  fxislcni'i' tlio 
Hiii'ii'ly,  wlinsii  anniiiil   ri'ri'ipis  iliil  not  avini^n 

nioni    til  HI    i^'.l,illlo    Imil  a   Ili'iii'Viilinl  in mt 

itiiiniintin^  for  llm  JO  ynars  tn  ?ih,."ii;."i  (nn  itvir- 
anil  (if  aliniil  *IJH  a  yiar,  Ihouuli  t,'iailually  in- 
••ri'lisin^').  .\Iist  of  tin  SI!  suliiswiTi'  r  .Iillililltcil 
hy  linnnvolunt  iniliviiliials  and  chiirrlns  for  tlm 
turiMiIation  n)  tntcts,  ilcrinininational  linnUs  mnl 
Bibluti  itniuug  tho  uhiiruhuH  and  oonyrft^ations 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


IS   1^ 

It  1^ 


M 

120 

1.8 


1.4 


1.6 


V] 


<^ 


/}. 


m 


O-' 


e": 


(TA 


/A 


^J^Vr 


'/ 


f^x 


AMCRTOAN  BAF. 


CO 


PUB.  SOCIETY 


H    ;  1 


li 


tliroTiphont  tlu;  cnmitry,  aiul  nftiu'  1840  for  tlie 
imrtiiil  imyiin'iit  <if  <'i)l|)ni-ti'nrs.  (This  society 
oliiiius  to  Imvi!  bti'ii  tilt:  first  in  tliis  country  to 
t'Uiploy  coliiorteurs.)  A  jiortioii  of  tlieso  be- 
ni'vnlcnt  ('nitribiitions  wcro  iilso  used  in  send- 
inj^  triicts,  hooks,  iiii('  IJiliUs  in  tlic  (Kriimn  and 
bwedisli  liinf^uii^is  to  (irrnmny  and  .Sweden, 
wliero  tliere  was  an  indent  I'ldl  lor  tin  in. 

It  was  not  until  tlu!  close  of  the  tliird  decado 
of  its  liistory,  in  lH:,i,  tliat  tliB  missionary  work 
of  tliH  society  was  or^'aiiizcd  and  kei)t  sei)arate 
from  llie  J-Siisiness  ])c]iailiMeiit.  I'Lis  Mission- 
ary J)i  partiueiit  was  to  conduct  tliree  kinds  of 
missionary  work  :  1.  The  distribution  of  Jiibles 
nnd  otlicr  religious  liooks  amoiu.;  tlio  jiotu'  ;  2. 
Tlie  oij^ani/ation  of  SiiiKbiyschools,  and  the 
Kiiiii)lyinj;  them  with  Sunday-school  books  and 
Hibles  ;  A.  Aiding  in  the  circulation  of  tho 
Scrijitures  and  religious  books  in  foreij^n  coun- 
tries. 

15ut  tho  jirogress  was  very  slow.  In  1857-ri8 
the  receipts  of  tho  Jiusiness  Department  wero 
only  $42,ll(l.'21,  and  of  the  Missionary  or  Jie- 
nevolcnt  Diiparlment,  only  !>il  1,072.17,  and  a 
lai't^e  ])art  of  this  was  from  the  Business  de- 
partment. Moreover,  tliese  aniouuts  were  con- 
Biderably  in  advance  of  any  previous  receipts. 
It  was  a  critical  time  with  the  society.  Tho 
tinanciid  panic  of  1H")7  was  just  j)assint,',  busi- 
ness was  prostrated,  and  the  society  in  debt. 
The  corresponding  sec'retary,  tho  depository 
ngeiit  and  the  treasurer  had  nil  resigned.  In 
May,  lHr)7,  llev.  Henjamin  (iritlith  was  elected 
.corresponding  secretary  and  jiroved  remarkably 
well  ada])ted  to  the  place.  In  a  short  timi!  ho 
add(id  to  his  duties  as  secretary  the  direction 
and  general  nianageiuent  of  the  Kditorial,  I'ub- 
lisliing.  Sales  and  Benevolent  deiiartments,  and 
he  has  retained  this  llvetol.l  duty  ever  since. 
In  the  :t2  years  which  have  j)assed  since  he  took 
otHce  the  annual  receipts  of  the  society  have 
advanced  from  !i;r)t),21l)  to  $t)2(vl20,  or  about 
twelve-fold  ;  the  lousiness  Department  from 
$42,141)  to  S4<)1,;!42,  or  about  elevenfold  ;  tho 
ISenevolent  or  Missionary  J)epartmeiit  (includ- 
ing tlie  recently  organized  Diblo  Departnieut) 
from  $14,072  to  sjsKiri.Ol',),  or  nearly  twelvefold  ; 
nnd  the  ca|)ital  or  net  assets  of  the  society  from 
about  !»H,000  to    ^';'J1,(1U2,   or   ninety-ninefold. 

Hut  we  have  to  do  only  with  the  Missionary 
Department  of  the  society.  From  tho  com- 
luencomeut  of  Dr.  Grilliths  secretaryship  there 
was  an  increase  in  tho  missionary  receiiits  from 
outside  contributions,  but  owing  t.)  the  (,'ivil 
War  and  the  great  demands  upon  the  society, 
the  increase  was  not  largo  until  l«ii4,  when  tho 
Missionary  Dej'artment  was  more  etliciently 
organized,  new  colporteurs  and  Sunday  school 
missionaries  wero  put  into  the  field,  and  larger 
grants  made  to  foreign  missionary  fields.  In  that 
year  the  ruceip'ts  of  that  department  were  dou- 
bled, being  sjiiU.lOl,  and  from  that  time  forward 
there  was  a  steady  ami  rapiil  increase,  rising  in 
1880  to  $l(!r),()r,).  These  sums  were  generally 
donations  and  legacies  or  the  interest  of  special 
funds  donated  to  the  society.  The  Business 
Department  has  from  time  to  time  made  dona- 
tion.s  varying  from  $."),(liHl  to  S2.j, (1(1(1  to  the  Mis- 
sionary Department,  either  in  books  or  money. 
Hince  HHl  a  special  ISible  Dejmrtment  has  been 
organized,  with  a  secretary  who  raises  money 
for  the  circulation  of  tho  S<'riptures  in  our  own 
nnd  foreign  lands.  ]iy  agreement  with  the 
American  Baptist  Missionary  Union  nnd  the 
Foreign  Mission  Board  of  tho  Southern  Baptist 


Convention  all  tlio  money  for  tho  circulation  of 
the  Scriptures  m  foreign  languages  is  paid  over 
to  tiiem  ;  the  remainder  is  exiieiided  under  tho 
directi(Ui  of  the  missionaries  of  the  Publication 
Society.  The  receijitsof  this  Bible  J^epartment 
for  ISHD  wero  Si:M,.",',i,"i.  The  present  methods 
of  the  society,  in  its  missionary  and  Jiibht  work, 
are  these  :  1.  A  Sunday-school  missionnry  is 
appointed  for  each  State  or  Territory  supiau'ted 
by  the  society,  lie  surveys  his  whole  field  and 
sends  to  each  destitute  place  a  colporteur,  who 
visits,  preaches,  organizes  Sunday-schools,  and 
with  the  aid  of  the  Bible  colporteur  luovides 
for  the  supply  of  Jiibles  and  Testaments  ;  and 
a  Sundny-scho(d  library,  either  as  a  gift  <u-  by 
the  contribution  of  enough  for  the  jiurtdiaso  ot 
another  library  of  e(jna.l  value.  If  the  field  is  n 
pr(Uiiising  one  a  church  is  organized,  to  which 
further  help  is  accorded.  2.  The  establishment 
of  a  Children's  Day  in  Juno  and  i>  Bible  Day 
in  November,  for  raising  funds  by  the  Baptist 
Sabbath-schools  for  these  special  objects,  li. 
The  ftu'uiation  of  Women's  Bible  liands  for  the 
promotion  of  this  mission  enterprise,  includ- 
ing, ill  many  cases,  tho  distinctly  missionary 
work  ot  reading  tlio  Bible  to  the  jio.ir.  4. 
Special  efforts  to  jiromote  tho  circulation  of  tho 
Bible  among  the  treediiien  of  tin!  South. 

But  the  missionary  work  of  the  society  is  not 
confined  to  the  rnited  States  of  America.  As 
early  as  184:!  (ieriiian  tracts  and  pam]dilets 
were  sent  to  Bev.  J.  (r.  Oncken,  the  founder  of 
the  Jiaptist  Missiiui  in  Germany,  v.hich  has  sineo 
extended  so  widely  over  Central  Kurope. 
Furtlii  r  grants  of  books,  and  stereotyja'  jilatcs, 
and  money  wero  sent  to  hiin  from  time  to  time, 
and  his  depository  at  Hamburg,  carried  on  for 
;i.;  years,  became  a  means  of  enlightenment  to 
all  Clermaiiy  nnd  other  nations  ot  JCurope.  Tho 
mission  work  there  was,  and  still  is,  under  the 
control  ot  the  American  liaptist  Missionary 
Union  ;  but  in  1878,  when  Dr.  Oncken  was  laid 
aside  from  his  work  by  age  and  feebleness,  and 
made  over  his  establishment  to  the  Bund,  or 
(leneral  Missionary  Association,  that  body  sent 
for  Philip  \\'.  Biekfcl,  D.D.,  an  eminent  Cernian 
pastor  of  Cleveland,  O  ,  to  take  charge  of  it 
as  tho  Cieiiernl  Superintendent  of  Missions  at 
Hamburg,  and  appoided  tf)  the  I'ublieation  So- 
ciety to  assume  his  support,  without  which  the 
enterprise  was  in  danger  of  failing.  The  so- 
ciety responded,  assuming  his  support  f(U"  three 
years,  then  foranotherthreeyears,  and  now  have 
jiut  him  permanentl.v  on  their  list.  They  have 
also  granted  aid  to  the  Publication  Department 
at  HamViurg. 

In  18").")  llev.  Andreas  ^Viberg  (deceased  in 
18H7),  a  Lutheran  minister  in  Sweden,  who  had 
become  a  Baptist,  but  had  not  been  allowed  to 
jireach  in  Sweden  and  had  come  to  America, 
was  sent  to  Sweden  by  tho  society  as  a  mission- 
ary colportetir,  with  four  others.  In  18(1()  tho 
^Mission  in  Sweden  was  transferred  to  the  Mis- 
sionar.v  Union,  at  which  time  there  wero  17f) 
Baptist  churches  there,  with  ('..(KKl  members. 
Dr.  Wiberg  devoted  his  whole  timn  thencefor- 
ward to  instruction  in  theology  and  to  editorial 
work.  In  1882  a  second  call  came  to  the  so- 
ciety from  Swe<len  to  sustain  llev.  Jonas  Stad- 
ling  as  a  Publication  missionary  there,  to  in- 
augurate and  conduct  n  jiublishing  and  colptu'- 
teur  work.  Tho  society  respondt  il,  and  still 
aids  in  his  support.  Work  has  also  been  done 
by  special  missionaries  in  Italy  (now  trans- 
ferred to  other  hands)  ;  in  Mexico,  by  colpor- 


1?  m 


AMERICAN 


61 


BIBLE  SOCIBTT 


tenrs  ;  in  liritish  Coliimliin  nnd  Manitobn,  New 
Unuisuick,  and  in  Nnrwiiy  ;  Imt  nf)t  to  a  lar<^ti 
aiiiniiiit.  in  IHH;!  thu  siicioty  sent  Itev.  .1.  li. 
Hayj^i)|>iii,  ^t.l).,  as  a  missionary  colporteur  aiul 
evangelist,  to  Turkey.  lie  was  stationed  at 
C.)nstantino|ili'.  He  ottered  himself  to  the  Mis- 
sionary I'nion,  lint  they  did  not  feel  at  lilierty 
to  employ  him  in  that  field,  where  his  mission 
would  l>e  a  violation  of  the  existing  amity  be- 
tween tho  Union  and  the  A.  H.  V.  F.  M.  Dr. 
Hayf^ooui  has  now  returned  to  this  country  ; 
but  the  society  is  still  sustaininj^  niissioiuiry 
colporteurs  and  evangelists  at  Arabkir,  Erze- 
roum,  I'era  and  liaghchejuk,  in  liithynia,  all  in 
the  held  of  the  Turkish  Missions  of  the  .Vnieri- 
can  lioard.  They  are  all  professedly  niissicui- 
aries  to  tho  Armenians.  Their  salaries,  which 
in  IHH!)  amounted  to  S:t,8r).j,  are  said  to  have 
been  contributed  for  this  special  purpose  by 
fricuids, 

The  amount  received  for  missionary  and  Bible 
work  from  tho  or-^auization  of  the  society  to 
April  1,  18H11,  was  S2,lH(;,7oV.!IO. 

American  Bible  Soelely.— Hoatbiuar- 
ters,  Bible  House,  Aster  I'lnce,  New  York  City, 
N.  Y.,  U.  S.  A. 

rndenominational,  representinij  all  tho  evan- 
gelical communitiesof  the  United  States.  Com- 
bines both  homo  and  foreign  work. 

Income  for  year  closing  March  31st,  1800, 
$5!)7,(i',):i.(ir,. 

Hisfiti'!/. — Prior  to  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence, the  American  colonies  of  (ireat 
Britain  had  been  deiiendent  on  the  mother 
country  for  all  their  Knglish  Bibles.  The  lios 
tilities  which  ensued  cut  ort'  the  sui)ply  of  books 
printed  in  London,  and  a  memorial  was  ad- 
dressed to  the  Continental  Congress  urging  that 
body  to  undertake  tho  ])ubli(Nitiou  of  an  edition 
of  the  Scriptures.  Tho  committee  to  which  the 
matter  was  referred,  after  consultation  with 
printers  in  I'hilailelpliia,  reported  that  tho  cost 
of  an  edition  of  the  Bible  would  exceed  £10,000, 
and  that  neither  the  type  nor  the  paper  could 
be  procured  in  this  country,  but  recommended 
the  purehnso,  at  tho  expense  of  Congress,  of 
20,(11)0  copi'.'s  in  Holland,  Scotland,  or  else- 
where. During  the  next  thirty  years  private 
enterprise  did  much  to  meet  lUo  immediate 
wants  of  the  nation,  but  failed  of  course  to  teach 
the  homes  of  inilitl'erence  and  poverty.  The 
organization  of  the  British  and  Toreign  Bible 
Society  early  in  this  century  served  at  once  as 
a  stimubn  and  a  model  to  American  philan- 
thropists, and  numerous  local  liiblo  societies 
were  formeilwith  tho  well-detined  object  of  Jiut- 
ting  tho  Scriptures  into  every  destitute  family 
within  thi!  immediate  ciri'Io  of  their  direct  intlu- 
ence,  and  through  the  thinly  settled  regions  on 
the  frontier, 

Samuel  J.  Mills,  one  of  tho  four  wdio,  at  the 
liaystai^k  |u-ayer  meeting  at  Williams  College, 
gave  tho  impulse  that  resulteil  in  the  formation 
of  tho  A.  B.  C.  r.  M.,  after  his  graduation  from 
Andovor  Seminary  in  ISI'2  made  two  tours  of 
investigation,  and  the  report  that  the  number 
of  families  found  without  the  Bible  far  exceeded 
nil  expectations  raised  a  deep  conviction  that 
Home  more  elHcient  means  must  bo  fiuiud  for 
meeting  the  want. 

Karly  in  IHK!  Klias  Boudinot,  rresidcnt  of 
thu  Xow  Jersey  Bible  Society  (formed  in  IHO'.)), 
made  a  public  communication  in  favor  of  a  na- 
tional Bible  movomeut.     The  New  York  Bible 


Society  (IROO)  followed  this  with  formal  action, 
lesulting  in  tho  calling  of  a  convention,  which 
iiKt  May  nth,  ISDl,  in  the  consistory  of  tho 
IJeforme'd  Dutch  Church  'u  (iarden  Street,  and 
organized  the  Anurican  Ihble  Society.  Thirly- 
tivo  local  organizations  united  in  this  action, 
and  (,'ighty-four  became  auxiliary  to  it  during 
the  first  year  of  its  existence. 

In  tho  earlier  years  the  olli(H'S  of  tho  Society 
were  in  tho  lower  part  of  New  Y'ork,  but  tho 
great  increase  of  wurk  necessitated  better  ac- 
commodations, and  in  llS."):i  it  took  possession 
of  tho  (Commodious  building  known  as  the  Bible 
House,  Astor  I'lace,  New  York  City.  Tho  build- 
ing is  of  brick,  with  sandstone  copiiiu's,  six 
stories  in  height,  and  affords  all  the  necessary 
r(Jom  f(U'  the  jirocesses  of  manufacturing  and 
for  the  storage  of  ])lates  and  limited  volunies. 
Here  also  art!  the  oili(!es  of  the  Society  and  the 
Managers'  Koom,  with  a  valuable  collection  of 
l)ortraits  and  a  uniiiuo  library  of  nearly  live 
thousand  Ijooks,  composed  })rinciiially  of  Bibles 
and  Testaments  in  many  languages.  Booms 
not  needed  for  tho  Society's  business  are  occu- 
pied by  tenants,  so  many  of  whom  are  actively 
engaged  in  missionary  operatums  that  the  Bible 
House  has  long  been  known  as  a  <'entral  point 
of  Christian  work.  The  outlay  involved  in  the 
jiurchase  of  this  property  an<l  the  erection  of 
the  Bible  House  was  provided  for  by  individual 
subscriptions  made  for  tho  purpose  and  by 
rentals  received  after  its  completion,  no  funds 
raised  for  the  publication  and  distribution  be- 
ing invested  in  it.  The  cost  of  some  recent 
improvements  has  been  met  t)y  a  temporary  loan, 
to  bo  li(piidated  in  time  by  the  increased 
rentals,  which  for  many  years  have  sutliced  to 
l>ay  the  salaries  of  the  executive  otticers,  so  that 
donations  may  go  directly  into  the  work  of  the 
Society. 

Coustifiithm  and  Orf/aiiisation.— 
The  .\merican  Bible  Society  is  an  organization 
incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New 
Y'ork  for  the  sole  jiurpose  of  publishing  and  cir- 
culating the  Holy  Scriptures  everywhere  without 
note  or  comment.  Its  endeavors  are  dil'ected 
primarily  to  the  <irculation  of  the  Scriptures  in 
all  parts  of  the  luited  States  and  Territories, 
by  sales  at  cost  to  those  who  are  able  to  jiur- 
cliase,  and  by  free  gifts  to  the  destitute.  At  the 
same  time,  it  looks  lieyond  to  other  lands,  Chris- 
tian, Mohammedan,  and  pagan,  and  seeks  every 
opportunity  which  the  providence  of  God 
nft'ords  for  promoting  the  distribution  of  the 
sacred  book  among  all  nations  in  their  own 
vernacular  tongues.  'VVhilo  it  has  u  valuable 
building,  with  presses  and  ample  facilities  for 
printing  and  binding,  it  is  a  charitable  and  not 
a  money-making  institution,  being  re(|Uired  by 
its  laws  to  luit  the  jirices  of  all  its  publications 
as  low  as  possible,  and  jiractically  selling  them 
at  lower  prices  than  would  be  charged  if  all  tho 
ordinary  elements  of  cost  were  taken  into  ac- 
C(uint.  It  is  also  unsectarian  in  its  organization 
and  in  its  work,  reaching  out  for  the  sup|ily  of 
the  destitute  without  regard  to  denominational 
peculiarities,  and  opening  the  way  for  mission- 
aries of  every  name  to  follow  up  tho  teachings 
of  the  Serii>tures  with  their  own  explaiiations 
and  with  the  permanent  institutions  of  Chris- 
iianity. 

The  business  of  the  Society  is  conducted  liy 
a  Board  of  Managers  consisting  of  thirty-six 
laymen,  residents  of  New  York  or  its  vicinitj', 
one  fourth  of  whom  go  out  of  office  every  year, 


AMERICAN 


(;2 


BIBLE  SOCIETY 


If  r 


11  I? 


Si'     I 


I  i 


■!         -i 


III 


l)Ut  limy  bo  re-elocted.  Any  minister  of  tlie 
(Idspel  wlio  1ms  born  nmdc  n  lit'i'  imuulnir  liy 
tlio  ooutribntion  of  tliirty  iloUiiis  is  (■iititli<l  to 
bo  jiicsont  mill  voto  iit  tlio  nu.ntlily  iiicftini^s  of 
tlio  liounl,  with  till  till)  iiowir  of  an  clectuil 
iimnam'r. 

MiUtors  of  ImsincKS  avo  ]>!•(  pared  f.n-  the  con- 
fiiduration  of  this  JJoard  by  staiidiii)^'  ediniiiit- 
tops,  usually  couiiiosimI  of  seven  iii<  mbeis.  on 
Yersiuns,  Fiimueo,  J'liblieution,  l)istiiluition, 
Ai;en(ries,  Let,'acies,  Auxiliaries,  aiul  Aei^ounts. 
Tlireo  eorn'spondin^  seeretaries,  a  treasurer 
nnd  a  tjeiieral  aj^'ent  dev.iti!  their  entire  time  to 
the  interests  of  tho  SiL-iety.  Tlio  neiic  ral  aj^ent 
1ms  tho  immediato  oversit,'lit  of  the  purehaso  of 
materials  and  tho  nianiifaeturo  of  '-joks.  Thu 
ma;'hineiy  and  presses  have  a  oapacity  for  tho 
jiroihirlion  of  iiliout  'J,(lllll,l)(li»  voluiiU'S  of  tlui 
Meriptures,  largo  and  Kiiiall  ;  but  tho  aetual 
yearly  pioduetion  is  only  about  one  half  that 
uiuonnt.  or,  in  round  numbers.  :t.")0,(l!Hi  Jiililes, 
4S'),(M)|)  Testaments,  and  ]IH),0II0  portions.  The 
printing;  at  th.o  liildo  House  is  usually  done  from 
l)lates  wliii'h  luivo  been  jirepared  with  fircid 
caro,  special  pains  beiii;.;  taken  with  the  proof- 
reailint,'. 

MftluHli*  of  Work:  Home. — 1.  Auxiliary 
sneieties,  numbering,' about  two  thousand,  located 
in  all  parts  of  tho  I'uited  States,  have  always 
been  the  chief  reliaueo  of  tho  Society  iu  its 
lioiiie  work.  They  purehaso  their  Scriptures  nt 
a  small  discount  from  tho  liihlo  Iloiisu  in  Xow 
York,  and  soil  them  ut  depositories  or  by  col- 
jiorteiirs  or  voluntary  ni^ents,  always  at  tho 
Society's  prices,  mooting  the  exiiense  involved 
by  collections  and  Kubscriptious.  They  nro 
c.\pi'cted  to  SCO  that  their  own  districts  aro 
Well  supplied,  and  then  to  donate  an,v  sur- 
jilus  ri'veuuo  to  the  i)arent  S.ieiety  for  its  gen- 
eral work.  2.  Twenty  district  sujiorintendeiits 
have  general  oversight  of  tho  work  of  tho 
nuxiliaries,  superintend  cilportours,  and  col- 
lect fiiii'ls.  I!.  A  number  of  liiblo  societies  not 
auxiliary  look  to  the  general  Society  for  their 
Scriptures,  and  leliovo  it  of  much  exi)enso  in 
certaiti  sectituis.  -l.  Tho  trade  is  a  constant 
though  not  a  large  customer,  us  tho  piices  uro 
so  low  as  to  allmv  little  profit  to  tho  ordinary 
bo;ikseller.  ').  ( Irants  to  ln'iievoleiit  societies 
nnd  individuals  fur  special  distribntiiui. 

Fiiriiiiii.--\.  l)irect  through  special  agents 
an  I  colporteurs.  Until  ISTi  tho  Society  had 
only  two  special  agencies,  in  the  Levant  and 
L;v  I'lata.  That  nui'iber  has  been  increased, 
until  now  it  has  its  own  npresentatives  in  I.a 
Plata,  lira/il,  Venezuela,  I'eru,  Cuba,  Mexico, 
Turkey,  l-ersic,  China,  Japan,  and  Si:iin.  These 
agemue.s  are,  s<niio  of  them,  (juite  large,  and 
have  tho  charge  of  tho  translation  and  nmnu- 
fiK^ture  of  liililes,  as  well  as  of  their  distribu- 
tinn,  chiell.v  thnuigh  colporteurs,  numbering, 
for  bSS'.l,  lisil  per.sons.  2.  Iiulii-f't,  through  tho 
various  missioimry  societii's  that  imturall.v  look 
to  it  as  an  Auu^rican  organi/ation  for  assistance 
in  their  liiblo  work,  or  through  other  local  liiblo 
KDcioties — c.;/.,  the  Kussiiin  lUhle  Societ.v.  This 
takes  the  form  of  grants  of  .Scriptures  when  thi! 
versions  used  nro  published  by  tho  Society,  and 
Slims  of  money  for  exiienso  of  col])ortago  or 
])ur(dmso  of  Scriptures  not  published  by  the 
Society. 

In  the  foreign  field  the  aim  is  always  to  work 
in  complete  harmony  with  other  organizations 
of  whatever  kind  that  have  the  same  cud  in 


view.  Whether  at  homo  or  abroad,  it  is  tho 
conviction  of  the  Society  that  the  best  results 
aro  ri'ached  b.v  snii'  rather  than  by  free  distri- 
bution. This  does  not  ]ireelude  special  grants, 
but  such  aro  discouraged  rather  than  tncour- 
aged. 

H'crsioiis  and  Ti'unslathnis  of  the 
liiitiv  Chctlfalfil. — As  early  as  IMS  plates 
of  the  New  Testament  in  Spani,-.h  were  ]iro- 
ciired  for  tho  Spani.sh-s|ieakiiig  iiatiims  of 
America,  and  at  the  same  time  provision  was 
iiiado  for  giving  tho  printeil  (b)spel  to  sruiie 
tribes  of  North  American  Indians.  Others  fol- 
lowed, until  tl'.o  whole  numla  r  comprises  more 
than  eighty  languages  and  diah-cts.  Many  of 
these  have  been  printed  on  tho  Society's  own 
presses,  or  iiiimeili,itel,Y  at  its  own  expense, 
while  otliius  have  been  printed  or  imrchased  by 
means  of  grants  to  missionary  siu'ieties.  At  New 
York  it  has  jirinted  the  eiitirt^  lUble  in  l^nglish, 
rrench,  Spanish,  I'ortuguesi'.  Welsh,  (lerman, 
Danish,  Swedish,  llevalEsthoiiiaii,  Arnienian, 
Arabic,  Zulu,  and  Hawaiian  •  also  tho  New 
Tostanieiit  in  Italian,  ISoI.emiaii,  ]>ulgarian, 
Slavonic,  Ancient  Syriac  and  Modern  Syriai;  ; 
also  for  the  Indians  of  North  America,  the  Da- 
kota Hible,  the  Muskokeo  and  Ojibwa  New 
Testament,  tho  Cherokee  and  Choctaw  New 
Testament,  with  jairtionsof  tho  Old  Testament, 
besiiles  smaller  i)ortions  in  Seneca,  Jlohawk, 
and  Nez  I'erces.  Versionn  of  ]iarts  of  the  Bible 
have  also  been  printed  in  Arrawack  and  Creoleso 
for  South  America  ;  in  Dikele,  lieiiga,  Mpongwo, 
and  (rrobo  for  Africa  ;  in  Jaj  aneso,  nnd  in  the 
dialects  of  Kusaie,  I'onape,  and  the  Marshall, 
Mortlock,  and  Gilbert  islands.  Its  foreign 
operations  include  also  the  circulation  of  vari- 
ous copies  manufactured  nt  its  expense  abroad, 
among  which  may  bo  mentioned  the  Classical 
(Hridguian  nnd  Culbertson),  the  JIaudarin,  tho 
coUocpiials  of  Canton,  l''oochow,  Soocliow, 
Swntow,  Ningpo,  Amoy,  nnd  Shanghai,  iu 
China  ;  tho  Japauise,  Siamese,  Corean,  and 
Mongolian  ;  the  Iiindi,  I'rdu,  nnd  other  lan- 
guages in  India  and  ('eylon,  and  tho  Turkish, 
Arineuo  -  Turkish,  viraico  -  Turkish,  Azerbijan, 
Ancient  and  Moibin  Armenian,  Koordish  nnd 
Hebrew-Spanish,  in  the  Levant. 

A  largi!  iiortion  <if  these  versions  linve  been 
])repare(l  by  missionaries  of  dilVereiit  socii^ties, 
the  expeiiso  of  publication  having  been  cor- 
dially assumed  by  tho  Society  whenever  it  has 
been  called  for.  Within  tho  first  seven  years 
!i37,00ll  were  thus  ex[ieiideil.  Tho  establish- 
ment of  distinct  foreign  agencies  has  lessened 
the  amounts  paid  directly  to  the  Missicuiary 
IJoai'ils,  but  tho  Siciety  always  |r)oUs  to  the 
missionaries  of  ( vr.v  nanio  for  tho  heart.v  <'o- 
operatiou  which  it  has  w  ceived  in  tho  past,  and 
though  "the  Jioanl  will  favor  versions  in  any 
language  which  in  jmiiit  of  tidelit.v  and  catho- 
licity shall  bo  confiuiued  to  tli  >  ]irinei]iles  upon 
which  the  American  liilile  Society  was  origi- 
nall.v  fininded,"  ordinarily  no  translation  is 
printed  and  published  until  a  committee  of 
missionaries  or  other  persons  skilled  in  the  lan- 
guage have  given  it  their  approbation. 

The  )inblications  of  the  Society  are  tho  lUhle 
SocU'lij  Ufcovd  (numthly),  the  usual  Annual  Ito- 
ports,  Manual,  Jubilee  Memorial  (lM(i7),  nnd 
specimen  verses  of  languages  and  dialects. 

SfafeiHenf  of  t'oreif/ii  Af/emies.— 
Spanish  Soith  Amk.kic.v,  or  Lv  I'r.AT.^,  agency, 
with  Leudiiuarters  ut  Bueuos  Ayros  ftud  Callao. 


AMERICAN 


G3 


BIBLE  SOCIETY 


o  been 

Icii'ties, 
•u  I'or- 
il  1ms 

^1  ytars 
iil"ilisli- 
■ssplieil 

|sioniuy 
to   tUo 

lirty  CO- 

|ist,  iinil 
ill  iiTiy 

fiitlin- 
■S  upiiu 
oil'^i- 
Ltirm  is 
liitno  o£ 
tho  Irtli- 

li.i  Ji-'I'/e 
luiil  Ko- 
I7),  nn<\ 
Its. 

Iries.— 
liiHi'iicy, 
Calliio. 


This  includes  UrnRUny,  riirnpurty,  ArRentino 
l{i'iml)li(v  linliviu.  South  lirn/.il,  Chili,  rern, 
Hiiil  l',ruii(l(ii'.  North  lii'u/.il  (inil  Vciie/achi  nro 
«c|iarii(i^  ii^ji'iu'ics. 

liitii' st  in  tlm  SpiiniMli  cnlDtiii'S  (if  AniiTicii 
1(m1  till'  Sdcii'tyus  oiirlyiis  IHIJS  to  lu-ocuro  [iliitcs 
iilul  luliit  till!  Now  'i'listiiiiunt  ill  S|iiinisli,  ami 
in  siihst'i|iii'iit  yt'iirs  liii|;e  nuiuli.Ts  iif  liooks 
wei'ii  sent  to  viirious  (Mnesiiiiiulciils  in  South 
Aiiii'i'KM.  'I'lii'V  W'To  ii'i'civeil  with  sucli  iiivor 
thiit  llii^  ili'iiiiiiiil  (iftcii  cxcii^ili'il  the;  sujiiily  ; 
nievi'hiuits  hoiif^ht  for  their  eustmiiers,  and 
Hlatisiiieii  and  dllirials  fiivcrcil  the  cireilhitioli 
of  tlie  Hilile  and  its  use  in  coiiinioii  wehools. 
After  a  time  revolution,  iiolitieal  dissi'iision, 
and  the  exehision  of  llie  apoeryplml  liooks, 
caused  this  wideome  to  ahati'. 

Jietneeii  IHillt  and  ISilli  -Mr.  Isaao  W.  Wheel- 
wri^jht  visited  tlie  jirineipal  towns  alon^;  the 
western  coast  of  Siiuth  Aineriea,  as  the  a^^eiit  of 
the  Soeiety.  From  lK.")t  to  lsri7  l!ev.  It.  Mont- 
salvat^^e  served  the  Soeiety  in  Neiiezuela  and 
(liiinada  Kev.  David  If.  Wheeler  was  sent  to 
Nicaraj^ua  in  lurid,  Imt  iinfortuiialely  soon  hist 
his  life.  In  is.")"  Jiev.  D.  V.  CoMinsVisifed  the 
Koiithern  )mrt  of  South  Aiiierii'a.  Imt  heeaiiie 
diseouraned  after  a  few  months.  In  IMTii  llev. 
.1.  do  I'alniii  made  a  lour  of  exiiloratioii  in 
Veiie/nela. 

In  ISlll  ^[r.  Andrew  M.  Jlilno  lieeanie  ai;ent 
f  ir  I'ru^uay  and  tho  Arj^entine  Itepublie.  and 
the  liidd  under  his  cliar^;e  has  been  extended  to 
iiieliide  I'ara'^iia.v,  JVilivia,  and  the  south  of 
iirazil.  In  ISCti  lie  visited  the  other  republics 
and  sold  7,H12  volumes  of  Scripture  (of  which 
l.ti'is  were  (nimpleto  Jhliles)  in  Venezuela, 
Coliiiiiliia,  Keiiador,  and  I'eru.  Since  June, 
Isiil,  Mr.  !Milne  has  ilistributed,  chietly  by  sale, 
more  than  'Jlin.lllHI  volumes. 

As  one  result  of  his  journey  around  tho  enn- 
tinent,  the  Hov.  V.  I'enzotti,  who  was  his  coni- 
panicni  in  travel,  was  statione'l  at  iAma  to  look 
after  the  West  Coast  ;  and  tl  j!ev.  William  .AI. 
I'attiason,  1).J\,  lon|4  11  devoted  missionary  in 
Mexico,  was  appointed  nj^'ent  for  Venezuela, 
with  his  residence  at  Caracas. 

The  territory  iiicduded  in  tho  iif,'eney  is  over 
two-thirds  tho  area  of  the  I'nited  States,  and 
has  a  pojiulatieui  of  1(1, 01111, (Hii),  a  lari^e  portion 
of  whom  are,  however,  unable  to  read.  Tho 
(^uichua  lani^iiaf^o,  ]irovailin^  from  Ar^'entino  to 
Kcuador,  is  spoken  exclusively  by  upward  of 
3,0110,(1(10  of  i)i;o))le.  The  Scriptun^s  circulated 
are  mostly  in  the  Spanish  lanj^ua^'o,  tliouj,di 
there  is  a  translation  of  tho  Clospel  of  John  into 
(^uichua. 

Tho  cireulntioti  by  eighteen  regular  colpor- 
teurs in  IHH'J  was  as  follows  : 

liililcs.        TchCh.  Porliniis.      Tiital. 

Solil (i,:irr  c.!«;i  i:i,-,ii.-         w,M:i 

Iiouuicil  .1 ;>-,i.-,  ;ilir  •l:i.llM]  'L'i'lK 

fiiTiiliucil (i.lidj  7.'-.'."iS  i;ii,t(ll  -lU.-JtiL 

I.ii  I'liitii .'LKl  1  .|,.'K)  !Ji),fi,Vi  •JH.H.'il 

I'liciiic i<inct ....   !;.riii        s;,s;:j  .^.rui       1 1 , no 

'I'dtiiii' (i,(«i'j        r.avt         ai,iiii        ;o,x>r,i 

Laiif^nafjPH  in  which  the  Scrijituros  have 
been  circulated  :  Spanish.  Italian,  Portuguese, 
French,  Fnglish,  German,  French  liasipio, 
Spanish  ]!as(inp,  Greek  and  lltdirew. 

Number  of  books  distributed  by  this  ngeney 
friuii  its  coiiiniencenient  to  the  close  of  ISH'.i, 
'2(17.701.  l'ro(^eeds  from  sales  during  tho  Kame 
tiliie,  ^rr,t,!)8'2.0«  Hiiited  States  gold. 

The  Levant,  including  European  and  Asi- 


atic Turke.v,  Kastern  Iloumelin,  n  piutinn  of 
linlgaria,  Syria,  and  Ki;ypt.  Jleaihpiarters  at 
Constantinople.  Siili  agencies  at  Heyrout  and 
.\le\andria.  'J'he  lirst  agent  was  Itov.  Siim-on 
II.  Calhoun,  of  li.  y;- mt,  appointed  in  iNiiCi. 
After  liis  resignation,  in  jsll,  the  liible  work 
was  transacted  through  the  missinmirii  s  of  tho 
A.  1!.  C.  F.  M.,  except  lis  the  Held  was  covered 
by  the  IJrilisli  and  Foreign  JJible  .Society.  In 
iv'it  Itev.  Chester  N.  Itighttr  was  a|ilioiiited, 
and  made  a  .jo"riiey  tlirougli  Greece.  Turkey, 
the  Crimea,  Kuypl,  I'alisiine,  and  Mesopotamia. 
He  <lied  at  Diailiekir,  but  his  k  ports  were  so 
encouraging  that  in  the  following  ycir  licv. 
Isaac  G.  lilis-iwas  sent  out  to  lal;e  <diarg(;  of  the 
general  work  of  the  .Society,  witli  liis  lieaihiuar- 
ters  at  Constantinoide.  I'lnler  his  <  llicient  su 
perintendt  lice  the  work  of  the  Society  was 
greatly  enlarged.  The  circulation,  which  was 
2."iOO  for  the  liistjear,  increased  to  an  average 
of  about  ."lO.OOO  for  the  last  ti  n  years.  Tirmli/- 
fire  Ymrs  in  Ihi  l.'cuiil.  ]iublislird  in  pamiihlet 
ionii  by  the  Society,  gives  a  graphic  account  of 
the  work  done. 

There  are  few  agencies  that  reach  so  great  a 
number  of  races  and  languages  as  that  in  tho 
Levant.  The  Seriiitures  are  constantly  sold  in 
Arable,  Turkisli  (j.rinted  in  three  characters — 
Arabic,  Armenian,  and  Greidi),  Armenian  (An- 
cient, Ararat,  and  Modern),  (ireek  {Ancient  and 
Modern).  Koordish,  IVrsian,  .Syriac  (.\ncient 
and  Modern),  Hebrew,  Judaci-Spanish  (Spanish 
priuutl  in  the  Itabbinie  character  and  used  by 
the  Jews),  liulgarian,  Slavic,  Koiimanian,  Croa- 
tian, Russian,  besides  all  the  languages  of  Ku- 
ro))e. 

Special  versions  have  been  prepared,  Ronio  of 
them  of  the  whole  ISible,  as  the  Arabic,  Turkish, 
Armenian,  liiilgarian  ;  others  of  jiortions  in 
sjiecial  dialects.  These  have  been  jirinted  in 
almost  innumerable  editions,  and  made  to  suit 
the  taste  of  (;very  class  of  nun,  from  the  Turkish 
or  Christian  ecclesiastic  to  tho  poorest  day 
laborer.  The  total  circulation  of  nearly  1,000,. 
(KKl  copies  has  been  almost  entirely  by  sale,  tho 
jirices,  however,  being  idaced  within  the  r(>ach 
of  the  jieople,  with  comparatively  little  regard 
to  the  cost  of  the  book.  Thus  a  liiblo  in  Jilain 
binding,  wliieli  costs  the  Soeiety  S'2  f«r  print- 
ing and  binding  alone,  is  sold  for  (10  cents. 

The  agency  has  represented  seven  ditfercnl; 
missionary  societies,  and  has  worked  most  cor- 
dially with  that  of  the  liritish  and  Foreign 
liibl"  Society,  dividing  the  outlying  territory 
and  sharing  the  large  ciliis.  In  IKHO  I'ersia, 
which  had  till  that  time  been  a  jiart  of  the  Le- 
vant agency,  was  set  iijiart  bv  itself,  and  in  ]SH7 
(ireeee  was  )ilaced  under  tlie  sole  caro  of  tho 
liritish  and  I'on  ign  liible  Society. 

The  great  extent  and  detail  of  the  wiuk  neces- 
Kitated  the  appointment  of  sub-agencies  at  liei- 
rout  (where  the  manufacture  of  .\rabi(^  Seriiitures 
is  carried  on)  and  Alexandria.  The  sub-agents  do 
not  give  their  wh(de  time  to  the  Society,  but 
carry  on  al.so  their  duties  in  other  departments 
of  ediicntional  and  missionary  work.  Ono  of 
the  most  influential  and  important  (dements  in 
the  Hible  work  of  tin;  Levant  is  the  liibl"  House 
at  Constantinople.  iSee  Constantinople.)  This, 
although  not  owned  by  the  Hible  Society,  but 
by  a  8e])nrnte  Itonrd  of  Trustees,  is  tho  centre 
of  liible  intluenee  throughout  the  land.  Tho 
death  of  Dr.  Dliss,  in  IHHK,  left  the  agency  in 
charge  of  Kev.  51,  Howen.  (See  biographical 
sketch  of  Isaac  G.  liliss.) 


\ 


-PJJUi 


AMERICAN 


M 


BIBLE  SOCIETT 


The  (liHtrilnition,  by  colporteurs,  rt«. 
ed  to 


ninouiit- 


Sllli'x  . . 


Itil>l('«.    TcHtV.  INirlliinn.  Tiital. 

.   :>,M)      si,ii.vi     ai.iiiw     :it,vM 
M>       aril       Hi      i.:iit) 


Totiil  (li-iriliiilioii S.CmI        il.CW      -.'l.-.'M      :ii;,'J<j:l 

Tilt)  rt'iiminiiif^  isHU(!«  incliido  trixiisferrt  t.> 
other  iij4('iuat!«,  the  ]{riti«li  anil  Foreif^ii  Hiblo 
Kocii'ty,  oto. 

Tlio  issues  o(  the  I<evunt  Agency  for  the 
thirty  two  yeiirs  ciulin;^  l)eeeniber  lilst,  l^iKK, 
nniouiit  to  1,1  l'.(,2"iS  eoiiies. 

Inelndint,'  tlu)  iiutivo  suiierinteiiilents,  107 
men  hiivo  lieeii  eiij,'iit,'cil  lis  cdliiorteurs  diirin;; 
the  yeur,  fur  au  aHt,'regiite  iieriod  of  l,lii2 
luouths. 

JiiiAZii,.  'rhouj,'li  Seriiiliu'es  were  freely  sent 
to  lirazil,  n.)  aj^'riit  was  eniiuiiissioned  fiu'  the 
oniiiiro  until  is.")."),  when  Kev.  J.  ('.  I'h  .jhor, 
who  had  been  a  resident  of  the  country,  was 
de|mted  to  visit  several  of  the  ]irovinees.  After 
circulatint^  many  volumes  of  the  Scriptures  in 
I'ortunuese,  ho  resij^iied  the  next  year  and  was 
sueeeecled  by  ^Ir.  Uobert  Nesbit,  who  spent 
several  months  at  J'ara,  where  lie  found  the 
jieoplo  eai^er  to  buy  his  eiilin^  stock,  l-'roni 
there  he  went  up  the  Amazon,  inteiidiii}^  to  f^o 
as  far  as  I'eru,  but  died  of  lever  before  his  pur- 
pose was  aeeiunplislied. 

Kev.  A,  h.  lilaekfcinl  was  npiiointod  a^ent  for 
lira/.il  in  l^Tli,  and  liev.  William  J[.  iirown  in 
issd.  'I'jie  latter  resi>,'ned  in  lss7,  und  was  suu- 
ceded  by  the  Uov.  II.  ('.  Tiiek<'r. 

The  work  of  Hibhi  distribution  has  been  ex- 
tended more  and  more  into  the  interior  of  the 
country,  uieetint^  with  ^reat  dilVieultii's  in  the 
forir  of  illiteracy  of  the  people,  di'ou^dit,  and 
consecjUBut  faininn  and  disease,  and  the  politi- 
cal revolution  which  has  t,'reatly  iif^itated  the 
public  mind,  ^[en  have  little  (concern  about 
reli^^ious  matters,  but  everybody  wants  to  know 
what  kind  of  laws  they  are  to  have — what 
security  to  life,  to  jiroperty,  etc.  'When  thinj^s 
become  settled,  there  jiromises  to  be  the  most 
auspicious  time  in  the  history  of  the  nation  for 
luUtinj^  before  them  the  word  of  life.  One  act 
of  the  jirovisional  ),'nverniiient  has  already  Vieen 
to  separate  Church  and  State,  and  to  grant 
libert.v  alike  to  all  religions.  The  need  of  a 
better  Portuguese  version  of  the  Bible  is  deeply 
felt. 

tiKNEUAL  JSlMMAKV   POIl   1HK9. 


Itilllcx. 

siiii'i' •,',iai 

(ininl»  Ill 


TeKtV.  I'lirliens.  'I'eliil. 
l,(iir  ■■i.'iU;        li.-JK!) 

1','r         sir      i,:jKs 


Toiai i.-SiO    a,o;i       :),.■»■)     r.iirr 

Tiiiiil  clfciilaiiKii  for  ten  ;c:iic,  over (JO.IXIO ciipii's. 

Mexico. — The  attention  of  the  American  Bible 
Society  was  turned  toward  Mexico  as  early  as 
lH'2(i,  at  which  time  5Ir.  J.  ('.  ]$righaiii  ex- 
pressed the  opinion  that  in  the  whole  republic, 
comprehending  a  iiopulatiou  of  7,tHI0,(l()((  of 
people,  not  more  than  2,llllU  Bibles  had  ever 
been  distributed.  In  182'.)  a  gentleman,  who 
had  travelled  extensively  in  Chihuahua,  was 
convinced  that  among  the  121, (KMI  people  in 
that  State,  there  could  not  be  found  eight  copies 
of  the  Bible  in  Spanish. 

Fretpjent  grunts  and  consignments  of  Scrip- 
tures were  sent  to  both  eastern  and  western 
ports  and  to  the  interior  of  Mexico  from  1H2(J 
onward.  In  1h;!4  Mr.  Sumner  Bacon  was  ap- 
pointed agent  for  what  was  then  the  I'rovinco 
of  Texas.     In  IHW  Itev.  W,  II.  Norris  was  bent 


as  IV  special  agent  to  the  capital,  then  occupied 
by  United  States  troops.  Miss  .Mi'linda  Kan- 
kin's  labors  on  the  border,  fnuu  ls."i2  (Hiwiiid, 
led  to  the  introduction  of  many  Bibles  into 
Mexico,  and  were  followed  in  Isiid  by  the  ap- 
pointiut  lit  of  lUiv.  It.  I".  Thompson  as  ag(  nt. 
Kev.  .lames  Iliekey  succeeded  him  in  iKliM,  and 
after  his  death  in  INllll  .Mr.  Thomas  M.  Wcstiup 
held  the  same  ollice  for  three  years.  No  agi  nt 
had  a  permanent  residence  in  the  capital  until 
l)r.  .Vrtlinr  Core  went  there  in  ]H7'<.  lie  was 
followed  the  next  year  by  Kev.  II.  I".  Hamilton, 
during  whose  agenity  about  IIKt.dOd  volumes  of 
Scriiiture  havi^  been  put  in  circulation  ;  and  it 
is  estimated  that  since  Isdl  no  less  than  ItdO.diHJ 
liihles,  Testaiiunts  and  ptu'tions  (including 
those  sent  directly  from  Bond(Ui  and  Madrid) 
have  found  their  way  into  the  hands  of  the  peo- 
jile.  Bible  colporteurs  have  been  cuiployeil  iu 
every  State  of  the  Ke[)ublic. 

Sl  .MMAllT    FdU    IW.I. 

llilili-s.    'I'cj^t'.".  I'orlioriK.  'I'oiiil. 

SalcH -'.-.'.Vl       1  .siw  I.SW        ."j.'.iHii 

Dniialion.-i .V,M  (Wil  1,111        •i.MV 


Total a.nu      i,-iss         A.-in:,       s,.-il.-l 

China. — The  first  regular  agent  of  the  Amer- 
ican Bible  Society  to  China  was  Kev.  Blither  II. 
(iiilick,  .M.l).,  wlio  was  appninted  in  lS7<i.  A 
son  of  a  veteran  missionary  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  and  himself  connected  with  mission 
work  in  Micronesia,  and  aftirward  in  Italy  and 
Spain,  he  proved  admirably  adapted  to  the 
work  of  organization  that  devolved  uiion  him. 
Jajian  was  also  at  liist  included  with  China 
under  Dr.  (iulick's  care,  but  was.  in  Issl,  mudo 
a  distinct  agency,  and  Siam  was  added,  but  wa.s 
itself  also  made  in<lependent  in  INMI. 

,\s  was  natural,  the  lirst  efforts  of  tln^  agdicy 
were  put  IVu-th  in  the  line  of  I'.ible  translation, 
and  as  fast  as  jiorticuis  could  be  iirepared  they 
were  offered  for  sale.  Tint  number  of  copies, 
sent  out  from  two  of  the  three  presses  during 
the  first  year  were  ;i'.l,:!71,  of  which  over  liH.ddt) 
were  portions.  This  number  was  nearly  doubled 
the  next  year,  and  in  ISM'.t  the  total  circulation 
amounted  to  lti2,M7.  of  which  12',i  were  Bibles, 
3,1111  Testaments,  and  ir)!),277  portions. 

Dr.  (tuliitk's  health  beciame  so  much  impaired 
that  in  Ihh'.i  he  was  obliged  to  seek  rest  in 
-Japan  and  then  in  the  I'nited  States,  and  in 
IHIM)  his  connection  with  the  Societv  closed. 


C'oi.roin'Aiii:  WoaK  DiitiNo  tiik  Vkaii  Ihn'.i, 
liihlis 


Forei;;!! 
('olporleiirs. 

1! 

Native 

ColporteiirK. 

I'laccH 

\isiicil. 

«s-J 

.■.mi 

:<s 
(;raal^ 

li.lK! 

1','S 


l-.'ll 


TcsI'h. 
a.'Jl-.' 


rorlioii!'. 


Total 
ItookH. 

sii.rso 


;.sii      i(hi,i!-ifl      wi.vm 


i'.'.lllS 
4:1 


l.'ir.lKIH 
•vMV'.l 


Total  (liKtril)iitioii. 


...i-,",!    .•i,ini      I.V.I.-.J-;; 


itio.a,-) 


iii;.',44r 


Japan  and  Kouea. — t)n  receiving  information 
in  ]«72  that  a  Japanese  versiiui  of  some  of  tho 
(iosjiels  wiis  nearly  complete,  ti..'  Soi^iety 
jiroiiiptly  made  a  grant  to  jiroiuote  its  piiblicn- 
tion.  It  subseipiently  assumed  tlo;  sii])port  of 
Drs.  S.  K.  lirown  and  D.  C,  (Inrene,  and  bore  a 
consiilerablo  part  of  the  exjiense  of  translating 
the  Xew  Testament,  which  appeared  in  parts 
and  was  completed  in  ISHil.  That  sanii!  year  it 
published  also  an  edition  of  the  New  Testament 
in  Koman  letter,  having  issued  a  bilingual 
edition  of  the  Gospel  of  John  seven  yturs  bo- 


AMBRIOAN 


65 


BIBLE  SOOIBTT 


N,M:1 


miiftired 

rest 

in 

(lUll 

iU. 

sell. 

KN'.l. 

T.) 

itnl 

•     l(o( 

ikH. 

W 

;,rH» 

Kid.-,"-,'."! 

<if  tho 
|Soc.icty 

)Ullli<Ml- 

|)j)(irt  of 
lioro  a 
|islutiTi>4 
imrts 
jijiiv  it 
ktaiucnt 
lliimniil 
lurs  be- 


fort".  Ill  l^'H  tlio  Onsppls,  in  IHHO  tho  NVw 
'I'liHtiuiifiit,  mill  I'siilins,  anil  in  IHHIt  tlio  i-ntiio 
liililc,  wurn  issiieil  in  kitntm  or  Cliiiio  .luimiiesi'. 
In  IkV"!,  l>y  I'wiui'nt  of  imtivo  .Inpiinrsf.  ii  imrt 
of  tliii  (to.s|)(il  of  .lolin  'Aiis  issiieil  ("xpi'iiiuuiitiil- 
ly  in  niiscil  lloiimii  letter.  Tlio  Olil  'rcstuiiient 
liiis  l)(!i>n  printiiil  in  itistuliiients  in  (■(innci'tiou 
with  other  soeietii^s,  iiiul  the  first  edition  of  tlio 
ooiiiph'te  lUlile  iippeiireil  ill  IHHH.  Another 
eilition,  with  full  refereuccs,  will  be  piibllshoil 
eurlvin  IHKll. 

The  (iospels  ivnil  Aets  in  Chino  Korean  Imvo 
been  pnblislieil  as  ii  iiieims  of  iieeess  to  tho 
eiluuiiteil  eliiHses,  anil  ii  Korean  version  of  tho 
(tospel  of  Mark,  iiiailo  at  the  Soeiety'n  ex[)onso 
liv  Kiiiitei,  was  (irinteil  in  Japan  in  IHS.'i. 

•lapan  was  e.oiineetoil  with  China  under  the 
care  of  Dr.  (iuliek  from  isVf,  (o  IHHl,  when 
Kev,  Meiiry  Tjooiiiis,  formerly  a  missionary  of 
the  rresl)yteriiin  JSoard,  was  appointed  a^jent. 
When  Dr.  (tuliek  eommenied  his  woik  there 
were  in  eireulation  only  tho  four  (iosjiels,  whose 
sales,  at  twenty-livo  eents  eaeh,  numbered 
7,r,m,  In  IHMii,'  (;.",, 1)7;!  volumes  of  tho  whole 
New  Testament  in  six  dilTerent  styles,  besides 
portions  of  the  Xew  and  Old  Testaments,  were 
sold,  and  tlie  prii^o  ha  I  been  ridneed  to  four 
cents  fota(tospel  and  thirty  seven  cents  tor  a 
Tostameiit.  From  no  colporteurs  at  all  tlie  dis- 
tributing! force  arose  t.i  twenty-two  native  and 
two  foreign  coliiorteiirs,  whih;  larj^e  numbers  of 
Scriptures  were  i)ut  in  circulation  throuj^li  tho 
.Tapaiiese  booksellers.  The  narrowness  of  the 
tield  and  the  peculiar  interniin^linn  of  interests 
have  led  to  an  arrangement,  in  Is'.Ht,  between 
the  .Vmerican  Bible  Society,  the  liritish  and 
Foreif^n  liible  Society,  and  the  National  Jilblo 
Society  of  Scotland  to  act  in  unison,  ajiportion- 
ing  the  territory  between  them,  so  that  colpor- 
teurs need  not  interfere  with  each  other. 


Sai.ks  ki.om  .Iam  ahv  1  to  ])K(  k.mbku  31,  issll. 


Ynir. 
iss'.l... 


liililrs. 
■JAM 


Ti"*lV. 

ir,-jri 


I'arN. 
i»,illii 


Tetiil  Vols. 
Jii,-,".!! 


Coii'imTKiu  Sr.MM.\i!V. 


Sold. 


1HHS. 


.M-l 


I'l.iiii 


(i.'.irs 
.'i.riii 


1  ,.-xS.l 
l.iM 


Si),S'.M 


a.-i,:)ri 
1  l,.-i.W 


SiAM. — Hiblo  work  in  Slam  was  for  many 
years  carried  on  by  tho  missionaries  of  tho 
Presbyterian  Hoard,  North,  I'.  S.  \.,  under  the 
general  direction  of  Dr.  (lulick  ;  but  as  'he  work 
enlart^ed  both  in  (Jhiiia  and  Siaiu,  a  division  be- 
came  necessary.  Iii  IHS'.I  Uev.  Jiihn  Carring- 
ton,  formerly  a  missionary  in  Siam,  was  a])- 
p:)inted  ai^ent.  No  s[)ecial  reports  of  the  work 
are  available  as  >et. 

Pkusia  — The  liible  work  in  Northein  I'ersia, 
both  trmislation  and  distribution,  was  for  many 
years  carried  on  in  i  'inneetion  with  the  Levant 
aj^eucy  of  tlie  .Vmeiiean  liible  Society.  Its 
great  distance  from  Constantinople,  however, 
made  it  im|)ossible  to  visit  it  as  often  as  was 
desirable,  and  two  visits  by  Kev.  Kdwin  M. 
liliss,  assistant  agent,  in  1H7H  and  1H7'.I,  brought 
out  very  clearly  tho  fact  that  if  that  great  coun- 
try was  to  be  projierly  supplied  with  the  Scrip- 
tures, there  should  be  a  special  agent.  .Vcoord- 
ingly,  in  188(1,  llev.  W.  L.  Whipple,  formerly  a 


missionary  at  Orooniiah,  was  a|)piiinted  agent. 
The  chief  languages  of  distrilmtion  are  ;  the 
Syriac  (Ancient  and  Moderni,  the  A/erbijali 
Turkish,  the  Ararat  Armenian,  and  the  I'ersiaii. 
Mr.  Whiplile  has  made  his  headipiarters  at  Ta- 
briz, but  with  the  development  of  the  work  in 
Kastern  I'ersia  it  has  seeiiied  necessary  for  Lim 
to  bo  stationed  nt  Tehran. 

ttfol   m£   <1F    SAI.KS    AM)    (IllANT.I     KDIt   M'KN    YKAIIS. 

Tolnl  Sail'!',  lOvfur-i :i,:)riH    Ki.itt.")    ir.'.i-.;i  ;1V.:.-,T 

'liil.-il  liiiiui^  liiyraiH »«        IKW      l,m    a,!;,:! 

TDliilrliriiliiiinn,  ]0  yearH....  :V«»    ir,(i:i:i    lli,:ifir  •lo,(iiH) 

CiiiA. — Special  organized  elfort  for  the  cir- 
culation of  the  Scriptures  began  in  December, 
IMS-J,  when  the  Itev.  K  T.  U.  I'ripp,  of  Key 
^Vest,  went  to  Havana,  and  spent  several 
months  in  preiiininaiy  work,  and  a  colporteur, 
employed  at  the  expense  of  the  Female  liible 
Society  of  I'liiladelphia,  also  (iitered  the  field. 

The  liev.  Thomas  L.  (iulick  made  a  tour  of 
exploration  in  ISH:),  and  anotlier  in  IfsMt,  and 
liiblo  colpmteurs  have  been  constantly  em- 
ployed since  that  time,  litginning  in  Decem- 
ber, IMHt,  Itov.  A.  .1.  McKim  has  been  to  the 
extreme  jiarts  of  the  island,  with  house  to- 
houso  visitation,  offering  the  Scriptures  in 
Spanish  for  sale.  About  ;!(I,(I<mi  Jiibles,  Testa- 
ments, and  portions  have  been  sold  since  Janu- 
ary, IHHIi.  The  circulation  of  the  Jiible  was 
immediately  followed  by  the  opening  of  Sun- 
day.sehools  in  Havana  ami  Matanzas,  ind  by 
organizations  for  Protestant  worship  ;  and  sev- 
eral churches  luivo  since  been  formed  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  islands. 

The  circulation  for  IKHl)  amounted  to  2, :)(»() 
volumes,  of  which  :):!'.•  were  liibks,  11(12  Testa- 
ments, and  l,oi.|i,l  portions. 

Vi;si:zri;i.A.-  Kev.  William  I'atterson,  long  a 
missionary  in  Mexico,  took  idiarge  of  this  tield 
in  the  latter  part  of  ISKH,  and  visited  many  por- 
tions of  it,  tindin^  a  muidi  more  hearty  wel- 
come than  ho  expected  from  the  j)eople  and 
protection  from  tho  (tovernnient.  Ilis  sudden 
death  from  yellow  fever,  in  IHH'I,  has  checked 
the  work,  which  will,  however,  be  continued. 

KrssiA.-'l'he  American  liible  Society  lias  no 
regularly  organized  work  in  Itiissia,  though  an 
American  merchant  residing  in  St.  Petersburg 
has  for  many  years  acted  as  representative  of 
the  Society  in  its  relations  with  the  Kussian 
liiblo  Society.  During  ISW)  provision  was  made 
for  the  support  of  three  colporteurs  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  .\iiierican  liiblo  Society,  and  tho 
number  of  cojiies  reported  as  having  been  liut 
in  circulation  is  ;i:!,H'21).  One  of  thecol|)orteurH, 
(iolubelf,  in  Central  .\sia  and  tho  Trans-Caspian 
region,  travelled  by  horso  conveyance  1. ;!()() 
miles  and  left  one  copy  of  the  New  Testament 
at  each  one  of  the  2S(i  post-hous(>s  and  wayside 
stations  which  he  visited  on  the  way.  In  tho 
vicinity  of  Tashkent  he  disjiosed  of  1,H(I()  cojiies 
in  the  course  of  two  months,  lie  had  access  to 
fiu'tresses  and  barracks  and  found  the  siddiers 
reaily  purchasers,  most  of  theii]  having  ready 
money  of  their  own,  which  tlity  had  carefully 
saved  u[),  and  perhaps  brought  from  Western 
Siberia,  where  they  were  recruited.  The  ctlii'i  rn 
on  the  whole  wen;  friendly  to  his  woik.  In  his 
two  ex|)editions,  whiidi  occupied  ten  months, 
he  distributed  H.'JHO  copies  of  tho  S(ui)itureH. 

During  part  of  tlie  year  another  colpiu'tiiir, 
.VlisanolT,  was  on  the  .Vustro  (ierman  frontier, 
whire  he  had  to  travel  long  distances  on  foot, 
passing  from  fortress  to  fortress.     The  military 


AM.  BIBLE   SOC. 


(W, 


A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 


In 


!  m 


nutliDritirs  allDwcd  liiin  ontrnnce  to  tlio  fnrtil'i- 
t'litioiis,  ill  wliirli  liunn  iimulicrs  of  tnxiiis  wcro 
limssiil,  mill  us  tln'  iin'iiwiio  oltrii  sliilti'il  troiu 
one  pliu'c  III  iiiiiitlii'C,  lit'  WHS  lirdU^'ht  ill  coiitiift 
villi  II  viry  liii^'  iiiiMiliur  nf  |ii'n|ilt'. 

Ill  piiisimiu'i'  (it  its  |iiiliry  in  fiivdr  of  Itus- 
Kiiiiii/iiii;  tliii  I  iii)iiri'  tiy  tin-  iirnliilntinn  of  ctlu-r 
liiMj^iiaLii-s  tliilli  till'  Kiissiiili,  till'  ];n^;sillll  (lov- 
eriiiiniit  iimliiliitid  tlm  iisn  of  tln'  Itcviil-Ks- 
tliiiiiiiiii  vci'siiiii  i)ri])iii't'il  liy  tlu'  AiiH'iican  liilile 
Siii'ifty.  'I'liiisi^  ristrii-tiniis  urn  Klill  (|S',Mi|  in 
lori'i',  Imt  soiiii'tliiiii^  is  iiecouiiilisbeil  in  dtlur 
Jtiiltii!  |irovitii'c's. 

The  ciitin'  riri'iiliition  tlironj^liont  tlic  ii^^cncy 
viis  .'I.Ci'.i'i  liililfs,  :i  INM  Tostiiiiicuts,  'J,l*s7  iKir- 
tiiins,  IV  totiil  (if  '.»,Mil7  volunii's. 

(iKMMIAl.    SlMMAllV. 

\nliinii's  i-Mii'il.  )siii-'.«i .V.'.r:«i,07.") 

Sr.MMAKV    Kiill    VkAU    KmiISiI    MaIK  II    .'il^^    l"^'.*!. 

A'liliiiiii's  l»-uiil,  lliiini' Ittl.-Jlii 

Kiin-iL'ii "iiW.sir      l.lliD.iiriT 


lliniim',  (  ^'Ilfllll 

I'lir  iiivi^lnu'iil 

Kx|H'iiilinin'9 

Aiixlliuiy  SiH-ii'lii'n.  X'.  S.  A... 
liiNiriri  siipcriiiU'iiili'iiti',  l'.  S.  A 

<iil|Mirii'iii>,  r.  S.  A 

Aiiciili-.  I'liivinn 

DiflrilmUTs,  Fiirfij;" 


..$.V.IT.il'.W.il.'i 
. ..      l-,',:)!!!.!).")  yilii.iHiii.lo 

SniKMi.-).-!.;  I 

):.i>M 


111 
11 


Aiiirrit'iiii  D<>ard  of  C«»iiimlf)>>ioii- 
er*  for  F«»rc'itfii  lll<«(»l<ni<«.-  llfiuliiimrttrs, 
1  SnniLTset  Street,  Huston,  JIass.,  I'.S.A. 

('iinstitnoncy.  C'liietly  the  C'on^regfttional 
Cliiiri-lu's  of  tlio  T'liiteil  States. 

I.  Ilixtoi'i/.  -The  iierioil  niiirked  liy  the  close 
oi  the  eij^litei nth  iiiid  coiiiiiieiiceineiit  of  the 
nineteenth  centuries  was  one  of  siieeial  interest 
ill  the  subject  of  Foreif^ii  Missions.  'J'he  seven 
years  from  17'.I2-0>S  liail  seen  tlio  formation  of 
tlire.'  Hreat  sieieties  in  Knj^laud.  The  Beruions 
))reai'heit  liy  Dr.  llaweis  aiul  others  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Loiiiioii  Missionary  Society  had 
b^eii  widely  eirculated  in  Seotlaml,  from  there 
Bent  to  Maine  and  Massiiclnisetts,  and  in  cnn- 
nei'tiou  with  the  t^eiierul  interest  felt  on  every 
hand,  liidped  to  fan  into  a  Ida/o  the  ll.inie  that 
had  at  no  time  died  out  siiiee  the  I'ilgrinis  land. 
ed  at  IMviimuth,  with  the  avowed  olijtct  not 
merely  of  gaining;  freedmii  of  conscience  for 
theiu-ielves,  liut  of  siu'eadinvj  the  knowledge  of 
Christianity  anionic  the  Indians.  In  ISOIlatn 
g.itherin^^  of  fiUir  stmients  of  Williams  CoUej^e, 
under  lee  of  a  hay-staek  where  they  had  taken 
refuge  from  a  thunder-stiuin,  one  of  the  iiumlier, 
Samuel  .1.  Mills,  jir.iiiosed  that  they  uftemiit  to 
Ri'lld  the  (iiisjiel  to  the  hi'iithen,  and  said,  "  M'o 
can  (h)  it  if  we  will."  Two  years  later,  several, 
nmoii.;  them  Mills,  liichanls,  mid  (lordoii  Hall, 
signed  a  pled^^e  bindili;^  themselves  to  the  for- 
pli^n  work,  should  it  he  jiossihle  for  tlieiii  to  go. 
Ill  ISIO,  Mills,  again  leading,  with  -Tiidson, 
Xewell,  and  Nott,  all  students  at  Aiiilover  Theo- 
logical Si'iiiinary,  met  a  numher  of  ministers  in 
the  jiarlor  of  I'rofessnr  Stuart,  and  in  response 
to  their  apiieal  t.)  lie  sent  t.)  fireign  lands,  re- 
ceived the  assurance,  "<}>  in  the  mime  of  the 
Lord,  and  wo  will  help."  Tlu^  next  ihiy  two  of 
those  ministers,  I)rs.  Spring  and  Worcester,  on 
their  way  to  the  (relieral  .Association  of  Jliissa- 
chiisetts,  at  Bradford,  formed  the  ]>lmi  of  tlio 
American  ISoard  of  Commissioners  fur  Foreign 
Missions  which,  three  days  later,  .Iiine  'iHtli, 
IHIO,  was  adopted  hy  the  .Assoriatiun.  The 
Board  was  formally  constituted,  September  rith, 


at  Farmingtoii.  Conn.,  hy  the  adoption  of  a  con. 
stitnliiin  and  the  electinn  of  otlicers. 

Keali/iiig  the  great  resjioiisilijlily  of  their  nn- 
derliiking,  the.v  tlnnight  it  wise  to  confer  v  ith 
the  London  Missioimiy  Society  us  to  tin'  advis- 
idiility  of  a  ioint  sui.porl  of  'nissions,  and  Jiid- 
son  was  sent  to  Lngland  for  Hint  puriiohe.  It 
was,  however,  rightly  decidi  d  thai,  two  con. 
trolling  ]iow<rs  so  widely  se]imaled  could  not 
net  Willi  unity  and  decision,  an  I  the  .\iiierican 
idiiirches  were  compi'lled  to  rely  npi  n  tlielii- 
silves.  In  the  rinuiiiial  distress  of  the  limes, 
.iust  preceding  the  war  with  Lngland,  it  sei  nunl 
lia/ardous  to  atteiii]it  anything  lieyoiid  what  tlio 
actual  cash  in  hand  would  warrant,  mid  at  n 
meeting  of  the  rnideiitial  Committee,  on  .faiiu- 
ary  "JTth,  ISl'i,  there  was  at  lirst  hut  one  vote  in 
favor  of  pledging  the  support  <d'  the  nii  n  already 
selected.  That  one  vote  liowi  vrr,  ]iresnmalily 
Dr.  Worcester's,  earriid  the  day,  mid  it  was  di'. 
cided  to  advance,  trusting  that,  as  it  niiiied 
clearly  the  will  of  (iod  that  those  men  should 
go,  hy  His  aid  and  the  nso  of  jirojier  means,  the 
re(|nisite  funds  would  luMihtained.  I'rom  this 
jirinciple  the  lioiird  has  never  dejiarted. 

t)n  l-'ehruary  (ith,  l»V2,  Messrs.  .liidson.  Hall, 
Newell,  Xott,  and  Itico  were  ordained  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  and  on  the  lUtli,  Judson  and  Newell,  w  ith 
their  wives,  sailed  from  Salem  forCaleutta,  wliilo 
on  tho  2-id,  Hall,  Lice,  and  Nott,  with  Mrs. 
Nutt,  sailed  from  I'hilndelphia  for  tho  sumo 
port. 

Tho  work  thus  fairly  inaugurated,  tho  next 
step  was  to  secure  a  charter  from  the  Massa- 
chusetts liegislalure.  This  met  a  good  deal  of 
opposition,  though  ('f  just  what  nature  it  is  im- 
possible to  say,  as  noreimrt,  or  even  abstract  of 
tho  debates  can  be  found  ;  of  tivi'  Huston  iiews- 
jiapers  not  one  gives  even  an  intimation  of  tho 
discussion.  'I'wo  mention  the  "  rejection  of  tho 
bill  by  tho  Senate,"  and  siguihcantly  attach  a 
cou)ile  of  exclamation  jioints. 

.\t  hist  on  June  'JOth,  ItSLJ,  the  charter  was 
granted.  The  ISoard  thus  acquirid  a  legal  jiev- 
sonalit.v  which  has  been  found  sutUeieiit  in  all 
]iarts  of  tho  world  for  Jiroperty  holding  and 
linaiii'ial  needs. 

It  is  ]irobable  that  tho  original  jilan  of  the  new 
Hoard  did  not  contemplate  connection  with  an.y 
other  than  the  Congregational  churches  of  Niw 
I''ngland.  At  its  second  meeting,  however,  in 
ISlLit  suggested  to  the  (ielieral  Assembly  of  tho 
I'resbyteriaii  Cliuich  the  forming  of  a  similar 
body  of  its  own,  with  which  tlu^  Hoard  might 
co-oiierate  in  the  work  of  Foreign  Missions. 
The  -Assembly's response,  dated  .June  I'Jtli,  ixi'2, 
endorsed  with  hearty  sympathy  the  proposal  of 
the  Hoard,  and  a|iiuiived  of  tho  I'resbyterian 
churchis  aiding  by  contribution,  but  (Xpressi  d 
II  doubt  -IS  to  tho  advisability,  on  account  of  ex- 
tensive eiigagennnis  alread.\  made,  of  its  taking 
n  jiart  in  the  work,  .\ctiiig  upon  this  sugges- 
tion, at  the  annual  meeting  in  lsr2,  eight  Com- 
missioners were  added  from  among  the  most 
])rominent  members  of  the  I'resbyterian  Church. 
These  were  joined  in  ISM  by  one  nieiiilur  from 
tho  .Associate  Leforir.ed  Churidi,  in  1S!(!  by  ono 
from  the  Keforiiied  (Dutch)  Cliureh,  ami  at  a 
Kubseiiueiit  time  from  tho  lleformed  (terman 
Churcli. 

These  relations  woro  nt  first  voluntary  ratht  r 
than  organic,  but  in  lft'25  iv  Committee  of  tho 
I''oreign  Missionary  Society  formed  in  ll-il7  by 
the  three  Presbyterian  botlies  for  special  work 
among  the  Indian.^,  met  the  Board  at  Northami)- 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


67 


A  B.  O.  F.  M. 


toll  with  II  ]ir()|)n:iitinn  for  tlio  (inmlKuniatirn  of 
till)  twi)  sin'iotifs,  (111  tilt'  v;ri)uiicl  tlmt  two  oi'i^iiii- 
iziiticiiis  wero  not  iiccilt'il,  wcio  mi  utiiici-cssiiry 
oxpi^ine,  )^iivu  (iiiiinriuiiily  lnr  collision  and 
iiiuuiiil  ji'iiliinsins,  Mild  tlmt  tlio  noiicnil  sciiti- 
liii'iit  of  tlic  c'liiii'clii'S  ili'iiiiiiKlril  Kiii'li  a  uiiidii. 
Tlin  iilli.ili  (•olisiiiaiimtiMl,  tlic  (iciii'l'iil  Asscuilily 
liy  II  fonniil  votn  <'.'liiiiicl!ileil  tlir  li.iiird  to  tla^ 
fiivonililo  mill  Clu'lsHiiii  huiiiioii  of  lln'  i-liiiiclics 
and  till)  pi'oplc  uiidiT  its  caic.  'I'lio  (rciiciiil 
Siiio.l  did  not  ciitir  into  tin'  jilmi  us  cordiidlv, 
and  in  Isl'i  tlii)  WdsIi'I'Ii  l''on'ij;ii  Missioimrv 
Soi'Irty  Hiis  fonni'd,  wliicli  was  aftiTwanl  iidopt- 
I'd  liy  tlio  old  sclio,)!  on  llirir  si  paratioii  from 
the  iiDW  si'liool.  'I'lii'se  latter  coiitiniU'd  tin  ir 
»'i>iiiiL'i'tii)ii  witli  tho  lioard  till  tlit)  riiinioii  in 
IsTi),  whi'ii  tlioy  ■withdrew,  j  liniiio  the  Jloiird  of 
I'or.'ioii  Missions  of  the  I'nshyti'rimi  Cliiircli. 

'I'lio  Ki'f.iriiied  (i)iiti'h)  Cliuri'li,  wliicli  siiu'c 
18111  had  lUMctii'iiUy  (• )  nprrati'd  with  the  lioard, 
in  lH:t;i  iiiado  their  isoniu'etion  with  it  more 
foriiml,  hut  withdrew  in  iMo",  fielino  that  it 
Was  wiser  for  eaeh  denomination  to  dL'Velo|i  itn 
OH  II  work  and  rosourees. 

\)t  II  few  individuals  conneeted  witli  these 
dilFeri'iil  deuoiiiiiiations  Lave  continued  to  act 
with  the  Hoard  ;  Imt  since  1.S70  it  has  iiractically 
been  conliiied  to  the  churches  of  the  ('on},'rej?a- 
tiotial  denomination,  thinii^li  often  receiving 
hirj^d  fiifts  from  other  sources. 

Co  ordinate  with  the  (,'rowth  of  the  Hoard  it- 
self has  been  that  of  its  ^reat  auxiliary,  tho 
Woman's  Hoard.  As  far  hack  as  1(S1'2  there  wero 
female  missionary  associations,  and  these  Were 
t^radnully  so  systematized  that  in  IH:!'.i  there  were 
no  less  tliiin  IJHO,  with  nearly  :t(Mi()  local  agents. 
The  tirst  ori»ani/.atioii  was  etifeeteil  in  ISliH.  See 
nrtu'le  on  Woman's  Missionauv  Sociktiks. 

II.  Drrcfopment  of'  /■'tirrif/n  Work. 
— 'I'lu'  famous  administration  and  impeiu'hiiK'iit 
of  Warren  ILwtin^^s  had  tinned  tlio  eyes  of  all 
Ent^lainl  to  India,  and  it  was  natural  that  the 
tirst  eti'orts  of  tho  new  luissionary  societies 
should  he  directed  to  that  vast  emiiire.  When 
the  infant  lijurd  in  .Vmerica  sou;.,dit  the  counsd 
of  the  I^oudon  Missionary  Society,  India  was 
mentioned  as  j^iviiiji  the  most  favorable  pros- 
pect for  their  work,  tliouoh  they  wero  urf^ed 
not  to  forj^et  tno  great  tribes  of  their  own  con- 
tiuent. 

At  tho  meeting  of  the  Board  in  ISll,  when 
Judson's  rei>ort  of  his  London  conference  was 
given,  it  was  decided  to  move  in  two  directions  ; 
(1)  Toward  liurmali,  which,  "  not  being  within 
the  lines  of  the  Hritish  I'mpire,  was  therefore 
not  so  much  within  the  iirovince  of  the  Hritish 
^Iissionary  ijocieties  ;"  (i)  "  To  the  Cahnowaga 
In  limis  of  ("annda." 

ri  a  commencomont  of  the  war  with  England 
disoiiiicerted  tho  latter  plan,  and  the  mission 
was  never  commenced. 

Tlio  two  missionary  parties  that  sailed  for 
Calcutta  had  Kurmah  for  their  objective  point, 
but  tho  hostility  of  tho  East  India  ('ompanyand 
the  change  of  views  on  baptism  by  Messrs.  Jud- 
snn  and  Hice  resulted  in  tho  establishment  of 
the  Marathi  Mission  at  Hombay  in  IHi:!.  The 
next  step,  in  l«li;,  to  (leylon,  where  Newell  and 
his  wife  liad  visited,  was  a  natural  one,  and  the 
mission  to  Madura,  in  IHItl.  was  but  a  branch  of 
tliat  in  Ceylon.  Meanwhile  tho  interest  grow, 
and  mindful  of  the  need  of  the  heathen  nearer 
home,  the  Hoard  sent  an  exploring  committeo 
through  Georgia  and  .\labama.  whose  report  re- 
sulted in  mis.sious  to  tho  Cherokoes,  inl«X7,  uud 


to  the  Choctaws,  in  iHlS.  In  1x2')  si'veial  mis- 
sions Htarted  by  llu^  I'mted  roreigii  Missionary 
.Society  were  accipteil,  mid  in  1«:!M  ill  several 
other  tribes  were  brought  within  the  scope  of 
the  Hoard's  work. 

.Vtteiition  wii-i  then  turned  to  the  I,e\iint,  the 
original  home  of  Chnstimiity,  where  jiopiilar 
sU|ierstitioi;  n.id  jiriistly  rule  had  so  ileeraib  d  its 
very  name  liiat  the  .Moslem  loidii'd  on  in  si'orn 
ami  ilerision  at  tho  services  of  the  Oriental 
churches.  There  arose,  too,  tho  vision  of  a  re 
c  iii4U"ied  .Teriisalem,  ami  an  ingathering  of  tho 
devvi'li  iieoplo  to  iiccipt  as  their  Messiah  the  <  no 
whom  their  fathers  had  2)ierced.  .So  in  IM',) 
riiny  risk  mid  J^evi  I'arsons  were  sent  forth  to 
"  go  to  Zion  and  view  ler  biittleiiu  nts,  and  from 
her  towers  get  visions  of  the  land"  tlmt  was  to 
be  recolnjiiered  for  Christ.  They  landed  tirst  at 
.Malta,  then  removed  t)  Smvrna,  and  made  that 
their  iicaihjuiirtevs  for  visits  to  i'alestine,  .\lex- 
midria,  .Syria,  mid  Cyprus.  The  jilaii  of  asinciiil 
mission  to  ralestine  was  given  up,  but  tlieir 
visits  and  the  translation  ami  ]iress-woik  done 
at  .Malta  and  Smyrna  laid  the  foundation  for  tho 
missions  to  Syria,  Egypt,  Asia  Mimu',  I'ersia, 
( irecce,  and  Hiilgaria.    . 

Simultmieoiisly  w  itli  the  sailing  of  I'isk  iind 
I'arsons  fc)r  the  Levant,  Hiiiglmm  mid  'l'hur>toii, 
with  several  associates,  set  sail  for  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  just  then  brought  forcibly  bi  fore  tho 
attention  of  the  Christians  of  America  by  Henry 
Obookiah,  who  Imd  died  just  on  tho  eve  of  his 
return  to  tho  land  \u'  had  left  as  a  boyish  ad- 
venturer. The  work  thus  commenced,  has  been 
the  wonder  of  the  Christian  world,  covering  not 
only  its  own  field,  but  extending,  in  ]s.^2,  into 
Micronesia,  and  gathering  such  fruits  that  nearly 
one  sixth  of  the  iiresent  membership  of  tlie 
Hoard's  mission  churches  is  found  in  the  islands 
of  tho  I'acitic. 

The  ten  years  from  IKl'.t  to  1H29  were  chiefly 
spent  in  strengthening  the  work  alreadv  com- 
menced ;  but  then  again  the  impulse  forward 
could  not  be  resisted.  Hriilgmaii  and  .Vbeil 
sailed  for  Canton  to  op<n  u]i  the  wonderful  em- 
pire of  the  Celestials.  Tlu'  next  year  Kli  Smith 
and  Dwiglit  conducted  one  of  tliose  grand  ex- 
jiloring  tours,  such  as  mission  eiiterpriso  has  so 
often  undertaken,  which  resulted  in  tho  com- 
menceiiieiit,  in  ls:il,  of  thestation  at  Cinstmiti- 
nople,  the  general  (iilargemeiit  of  work  iimoiig 
the  .\rmeniaiis  throiigliout  .\sia  Minor,  and  the 
establishment,  in  l!S:!t,  of  tho  mission  to  tho 
Xestoriaiis  at  Oroomiah,  I'ersia.  'J'lie  struggle 
of  the  Greeks  fiu' national  existence  had  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  Christian  world,  and  in  ISMl 
.Jonas  King  commenced  a  station  at  .Sthens. 
Abeel's  journey  from  Canton  to  Singajiore  and 
Hankok  resulted  in  tho  formal  oiiening  of  mis- 
sion work  in  those  places  two  and  three  years 
later.  Tho  slavery  question  and  the  etforts  of 
the  colonization  societies  had  excited  much  in- 
terest in  .\frica,  hardly  yet  known  even  as  the 
Dark  Continent,  and  the  Gaboon  mission  toCajie 
I'almas  on  tho  West  Coast  was  started  in  ls;j4, 
and  that  to  the  Zulus  in  Southeastern  .Vfrica  in 
is;!,").  Tho  passage  of  missionaries  liy  South 
America  on  their  way  to  the  Sandwich  Islands 
had  drawn  attention  to  the  shores  of  that  conti- 
nent, and  in  LSHi  an  exploring  exjiedition  was 
sent  to  Patagonia,  but  it  was  not  deemed  wise 
to  make  a  permanent  mission  there. 

The  rapid  opening  u])  of  .Tajian  to  foreign  in- 
fluences, conseipient  ujion  tho  treaties  and  tho 
overthrow  of  the  Shoguuate,  called  the  Hoard's 


'i      !! 


I 


-I 


A.  B.  O.  r.  M.  6 

nttontinn  to  that  eiuiiire,  iiiul  tlu>  I'u-st  mirtsion 
wiin  ('Htiililislii'il  ill  ISH'.I. 

'I'lii'i'n  j'Mi-K  liitir,  iiH  ;i  n'Miiltol'  tlid  (liKciission 
of  till!  (lUisUvm  lit'  till'  ccMiKiiiiy  ill  tlio  siipi'iiii 

tL'Il.ll'lUUI   of    llUIlCVIlll'Ilt  KIK'U'ticS  mill    llllllcr  tilt) 

griiit  pri'ssiut^  of  till'  cliiinlios,  tlic  Hoiird  iic- 
ccpti'il  tlin  work  tluit  liail  liitlifilo  lii'iii  ciirriiil 
oil  111  I'lipiil  liiiiils  liy  lliii  Aun'rii'iiii  iiiiil  roifii^ti 
Cliristiiiii  I'liioii,  mill  ill  \s'2  tlm  iiii«sioiis  to 
!S|>iuii,  Austria,  Itiil.v,  iiinl  Mexiro  wen;  ilmu^^- 
m-iit.i.l. 

'I'lii'  t'X|>loriitioiis  of  liivinnstoiui  iiiiil  Stiiiih  y 
111-  iii'^lit  u^^aiii  lii'foro  tin:  Clirisliiiii  worl.l  must 
viviilly  Hill  claiiiis  oC  Africa,  iiinl  tlii'grriit  striihs 
of  Isliuii  cuiiilmsi/ivl  tlui  lU'i'il  of  II  ri)rfi's|iiiiiiliTii^ 
iiilviinc'i'of  ('liristiiiiiity,  'I'lu!  Jdmnl,  iiii\i.iiis  to 
outer  tliii  work,  yet  fiiiriii;4  t.'  cripiilK  wlm'.  wii.-i 
nlrt'iidy  ln'i^uii,  iK'sitiUod  until  tlio  nun  .liccut 
lii'i|iii'st  of  As;v  t)tis,  luiioiintiiij;  ultiiu  i  dy  to 
oviu' oni)  luiUioti  of  (Inlliirs,  miulu  it  po.-.  iililc  to 
do  wlmt  tlu'V  hud  loii^;  fidt  not  only  (Irsinvlplo 
liut  iiiipcnitivt',  iind  in  isso  and  ls,s;t  niis.sions 
wure  rst.il)Iislu}d  to  Wust  iiiid  lliist  Ci-utriil  Africa. 
*J)iiriiit4  tlit'so  years  a  niiiulK'r  of  new  niis^ions 
were  stiirtt'd,  us  thn  Assyria  Mission  in  Ih'jI, 
EuropiMin  'I'lirkcy  (Kult^iiriu)  in  1«71,  l-'oocliow 
ftud  North  China  in  ISlTiiiid  ls."il,  etc.,  liiit  lluy 
wore  all  rather  tlm  expansion  of  existiiii,'  niis- 
Bions  and  the  division  necessary  in  order  to 
ellicient  suiiervision  than  new  undertakini^s. 

In  ls.")7  tlu!  Aiiioy  Missimi  in  China  anil  the 
Aroot  Mission  in  India  were  Imndod  over  to  th 
Uetoriued  (Dutch)  Jioiird,  iind  in  ]H7()  when  the 
Now  School  I'roshyteriaiis  also  withdrew,  the 
I'tTsiiin,  Syrian,  and  Gaboon  missions  and  two 
of  tho  ludiim  njissiona  woro  transferred  to  their 
care. 

'I'ho  other  missions  to  tlio  North  .Vmerican  Ind- 
ians were  either  developed  iiit.>  self-supportiiiL; 
churches  or  wero  placed  under  tho  care  of  the 
Home  .Missionary  Scicieties,  tho  last  lieini^  that 
to  tho  Dakotus,  transferred  to  the  A.  M,  A.  iu 
188;j. 

The  Christianized  Sandwich  Islands  were  also 
removed  from  the  eatei^ory  of  forei^'ii  missions 
in  1.S71,  thouj^h  missionaries  continued  to  reside 
there  and  labor  in  ooniiiH'tion  with  tho  Hoard. 

Subjoined  is  an  historical  eatalo},'iie  of  tho  mis- 
Binns  that  are  now  or  have  been  connected  with 
the  J!  lard.  The  f,'eueral  Htatistics  of  tho  work 
will  be  found  in  the  .Viipendices. 

In  re;j!ard  to  develojiment  of  methods  of  work, 
the  A  Ji.  C  F.  M.  has  always  taken  n  foremost 
rank  amoni^  tho  missionary  societies  of  the 
world.  Those  methoils  in  general  will  be  found 
treated  iinih>rii  special  liead,  "  Methods  of  Mis- 
sionary Work."  It  is  only  needful  hero  to  state 
that  iu  their  discussion  the  i)osition  occupied  by 
the  Hoard  audits  missions  has  been  iit  nil  times 
thnt  tho  great  object  was  the  establishment  of 
independent  self-supporting  native  churches. 
The  great  ipiestions  of  education,  church  rela- 
tion, polity,  liave  always  been  looked  at  in  their 
bearing  upon  this  great  object.  Tho  peculiar 
cosmopolitan  character  of  the  Hoard  has  helped 
much  in  this  regard.  There  have  been  occa- 
sional elt'orts  to  turn  it  into  distinctive  denom- 
inational lines,  l)ut  they  have  not  as  j-et  Biic- 
ceeiled. 

HI.  ('fnisfifii'ion  ami  Orf/'iiiizrifion. 
— Tho  A.  H.  C,  F.  M.  is  a  coiupany  incorpo 
rated  nn.ler  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Massii- 
chusetts,  U.S. .v.,  "for  the  purpose  of  jiropa- 
gating  the  (rospel  in  heathen  lands  by  sup- 
porting   missionaries    and   diffusing   a   knowl- 


\  A.  B.  O.  r.  M. 

edge  of  tho  Holy  Scriptures.' '  It  is  coiupoHed 
of  2'j;t  (INM'.I)  corporate  members,  of  « holii 
one  third  are  by  law  laymen,  one  third  cler- 
gymen, and  till!  reniainliig  third  may  bo 
eiioseli  from  either  of  these  two  classes.  It  i.H 
Silt  lurpetiiating,  having  full  and  sole  power  to 
fill  all  vacancies  in  its  own  b.idy,  elect  olUcers, 
and  givi'  tiiial  decision  on  all  matters  n  luting  to 
the  iiuinagemeiitol  the  iiiissiiiiis  niiiler  ilschurgo. 
It  has  no  ecclesiastical  i-huraeter  or  relations,  IU) 
organic  connections  with  any  ehunli  or  body  of 
churches,  Iind  is  aiiienuble  to  no  authority  except 
that  of  the  Li  gislaturcof  the  State  of  M.issachu- 
setts,  and  to  that  only  as  it  violates  the  terms  of 
its  charter.  The  fiut  that  it  is  so  conipleli  ly  a 
close  corporation  has  both  it  sad  vantages  and  dis- 
advantages. It  insures  a  continuity  and  business 
unity  and  responsibility  that  it  would  be  far 
iii(U-e  diHieult  to  siciire  in  a  luidy  subject  to  tho 
varying  eliaiiges  of  popular  opinion,  and  tho 
fad  that  no  banking  lum^e  in  the  world  has  a 
wider  or  more  substantial  credit  in  business  cir- 
cles is  an  eloi|iieiit  witness  to  the  skill  with 
which  lis  iilVans  are  conducted.  On  the  other 
hand,  such  an  orgaiiizalioii  comes  far  more  eas- 
ily lie  ''r  the  ]iractieal  control  of  a  faction  which 
may  i.iny  out  its  own  particular  views  regard- 
less ot  those  of  the  communily  at  laigi .  Tho 
fact  that  this  has  imt  been  the  case,  but  that  the 
Hoard,  during  ,x  peri-  1  of  seventy-nine  years,  has 
held  the  unwiivenie  conlidence  and  siippiut  of 
tho  churches  of  the  ongregational  body  iis  well 
as  of  the  I'resbyterian  and  Iieformed  (I)utch) 
churches,  during  their  connection  with  it,  is  ii 
tribute  to  the  large-iiiindediiess  of  its  nioniber.s, 
which  goes  fur  to  overbear  any  I'rilicisms  that 
may  be  made.  Of  late,  however,  it  has  seemed 
to  some  desirable  to  Iind  a  method  by  w  liicli  tho 
Hoard,  without  violating  its  charter,  may  como 
into  closer  union  with  its  eonstitueiiey,  and  such 
a  change  will  undoubtedly  be  ell'eeted. 

Tho  regular  meetings  of  the  Hoard  are  held 
annually  in  dilferent  sections  of  the  country, 
commencing  ordinarily  on  tho  tirst  Tuesday  iu 
October,  and  closing  on  Friday.  They  have  be- 
come an  institution  not  excclleil  in  its  wide  in- 
llu<!nce  by  any  other  for  spreading  an  iutere.i-t 
in  foreign  missions,  and  have  drawn  such  in- 
creasing crowds  in  attendanio  that  they  proved 
to  be  a  burden  to  the  churches  that  invited 
them,  so  that  sorely  against  their  wishes  the 
Hoard  has  been  compelled  to  circunisiiribe  tho 
invitations  that  have  hitherto  been  sent  out 
broadcast. 

Tho  actual  business  of  tho  lioard  is  intrusted 
to  n  Prudential  Comniitteo  consisting  of  tho 
President,  Vice  President  and  ten  luembers— 
five  laymen  and  live  clergymen  — and  to  the 
executive  ofKcers,  at  i)resent  two  Foreign 
Secretaries,  one  Homo  Secretary,  a  Field  Secre- 
tary, Editorial  Secretary,  Treasurer,  and  ( leueral 
Agent.  The  committee  meets  every  Tuesday 
afternoon  at  tho  rooms,  at  1  Somerset  Street, 
Hoston,  The  officers  attend  tho  deliberation, 
but  have  no  vote.  They  iiresmt  nil  matters 
liertuining  to  the  w  orkiiud  administration  of  tho 
Hoard,  and  carry  out  the  decisions  of  the  com- 
mittee. The  fidelity  with  which  the  comniitteo 
performs  its  work  is  instanced  by  the  f.ict  that 
the  average  weekly  attendance  of  eight  of  the 
members  for  tho  tifly-two  meetings  of  one  year 
WHS  seven.  JIany  of  tliiiu  are  active  business 
men  ;  all  servo  gratuitously. 

Tho  othees  occupied  ill  the  earlier  years  (f 
tho  Hoard's  history  wore  chiefly  s'.uall  rooms  iu 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


lyi'iirs  (■( 
ooiiis  iu 


tcii.iiniit  hoiisoH,  except  from  IH'Jd  to  18:11  whfii 
tlii'V  \vciii  iu  ilii)  liiisiiiit'iit  (pf  l>r.  Lviimn  licicli- 
(•r's  <-lini<'li  ill  lliiuovcr  Strict.  In  1h;is  tlii> 
Mission  lliiiisoiit  IViiiticrlon  Si|imri' was  Iniill. 
Wli.Ti  till'  ni'W  CnnKiT^jiitiiiiml  lloui-i!  was  inuu. 
^^ul•at(•<l,  it  was  furncslly  ilrsiriii  tliat  tlu'  llnanl 
slioiilil  ia(>vt>  tlifir  ijuartrrs.  Aiinr.liiinly,  llir 
l.uil.liiiti  in  r.Mil>crt(m  Sniiari'  was  Iciis.mI,  iiiul 
thu  jiiiHTcils  iiaytlio  rental  of  tlio  new  and  com- 
uiniliiius  ri'iMiis  at  Ni>.  1  Sonicrsit  Street. 

The  ai'lual  Imsiness  of  the  lioanl  may  hechissi- 
lleil  iimh  r  three  lieails  :  (1)  Tlie  srh'etiim  ami 
iilipointuient  (if  niishidliarn's  ;  cJ)  'rheeolleetion 
anil  nianat^ementof  the  fiimlsfdr  tla  ';r  sujiiiurt  ; 
(:)|  The  ediidnct  of  the  furei'^n  missinns. 

1.  The  (irdinary  metlmd  of  Kchn'tion  of  mis- 
ni;-)nar]es  is  for  candid. iles  t"  lireseut  tn  some  oiiu 
of  tho  secri'taries  a  formal  apiilication  express- 
ini,'  tlu'ir  desire  to  enter  iiiioii  thc^  foreit;n  work. 
The  secretary  then  wends  a  coiiy  of  the  Mannal 
of  the  Hoard,  witli  certa-ii  iiuestions,  to  which 
the  caiulidato  replies.  Slioiihl  thcsu  rcjilies  s<,'em 
in  the  opiiiion  of  tho  secretaries  to  re  nder  fur- 
ther (piestioiKS  useful,  they  lire  asked  ;  and,  if 
jiractii'ahle,  ii  personal  interview  is  oUtained 
wherein  the  wliide  (piestioii  is  oono  over  in  de- 
t  lil.  After  full  consideration  on  formal  appli- 
cation, tho  caudiduto's  name  is  iin'seiitnl  to  tho 
I'rndential  Committee,  and,  if  favorably  acted 
upon,  the  <'andidato  is  appointed.  Arran};e- 
nients  are  then  made  for  an  assi^fiUK'nt  to  somo 
ndssion  field,  the  commission  signed,  and  the 
candidate  becomes  ii  regular  aecrediti'd  agent 
of  the  Hoard. 

2.  Tho  collection  of  funds.  In  its  early  his- 
tory there  was  a  largo  nundjcr  of  district 
agencies,  but  it  was  finally  <lecided  to  retain 
only  two,  one  in  New  York  and  one  in  Chicago, 
ami  to  rely  more  upon  the  interest  and  efforts 
of  tho  pastors  of  the  churches.  Thisri'sulted  in 
ft  great  saving  in  tho  oxjienso  of  a.ljuinistration, 
and  tho  increased  reliance  upon  the  churches 
has  proved  to  be  well  fo\indcd.  With  the  ex- 
ccjition  of  somo  invested  fund.s,  the  I'cmberton 
Scpiare  property,  and  tho  two  great  legai'ies  de- 
voted by  special  vote  to  certain  distini'l  lines, 
th(!  whole  income  of  tho  Hoard,  ranging  from 
S'.'ll'.'.'p'i  the  first  year,  to  over  )j;(;()(l,(M)U  in  somo 
later  years, has  been  gathered  from  tho  churches 
and  individuals  in  sums  ranging  from  a  few- 
cents  to  several  tl'.ousand  dollars.  There  is  a 
most  complete  scrutiny  of  all  financial  trausac. 
tions,  and  tho  linuncial  credit  of  tho  Hoard  is  of 
the  highest. 

Tho  committee  after  making  a  careful  esti- 
mate as  to  tho  amount  tliat  may  reasonably  be 
expected  from  the  churches,  divide  that  among 
tho  different  luissions  according  to  their  best 
judgment,  and  each  mission  is  notilied  of  the 
amount  within  w  hich  it  must  bring  its  estinuito. 
It,  as  is  invariably  tlio  case,  the  anuuint  does 
not  Cf>ver  even  tho  necessary  expenditures,  to 
say  nothing  of  what  would  be  advantagecuis,  tho 
mission,  at  its  annunl  meeting,  divides  those 
estimates  into  two  classes:  (1)  Keg\dai',  within 
tho  limit  set  by  tho  committee,  including  sal- 
aries  of  missionaries  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
native  helpers,  rentals,  general  administrative 
expenses,  etc.  ;  (2)  Contingent,  including  in 
order  of  importance  all  other  items.  These 
estimati's  are  sent  in,  and  after  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  lioard  in  October  are  acted  up. in. 
The  regular  estimates  are  accepted  and  returned 
to  the  missions  as  ajipropriatious.  .Should  tho 
income  be  more  favorable  thau  has  been  autici- 


jiated,  tho  contingent  OHtinmtes  are  acted  ujion 
and  letiirned  as  appropriations. 

;i.  Conduct  of  the  foreign  missions.  Tho 
missionaries  aio  regularl\  accredite<l  agerits  of 
tho  Hoard,  orgaiii/i d  into  bodies,  with  olliceis 
Imving  n  giilar  meetings  and  conducting  their 
affiius  on  a  strictly  business  basis,  and  have  no 
(  cilcsiasticid  charaiter  orn  lalions.  Tin'  Hoard 
has  full  ]iowcr  of  appointment  and  dismissal, 
and  alisoluto  authority  lor  limd  <lecision  iii  all 
matters,  from  which  tlu  re  is  no  aiijieal.  Tho 
details  id'  administration  aie  naturally  almost 
cntirily  left  to  tho  locjil  missions  and  stations, 
but  the  Hoard  rose  rves  its  right  to  step  in  and 
reverso  any  ilecision  of  the  missions,  'i'hat  dur- 
ing a  perioil  of  seventy  nine  years,  there  has 
been  no  case  of  serious  difficulty  is  a  marked 
triliute  to  the  tact,  courtesy,  and  wisdom  of  the 
management. 

Stafcimnts  of  tin-  t/ij}tf(nf  Mis- 
sion n, 

I.   India,  vv.om  ■nu:  iiiisr  l-_'  Missions,  riiEsENT 

M'MIIKK,  II. 
1.  .}['ir<llli!  Mm.siiiii.  Messrs.  Newell  andJud- 
s  111,  with  their  wives,  reache<l  Calcutta  via  tho 
"Caravan,"  on  June  17th,  iMlli.  The  Hritish 
I'.ast  India  Comiianj  wiis  at  that  time  all- 
liowerfiil  in  India,  and  inimiL'al  to  the  mis- 
sionary Wdrk.  fearing  lest  it  should  affect  (he 
relations  of  the  company  with  the  native  states, 
and  thus  intcrhre  with  trade-,  and  tho  new 
missionaries  W(  ro  ordered  home  in  the  vessel 
that  brought  them.  Their  distress  was  gri'at, 
but  was  relieved  by  a  uiodiffcation  of  tho  order 
allow  ing  tiiem  to  go  whi^ro  they  phased,  so  that 
they  leave  tlm  territories  suhject  to  the  com- 
pany. Jleaiilime,  Messrs.  Xott,  Hall,  and  liice, 
in  the  "  Harmony,"  had  reached  Mauritius 
and  sent  word  to  their  brethren  of  a  favor- 
able reception  and  an  ojieiiing  for  missionary 
work,  .\ccordingly,  on  .Vugust  -Ith,  Mr.  and 
Jlrs.  Newell,  as  there  was  not  room  for  all  the 
four  in  tlu!  vessel,  embarked  for  Mauritius, 
which  jdace  they  reached  in  November.  They 
liad  buried  their  lirstborn  at  sea,  and  on  No- 
vember ;i(lth  Mrs.  Newi  11  died.  The  memoir  of 
this  noble  wdmaii  has  done  iiuK  h  to  kiiidlo 
missionary  zeal  in  the  home  land.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Judson,  having  changed  their  views  in  ref- 
erence  to  bajitism,  withdrew  from  tho  Hoard 
and  commenced  tho  Haptist  mission  in  Hur- 
Uiali.  A  similar  (diange  also  took  place  in  .Mr. 
Itice's  mind  and  ho  returned  to  the  I'nited 
States  to  enlist  the  American  Haptist  churches 
in  the  work.  'I'his  was  tlio  origin  of  tho  Ameri- 
'  I'.i  Haptist  Missionary  Tnioii  (([.  v.).  Messrs. 
Hall,  Nott.  and  I'.ice  reached  Calcutta  in  tho 
"  Harmony  "  in  the  beginning  of  ,\ugust,  and 
were  ordered  to  return  immediately.  .\fter 
much  anxiety  and  many  vicissitudes  the  two 
former,  Mr.  Hico  having  separated  from  them, 
as  already  mentioned,  found  tliemselves  on 
rebruary  llth,  IHIIJ,  at  liombay,  whose  new- 
governor.  Sir  Evan  Nepeau,  was  a  vice  ]>resi- 
(bait  of  the  ]!.  and  1".  Hible  Society,  and  a  cor- 
dial friend  of  missions.  Hut  complications 
arose  which  subjected  them  to  severe  trials, 
anxiety,  and  oven  imprisonment.  On  Apiil  lOth, 
181-1,  the  new  charter  of  the  East  India  Com- 
l>any  went  into  effect.  This  charter  recognized 
the  right  of  missionaries  to  reside  in  India,  but 
contained  provisions  which  left  it  doubtful 
whether  the  American  missionaries  would  be 
vet  allowed  to  remain.     The  matter  came  be- 


A.  B.  o.  r  M. 


70 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


forti  thii  iliri'ctors  nf  tli«  cninpmiy  in  I.tmildii. 
aiiil  u  ri'Hiiliiiiiin  wiw  in'csiiiti  il  iciihiiiiii.;  nil 
tlu'iv  si'i-MiiilH  who  hill  iilii'ttc  il  IliM  iiiissidiiiu'irM, 
iwul  riMiuiriiij,'  tin'  iiMiinviil  (jI  Ihi'  Aiiii'iiciiii  ims- 
Hiiiimrii'X  Iimih  tlm  cdiiiihiiiv's  imsscsNiiiiiM  in  In- 
(liu  'I'luj  viiiiM'iiIpIc  Cliiirlcs  (iiiint  iircKiiilcil 
nil  iii'nniiirnt  (ii'liiiclin;,'  tliti  iiiissiniiiirics.  Jlis 
iir^iinii'nt  proviiilcil,  iirnl  the  iiiiHHiiiniirit's  wci'ii 
iillo«iil  lo  riMimiii,  tlioiij^li  tlii'v  wcri"  lift  in 
iinxiolv  iiH  til  till'  ilorisiiin  until  simic  tiiiii'  in 
till)  lii'\t  yimr.  Tliiis  whm  jiliinti'il  I  In'  AnnTinin 
Hoiiril's  liist  foii);^n  mission  Mr.  Ni'Wi  II, 
borrl't  of  wifo  anil  rliilil,  I'liihuilii'il  ill  .Miiiiriliiis 
in  II  I'lirtiinuusn  vi'ssi'l  wliii'li  «as  tn  toiirli  iit 
Ci'ilim.  Airivi'tl  iit  I'nint  ilr  ( iiillr,  lin  liiiini  il 
timt  liin  lirntliivn  wi'ii'  iit  llniiiliiiy.  Ililicvin;,' 
tliiit  tlii'y  uoiili)  not  III'  iilliiwi'il  to  I'l'iiiiiin  nt 
lioiiil)iiy,  iiiul  lirinn  iissiiriil  of  tlir  jiroti  itiim  of 
thu  dovcrnoi'  of  Ci'ylun  Im  rnj^ii^^'i'il  willi  fiTinr 
in  tliu  Work  tlirri!  until  .liiiniiiry  'JHili  |ni  |. 
wiicn  111!  riTrivi'il  iMli'llli,'fnri'  wliicli  iiulurril 
Liiu  to  Join  lii-i  bi'itlMt'n  in  lionilmy.  'lio' 
wnik  proi'i'iili'il  slow  ly  In  the  coiirsii  of  tin'  .^  iiii' 
Mr.  Notts  lii'iiltli  faili'il.  Sii'knoss  iinil  (lialli 
worn  frt>i|iiint  f\|ii'rii'ni'i'S.  Viiirs  imssnl  ln'- 
foro  llm  lirst    llinilu  whs  convirtiil.     Hut   llio 

niissioriiirii.'s   nrvrr    fiiltrri'it.       Oi luliuiltiil 

into  till'  (!.)untry,  liritisli  sfiitiiufiii  iil  liour'  iiml 
lintisli  [i,nvi<r  in  Irnlia  Ini'iuim  tluir  |iroti'L'ti  m. 
ItoMiliiiy  is  iin  intriiisiiiilly  dillicult  tielil,  iiiul 
tliii  rciipurs  liivvi)  lint  ri'joi.'i'd  us  tlio  iilaiitrrs 
toii.iil.  hut  .Viui'rii'.iii  Inarts  heat  warmly  ut 
Ufntion  of  this  "  riymouth  "  of  tlio  .Vmirii'an 
Fori'i^^n  Missionary  I'liti'rpriso.  liy  si'liools, 
Christian  liti-ratiiri'.  /I'liaim  work,  itinrraiit 
liroacliiiii,',  ilMVflopiiitnt  of  native  au;i'iii'y,  cti'., 
tlu)  slroiiL^holils  of  crui'lly,  lii'rutioiisni  ks,  iin.l 
siiprrstition  liiivo  biTii  assailril.  anil  now  thu 
Marat'ii  >[is-iioii,  whii'h  inclnihs  a  ]i.ipuhitiiin 
of  oi-i'r  :i.o:ii»,(Mll),  ilistrihutcil  in  :i(l  citii's  anil 
3,57(1  villa.;i's,  has  7  stations,  11(1  lUit  stations, 
V,i  lualo  anl  I"  fcmal  i  iiiissioiiiuics,  ,'l:!  I'lnurhrs, 
l.'.t^S  CiiiMmiinicants,  (;,'J-2I.  aillu'niits,  ■.t,U'H 
pupils  uinliT  instriM'tion,  :2'.iS  native  lahori'i's, 
find  till'  nativo  c.intrihutioiis  for  Inmh-HK 
ftiiiounti'il  to  S'2,:!()(l.  liiirinj^  tins  past  ihrailo 
the  ori,'aiiizi'il  cIhu'i'Iu's  havu  iniTi'asi.'d  Tid  prr 
cent.,  cliiiri'li  iiii'iulnTship  7(1  jut  ci'nt.,  and 
pupils  in  schools  fourfold.  .V  hij^hsi'honl  for 
thu  chihlron  of  iiativu  ( 'hristiaiis  in  Komlmy, 
estalilishud  in  1S77,  was  the  lirst  in  India  t.i 
adopt  thu  jilali  of  CO  cduuatioii.  It  has  !.")(( 
pu|)ils  am.  2  hoarding,'  dr])artmuiits.  Kvi-ry 
niumliur  of  th'^  i!  uppur  I'lasscs  is  a  pro- 
fessi-d  (Miristian.  Thu  mistsion  colluj.;!!  at 
Ahniadnaf^ar  has  wiui  a  hi'^h  jilacu  for  itsulf  in 
govurniiiont  ustuciii,  as  li.is  also  thu  j^irls'  suliool 
at  thu  saiiiu  jdauu.  ,V  most  imjiortant  work  is 
beini^  aciiomplishu.l  by  tho  industrial  suhool  at 
Siriir,  which  lias  rucuivud  special  commiiidation 
from  (iucun  Viutoria.  Thruu  liif^h-castu  twirls' 
schools  in  thu  suburbs  of  15onibay  liavu  been 
established,  and  one  at  Sirur.  Kpucial  atten- 
tion is  Hiven  to  villa|.;o  schools,  while  the  work 
nmoni^  the  woujcn  is  vi;;oronsly  piislud  in  the 
districts  by  means  of  medical  and  preachini^ 
tours,  the  visits  of  lUble  women  and  other 
agencies.  Ent^lisli  otlicials  make  (generous  con- 
tributions, in  token  of  their  ajipreeiation  of  the 
work,  and  government  grants-in-aid  to  tho  niis- 
Bion  schools  for  work  satisfactorily  done  and 
tested  by  strict  examination  are  made  from 
vear  to  year.  In  18HH-«',I  these  grants  amounted 
to  s^'.ioo. 
2.   Ceylon. — Of  this  island  the  American  Board 


oi'ciipiis  the  greater  portion  of  thu  nortlnrn 
puninsiila  of  >lalVMa,  which  is  puoph  d  by  about 
;iil(),l>lMI  'i'amils,  with  a  sprinkling  10,1111(1)  oi: 
Moliammciliin  traders,  'liiu  I'mtugiiiNe,  com- 
Miiticing  with  I,(il7,  tried  to  luopauatu  Kotiian 
Christianity;  iii'arl,v  hall  a  cuiiliiiy  lalur  tho 
|)illcli  took  possession  and  attiMipli  d  to  evaii- 
guli/u  thu  puoplu  by  uoiiipiilsion  Hut  in  l^ld, 
when  the  .\muriciin  missionaries  opiiieil  tluir 
Work,  all  traces  of  rrolustaiit  ( 'hri-.lianily  had 
disappeari'il,  Ihoiigh  many  Koiiian  ('alhulii's 
Were  foiiiid.  Niwill  had,  ill  IHI  I,  strongly 
recomiiieii.led  .latViui  as  a  place  to  liu  occiipiid 
by  a  iiiissioii,  iind  wluii,  on  Jiiiiu  'Jlst,  IHb'i, 
liaiiiel  I'our  and  his  coinpaiiions  wi  ru  set  apart 
to  missionary  work  al  Ncwbiirypoit,  Mass.,  it 
was  cNpeclid  thai  the  gnutur  part  of  tin  in 
would  ustablisli  a  iiiisnioii  in  the  northein  pint 
of  Ceylon.  (Ml  Miueh  li'Jd  of  the  follow  in  g  .M  ar, 
llicliards,  Meigs.  I'oor  and  jlanlwell  ariiM  d  at 
Colombo.  Ceylon,  iiiid  after  some  monihs' du- 
teiiliiui  there  liicliiirds,  Meigs,  and  idor  arrived 
ill  Jaffnapataiii,  with  permission  to  instruct 
youth,  preai'h  thu  (iosjiel,  establish  a  j'Tcs, 
and  do  whatever  should  be  iiecessaiy  to  forward 
the  object  of  the  missii  n.  Uardwell  joined  the 
liombay  brethren  'I'lie  Ceylon  Mission  liegan 
at  liatticotta  and  'I'illiiially  in  the  ruins  of  two 
I'ortilguese  churches  older  than  the  si  tlleliieiit 
of  .\liierica,  and  at  Oodooville,  in  the  residence 
of  all  ancient  I'lMiieiscan  fiiar.  lieviMils  suun 
commenced  in  this  mission,  where  the  lirst 
native  convert  of  the  American  lloaiils  mis. 
sions  was  brought  toChrist.  In  IS'J('>  the  lliilti- 
ciitta  Semiimr.v  WHS  established.  It  continued 
doing  good  Will k  till  ]^■")l^  In  1.S72  .IhIIiih  Col 
luge,  supported  by  endow  iiniits  rai>eil  in  .\iiier- 
icii  and  JiitTua,  was  opeind.  It  has  about  70 
students,  all  III  ardi  rs,  imying  their  own  ex- 
penses. It  has  come  to  be  well  known  for  its 
high  educatioiiHl  chiiracter  and  i  arm  si  Clais- 
tiiin  spirit,  tlu^  guiit  mnjorily  of  its  stiidintH 
having  becomu  Cliristiaiis.  'Ihu  Oodooville 
l-'eiiiale  Hoarding  School  was  started  in  iH'iO. 
It  is  self  su]iiiorting,  depending  on  its  endow, 
meiit  and  the  tuition  lees  of  pupils  to  supple- 
ment thu  government  grant  in  aid.  It  liii.s 
trained  l.ddO  girls  for  the  Church,  mostly 
from  heathen  homes.  A  training-school  at 
'I'illypally  and  a  girls'  scliool  at  Oodooiiitty  are 
also  doing  a  good  work  at  a  very  small  ex|ieiise 
to  the  lioard.  The  former  teaches  eabiiiot- 
making,  tin-work,  bookbinding,  jirintiiig,  laxi- 
dermv,  photography,  and  masonry.  ( Ki-r  1(10 
meilical  men  Imvc  been  triiined  in  this  mission. 
About  H,00()  pui>ils  (I.CdO  of  them  girls)  in  l^i) 
village  schools  under  missionary  control,  but  at 
a  very  slight  exjiense  to  the  Jioard,  is  a  strong 
jioint  in  the  work.  The  lirst  native  pastor  was 
ordained  in  ].S.').").  There  are  now  Id.  Of  15 
native  churches  10  are  self  su)i|iorting.  The 
contributions  of  the  natives  aveiage  lilt  per  year, 
or  the  eiiuivalent  of  .'Id  days'  wages.  A  For- 
eign Missionary  Society  (native)  sniijiorts  It 
preachers  in  tho  islands  to  tho  southwest  of 
Jaffna.  Tent-work,  moonlight  meetings,  and 
house-to  house  visitation  are  among  the  means 
employed.  During  the  past  twenty  years  the 
church  membership  has  increasid  from  4112  to 
1,44'2  ;  Hible  women,  from  none  to  2'.l  :  the  jiupilH 
and  teachers  connected  with  institutions  of 
higher  education  have  increased  threefold,  and 
the  aanio  may  be  said  of  tho  village  educational 
work. 
3.  Madura, — The  British  Government,  having 


A.  B.  o.  r.  M. 


71 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


iiiliiiilli'il  tlin  lirst  fow  iiii.-iHiiiniirii's  tn  rinlin, 
Ht(>iiilily   rtituHcil   Id   iidiiiit    (iiIuth  until    1h;):!. 

III  Hint  vi'iir  lliii  riHtrictiiiii  wax  niimvi'il,  iiml 
tlm  Ci'vloii  Missuiii  iffi'ivi  il  u  ii'  fiifmi'i  imiit 
whirli  in.ililiMl  il  til  I'sliilillsli,  ill   1h:;|,  till'  Mil- 

(lliril    MiHSIoll    lllMi>Ilt{    tllc  'rmilll    |l('n|il>'    nll     tlin 

CdliliiU'iit.  Tliis  ilislriil  riivirs  iiliinit  I0,7i"l 
Hiiiiiiro  mill's  (if  Iciritiu'.v,  iiinl   lins  ii  |in|iiilMlinii 

of    iilpiiut  ■J.IIS.l.lllHI.      'I'lm  "  ('Dllci'tiirati' "  i i- 

lirisi'M  till)  .Miidiii'ii  illsliii't  inopcr,  tin'  Itiinlii^iil 
Hill)  livisiiiii  mill  tli«  Iwii  cstiitt's  (if  Itiiiiiiiiiil  mill 
Siviij^iiii^^ii.  'I'lio  A.  i;  ('.  1''.  M.  worU  cxtcmls 
(ivcr  nil  tlio  (.!.)lli'('l(iiiiti',  ('xccpt  II  imrtidii  (if  tlm 
lliiiiiimil  I'stiilii  nil  tlio  sen  I'iMist,  wliicli  is  (ii'i'ii- 
jiit'd  liy  till)  S.  J'.  (1.,  of  J'',iij;liiii(l.  'I'lic  'riiiiiil 
in  siin'kmi  liy  l,":iii.(i-iii,  Tl■lll^;u  1  y  :tii7,i;:i7, 
.Sunitti  liy  :iO,."i|ii,  lliiKlnstniii  Uy  IJ,^""  (M'l- 
hiiiiiiiimliiiiMi,  Miinitlii  liy  i.ll.'i"  ^Itniliiimiis). 
Liinlisli  \^  spiikcii  liy  a  viTy  tew,  Tliirticii 
oriliii'ii'il  inissiaiiiiricH,  '2  ot  tlnni  jiliysiciiiiis, 
1  teiiclicr,  anil  .!0  fi'iimln  iissistiiiit  inissioiiarics, 
1  of  tlu'iii  II  |iliysiciaii,  coiiiiinHd  tlm  forci^^ii 
iiiiHsioimry  foi'd';  I'.l  inistoi-s,  I'J'.I  catci'liists,  17 
oviiiif^i'lists,  2'"il  tfUiilicrs,  uiul  il")  Jiililo  Wdiiicii, 
tliH  niitivn  foroi).  Tlicio  iiio  Ml  ('iiniiiiciii 
ki'IiiiiiIh,  :t,(W'i:!  |iupils;  Id  Ktiition  liiiiinliiii^- 
hi'IiiioIh,  2">1  pupils;  I'asiiiiialal  Cnllij^iatu  and 
Tlii'olo^jiciil  Institute,  IIKI  pupils;  Madiini  dirls' 
Niniiai,  lli^^li,  and  Middl'  Schools,  l;i7  Jiilpils; 
Mi'liir  and  I'alum  Middlii  Si'lionls,  111.")  pupils; 
18  Hindu  ;,'iils'  si'liools,  7xs  pupils;  ti.lid  of 
jjiipils,  "),77'"i.  Tliii'd  iiri>  IJ  stations,  'SM\  out- 
st.ili'iiis,  ;itl  I'liiirclii'S,  :l,  l;t',l  cliiuidi  nicinlicrs, 
12,0:1(1  adln'rciits;  nativo  iiiciuih!  froiii  all  sourcfs 
in  lss;i,  >;7,2I)1.  Wlirii  tUo  inissionni-ii'S  in  1n;M 
took  up  tlicif  ri'siiliiii'i'  in  Madura  the  inllii- 
ential  Hindus  ticati'd  tliciii  with  haiiiihty  in- 
diff'l'i'iii'i',  and  tl'icd  t  i  pcisuiido  tha  [n'opli'  that 
thoy  wcru  outcasts  of  the  whilci  race.  When, 
however,  that  idea  was  dispelled,  and  Dr.  I'oor's 
vij^orous  educational  policy  was  (  ^talilished.  tho 
nati.'i^  allitndo  cliaiiL;eil  t  >  oiiposition,  luit  the 
inherent  power  of  tle^  truth  asserted  iisc  If  until 
the  si'^iis  of  pr'iiuis.!  hei'iiuui  such  as  to  call  forth 
from  liotli  lii'iti^h  ollicials  and  natives  of  inllii- 
eiice  the  ti'stimoiiy  that  Christianity  is  not  (Hily 
undermining,'  the  old  faiths,  Irit  permeating;  tho 
ideas  of  tho  country  and  the  lives  of  the  peoliUi 
t)  such  an  extent  a*  to  Justify  thii  iirediction  of 

h  r   linal   ( ipleto   triuniiih    in   the    country. 

W.irk  fur  woman  has  heen  prosecuted  with 
^reat  success.      In  tho  report  for  1.S74  wo  read  of 

IV  woman's  jirayer  iiieetiiiL;  of  aliout  IK)  in  an 
out  station,  cuiiluctcd  with  ^r.iit  tai't  and  prolit 
liy  the  wjfo  of  tho  native  pastor  '  a  slight  for 
the  Woman's  lioard  1 "  Native  liilile  women  in 
city  and  villau'o  teach  the  wiuueii  to  read  and  to 
think  and  "  to  I; now  Christ,"  whom  t  >  know  is, 
for  the  women  of  India,  life  temporal  as  well  as 
eti'rual.  Opjiosition  stirred  upliy  Hindu  preach- 
ers, in  till)  majority  of  instiuu-es  only  served  to 
cstalilisli  tho  faith  and  develop  t  he  eouraee  of 
tho  liililo  women,  and  test  tlu!  interest  of  tho 
heathen  pupils,  and  their  determination  to  learn 
at  all  haz.inls.  Many  wer(>  lieat(  n,  their  Itihles 
taken  from  them  and  torn  up  or  luunt  or 
locked  away,  liut  most  of  tho  wonieii  cniitin- 
ued  their  studies.  Tho  nindii  pirls'  schools 
established  in  each  important  town  of  tho 
mission  alTord  instruction  in  the  ordinary 
hraiudu's,  incliulin'^  needlework  and  the  l{ilil(\ 
to  nirls  between  the  ai,'es  of  8  and  i;i  or  It 
years.  The  Madura  Koniale  Normal  School 
oc^cnpies  an  important  iiosition  in  training 
female  teachers,  and"  in  proving  itself  worthy." 


In  1H81)  a  female  medical  missionary  trmtid 
'Jll.ool  casi  s,  and  in  tho  hospital  the  liible 
Women  and  missionary  ladies  enjoy  a  most  fa- 
\orable  opportunity  of  pn  acliiii;;  the  (iosp(l. 
'I'ho  whole  district  is  di\ided  into  13  slain. ns. 
.\  missionary  family  is  in  (•hal^;e  i<(  c.ieh  sta- 
tion. 'I'lie  native  pastors  are  siltlid  ill  llic 
central  \illav;(  s  or  tonus,  and  have  the  spiritual 
ovcrsi'.;ht  of  several  iieinhborinj;  villages,  win  re, 
as  far  as  possilile,  cate(diisls  uro  stationed. 
Kacli  iiioiilli  the  niissiumiry  meets  in  conferincii 
with  the  workeis  of  his  dislriet.  who  nalh(>r 
fr.ilii  the  :!l)  or  10  villae,  s  iiiid  tow  lis  to  get  IleW 
inspiralioii  and  direction  in  their  work. 

'I'he  I'asiimalai  liislitiitiiui,  with  its  lioardin;^ 
dciiarlmeiit  of  'ilHI  pupils,  its  normal  si'houl, 
theo|o^;icid  classes,  middle  and  lii^^li  schoiils  and 
colle^;e,  its  V.  M.  ('.  \.,  t^vmiiaslic  teaidur,  and 
hospital  assistant  to  look  afti  r  tho  health  of  tho 
llill  pupils,  is  well  or^,iiii/i-d  and  iloino  nn  in- 
valualih^  work.  It  has  furnished  tUo  field  with 
hundreds  of  native  helpers,  and  has  pn  pared 
many  yniinj;  men  for  the  .Madias  I'liiMrsity. 
In  IMH'.i  it  furnished  Id  workers  from  its  luu'- 
mal  and  thcoloj^ical  dipaitmeiits,  while  22  in 
the  lower  deimrtmeiits.  i  (I  llnni  from  tho 
heathen,  made  profusion  of  their  faith  in 
Christ,  liuriii'^  the  famine  of  1^77-78,  about 
Cll.ddl)  persons  in  Southern  India  cast  away  lln  ir 
idols  and  smiebt  Christian  i list i  net  ion  ;  2,2d7  of 
them  becaiiio  adherents  of  the  Madura  Mission. 
The  jubilee  of  the  mi.  ion  was  ceh  briited  at 
Madura  City  in  1881,  comnn  ncinn  I'ebniiiry 
211111.  For  threo  days  mcctinos  were  held,  at 
which  not  less  than  2.(idd  people  were  pnsdit. 
.V  procession  of  l.odd  Christians,  with  niiisii! 
and  liaiiiK  rs,  marched  throuj^h  tho  city,  iiassiiin 
in  front  of  tho  famous  heathen  tiiiiph!  sinf^iin.; 
Christian  hymns. 

'J'he  first  band  of  iiiissionaries  in  India  toihd 
for  years  without  piinim^  a  c.uivi  rt,  nevtrthc- 
less  .fiidson  well  exiiressed  their  faith  and  s|iirit 
when  ho  wrote  :  "  If  any  ask,  AVhat  iirospect  of 
ultimate  success  is  there':'  till  them,  .\s  imicli 
as  that  there  is  an  .\lmi^;llty  and  faithful 
(lod.  .  .  I  know  not  that  1  shall  live  to  see  a, 
siiiolo  convert;  but,  notwithstaiidini,',  I  f  1 1 1 
t' at  I  would  not  have  my  pres(  iit  situation 
to  bo  mad(^  a  kim^. "  Tho  l(  missions  of  tho 
A.  1>.  C.  l'\  M.  in  India  now  number  2i!  sta- 
tions, ;t71  out  stations,  l.or,.')  native  helpers,  81 
chuiches,  (!,Hri!)  nuuiibers.  Is.  1118  joipils  in 
sidiools,  rthile  tho  native  contributiiuis  diirintj 
th(>  year  1N8S-K!l  amounted  to  si  l.'.li'..").  Tho 
hidil  wdiicli  Christianity  has  ^;ainnl  in  tho  coun- 
try may  be  illustrated  by  the  failure  of  ort^iin- 
i/ed  attempts  made  by  Ilindiis  to  cluck  tho 
jiro^^ress  of  the  work.  Tracts  wcro  |iublislied, 
and  paid  agents  sent  out  to  circulate  them  and 
Jireiudi  against  Chiistianily.  One  of  the  tracts 
says:  ■'  l)o  you  not  see  that  the  number  of 
Christians  is  incnasiii};,  and  tho  number  of 
Hindu  relioionists  decreasing  every  day  'i*  How 
Ion;;  will  water  remain  in  a  well  which  con- 
tinually lets  out,  but  receives  nothitit; '/"  In 
Madura,  during;  1888-81),  a  determined  effort 
was  made  :  tlu^  lUbb'  and  Christianity  and 
Christians  were  abused;  fanatical  mobs  stoned 
the  Christian  iireacheis;  i  tforts  were  made  to 
draw  tho  children  from  Christian  schools  ;  but 
ultimately  tin-  leader  of  the  movement  was  coiii- 
jielled  to  li^avo  tho  city  in  disuraco.  having  been 
robbed  and  beaten  by  his  own  friends.  Ho  had 
even  to  be^  his  railway  fare  from  the  Christians, 
who  were  not  unwilling  to  give  it  to  Lim.     His 


mmi 


A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 


72 


A.  B.  O.  P.  M. 


i 


BUoeessor  iils.i  lift  llio  fuld,  nn.l  tlie  Cliiistiftii 
coniriuuiity,  liaviii^'  j^iiiiied  in  iiii'vi'  iiml  slrcii^th 
(liii'iiii;  till!  pi^rKtM'iuioii,  is  iIk^  bctti-i' pri'imrcil 
for  nil  inii'li  niDViniii'ius  in  tlic  tiituro. 

I  M  iilnis.  —  .Ml  ssrs.  Wiiislow  miil  ScnildiT 
stiii'ti'il  ci  nussinn  iit  Mudnn  in  IHItti,  thn  (lcsi^;ii 
bt'iML,'  that  it  shouLl  lie  cliiclly  ii  iirinliuj^  iinil 
l)lll)llsllin^'  cstiihlishin.  nt  for  tlie  litMiiitit  of  the 
wliolo  'I'lunil  riu'i!.  Wm'k  was  coniiMt'nct'iI  \114- 
oi'oiisly  in  nnili'.l  ondi  iiv.ns  with  the  L.  M.  S. 
inissinnnrios.  In  ISIiH  tho  niissidii  Imd  1(1 
sidionls,  with  r>0()  jiupils  iiiiilir  its  ciirL".  ami 
(lixtrilMitt'il  diirin;^  tlmt  year  Is.ddo  jmrtions  <if 
tho  SiTiptuiMs  and  Itll.lI'lO  tnii'ts,  'J'liu  iciioit 
for  IS  (J  sliiti's  tliiit  till'  whohi  iiiiiouiit  <d'  jirint- 
iiij;  from  tlio  Iv^ninnint^  of  tho  mission  Imd 
aiiioiintod  to  "lit.  1H(1, 1(17  ]iii;,'i's,  und  tlie  jiross 
Wiis  iihlo  not  only  to  ri'fiiiul  its  pundmsu-moni'y, 
but  to  Jiiiy  all  cxpiMises  and  dear  u  t,'oodly 
sum  for  tlm  mission  work.  Dr.  Scuddor  laliori'd 
till  lH.")t,  and  died  at  flit!  Capo  of  (iood  Hojie  in 
IH").').  Mr.  Window  continued  his  labors  till 
IHlM.  I'riMjui'nt  idiani^os  in  the  district  led 
to  its  occupation  by  other  societies  in  1H51, 
and  the  .Vrcot  district  became  a  separate 
mission.  It  never  was  the  jilan  of  the  commit- 
tee to  enlarge  the  Madras  Mission  any  further 
than  to  enable  it  to  accomjdish  its  (d)ject  of 
Jirintinj^  the  neees-iary  books  and  tracts  for  the 
Tamil  Mi.ssion.s.  .V  ^irand  total  of  iU.i'ill.iyM 
p  iL^es  hid  b.'en  printed,  and  the  appropriate 
work  of  tho  mission  had  been  so  far  accoiii- 
idished  that  it  was  consid.Ted  wise  to  discon- 
tinue the  mission,  especially  that  the  territory 
was  well  occupied  by  the  l'",iii^lish  societies. 
A''c  >rdinj,'ly,  the  priiitiiii^  establishment  was 
tr.msferri'd  to  other  h  iiids,  and  the  mission  was 
close  I  in  ISCC. 

o.  Arrol.  -  II.  M.  Scudd(>r  opened  a  station  at 
A.rcot  in  connection  with  the  Madras  Mission 
in  March,  1M.")().  Arcot  was  so^.n  erected  into  a 
Sep  irate  mission.  His  medical  skill  f^reatly 
facilitated  tho  work.  In  four  weeks  be  had  iU 
t.i 'M  iiatieiits  daily.  He  oitened  a  dispensary, 
Rj  enforcements  arrived,  and  other  stations 
were  opened.  'I'lie  missionaries  ros(dved  not  to 
encumber  their  etVorts  with  educational  estab- 
lishiui-nts,  but  ])reach  to  the  masses.  Chnrehes, 
however,  were  formed,  ami  scdiools  established, 
not  for  heathen  chiblren,  but  to  train  helpers. 
Tracts  and  books  in  Tamil  and  Teluj^u  were 
jirepared  and  I'lstributed.  In  1M.")7  the  mission 
hid  t  stations,  1  out-station,  o  iiiissi(Uiaries, 
1  i)'iysician,  o  female  assistant  missionaries, 
4  hdpers.  o  schoolmasters,  .">  churches,  with 
l'.i('>  communicants  ;  (1  s(diools,  with  !()(!  pupils. 
The  mission  was  establislieil  by  two  sons  of  Dr. 
J.din  Scudder,  and  at  tho  time  of  its  transfer- 
ence, in  ls."i8,  to  the  care  of  the  lieformed 
Dutch  Church,  it  was  manned  by  his  five  roiih, 
all  members  of  that  church.  (.See  article  lie- 
formed  | Dutch]  Church.) 

Ci.  SihD'ttrn.  —  J{evK.  Samuel  Munson  and 
Hi'ury  Lyman,  with  their  wives,  embarked  in 
lH:t:t  to  explore  the  Indian  Andiipelago.  They 
reached  Hatavia  in  September.  There  tlie.y  left 
thoir  wives,  and,  visitini;  many  ])oints,  collected 
much  information.  Keachin^,'  Tapanooly,  in 
Suuiitra,  they  proceedeil  to  visit  the  H'lttas  of 
the  int(^rior.  Advancing,'  only  10  or  12  miles 
a  day,  on  account  of  the  ditth'ulties  of  the 
journey,  they  reached  tho  villat^e  of  Sacca  on 
June  28th,  XH'M.  A  ])etty  war  was  in  jiroHress, 
and  the  missionaries  fell  victims  to  tho  sus- 
picious rage  of  the  natives.     Both  were  iiinr- 


dered,  not  beinj^  f^iven  oiiportunity  to  explain 
their  character  and  iiitenlions.  When,  iiow- 
ever,  it  iM'i'ame  known  that  tlit!  stranj^ers  were 
(.^luxl  men  who  bad  come  t.)  do  the  iieojde  (^ood, 
the  neit^hborinj^  villaj^jes  leaj^iuil  toj;ether  and 
laid  SaciMi  waste  with  tire  and  sword.  A  thick 
jiuiLile  covers  the  spot,  and  even  the  nami'  of 
the\illagi?  lias  perished  Iroiii  the  jilace.  The 
mission,  thus  sadly  eheidied,  was  not  resumed. 

7.  SUiin.-  Mr.  .Vbeel  foiiiol  a  faviu'able  open- 
ini{  for  missionar.v  labors  in  Hankok,  capital  of 
Siam,  in  IHIU.  'I'ho  l'ortU},'uese  consul  rec<uved 
him  kindly.  He,  with  Mr.  Tomlin,  of  tho 
Ij.  M.  S.,  disiu'iised  medicines  and  distributed 
tracts  and  books  to  crowds  of  Chiiuse,  Malays, 
and  iiiirmaiis.  He  was  hed^;e(l  about  w  itli  re- 
strictions, as  the  kinj^  would  permit  no  1  hango 
in  the  religion  of  the  country.  In  IKIM  re  en- 
forcements were  sent  out  w  ith  a  view  of  tstab- 
lishing  a  jiermanent  mission  in  Siam.  They 
arrived  at  Hankok  in  Jiil.v,  and  found  that  tho 
little  compan.v  of  conveits  gathered  by  Jlr. 
•Vbeel,  who  had  been  coiujielled  to  leave  on  ac- 
count of  ill-health, had  been  formed  into  a  (diurch 
by  a  missionary  of  tho  .Vmerican  liaptist  Mission- 
ar.v I'nina,  -V  press,  with  Siamese  tyjie,  was  set 
iil>,  and  many  tracts  and  books  printed.  It  was 
found  that  iv  majority  of  tho  nun  and  many  of 
the  women  could  read.  S(diools  for  the  Chiii' so 
were  opened.  It  was  found  dillicult  to  estab- 
lish successful  schools  among  the  Siamese, 
chiell.v  because  of  the  ]irovisioii  made  in  con- 
nection with  the  heathen  temples  for  education 
of  mi  n  and  boys,  and  their  instruction  in  relig- 
ion. In  IHII  a  "liberal"  ]iarty  is  Kimken  of, 
led  by  a  Siamese  jiriest.  They  bought  many 
books  from  the  missionaries,  and  seemed  in- 
clined to  criticise  the  traditions  of  their  elders 
and  to  fraternize  with  the  missionaries.  The 
Chinese  work  was  withdrawn,  as  it  was  tbongbt 
better  that  all  work  for  the  Chinese  at  ]U'cscut 
shoubl  be  carried  on  in  China  itself.  Much  of 
the  Scriptures  was  translated.  In  1S18  it  was 
reported  tl.at  1 1,(11)0, Hi;!  pages  of  Scriptures  and 
tract.s  had  been  luinted  in  Chinese  and  Japan- 
ese. Change  of  view  of  some  of  the  missionaries 
on  the  matter  of  perfectionism  and  infant  bap- 
tism develoi)ed  difficnlties  in  the  mission  it- 
self ;  other  societies  also  either  had  entered,  or 
were  about  to  enter,  the  field,  and  so  it  was  de- 
cided that  tho  efforts  of  tho  A.  1!.  C.  Y.  M  might 
be  better  expended  in  ro-enforciiig  someof  their 
other  missions  than  in  continuing  that  in  Siam, 
which  was  accordingly  dropped  in  1850.  (See 
article  I'resbyterian  Church  [North.]) 

8.  S'inii((i>()ri:  —In  ISltl  a  permanent  mission 
was  established  in  Singajiore,  as  n  central  jioint 
for  all  the  missions  in  Southeastern  Asia  ami 
tho  adjacent  islands.  Singapore  was  a  liritisli 
seaport,  and  had  large  printing  establishments, 
witliKoman,  Malay,  .\rabie,  Japanese,  Siamese, 
and  liugis  typo,  with  a  foundry  for  casting  type  ' 
in  all  these  languages.  This  establishment  had 
been  under  the  (lirection  of  the  Ij.  M.  S.,  and 
was  now  for  sale.  It  was  purchased,  and  Jlr. 
Tracy  was  sent  out  to  carrv  on  the  mission. 
During  the  same  .year  ho  printed  1,000  copies 
of  the  Gospel  of  John,  and  extracts  fi'oni 
Jbittliew  and  .\cts.  Next  year  a  dispen.sary 
was  o])ened,  a  Bible-class  commenced,  and 
more  than  '2,000  0(  10  pages  printed.  A  mission 
seminary  was  opened,  with  'JO  jiupils,  in  ]8;)7. 
Tho  decision  of  tho  Government  of  Xether- 
lamls  India  to  exclude  all  but  missionaries  from 
Holland,  from  the  greater  port  of  tho  countries 


i 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


73 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


longlit 
■estut 
■ho£ 

WHS 

s  and 
iil>an- 
aries 
bnp- 
II  it- 
or 
IS  ile- 
iiiglit 
their 
Siniii, 
(See 

ssion 
jioint 
a  and 
iritisli 
iiouts, 
meso, 
■;  type  ' 
it  had 
,  and 
1  Mr. 
ssiou. 
•ojuos 
from 
Jiisary 
and 
lission 
1 1837. 
etlirr- 
1  from 
itries 


centring  abont  this  miflsion,  niado  it  a  h?ss  fa- 
vorahlo  silo  than  liml  l)etii  exiuu'teil.  lliuilu- 
Htau  ami  Kastcrn  .Vsia  wtTo  also  judged  to  ho 
relatively  more  important  as  lieUls  for  mission- 
ary lahor,  and  in  ISll  the  alfairs  of  tlio  mission 
were  si'ttleil,  and  the  only  remaining  missionary 
family  left  Singajxjro  to  join  tlio  Jladiira  ."Mis- 
sion, 

!).  Iliirmo.  —Thin mission,  undertaken  in  18:!('i, 
was  composed  ol:  members  of  the  jteformed 
Diiteli  Cliiireh,  and  derived  its  support  through 
the  .\iueri<'au  JJoard  from  that  denominiition. 
Kllorts  were  direeted  specually  to  tlio  Chinese 
and  Dyaks.  Many  ditheulties  vero  eiieouu- 
tered,  both  on  the  part  of  tho  Dutch  (lovern- 
nieiit  and  bocauso  of  tho  nature  of  tho  lield. 
The  missionaries  laliored  faithfully  until  iSlS, 
when  tailuro  of  hoiiltli  compelled  those  then  in 
charge  to  withdraw,  and  the  failure  to  find  re 
cvuits  caused  tlio  mission  to  be  discontinued. 

10.  S'lUira  ^^^ssi<tH. -In  1852  Satara  and  Mal- 
colm I'eth,  up  to  that  time  stations  of  tiio  Bom- 
bay Mission,  were  erected  into  a  separate  mis- 
Hion,  which  was  manned  by  Messrs.  Hurgess 
and  Wood  and  their  wives.  There  was  (um 
churdi,  with  eight  members.  At  tirst  tho 
Hervices  wore  iuti^rrupted  by  jieojilo  laughing, 
talking,  hissing,  and  throwing  stones.  (iirls' 
schools  were  established  and  l)ooks  distriluitecl. 
As  this  mission  was  among  tho  Marathis,  anil 
connected  l)y  telegraph  with  liombay,  it  was  re- 
united with  that  mission  in  18.")'.). 

11.  Ahnhidwtijai'. — lietweeu  1811  and  18.";i) 
Alimadnagar,  till  D^ll  a  station  of  tho  Marathi 
Mission,  was  coudm^ted  as  the  central  station  of 
a  separate  mission.  In  ISo'.)  a  meeting  of  tho 
missionaries  of  tho  three  Marathi  missions — 
Bombay,  Satara,  and  Alimadnagar  was  con- 
veneil  at  tho  last-mentioned  place.  Delightful 
meetings  were  hehl  ;  more  than  'Jdll  native 
conniiunicants- the  hirgest  number  hitherto 
gathered  together  in  Western  India  sat  down 
at  tho  Lord's  fable  ;  the  three  missions  were 
formally  \inited  amid  great  enthusiasm. 

\i.  Kitl/iuinir  was  occupied  as  a  mission  fi'om 
]8.->3  to  IHoT  by  Koyal  O.  Wilder,  formerly  of 
the  Ahmadnagar  ?iIission.  In  18")7  Mr.  Wihhr 
und  family  returned  to  America,  and  the  mission 
was  not  resumed, 

II.  r.\(iFio  Islands.     2  Missions. 

1.  Il'iiroiitin  (Sdrtihcich)  laldtnis. — In  the  au- 
tumn of  180'.)  Samuel  J.  Mills  heard  from  Henry 
Obookifth  his  simple  story.  His  parents  had 
been  slain  in  ft  civil  war,  and  when  he  tied  w  ith 
his  infant  brother  ou  bi,s  back,  tho  child  was 
killed  with  a  spear,  and  ho  was  taken  pris- 
oner. \t  the  ago  of  14  ho  came  to  New  Haven 
with  a  scft  captain.  IIo  lingered  around  tho 
college  there,  thirsting  for  instruction,  and 
when  no  opportunity  ofTerod  ho  sat  down  on 
tho  college  steps  and  wept.  To  Mills  ho  said  : 
"  The  people  of  Hawaii  are  very  bad;  they 
pray  to  gods  made  of  wood.  I  want  to  learn 
to  read  this  Bible,  and  go  liaek  there  and  tell 
them  to  pray  to  (rod  up  in  Heaven."  Two 
other  ILiwaiian  lads  came  to  America  with 
Obookiah,  and  were  converted  to  Christianity 
in  1813.  Tho  interest  in  these  lads  became  so 
great  that  a  foreign  mission  school  was  organ- 
ized under  the  A.  1$.  C.  F.  M.  at  New  Haven,  in 
1817,  with  five  Hawaiian  lads,  among  others, 
as  its  first  pupils.  Obookiah  died  nine  months 
afterward.     He  had  longed  to  preach  tho  Gos- 


pel  to  his  countrymen.  Perhajis  his  consist- 
ent Christian  lifi^  and  iieacidul  death  did  more 
for  his  people  than  he  could  have  done  had 
he  been  spared  to  labor  long  years  for  them. 
His  touching  st(U'y  nioveil  many  hearts,  and  two 
years  after  his  death  a  missionary  cfuiipan.v,  in- 
cluding Hiram  Bingham  and  Asa  'I'liursliui  and 
others,  was  ready  to  iilaiit  the  cross  in  tho 
Sanilwich  Islands.  On  Saturday,  October  2:)d, 
181'.),  the  missionary  band,  after  services  of 
great  interest  and  solemnity,  set  sail  for  their 
lield.  On  ^hl^cll  :(lst,  they  reached  theislands, 
to  lind  that  a  revolution  had  taken  place  on  the 
death  of  thi^  old  king.  I<lolatry  liad  been  dis- 
carib'd,  though  not,  it  would  appear,  friuu  re- 
ligious motives.  When  the  brig  bearing  tho 
missionaries  anchored  in  Kalui  Bay,  iv  fcuirteeii 
days'  consultation  between  the  king  and  chiefs 
followed.  Some  foreigners  opi)osed  the  land- 
ing, saying:  "  They  have  come  to  concjuer  the 
islands."  The  chiefs  replied:  "  Tlieii  they 
would  not  liave  brought  their  women,"  Alessrs. 
Bingham,  Ijoomis,  Chamberlain,  anc,  ^ne  of  tho 
native  lads,  Honoree,  went  to  Oahu;  Messrs. 
Buggies,  Wliitnev,  and  'Paiiuuce  to  Kauai,  whoso 
chief  was  Tamoree's  father.  Tho  king  and 
chiefs,  with  their  families,  were  the  tirst  pujiils, 
and  the  king's  mother,  Keopuolaiii,  the  first 
(•(Uivert.  In  INJI  the  jirincipal  chiefs  agreed 
to  recogni/o  tho  Sabbath,  and  ailojit  the  'J'en 
Commandments  as  tho  basis  of  government. 
The  missionaries  and  converts  were  liitterly 
jiersecuted,  and  their  livi'S  often  in  danger,  at 
the  hands  of  British  and  .\iiieriean  sailors,  who 
were  deprived,  by  the  moral  reformation  which 
took  place,  of  the  oiipcu'tunity  of  satisfying  their 
lusts,  [n  eight  years  from  tlie  date  of  the  land- 
ing of  the  tirst  mission  band  there  were  li'J  mis- 
sionaries, -1  IT)  native  tea<'hers,  rj,00()  Sabbat'i 
hearer.s,  and  '2)i.lilH)  pui)ils  in  schools  in  the 
islands.  Many  inllueiices  were  at  work,  tho 
Bible  was  circulated,  high  chiefs  were  converted 
and  began  to  work  vigorously,  the  people 
gathered  from  great  distances  in  crowds  to  hear 
the  Word,  and  in  1828,  simultan(M)Usly  and 
without  communication,  a  revi"al  unexpectedly 
ciuumeneed  in  Hawaii,  Oahu,  and  Jlaui.  Tor 
Weeks  and  months  the  missionaries  could  scarce- 
ly get  time  for  rest  and  refreshment.  In  183G 
a  strong  missionary  re-enforcement  was  sent  out, 
and  in  1838  there  began  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable revivals  in  history.  During  the  six 
years  it  lasted  27,000  persons  wore  received 
into  the  churches. 

In  18r)0  the  Hawaiian  Missionary  Society  Was 
formed  -  an  organization  of  tho  native  Chris- 
tians for  tho  purpose  of  carrying  tho  Gospel  to 
other  islands.  When  tho  Board  decided  to 
open  a  work  iu  Micronesia,  tho  Hawaiian 
Societj',  in  18.")1,  contributed  liberally  for  tho 
outfit  and  support  of  two  native  missionaries 
and  their  wives  for  that  field.  In  1853  ii  call 
came  to  tlie  Hawaiian  Society  from  the  Jtar- 
quesas.  A  Hawaiian,  left  by  a  vessel  sick  at 
thoso  islands,  made  a  deep  impression  upon  tho 
high  chief  Mattunui,  who  himself  went  to 
Laliaina  to  seek  missionaries  for  liis  j)eoplo. 
The  Hawaiian  Society  sent  two  native  pastors 
and  two  native  teachers  and  their  wives.  One 
of  the  pastors  was  Kekela,  to  whom  I'reHidcnt 
Lincoln  once  sent  a  letter  thanking  him  for 
rescuing  tht!  mate  of  an  American  ship  from 
i-annibals.  One  foreigner,  an  English  mechanic, 
afterward  ordained  a  preacher,  liad  a  share  in 
the  work.      Otherwise  the  whole  undertaking 


Pi 


I,  i 

;  ■  t 


ii 


A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 


was  Ilawaiinn,  nnd  was  attended  with  gratityiiiR 
Huccess.  Up  to  l>Sl'ht  soiiiK  r)(),(llll(  siiiils  had 
bi'eii  reneivfd  into  tlii)  I'oiiiiiiiiiiioii  (if  tlu^  Ha- 
waiian cliiirclics,  of  wlioiii  .soiiii!  •Jll.lllH)  still  li'- 
iiiaiiiiMl  ill  tliL'  cliuiclifs.  Tim  islands  wito 
Cliristiaiiiz.'  I  ami  I'diiratcd.  'I'lio  liilih'  was 
foim  1  in  cvfi'V  liiil  ;  I'liiirc'lirs  and  kcIkioIs  wiru 
providud  lor  all  tlie  iiilialiitants  ;  two  fc  tnalo 
si'niinaiit'S,  a  imrmal  si'lmoj,  a  tticolotiicul  in- 
stitute fiirnislit'd  tin:  liit^lu'i-  odiK'ation  to  Ir^^is- 
latoiN,  tiMi'lii'is,  and  iHTacliirs;  '•  a  t^nalir  juo- 
l)ortion  of  llio  ))o|>nlatiiin  could  road  and  uiitti 
than  in  New  Kn^^land  ;"  IH  foroij^n  luis^ion- 
arit's  had  liccn  siMit  to  tlio  ."\Iari)ut'sas';  and 
80  in  that  year  tlio  A.  ]!.  C.  V.  M.  jiractioally 
Witlidicw  from  thd  licld. 

Tnt'  list  ri'[).irt  (^I'STdiof  tlm  Sandwich  Islands 
Mission  to  tilt!  Hoard  sliowrd  that  tlicic  wcn^  it 
ordained  niissionarifs,  '11  f  'malu  assistant  niis- 
sionariis,  I'.l  iirdaini'd  natives,  of  whom  11  wero 
niissionarius  in  the  MarcjiU'sas  ami  Micronesia  ; 
12  licensed  preachers.  '22\  common  scliools 
(sup|iorted  hy  ^jovornment),  with  o/.liiS  puidls  ; 
2',)  schools,  in  uhicli  En^^lish  was  taught,  witli 
1,4.")8  pupils  ;  l">  liniirdm;^  schools,  inchidint^ 
Oahu  (Jollene,  attended  hy  2S0  lioys  and  2")1 
girls;  .V.t  churclies,  with  15,1(18  niendieis.  At 
the  Mar([nesas  the  Hawaiian  Hoard  liad  7  sta- 
tions, 1  churches,  !")'>  members. 

Ihit  the  native  poi)ulations  are  steadily  dc- 
creasinf^,  lar^jely  on  account  of  the  vices  intro- 
duced hy  the  foreij^ii  traders.  In  177-i  there 
were  lOO.dlMI  people  <ui  the  islands,  in  lis.'id 
there  was  a  [lopulation  of  l:io.ll(ii),  and  in  lN(ii'i, 
G2,(IIMI.  The  i)opulation  of  Honolulu  is  doubled 
dnrin;^  the  whalint^  season  by  the  intlux  of 
transient  seamen,  who  brint;  tremendous  evils 
with  them.  There  are  aliout  20,000  Chinese 
found  now  iu  the  islands.  TIk!  threat  ingress  of 
foreigners  and  their  deleti'rious  inltuenco  made 
it  desirable  that  the  lioanl  resunio  hel|)  to  tlio 
native  churches  and  tlus  project  is  being  at- 
teiii|)ted  of  [ilacing  a  missionary  in  eaidi  of  the 
jiriinupal  islands.  There  are  now  two  mission- 
aries of  the  Hiiard,  witli  their  wives.  One  of 
the  missionaries  is  princii>al  of  the  North 
Paeilie  Mission;iry  Institulc!,  v\hi<'h  prepares 
young  men  feu-  tho  (iospd  work  and  for  the 
ministry  in  the  Hawaiian  ehurcdies.  The  Hilo 
Boarding  School  for  lioys  furnishes  industrial 
nud  literary  training,  and  has  between  ;!l) 
ftud  10  pupils.  In  lloncdulu  a  church  has 
been  organi/i'd  among  tlu!  Chinese.  There  and 
in  other  islands  bovs'  and  girls'  schools  have 
been  formed,  and  other  Christian  agencies  nro 
at  work. 

2.  .)ni-rnne.iiit.  (See  article  Micronesia). — Tho 
missions  of  the  .V.  li.  C.  F.  M.  are  carried  on  in 
tho  Gilbert.  Marshall,  and  Caroline  groups.  In 
tho  year  IS.")!  three  missionary  families  left  Bos- 
ton for  Micronesia,  .\rriveil  at  Honolulu,  they 
were  j. lined  by  two  Hawaiian  missionary  fami- 
lies. The  king  gave  thiMU  a  nobh^  letter  of 
recommemlalioii  to  the  Micronesian  chiefs,  and 
with  solemn  and  atlecting  services  they  set,  sail 
from  Honolulu  and  arrived  at  Kusaie  on  .\ugust 
21st,  1852.  Work  was  begun  there  forthwith, 
and  a  f(U'tnight  later  at  l'<uiupi.  Successive 
ro-enfoieeinents  enabled  tho  missionaries  to 
occupy  other  islands,  being  leil  thereto  by  re- 
markable providences,  clearly  showing  the  Divino 
Han  1  removing  obsta(des  and  overruling  op[)o- 
sitioii.  More  than  :!0  islands  are  now  o('cnpied. 
The  "  Morning  Star  "  makes  an  annual  trij)  to 
Honolulu  fur  tbu  uail  and  for  missionary  sup- 


74  A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 

jdics.  About  eight  months  of  tho  year  is  con- 
sumed by  its  tour  among  the  islands,  enabling 
the  missionaries  to  pay  brief  vi.siis  to  the  vari- 
ous points  wlu^re  work  is  carried  cui,  examining 
applicants,  establishing  schools,  procuring  boys 
and  girls  fur  the  training  schools,  organizing 
churclies,  and  iireachmg  the  (lospi  1  as  tiiey  nmy 
lind  opiiorlunity.  That  the  supervision  of  tho 
churches  may  be  nu  re  thorough  an  additional 
vessel,  to  be  called  the"  lt(diert  W.  Logan"  — 
about  50  tons  burden,  to  cost,  with  furnish- 
ings, not  over  ^5,000 — for  the  touring  W(uk 
aiiKiig  the  Western  Carcdines,  is  to  la^  built. 
The  Irniislatiiui  of  the  Hible  into  the  liingiiiigo 
of  the  (iilbert  Islands  by  Ivev.  Hiram  IJinghiuu 
was  completed  (Ui  .\piil  11th,  18',I0. 

III.    illssloNS   TO   THK   OlSir.NT.M,   ClUKCIIF.S, 

1.  J'uleslhie  and  Si/riii. — The  first  missionaries 
from  .Vmerica  to  the  Oriental  churches  wero 
I'liny  l'"isk  and  Levi  I'arsons,  who  were  ap- 
pointed on  September  2:!cl,  ISIH,  to  lalau-  ill 
Palestine.  Mr.  Fisl:  stopped  at  Smyrna  to 
jirosecuti!  his  studies  in  the  language,  and  Mr. 
I'arsons  reached  .b  rusalem  February  17th,  1.S21. 
lie  ha<l  with  him  the  Scri])tures  in  11  languagea 
and  several  thousand  religious  tracts.  ]>ul  that 
same  year  he  was  compelled  to  leave  on  ,u-coiint 
of  (uvil  commotions,  the  result  of  tlu^  (Ireek  re- 
volt, and  he  died  at  Alexandiia  in  1S22.  Mr. 
I'isk,  with  Kev.  Jonas  King  and  .losiph  W(df, 
reached  Jerusalem  in  l.s2:i.  They  distriluiled 
many  copiesof  the  liibleand  thousands  I'f  tiaets 
to  pilgrims  and  others,  lint  the  )u-o]ect  of  cen- 
tir.uing  a  mission  at  Jtuaisali'iii  was  abimdoiied, 
and  the  ralestine  Mission  was  merged  '.i  the. 
Syrian  in  1820.  In  182:i  Hird  ami  Coodell 
established  a  station  at  lieirut.  Soon  a  re- 
markable state  of  religious  iiupiiry  app.ared, 
and  the  missionaries  wen^  thnuigeil  by  in- 
(piirers.  Persecution  also  arose,  olleii  encour- 
aged by  French  and  liussiau  authorities,  and 
enforced  by  Moslem  power.  The  Maronito 
ratriarch  proved  a  bitter  persecutor.  The  mis- 
sionaries' lives  were  often  in  danger,  liumors 
of  war  between  I'ngland  and  Turkey  com- 
l>ellcd  them,  in  182S,  to  retire  Un-  a  time  to 
-Malta,  and  tho  sidiools  were  broken  np.  War 
and  pestilence  again  and  again  bridii^  over  their 
labfus.  In  18(i0  the  horrible  biit(diery  of  Chris- 
tians by  tho  Dru/es  took  place.  In  1S(;5  came 
jdaguo,  locusts,  and  choh'ra,  and  in  1807  a 
JIaronito  rcdndlion.  I'ersecutiou  was  constant. 
The  first  native  church  was  organized  at  lieirut, 
with  r.l  members,  in  1818.  'Ihe  W(nd  pros- 
pered mightily.  Many  schools  were  ojiened, 
and  tho  old  coniuiuiiities  (I)ruzes,  Maronites, 
f  ireeks)  were  compelled,  in  self  (lel'enee,  to  estab- 
lish schools  of  their  own.  The  mission  ojiened 
a  girls'  liciarding  sclaad  at  Sidon,  a  seminary 
with  a  tluMilogical  de()artmcnt  at  Abeih,  a 
female  seminary  at  lieirut,  a  ju'ess  in  the  same 
city  which  issued  annually  great  numbers  of 
tracts,  anil  many  thousands  of  volumes  of 
Scriiitures  and  religious  and  eilucatioiml  litera- 
ture ;  while  tho  college  at  litdnit  was  a  true 
child  of  the  missicui.  In  1870  the  Syrian  Jlis- 
sion  was  transferred  to  tho  care  of  tlu!  Ameri- 
can Presbyterian  ('hurch.  and  bus  been  re- 
markably prosjierous.  (See  ilissions  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church,  North,  TT,  S.  .V.) 

2.  Arineiiinns.  —  Mr.  Parsons,  on  his  lirst  visit 
to  Jerusalem,  in  1821,  met  there  some  Armenian 
pilgrims,    who    said    they   would    rejoico   if   & 


M. 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


75 


A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 


■iireil, 
liv   in- 

•iK'oiir- 

imd 

lariiiiilo 

111!  iiiiM- 

riumors 

iv  coni- 

tiiiu"  to 

Wi.r 

I  r  l!u  ir 

if  Chns- 

(•i\im) 

IsCiT  A 

instant. 

Jii'irut, 

:d  i)ros- 

OlK'IU'cl, 

irdiiiti'S, 
tiii'Stab- 
iiju'iU'd 
i-iiiiiu\ry 
Mu'ili,  a 
■  simio 

llnTS  (if 
llUl'S  <if 
111  literii- 
11  triu) 
nil  Jlis- 
Aiiieri- 
leeii  re- 
nt   tho 

irst  visit 
niieniiin 
ico   if   Bk 


•ill 


luissiim  sliDiilil  bo  sent  to  their  pooplo.  Mr. 
Fisk,  lit  Siiivriiii,  iccdiiiiiu'iuliul  siii-li  a  iiiissiou 
ill  11  letter  to  liustoil.  .Xliidll^;  tile  earliest  ciiu- 
veits  at  lieinit  Were  two  Arnieuiaii  eeilesiastics  ; 
ouu  o£  these  tiiiuslateil  Dr.  Kiiij^'s  tiiri'Well 
letter,  written  on  leaviuj^  Syria,  in  Ihli",  iinil 
sent  it  ti)  Constiiutiiiiijiie,  wluro  it  inoilneiMl 
n  wonilerrul  etl'i^ct.  In  lf^2'.t  .Messrs.  Smith  anil 
Dwi^jht  weni  sent  nut  on  their  exiilirin;,'  tour 
iu  .Vsiii  Minor,  Armenia,  iinil  I'er.sia,  iiml  in 
18:il  Dr.  (iiioilell  began  his  wurk  at  ('.iii>taTili- 
noiile.  ^For  a  history  of  this  mission,  see  Mis- 
sions to  the  .Vruieniiins  uiuler  art.  Ariiieiiia  anil 
the  .\ru\uiiians.)  Constant iiiople  is  the  business 
centre  of  tho  missions  ;  the  treasury  is  there, 
anil  there  tho  )iul)li('ation  work  is  eairieil  on. 
(See  Constantinoiile.) 

In  eonneeliim  with  the  Western  Turkey  .Mi-;- 
sion.  a  eoiisiilerablu  work  is  beri^;  aecomiilished 
aiuoni<  tliii  (treeks.  Greek  seln  ols  ami  services 
iu  the  (treek  lanj^uuge  liiivo  b  in  cstablisheil  in 
several  qiiarlers  of  the  city  of  <  .nstantinniile, 
as  also  in  Smyrna,  the  hea  hiuarters  of  tho 
Greek  Jlvanj^elical  AUianei)  (see  biilow),  anil  in 
several  of  the  stations  anil  out-stations  ot  tlie 
mission.  Ti">  ^■'  tistic.i  ui-e  ineliuleil  in  tho 
above  enumerai 

Till)  Greek  K\  j^elical  Allianee,  develoiieil 
out  of  the  work  for  Greeks,  ommenceil  at  the 
Smyrna  Kest  mentioned  below.  In  January, 
IMM:!,  three  (tfoek  biethreii  met  for  consultation, 
and  afterwai'il  i-sueil  an  ai)[ual  to  the  Gospel- 
loving!  (ireeks  of  Smyrna  and  >daiiisa  to  form 
an  ort^anizatiou  for  the  dissemination  of  the 
Gosp^'l  auioUK  their  own  people,  throu^^h  the 
press,  sclioiil,  and  jiulpit.  Tlie  Alliance,  formed 
January  ;Ust,  Iss;!,  has  a  ]iresidciit,  secretary, 
treasurer,  and  a  prndentiid  cuumittee.  It  had 
in  lS>i.^  a  membership  of  TiO,  besides  a  few 
Loniirary  members  and  benefactors.  In  Decem- 
ber, li^X'-i,  a  woman's  bi-anch  was  formed.  Tho 
payment  of  i{!l.ll)  (I  Turkish  lira)  constitutes 
the  i,'iver  au  lionurnrii  vn'iiihir ;  o  liras  consti- 
tutes the  f^iver  a  hinifdrior.  'J'ho  tirst  work  of 
tho  .\llianco  was  to  orgaiii/e  a  church  of  1:! 
members  and  ordain  a  Greek  pastor  at  Maiii- 
sa.  .V  day  school  for  Kiuall  children  and  a 
boarding-school  for  bny.s  weie  started  in  Smyrna, 
and  preaching  services  at  the  Kvangelical  Hall, 
in  connection  with  tho  Host  and  elsewhere, 
were  maintained.  Much  bitter  ]iersecution  lias 
been  endured.  The  re|iort  for  ISHS  shows  that 
the  .Vllianoo  attempts  to  reach  ilirectly  or  in- 
directly 120,000  Greeks  in  dilTerent  parts  of 
the  empire.  It  has  formed  I  churches,  at 
Smyrna,  Manisa,  Baiudir,  and  Ordoo,  and  re- 
ceived 1 10  members.  It  sustains  -i  iireaeliing 
places,  T)  Sabbath  schools,  ,j  day  schools,  and 
has  I  preachers  and  8  teachers.  During  the  (! 
years  of  its  existence  it  1ms  used  in  the  work 
$ll,'iSl),  of  wiiieh  sum  the  A.  I>.  t'.  V.  M.  con- 
tributed si!  "I'.l.").  Its  expeiidituro  in  IHSS  was 
$:t,OHO,  of  which  sum  !j;'J77  was  a  graiitin-aid 
from  the  .V.  15.  ('.  F.  M.  An  instance  of  in- 
direct inlliicnco  is  the  establishment,  at  eon- 
sideiabh)  cost,  of  a  preaching  service  in  tho 
Greek  Orthodox  t'hurch  at  Smyrna.  This  ser- 
vice is  lield  twice  each  Sidibath  throughout  tho 
year.  Tho  Allianco  is  also  an  active  agency  iu 
the  distribution  of  Christian  literature.  Ifev. 
Georgo  Constautine,  D  D.,  a  native  of  .\thens 
and  educated  in  America,  is  the  organizer  and 
president.  The  woman's  branch  Las  con- 
tributed about  $'200  to  the  funds,  and  Las  sent 
live  of  its  mombers  to  serve  as  teachers. 


Tho  Kmyma  Best  was  established  largely  by 
tho  ctron.'of  Miss  Maria  \.  Mcst,  an  assistant 
missionary  ,<f  the  A.  Ji.  ('.  F.  M.  Its  design  is 
to  provide  a  '  Kust"  for  sailors  of  all  liiitional- 
ities  calling  at  the  port.  Simide  refrishments 
all"  jirovided,  tracts  and  Scripturt.'-  are  dis- 
tiilmdil,  a  reading  room  is  sustained,  and  Gos- 
pel services  conducted.  The  preaching  ol  Dr. 
('iiiistaiitine  attracted  largo  numbers  of  (ireiks 
until  a  hall  close  by,  with  a  seating  caiiacily  of 
2,")0,  was  rented.  Seriiiniis,  lectuns.  the  magio 
lantern,  and  the  night  school  were  made  use  of. 
Often  nearly  IdO  were  crowded  into  the  liall. 
It  was  estinmteil  that  about  10,000  persons 
annuully  heard  the  Gospel  there.  After  seven 
years'  use  the  hall  was  given  iiji,  on  account  of 
"the  peremptory,  tlinugh  illegal  oiiposition  of 
the  'ruikish  authorities. 

The  Itest  has  since  jiassed  under  the  control 
of  some  English  ladies  who  are  cheered  by  h  tiers 
received  from  all  parts  of  the  world  vhillur 
ships  go,  telling  of  tlie  good  inlluence  its  work 
has  had.  During  IMSN,  2:!',»  visits  were  Jiaiil  to 
ships,  108  bags  of  books  Were  sent  out,  8l> 
blue-ribbon  pledges  taken,  ;i,(l'.MI  visits  wero 
made  to  the  liest  by  sailors,  ],,sr2  )iersnns  at- 
tended the  meetings,  410  ISibles,  Tistiiiiients, 
and  I'ortions  were  given  away.  The  l!est  is 
suslained  by  jirotits  trom  the  coiree-roimi  count- 
er (over  ,s;i()0  in  Iss.s)  and  doiiatiriiH  from 
friends  of  tho  work,  largely  iii  Kngland.  The 
expenses  for  1888  amounted  to  512. 270. 

.V  similar  work  was  inaugurated  in  Constnn- 
tiiiopie  in  1870  by  Jliss  \Vest.  The  rejiort  for 
1888  shows  l,o:'>l  visits  to  shijis,  77  bags  of 
books  hcnt  out,  Dit  blue  ribbon  pledges  taken, 
2,8")0  visits  by  sailors  to  the  liest,  1.071  attend- 
ed tho  meetings,  08  Dibhs,  117  Testaments, 
and  207  I'ortions  given  away.  'I'lie  expeiulituro 
WHS  lsl,:M7,  tho  ri  cei|ils,  .sl,:!:i."i,  leaving  a  de- 
licit  of  $12.  -Tenscii,  the  former  boatman  of 
the  Itest,  au  Englishman,  opened  a  lottec  room 
in  the  slums  of  Galata.  Sailors  began  to  fre- 
iiuent  it,  and  realizing  its  advantages,  they  en- 
treated sleeping  iiuarters.  Ho  tilted  his  small 
njiper  room  with  8  berths,  making  his  t'lbles, 
benches,  and  berths  himself,  and  st  curinij 
jiictures  and  texts,  he  has  formed  a  Christiiui 
retreat  in  one  of  tho  worst  tiuarlers  of  tho 
metropolis.  This  is  now  associated  with  tho 
Smyrna  Kest  under  0110  general  management, 

I'ndcr  the  Western  Turkey  Mission  may  )irop. 
eiiy  come  a  notice  of  tho  mission  to  the  Jews 
in  Turkey. 

The  Ladies'  Society  ot  llostou  and  Vicinity, 
for  I'romoting  t'linstianity  among  the  Jews, 
having  otVeriul  to  sujiport  a  missionary  of  tho 
ISoard,  William  G.  Schaulller  was  apiiointed  in 
18;U  to  iirocecd  to  'I'urkey  (cither  Smyrna  or 
Constantinople)  (o  open  a  work  among  the  Jews 
of  that  land.  Ho  arrived  in  Cnnstantinoplo 
July  ;tlst,  18;i2.  T'lie  Jews  in  Constantinoiilo 
were  estimated  at  almut  80,000,  111  ail.v  all  of 
them  descendants  of  those  banished  from  Spain 
iu  1102.  Among  these  Simnish  Jews  Mr. 
Schauffler  commenced  his  labors.  Their  lan- 
guage is  Spanish,  somewhat  C(U-rupted,  and 
written  with  Hebrew  letters.  Mr.  SchautHer 
devoted  himself  to  revising  the  Helirew  Spanish 
Old  Testament,  preparing  a  lexicon,  tracts  in 
Hebrew-Germiku,  etc.  His  ttrst  convert,  bap- 
tized in  18;tr),  was  a  German  Jew.  In  18;iS  Mr. 
Scliautller's  edition  ot  the  Psalms  in  Hebrew 
and  HebrewSpanisli  was  publicly  denounced 
and  prohibited  iu  all  the  synagogues.     There 


imm 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


70 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


■l    \' 


iu  :i 


ni;    i 


was  much  cominotioii,  but  it  soon  quietml  down, 
and  the  (listril)Ution  of  books  ii!ul  ti-iicts  cou- 
tinuoil.  To  Hii|H'iintun(l  tlio  juiiitinj^  of  his 
IlcibrowSpniiisli  version  of  the  Old  Tostiiuitnt, 
Mr.  Si^hiiullli'r  wont  to  Vii'Uiiiv  in  18;!',).  Tlio 
work  was  couipletml  in  lni'2.  It  hiis  been 
since  revisud  by  Kev.  Dr.  Chiistii',  of  the  Scotch 
Froo  Clnu'ch  >lissii)U.  Tho  Simiiisli  Jews  hud 
alrciidy  ii  Hehrcw-Spiiuish  Xcw  Tcsliiiucut, 
trunsliilud  Ijy  ii  iiiissiDuiiry  of  tho  Lonckin  J(!\vs' 
Society.  Mr.  Scliaulllcr  returned  to  (Joustanti- 
nojilb  in  lUl:!.  lie  still  continued  his  prejiara- 
tory  liil)ors  in  providin;^  literature  in  tho  ver- 
nacular, also  conductint^  services  in  tho  (Jer- 
nian  lan^iuaj^n.  In  ISId  the  i'rco  Churcli  of 
Scotland,  wliich  had  a  mission  amon^?  tho  Gor- 
man Jews  in  Constantinople,  jmslieil  forward 
Ler  work  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  it  inex- 
pedient for  the  Hoard  to  re-enforco  its  Jewish 
mission  in  that  city,  as  intended.  Attention 
was  directed  to  Salonika,  and  in  1H4M  Messrs. 
Dodd  and  Maynard  and  tin  ir  families  occupied 
that  station,  where  they  fcund  about  'J, 'Mi)  rab- 
binical and  5,00(1  Mohair.inedan  Jews.  Kegular 
pr  achini^  was  commenced  in  Salonika  Noveni- 
bti  Kith,  1850.  Two  native  helpers— Arme- 
nians—wero  employed.  In  1852  ill  health  com- 
polled  the  removal  of  tho  missionaries  to 
Smyrna.  There  u  school  was  oi)ened  and 
placed  under  the  care  of  a  converted  rabbi 
from  Salonika,  and  many  indications  of  interest 
appeared,  In  ]85(>  tho  mission  was  discon- 
tinued. Dr.  Schauliler  devotiut;  himself  to  tho 
Moslems  and  the  other  missionaries  uniting 
with  the  .Vrmenian  Mission.  TIk;  grounds  for 
disciutinuance  wero  :  1.  Limited  extent  of  the 
field,  and  the  fact  of  its  occupation  m  ]iart  by 
the  London  Jews'  Society  and  the  Free  Church 
of  Scotlaiul.  2.  The  greater  promise  of  tho 
Armenian  lield,  which  was  peculiarly  the  herit- 
age of  tho  American  Hoard,  and  the  belief  that 
all  races  in  Turkey,  including  tho  Jews,  could 
best  bo  reached  through  tho  evangelization  of 
the  Aniienians. 

Tho  statistics  of  tli  '  throo  missions  are  hero 
given  separately  : 

{(i)  lI'f.sYc/-)!  'inrleji  Mission. — Eight  stations, 
lOCi  outstations,  'J,.\  ordained  missionaries,  1 
treasurer,  15  temalo  assistant  missionaries,  ;t;t 
churches,  2, DOT  members,  2(i  pastors,  251 
preachers,  teachers,  and  other  heljiers,  1  the- 
ological seminary,  with  11  pupils  ;  1  college, 
118  pupils  ;  8  high  schools,  7  girls'  boarding- 
schools,  and  l:t7  common  schools,  (1,331  i)upils  ; 
pecuniary  contributions,  ^I31,8',)(). 

(h)  Central  Tarl^-i-y  .l/(,v,sio;i.  — Two  stations,  50 
out-stations,  (i  ordained  missionaries,  1  teacher, 
1  physician,  18  female  assistant  missionaries,  ;i:t 
churches,  4,188  niembi^rs,  1!)  pastors,  l;i4  other 
helpers  ;  average  congregations,  10,24!)  ;  pecuni- 
ary contributions,  !j(),7',)7  ;  1  theological  semi- 
nary, with  0  pupils;  1  college,  ",)4  pupils  ;  6  hojn' 
bigli  schools,  4  girls'  high  schools,  8',)  common 
schools,  H,777  pupils.  In  this  mission  a  revival 
took  jilace  during  tho  si)ring  and  summer  of 
1881),  resulting  in  about  800  additions  to  the 
churches  not  included  in  the  above  statis- 
tics. 

(c)  Edstern  Tnrhy  .Vi,s.s/oH,  — Five  stations, 
113  out-stations,  15  ordained  missionaries,  1 
physician,  31  female  assistant  missionaries,  28 
native  pastors,  271  other  Indpers,  40  <'hurches, 
2,r)8()  members;  average  congregations,  11,002  ; 
contributions,  $12,741)  ;  1  theological  seminaiy, 
with  12  pupils  ;  1  college,  23'J  pupils  ;  14  boy's' 


and  5  girls'  high  schools,  and  148  common 
schools,  (!,0',)2  joipils,  With  this  mission  was 
united,  in  18110,  tho  Assyrian  Mi.ssion. 

3.  77ie  Assi/i-iiiii  Missitiii. — Tho  good  seed 
sown  in  Mosul  b.y  tho  mission  to  the  mountain 
Nestorians  and  Mutran  Athanasius  had  taken 
permauent  root,  mainly  through  tho  intelligert 
piety  of  Shemmas  (Deacon)  ileekha,  who  h.id 
l)een  interpreter  both  for  Mutran  Athanasius 
and  for  the  missionarii's  in  their  labors  among 
the  hu^obitcs,  and  ciiitinued  to  bo  a  strong 
pillar  of  the  truth  until  his  death. 

The  mission  took  its  name  from  tho  territorj', 
rather  than  from  tho  people,  becanso  so  many 
different  sects  camo  within  tho  sphere  of  its 
labors,  liosides  Jloslems  and  Ye/idees  wero 
Nestorians  and  I'apal  Ncstorians,  known  as 
Chaldeans  and  Jacobites  and  I'ajial  Jacobites, 
or  Syrian  Catholics,  as  they  were  called,  also 
Armenians  ;  but  tho  territorial  name  included 
them  all. 

Tho  mission  to  the  mountain  Nestoriana  wag 
broken  up  in  1844  by  tho  massacre  of  that  peo- 
jilo  in  1813  ;  but  the  report  of  tho  spiritual  lifo 
still  existing  in  Mosul  led  Kev.  J.  Perkins, 
D.  I). ,  and  Kev.  W.  It,  Stocking  to  visit  Mosul 
in  1840,  and  they  found  things  so  full  of  jirom- 
ise  that  Kev.  J,  E.  I'ord  was  sent  there  from 
Aleppo  before  the  closo  of  tho  year.  His  stay, 
however,  was  temporary. 

Kev.  I).  W.  Jlarsh  arrived  March  20th,  1850, 
and  1!(!V.  W.  F.  Williams,  brother  of  Dr.  S. 
Wells  Williams,  of  China,  from  the  Syrian  Jlis- 
sion,  joined  him  with  liis  wife  early  in  1851. 
.V  thureh  was  organized  in  Niiveiuber  of  that 
year,  ''..id  still  exists.  Jliss  Salome  Karabet, 
of  lieirut,  went  with  Mr.  Williams  to  take 
charge  of  u  scho(d  of  30  young  women. 

At  Diarbekir,  in  l,s50,  Kev.  K.  Schneider 
found  nearly  51)  Armenians,  accustomed  to 
meet  together  on  the  Sabbatli  for  the  reading  of 
the  liiblo,  and  Kev.  Azariah  Smith,  M.D,,  then 
of  Aintab,  though  Mosul  Was  his  first  lield  of 
labor,  organized  a  church  at  Diarbekir  in  1851. 
On  account  of  some  misunderstanding  concern- 
ing thi>  Scripture  conditions  of  church-member- 
ship, this  clmrcli  was  reorganized  in  1854,  and 
has  prospered  since  that  time.  About  that 
time,  akso,  tho  external  condition  of  things 
greatly  improved,  for  at  first  tho  missionaries 
wore  liable  to  bo  stoned  in  the  street,  and  when 
they  were  thus  treated  tho  I'asha  had  refused 
all  redress  ;  but  now  an  English  consul  and  a 
new  I'asha  wrought  a  complete  change  in  all 
this,  and  it  giv(!s  some  hint  of  the  I'rogress 
made  in  general  enlightenment  that  a  largo 
part  of  tho  Jacobite  Church  in  1855  openly 
avowed  that  they  remained  in  it  only  beeauso 
they  hoped  to  bring  it  over  bodily  to  the  truth, 
and  forced  their  i)ishop  to  read  tho  Scripture 
lessons  in  the  vernacular,  so  that  they  might  bo 
understood,  instead  of  in  the  Ancient  Syriac, 
which  was  to  them  an  unknown  tongue. 

Kev.  G.  C.  Knapp  and  wife  arrived  at  Diarbe- 
kir in  April,  1,S50,  and  that  year  the  number  of 
church-members  was  doubled.  Finding  that 
his  health  would  not  iiermit  him  to  remain  in 
Diarbekir,  Mr.  Knapp  removed,  in  Jlay,  1858, 
to  Kitlis,  a  city  more  elevated  and  lieallhy,  and 
thus  a  new  station  was  added  to  the  mission. 
Tho  same  year  Kev.  W,  F.  Williams  commenced 
another  station  at  Mardin,  which  has  since  be- 
come the  centre  of  missionary  ojierations  for 
that  region.  It  is  not  far  from  Deir  Zafran, 
the  seat  of  the  Jacobite  Patriarch,  and  contigu- 


A.  B.  a.  F.  M. 


77 


A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 


linrbe- 

I'ur  of 

that 

liin  in 

UUll 

»iision. 
enced 
bi!  be- 
U  for 
lifrau, 
litigu- 


oiis   lo  Jobel  Tiir,   tLe  homo  of  the  Jiicobite 
Ohiirch. 

MiiiiiwhiU!,  the  niissionftrics  nt  Mosul  suffered 
oxcci'iliiiHl.v  from  the  excessive  heat  of  that  city. 
Mainly  tor  this  reason  the  Assyrian  Mission,  in 
lm;o,  was  luerj^ed  in  what  is  now  known  as  the 
Eastern  Turkey  Mission.  The  work  is  not  aban- 
doned ;  it  is  only  readjusted.  Mosul,  instead 
of  boini.;  a  missionary  ofiitre  as  before,  is  now 
an  out  station.  The  missionary  and  his  family 
si)end  two-thirds  or  three-fourths  of  the  year  in 
labor  there,  and  the  rest  of  the  time  retreat  to 
a  cooler  region,  where  the  work  is  carried  on  in 
the  same  language,  if  not  among  the  same  yno- 
jile,  and  if  only  the  requisite  means  are  pro- 
vided to  iirosoeuto  the  work  with  vigor,  there  is 
no  reason  why  wo  may  not  siieedily,  under  the 
present  arrangement,  see  more  blessed  and  ex- 
tensive results  than  ever  before. 

•i.  Xi-slorhins,  -Messrs.  Smith  and  Dwight,  in 
their  tour,  became  deeply  interested  in  the 
iVrsian  \estorians.  In  September,  is:i;i,  Jus- 
tin Perkins  and  wife  embarked  nt  Boston  to 
commence  a  mission  among  them.  Perkins, 
prostrated  by  a  dangerous  sickness,  was  carried 
twenty  miles  on  a  bed  to  his  berth  in  the  vessel, 
lie  soon  rose  to  vigorous  health.  They  were 
warml,v  welcomed  at  Tabriz  by  JIar  Yohannan, 
a  Nestorian  bishop,  and  others.  In  lH:i5  I'er- 
kins  and  Grant  took  up  their  ([uarl  rs  at 
{)r)omiali.  Tlie  work  was  slow  at  first  — scarce 
half  a  dozen  converts  in  eight  years.  J5ut  schools 
Were  opened,  seminaries  tor  boys  and  girls 
were  established  at  the  heaihjuarters  of  the 
mission.  That  for  girls  commenced  in  1H44, 
with  2  pupils,  whose  number  increased  to  0 
that  winter,  and  afterward  to  2'>.  Hut  one 
woman  —  the  Patriarch's  sister — could  read 
when  the  missionaries  commenced  the  work. 
In  lH."i7  Miss  Fisko  sat  at  the  communion  fable 
with  ',t2  women,  whom  she  had  personally  led 
to  Clirist.  In  the  winter  of  ISJo— 1(!,  revivals 
occurred  which  spread  from  the  schools  to  even 
the  mountain  villages.  Again,  in  IfSli),  a  sea- 
son of  revival  still  more  remarkable  set  the 
work  forward.  In  the  j'ear  1870  there  were  I'lO 
native  helpers,  r>H  of  them  ordained  ;  85  jireach- 
ing  places,  1,000  pupils  in  the  schools,  500,000 
pages  of  religious  anil  educational  matter  i.ssued 
from  the  press,  and  a  prospect  so  hopeful  that 
a  wider  movement  was  contenipluted  and  a 
change  of  name  from  the  "  Nestoriai)  "  to  the 
"Persian"  Mission.  In  that  year  (1870)  the 
mission  was  tiansf (u-red  to  the  care  of  the  Ameri- 
can Presbyterian  Church.  (See  Missions  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  North.) 

In  18:M  Kcv.  James  L.  Merrick  sailed  from 
Boston  to  engage  in  an  exploring  tour  among 
the  ?Ioha!nm-;dans  of  I'ersia.  lieaching  Tabriz, 
he  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  language.  In 
183(1  he,  with  others  of  the  ]?asle  I\Iissionary 
Society,  visited  Teheran  and  Ispahan,  wliere  an 
excited  mob  attacked  them.  The  governor  pro- 
tected them.  Mr.  Merrick  jiroceeded  to  Shiraz, 
where  he  sjient  several  montlis.  He  found  that 
even  there  a  renunciation  of  Mohammedanism 
would  be  followed  by  a  violent  death.  He  re- 
turned to  Ispahan  and  Oroomiah,  and  then  took 
up  his  work  in  Tabriz  in  1838.  He  found  no 
opening  for  direct  missionary  work  niiiong  the 
Persians,  though  ho  assisted  the  Hev.  Mr.  Glen 
in  revising  the  Persian  translation  of  the  Gid 
Testament.  He  also  comi)leted  his  work  on  the 
Life  and  Ueligion  of  Mohammed,  as  contained 
in  the  Persian  traditions.      In  18-11   the  Pru- 


dential Committee,  finding  no  reasonable  hopes 
of  success,  resolved  to  discontinue  the  station 
nt  Tabriz,  and  Mr.  Merrick  was  autliori:;ed  to 
join  the  Ktatiou  at  Oroomiah.  (See  article  Per- 
sia.) 

5.  Greere. — Tlie  struggle  of  the  Greeks  for 
independence  had  excited  ii  lively  symjiathy 
throughout  the  Christian  world.  Americans 
volunteered  in  the  Greek  army;  n  pcuiimiltee  of 
ladies  in  New  York  sent  libi^ral  suiii)lies  to  the 
suffering  people,  and  the  Kev.  Jonas  King,  a.s 
their  agent,  went  to  Greece  to  superintend  tho 
distribution.  Christian  juople  were  filled  with 
enthusiasm  to  start  a  mission  in  that  land.  Dr. 
Anderson,  in  1828-i;'.»,  to  gather  information 
with  a  view  to  such  u  mission,  aw'  to  accom- 
plish other  objects  which  just  then  (uired  at- 
tention, visited  Malta  and  (ireece.  ,  was  de- 
cided to  commence  by  jiroviding  schools  and 
Bchool-liooks  in  the  Jlodein  Greek,  which 
should  convey  evangelical  instruction.  In  1830 
Mr.  King  resumed  work  under  the  Hoard,  and 
had  that  ,\ear  under  his  caie,  at  Teiios,  a 
school  of  30  or  10  girls,  and  was  actively 
engaged  in  distributing  Uibles,  tracts,  and 
school-books.  That  same  ,vear  Dr.  Kiuck,  in 
the  employ  of  the  C.  M.  S.,  and  co-operating 
with  the  A.  1!.  C.  F.  M.  missionaries,  gave  a 
list  of  twenty  2>hices  in  liberated  Greece  and 
ten  in  Greek  settlements  in  Turkey  where 
schools  Lad  been  furnisht  d  by  the  aid  of  Fng- 
lish  and  .\mericnn  Christians.  Several  Greeks 
were  l)ronglit  to  the  T'nited  States  for  instruc- 
tion, and  one  of  them  Kvangelinos  Sophocles, 
became  professor  in  Harvard  University.  I'l 
1833  IJev.  IClias  Itiggs  joined  Mr  King  at 
Athens,  and  in  1834  opened  a  station  at  Argos. 
Between  1834  and  183(1  nearly  '.l.dOll  New  Testa- 
ments in  Modern  Cireek  and  87.000  school-beoks 
and  religious  tracts  were  distributed.  In  1S3G 
Argos  was  relimpiished.  I'erse.-ution  and  in- 
terference on  the  i)art  of  the  synod  and  govern- 
ment resisted  tlie  work  and  ultimately  closed 
the  schools.  But  Dr.  King  and  Mr.  Benjamin 
continued  to  jireach,  prepare  books,  and  dis- 
tribute evangelical  literature  in  Athentj  until 
1844.  when  it  was  considered  best  that  Mr.  Ben- 
jamin enter  the  wider  field  of  usefulness  among 
the  .Armenians  of  Turkey.  'Work  among  the 
Greeks  in  a  great  measure  ceased,  but  Dr.  King 
continued  to  reside  and  labor  nt  .\thens  till  his 
death,  in  l8r,;t,  which  event  closed  the  mission 
of  the  X.  B.  C.  F.  51.  to  Greece.  The  work  had 
not  been  in  vain.  As  many  as  2(10, OilO  copies  of 
the  New  Testament  and  parts  of  the  Gld  had 
been  ]>ut  in  circulation  ia  the  modern  language, 
1,(KMI,0(MI  i'ojiirs  of  books  niid  tracts  had  been 
distributed,  a  .-icore  of  (ireek  young  men  had 
been  liberally  educated,  and  more  than  10,000 
Greek  youths  had  received  instructiiui  at  the 
various  mission  schools  in  (ireece  and  Turkey, 
The  \V.  T.  M.  isee  above)  has  some  work,  in- 
creasing from  yenr  to  year,  among  the  Greeks 
of  .\sia  Minor.     (See  article  Greece.) 

6.  /?i(/</<(nV((is.-  In  18.")8  Bev.  Mr.  Morse  en- 
tered .\drinnople  to  commeiK'o  work  among  the 
Bulgarians.  Sophia.  Ivski  '/.narn,  and  I'liilip- 
jiopnlis  were  occupied  in  1850,  Samokov  in 
18(12.  nnd  Monnstir  in  1873.  There  is  a  sta- 
tion also  at  Constantinople  for  literary  and  pub- 
lication work.  Until  1870  tho  work  was  con- 
nected  with  the  W.  T.  M..  but  that  year  wag 
organized  separately  as  the  European  Turkey 
^lission.  The  tirst  fiftec  n  years—  18:'i8  to  1873 — 
were  spent  in  translating  and   publishing  the 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


78 


A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 


r  !i  I 


-'  i 


I! 


Bil)Io  iiii.l  otiier  liookn,  rolis^inns  nnd  educiv- 
tioiml.  iiiid  in  I'.stiililisliiiij^  tlio  ('()llf(,'iati)  imd 
Tliiii>l(i^;u'iil  liistiliili!  iukI  dills'  iSimnhii^  sflionl 
nt  Siuimlvov.  Tlu!  lliTZCj^iiviiiii  iclu'llioii  (1H7")), 
liulf^  iriiiii  relicllioii  uml  iimssiicrwH  (1H7<>),  uiid 
tlio  llussiim  wiir  (1H77-7H)  sciiDiisly  inlerlorL'd 
■with  llii^  work.  J,sUi  /ii^ni,  one  of  the  stiilions, 
wiis  uttiTly  di'stvnyod,  Sincn  1H7H  lliowork  has 
iimde  nipid  stridcH.  The  iiilliu'iice  of  Koburt 
Cc)Ui'H(^  1111:1  tliii  ' '(insfiiiiliiii)iil(^  Homo  (now  tho 
Anii'iiciin  (!i)lh>^,'(i  for  (iirls)on  tlu!  devclopnicnt 
of  Hiilj^iiriii  liuM  licon  iiiarUiMl.  'I'lie  Jtul^nriiin 
Eviiii^'i'licivl  Socifty,  wliicli  is  iv  niitivo  homo 
inissionury  soi'icty,  iind  ii  coiifiTiiico  ,if  native 
clinrehes,  and  is  entirely  iindei  native  man- 
nj^ement,  thouj,di  reeeivinj;  aid  ti  the  amount 
of  nearly  one  third  of  its  expi  nditiire  from 
the  Aiueriean  JJoard  and  the  Amerioan  liihlo 
Society,  publishes  a  monthly  p  'riodi<'al,  sus- 
tains a  bocdi  store  in  Sophia,  engages  in  homo 
missionary  work,  and  does  iiiue  i  in  its  annual 
meetings  (attended  by  from  ■100  to  "(0(1  persons) 
to  edneate  the  people  in  church  work  and  mis- 
sionary Zeal.  'I'lie  European  Turkey  Mission 
has  I  stations,  2(!  out-stations.  ',(  churches,  with 
CH2  members  ;  10  missionaries,  11!  female  as- 
sistant missionaries,  '>H  native  lieli)ers,  1  theo- 
logical seminary,  with  12  students  ;  Collegiate 
Institute,  71!  i)upils  ;  2  girls'  high  schools,  with 
G()  pupils  ;  8  common  schools,  with  131  pupils. 
Native  contributions  (1HH',»),  !JG,2H7.  A  special 
■work  among  tho  Albanians  (q,  v. )  is  projected. 

iV.  JIissioNS  TO  China. 

1.  Canton. — Elijah  C.  Bridgninn,  accompanied 
by  David  Abeel,  who  went  out  under  the  Sea- 
man's Friend  Society  to  labor  among  the  seamen, 
but  who  afterward  joined  the  .\.  1!.  ('.  F.  },[. 
Mission,  left  New  York  in  October,  1H2!I,  and 
arrived  in  Canton  February,  lK:iO.  Tho  fir.st 
years  were  spent  in  Canton  and  Macao,  study- 
ing the  language.  In  18lil  Mr.  Uridgman  issued 
the  first  number  o£  tho  Cliini'si'  Hi-jiosidinj,  now 
published  at  Shanghai.  In  IfSli;!  S.  Wells 
Williams  and  Ira  Trac.v  joined  the  mission. 
The  opium  war,  begun  in  ISIO,  totally  suspend- 
ed missionary  labors  in  China,  li.v  the  treaty 
of  1812,  Canton,  Aiiioy,  Foochow,  Ningpo, 
nnd  Shanghai  were  ojiened  to  commerce,  and 
Hong  Kong  was  ceded  to  ICtigland.  The  work 
in  Canton  was  rcisumed  in  184"),  and  carried  on 
under  many  restrictions.  Tracts  and  portions 
of  the  l!lble  were  ])ublished,  jireaching  tours 
were  made,  and  schools  for  boys  and  girls 
0])ened.  A  civil  war  in  IS'il  an<l  a  war  with 
England  in  18.")i)  again  interru|ited  the  work, 
and  tho  dwellings,  printing  establishment,  and 
many  books  of  the  missionaries  were  destroyed 
by  hre.  The  treaty  of  lHr,8  guaranteed  the 
toleration  of  Christianity  in  all  ])arts  of  the  eni- 
piro,  nnd  tlie  mission  was  again  resumed. 
Other  societies  commenced  work  in  Canton,  nnd 
tho  better  outlook  of  the  Board's  work  at  Foo 
chow  and  in  North  China  seemed  to  render  n 
withdrawal  from  Canton  advisable  on  the  death 
of  the  two  iiiissionaries  stationed  there.  Mr. 
Bonney  died  in  iHCt  and  Dr.  Ball  in  1800,  in 
■which  .year  the  Board   withdrew, 

2.  /liHo;/.— Established  in  lNt2  by  Mr.  Abeel, 
who  was  joined  in  18-1 1  by  others.  These  niis- 
Bionaries  were  members  of  the  Reformed  (Dutch) 
Church,  which  was  then  co-operating  in  mis- 
Bionnry  work  with  tho  A.  B.  C,  F.  M.  The  first 
converts  were   baptized   in  181(j,  and  in  1857, 


tho  year  the  Ilefornied  Church  withdrew  from 
co.o])eration  with  the  .\merican  Board,  the 
number  was  170.  The  missiuii  was  transferred 
that  >  ear  to  the  care  of  the  Kefoimeil  (Dutch) 
Church  in  America,  nnd  has  since  pn  s]iere<l. 

y.  Ftiachiiir. — Was  begun  in  1817.  The  tirst 
church  was  organized  with  only  1  members  in 
18r)7.  Boys'  and  girls'  boarding  schools  weie 
commenced  in  lS."):i.  Tho  New  'I'ehtaiiH  nt  was 
translated  into  the  Foochow  dialect,  and  tho 
tirst  editi.m  jiublished  in  iMlifi.  This  and  other 
important  literary  work  was  <'arried  <ui  in  con- 
nection with  the  Alethodist  Episcopal  mission- 
aries. TheOld  T  ^tament  translation  was  coni- 
I>leted  in  1H8H.  ho  American  Boaid  I'emalo 
College  was  dedi.ated  in  1881.  Jledu'al  wiu'k 
lias  been  a  gi'eat  nid,  thousands  of  patients  be- 
ing theieby  brought  under  tho  moral  and  sjiirit- 
ual  intluenco  of  tho  missionariis.  In  the  Foo- 
chow Mission  aro  3  stations,  21  out-stations,  7 
ordained  and  1(S  assistant  missionaries,  15 
churches,  with  102  members  ;  3  medical  classes, 
with  11  pupils  ;  1  boys'  boarding-school,  with 
•11  j)Upils  ;  1  girls',  with  31  pu])ils  ;  1'.)  common 
schools,  with  308  pupils  ;  native  contributions 
for  the  year  (1881)),  !j!l,382. 

4.  Sliinii/liKi,  or  .\nrlli  I'hiiia  Missiim. — In  1847 
Mr.  Bridgman  went  to  Shanghai  to  assist  in  tho 
translation  of  the  Bible.  In  1854,  Jlessrs. 
Blodget  and  Aitchison  joined  him,  and  a  mis- 
sion was  organized.  In  18);0  Mr.  Blodget  took 
up  his  residence  in  Tientsin,  which  was  the 
opening  of  missionary  work  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  (treat  I'lain,  and  as  the  opportunities 
for  missionary  work  seemed  more  liopeful  nt 
tho  north,  the  mission  location  was  changed 
nnd  tho  name  became  the  North  China  Mission 
in  18(!2.  Breaching,  book  distribution,  schools, 
medii'al  work,  and  famine  relief  are  the  means 
which  have  been  used  and  blessed  to  the  fur- 
therance of  the  trospel.  In  18(i4  the  liridgman 
School,  which  has  maintained  a  high  character, 
was  established.  In  18(1!)  tho  only  press  under 
the  control  of  Protestant  missions  in  North 
China  was  established.  The  expense  was  de- 
frayed partly  by  the  indemnity  fund  k  ceived 
from  tho  Chinese  (iovernmciit  after  the  burn- 
ing of  the  mission  press  in  Canton,  already  re- 
ferred to.  Much  good  ami  valuable  work  has 
been  aecomiilished  by  this  jiress.  Tho  Mission 
High  School  is  situated  at  Tung  Clio,  and  con- 
nected with  it  is  a  theological  seminary.  Tho 
medical  work  carried  on  at  Tung.Cho,  Kalgan, 
Pao-ting-fu,  and  Pang Chuang  is  worthy  of 
special  mention.  There  are  in  tlui  North  China 
Mission  7  stations,  28  out-stations,  lit  ordained 
missionaries,  (i  jdivsiciaus,  30  female  assistant 
missionaries,  (!  churches,  with  087  members;  1 
theological  school,  with  11  jiupils  ;  2  boys' 
boarding-schools,  41  pupils  ;  3  girls'  boarding- 
schools,  43  pu])ils  ;  12  common  schools,  181) 
Jiupils  (53  in  station  classes);  47  native  helpers  ; 
native  contributions,  !!;242  ;  jiatients  treated 
during  the  year,  21,018  ;  total  pages  jirinted, 
21,000,000. 

5.  Slid/isi  ^fisshn. — Begun  in  1882.  (Prov- 
ince of  Shansi  covers  abou*  (1(1.000  si|unre  miles, 
nnd  has  12,000.000  inhnbitants.)  Two  stations,  1 
out  station,  (!  missionaries,  1  physician,  (!  feniale 
nssistnnt  missionaries,  1  church,  with  5  mem- 
liers  ;  2  station  {'lasses,  1  boys'  boarding  school, 
with  15  pupils.  The  poppy  is  cultivated,  and 
the  people  grently  nddicted  to  the  opium  habit. 
The  missionaries  met  many  discouragementB 
during  the  early  yenrs  of  the  mission,  but  nro 


M. 


A.  B.  O.  r.  M. 


79 


A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 


(I'rov- 
0  miles, 
lions,  1 
foiiiiile 
)  luom- 
cliool, 
1,  mill 
1  lml)it. 
;eiiicnt8 
but  aro 


<>n(!nuragiHl  liy  the  prospects  of  future  develoii- 

llKUlt. 

(i,  JIdik)  Konij  Missio)!. — lie^jnii  in  1S.S3.  One 
station,  "i  oufstiitious,  1  iiiissidniirv,  11  imtivo 
liL'lpia's,  '1  churches,  witli  'iM  niciiil)ers  ;  H  com- 
mon scliools,  witli  It");)  pupils.  This  mission 
hiis  in  view  siicciiilly  tlu?  Chincso  who  hiive  re- 
tuiiiiil  from  Amcricii  to  their  nutivo  hind.  The 
missiimary  is  enoouruneil  iu  Lis  work,  iiuj  ro- 
t'Uforcumcnts  (ire  culled  for. 

V'.  Ai'itii'A,     4  Missions. 

1.  WeKtern  AfrU-n.-  Iu  Novemhcr,  W^'^,  Rev. 
J.  Ij.  Wilson  and  Mr.  S.  It.  Wyiiconp  emlmrked 
at  liidtimoro  in  it  vessel  sunt  out  by  the  Mnry- 
liind  (!oloniziition  .Society,  mid  rciiched  Ciipe 
I'ldiiiiis  eiiily  in  the  following'  year.  Iliiviii},' 
decided  upon  (.'ape  I'lilmas  as  a  favorahle  loca- 
tion, they  returned  to  America.  The  mission 
was  eslalilished  in  Becemher,  IHlM,  liy  Mr.  Wil- 
son and  his  wife,  (greatly  to  tlio  joy  of  the  na- 
tives. The  nej.;roes  of  the  (iuineii  coast  were 
found  to  1)0  fearfully  dej^raded.  Schools  were 
estatilished,  missionary  re-enforcements  sent 
out  anil  new  stations  oi)ened.  In  iNltti  there 
were  1(10  pupils  in  the  schools,  many  of  them 
from  the  far  interior  ;  a  printiiif^  press  was  set 
up  ;  a  church  with  G  memliers  orj^anized.  In 
1H:!7  the  lioard  was  comiieUeil  to  lessen  its  ex- 
jieiiditure.  It  was  a  serious  blow  to  this  niis- 
.sion.  I'rintint;  ceased,  2  schools  were  closed, 
the  boardiuf^  school  reduced,  the  natives  dis- 
counif^ed  and  contideneo  impaired.  Then  fol- 
lovved  the  inimical  French  occupation,  and  all 
tlie  abomination  connected  with  the  relations 
of  foreif^n  traders  with  Africa.  In  IHtIt  the 
mission  was  removed  to  Gaboon,  on  ai'count  of 
the  attitude  of  the  American  Cidony  f rom  Jbiry- 
land.  The  new  location  brought  the  mission 
into  contact  with  nobler  races,  as  the  Jlpon- 
t^wos  and  liakides.  Two  diahn'ts  were  reduced 
to  writiiif?,  and  many  heard  the  (rospcl  f,dadly. 
In  1H7II  this  mission  was  transferred  to  the 
Presliyterian  Hoard,  nnd  has  prospered.  .\t 
that  time  it  had  4  ordaineil  and  5  assistant  mis- 
sionaries, :t  native  beljiers,  1  church,  with  10 
members  ;  1  training  school,  and  1  girls'  board- 
ing-school. 

2.  /■(/.(  .l/;,vs;oii.— Established  in  18:14  by  (! 
missioiiiiries  and  their  wives.  The  uttemjit  to 
establish  an  inland  mission  was  frustrated  by 
the  Dutch  Boers.  The  first  station  was  Umlazi, 
near  I'ort  Natal.  Schools  were  oi>ened,  a  Jirint- 
iii,^  press  set  in  operation,  and  a  congregation 
of  •")!)()  gathered,  when  the  war  between  the 
liners  and  Zulus  brought  the  work  to  an  end. 
Four  years  later  the  work  was  resunied,  but  the 
unsettled  state  of  the  country  mid  the  lioslility 
of  the  powerful  ami  treachernus  Zulu  King, 
Diiigaaii,  decided  the  Prudential  Couijiiittee  to 
abindoii  th(^  field  in  lh4:t.  Hut  Natal  jiassed 
under  lirilish  eontnil,  and  the  missionaries  re- 
tunitNl  .joyfully  to  their  work.  In  1.S44,  the 
first  convert,  an  old  woman,  was  gained.  In 
liHlO,  1)  (diundies,  with  12:)  members,  had  been 
org mized.  The  language  was  reduced  to  writ- 
ing ;  a  Zulu  dictionary  ami  grammar  were 
jirepared,  and  the  Ihble  was  gra<lually  trans- 
lated and  jiublished.  The  work  prospered, 
civilization  entered,  revivals  occurred,  the 
translation  of  the  Scriptures  was  completed  in 
188:t,  the  native  agency  under  missionary  super- 
vision is  doing  a  good  work,  the  native  churches 
contribute  liberally,  and  native  laisBionaries  are 


found  ready  to  carry  the  Gosjiel  to  ^bltpbeleland 
and  the  far  interior.  There  are  H  stations.  18 
outsttttious,  4  native  pastors,  1(1  churches,  \  'li 
1,01)7  meml)ers  ;  112  unordaiiied  preacdiers, 
teachiTs,  and  other  helpers  ;  1  theological 
school,  with  17  iMipils  ;  1  boys'  boarding- 
scho(d,  (ill  pui>ils  ;  the  Inaiidii  Seminary  and 
Uniziimbe  lioiiu'  for  Girls,  Kill  |)upils  ;  20  com. 
mon  schools,  l,21(i  pii]  '1.-  ;  native  contributions 
for  the  year  (iNHOi,  ,sl.. '!•.)!  ;  U  niissionaries  and 
10  female  assistant  missionaries. 

;t.  I'hal  C'nilriil  Afiirdii  Mi.saioii. — Started  by 
Mr.  Wilcox  at  Inhambaiio  in  18S:!.  The  work 
so  far  has  consisted  chielly  in  reducing  the 
language  (Tonga)  to  writing  (this  work  was 
done  (hielly  by  Itiv.  K.  11.  Ki-.'hards)  and 
translating  into  it  the  New  TestanuMit  (com- 
Jileted,  and  the  last  jiortion  ]iublished  on  Marcdi 
1st,  1800),  a  book  of  hymns,  etc.;  visiting  the 
Kraals  ;  establishing  schools,  and  making  ex- 
plorations with  a  view  to  ext<>nding  the  work. 
Alread.v  4  stations  -two  in  tlie  Tonga  district, 
Mongwo  and  liambe  ;  two  in  the  Jiatswa,  Kani- 
bini  and  Jlakodw<'ni — and  Ki  places  for  slated 
j)reaiduiig  hiive  been  occupied  ;  1  boys'  board- 
ing school  and  1  girls'  boarding-school,  each 
with  5  i)Upils,  havi!  been  opened  ;  2  ciuiimon 
schools,  with  nati  ve  teachers  and  1 1  o  luipils,  have 
been  established.  The  native  contributions  for 
the  year  (rei)ort  of  1880),  SO  ;  number  of  jiages 
printed,  201,000.  The  board  of  a  i)upil  in 
school  costs  40  cents  per  month,  which  the  pn- 
l)ils  earn  by  labor  done.  During  ^HHH  more 
than  HO  persons  joined  the  young  converts' 
class,  but  several  drop])ed  out.  .  Ktforts  have 
been  made  to  penetrate  into  the  interior  and 
establish  a  work  in  King  Gungunyana's  teiri- 
tory,  but  Portuguese  infiuence  and  tlu^  i)reoccu- 
pation  of  the  district  by  Koman  Catholic  mis- 
sionaries have  so  far  rendered  the  attempts 
futile. 

4.  Went  Centrdl  Africdn  J/?.s.sion. — Established 
in  18M0,  oe-ui)ies  the  highlands  of  liailundii 
and  ISihc.  The  I'mbundu  language  is  ve-y 
extensively  spoken  in  West  Central  .Vfrica, 
and  the  missionaries  have  already  done  most 
iiiqiortant  work  in  reducing  it  to  writing  nnd 
jiublishing  in  it  a  primer  and  other  school- 
l)ooks,  together  with  portions  of  the  Scriidures. 
The  work  was  interrupted  by  the  forcilde  ex- 
pulsion of  the  missionaries  mid  the  destruction 
of  much  of  tlieir  jiroperty  in  188:1,  but  they  re- 
turned in  ISM."),  and  have  since  pursued  their 
duties  with  gratifying  success.  Tliis  is  looked 
upon  as  a  field  of  nuu-e  than  usual  promise. 
The  rejiort  for  1888  shows  4  statiiuis,  7  mission- 
aries, and  7  female  assistant  missionaries,  2 
English  assistants,  1  churih,  with  17  members  ; 
1  native  ;.astor,  4  common  schools,  with  .Tl  jui- 
pils  ;  10,or)4  pages  printed  ;  i?7  of  native  contri- 
butions. 

VI.  J.\p.iN.     2  Missions. 

The  first  Protestant  missionaries  entered 
Japan  in  18."is,  but  were  unable  to  teach  or 
preach,  save  in  the  strictest  ])rivacv  and  under 
the  strictest  surveillance.  In  1871  a  teacher 
of  one  of  the  missionaries  was  arrested  with  his 
wife  at  deail  of  night  (ui  suspicion  of  being  a 
Christian.  He  died  in  jnison  in  November, 
1872.  In  ]S(;8  the  Mikado  was  established  solo 
ruler  of  the  Empire,  and  the  following  vear  the 
A.  B.  C.  P.  M.  sent  Kev.  T>.  C.  Greene,  who 
opened  a  mission  nt  Kobe  in  Central  Japan. 
In      1872    the    government    projected     great 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


80 


A.  B.  C.  r.  M. 


IJ  l(  : 


m 


iti 


ii 


i-!    !    •! 


i\\ 


changes,  The  depftrtmont  of  religion,  Imviiif; 
ShiiitooiHin  us  its  sixnuiil  cnro,  wiis  iibolislicil, 
anil  ti)k'nitioii  of  ClinHtiunity  was  clmirly  fore- 
Hliii(l.>Wf(l.  'I'lio  iifXt  _vtar  loriiml  jn'i  Mcliiiit4 
was  (•"iiiiiii'iicimI  nt  Kiilic,  iiiitl  in  1H71  two 
churc'lic'S  wert)  orj^anizi'd — diio  lit  Ki)l)c!  and  one  at 
Osaka.  'I'wo  clinrclics  with  orf^aiii/i'il  in  IhTo 
mill  tlircii  iiilKTCi.  In  1H77  thi'si'i'imil  chnri'li  was 
HalliiTiil  at  Osiilva,  and  tin'  lust  .lupantsi!  cnn- 
vcrt  sot  aiini'l  to  tliii  Christian  iiiinisti.v  in  tlin 
Empire  was  ordained  and  installed  its  pastor. 
Mr.  Nia'sinia  liad  Ixicn  ordaimd  in  .Vnicrica  in 
1871.  'I'liu  Kyoto  Trainiii!,'  Soliool,  or  hosliislia, 
was  opened  Noveiiilur,  |H7"i,  witliH  pupils.  In 
187'.>  it  liad  l'J7  )niiiils,  and  [^nidmitid  its  tirst 
class  of  1"),  will!  lieeaiiie  evun^^'elieal  workers.  It 
Las  now  ]ircpiiratory,  colit'i^'iati',  and  tlienlo^deal 
deimrtniiMits,  toj^etlier  witli  a  Selimd  for  Nurses 
and  a  (iirls'  Seliool.  In  \S~H  a  Native  ^fission- 
nry  Society  was  (Ut^ani/ed,  wlueli  unites  tUo 
cliurehes  in  (^tVeetive  laliors. 

lu  Northern  Japan,  with  its  centre  in  Niij^jiita, 
a  new  mission  was  oiiened  in  IS,s:t.  There  2 
missions  are  practically  one,  Jlen  chosen  from 
tlio  lui'^siouary  force  of  Severn  I  societies  united 
iu  the  work  of  translatini;  the  Scriptures.  To 
take  part  in  that  work,  Mr.  (rroene  removed  to 
Yokohama  in  lH7t.  The  New  Testament  was 
completed  in  ISHO,  and  the  Old  Testament  in 
18MS.  The  following  statistics,  t^iveii  iu  the  re- 
port  of  18*1  will  convey  an  idea  of  the  voniler- 
ful  j^rowtli  of  tho  work  during  the  twenty  years 
Biaoo  the  American  Hoard  entered  the  Held  : 
Bovuu  stations,  85  missionaries  and  assistant 
missionaries,  23  native  pastors,  frl  native 
preachers  and  colporteurs,  41)  churches,  of 
which  43  are  self-supporting^  ;  7,871  members, 
of  whom  2,12'J  were  received  on  profession  dur- 
ing the  last  year  ;  811  theoloj^'ical  students,  !) 
high  schools  for  bo  s  and  youn^  men,  with 
l,U()l  piipils  ;  10  hi(,h  schools  for  twirls,  with 
1,203  pupils  ;  1  evanf^elistio  school  for  women, 
with  38  pupils,  and  1  traininj^  school  for  nurses, 
with  14  pupils  ;  native  contributions,  s;3.j,U0'J. 

VII.  Missions  in  Papai^  Lands. 

1.  Soulh  America, — Messrs.  J.  C.  Brif^ham 
and  Theophilus  Parvin  arrived  in  liuenos  Ayres 
October,  1823.  They  perfected  themselves  in 
the  Spanish  lani^uage  ;  opened  a  school  with 
Home  20  pupils  and  a  Sabbath-school  for  Prot- 
estant children,  with  a  similar  number  ;  re- 
vived ft  Jiible  Society  which  had  been  previous- 
ly formed,  and  gave  an  impulse  to  Uiblo  distri- 
bution ;  established  preaching  services  both  on 
Sunday  and  week  days  at  tho  house  of  an  Eng- 
lishman ;  held  Bethel  meetings  on  board  shijjs 
in  the  harbor,  and  in  various  ways  promoted 
the  work.  Mr.  Marvin  visited  America  in  Sep- 
tember, 182"),  was  ordained  in  Philadelphia,  and 
returned  to  Buenos  Ayres  the  next  year  with  a 
press,  printer,  and  female  teacher.  He  wished 
to  labor  on  his  individual  responsibility  ;  the 
income  of  the  school  was  snrticicnt  for  his  sup- 
port, and  at  his  own  request  ho  was  honorably 
discharged  from  the  service  of  the  Board.  Mr. 
Brigham  left  Buenos  Ayres  in  October,  1824, 
and  after  a  tour  of  exploration,  pursuing  the 
original  design  of  tho  mission,  returned  to  the 
Uniti.  d  States  in  182('>,  was  there  invited  to  tho 
domestic  secretaryship  of  the  American  Bible 
Society,  and  was  released  from  tho  service  of 
the  Board. 

In  1833  an  exploring  expedition  was  sent  out 


with  a  view  to  tho  founding  of  a  mission  on  tho 
AVestern  (Joast  of  Patagonia.  'I"ho  jirojei't  was 
found  impracticable,  and  tho  niissiouaries  re- 
turned. 

2.  .Uf,ric(i.--  Two  Missions,  (a)  tlV.s/oii  .Vc"- 
I'ci), — por  over  300  yeais  Komaiusm  held  ab- 
solute swiiy  in  Mexico.  Mori!  than  one  third  of 
all  the  real  estate  is  in  the  haiiils  of  the  Churidl  ; 
less  than  one-fourth  of  thiMidult  i>opuliilion  can 
read  ami  write  ;  superstition  has  a  strong  hold 
upon  the  iieople,  and  the  missionaries  have  met 
with  Ihrce  o|)positiiin.  The  mission  was  nu- 
derlaken  in  1.S72,  with  Gnadalajara  as  a  centre. 
A  church  «as  formed  in  1873,  with  17  members. 
One  of  the  two  missionaries  going  to  .\hualuico 
was  killed  by  a  mob  in  1874.  Iteenforcements 
arrived,  but  the  vicissitudes  of  tho  mission  lid't 
it  greatly  weakened,  and  in  1KS2,  when  three 
new  missionary  families  joined  the  mission, 
they  fiumd  that  the  fruits  of  the  Board's  work 
hitlu'rti)  had  nearly  all  passed  into  the  hands  of 
the  Methodist  Mission.  The  work  was  reor- 
ganized, and  a  church  formed  in  IMSI  with  14 
members.       77/e    Mnrtihiij    Slur,    afterward     Tlie 

Wiliifss,  was  founded  in  that  year  ;  schools  wore 
opened  for  boys  and  girls  ;  a  training  school  for 
helpers  established,  and  substantial  [progress  lia.s 
marked  tho  work,  notwithstanding  the  strong 
and  bitter  opposition  it  has  encountered. 
There  are  now  2  stations,  (i  out-stations,  2 
churches,  with  1)7  members,  8  native  agents,  1 
girls'  schoid,  with  0  pupils  ;  3  common  schools, 
with  fit!  pupils  ;  The  li7(HP.v,v  (Kl  Testijn)  has  a 
circulation  of  750  cojiies  per  week. 

('))  In  18^)2  the  Northern  Mexico  Mission  was 
founded  with  Chihuahua,  on  tho  Mexican  ('en- 
tral  Kailway,  as  a  centre.  Notwithstanding  op- 
jiosition,  gratifying  progress  has  marked  the 
work  of  this  mission.  In  iMHIi  a  church  was 
formed  in  Cliihuahna,  with  42  members.  The 
statistics  given  in  the  Board's  report  for  1881> 
are  as  follows:  Four  stations,  8  out-stations,  10 
missionaries  and  assistant  missionaries,  7 
churches,  IHO  members,  of  whom  75  were  add- 
ed during  the  year  ;  G  schools,  with  144  jpupils  ; 
receipts  from  sales  of  Scrii)tures  during  the 
year,  $21*4  ;  receijifs  from  sales  of  religious 
books  and  i)ftj)ers,  $1,300. 

3.  Mins'ion  to  Ilitb/, — On  the  withdrawal  of 
the  American  and  Poreign  Christian  Union,  and 
nt  tho  earnest  invitation  of  tho  Free  Church 
of  Italy,  the  Board  commenced  ft  mission  in 
Italy  in  1872.  The  purjiose  was  to  aid  certain 
churches  and  evangelistic  ngoncie.s  started  by 
the  Union.  In  1874  it  was  decided  that  the 
limited  amount  of  means  and  the  limited  num- 
ber of  men  that  the  Board  found  itself  enabled 
to  employ  in  nominally  Christian  lands,  and  tho 
difficulty  of  finding  a  clear  field  for  tho  Board'.s 
methods  of  labor  on  account  of  tho  presence  of 
so  many  other  evangelical  agencies  at  work  in 
Italy  and  other  consic''  .ations,  particularly 
true  of  Italy,  made  it  seem  expedient  to  suspend 
operations  in  that  field,  which  was  accordingly 
done. 

4.  Mission  io  Spain. — When,  in  June,  1869, 
Spain  adopted  a  new  constitution  guarantee- 
ing full  religious  liberty  to  natives  and  for- 
eigners alike,  various  evangelical  bodies  took  ad- 
vantage of  the  situation  to  commence  Gospel 
work  in  that  land.  In  1872  the  American 
Board  established  a  mission,  with  Barcelona  and 
Santftnder  as  stations.  Two  sons  of  the  Ha- 
waiian missionary.  Rev.  Peter  J.  Gulick,  with 
Bev,  Guatavus  Alexy  and  Miss  Blake,  were  sent 


3«H*l»-"^ 


A.  B.  o.  r.  M. 


81 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


Bion  in 
Icertain 
Ited  by 
lat  tho 
ll  umn- 
Innliled 
Ind  tho 
KoanVs 
^nce  of 
lork  iu 
^iilarly 
spend. 
Iilingly 

1869, 
tantee- 
1(1  for- 
|ok  ad- 

lospel 
lerican 
|ia  and 

i  Ha- 

with 

|o  gent 


out  to  this  niiHHion.  At  onoo  a  Rcbonl,  licgun 
liy  Mr  riii\vri'U(U!,  connootnd  with  tho  liroiulway 
Tatn^rnuclu  Cliurch,  Now  York  City,  uaniii  under 
tliu  cure  of  tho  inisrtion.  Aid  was  \ii\M\  to 
f<!i)l)lii  rvannolioal  churclios,  littiriituro  was  diH- 
trlhutod,  mid  rcguliir  pni'ichiiiK'  HerviccH  siia- 
tainnd  In  1K7:!  Jtiirt'i'loua  was  ahaiidonod. 
I'olitical  disturliancos  and  tho  reactionary  ten- 
dencies iif  a  now  (,'overunient  interfered  with  tho 
work  (hiring  tho  next  fow  years.  In  1H75 
/Carat^o/.ii  wa.s  occupied.  Audiences  in  Snn- 
tander  nuuibcrod  HO  or  iM).  On  ApriUlthof  that 
year  tho  first  <!vun|,'elical  church  of  Kantaudor 
was  ort;anized  with  17  luendiers.  A  church  was 
or^'ani/.ed  in  /aragoza  in  lis7i!  ;  tho scliools were 
lloin-ishint^and  cmf^rei^'ations  lar^e.  Hitter  and 
j)ersist(mt  opijosition  and  persecution,  insti- 
j,'iite(l  by  tlio  priests,  S'rved  to  call  out  tho 
hi^lior  (jualities  of  tho  converts.  In  tho  faco 
of  peculiar  ditVicidtios,  tho  work  has  steadily 
increased.  The  report  for  IH.SH  nivos  1  station, 
1")  out  stations,  1  missionary,  2  feinalo  assistant 
missionaries,  7  ])aslors,  10  diurchos,  ;t2',l  com 
municants,  I  board ini^-school  for  twirls,  with  li'2 
j)upils  ;  12  conimon  schools,  witli  7;lu  j)Ui)ils  ; 
1(1  native  teachers,  2  evannolists,  1  J!il)lo  woman, 
8  colporteurs  ;  contributions,  l*;i,2HH. 

i'j.  Minfihin  to  Annliiu. — Established  in  1872 
by  Mcjssrs,  H.  A.  Sehauflier,  E.  A  Adams, 
and  A.  W.  Clark  and  their  wives  followed  tho 
next  year  by  Kov.  E.  (!.  ]!issell  and  wife. 
Prafiu'e,  in  IJohemia  ;  liriinn,  in  Moravia,  and 
Innsbruck,  in  Tyrol,  were  occupied;  colporteurs 
and  evan},'elists  wcro  employed,  and  encouraf;e- 
meiit  Kiven  to  active  Cliristian  workers  in  tlio 
alreaily  oxistiiiK  I'rotestant  cliurches.  Violent 
op|)osition  on  tlio  part  of  tlie  Catholic  clorgy  and 
inimical  interference  by  tlio  government  ren- 
dered the  woik  very  dirticult.  Tlie  action  of 
the  Keformed  Consistory  at  Vienna  for  a  time 
seriously  crippled  tho  work.  In  no  lield  has 
opi)osition  been  more  persistent,  tho  diffieuities 
greater,  or  tlie  faithful  labors  of  the  mission- 
aries more  ahundant. 

The  work  among  Bohemian  immigrants  in 
America  has  been  greatly  assisted  by  converts 
made  in  this  mission.  Tho  report  for  1HH8 
shows  that  there  were  then  1  missionary  family, 
Ci  churches,  with  2'.K>  meinbers,  of  whom  !).J  were 
added  daring  tlut  year  ;  ;!  ordained  preachers, 
5  evangelists,  2  colporteurs  ;  average  congrega- 
tions, HlCi  ;  contributions  of  natives,  $(i70  ;  lU- 
bles  circulnteil  during  the  year,  518  ;  New  Tes- 
taments, ;i, ;)',)!  ;  gospels,  l,.")!?  ;  other  books, 
2,81(1  ;  tracts,  papers,  etc.,  75,8I('J. 

VIII.  Missions    ajiono    the    Noiitu    Amehicax 

iNni.iNS. 

The  following  table  presents  a  summary  of 
work  done  in  tho  15  missions  : 

1.  (Jherokees.  —  IKKl-dO  :     112     missionaries, 

mostly  lay  and  female,  ;  12  churches,  with 
218  memliers  in  1S(!0  ;  schools  ;  jirinting, 
14,081,100  jiages  ;  given  up  because  Jioard's 
proper  work  done. 

2.  67ioWr/u).s.— 1818-,")'.)  :   1,53  missionaries;  12 

churches,  with  1,11(12  members  in  185'J  ; 
at  that  time  declared  a  C!hristian  jieople  ; 
schools  ;  printing,  11,588,000  pages  ;  given 
up  because  of  complications  arising  from 
the  existence  of  slavery  ;  in  1872  one 
missionary  resumed  labor  and  withdrew 
in  1876,  leaving  4  churches  under  a  na- 
tive pastor. 


3,  O.OT9M.— 1826-37.  Commenced  by  United 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  iu  1820  ;  trans- 
ferred to  Hoard  iu  182(1  ;  2(1  missionaries  ; 
2  churches  of  Is  memliers  ;  schoids  with 
354  pupils  ;  their  country  coded  to  the 
Cherokees. 

■1.  Mdwni'fs,  or  OlUiicdn.—  182(1-35  :  Commenced 
by  Western  Missionary  Society  iu  1822  ; 
transferred  that  same  year  to  I'nitod  For- 
eign Missionary  Society,  ami  to  the  Jtoar<l 
in  182(1  ;  (1  missionaries  ;  church  with  25 
memliers  ;  given  up  becauso  of  changos  in 
tho  |)opulatioii. 

5.  MiirkiiKdrs.  — 182(1  3(1  :  Commenced  by  tho 
Uniteil  Foreign  Missionary  Society,  1823  ; 
transferred  to  tho  Jioard,  182(1  ;  17  mis- 
sionarics  ;  a  church  with  35  members  ; 
given  up  us  above. 

C.  C'/ii''/, ((.s'((((',v.  —  1827-35 ;  Commenced  by  Syn- 
od of  South  Carolina  and  (leorgia,  1821, 
and  transferred  to  the  Jioard  in  1827  ;  10 
missionaries  ;  a  chureh  of  100  memliers  ; 
schools  with  300  pupils  ;  given  up  as 
above. 

7.  Btiickhrhhje   InilUinx.  —  WlH-XH  :    8   mission- 

aries ;  a  church  of  51  members  ;  given  up 
as  above. 

8.  Creiks.  —  1832  -  37  :     (1     missionaries  ;     8() 

church-members  ;  given  u[)  because  of 
peculiar  embarrassments. 

9.  J'rticdC'.v. — 1834-44:   10  missionaries  ;  given 

up  becauso  of  the  roving  character  of  the 
Pawnees  and  tho  hostile  incursions  of 
other  tribes, 

10.  Off</o/i //ii/(((ji,v.— 1835-47  ;  13  missionaries  ; 

broken  up  by  tho  massacre  of  1847. 

11.  Senenm  (New  York  State).  -182(1-70  :  Coin- 

mencod  b,v  tho  New  Y'ork  Jlissionarv  So- 
ciety, 1801  ;  transferred  to  the  Vnited 
Foreign  Missiomirv  Society,  1821,  and  to 
the  Board  in  182(1  ;  47  missionaries  ;  from 
fir.st  to  last,  about  (100  church-members  ; 
transferred  to  Presbyterian  lioard,  1870. 

12.  Tuscnrorii.i    (Now    Y'o'rk    State) —182(1-(10  : 

Commenced  as  above  ;  10  missionaries  ; 
chundi-niembers  gathered,  200  ;  given  up 
because  Hoard's  work  was  done. 

13.  Ojibxc(ii/s. — 1831  70  :  28  missionaries;  con- 

verts not  definitely  known  ;  transferred 
to  Presbyterian  Hoard  in  1870. 

14.  AheniKinis.  — 1835-5(1  :  1  Indian  missionary  ; 

75  members  ;  given  up  because  of  increas- 
ing discouragements. 

15.  iS'ioi(,r,   or   Z>((Ai./((.s'.— 1835-83  :   40   mission- 

aries ;  in  part  transferred  to  tho  Presby- 
terian Hoard  in  1870,  about  1,000  church- 
members   from   tho    first  ;    transferred   to 
the  American   Missionary  Association  in 
1883. 
From  the  above  statement  it  will  bo  seen  that 
two  missions  and  jiart  of  a  third  were  transferred 
to  the  Presbyterian  Hoard  in  1870  ;  one  to  the 
.\nierican  Jlissionai-y  .\ssociation  in  1883  ;  five 
were  given  up  becauso  of  peculiar  difficulties  ; 
four,  l)ecause  of  changes  in  t'lo  population  ;  one, 
becauso  of  massacre,  and  tlu^  remaining  two,  be- 
cause the  tribes  had  beconu  practically  Chris- 
tianized.    Whole  number  of  missionaries  em- 
ployed,    500  ;    churches,  47  ;  members,    3,800  ; 
Indians  reached  by  these  missions,  about  100,- 
000  ;    12   languages   were   reduced  to   writing, 
and  besides   tho  Scriptures  or   portions  much 
Cliristian   literature  was   publi.shed   and  many 
schools  established  and  conducted  durint;  the 
continuance  of  the  missions. 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


88 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


Thd  work  uiiionj,'  the  Indiann  wan,  in  lai'^o 
iiii'iisiini,  atU'iiilcil  willi  prculiiir  ililVn'iiltits, 
llimmli  at  tliii  lic^'iiiliirin  a  must  )iriiiiiisiiin 
wiirk.  As  uarly  as  liilll  mission  work  liail  ln'cii 
attdniiilcil.  I'iu'  liist  missionary  of  tin!  Aimri- 
can  Itoaiil  aiii.iii^;  tln'  Indians  was  Cyrus  Ivin^s- 
liury,  Hi'iit  to  till'  Clirroki'fs  in  Ihld.  JIk  whs 
j^la  lly  wtlooniii  i.  Tln^  niissioii  was  a  com- 
|>  )nti(l  of  mixsioii,  liourdint,'  hcIiooI,  and  iij,'ri- 
cidtiindcoUc^M.  Otii'diiy  (May  27tli,  IHl'.l)  I'nsi- 
dint  Monroii  Kiiddcnly  madn  his  a|.|iraran('(', 
nnaiinoiincM'd,  at  llm  scliool  door,  and  was 
(,'!■. iilly  plcasiMl  with  tlii^  work,  and  onhrcd  but- 
trr  (lUartiTs,  iit  tlio  jsovi'rnmcnt  expense.  So 
ea«('r  Wi-ru  the  ('hoelaws  tor  inslrMelioii  (hat  K 
chddroa  were  l)ron.;ht  liln  niihs  hefore  the  mis- 
sionaries were  readv  with  their  school.  AVlien 
tile  scdiool  was  o|)(Wie<l  nion^  pupils  aplilit'd  tlian 
eonhl  bo  re(M'ived.  At  a  eouneil  a  suliseriplion 
w.is  made  of  .'?7(l(t.  Ho  cows  and  eiilves,  and  ii.'iMO 
from  tlio  annuity.  The  ClieroKees  and  ('llo(^ 
tiws  soon  hecannt  Christiair  nations,  (ieor^o 
(iiiess(or Sei|iioyiihl,  a  lialf  lir( cd  Clierokee,  in- 
vented tho(!lierokeo  ulplialiet.  He  eonhl  neitlier 
write  nor  speak  Knulisli,  lint  he  knew  a  mark 
conid  l)o  made  the  si^n  of  a  soiinil  ;  ho  lined 
tile  En^;lish  alphuliet  and  moilitieations  of  it  to 
express  the  Kl!  syllables  of  his  ow  n  ton).!ne.  In 
a  few  years  half  the  nation  eould  read.  Other 
missions  wta'e  opened  amoii;^  other  tribes.  In 
IHliOiiU  was  i)romisitij^  :  tribes  hail  their  (dmrch- 
os,  temi)eraniH!  socdeties  and  benevolent  ort,'aui- 
/iitions.  'I'hreo  fourths  of  tin?  (■hnr(di  nieniberrt 
in  Ilia  missions  of  the  .\  li,  ('.  K.  M.  were 
aiiitin^!  the  Indians.  Ihit  the  i^'reed  of  tlie  v  bites, 
and  tlieir  nnsi^rupulous  agi;ressions,  and  the 
pitiles.s  "  rtimovals  "  oi  the  Indians  from  their 
reservations  idundied  idl  these  sij^ns  of  promiso. 
TUo  State  of  (reori^ia  <lid  not  wait  for  a  treaty, 
but  diviilod  tho  whole  (Iherokee  country  into 
sections,  and  sold  them  by  lottery  to  its  citizens. 
Tilt!  (Jhor,)keo  laws  at^ainst  inteuiperance  were 
overborne  by  those  of  the  State.  The  mission- 
aries wore  rei^arded  as  citizens  of  the  oppressing 
nation,  and  lost  inllueni'e  with  the  tribes.  In- 
humair  cruelties  were  jiraetised  by  the  whites, 
and  hi^^h  handeil  injustice  dealt  out  by  ^;overnors 
and  n  )vernment  olHcials.  With  white  imnii- 
f^ration  and  K''''i'd,  tlie  ineomini,'  Hood  of  cor- 
ruption and  injustice,  developed  tlio  evil  that 
was  in  the  native  charairter,  and  incited  the 
tribes  to  rc^pri.sals.  These  tliinf^s,  tof^ether 
with  tho  "  removals,"  caused  the  abandonment 
of  '.(  of  the  1")  missions.  The  other  (i  were  either 
transferred  tootlnu*  societies  or  withdrawn  from 
on  ai^count  of  tlodr  practicid  Chrislianizjition. 

The  last  niissi  m  sustaii;ed  by  the  Hoard 
amon>^  lire  Indians  was  that  to  the  Dakotas,  or 
Sioux,  who  were  the  most  numerous  and  war- 
like tribe  in  North  .\merica.  They  roamccl  over 
Minnesota  and  the  country  westward  to  the 
iilack  Hills.  Their  numlier  was  about  .'!2,t)()0, 
of  whom  '21,01)0  wore  blankets  ;  'i.llOO  could 
read.  The  .Viuerican  Hoard's  mission  attempted 
t)  care  for  about  (i.liOO.  The  force  at  work  in 
1882  amoiii^  these  (1,.')00  was,  4  white  mission- 
aries, t  male!  and  It  female  teacdiers,  8  Indian 
clt^r^ymen,  1)  Indian  leaidiers.  In  that  year 
(1H82)  the  American  Missionary  Association  pro- 
posed to  take  tho  Dakota  -Mission  under  its 
care  and  transfer  to  the  care  of  the  A.  li.  C.  F. 
M  its  foreign  work  in  .\frica.  Tho  next  year 
(1883)  the  proposed  arrangement  was  com- 
pleted, and  thus  closed  tho  exceedingly  inter- 
esting and  tiuocessful,  though,  from  the  naturj 


of   the   case 
work  of    Hie 
llbori^;llles. 

ilisroiiii  Ai,  ( 


in   sonii 
Hoard 


respects    nnsatisfactory, 
for   the  North  Amuricnu 


ArAi.oiiii;  lU'  rni:  Missions 
A.  H.  C.  r.  .M. 


Marathi,  IHHI  ;  in  two  missionH,  18I2-.V2  ;  iu 
four,  bs.")2  'iH  ;  one  disconliniied,  IH.-iH  ;  three 
others  reiiniteil,  IHilO, 

t'eylon,  IMO. 

Clierokees,  North  American  liullaiis,  ISUl  J 
discontinued   lNt;o. 

('lioet:;.v.  North  American  Indians,  181H  ;  dis- 
continued 18."i'.l. 

Saiidwiidi  Islands,  iKl'.i  ;  transferred  fniiii 
foreign  missionary  to  homo  missionary  basis, 
I8(;:i. 

rahstine,  IMO  ;  merged  with  Syria,  lS2(i. 

Western  Turkey,  ls20. 

Syria,  1nJ:I  ;  transferred  to  I'resbj  teriaii 
lioanl,  lH7(t. 

South  .\iiierii-a  (exploriiiu),  lH2:t-'2(l. 

Osages,  North  American  Indians,  lh'2(i  ;  from 
U.  F.  -M.  S.  ;  discontinued  In;17. 

Maumee,  North  American  Indians,  18'2{5  ; 
from  r.  F.  -M.  S.  ;  disconlinueil  1h:i|. 

New  York  Indians,  bS'JC  ;  from  V.  F.  M.  S.; 
TiLscarora  braiii'h  disc<intinu<Ml  18(!0  ;  remainder 
transferred  to  I'resbyterian  Hoard,  1H70. 

Mackinaws,  North  American  Imliaus,  182C  ; 
from  r.  F.  .M.  S.  ;  disciuitinned  IKiT. 

Chickasaw,  Nortli  American  Indians,  from 
Synod  of  South  Carolina  and  (ieorgia,  1827  j 
discontinued  IHIl.^. 

Stockbridge,  North  American  Indians,  1828  ; 
discontinued  IM-IH. 

(ireece,  ISiiO  ;  discontinued  18(11). 

China,  1h;!0  ;  Amoy  section  transferred  to 
Iteformed  (I)uti'h)  lioard,  iNoH  ;  continued  us 
Foocdiow  Mission. 

Ojibwas,  North  American  Indians,  1830  ; 
transferred  to  I'resbyterian  Hoard,  1,870. 

Siam.  IHItl  ;  discontinued  IM")!). 

f'reeks,  North  American  Indians,  1832  ;  dis- 
continued 1837. 

Sumatra  (exploring^  1833. 

ratagonia  (exploring),  1833-31. 

Madura.    1831. 

Nestorians,  1831  ;  transferred  to  I'resbyterian 
Hoard,  1870. 

Singapcue,  183-1  ;  discontinued  1813. 

I'awnees,  Nortli  American  Indians,  1834  ; 
discontinued  1817. 

Sioux,  or  DaUotas,  North  American  Indians, 
18;M  ;  transferred  to  A.  M.  A.  1883. 

Western  Africa,  Cape  I'almas,  1831  ;  removed 
to  (laboon,  1813  ;  transferred  to  I'resbyterian 
Hoard,  1870. 

Cyprus,  18.'(1  ;  discontinued  1812.  (Hegarded 
as  a  separate  mission  only  for  one  year  ;  con- 
nected with  Syria  mission.) 

Oregon,  183.')  ;  discontinued  1852. 

Zulus,  Southeastern  Africa.  183;'). 

Abi'iiaipiis,  North  American  Indians,  1835  ; 
discontinued  18.^8. 

JIadras,  183(1  ;  disconlitnied  18(l(i. 

Horneo  (exjilonng),  183(1  ;  discumtinued  18!',). 

I'lirsian  Mohammedans,  1838  ;  discontinned 
1811. 

Eastern  Turkey,  1830  ;  a  part  of  Western 
Turkey  till  1860,  when  organized  as  a  separate 
mission. 

Jews  in  Turkey,  1844  ;  discontinned  1850. 

Arcot,  India,  1851  ;  transferred  to  lleformed 
(Dutch)  Board,  1857. 


A.  B.  O.  F.  M. 


88 


AM.  TRACT  SOO. 


18;t0  ; 
i;!2  ;  ilis. 


<,    IH'M  ; 

Indians, 

.r: 

vcimovimI 
sliyteriiiii 

i 

UeKfirtlt'il 
■iiv  ;  con- 

J- 

M 

ns.  1835  ; 

"^-tt* 

hkmI  1849. 
contimitHl 

■Western 
I  sepiinito 

I  IbfjO. 
lleforined 

'-'wH 

Cuntrnl  Turkey,  IHll)  ;  a  pnrt  of  WeBtcrn  Tur- 
key until  IH"));,  when  ori^iiiiizod  nti  u  Hnimriito 
niisslnu. 

AsHyriii,  IH.IO  ;  united  witli  KiiHtern  Turkey, 
lst;i).  ■ 

MicrdiieHiii,  I'iKMlle,  ]8ri-.J. 

North  Cliinii,  1H,".I. 

KiiiMiirnii  I'urkey,  IH.jH  ;  ii  jinrt  of  ^\'eHtern 
Turkey  luilil  1871,  when  orgiinizod  i\n  n  Hoii- 
unite  misNKin. 

.hl|llUI,   IHC'.I. 

A\istriii,  ]87'J. 

Italy,  IMTJ  ;  diHcnntiniied  1871. 

Western   Mexiei),  1H7J. 

S|min,  1H72. 

West  Ceiitnvl  Afrifii,  1880. 

SImnsi,  Cliinii,    188J. 

Knrtli  Mexico,  1882. 

Kiist  Central  Atriea,  188.'t. 

Hont^  Kon}^,  l.H8:t. 

AiiirrU'iiii  4'liri<i|iiiii  <'oiiv('ii<ioii.~- 

lIiiiilnnurtiTs,  Dayton,  ().,  l'.  S.  A. 

Tlie  Mission  Soeiety  of  tlie  Cliristian  I)e- 
noiniimtion  is  siinidy  a  department  of  work 
luider  tlie  Hcni'ral  ort,'ani/ation  of  tlii^  l)ody 
known  as  the  Anierieim  C'liristiiin  Convention, 
wliieh  meets  i|nadreni  dly.  The  I'oreinn  Mis. 
sion  l)e|iartment  was  created  in  iHSd,  altliniij^li 
n  work  of  preparation  for  it  had  heen  conducted 
for  soMiii  four  years  before  by  the  secretary  of 
the  Homo  Deiiaitment.  It  is  organized  under 
the  ^;eneral  constitutinp  of  the  Convention, 
which  appoints  its  ollii^irs  (iiadrennially,  con. 
Klstino  of  a  secretary,  who  is  also  treasurer,  and 
a  Jioiird  <it  Advisers,  four  in  MUinlier. 

roi'fif/ii  M'«*7»'.  Tlie  only  forei^^n  tield  is 
Japan,  w  here  the  .Society  has  three  (Centres  of 
Work — I'okyi'.Jsliinomoki,  and  Ichinosaki — witli 
Boiue  twenty  othia-  mission  points  for  irret,'ular 
l)reaehinf».  The  work  was  heoim  in  May,  lKis7, 
and  durinf^  that  year  and  the  year  following;  a 
church  was  ori^ani/cd  at  each  of  the  three  prin- 
cipal stations.  The  work  is  mainly  preachinj^, 
but  iuslruc^tion  is  also  j^iven,  ehielly,  liowover, 
to  the  liible  students.  N.)  distinct  schools  are 
started,  but  liiblo  workers  are  supported  in 
Hchools  estiiblished  by  other  soiueties. 

Torci^^n  missionary  income,  jt'J.dlO. 

Aiiit'riciiii  >li<>Mi«»iiiir,v  ANN4»(>iati<>ii. 

— Hcailipiarters.  llible  House,  AstiU'  I'lace,  New- 
York  City,  N.  v.,  V.  S,  A.  Constituency,  the 
Con<„'rej,'ational  churches  of  the  United  .States. 

Tlie  American  Missionary  Association  was 
formed  in  Albany,  N.  V.,  in  181(1,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conductini;  Christian  missionary  and 
educational  operations,  and  of  dilVusinga  knowl- 
edge of  the  Holy  Scriptures  in  this  and  other 
countr'es.  The  Association  was  opjinsed  to 
slavery.  Four  anti-slavery  missionary  orj^ani- 
Ziitions— the  Ainstad  Committee,  the  I'nion 
Missionary  Society,  the  Cimmittee  for  West 
India  Missions,  and  the  M'estern  Kvaiif^idical 
Society — were  merited  in  tln^  American  Associa- 
tion, which,  taUini,'  cluiroi.  of  the  funds  and  tlu^ 
luissions  of  the  other  societies,  wetit  vij^orously 
to  work,  strenf^theiiint^  missions  already  be^'uii 
and  establishing!  others. 

In  18r)t)  its  missionaries  in  the  foreign  field 
numbered  seventy-nine,  in  Africa,  Saiulwieh 
Islands,  Jamaica,  Slam.  J'-gyjit,  t!anada,  and 
among  the  North  American  Indians.  In  185!) 
the  Indian  and  Coptic  niissionH  were  relin- 
cpiished,  and  during  the  war  its  missionaries 
were  withdrawn  from  (Canada  and  the  West, 
nnd  its  energies  conoentrated  ujiou  work  among 


the  DORroPH  in  tlio  South.  In  18(;1  the  first' day. 
school  for  freedmen  was  npeiiiil  at  Hampton 
lloads,  Va.,  where  two  hundred  and  forty  oini 
years  before  the  first  slave  shi])  had  landed  cm 
the  American  Continent.  This  schoid  — the 
harbinger  of  hundreds  tiiat  followed — laid  the 
foundations  of  Hampton  Institute.  In  Ihn'2  un 
arrangement  wiis  made  with  the  American  Hoard 
by  which  it  transferred  to  the  .kssociation  its 
Indian  Missions  in  this  country,  and  the 
Association  \\  itlidrew  from  missions  in  foreign 
lands. 

The  Association's  work  among  (ho  Chinese  in 
America  began  in  1.h52,  and  ruMived  a  new  im- 
jiulse  in  Ih75  by  the  organi/ation  of  an  auxiliary 
— the  Calilornia  ("hinese  Mission, 

In  18S:|  the  ISureail  of  Woman's  Work  was 
formed.  The  report  of  the  A.  M.  .\.  for  |ss',) 
r.hows  five  <diartcred  institutions  in  the  South — 
risk  University,  at  Nashville,  Teiin.,  with  50U 
students  ;  Talladega  Ccdiege,  at  Talladega,  Alu., 
■127  students  :  Tougnloo  University,  at  Touga- 
loo,  Miss.,  :l|:l  students  ;  .straight  University, 
New  Orleans,  I,a.,  Isl  Htudent-:,  and  Tillotson 
Institute,  Austin,  Tex  ,  'SM  students.  There 
are  18  normal  schools  in  Keiituckv,  Tennessee 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  (ieorgia,  una 
.\labama,  and  'M  common  schools  ;  in  all  theso 
chartered,  normal,  and  common  schools  indus- 
trial training  also  is  given.  Total  number  of 
impils,  HI, mil.  .Statistics  of  church  work  show 
l.'td  chiirclns,  with  8,l:(8  members  and  M,7it5 
scholars  in  Sunday  seliools. 

The  Association  has  hirgely  extended  its 
work  among  the  illiterate!  peojile  in  the  niouu- 
tain  region  of  North  ('ar<diiia  and  'I'eiiiiessee  ; 
many  daysidiools  and  Siindayschools  liave 
been  estaiilished  among  them. 

The  Indian  field  shows  (i  churidies,  witli  KH 
niembers  and  l,;i:i2  scholars  in  Sunday-school. 

There  are  H".  Chinese  schools,  with  1, MHO  pu- 
pils. 

Iteceii)ts  for  18811,  *;i:(),21C..8S. 

AiiU'ri<*tiii  Trarl  So«-i«'Ij.— lleadquar- 
tcrs,  150  Nassau  Street.  New  York.  N.  Y. ,  U.  S.  A. 

Depositories  at  lioston.  Koclu  ster,  Philadel- 
phia, Itichmond.  Cincinnati,  Chicago,  iiinl  San 
]''rarudsco,  with  agents,  distiiet  secretaries, 
su))erintendents,  etc. 

Ilistori/.  The  American  Tract  Society  was 
preceded  by  several  organizations  which  had  in 
xiew  the  iMiblieation  and  distribution  of  tracts 
nnd  x'olumes  on  religious  truth,  .\moiig  these 
were  the  New  York  lieligious  Tract  Society, 
founded  in  1><12,  and  the  New  Knglaiid  Tract 
Society,  organized  at  lioston  in  Isl  I,  whiidi,  in 
18211,  changed  its  name  to  the  American  Tract 
Society,  and  in  1h25  became  a  branch  of  the 
national  society  then  instituted. 

In  May.  ]S25,  the  Jvresent  society  was  organ- 
ized in  New  York,  ]irominent  friends  of  the 
wiuk  from  oth<'r  jiarts  (;f  tin"  <-ouiitry  assisting. 
'I'ho  design  was  t  >  form  a  great  central  society 
fiu- the  entire  I'nion,  inviting  the  co-operation 
of  Christians  of  all  denominations  and  of  other 
tract  associations  as  auxiliaries. 

The  great  object  is  to  glority  God  and  save 
men,  by  diiTusing  gospel  truth  through  the 
press.  Hubsidiarv  objei^ts  as  follows  :  to 
jireservo  in  active  use  the  valuable  writings 
of  earlier  days  ;  to  provide  a  channel  through 
which  the  best  (^hristinn  iiiimls  of  the  jires- 
ent  ago  might  impart  to  the  world  their 
fresh  thought  and  their  growing  life  ;  to  fore- 
stall   ftud    withstand    that    flood  of  infidelity, 


t-  ■ 


n 


AM.  TRAOT  SOO. 


licontionHDcHH,  iinil  orimo  which  hitH  ulrrmly  i<ro- 
(luci'il  vitst  imiiil»!i'Hcit'  iiitiili'l  iiihl  tnisliy  woikH  ; 
to  t'Di'iiiHli  Aiiiorivuii  lilfriiturii  ol  ii  truly  Chris- 
tiiiii  t'liiii'iictor  t>>r  nil  cIuhhch  ;  tn  l>ri>vi(lu  Hilch 
litcriitiiri!  fur  nil  uj^iix  uiid  cIii.shcs  ;  to  (!iiri<  for 
tliii  H|>iritiiiil  wiiuts  of  fori'iKii  iiiinii^rauts  who 

Jxiiir  in  ii|Miii  our  IiukI  liy  tlm  iiiilhoiiH  ;  to  mil 
II  i^iviii^  ChriHtiiin  litiTiitunt  to  fortl^ii  iiii- 
tioiis  :  to  iiiil  |iiistiir.H  liy  furiiisliiti^'  tlniii  with 
thii  choii^i'Ht  iJoiMriiiiil  itiiil  pnirtiriil  liimlis  ;  to 
I>roiiii)tii  iukI  nuidii  n-vivnls  uf  nOiniun,  iiuiiiy  of 
which  hitvii  ori^iiiiUcii  tliroMt;li  tlu<  liiliuis  of 
tliix  S>i('ii:ty  ;  to  |ir<iiiioti'  iiuliviiliiitl  clVurl  for 
tint  i^iiiil  (if  (Uhcrs,  1111(1  triuii  (  liristiim  liiyiiicu 
to  Wdik  for  (toil  ;  to  fiiriunli  nt  low  jiricis  theso 
tri"»Miiris  of  (l.iMpel  truth,  tliuH  securing!  tlicir 
wiliest  (iitfu^iou  ;  to  (Ttiito  a  ciiiiiiiiii  tiimui^'h 
wliiih  tlio  L'iiiirilic'M  of  tho  luiiuvdiciit  iul>;lit 
It  iw  ill  juilii'ioiis  j^niiits  for  tloi  (li'stitutn  ;  to 
coiiutcrti't  sc'ctiiriiiiijsiit  iiiul  ilcvdoii  tluit  Oljiis 
tiiiii  iiuioii  which  our  Snviour  iiiiiUcs  tho  jiri! 
ciu'sor  of  tilt)  iiiillcMnimii. 

Ih'Vcl  tntm-iit,  —  Tor  two  yciirs  only  tracts 
Were  issueil.  In  tile  third  year  voluuiesiipiniiriMl, 
tilt)  lirst  lieiii}^  J)uiIiiriil|,'e'M  Itisf.  iiud  I'idijvcss, 
Hiiiiln'  It'sl,  liiixter's  ('((//,  J'il'iriiii's  J'r<i(iress, 
cti!.  Systeumtii!  tract  tlistrilnitioii  in  New  York 
City  and  elsowhero  henan  in  the  fourth  year, 
lu  tlie  sixth  year  iiroiiiiiieiiec  was  k'vcu  to  tho 
valiii3  of  tracts  in  connection  with  faithful  per- 
sonal efforts  to  savu  souls,  llMrhiii  I'li^^e  bccoiii. 
iuil  umiiieiit  ill  this  transcendent  duty. 

Tho  volunio  eutorpriso  was  iiiati^urati'd  in 
tho  eii^hth  year  hy  ati  iittoiiiiit  to  reach  every 
family  in  tho  Soutii  Atlantic  States  with  one  or 
more  volumes.  Tho  West  was  incluiled  tho 
next  your.  Tho  work  was  so  onlar^jed  that  in 
tho  sevontoentU  year  nearly  100  works  had  I'eeii 
puhlishod,  the  Eciniielii-'il  Fdiniti/  Lihrnnj  was 
issued,  ami  som<3  2,000,000  volumes  had  heen 
put  into  circulation,  and  ('iO,(lOO,00()  of  tracts. 

Colportaj^o  followed  in  is  11.  Tho  colporteur 
was  to  sell  or  ({ivo  hooks  from  houso  to  house, 
commend  Christ  as  the  only  Saviour  to  nil,  iinil 
seek  to  lead  them  to  Him  in  prayer.  Eleven 
of  these  Helf-denyint*  and  faithful  men  were 
commissioned  the  first  year,  2;t  tho  second,  70 
the  third,  1  lit  tho  fourtli,  and  before  tho  war 
over  tiOO  were  employed  for  the  whole  or  a  part 
of  each  year,  the  usual  salary  for  each  beiiif^ 
but  $1.")0. 

Periudicala  estalilished  mark  a  notable  point 
in  the  proh'ress  of  the  Society.  The  Aiiiericitii, 
Messewjer  (a  monthly  filled  with  original  mat- 
ter), Amerik-iinischer  Itoischdfler  (1H47,  for  the 
Germans),  Tke  Child's  I'aper  (IHo'J,  beautifully 
illustrated)  ;  in  1H71  three  new  j)eriodicals 
were  added  — 37i«  Illitsiraleil  ('hrintian  W'eekl;/ 
(sold  in  IHHH  to  another  house),  tho  Denlschi-r 
Vulksfn'und,  and  the  M(irniii<i  Li<jht — and  Ajiples 
of  Gold,  for  little  folks,  in  1H7!I. 

The  periodicals  now  (1H«'J)  issued  by  the  So- 
ciety are  G  in  number— 2  in  German  and  4  in 
English  ;  -i  aro  illustrated,  2  appear  weekly 
and  4  monthly  ;  H  are  for  adults  and  for  fam- 
ilies, and  U  nro  for  children  of  various  ages. 
The  a^^j^regate  circulation  of  periodicals  has 
been  (ISS'J)  2,579,400. 

The  flrst  reniment  jiassing  through  Now  York 
to  the  lato  Interstate  War  was  promptly  sup- 
plied with  religions  truth,  and  the  last  one  that 
returned.  The  Society  i)rovided  172  publica- 
tions of  great  merit,  which  it  freely  distributed 
through  its  own  17  nrniy  missionaries  and  the 
chaplains,  ay  well  as  through  the  agents  of  the 


H4  AM.  TRAOT  SOO. 

ChriNtian  ConinilHsion,     Over  l.OOO.OltO  couicH 
of  tho  Mi.ssinijir  wiTe  sent  and  highly  prized. 

Among  the  blacks  the  wurk  was  carried  cm 
evi  n  during  the  war,  and  a  largo  uiodul  Hubonl 
Was  ojieiieii  on  Arlington  Heights. 

.\t  Hiehniond,  ininiedlately  after  its  surren- 
der, II  depositoiy  was  opened,  und  the  work  of 
tlui  Society  was  vigorously  resumed. 

Among  the  Spanish  ami  I'ortugiieso  of  North 
and  Siiiitli  America  the  work  has  opened  in  a 
remarkalilo  manner.  Alread.v  the  .Society  Ims 
issued  ."i:u;  (to  tho  year  IHH.j)  publications  fer 
this  Held. 

Cash  gralitsTi  aid  of  Foreign  Missions  began 
to  bo  made  ill  tho  second  year  of  the  Society's 
existence,  and  have  continued  to  be  an  impor- 
tant branch  of  its  work,  these  gifts  often 
amoiiiiting  to  .s20,00il  per  annum. 

Jirsiifts  ll/iisfratrtl.  Among  these  may 
be  mentioned  the  providing  of  7,:ill  distinct 
publications,  of  which  l.ti.M  are  volumes,  tho 
remaindir  being  tracts,  leatlets,  hand  lulls,  pack- 
ages of  cards,  Willi  rolls,  etc.,  tho  wlioli!  eonsli- 
tuting  a  collection  of  religious  liteiature  unsur- 
passt'd  in  the  wolld. 

For  all  (Oasses  tho  j)ublicatioiis  aro  issued, 
among  which  are  included  invaluablo  biog. 
raidiies,  Works  on  (hrihtian  evidences,  history 
of  tlii^  liefiirmation,  the  Uilile,  with  notes,  liiblo 
dictionary,  pictorial  ]iriiiiers  and  songs,  and  a 
host  of  choicest  volumes  for  children  and  youth, 
many  of  which  are  elegantly  illustrated  and 
[irinted. 

In  eleven  foreign  languages  are  l,Hl!l  Ikuiio 
publications — (ierman,  I'reiudi, Spanish,  Italian, 
rortuguesc',  Welsh,  J)ut(h,  l)aiiish,  Finnish, 
and  Ilungarian     all  for  immigrants. 

Of  periodicals  ^to  isso),  a  total  of  2i;i,:tHO,7r.O 
have  been  issued,  at  a  ]ireseut  rate  of  lt,M7 4,300 
yearly,  to  about  200,000  subscribers. 

t)f  other  homo  publications,  20,;i4."),i;);t  vol- 
umes have  been  jirinted,  and  2, ',)'.(7,!i7(i, '••**•* 
pages  of  tracts. 

To  tho  destitute  grants  aro  mudo  annually  to 
tho  amount  of  about  S40,000  of  our  homo  pub- 
lications, and  to  foreign  nations  a  total  (up  to 
IMH."))  of  $.■);!,',)'.)(')  in  money  to  aid  missionariis 
at  H7  stations  to  print  books  which  tho  .Society 
api)roves  for  their  mission  work.  Thus,  4,411! 
different  publications  have  been  issued  al)road, 
including  over  72'.*  volumes  in  147  languages 
and  dialects. 

(.'olportage  has  yielded  great  results.  In  44 
years  it  has  eiiualled  ,'),.'i.")l  years  of  labor.  It 
has  sold  ll,H(;0,i(07  volumes,  and  granted 
3,047, .')7H  ;  has  made  l;t,14H,Ci."):t  visits,  in 
7,U7.'t,i)H7  of  which  prayer  was  offered  or  a  per- 
sonal appeal  made.  It  has  found  l,H40,21t'> 
I'rotestant  families  neglecting  evangelical  wor- 
ship ;  l,007,0liH  Komanist  families  and  Of;i,177 
I'rotestant  families  without  Hibles,  and  1,101,- 
OilH  with  no  other  religious  books.  Ono  worker 
(in  nine  years)  travelled,  on  foot,  in  tho  saddle, 
and  in  buggy.  Ho, 000  miles,  made  fJH.OOO  family 
visits,  circulated  24,700  volumes,  organized  14 
.Sabbnth-schools,  and  saw  (!  churches  spring  up 
in  connection  with  his  hdiors. 

Aid  furnished  to  jiastors,  the  increase  of 
Christian  activity  and  the  promotion  of  Christian 
union  should  be  mentioned,  but  cannot  tie  set 
forth. 

Co-operation  with  every  other  good  work  Las 
been  also  a  feature  of  this  Society.  Almost 
every  religious  and  benevident  association  in 
aided  with  publications  adapted  to  its  wants. 


AM.  TRACT  SOO. 


Hij 


AMRTTSAR 


Till)  totiil  nniuiint  roccivod  in  (lonatinnH  niiil 
lugitoit'H  mill  t  x|iciiili'il  in  tliK  lii'iiiiv<>l(.'iit  work 

(if  llio  Soi'icl..  IS  (to  iHH.'i)  ljl.".,2H7,<lH'J  i  llii)  Hiilrs 
niiiiiiiut  to  >il  1,1111, Ih'J,  iijiiliiii^,  with  otlnr 
itciiiH,  u  ^nuiil  tiitiil  iif  jiWv'iOTi'J'iii,  Iroiii  its  liu- 
tjiiiiiiii^!  to  tliii  year  IKN."). 

Aiii«-i'i<'iiii  WrMlt'yaiii  !n«>llio«ilNt 
<.'«IIIH'«'lloil.  -  -  HfiircUiry,      A,      W.      JIall, 

lliiiiKlitiiii,  N.  V. 

Tliu  MisHioiiary  Surii'ty  ot  tiio  \S'iiKlcyiiii 
Mdtlinilist  ('oiiiii'ctioa  WHS  (irKimi/iiil  in  Ihcj, 
anil  riirrli's  mi  i|iiitii  rNtiiiHivn  lionio  niiHsinii- 
arv  work.  Its  I'ori'ii^n  work  iliitis  diily  I'loni 
1NS7,  Imt  1ms  ulii'iMly  attuiniil  fiirniiiHt^iM!,' 
)irii|>i>i'tii>iis,  .\  iiiiHsiiin  has  lii't'u  ostalilisln'il 
in  i'ri'ilown,  SiiTra  l.ciinc,  Wist  Afriia,  anil  a 
chiiri'li  Druuiii/iiil  tlioro,  wliirli  1ms  now  a  nieni- 
liiTsliip  111  ;ilM).  'J'liD  ({raru  (if  lilirriil  i^ivini;  liiis 
lii'un  ilrvi'liiiK'il  in  tlii'si)  nativo  Cliristians  to  a 
ronmrkiililo  (ii>(,'ri'o,  tlitiir  fimtrilintinns  duriiit^ 
tlio  past  year  aiiiountin}^  tn  #M;I(I.  Over  'MM 
imjiils  atti'iul  tlu)  Siinilay-Hclionl.  Kiliirutioiml 
anil  nii'ilical  work  is  also  ciirrifd  on,  nearly  2IM 
jiersons  liavinj^  tlin  jiast  year  ircdivcil  fni'  nieili- 
cal  trcutiMi'iit,  'I'lni  luissionary  forci'  now  con- 
Kists  of  1  onliiini'il  anil  l  lay  niisMiimaiiis,  with 
12  niitivo  assistants  ;  Imt  tliu  Society  is  jiiciiar- 
iuH  to  seiiil  out  a  lar(,'ii  re-enforeeinunt,  witli  the 
Loi)(3  of  extoinliiii^  llio  work  into  tlio  interior 
aiuonn  trilies  whieli  liavo  exjiresscil  a  desiro  to 
recoivo  tuaoliers. 

Aiiltfiiri  ^formerly  MolonK,  or  JIolntiR,  q.v.), 
a  station  of  tlio  American  ISaptist  Missionary 
Union  in  Assam,  India.  Their  work  is  aiiinii,' 
the  Xa|,'as,  a  siiiull  uiountaiu  trihii,  imted  for 
rohliory  ami  nninler, 

Alllllai'U*.  — TliH  Aniharie,  wliieli  lielon^js  to 
tlio  Homitii!  family  of  laiij^ua|.;i'S,  is  used  in  Aliys- 
siuia.  A  traushitioii  of  the  Seiiiitiins  into  Am- 
bario  is  said  to  have  been  jirepared  hy  two  .lesu- 
its,  Louis  do  A/.evedo  and  Calileira,  in  tlinlieein- 
niu^  of  tho  seventeenth  century  ;  Imt  nothint^ 
Heeiiis  to  1)0  known  of  it.  In  is^t  tlie  Jiritisli 
and  Foreign  liiblo  Society  puldished  tlie  (ios. 
pels  in  Amimric,  transli»ted  by  Aim  Jtiimi,  under 
the  editorsliip  of  Air.  Tell  IMatt,  and  in  Is^jl) 
tho  wliolo  New  Testament  wus  puMislied  at 
London.  In  ISIO  tho  Old  Testament  of  Ahu 
Itumi's  version  was  imhlished,  and  in  islt  an 
edition  of  tho  entiro  Uiblo  followed,  the  work 
hav'nti  been  carried  through  tho  press  by  Mr. 
Pla  t.  la  1S70  tho  lato  Dr.  Krajif  proposed  to 
re^,so  tho  Old  Tctstaiueiit  with  the  aid  of  some 
young  nat'"--os,  and  in  1872  tho  Octatouoh  loft 
the  press.  In  l.s7,')  tho  work  of  revision  was 
comi)lot(Hl.  Krapf's  revision  was  again  taken 
uj)  by  Mr.  J,  M.  I'lad,  a  missionary  in  Abys- 
Kinia,  am'  his  version  was  completed  with  tho 
help  of  Mr.  Argiiwi,  a  native  Abyssinian  mis. 
sionary  for  twelve  year.s,  Jlay  ISth'.  1H85.  Alto- 
gother  about  a  thousand  graniniatical  improvo- 
ments  were  made  in  tho  Prophetical  Hooks,  and 
ft  great  many  in  tho  New  Testament.  T'p  to 
March  31_st,  ISHl),  there  were  disposed  of  both 
editions  58,212  coiiies,  either  in  parts  or  as  a 
whole. 

{Specimen  viTse.    John  3  :  10.) 

hiK".  AX-i :  Jifi?). A(i>.i» :  ^ifi : :  nciv : 
(hx®!-:  o-u-iAi-:  Hi;?-:  •hi'^:: 


Aiii4til>l<>,  a  town  on  thn  northern  boun> 
dary  ol  .Natal.  Smith  Africa,  A  ndhsion  Hlation 
of  tlie  Swedish  Clninh  .Mission. 

Alll<>)'(  S'Oth  China,  on  tho  southern  coast 
of  an  islai  d  of  the  same  name  belonging 
to  the  iiriivince  of  J'uh-Kiiii.  .V  seaport  tovMi, 
with  an  excellent  liaibur.  Climate,  cool  in 
winter,  wet  in  spring,  Imt  in  suniiiur.  I'ojm. 
lation,   2."ili,(iii(», 

Social  ciiiiilition  poorer  than  in  most  prov- 
inces of  Cliiiui.  M I M.-.  ion  station  I..  .M.S.  (Ihl  li ; 
■1  missionaries  and  wives,  2  single  ladies,  71 
nativo  helpers,  lid  out  stations,  llll  ehurchi  s, 
1,I7S  nieniliers,  1  tlnologlcul  seminary,  '.»  stu- 
dents, lit  other  schools,  2IH  scholars.  Contri- 
Imtions,  I?  I  IH(l."i2,  (The  above  includes  a  large 
mission  at  Chiceng,  jmrtially  seiuirate  Irom  tlio 
Amoy  Mission,  nmiiaged  by  ono  ordained  niis. 
sionarv  and  a  physician.) 

Also  of  the  lieformed  ( iJiitch)  Church  in  Amer- 
ica (IS12),  and  transferred  from  the  A.  ]!.  C. 
1'.  .M.  in  IkM  ;  (1  ordained  missionaries,  1 
unordaiiiid,  7  missionaries'  wives,  2  other 
ladies,  ;i(>  native  heliii^rs,  2"  out  stations,  8 
churches.  Mil  members,  1  theidogical  school,  (i 
stiideiits,  12  other  sidiools,  220  stdiolars.  Con- 
tr  "mtions.  s2,;«;7.(;i). 

Also  nf  the  Dnglish  I'resbytorians  (iH.'il  |  ;  .">  or- 
daimd,  2  mi'illeal,  '.\  female  niissiouarii  s,  H 
chiuelji  s,  ir.t  unorgani/ed  eongregatioiis,  ()  na- 
tive jiastors,  i)l4  communicants. 

Alll«»)  4'<»llu«|lliul.— One  of  tho  languages 
of  China,  s|iokcii  in  .\moy  and  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  I'lirinosa.  A  traiislulion  of  tlu;  New  Tes. 
tanient  into  the  .Vmoy  Colloijuial  was  iirinted  at 
(ilasgow  in  lH7;t,  tlio  woik  having  been  jier- 
formod  by  Kevs.  J.  JIaegregor,  W.  S.  Swaiison, 
II.  Cowie,  .1.  Ij.  Maxwell,  and  others.  It  is  :u 
tho  Iiouian  rharactc..  Tho  I'salms,  translated 
by  tho  Itev.  .1,  Stronach,  were  i>ublisheil  in 
ln7;t.  The  (»ld  Testament,  ]ire]iared  by  a  ri  jire- 
Keiitative  conimitteo  of  tho  missionaries  at  .Amoy, 
was  carried  through  tho  pn  s  in  Knghmd  by  tho 
Iiev,  .1.  L.  Maxwell  and  completed  in  IhSI.  In 
tho  year  IHH'i  a  Ilevision  Committee  composed 
of  tho  missionaries  of  tho  .\moy  and  I'or- 
mosa  Missions  was  formed,  which  is  still  at 
work.  Tho  work  and  t:pinso  of  the  new  re- 
vision  is  shared  alike  by  tho  Hritish  and  I'or- 
eign  and  the  American  liiblo  Societies.  Pro- 
vision has  also  been  made  for  the  blind  ])eoplo 
of  I'ormosiv  ami  .\moy,  who  aro  said  to  number 
about  2.0(1(1,  in  furnishing  them  with  the  (ios- 
])el  of  Matthew.  The  work  was  lirejiared  by 
the  Key.  W.  Campbell,  missionary  of  tho  I'rea- 
byteriau  Church  of  England. 

{Specimen  verse.    John  3  :  IC.) 

rii6ng-te  chiong  tok-si"  ti  Kia"  sill"  su  so-kan, 
ho  sin  i  6  lAng  ni  tAi  ttm-16n  oO  tit-tioh  cng. 
Otth  ;    I  Ihta"  8ek»n  6  laiig  kau  6u-ni. 

Aiii|>ainariiiniin,atownnf  Central  Mada- 
gascar, near  Antananarivo.  Mission  station  of 
tho  L.  JI.  S. ;  1  missionary  and  wife.  K\  out- 
stations,  i),r,rj  church  members,  02  schools,  3,028 
scholars. 

Amilliribc,  a  town  of  Central  Madagascar, 
a  little  northwest  of  Antananarivo.  Mission 
station  of  tho  L.  M.  S. ;  1  missionary,  oo  out- 
stations. 

Amrltsar,  a  commercial  centre  of  the  Pun- 
jab, India,  and  the  chief  seat  of  the  Sikh  wor- 


ili'ii 


i 


:  If;   1 


i  ■  1  ^ 


r 


AMRITSAR 

ship.  Populiitioii.  ir)2,(HK).  In  1,S.")2  tlio  C.  JI. 
S.  IdiiinUul  II  stiitioii  ln'ii',  witli  hit^liSi'lioolH 
iiiid  II  iiii'diciil  csliilihshmi'lit.  iiiul  iitic  of  tlio 
liii'l^cst  mill  rii'lu'st  (Mii^jri'^iiliciiis  in  Imliii.  In 
IStiCi  tli.^  Mi>liiiiniiu'iliiu  scUoliU',  iiiiiiilt'(Min. 
WHS  I'linv.'ili'il,  iiihl  onliiiniMl  in  l.S(;s,  .V  SiUli 
jiricst  liiis  iilsi)  lii'i'ii  convi'i'ti'il  unci  linmcli 
slalions  I'sliililislicd  iit  Viimwal  iiml  CliirUuliud. 
'I'hi'  I'l'i'lc-iiisticMl  rouiu'il  o(  tlui  I'linjiili  luiMs 
ils  iinniiul  nii't'tin^s  hcvc 

Allll*«>iia,  in  tho  Uoliilklnuul  division  of 
tlu'  pri'sidi'iK'y  of  tlu)  N'orlliwi'stt'i-n  I'rovinccs, 
Indiii.  A  statii>ii  of  tiio  Mcllmdist  J''.|>isi'o|iiil 
Cliiiri'li,  Nciilli,  Willi  71s  I'luuch  - nu'iiibors, 
mostly  Sikhs,  liiit  soiin>  MosKniis. 

Alllliruiltf,  11  stilt iim  of  tlio  Xcthrrliiiid 
Missioniirv  Society  in  tlio  Miluiliiisii  lu'ninsiilii 
of  ('t'l('l)i's,  I'.iist  Indios  ^ii.v.). 

Allllil,  tlu^  most  iiDimlous  of  tlio  7S  'runniotn, 
or  I'liiimotu  Islands,  I'olyni'siii.  ro|)uhition, 
l,;tl)l).  riioiioo|il<'  wti-o  visiti'il  liy  Clivistiiiii  niis- 
sioniirioH  in  ls|s,  jmd  wcn^  convcrtod,  to^;('llii'i' 
with  iiiiiny  fniiii  tii'inhliorint;  isl.mds.  ('Iiurclu's 
Wt'i'o  built,  Imt  thiMi  nolioily  ciiiin'  to  pri'iu'li  in 
thrill.  liator  on  tho  Uoiiiiin  Cutholics  lurivod, 
and  linally  tho  Mormons.  Tiu'y  woio  ipiitu 
Hiu'ci'ssfnl.  In  IMS!  all  tho  Monnons  joindd 
tho  Koiiiaii  CliunMi.  'I'ho  raris  Kviinf,'i'lii'al 
Missionary  Socioty  has  iittiMiiiitod  somo  wiuk, 
but  with  littlo  sucooss. 

.\lllllC'koI>\  Oontral  Mada^tasciir,  in  tho 
Imoriuii  district,  not  far  noithou^t  of  .\ntaii- 
iinarivo.  Mission  station  of  tho  L,  M.  S. ;  I  mis- 
sionary, I  niitivo  pastor, 

%IIUII«I,  11  tov.-ti  in  tlio  (liijarat  distri<'t, 
li.iiiibuy,  India.  Sinco  IN7S  a  station  of  tlio 
Ii'isli  I'rosbytoria'i  Chiiroh,  with  a  hi^hsohool, 
iiroiiiid  whioli  a,  niiiiiorous  oon^;ro;_!iition  has 
giithorod. 

.VllillKllipiIl',  a  oity  in  tho  Kanara  distriot, 
India,  bolwoon  Malabar  iilnl  (loa,  Madras,  South 
India,  has  fiiiuoiis  oolTco  plantations.  \  sta 
tion  of  tho  North  (b'riiiaii  Missionary  Sooioty, 
with  2ti">  nn'iiibors. 

.\ll<llli,  ono   of    tho   tliri>i<   stations    of   tho 
ITtrooht  Missionary  Sooioty  in  tho  hutidi  part  of 
Now  (tuinoa,  twenty  iiulos  southoast  of  Doro  ; 
IS  a  iirintin;^  ostablishiiu  nt. 

,\ll<llllliail  I>>Iiiii«In,  u  lon^  narrow  f,'roup 
of  small  islands  in  tho  oastorii  part  of  tho  I'.ay 
of  liom^'al.  Vroa,  ;!,Oll(»  sipiaro  mih's.  'I'hoy  in- 
dudotlio  Xorth,  Middlo.  Smihuud  I.iltlo  .Vnda- 
man  islands,  with  ii  iiuiuber  of  islets,  and  all 
ar(>  (b'lisely  woodi'd.  Climato,  very  unhealthy, 
ropiilatioii,  in  IHSl,  11.  ir.2  oonviols'and  H.OOO;?) 
natives.  Tho  natives  are  a  dimitiiitivo  and  bar- 
barons  poi>i)lo,  wli,>  seem  I.)  bo  ilislinot  from  all 
other  known  races  in  ]iliysieal  foatui'os,  Ian 
IJiiii'^o,  and  customs,  'I'liey  an'  of  short  stature, 
with  very  iiLtly  features  and  very  black  skin  ; 
thov  wuar  no  clothinj,'  except  ii  thick  nlaster  of 
mud,  intondod  to  protect  them  from  tlu'  attacks 
of  insects  ;  thoy  live  in  tho  most  wretched  huts, 
subsist  by  tishini;,  never  till  tho  L;r.)iind,  liavo 
no  imi>leuionts  ;hat  will  resist  tiro,  will  hold  no 
intereoiirso  with  slruni^ors.  They  worship  ono 
Uroiit  (bid  mil  tliroo  nialovolont  deities  in  sea 
and  fo.i'st,  and  minor  divinities.  Tho  llritish 
forinod  a  Hottloiuont  on  the  larooHt  island  in 
17',):t,  with  thtv  imrposo  of  makiiii^  a  poiiiil  colony 
for  couviutH  fruiu  Buuijdl,   but  ubandoned  it 


80  ANDREWS,  LORRIN 

tliroo  yoiirH  lator  on  noooiint  of  tlio  oliiimte. 
After  that  the  ^^roup  was  seldom  visited  until 
l.s.'i.S,  when  a  penal  setllomont  on  tmo  of  tho 
islands  was  tormed. 

I'liese  islands  liavo  ^ivon  oooiision  toropoiitoil 
missioiimy  itVorls  mnoiii^  their  naked  oiinnibiil 
and  apparently  dei'iiyiiij,'  iiopiilalion.  The  S. 
r.  (i.  si'ut  a  niissionmy  to  I'lUt  lUair  in  I.^SI, 
who  has  since  bi'on  recalled,  A  eliapliiin,  in 
lst;ri,  founded  an  oridmii  asylum  and  buiiti/.i'd 
Ik  few  persons. 

At  I'ort  lilair,  to  which  7,(iOll  convicts  liavo 
boon  trmisporti'd,  a  few  of  tho  saviij^os  have  also 
.Mettled,  and  tho  Lord's  I'rayor  has  boon  trans- 
lated into  their  laiij.;iiago. 

Alult'l'Kltll,  Williaill,  a  missioiiaiy  of  tho 
Ij.  M.  S.  to  South  Africa,  |S(l(l  IS.  Associated 
with  Mr.  Kircliercr  in  the  mission  to  the  liusli- 
iiieii,  ho  oomnienced  thi<  (Iriipia  Mission  in 
•Inly,  ISOI  ;  d.  at  I'liscaltsdorji,  Seiitember 'Jltli, 
ISdJ,  ilj-od  h:l. 

AikIoIiuIo,  a  branch  station  of  tho  L.  M.  .S. 
station  in    .Vutanmiarivo,   tho  capital  of  Madii- 

eiisear. 

.tlHl«>V<>rilllt<»,  II  city  on  the  easloni  coast 
of  Madagascar,  and  an  S.  I'.  (1.  station,  founded 
in  bS7l.  It  now  has  ."i;!  ('onimiinieaiits  under 
tho  care  of  one  I'.iiropean  niissionmy. 

Alnlr«"W!»,  l.i4>ITill,  b.  .Vpril  'Jlith,  17'.)"i,  at 
I',ast  Windsor  (now  Vernon),  Conn. ;  oiadiiated 
lit  •lelTcrson  Colle^i",  V,i. ;  rrincoton  Tlieoloejeal 
Seminarv,  IS'Jo  ;  sailoil  as  a  missionary  of  tho 
A.  li.  C.'F.  M.,  Nov.  ;)d.  IS-J7,  for  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  rcachiiif^  llonnuilu,  March  :!lst,  IN'JJS  ; 
was  statiiuu'd  at  Iiiihaina  with  .Mr.  Kichmds 
In  bSiil  ho  was  appointed  to  establish  tho 
liiihainaluna  SiMiiinnry,  which  was  opened  in 
Scptomber  of  that  vein  with  -'>  Jiupils.  l>uriiiL! 
tho  siici'oodino  ten  years  lio  exerted  himself  to 
found  the  institution  on  u  iiermani'iit  basis.  Jiy 
the  assistmico  of  Messrs.  liibble,  Clark,  Kiiier- 
soii,  and  others,  it  becanio  the  I'liiversity  of 
Hawaii.  l)uriiif;  his  connection  with  the  in- 
stitution ho  performed  avast  amount  of  liti  riiry 
labor,  besides  his  duties  as  professor.  He  «as 
associated  with  others  in  the  translation  of  tho 
Hi  bio.  In  IS  tJ  he  resigned  his  iiosilion  as  a  mis- 
sionarv  of  the  \,  1!.  C.  1'.  M.  from  anti  slavery 
scruples,  belioviii'^  it  to  lai  wrono  for  the  lioard 
to  receive  funds  from  slave  .Stales.  In  ISIl  lu) 
olUciated  as  seaman's  ebaplain  at  l.ahaina. 
In  1S|."(  bo  nuuoved  to  Honolulu,  and  received 
tho  appointment  of  jud^o  under  the  Hawaiian 
( tovorniiu'iit.  l"or  many  Vein's  ho  sat  upon  tho 
bench  and  otViciatod  with  ability  and  iiite^'rity. 
His  serviees  wore  highly  apprrciatod  by  .Iudt;i' 
Lee.  l''or  many  years  ho  acted  as  seiTetary  of 
tho  Privy  Council,  keeping;  the  records  in  Kun 
lisli  and  Hawaiian.  Ho  resif^ned  his  ollico  of 
iud;,'o  111  ls.")."(,  but  so  liii,4lily  did  Ihi'  j^ovcrn- 
meiit  appreciate  his  labors  that  an  iiiinuily  of 
si, ()()((  was  iip|)ropriated  iiiil  conlinued  by  suc- 
cessive Icj^islatnies  to  the  vi'i'y  last.  Uuriiii;  tho 
later  years  of  his  life,  tliou^;li  his  labors  were 
less  public  tliiiii  before,  his  mind  and  jieii  were 
constantly  oeenpied,  and  at  times  bo  employed 
a  nativo  amanuensis.  His  llivrtii'mn  Dirliniiiir;/, 
dolinilii;  nearly  17,0(10  words,  oeciipieil  him  for 
many  years.  His  research  into  tho  ancient  his- 
tory, iDi'lin  or  soiius,  and  litoruturo  of  tho  Iln- 
waiiaii  peojilo,  has  boon  very  extensive,  A 
Honolulu  paper  says,  "As  a  scholar  ho  was 
thorough  uuti  iirofouud,     Aa  u  proaolicr,  HOund 


ANDREWS,  LORRIN 


87 


ANHALT-SCHMIDT 


cisily  lit 

the   in- 

I'  lili  liny 

111'   VMIS 

on  ot  till) 

us  II  mis- 

ti  sliiviry 

hi'  IJoiiul 

1  ISII  h.i 

l.ahiiiiiii. 

irl'i'ivi'i'. 

Iliiwiiiiiiii 

ii|H)ii  tlui 

iiili'i^rity. 

liy  .iuilni' 

•ri'tiiry  nl' 

s  ill  I'.Wii 

olVu'i'  111' 

'   j^ovcrii- 

lumiity  (>r 

1  liy  siu' 

)iii'iiiL;  till' 

liors  \vi'i'i> 

)M'I1    Will' 

l'lll|ll(\V<'il 

1  liiiii  for 
ii'iciit  liis- 
r  tlio  lln- 
iisivc.  A 
r  lio  wiw 
lor,  Homiil 


atiil  lo;,'iri>l.  'rniii'liiii!,'  ]ii'i'niiiiiry  niiittcrs,  In- 
was  ilisuiliTi'sti'il   mill    misi'lli-,!!.       Diiiiiii;   liis 

lllll^'  I'lllllli'l'tioll  Witll   till'    IlitU.liMIl   (ioVl'l'llllK'llt. 

us  11  jiiililii'  iiltii'i  r  111!  Kill'  I'Vi'i'  I'.ilii'il  III  iiiU'sliiiii 
his  lioiiusly  mill  iiit<'t;rily.  A  sliurt  tiiim  lu'lnin 
Ins  ili'iitli  111'  lii'i'iuiii'  lU'iii'ly  liliiiil,  lull  I'liiitiiiui'il 
Ills  liti'i'iiry  liiliiirs,  ('iii|>liiyiiiL^  mi  miiiiiiiii'iisis. 
Ho  ilio.l  at'  lloii.iliilii,  S.'iiti'iiilii'i'  'J'.ltli.  lsi;s. 

AiK'ilyiiiii,  Mill  sDiitlii'i'iiiiinsi  i.slmiil  of  tlio 
soul  hi'rii.iiost  '_;nin|)  of  tlu'  N'l'W  Ili'liriili'S. 
l'o|iiilaliori,  'J.IHIO,  nil  of  wlioiii  wi'i'i>  coiivcrti'il 
llii'li  f  till'  |ii'i'.irliiii','  of  (111'  ri-i'sliyti'l-liiii  iiiis- 
sioiiiiry,  Iti'V.  Mr.  (Icililn',  of  Novii  Si'otia,  lu>- 
twi'i'ii  ISIS,  vvlii'ii  lii>  iiriivt'il,  mill  IsT'J,  wlii'ii 
h((  ilii'il.  riu'y  |iiiiil  tlii'iiisclvi's  S."i,lMli)  towm'il 
till'  ti'iiiisliilioii  i.inl  |iriiitiii'4  of  tlu'  l!i)ili'.  ami 
liavii  si'iif  out  lifly  iiiitivo  liiisiiuiiiiriis  to  oIIut 
(.'oiiiitrii's,  priiirii  ally  to  tlm  iii'i;^lilH)riii^;  isl- 
iliiils,      iSi'n  N'l'w  Ili'liriili'S  Alissioii.) 

.illl'ilyillll,  II  luil;^ilii|^(i  1ii'Ioii<{iiiL;  to  tlio 
Mi'laui'sia  liiiit,'iia;^i's,  mul  simki'ii  in  Aiicityiiiii. 
N't'W  Ili'lu'iili'S,  liy  a  pi'opli'  lu'loiij^iiiL,'  to  tlm 
l'a|)iiaii  stoi'lv.  til  |s;)-2  till)  Ui'V.  .loliii  lii'^^lis 
from  Ni'W  /I'almiil  joiin.il  ^[l•.  (ii'ililic.  I'lu' 
work  of  li'aiislatiii'4  thn  Si'i-ipturcs  was  soon  com 
nu'ii'r.l.  mi  1  Ml  IsCii!  tlii>  I'lilii-.'  Ni'w  'I'l'stmiu'iit 
was  ill  till'  hmiils  of  tlm  iiativis.  In  IS7S  tlii- 
Dlil  Ti'slaiiii'iit  left  till'  press  al  l.oiulon.  Ilm  work 
li.iviii^'  lioi'u  uiiili'r  tliii  siipiTJiili'iiili'iu'i'  of  yir. 
Iii'^lis,  (loiisiili'riiii;  tlin  fai't  tli.il  in  the  yoar 
|s|s  llii'ro  was  ii  it  a  si'iitoin'o  of  tlit'  Aiii'ityiuii 
Imii^iia'^i'  I't'iliii'i'.l  to  writiim,  an  1  also  consiili-r- 
iii^'  till'  f.u't  thai  tlm  natiTi's  jiaiil  for  almost  all 
tbi:  copiin  of  Scripturn  whiiili  w.ri'  priiiti'il,  tluro 
is  all  mill  I'vcry  reason  for  thankfuliii'ss.  Alt')- 
Ki'tlii'r  llirro  woro  ili  jposi'il  of  up  (o  Marcli  .'list, 
ISS'J,  'Jil..'i;io  copies  of  SLiriptiiri's,  in  part  or 
lis  a  wholii. 

{SjHcimen  verse.     Join.  3  :  10.) 

I9  Mm  iicco  niiiliouc  val  iji  pocc  ascga  o  Atua 
Is  nliriii  Iiilial  o  iiii  is  eti  udio  iiion,  va  eri  Oti 
t'liu'snms  11  ilpii  atiinl  aspciij:  Iran  ascga,  jam  Icli 
nitui  iiiiioh  iraii  iiicig  inyi  ti  lop  tl, 

Aiitflo-foiiliiuMiliil    So«'l«'l.v.  —  ?ooro 

tary,  K  v.  l''ro  leriik  Mcyrick  lilicklinf,'.  Itoc- 
tory,  Aylsliam.  Norfolk,   kiiL;laiiil. 

The  AnL;lo  ('oiitiiieiital  Society,  foriiicil  in 
Eti'^^liui'l  in  IS")  I,  aims  ^l  )  to  make  the  priiieiples 
of  the  l'',n^lish  ('liiin'h  kumvii  in  the  ililVereiit 
countries  of  Hiiropo  aiiil  tliroii.„Hi,,ut  the  worl.l  ; 
('2)  to  help  forrtiiril  the  internal  nformation  of 
national  ehiu'ehes  miil  other  reliLiions  com- 
munities liy  sproailiiii!  information  williin  them, 
rather  than  hy  proselytiziiiu;  from  them  ;  ami 
(.'!)  to  sa"e  men  whose  relieions  convictiotis  are 
alreaily  iniselilel  from  ilriftiie^'  into  inliilelity. 
liy  I'xiiiliilinu'  to  them  11  inirilieil  Christimiiiy 
which  they  may  ho  alile  to  cmhraee.  'i'lie  nieans 
a.lopteil  tl)  ai'i'omplish  these  cinis  are  (1)  the 
imlilicalion  in  ililfereiit  lanL^uaees  of  hooks  ami 
tracts  illustraiive  of  the  iloclrilie,  discipline, 
s'k'kv,  mill  ri'li;.;iims  spirit  of  the  Church  of  Kn^;'- 
laiiil,  aiiil  of  the  cliaracter  ot  her  Keforiiiation  ; 
Ci)  the  ilissemination  of  the  pnhlications,  to- 
t^ethcr  with  the  Hihlo  ami  I'rayer  Ii  ink.  hy  the 
voluntary  a'.;ency  of  travellers,  of  Hritish  ami 
Aiiieri"mi  chaplains,  hooksollers,  etc.,  ;  (W)  hy 
the  cinployment  of  native  iii^etits  where  it  is 
thoiif^ht  ilesirablo  ;  and  (1)  hy  tlio  omplovment 
of  one  or  inoro  travellin«  secretaries,  or  ii(,'unts. 
ohargod  witli  the  duty  of  explaining  the  nature 


of  (he  Knj^lish  Keforiiiation.  aiul  the  I'Miliiplo 
that  It  olfcrs  to  other  national  I'hurchcs  iiliil  re- 
liei.iiis  hollies 

'I'lii'  Society  consists  of  patrons,  commiltecs, 
ollicers,  anil  orilinary  meiuliers,  comprisine  Kn^- 
llsh,  Irish,  Scottish,  Colonial,  miil  American 
ihiiriliiiii  n. 

.\llU;<»lai.  In  its  widest  sense  a  I'ortiii^mso 
colony  on  the  wcslrru  coast  of  Sonlli  Africa, 
Lower  (iiiinea.  .\rea,  •J(i(i,(IOIl  sipiare  miles. 
Climate,  «ariii,  unhealthy  iiloii^  the  cnasl. 
Soil,  very  ferlile  ;  ve;4i'talliiii  lilMuiant.  and  tlio 
fauna  and  lloiii  tropical.  Miiieial  prodiulioiis, 
t,'o!d,  iron,  lead,  mid  siilpliur.  ropulation, 
'.'.iMIO.dtlO,  whiles,  niillattoes  mid  lieeroes,  tlio 
most  iiiliUim'nt  of  whom  me  the  ]ieoiile  of  tlio 
district  of  .Vmliocii,  most  of  whom  are  ahle  to 
read  mul  write,  lirlit^ion,  cliielly  ]iii^iaii  ;  a  few 
Komaii  Catholics  mel  a  few  I'roteslmits.  Capi- 
tal. St.  I'mil  lie  l.iian.la,  on  the  coast  of  .\iieoIa 
proper.  llie  seat  of  the  f^ovemor-^^eneral  and  of 
the  liishop.  'I'lie  chief  coast  towns  of  (he  thrci) 
other  districts,  hcsides  .Angola,  into  which  the 
I'oiintry  is  divided,  are  Aiiihri/,  S«o  |''elipc  do 
Men^iii'la,  and  Mossameiles.  Mis.-ioiimy  soci- 
eties at  work  there,  Ihilishand  I'orei^^n  HihIeSo 
ciety,  with  a  depot  at  l'oiiv;o  .\donu;o.  Scrip- 
tures. St.  l.iiko  and  St.  .folin,  in  Kiiiiliiilidee. 
.V.  K.  C.  i'.  .\1.  works  more  in  l!eiieucla. 

.tlltfOlU,  a  city  on  the  west  coast  of  .Vfrica, 
in  the  Coiisci)  and  (Jahooii  district.  It  is  on 
the  (ialmoli  Kiver,  aliove  Nelieein  nee.  Mission 
station  of  the  I'resliyteriaii  Church,  Xorlli  ; 
occupied,  lss|  ;  1  missionary  and  wife,  I  otlor 
lady,  I  French  teacher. 

Alltforil,  a  city  of  .\sia  Miimr.  in  the  an 
cicnt  (ialatia.  l'o|iulation.  iiri.lMin.  ot  « hoiu 
lIl.ilOK  are  Uonimi  Catholics.  .\n  important 
trade  centre,  especially  for  mohair  (.\ii'.4ora 
t,'oa(s'  \vool),  and  an  out  station  cf  the  A.  ii.  C. 
F.  M  colilii'cted  with  Ca'sarea. 

Aliura  I'<>«|ii4>iiii,  on  the  hay  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  scilliHi'st  coast  of  .\frica. 
Here,  at  the  only  jiroper  liarhor  of  the  (ireat 
Nmiiaipiahmd.  the  IJrc'.m-n  iinrchant  I.iidritzac- 
ipiired  throii'.,di  'i  haij^ain  with  the  ciipliiin  of 
lii'thaniese  a  landed  properly,  which  he  placed 
niidi'r  the  protection  of  the  (ierman  l'",mpiro. 
This  was  the  liiinhst  conimeiu'emeiit  of  the 
(rcrman  colonial  policy,  (ierman  protection 
was  cxteiiilcl,  October,  Issl.  ovi  r  lieholioth 
lloachiinas  and  simii  over  the  whole  extent  ot 
the  coast,  from  Cape  Frio,  in  the  north,  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Oraui^e  Uivi  r,  and  extcndiii.L;  l'2l) 
miles  into  (he  interior.  The  only  excepiien  is 
Walt'ish  liay,  to  which  ]'',nj;lmid.  has  earlier 
claims.  The  liipior  li'.illic  was  at  lirst  excluded, 
to  the  f^reat  .jiy  of  (he  missionaries,  hut  has 
forced  ilselt  in  nmre  and  more  in(o  the  terri- 
tory. 'I'lie  hostilities  too  liet  ween  (he  Xaiiia  and 
the  Iferero  were  iii,"^rava(ed  hy  the  ease  widi 
which  (heir  hooty  of  I'adle  could  he  sold  to  the 
(iermans.  Ueceiitly  more  peaceful  inllueticps 
have  male  themselves  felt.  Since  iss:!  (he  en- 
tire liilile  has  lieeii  (ratislated  hy  Kroiiliiiise  into 
the  N'ama  Imij^uaf^e.  It  remains  nnpulilisheil, 
however,  since  (he  New  Tesdimeiit  printed  in 
ISdii  has  found  few  purchasers. 

.'\llliaill-M<>llllli4ll.  a  (own  in  Cajie  Colony, 
South  Africa.  Mission  Htation  of  (he  lierlin 
Kvan^^elical  liiidiuran  .Missionary  Society  ( IHOO)  ; 
2  missionaries,  111  native  workers,  2  out-ntatious, 
316  chureh-members. 


ANIEADU 


ANTANANARIVO 


Ailikndii,  n  city  of  Tanjore,  Miidrns  Pre.ii- 
<lt!n<'.v,  South  liitliii,  southwest  of  'I'linjoro  City. 
Mission  stiitioii  o(  tho  S.  1'.  (i.  iiiid  thu  Eviingeli- 
ciil  Jiutlicriiu  Society  of  J.ciiizif^, 

.4llitva,  li  siiiull  isliiuil  in  tli(>  snuthernniost 
pAiiii)  of  tlie  New  llubriiles.  I'op'imtion,  I'Ji, 
all  t'li.istiiins. 

AlliWM,  n  (liiiliM't  Kjioken  in  tho  island  of 
Aniwii,  Ni'W  llul)ri<lt>s.  At  tho  time  from  \vlii<'h 
its  niissioniiry  history  diitps  its  iiopuliUioii  wiis 
estinmtcil  iit'  Iroiii  ■\i»\  to  ",llll.  In  islo  two 
Siiuioaii  teiii'hors  wero  lUiu'id  upon  tlu'  island, 
but  thuir  fiforts  wi-ro  without  any  visiblo  suc- 
cess. .Vhout  tho  year  IsdC,  tho  Jiev.  ,1.  G.  I'a- 
ton  settknl  there,  and  in  1K77  the  (tospelsof 
Matthew  and  Mark,  translated  by  him,  were 
printed  at  Melhourne.  In  IsnO  the  .Vets  were 
also  i)rintcd  there.  In  IMS-J  the  (lospel  of  .7ohn, 
1  and  2  'I'imothy,  Titus,  I'liilemon,  James,  the 
three  epistles  of  John,  and  .lude  were  printed. 
The  inhabitants  of  tho  island,  who  at  the  ar- 
rival of  Mr.  I'atoii  wen;  naked  savages  ami  can- 
nibals, contributed  .tTO  toward  paying  for  tho 
printing  of  tho  above  portions. 

Alljliko,  or  AllJ'tikt*,  n  city  on  tho  slave 
coast.  \Vest.\frica.  A  station  of  the  North  Ger- 
man Missionary  Society. 

Allka«lil»CVilVll,  a  city  of  Central  Mada- 
gascar, near  .Vntanauarivo.  Jlission  station  of 
the  L.  il  S, ;  1  missionary  and  wife,  1)3  ont- 
stations,  ('),1»1()  communicants,  hi  schools,  r>,lHi 
scholars. 

Alllo,  a  dialect  of  the  Kwu  language  in  the 
inde[ii'nileiit  kingdom  of  Dahomey,  West  Africa. 
Certain  portions  of  the  Scriptures  are  in  prepa- 
ration by  the  Dritish  and  I'oreign  lliblo  Society, 
and  also  by  the  Hremen  Jiiblo  Society. 

.\llliaka,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Nipon, 
Japan,  si)  miles  northwest  of  Tokio,  between  that 
city  and  Toyama.  Sub-station  of  A.  B.  C.  F.  M., 
worked  from  Tokio. 

.William,  a  language  which  belongs  to  the 
Tai  family  of  Indo-Chinese  languages,  is  spoken 
in  .\nnam,  Indo.China.  A.  version  of  tho 
Gosjiel  of  Luke  has  been  prepared  from  tho  re- 
vised Ostervald  French  New  Te.stanient  by  J[. 
Bonet,  who  resided  twenty  years  in  Annani, 
and  is  now  the  chief  government  interjireter  in 
the  Paris  School  of  Oriental  Languages.  This 
version,  which  was  publisheil  by  tho  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society  in  l.SHi),  is  tho  first 
made  in  that  language. 

Aiiiiiwin,  a  kingdom  under  the  protectorate 
of  Franei-,  occupying  the  most  ca.stern  jioition 
of  the  Judo  Chinese  peninsula,  east  of  Siam 
and  southeast  of  Burma.  Area,  2(10,0(10  scpiaro 
miles.  Surface,  irregular  and  mountainous, 
llivers  numerous,  and  althougli  too  shallow  for 
navigation,  most  nseful  for  irrigation.  Tho 
country  produces  an  abundance  of  rice,  sugar, 
spices,  and  tropical  fruits.  The  Annaineso  arc 
somewhat  akin  to  the  Cliineso  in  language  and 
in  many  of  their  important  customs,  but  they 
also  partake  largely  of  the  Malay  characteristics, 
and  evidently  form  a  link  between  the  Mongo- 
lian and  Malay  races.  They  arc  generally  tjuiet 
and  inoffensive,  indolent  and  fond  of  gayety. 
The  women  are  much  o|)presaed.  but  not  obliged 
to  live  in  seclusion.  The  religion  is  professed- 
ly Buddhism,  and  the  higher  classes  oven  adopt 
Confucianism  ;  Vint  they  are  not  a  religious  peo- 
ple,    Annam  is  governed  by  an  omperor  with 


absolute  power,  and  under  him  are  the  man- 
darins or  otlicials,  forming  a  nobility  sharply  <lis- 
tinguished  from  tho  body  of  th(;  jieople.  Man- 
darins apiiointed  by  tho  emperor  goM'rn  the 
jirovinees  and  control  the  standing  army,  which 
is  comj)aratively  large.  T'ho  capital  of  tlio  coun- 
try is  lliu',  on  a  river  of  tho  same  luinie.  The 
early  history  of  Annam  is  involved  in  obscurity  ; 
it  is  only  known  that  wars  with  the  neighboring 
])owers  determined  its  bounilari(  s,  and  that  tho 
empire  was  fcu'u.erl.v  entirely  subjtict  to  China. 

In  tho  seventeenth  century,  w  hen  Annam  was 
most  prosperous,  tlie  Jesuits  (among  them  tho 
celebrated  Jesuit  missioiiar.y  Alexander  von 
lUiodi's,  who  came  there  ill  Kil-"))  introduced 
Christianity,  and  in  spito  of  much  ]ierseeution 
proi)agat((l  it  with  such  energ,v  that  at  the  close 
of  tho  eighteenth  century  French  jiriests  had 
converted  the  (>mperor  and  established  a  hie- 
rarchy of  great  inlluenco.  Later,  however,  these 
doctrines  were  rejected  by  the  emperors,  and 
the  priests  and  converts  persecuted.  One  em- 
Jieror.  Tu-Due,  was  especially  opjiosed  to  C'hris- 
tianity,  and  tho  murder  of  several  missionaries, 
between  ]S,")1  and  Is.'iS,  seemed  to  the  French  a 
sufticient  cause  for  revenge,  while  it  served  as  a 
ju'etext  for  the  aecjuirenient  of  a  French  colony 
in  tho  Fast.  In  \s')H  a  French  lleet  was  sent 
by  Napoleon  III.,  which  succeeded  in  capturing 
several  important  towns,  and  although  the 
Aniiamese  made  stout  resistance,  the  French  suc- 
ceeded in  dictating  terms  of  jieaco  by  which 
the.v  became  possessors  of  three  provinces. 
These  remain  in  their  iiossession  under  the 
name  of  Indo  China,  the  only  important 
French  colony  in  tho  East.  By  this  treaty  three 
jjorts  in  Tominin  were  opened,  and  Cliristianity 
was  permitted  throughout  .Vnnam.  An  insurroc- 
tiou  occurred  in  liS(J:i,  which  was  quelled  by  the 
Fri  nch. 

The  king  of  Annam  was  compelled,  in  ]K7f,  to 
accept  the  position  of  a  vassal  to  France,  which, 
after  the  war  of  iss."),  China  ceased  to  resist. 
On  the  other  hand,  tlio  population  appear  to 
have  transfi'rred  their  hatred  of  foreigners  to 
the  Christians,  to  treat  them  generally  with 
groat  cruelty.  Tliero  are  no  Protestant  mis- 
sinns  in  .Vnnam,  tho  onl,v  missionaries  being 
priests  of  the  Komaii  Catholic  Church.  In  tho 
entire  kingdom  of  Annam,  numbering  5,000, ()()(), 
there  are  420,000  (^itholics,  under  the  care  of 
125  European  and  2(!l  native  priests,  in  7  apos- 
tolic vicariates. 

AllllHMZOrs:,  a  station  established  by  the 
Moravians  in  Surinam  (Dutch  Guiana),  South 
America,  among  tho  negroes.  It  was  situated  on 
the  Warappa,  which  connects  tho  river  Come- 
wyne  with  the  sea  at  a  jjoint  some  twenty  miles 
east  of  the  mouth  of  the  river.  In  1S53  a  church 
was  opened,  and  the  work  of  God  assumed  a 
ver,v  cheering  aspect.  Less  than  twenty  years 
afterward  a  shoal  formed  just  in  front  of  the 
creek,  which  prevented  tho  return  at  ebb-tido  of 
tho  water  which  the  flood  had  Virought.  The 
cultivated  land  was  thus  ruined  by  the  salt 
water,  and  the  ])eo])le  were  compelled  to  abandon 
the  estates.  The  mission  had,  therefore,  to 
bo  given  u]).  and  beeaiiio  an  outpost  of  Char- 
lottenburg,  tho  church  building  being  removed 
to  Paramaribo. 

Annolto,  a  station  of  tho  Baptist  Jltssion- 
ary  Society  in  Jamaica,  West  Indies  (([.vl. 

AntUlinilHrivo,  capital  of  Madagascar. 
Climate,    temperate.       Elevation,    4,500    feet. 


ANTANAN  ARI V  O 


ARABIA 


by  tho 
Kontli 
liated  on 
Come- 
ly miles 
1  church 
Linieil  a 
|y  ypiirs 
,  of  tho 
l-tiilo  o£ 
The 
llio   Halt 
BiaiKlon 
fore,  to 
C'har- 
tmovecl 


Iission- 

n. 

l^aRcnr. 
feet. 


Population,  about  100,000,  of  Ilova,  Malagasy, 
I'Dlyucsiaii  and  Microncsian  stock,  each  class  of 
whom  speaks  its  own  languafje.  Keiii;ioii,  fct- 
ioliisiu  :  belief  in  charms  and  ordeals.  Social 
condition,  cdinparatively  eivili/ed.  ( )ociipation, 
nii^tal  and  straw  work,  spiniiinj^,  weaving,  etc., 
in  all  of  wliich   they  are  skilled, 

.Mission  station  'of  the  L.  M.  S.  (iHdl)  ;  1 
missionary  and  wife.  1  single  lady,  li'.iCi  native 
workers,  Ci.")  out-stations,  (Id  eliurches,  .'(.[JOS 
members,  i\'>  schools,  5,111)  scholars. 

Also  of  the  Friends'  Missionary  Society,  .'i 
missionaries  and  Mives,  "J  single  ladies,  2 
schools,  both  Well  attended,  a  printing-olliee,  a 
uioJical  mission,  with  a  hospital. 

Alllitfllll,  the  principal  island  of  tho  Leo- 
wanl  group.  West  Indies.  Fiist  visited  in  17o(i 
by  Moravian  missionaries  from  St.  Thomas. 
I'eter  Hrowu  labored  hero  from  ITli'J  to  17!)1, 
and  was  well  supported  by  the  government, 
because  it  soon  became  evident  that  the  annual 
rate  of  crime  decreased  under  his  intluence. 
In  17'.)3  there  were  ',>,:(»!.'>  baptized  niendiers  of 
tho  mission.  The  Wesleyan  Methodists  have 
now  11,120  members  in  11  stations,  a  teachers' 
seminary,  and  a  high  school  ;  tho  S.  1'.  G., 
^1, !,■).■)  communicants  Tho  >biravians  have  also 
13  missionary  agents  and  3,-ls2  communicants. 

Alltiovll,  a  city  of  Xorthorn  Syria,  tho  same 
ns  tlie  Autiooh  of  the  time  of  the  Apostles.  It  has 
ninoh  declined  in  importance,  Imt  is  still  a  city 
of  considerable  siz(!.  Tho  i)opulation  is  chietly 
Armenian  and  Syrian,  tho  latter  partly  Moham- 
medan, and  partly  Christian  of  tho  Greek 
Chundi.  .V  number  of  attempts  liavo  been  nuide 
to  (!arry  07i  mission  work  tliere,  but  ^vith  no 
very  great  success.  It  is  a  station  of  the  Irish 
Presbyterian  Mission,  and  the  Kon.'ign  Chris- 
tian Missionary  Society  have  a  preacdier  there. 
It  is  also  counted  as  an  out-stiition  of  the 
A.  H.  0.  V.  M.  station  at  Aintab.  TI.e  I{e. 
formed  Presbyterian  (Covenanter)  Mission  iia.'e 
also  some  work  among  the  Nusairiyeh  of  the  ci  ly. 

.■tlllllll,  a  city  east  of  tho  \V<dta,  Crold  Coast, 
Wi'st  .Vfrica.  Population,  o.OOO,  .V  station 
Was  founded  hero  by  the  Pasle  Missionary  So- 
ciety in  IHCil,  but  in  IsCl)  the  city  was  destroyed 
by  the  Ashantis.  In  IHisl,  however,  the  station 
was  rebuilt,  and  there  are  now  115  meiuber.s. 

Aoiliori,  or  Awoiliori,  Japan,  on  the  ex- 
treme northern  coast  of  the  island  of  \ipon, 
northwest  of  Morioka.  Mission  district  of  tho 
Jlethodist  Kpiscoiial  Church,  Xorth  ;  1  mission, 
nry,  311  church-members. 

ApaiHIli;,  an  island  of  the  Gilbert  group, 
Micronesia.  Mission  station  of  the  Hawaiian 
Evangelical  Missionary  Society.  Has  no  resi- 
dent missionary,  but  is  ■worked  from  tho  neigh- 
boring i.sland. 

Apomailia,  an  island  of  tho  Gilbert  group, 
Micronesia,  near  Apaiang.  Occupied  by  the 
same  society. 

A|»i,  or  EpI,  or  Bakl.— The  Api,  or  Baki, 
which  belongs  to  tho  Melanesian  languages,  is 
spoken  in  the  island  of  .Vpi,  New  Hebrides. 
In  IHH'i  the  Rev.  IJ.  M.  Frnser,  from  Tasmania, 
settled  with  his  wife  on  ,Vpi,  and  in  .\pril.  lHH(i, 
n  translation  of  th,.  Gospel  of  JIark  by  Mr. 
Eraser  was  jiublished  by  the  British  and"  For- 
eign Bible  Society's  auxiliary  at  Sydney.  Up 
to  Maich  ,11st,  1H80,  three  copies  of  St,  Mark's 
Gospel  were  disposed  of. 

Apia,  the  principal  seaport  of  Samoa,  Poly- 


nesia, with  an  expellent  and  much  frequented 
harbor,  but  full  of  drinking  and  dissipation. 
Mission  station  of  the  I,.  .M.  S.  (\KW>)  ;  2  for- 
eign missionaries,  SH  ordained  nativex,  11)  other 
helpers,  1,031  church-members,  7<i  schools, 
l,2;)l!  scholars. 

Appcl<«hO!>i€>ll,  a  city  in  Fust  Natal,  South 
Africa,  northwest  of  Christianshorg.  A  station 
of  the  Swedish  Clmndi  Mission. 

ApiJNtl'ltilrJlsi^t'  ("  tlio  Avenuoof  the  Apos- 
ties"),  a  series  of  missionary  stations  estab- 
lished by  tlio  Chrischona  Pilgrim  Mission.  It 
included  Cairo  (l^^lil),  .Vlexandria  (1S(15),  As.suan 
(lH('i5),  and  also  Kliartoum  and  Metammeli,  and 
was  iutendeil  as  points  of  support  for  mission- 
ary oi>erations  in  Abyssinia.  'J'he  two  latter 
stations  cost  many  liiiman  lives,  and  <lid  not 
render  the  attempt  to  penetrate  by  this  route 
into  the  interior  of  .Vfrica  successful.  For  Egypt 
alone  tln^  American  Mission  seemed  sulHcieut, 
and  in  1S(1S  the  I'ilgrim  Mission  retired  from 
this  lield  and  devoted  itself  to  its  successful 
school  in  Alexandria.  German  forces  are  still 
active  there,  and  there  are  Kaiserswerth  dea- 
conesses in  a  hospital  of  their  own. 

Arabia,  a  peninsula  at  the  southwestern 
extremity  of  Asia,  lying  within  latitude  30 
and  12'  45'  X  ,  and  longitude  32'  30'  and  (iO" 
E.  Its  land  boundaries  are  Egypt  on  the  north- 
west and  I'alestine  and  Syria  on  tho  northeast. 
Commencing  at  tho  northeast,  tho  waters  which 
successively  si.rround  it  are  :  tho  Persian  Gulf, 
Gulf  of  Omar,  Indian  Oeein,  Gulf  of  Aden,  and 
tho  Bed  Sea.  Its  total  area  is  estimated  at  over 
J, 001), 000  scpiare  miles.  Arabia  was  formerly 
divid'd  and  described  by  foreigners  as  consist- 
ing of  .Vrabia  Petraa,  the  rocky  mountainous 
region  in  the  north  ;  Arabia  Desertn,  the  vast  des- 
ert lands,  and  -Vrabia  Felix,  the  "  Happy"  land, 
on  the  shores  of  the  Red  Sea  and  Indian  Ocean. 
A  study  of  the  physical  features  of  the  country 
suggests  a  more  rational  division  of  the  surface 
into  ecjual  thirds  :  one  com)irising  tho  moun- 
tainous lands  along  tho  coasts  ;  another  the 
desert  lands,  which  form  alaiost  a  complete  ring 
iiround  tho  third,  the  ce'.itral  plateau  of  table- 
land, with  alternatijig  Moi>es  and  valleys. 

Beginning  with  tho  coast  district  at  the  north. 
west,  tho  jtrincipal  districts  are  :  1.  Tin;  Sitndtio 
penins'iilK,  i\  triangle  with  the  Red  Sea  as  its 
apex,  Palestine  for  its  base,  and  the  gulfs  of 
Suez  and  Akabah  f(>r  its  sides,  corresponds  very 
nearly  to  Arabia  Petraa.  2.  ilyVi.:  extends  from 
latitude  28^  to  21  N.  along  tho  shore,  and  for  a 
distance  inland  varying  from  00  to  150  miles. 
It  is  for  the  most  jiart  sandy  and  stony,  with 
only  a  few  fertile  spots  around  Medina,  and 
Kholeys,  a  few  days'  journey  north  of  Jlecca. 
Around  this  holy  city  of  the  Mohammedan  is  tho 
Haram,  or  Sacred  Territory,  at  the  southern  ex- 
extremity  of  the  district.  ^lecca  has  a  jiopulation 
of  45,000,  and  was  visited  in  1SS7-SH  by  100.000 
])ilgrims.  Atthesoutheastof  Hei'az,  on  the  rising 
slopes  of  the  mountains,  is  the  small  district  call- 
ed .lebel  Kora,  with  its  fertile,  well-watered  soil. 
3.  Yemen  oecupii>s  tho  remainder  of  the  mountain 
coast  as  far  south  as  Aden,  and  consists  of  two 
portions.  That  part  lying  along  the  slio» 
called  Teliamah,  and  is  flat  and  rocky,  wlii 
inland  part,  stretching  sometimes  300  mii 
the  east,  is  mountainous,  with  precipitous  hi.,,, 
and  fertile  valleys.  The  oasis  of  the  southern 
Jowf  is  also  included  in  this  district.  Mocha,  ono 
of  the  cities  of  Yemen,  has  given  its  name  to  the 


ARABIA 


00 


ARABIA 


i  ^ 


I  I 


S  'i 


coffee  wlikli  in  one  df  tlio  prineipnl  products. 
Sunia,  tlio  torniiT  ri'siilciioo  of  tlio  liiium,  hiis  a 
liopulutiou  (;stiiimt(Ml  iit  :2(),un().  4.  Aihti,  n 
KiuiiU  pi'iiiiisiilii  on  tlio  const,  nbout  Hid  iiiiles 
Hist  of  l!iil)-i;l-Miiiiilcl],  witli  till!  i-.liiiiil"f  rcrini, 
at  till)  I'litraiicu  to  tin,'  Jti-d  Sia,  is  sulijii't  to 
(treat  JJritain.  It  incliidis  in  its  ilistrict  a 
KUialler  iiciiiiisnlu,  Littlo  Aili-n.  ami  tlie  srtllo- 
luont  and  t:i\vn  of  Shuikh  ( itliman,  ten  niili'S 
from  Aili'ii,  with  tlif  villaL;i>s  of  Iniail  lliswa  ami 
15ir  .Taliir  in  all  7i)  sunare  iiiiKs  (Prrim,  o 
sijuari)  mill's).  Its  population  is  liT.Tll,  of 
whom  Slii'ikli  Othman  claims  I'J.dOll.  Adin  is 
fiimply  a  coalint^  station,  hut  its  ii.isition  makes 
it  of  j^rcat  strategic  imiioi'taiu'c.  ."i.  Ihiitriniiiiid 
and  Mtln-nli  occupy  the  1,200  miles  of  coast  be- 
tween .\den  and  ('ape  IJascllIadd.  They  havo 
the  same  general  features  of  the  coast  districts 
— a  sandy  or  rocky  shore,  behind  which  moun- 
tain rauf^es  stretch  back  into  the  threat  desert — 
and  little  is  kn.)\vn  in  regard  to  the  interior,  its 
inhaliitants  or  products.  (!.  Oiiinn  and  llnx'i 
comjili'te  the  line  of  coast  districts,  extend inj^ 
from  Cape  Itas-el  Iladd  to  the  head  of  therersiau 
(rulf.  Tlio  mountains  in  Oman  are  the  highest 
on  the  coast,  and  the  strip  of  coast  land  in 
Hasa  has  extensive  fertile  tracts.  Muscat,  tho 
capital  of  (Jman,  is  the  only  good  liarbor. 

The  central  third  of  Arabia,  especially  Xejd,  is 
the  stronghold  of  the  .Vrab  nation.  ()n  the  ex- 
treme north  and  northeast  lies  the  desert,  with 
the  oases  of  Jowf  and  Teyma,  varying  the  monot- 
ony  of  the  stony  Maste.  South  .)f  the  stony  desert 
lies  the  Nefof)d,  or  sandy  jjas'.es.  between  wliich 
and  Xejd  is  the  district  of  SI  onier,  with  its  two 
paridlel  mountain  ranges  rv,nning  northeast  to 
southwist.  The  valley  of  Kaseem  lies  between 
Shomer  iiiid  the  central  plateau.  The  principal 
jir  )vincesof  the  nine  into  which  Xejd  is  divided 
are  :  .Vred,  the  central  i)rovince,  containing  the 
capital,  Kiad  ;  Sedeyr,  or  Sudeir,  in  the  high- 
lands of  the  Toweyk  mountain  range,  which 
runs  north  and  south  through  the  heart  of  Xejd  ; 
Yemamah,  south  of  .\re<l,  a  fertile  <listrict,  cele- 
brated in  native  history  as  the  h(une  of  brave 
men  and  beautiful  women  ;  and  Wosheui,  a 
small  but  important  district  west  of  .Vred.  Of 
the  desert  surrounding  Xejd,  little  need  be  said. 
That  portion  lying  to  the  south,  southeast,  and 
southwest  is  called  the  Dahna,  or  "  Crimson," 
from  the  color  of  the  sand,  and  covers  oil,(i(l() 
S([uare  miles.  Of  it  littlo  is  known  ;  not  even 
the  Kediuiins  have  traversed  its  full  extent,  anil 
European  travellers  shrink  from  its  heat  and 
sterility. 

VV>innle.—\n  the  Sinaitio  peninsula  the  air  is 
dry,  clear,  and  in  the  main  healthy,  with  winter 
rains.  The  summer  temperature  in  the  valleys 
is  excessively  high,  but  the  nights  are  cool.  In 
general  the  sandy  sloi)es  of  the  coast  districts 
are  hot  and  unhealthy,  with  a  cooler,  more 
healthy  air  in  the  mountains.  Tehamah  has 
periodical  rains,  in  spile  of  which  th(!  climate 
is  hot.  The  highland  country  of  Yemen  is 
healthy,  with  cool,  pme  air.  In  Hadraimiut  ari'l 
Oman  the  heat  is  dangerous  to  the  stranger,  and 
llasa  is  especially  uidiealthy,  low  fevers  being 
the  constant  conipaniiui  of  the  dwellers  on  that 
coast.  Shoiner  ))nsscsses  a  remarkably  health- 
ful climate,  and  Xejd  is  hot  by  day  but  cool  by 
night,  while  winds  from  the  east  and  northeast 
make  the  climalo  pleasant  to  live  in.  In  the 
desert  the  heat  is  intolerable,  and  in  the  Xefood 
district  the  deadly  "  simoom  '  blows.  This  is  u 
storm  of  a  cyclonic  nature,  carrying  in  its  cen- 


tre a  noxious  gas  which  is  death  if  inhaled  in 
any  ipiantity.  It  lasts  from  two  to  ten  minutes 
at  any  (Uio  point,  and  the  oiily  way  to  escape  it 
is  to  cover  the  mouth  w  ith  a  cloth  and  lie  down 
on  the  ground,  w  here  the  heavier  pure  air  is 
found.  Camels  mstiiu'tively  bury  theirnosesin 
the  sand,  but  horses  are  often  killed  by  the  gas. 

.Vi'abia  is  celebrated  lor  its  horses,  wliich  eiuno 
mainly  from  Xejd  ;  its  cnlleo  and  fruit  from 
Yemen  ;  its  raisins  from  Muscat,  and  its  pearls 
from  the  lisheries  along  the  I'ersiaii  (lulf. 

I'lnjilf. — The  dwellers  in  Arabia  are  divided 
into  ■'  .\1  liedoo, '■  or  the  nomadic  ISedouius, 
and  ■'  Al  lladr,' '  the  dwellers  in  towns. 

1.  Theliedouins  are  the  shepherds  and  herds- 
men, who  wander  about  the  deserts  from  one 
fertile'  valley  to  another.  They  have  been  called 
brigands,  because  they  consider  themselves  the 
lords  of  the  land,  and  in  the  absence  of  consti- 
tuted authorit.v,  take  summary  methods  to  pun- 
ish the  traveller,  whom  they  regard  as  a  tres- 
passer. In  lieu  of  otKcial  tees  for  passports, 
they  take  whatever  jiroperty  they  can  lay  hold 
of.  liy  paying  a  fee  to  the  first  sheikh  whoso 
territory  is  invaded,  an  escort  is  secured  to 
the  traveller  as  far  as  his  authority  extends  ;  a 
similar  i>ayment  to  the  successive  sheikhs  will 
insure  like  jirotpction  ;  but  the  neglect  of  such 
an  acknowledgment  of  their  rights  will  lead  to 
loss  of  jiroperty  and  sometimes  of  life.  The 
ISedouin  is  not  murderiuis  by  nature,  but  of 
necessity,  when  his  demands  are  resisted.  There 
are  norlhem  and  southern  Hedouins.  The 
principal  clans  of  the  former  are  the  Aneyzah, 
who  roam  the  country  between  Syria  and 
Hhomer  ;  the  Shomer,  in  the  districts  contigu- 
ous with  tho.Vneyzah  ;  the  Iloweytat  and  Slura- 
rat,  in  the  muthern  desert  ;  the  Jloteyr,  IJeuoo. 
Khalid,  and  Ajmans  in  the  eastern  deserts,  ainl 
the  Hodeyl  aiid  Oteybah  in  Xejd  itself.  The 
southern  or  "  pure"  Bedouins  are  fewer  in 
number  and  more  savage  in  disposition.  The 
jirincipal  elans  are  Al-Morrah,  around  Oman  ; 
.\l-Yam,  near  Yemen,  and  Denoo-Yas,  near  the 
Persian  (iiilf.  In  f.ll  there  are  about  1,.J(UI,0(I() 
of  the  Hedouins.  They  recognize  no  authority 
save  that  of  their  chief,  the  sheikh,  for  they  are 
thoroughly  democratic,  and  consider  every  man 
eipial.  The  chief  may  be  such  by  the  law  of 
heredity,  but  is  oftener  chosen  on  ai'count  of 
his  i)nalitications  for  tlio  position.  The  ISed- 
ouin is  nominally  a  Jbdiammedan,  but  ho 
scorns  the  formalities  of  the  Koran,  and  disre- 
gards its  ceremonial  requirements.  Though  he 
be  not  far  from  Mecca,  he  does  not  mingle  with 
the  devout  who  go  there,  nor  will  ho  always 
spare  the  caravan  of  jiilgrims  that  jiasses 
through  his  territory.  Among  some  of  the 
tribes  a  lower  religious  belief  exists  ;  all  grada- 
tions between  sun-worship,  tree-worshi]i  and 
no  worship  at  all,  have  been  found.  Vihilo 
guarding  the  chastity  of  the  virgins,  the  mar- 
riage tie  is  very  loose,  and  inconstancy  on  the 
]iart  of  both  man  and  woman  is  ciuiimon  and 
unremarked.  Lying,  perjury,  sensuality,  and 
theft  are  their  vices,  while  fidelity  and  the  ob- 
servance of  a  promise  to  the  extent  which  the 
romancers  chronicle  are  not  nnciuumon.  In 
person  they  are  under  the  average  size,  with 
dark  skin,  straight,  black  hair,  and  dark,  oval 
eyes.  With  a'l  their  bad  traits,  they  are  to  be 
admired  for  their  shrewd  common  sense,  allied 
to  a  sarcastic,  iMiniorous  side  of  their  character. 
Their  dress  is  simple,  and  they  carry  a  staff 
with  a  crook  to  it,  togptNer  wiih.  short  knives 


ARABIA 


91 


ARABIC  VERSIONS 


nnd  old  niatchlockst,  with  which  they  ReUloiu 
fail  to  hit  tin,'  iimrk. 

2.  The  Ariilis  prnpur,  "  Al  Ilnilr,"  number 
nliout  six  sovenths  of  the  entire  jiopnlution  of 
the  peiiiusnlii  of  Ambin.  'I'lio  Korty.sl]  are  thts 
nobUisl  iif  tlio  nice,  ami  elaiia  direc;  connection 
with  the  l'roi)h(t.  Tlicir  clan  tie^i  anil  national 
teelinj,'  are  very  stron;^,  aiid  the;,  own  allef^iance 
to  their  tribal  head,  tlie  Sheikh,  Imam,  or  Sul- 
tan. These  olViees  are  not  neeessarily  heredi- 
tary, tlioiij^h  often  they  become  so.  Where  the 
doctrines  of  the  Wahabees  ])revail  the  Moham- 
medan relij^ion  is  followed  with  nil  its  strictness 
of  ceremonial  and  observances.  The  WahabeeH 
are  the  adherents  of  Abilel-Wahab,  who  insti- 
tuted a  revival  of  sliiet  Mohammedanisia  in  the 
ei^'hteenth  century,  and  made  many  converts 
with  the  aid  of  the  s'vords  of  his  followers. 
The  Wahabees  are  the  orthodox  sect  of  Ebn- 
Hanbal.  Other  orthodox  sects  are  the  Malikee, 
in  the  eastern  provinces,  and  the  Shativee,  in 
Yemen  and  Ilejaz  ;  while  along  the  I'ersian 
Gulf  "  soeoders"  of  the  Kariiiathian  sect  are 
found.  Ketiehism  is  found  in  Mahrnh  and 
l)laces  on  the  borders  of  the  threat  desert.  With 
their  belief  in  a  Suiiremo  Jieinj^,  ami  varying 
strictness  in  following  the  code  of  the  Koran, 
the  .Vrabs  are,  as  a  rule,  free  from  superstition, 
tolerant  to  .strangers,  and  they  do  not  care  to 
liroselyte.  Were  it  not  for  the  recollections  of 
the  oppression  of  so-called  Christian  races  and 
the  intiuenceof  establislied  custom,  Christianity 
would  meet  with  little  opposition.  Slavery  is 
common  in  .\rftbia.  'J'lie  slaves  are  brought 
from  the  East  .Vtrican  Coast  and  are,  in  tlie 
main,  well  treated.  ]{y  adopting  Mohamme- 
danism, a  slave  is  entitled  to  his  freedom  at  the 
end  of  seven  years,  and  many  of  them  are  freed 
in  connection  with  occasions  of  special  rej  nc- 
ing.  There  is  thus  a  large  free  black  popula- 
tion. Intermarriages  are  common,  for  no  social 
or  political  line  is  recognized  between  the 
\egro  and  the  .Vrab  ;  they  are  merged  together, 
even  as  the  colors  shade  into  each  other  iu 
their  complexions,  until  a  white  skin  is  a  rarity. 

The  people  are  marked  for  their  general  seri- 
ous and  dignified  demeanor.  Special  traits  are 
found  in  the  different  provinces.  The  people 
of  Ilejaz  are  tickle  ;  those  of  Yemen  are  noted 
for  gentleness  and  pliability,  together  with  re- 
vengefulness  ;  the  tribes  in  Ni^'d  possess  a 
reputation  for  tenacity  of  purpose  and  dignity 
of  deportment.  .V  love  of  sport  and  games'i's 
found  among  the  races  of  Oman  and  Hasa  which 
is  absent  elsewhere.  Their  towns,  especially  in 
Nejd,  are  well  built,  and  for  the  most  part 
walled.  The  stranger  is  received  with  courtesy, 
and  is  welcomed  and  entertained  with  a  world- 
renowned  liospitality  whicdi  asks  neither  whence 
he  came  nor  whither  he  goeth.  The  chief  fam- 
ilies often  contend  for  the  honorof  entertaining 
a  gue.st.  In  person  the  .Vrab  is  tall,  well  formed, 
lithe,  with  dark  hair  and  eyes.  I'liysically  and 
morally,  they  compare  favorably  with  aiiy  of 
the  races  of  mankind  ;  mentally,  they  are  su. 
perior  to  most  races. 

£'(»</"'((/«■.— .Vrabic  is  spoken  in  its  purity  in 
Nejd  and  Shomer,  more  inelegantly  in  the  other 
provinces,  until  in  the  southern  provinces  it  is 
merged  into  an  African  dialect.  Education  is 
deficient  ;  the  teaching  of  the  young  is  carried 
on  mainly  in  the  household,  where  the  father 
teaches  his  sons  to  r^ad  and  write  and  to  prac- 
tise that  i>olitenes3  which  is  notable  among  the 
Arab  children. 


Population.— The  total  number  of  inhabitants 
is  e.stiuiated  between  H,.j(l(l,()()()  to  U.(1(H),000, 
divided  thus  :  Central  Arabia,  l,."i(»(),(l(l(l  ;  the 
east  coast.  -J.'jltd.iMMI  ;  Yemen,  l,(l(MMi(lll  ;  ]la- 
dramaut,  MaLrah,  and  Ilejaz,  ;t,()IKl,(l(HI  ;  the  ro- 
Uiainder  is  made  up  by  the  Sinaitic  jieninsula. 

IJiiierinnfiit.  —  Ilejaz  and  Yeiiu:n  are  Turkish 
provinces.  Tin;  other  provinces  an;  governed 
by  their  own  rulers,  under  the  names  of  Imam, 
Sultan,  and  Emeer.  The  limit  of  Turkish  au- 
thority i.s  not  well  defined  in  the  districts  north 
of  Central  Ambia,  though  a  nominal  authority 
is  claimed. 

Wnsiiins,  — •  Ktith- Full-oner  ^[ission.  (See 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  Arabia  Jlis- 
sion. ) 

The  Ariihi'iu  ^fi.<ts!lln,  U.  S.  .\.,  was  organized 
in  Xovember,  Inks,  as  the  result  of  a  movement 
inaugurated  at  the  Thecdogical  Seminary  of  the 
IiL'formed  (Dutch)  Church  in  New  lirunswick, 
X.  J.,  by  I'rofe.-isor  J.  G.  Lansing,  D.D.,  liev. 
James  Cantine,  and  Kev.  S.  M.  Zwemer.  The 
Foreign  Hoard  did  not  ftel  e()Ual  to  the  respon- 
sibility of  the  care  of  the  mission,  and  it  was 
finally  organizHd  as  an  undenominational  mis- 
sion, August  1st,  IHN'.I.  It  aims  to  carry  on 
mission  work  among  the  .Vrabic  sjieaking  ]>eo- 
l)le  of  Southern  .\rnbia  and  the  adjacent  coast  of 
\frica,  with  siiecial  reference  to  the  needs  of  tlie 
Alohammedausund  slaves.  Its  funds  are  raised 
on  a  syndicate  jdan,  by  which  yearly  subscrip- 
tions of  from  $2"Mi  to  $:>{>()  are  pledged,  the  sub- 
scriber either  giving  <  he  whole  amount  person- 
ally or  organizing  a  syndicate  to  make  up  the 
amount.  The  year  began  October  1st,  IHS'J, 
and  at  the  present  time,  September,  l.'S'.td,  be- 
tween $:{.(KJ<»  and  !i4.<«iO  have  been  jiledged,  and 
the  financial  onthx.k  is  most  encouraging.  Xo 
money  is  to  be  \m\<\  to  any  connected  with  the 
mi.ssion  who  are  not  actively  engaged  in  the 
-Vrabian  field.  It  is  especially  urged  that  such 
pledges  shall  not  conflict  with,  but  shall  bo 
over  and  above  the  ordinary  Kubs(ri])ti(Uis  to 
the  denominational  Hoards  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions. The  money  is  to  be  jiaid  <iunrterly,  and 
any  subscriber  is  at  liberty  to  change  or  cancel 
the  amounts  pledged  year  by  year.  1  he  mis- 
sion has  received  strong  suiiptut  from  many 
tpiarters,  and  its  first  missionary,  Ki'V.  James 
Cantine,  sailed  in  l^Kt,  and  in  June,  Im'.ki,  licv. 
S.  M  Zwemer  foil  iwed.  .\t  jiresent  their  field 
of  work  is  not  definitely  settled,  though  there 
are  four  promising  ojieniugs  in  the  north,  the 
east,  the  south  and  the  west,  and  the  winter 
will  see  these  pioneers  at  work  either  in  con- 
nection with  the  Keith. Falconer  Mission  or 
elsewhere.  In  the  mean  time,  the  two  mission- 
aries have  been  studying  the  language  with 
great  assiduity. 

The  wantsct  the  mission  are  :  a  jiledgedfund 
amounting  to  not  less  than  $."),(»»(  a  year,  for 
the  support  of  its  missionaries  ;  a  rescued  slave 
funil  — it  costs  ti'io  a  year  to  support  and  edu- 
cate a  slave  ;  a  mission-house  f<U'  the  mission- 
arie.'*,  and  a  thoroughly  qualified  :iiedical  mis- 
sionary, nnmarried.  The  mission  is  now  being 
incorporated,  with  a  Board  of  six  Directors,  of 
which  Dr.  Lansing  remains  the  bead. 

Arabic  VerMioiiM  of  tlit>  Bil>lo.-The 
historj'  of  .\rabic  versions  of  the  liible,  like  all 
early  Arab  history,  is  very  obscure.  .\ll  that  is 
known  abont  them  is  comprised  briefly  in  the 
following  account  : 

The  earliest  Arabic  version  of  which  we  have 


ARABIC  VERSIONS 


08 


ARABIC  VERSIONS 


I  II  - 


any  record  is  tlint  iiiailo  l)y  John,  Bishop  of 
Seville,  nbont  a.d.  ToO,  after  Jeromes  Liitin 
version,  lie  trausluteil  the  whole  Old  Testft- 
ment  iit  lertst,  iind  i)iirt  if  not  all  of  the  Xew 
Testaiuelit.  The  Jesuit  Mariana  mentions  hav- 
ing tonud  several  copit^s  of  liisliop  John's  Anibio 
version  iti  various  jilnces  in  Andalusia.  This 
version  was  never  ptinted,  not  are  any  copies 
known  in  tlie  Kast,  wliere  it  seems  not  to  have 
reached, 

ltiil)l)i  Sandiah,  the  Gaou,  or  Patriarch,  of  the 
Babylonian  Jews,  translated  into  Arabic  the 
whole  or  at  least  the  greater  part  of  the  Old 
Testaiiuait  from  the  Hebrew  during  the  ninth 
century  for  the  use  of  the  Arabic-speaking 
Jews,  who  were  scattered  in  con.siderable  num- 
bers through  Arabia.  Of  this  version,  the  I'eu- 
tateuoh  was  printed  in  Constantinople  in  loKi 
in  Hebrew  characters,  and  in  I'aris  in  1(U5  and 
in  London  in  ItioT,  in  Arabic  characters  (I'aris 
anil  London  Polyglots).  An  African  Jew, 
whose  name  is  unknown,  tran.slated  the  Penta- 
teuch into  Arabic  in  tlie  thirteenth  century, 
which  version  was  printed  in  Europe  in  1(522. 

A  .Samaritan  named  .\l)u  S'aid  also  made  an 
Arabic  version  of  the  Pentateuch  somewhere 
between  the  tenth  and  thirteenth  centuries. 
This  version  was  never  printed,  bnt  copies  ex- 
ist in  Paris  and  in  England,  and  in  various 
parts  of  Europe,  and  in  Syria. 

An  .Vloxandrian  J'iw  translated  the  prophetical 
books  from  the  Septuagint  during  the  latter  ))art 
of  the  tenth  century,  which  version  was  printed 
in  Paris  in  IM'i  and  in  London  in  1G57  (in 
Paris  and  London  Polyglots). 

Most  of  the  historical  books  which  were 
printed  in  Paris  and  London  I'olyglots  in  K!!^") 
aad  l(i")7,  as  above  mentioned,  seem  to  have 
been  translated  from  the  Syriac  during  the 
thirteenth  century.  There  are  several  old 
Arabic  versions  of  the  I'salms  extant.  That  in 
use  among  the  Papal  (rreeks  of  Syria  was  made 
from  the  (ireek  Si'ptuagint  by  .\bil-.VUah  ibn  il 
Fadl  before  the  twelfth  century.  This  version 
was  printed  in  .Vleppo  in  1707  and  in  London  in 
1725.  .Vnother  version  of  the  Psalms,  author 
tinknown,  was  printed  in  (Icuoa  in  loKi  aiul 
in  Uome  in  l(il4.  .V  third  version,  made  from 
the  Syriac,  was  printed  at  the  Convent  of  Es- 
Shuweir,  in  Lebanon,  in  ICilO. 

There  is  no  certainty  as  to  the  date  of  the 
first  translation  of  the  Xew  Testament  into 
Arabic.  The  i)robability  is  that  the  four  Gos- 
pels were  translated  as  early  as  the  seventh 
century,  and  the  remaining  books  during  the 
eighth  and  ninth  centuries.  .\t  a  later  date 
several  versions  of  the  whole  or  parts  of  the 
New  Testament  were  made,  some  from  the 
Greek,  some  from  the  Syriac,  and  some  from 
tlie  Coptic.  The  four  (iospels  were  first  print- 
ed at  Home  in  loOl  ;  the  whole  New  Testa- 
ment w;is  printed  at  Leyden  by  Erpenius  in 
Kill),  in  Paris  in  1(14."),  and  in  London  in 
1(>57.  In  these  last  three  it  appears  that  the 
■Version  of  the  Gospels  was  made  from  the 
Greek,  and  that  of  the  remaining  books  partly 
from  the  Syriac  and  partly  from  the  Greek. 
Er|)enius  is  said  to  have  had  a  >rs.  written  in 
l;U2  in  the  >[onastery  of  St.  John,  in  the  The- 
baid.  In  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury the  Maronite  PIshop  of  Damasi'us,  Sarkis 
er  Ili/.zi,  obtained  permission  friuu  Pope  Urban 
to  make  a  new  and  correct  copy  of  the  Script- 
ures, "  because  the  copies  extant  were  full  of 
««ors,"    The  bishop  began  the  work  in  1620, 


with  the  help  of  Arabic  Bcholars.  lie  procured 
several  copies  of  the  Scriptures  in  .\raliic  and 
compared  them  with  the  Hebrew  and  Greek, 
but  conformed  his  new  version  in  most  re- 
spects to  the  Latin  vulgate.  This  corrected 
version  was  printed  at  Konie  in  lii71,  in  threo 
folio  volumes,  with  the  .Vrabic  and  Latin  in  paral- 
lel columns.  When  the  Jiritish  and  I'oreign 
Bible  Society  nndi'rtook  the  work  of  supplying 
the  .\rabic-speaking  peoples  witli  the  Scriptures, 
the  above  version,  ajuiroved  by  the  Papal 
Church,  was  selected  and  i>rinte(l  in  London, 
and  circulated  for  many  years  by  missionaries 
and  Bible  agents. 

The  version  of  the  New  Testament  made  by 
Henry  Martyn  and  Nathaniel  Sabat,  in  India, 
was  completed  in  l.HKi.  The  Old  Testament 
was  continued  by  Tliomason  and  Sabat.  The 
New  Testament,  in  Syriac  characters  (the  Car- 
shuni),  was  printed  at  Paris  in  1M22,  at  the 
expense  of  the  15ritish  and  Foreign  Bible  So- 
cietj'.  This  version  never  came  into  uso  to  any 
extent. 

The  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Christian 
Knowledge  employed  Fares  Es-Shidia(i  (brother 
of  Asaad  Es-Shidiacj,  the  martyr  of  Lebanon), 
in  conjunction  with  Professor  Lee,  to  make  a 
new  version  of  the  entire  Bible.  This  work 
was  completed,  and  the  first  edition  of  the 
New  Testament  printed  in  1H.51,  and  the  whole 
Bible  in  lMo7.  T'pon  examination  it  was  found 
that  tlie  translator  had  followed  King  James's 
English  version,  errors  and  idl,  which,  added  to 
a  stilted  style,  jirevented  the  general  use  of  the 
version. 

The  Kev.  Dr.  Eli  Smith,  of  the  Syria  Jlission 
of  the  A.  B.  C.  1\  -M.,  began  to  prepare  for  a 
new  Arabic  version  of  the  liiblo  as  early  as 
1^:57.  The  first  step  was  to  make  punches  and 
matrices  tor  an  entirely  new  font  of  .Vrabic  type, 
modelled  upon  the  most  acceptable  forms  of 
.\rabic  ('alligraiihy,  which  resulted  in  the  world- 
wide fame  of  the  .\rabic  type  of  the  Beirut  Mis- 
sion i)ress.  In  Ists  Dr.  E.  Smith  began  the 
work  of  translation,  assisted  by  Mr.  Butrus  El 
Bistani,  a  iiui)il  of  thi!  Manuiito  (.College  of  -Vin 
Vi'arqueh,  a  first-rate  Syriac  and  Arabic  scholar. 
The  method  pursued  by  Dr.  Smith  was  to  have 
Jlr.  Bistani  make  a  translation  from  the  Hebrew 
and  Syriac  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  from  the 
Greek  and  Syriac  in  the  New  Testament.  This 
translation  was  then  carefully  reviewed  and  cor- 
rected by  Dr.  Smivli.  As  soon  as  a  form  was  in 
type,  sf  me  thirty  proofs  were  struck  off  and  dis- 
tribiited  to  Arabic  scholars,  native  and  foreign, 
for  their  criticisms.  These  proofs  were  then 
returned  to  Dr.  Smith,  who  carefully  reviewed 
all  criticisms  and  suggestions,  adopting  such  as 
seemed  to  him  desirable.  Dr.  Smith  died,  Jan- 
uary 11th,  lSo7.  Ho  had  labored  almost  con- 
tinuously at  the  work  for  eight  years  ;  the  last 
year  of  his  life  he  was  disabh'd  by  sickness. 
After  his  much-lamented  death  the  missiiui  ap- 
pointed another  of  their  number,  C.  V.  X.  Van 
Dyck,  to  continue  and  compli^te  the  work.  He 
associated  with  himself  a  learned  graduate  of 
the  (lollege  of  El  .Vzhar,  Cairo,  Sheikh  Yiisuf 
El  Asir,  and  with  the  exception  of  this  (diango 
he  carried  on  the  work  on  the  same  plan  as  Dr. 
Smith  had  done,  making  the  translation  himself, 
and  using  the  Sheikh  to  secure  freedom  from 
all  expressions  in  stylo  not  consistent  with  the 
genius  of  pure  Arabic.  The  translation  was 
finished  on  August  23d,  1H(54,  and  the  first 
printed  copy  was  completed  April  29th,  1865. 


ARABIO  VERSIONS 


08 


ARAKAN 


This  version  wiis  spoeilily  adopttvl  by  tlio 
BritiHli  uiul  Foreign  liiblu  Sooioty  iiud  by  tlio 
Aiuerioiu  Bible  Society,  iviul  in  IMdo  tljo  tiftus- 
liitor  proceeded  to  N'ew  Vorlt  luid  Kiiperinteuded 
the  umkiiig  of  the  electrotype  plates  of  the 
eutiru  Hihlf,  uudor  the  direction  of  the  Ameri- 
Clin  13il)le  Society.  This  work  was  after- 
ward transferred  to  JJeiriit,  where  editions  of 
various  sizes  have  been  elcettotyped  and 
jirinted,  and  whence  are  Hii[)plied  copies  of  the 
AnUiic  Scri])tures  to  missionaries  and  Bible 
agents  in  all  i)arts  of  the  Arabic  world,  from 
Morocco  and  Liberia  to  India,  and  from  Taurus 
to  B.ib  elMandeb  and  t'culral  Africa.  The 
ritisiin  ili'Iri:  for  th's  new  version  lies  in  the  na- 
ture of  the  .Vnibic  language  and  the  love  and 
admiration  its  ))eople  have  for  their  language. 
Tlie  .\ral)ic  is  closely  allied  to  the  Hebrew  and 
Syriair.  The  Book  of  Job,  so  ditficult  to  trans- 
late into  other  languages,  turns  over  from  the 
Jlebrew  into  good  classical  Arabic  with  com- 
parative ease.  The  difficult  and  and)iguous 
jtassages  translate  word  fiu-  word  (often  the 
sdiiw  word),  and  leave  the  ambiguity  in  the 
translation  just  as  it  is  in  the  original.  The  old 
versions  were  local,  or  unidiomatic,  or  not 
translated  from  the  original,  or  tuU  of  bad 
graiuniar,  so  that  they  were  unacce|>table  to 
educateil  -Vrabs  of  good  taste.  It  was  therefore 
<l6sirablrt  to  have  a  version  of  the  Scri|)tures 
which  for  style  should  be  acceptable  to  ,Vrab 
scholars  and  bo  faithful  to  the  original.  In  a 
language  so  highly  cultivated  and  so  rich  as 
the  .Vrabie,  and  so  purely  Oriental  in  its  modes 
of  expiession,  and  so  widely  spread,  we  liml 
the  same  standards  of  grammar,  rhetoric,  and 
style  in  .Vndalusia,  Nortli  -Vfrica,  Arabia.  Syria, 
Egypt,  and  Jlesopotamia.  The  same  style, 
therefore,  in  the  Bible  will  make  it  acceptable 
in  |)oint  of  style  and  expression  to  the  educated 
of  these  widely  extended  countries.  To  obtain 
this  has  been  the  aim  of  the  translators,  and  if 
the  greatly  increased  circulation  of  the  IJible  is 
any  indication,  they  have  attained  that  for 
which  they  strove. 

{Specimen  verse.     John  3  :  16.) 
Arabic  Character. 

Hebrew  Character. 

^>'ia  iTin  Dbsrbs   rtb«  arc  sisn  mst 

tia  'paii  p  ba   ibrr'  Kb^sb  Tmb«  n:ax 

nasbs  nK-^n  nb  'jir  ba 

Sjrriao  Character. 

..fiUft  ^Q^VKSS  eC^  JL»«1 1^0) 


Arubkir,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  Eastern 
Turkey,  1U2  miles  east-southeast  of  Sivas,  on  the 
caravan  road  from  Aleppo  to  Tiebizoud,  and  50 
miles  northwest  of  liarpoot.  I'opulation, 
30,001),  Armenians,  Tuiks,  and  Turcomans. 
The  prosperity  of  the  town  is  duo  to  the  cara- 
van trade  and  the  cotton  industry  of  the  Arme- 
nians. The  vicinity  is  rich  in  fruit  trees,  espe- 
cially the  white  mulberry,  much  esteemed  by 
the  natives.  Formerly  a  station  of  the  A.  B.  C. 
!•'.  M.,  but  now  an  out-stutiou  worked  from 
liarpoot.     Has  a  flourishing  church. 

Arilif,  the  language  of  the  inhabitants  of 
reiittcost  Island  (Whitsuntide),  in  the  ^lela- 
nesia  group.  I'arts  of  the  New  Testauieiit  hava 
iieen  piepared  for  publication  by  the  Mela- 
uesian  Mission. 

Ari^tT,  a  mountain  tril)e  of  India,  in  the 
Mala\alai'i- land  (on  the  (thats),  among  whom 
Heir  Baker  labored.  .\  part  of  the  remains  of 
the  ancient  Syrian  Church,  for  whom  the  l.on- 
don  Missionary  Society  interested  themselves 
early  in  this  century. 

Ariikaii    (formerly  written   Ai'iicnii  and 

Ari'ilt'illl  I,  tor  si.\ty  years  a  Biilish  province  of 
Farther  India,  now  a  j)art  of  the  province  of 
Burma,  since  the  war  of  auuexatimi  of  I.SMo-H(!. 
It  is  separated  from  Burma  projier  by  the  AVtst- 
ern  Yonia  range  of  mountains,  which  have  nuuiy 
volcanoes,  thou.h  they  are  mostly  ijuiescent 
now,  and  rise  fiom  -1,(100  to  lO.OdO  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sta.  The  habitable  portion  is 
a  narrow  strip  of  alluvium,  extending  from  the 
mountains  to  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  It  extends 
from  the  wwsternmost  of  the  delta  branches  of 
the  Irawadi  on  the  south  to  Chittagong  on  the 
north,  and  its  western  coast  is  laved  by  the  Bay 
of  Bengal.  Above  Kaniree  Island  its  territory 
widens,  and  from  10  30'  to  21  30'  several  shcut 
ranges  of  mountains  are  interposed  between  the 
Yoma  range  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  and  are 
inhabited  mostly  by  the  hill  tribes.  Its  area  is 
l(j,o00  .scpiara  miles,  and  its  population,  by  the 
census  of  issl,  was  321,522. 

The  laud  is  not  fertile,  but  is  largely  covered 
with  jungle,  which  is  inhabited  by  huge  and 
ferocious  beasts  of  prey,  Heri)entH,  and  reptiles. 
Most  of  the  level  land  is  marshy,  and  much  of 
it  covered  with  salt  water  at  high  tide.  The 
Arakan,  or  jungle  fever,  is  as  deadly  as  that  of 
the  West  Coast  of  Africa.  The  ports  are  gener- 
ally good.  The  chief  productions  are  rice,  tobac- 
co, indigo,  cotton,  salt,  ivory,  oil,  hides,  and 
timber.  The  climate,  while  deadly  on  the 
coast,  is  healthier  on  the  hills,  and  though  the 
soil  is  less  fertile  than  in  Burma,  steady  labor 
brings  a  fair  income.  There  is  opportunity  for 
a  large  commerce,  at  Akyab,  Bamree,  Kyouk 
Phyoo,  Sandoway,  Satwey,  Ongkyonng,  and 
Sinmah. 

i'eopfe.— The  Arakanese  are  of  the  same  Mon- 
goloid stock  as  the  Buiniese,  and  during  the  last 
century,  and  the  first  two  decades  of  the  present, 
their  kings  were  often  in  the  ascendency  over 
the  kings  of  .Vva  and  Pegu.  They  are  mostly 
Buddhists,  and  the  pagodas  are  nearly  as  numer- 
ous and  maguiticent  as  those  of  Burma.  They 
maintained  an  independent  government  until 
1822,  and  then  their  country  was  captured  by 
the  Burmese  king  Bodau-Phra  by  a  stratagem  ; 
his  soldiers,  disguised  as  Buddhist  monks,  visit- 
ing Sandoway  and  .Vkyab,  professedly  to  wor- 
ship  at  the  great  Buddhist  pagodas  iind  when 
once  admitted,  rising  open  the  people  and  con- 


ABAKAN 


ARAWAK 


. 


11 


., 


'■•f 


,1:1 


quoring  thorn.    Tho  BiirinrviiK,  however,  did  not 

r.liiiii  it,  l)iit  ill  IH'JC,  lit  tilt)  closu  of  thii  tirst 
lluriiii'si-  war,  coiliil  it,  witli  .Vssiiiii,  CliittiiHoiiK, 
iiiiil  lliii  'rcimHsi'riiii  proviiKMH,  to  tin)  I^u^li-ili, 
will)  Imvc  liiilil  it  siiici!  tlmt  tiiii(\  It  is  iidw 
uiiitiil  with  liiiriiiii,  1111(1  is  undiT  thi)  ^ovi'm- 
niuiit  of  II  cliirf  cDiiiiiiissiDin'r.  Hut  tlic  Am 
kiiriitsi),  tlioiif^li  ill  posHfSsidii  of  tin)  i)riiici|iiil 
tiiviw  mid  viUiigcs,  wi'i'o  not  tlio  soU'  iiiliul)i- 
tiiiits  of  Ariiliiin— pi'olmblv  tliey  wi'io  liss  thiiu  u 
uioii'ty  of  tht)m.  'J'o  the  north  mid  northi'iisl 
of  luiMirci'  Island  there  were,  miioiij,'  the  nioiin- 
tiiins,  tho  Keiiiiuees,  a  liirf,'!^  trilii^  from  the  smiio 
orieiiiid  stock  us  tlu^  Karens,  and,  like  them, 
tliii\iL;li  s  niiewliiit,  ^iveii  to  the  worship  of  ii'tis, 
or  dell)  ms,  vet  reiidy  toreeeive  tho  (losiiel  ;  he 
joiid  these  were  tho  Ch'ins  iKhyens),  who  uro 
now  iiiii^nitino  in  ^roiit  numbers  into  Huriim  ; 
nnd  still  further  to  tho  north  tho  Kiioli'ius 
(Kukliyens),  who  aro  supposed  to  ho  identieul 
with  the  Sin;; -plios,  or  Sing-pans,  of  Xorthern 
liurmii  mid  Assmii.  These  tribes,  as  well  as 
tho  Wi'stiTii  Kurennees,  who  were  also  found  in 
consideriiblo  numbers  in  tho  Western  Yonia 
Mountains,  possibly  belonj;  to  tlio  Karen  family, 
and  aro  not  liuddhists.  Their  dress,  their 
deuionworsliii),  and  their  lanj,'ua(i;e,  whicdi  has 
sniiie  reseniblaiice  in  tho  root  words  to  the  Karon, 
though  sutlicdontly  diverse  to  reipiire  a  separate 
translation  of  tho  hooks  of  the  Kureu  tribes, 
j)erlmi)s  imply  a  oomnion  origin. 

Till)  Arakanesn  call  their  country  llakhaing, 
which  is  only  a  slight  niodilimition  of  Arakan. 
Tho  Uurmans  call  the  people  Miitja,  though 
they  will  not  admit  the  name,  but  claim  to  have 
been  tho  originals  of  all  the  Uurnieso  tribes, 
and  call  themselves  tireat  IJurinese.  Arakau  is 
divi  led  into  four  districts — Akyab,  Sandoway, 
Aeng,  and  IJaiiiroe  the  last  consisting  of  large 
islands.  After  the  cession  ot  Arakan  to  the  East 
Inlian  (;overnment  in  ISill,  no  atteiiijit  was 
made  to  plant  American  missions  there  till  1h;!5, 
when  Kov.  (irover  S.  Comstock*  and  wife  es- 
tahlishoil  thomsfilvoH  at  Kyouk  I'hyoo,  near  tho 
northern  extremity  of  l{amroo  Island,  about 
I'.r  2.1'  N.  latitude.  There  had  been  a  mission 
at  .Vkyab,  established  by  Kev.  Mr.  Fink,  of  the 
Serampore  Jlissioii,  some  years  earlier.  Hoth 
had  mot  with  considerable  success,  but  the 
climate  at  Kyouk  I'hyoo  and  at  Akyab  jiroved 
so  insalubrious  that  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Comstock 
were  compolled  to  remove  to  Kamree,  and  Mr. 
Fink  to  abandon  his  mission.  In  IHIO  Messrs. 
Kincaid  and  Abbott,  missionaries  of  tho  A.  15. 
M,  II.  t.i  Hassoin  (see  History  of  the  American 
Baptist  Missionary  Union,  Mission  ntliassein  and 
Ihirma-lSissein),  were  compelled,  by  the  cruel 
persecution  intlicted  by  the  liurmeso  officials  on 
the  Karen  converts  in  the  liasseindistriet,  tore- 
move  to  .Vrakan,  and  from  Sandoway,  the  nearest 
jiraeticable  point,  to  render  aiil  to  tho  suffering 
converts  on  the  other  side  of  tho  Western  Yonia 
Mountains.  The  way  was  difficult,  long,  and 
dangerous  ;  from  four  tn  ten  days  were  recjuired 
in  crossing  the  mountains  ;  tigers,  leopards, 
elephants,  and  formidable  serpents  inhabited  the 
mountains,  and  if  they  did  not  fall  a  prey  to 
these,  Hurniese  oJHcials  were  waiting  at  the 
passes  of  the  mountains  to  arrest,  imprison, 
torture,  or  kill  them.  Yet  such  was  the  earnest- 
ness and  determination  of  the  liassein  Karens 
to  learn  the  way  of  salvation,  that  in  the  twelve 


*  y\r.  f'omstdck  wiw  ttic  niitlior  of  .Vo^n  on  Arakan, 
n  vcrv  iiblc  wurk.  iiiililiKlieil  in  ilie  Jitiiniiil  iif  .imerlcan 
Orirnl'il  .SDciely,  vol.  1,  1847.  lie  died  April  istli,  1H4J.  at 
file  age  of  tliirty-flvo. 


years  which  followed  many  thousandH  ven- 
tured through  these  rnggod  passes  and  came  to 
Sandoway  to  receive  biijitism  and  instruction. 
Some  iii  them — probably  u  ma.jority  relurnod 
to  tho  Itassem  district,  and  estalilished  ehiiridies 
thure,  over  which  native  jiastors,  ordained  in 
most  cases  in  .Vrakan,  iiresided,  and  which  were 
often  oblig.  d  to  meet  in  scia'et,  and  were  sub- 
jocted  to  tines,  imprisonment,  ami  torture,  ami 
some  of  the  native  preaehers  to  death  by  cruci- 
lixion.  Some  fell  victims  to  tho  wild  bmsts,  to 
starvation,  or  to  tho  tortures  and  death  which 
tho  liurmeso  officials  saw  tit  to  iiilliet,  and  soino 
remained  in  Arakan  and  sought  to  w  ring  from 
tho  sterile  soil,  in  that  siiddy  climate,  the  means 
of  a  scanty  support.  Cholera  and  other  ih-adly 
diseases  liurried  imiiiy  of  them  into  their  graves. 
Nearly  one  third  of  the  population  fell\ietims 
to  (diolera  in  some  of  the  coast  towns  in  1H4-1, 
iind  aiiiong  them  hundreds  of  these  Christian 
Karens.  Tho  Arakaneso  Mi.ssion  at  Itanireo  also 
suffered  greatly  from  the  death  of  its  mission- 
aries. Twelve  of  them  dieil  between  lH;i7  and 
1H,")(;,  and  others  were  compolled  to  return  to 
liurnia  and  America.  This  mission  was  abiin- 
doned  in  lK.^(i.  When  ot  length,  in  iH',2,  tho  sec- 
ond liurmeso  war  had  resulted  in  the  annexation 
of  I'egu,  and  liassein  had  become  a  Jiritish  city 
and  district,  the  remaining  disciples  and  mis- 
sionaries returned  thither,  though  subjected  to 
the  assaults  ot  duroils  nud  brigands  ;  there  were 
about  li, 0(1(1  of  tho  Sandoway  Karens  left.  Tho 
further  history  of  these  returned  refugees  does 
not  belong  to  this  notice.  .\  few  churches  and 
native  pastors  remained  at  -Akyab,  llaiiiree,  San- 
doway, and  Ongkyoung,  but  for  thirty-live  years, 
no  .Vmerican  liaptist  missionaries  were  stationed 
in  .\rakan.  In  IHKH,  a  mission  was  again  ojiened 
at  Sandowa.v,  w  ith  out  stations  at  Ongkyoung, 
Kamree,  and  Akyab.  This  time  tho  few  Karen 
<dnirches  which  remain  are  being  (luickened 
into  new  life,  and  the  Kenimees,  the  Ch'ins 
(Khyens\  Kach'ins  (Kakhyeus),  >VeBterii  Karen- 
noes,  Burmese,  -Xrakaiieso,  Tclugus,  and  Tamils 
(who  come  thither  for  employment)  are  also, 
each  in  their  own  tongue,  brought  to  hear  of  the 
way  of  salvation.  There  aro  four  American  mis- 
sionaries and  nine  or  ten  native  ])reachcrs,  and 
the  work  is  going  forward  with  great  promise  of 
snccesH.  The  British  Doput.v  Commissioner, 
Tinder  orders,  has  been  drain. ng  tho  marshes 
and  building  good  roads,  and  -Vrakan  is  becom- 
ing much  healthier.  Its  trade  has  greatly  in- 
creased, especially  in  timber  and  rice. 

Arail'ilk.  This  hmguago  belongs  to  tho 
South  -Vmericaii  languages,  and  is  spoken  in 
Dutch  (iuiana.  The  Arawaks  were  supplied 
with  the  Gos[)els,  tho  -Vets  of  the  Ajiostles,  and 
the  Book  of  (tenesis  by  the  Society  for  Pro- 
moting Christian  Knowledge,  between  the  years 
]H.')()-,'")(I,  the  translation  having  been  made  by 
the  Uev.  W.  H.  Brett,  for  many  years  a  mission- 
ary in  British  Guiana.  In  1H50  the  -Vmerican 
liible  Society  imblished,  from  a  maniiseript  in 
their  possession,  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  for 
the  benefit  of  the  Arawaks,  and  this  is  tho  only 
jiart  of  Scripture  thus  far  imblished  by  thin  so- 
ciety. 

(Specimen  verse.    Acts  17  :  26.) 

Lul  k6  uduiAa  abba  WadiU  uria  kara^kubA 
|e  namaqua  Wunabu  ubannamAmutti,  nassl- 
koattoantl  tuhu  Wunabu  ubafiamiic.  Lui  k6- 
wai  assikiasia  nam&n  ikissibu,  pattabii  na 
kak&nti,  ballidi  na .  kaaaikoanibia  ba  okun- 
namiin. 


ARCHBISHOP'S   MISSION 


06 


ARaENTr<.'£ 


to   the 
bokeu  in 

lies,  (unl 
jfor  I'ro- 
|tio  yei\rn 
iiulo  by 
liiiHsioii- 
Imorioaii 
lcTii)t  in 
Itles,  for 
the  only 
1  this  80- 


akubA 

UBBSi- 

jui  k6- 
na 
nkun- 


ArclibiHliop'N  miNkioii  in  tlif  An 
Nyrlllll  4<'lll'iNlillllM.  -II  I'liiIiinurtiTS,  2 
Uimiu'm  Viiril,  Wi-Htminstcr,  S.  W.,  Lunilnn. 

I'liit  inti!r<,'Mt  of  tlic  Cliurili  of  Kiij^liiiid  in  the 
Xi^stDi'ians  \vll!^  fH|i('ciiilly  .iroiisiMl  liy  tlii!  icjxirls 
of  till!  Uo\al  (it'iit^iiiiiliiciil  Socnty's  tx|in(lilioii 
to  V\u\  lOiipliriitis  \ulley  in  Is;t7.  'I'lii.s  icHiiltrd 
in  llir  sciuliiii^  out  of  ii  j  unt  tx|H diiioii  liy  tliu 
Jtoyal  (iiM)f,'riiiiliiciil  S  icii^ty  iiml  tlii^  Socii'ty  for 
I'l-iiMiiitiiit;  Cluistiau  l\iio\vl((l)^c,  iinilfr  tliu  caro 
of  Dr.  Ain^iwovtli.  Ills  ri'p.irls  aj^aiu  rfMultcil 
in  tlin  siMiilinti,  liy  tlio  Arcliliishop  of  Caiitcr- 
linry  (Dr.  Jlouliy)  and  tlii'  Hislioi)  of  London 
(Dr!  Mloiiiliclil),  \>(  J)r.  d.  V.  Hadt^ir,  in  JH12,  to 
opi'ii  (MiiiiMiiinication  lictwci'n  tlit)  AKsyrJaii 
Christians  and  thf  Kn^lish  Chiirch.  J)r,  Jiadf^er 
reinaiiii'd  a  year  aiuonj,'  thi!  .\s.syriaiis,  and  as- 
sisti'd  and  iirotiicttnl  tlm  I'atriarch  during  tho 
f^rcat  Kurdi-ih  insiirroction  nndtr  liiMlr  Khan 
Hi't^.  'I'hii  fact  of  tho  iiri'scnco  of  an  Kii|.^lish 
I)riest  as  ii  counsellor  and  protector  during;  the 
greatest  ealaiiiity  that  has  ever  befallen  their  na- 
tion in  modern  tiiiios  may  iierhajis  e.\[ilain  the 
deviition  tho  .Assyrians  have  ever  since  exhibited 
toward  Knt^land  ami  Kn^'hiiul'H  Chnreli.  Jieiiig 
deprived  of  tho  l%iii.;lish  support  by  the  recall 
oE  Dr.  Hadj^er,  0(U'asiomd  ajipeals  for  aid  wero 
iiiailo  betwoon  iHlIt  and  l^CH,  but  in  the  latter 
year  a  formal  ])etition,  signed  by  three  bishoijs, 
live  chiefs,  thirty-two  jinests,  alul  eleven  dea- 
cons was  forwarded  to  tho  Archbishoii  of  Canter- 
bury  and  the  JJishop  of  London.  Moved  by  these 
eiitrimties,  the  two  archbishops  comiuissioued 
tho  Hov.  E.  L,  (lutts  to  nmlertake  a  jmirney  to 
Kurdistan  in  bs7('i,  to  ascertain  tho  most  useful 
way  to  hel|i  the  .\ssyrian  church  ;  and,  as  the  re- 
sult of  Dr.  C'ntts's  report,  llev.  ]{udolph  Walil 
was  sent,  in  IHMI,  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury (Dr.  Tail).  In  IHS-t  Mr.  Atholstan  Itiley, 
M.V.,  was  commissioned  by  tho  present  -Vreh- 
liishop  of  Canterbury  to  visit  the  mission  and 
report  upon  it.  In  iHSo  Mr.  Walil  was  with- 
drawn for  being  an  Austrian  by  birth,  and 
thus  not  acceptable  to  the  Assyrians.  The 
same  year  tho  Kev.  W.  H.  JSrowno  oftei-ed 
his  services  for  tho  mission,  and  in  1MH(!  he  was 
Kent  with  the  Kev.  Canon  Maclean,  M.A.,  who, 
with  tho  aid  of  Mr.  Athelstan  lliley,  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  permanent  mission. 

Tho  mission  has  no  regular  organization  or 
ronstitution,  but  is  carried  fin  under  tho  ans- 
]nces  of  tho  Archbishop  of  ('anterbnry.  The 
mission  priests,  who  are  all  unmarried,  receive 
no  regular  stipends  beyond  £-l^>  annually  for 
jiersonal  expenses,  but  live  from  a  Ciinimon 
fund.  Tho  wfu-k  caiTied  on  is  largely  educa- 
tional. A  college  has  been  formed  fiir  ]iriests 
and  deacons,  besides  5  high  schools  and  Id  vil- 
lage schools,  tho  total  number  of  scholars  being 
roughly  estimated  at  1,200.  liesides  the  educa- 
tional work,  tho  mission  idergy  exercise  tho 
function  of  ecclesiastical  and  temporal  judges, 
deciding  disputes  between  the  native  Chris- 
tians and  divorce  and  other  spiritual  ea^es,  ac- 
cording to  tho  Canon  Law  of  the  ancient  Chal- 
dean (,'hurch. 

The  Chundi  of  England,  having  been  en- 
treated by  the  Assyrian  bisho[)s  to  raise  frinn 
tho  dust  an  ancient  Oriental  church— onco  tho 
iirst  missionary  church  of  the  world-has  lis- 
tened to  their  petition,  and  is  now  endeavor 
ing  : 

1.  To  raise  nji  and  restore  a  fallen  Eastern 
church,  to  take  her  place  again  among  the 
churches  of  Christendom. 


2.  To  infuse  spiritual  lite  into  a  church  which 
the  ojjpression  u{  centuries  has  reduced  to  a 
statu  ot  weakness  and  ignorance. 

;).  To  give  the  ChaMean  or  Assyrian  Chris- 
tians :  ('()  .\  religious  education  on  the  broail 
principles  <if  the  Holy  Calholic  and  Aliostolic 
Chureli  ;  |/ii  a  secular  education  calculated  to  tit 
them  for  their  slate  of  life;  the  c  >miiioli  mis- 
takes and  dangers  of  overcducation  and  o( 
Kuropeani/.iug  being  most  carefully  giuirded 
against. 

I.  To  ttain  up  the  native  clergy,  by  means  of 
schools  and  seminaries,  to  be  worthy  to  serve 
before  (ind  in  their  high  vocation,  and  to  rise 
to  their  resi-onsibilitiis  as  leaders  and  teacherH 
of  the  people  ot  their  villages. 

').  To  build  schools,  of  w  hi(di  at  jiresent  there 
are  none,  owing  to  the  ex'remo  jioverty  and 
misery  of  the  people. 

Ci.  i'o  aid  the  Patriarch  and  bishops  by  coun- 
sel, by  encouragement,  and  by  active  sujiport. 

7.  To  teorgani/.i!  tlu'  ChaUlean  Church  upon 
her  ancient  lines,  to  set  in  motion  the  ecclesias- 
tical machinery  now  rusty  through  disuse,  and 
to  revive  religious  discijjlino  among  clergy  and 
hiity. 

h!  To  print  the  ancient  Chaldean  service- 
books.  They  are  now  only  in  ms.,  and  tho 
number  of  copies  is  totally  insuflieient  for  tho 
supply  of  the  jiarish  clmrches.  (See  also  ar- 
ticles on  Persia  and  the  Nestorians.) 

Arcot,  a  city  in  tho  Arcot  district,  Madras, 
South  India,  (15  miles  west  by  south  of  Madras. 
Climate,  very  tropical.  Populaticn,  about  (!0,- 
000,  Dravidians,  Mohammedans.  Language, 
Tamil,  Hindustani,  lleligion,  Hindu,  Moslem. 
Social  condition  varies  iiccording  to  caste,  but 
only  about  seven  per  cent  ot  the  jieople  can 
reail.  Mission  station  of  tho  Reformed  Church 
in  America  (lHri7)  ;  2  missionaries  and  wives,  37 
native  helpers,  12  out-stations,  2  churches,  101 
members,  11  schools,  (125  scholars.  Contribu- 
tions, $114  50. 

Ariiiliir,  or  Aryallir,  a  little  north  of  the 
delta  of  the  Canveri  Kiver,  in  the  presidi  'icy  of 
Madras,  Uritish  India.  A  station  of  tho  S.  j.\  O. 
(IMHI)  ;  1  missionary. 

Argentine  Itepiihlio,  one  of  the  most 
important  of  the  South  American  republics, 
(.ccupies  that  j)ortion  of  tho  continent  south  of 
of  latitude  22  S.,  with  the  exc^eption  of  tho 
western  slope  of  the  Andes,  which  forms  Chili. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Dolivia  and  I'ara- 
guay  and  on  the  east  by  Hra/.il  and  I'ruguay. 
Its  southern  boundary  has  long  been  a  matter 
of  dispute  with  Chili,  but  was  iinally  settled  by 
treaty  in  IHHl,  according  to  the  terms  of  which 
I'atagonia  was  ceded  to  tho  llepublic  as  far 
south  as  tho  Straits  of  Magellan,  along  with  iho 
eastern  portion  of  Tierra  di  I  Fuego.  At  the 
same  time  a  line  running  along  tho  crest  of  tho 
Andes  was  deline<l  as  the  western  boundary. 
At  present  the  country  is  dividi  d  into  1-1  prov- 
inces and  ',)  territories,  with  a  combined  area  of 
l,125,OH(j  square  miles.  Tho  ]irovinces  are  : 
L'Morid-  Buenos  Ayres,  Santa  Fe.  Eiitro  Ilios, 
Corrientes  ;  Amlis — lUoja,  Catamarca,  San  Juan, 
Mendoza  ;  (V»Ov(/— Cordova,  SanliUiz,  Santiago, 
Tucuman  ;  .YoW/icni-  Satta,  Jujuy.  With  such 
an  extent  of  latitude  the  climate  is  the  most 
varied,  though  in  general  healthful.  .Ml  grada- 
tions between  a  temperate,  cool  climate  and  a 
moist,  tropical  one  may  be  found  in  this  Re- 
public.    In  Northern  Patagonia  the  climate  re- 


AROENTINJQ 


96 


ARMBNIA 


I        : 


Heuibles  that  o{  the  KritiHh  IhIcs,  while  KupnuH 
AjTuH  rivalH  in  Hiilnbrity  the  South  of  I'miico. 
A  dry,  cool  temjiflnitiirii  proviiilH  iilonn  llio 
mouiilaiii  HlopeH,  hut  iiloii^j  tlit>  const  iit  tlio 
uortU  II  tliorout{hly  tropiciil  clinmtti  in  InMiiii. 

Tho  most  romiirkiilile  tcaturo  of  the  country 
is  its  ("riiitt  ])luiUH,  or  jiiiniiins,  \vliich  occupy 
nhout  tliroo  fourths  of  tho  surface,  strctchinK 
'2,(1110  niilos  iti  Ifugth  and  ")0(»  in  uidlh.  On 
these  plains  great  lienls  of  calth!  are  rais(Ml,  and 
within  lali)  years  wheat  has  hecn  grown  ;  in 
IHSH  ovi^r  1, (100, 000  acres  wero  under  cidtiva- 
tion,  of  whiidi  2,000,()(JO  wero  in  wlieat.  The 
jjopulation  in  iMsy  was  estiiiiateil  at  H.Hlll,!!',)."), 
of  wlioiu  (100, 00()  Wero  forei^^iiors — ItalianH, 
French,  Sitaiiisli,  (lerinans,  Knglish— and  tho 
remainder  consisted  of  (hsceiidants  of  tho 
Spaniards,  and  (ruarani  and  (^uiclnui  Indians. 
Negro  dosoeudants  aro  scarce,  as  few  HJaves 
wero  hrought  to  tlds  sec'tion.  Spanisli  is  tho 
j)r8vailing  language,  though  in  Corrieiites  tho 
Ouarani  languago  is  Kpok;!n,  and  (^nichua  in 
Santiago.  'I'lio  government  encourages  immi- 
gration, and  between  tho  years  1sn2  and  IMHH 
700,000  emigrants,  mostly  from  the  South  of 
Europe,  entered  tho  ISepulilIc,  liuenos  Ayres, 
tho  capital,  on  tho  La  I'lata  Kiver,  has  Iik'vJOT 
inhahitants  (Ihhh),  of  whom  100,000  are  for- 
eigners. La  riata,  the  capital  of  liuenos  Ayres 
province,  lies  40  miles  southeast  of  l>uonon 
Ayres,  and  has  a  population  of  40,ooo.  Kosario, 
l.'iO  miles  up  tho  rurona  lliver,  is  another  im- 
portant city. 

Tho  Argentine  IJepuMio  bocamo  independent 
and  adopted  its  constitution.  May  lijth,  1853, 
which  has  been  modiiied  at  different  times  up 
to  l!S(iO.  The  government  is  conducted  by  a 
President  and  a  (,'ongress  composed  of  tho  Sen- 
ate and  House  of  llepresentativos.  The  Presi- 
dent is  elected  for  si.\  years  by  representatives 
chosen  by  tho  j)rnvinces.  The  senators  number 
30,  two  from  tlio  capital  and  two  from  ea(di  of  tho 
provinces,  and  are  elected  by  a  special  board  of 
directors  chosen  by  tho  legislatures  of  the  prov- 
inces. Tho  H(i  Kepresentatives  are  elected  by 
the  people.  Tho  Cabinet  is  made  up  of  tho 
heads  of  tho  departments  of  tho  Interior,  of  For- 
eign Affairs,  of  Finance,  of  War  and  of  Justice. 
Tlio  government  is  ])urHuing  a  wise  and  liberal 
policy,  striving  to  develop  the  resources  of  the 
country,  educating  the  people,  and  encouraging 
immigration.  The  established  religion  is  Itoman 
Catholic,  but  toleration  is  exercised  toward  all 
other  creeds.  In  1KH7  there  were  3,028  element- 
ary schools  (227, -toO  pupils).  In  1X8.")  there 
were  15  lycenms  or  secondary  schools,  2  uni- 
versities, with  2'JO  students  of  law,  442  of  medi- 
cine, 118  of  engineering,  30  in  school  of  mines  ; 
with  2  agricultural  colleges  and  11  normal 
schools  for  girls,  and  7  for  both  sexes.  The 
country  is  being  rapidly  opcmed  up  by  tho  build- 
ing of  railways  ;  the  first  one  was  opened  in 
1857,  and  in  1888  4,700  miles  wero  in  operation, 
with  14,700  miles  of  telegraph  lines.  Com- 
munication is  had  by  cable  with  Europe  and 
America.  In  1S87  a  national  banking  law  simi- 
lar to  that  of  the  United  States  of  America  was 
passed.  In  view  of  the  extent  of  tho  country 
and  tho  progressive  and  liberal  policy  of  tho 
government,  it  is  no  doubt  tho  most  prosperous 
of  all  tho  republics  of  South  America,  and  con- 
tinued peace,  with  tho  security  attendant  there- 
on, will  ensure  a  wonderful  development  of  its 
resources,  making  its  future  bright  with  prom- 
ise.    Mission  work  is  carried  on  by  tho  South 


American  Missionary  Society  (England)  and  tho 
Methodist  Episcopal  tUiureh  (North),  I'.  S.  A. 

Al'Jt'pUlllKt  Central  Lapland,  northeast  of 
Sorsele.  .V  mission  station  of  the  Swedish  ^lis- 
sionary  I'uion. 

ArkllKI,  a  city  of  Abyssinia,  North  .\frica, 
on  the  Ked  Sea,  near  Mashawa.  Mission  station 
of  tho  Swedish  J'lvaugelical  National  Society. 

Ai'k«»iMi,  or  Ar«'Oiiii,  II  small  town  in 
Central  Tniiisvaid,  lOiist  South  Africa,  on  the 
Lepaluli)  (a  branch  of  tho  Limpopo  Kiver), 
northeast  of  I'rc'toria  and  northwest  of  Ley- 
densburg.  Mission  station  of  the  Merlin  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  .M.  S.  (In77)  ;  1  missionary,  13 
native  workers,  2  out  stations,  1  other  preach- 
ing place. 

Al'koillllll,  India,  a  town  in  Mailrns, 
South  India.  Mission  station  of  Established 
Church  of  Scotland  ;  1  missionary  and  wife,  1 
native  ordained  minister,  33  other  native 
workers. 

Al'llU'lliil.  In  tho  strict  geographical  use  of 
the  term,  tlie-e  is  no  Armenia  at  tho  i)resent 
day,  Tho  name  is  not  now  employed  with  rtf- 
erenco  to  a  definite  country.  The  Turkish  Clov- 
ernment  recognizes  no  Ariiu'iiia,  and  endeavors 
in  all  possible  ways  to  render  tho  word  ob- 
solete. ^Vhen  the  name  is  now  used,  it  gen- 
erally refers  to  an  undefined  region  centring 
about  T-ake  Van,  ami  bearing  to  the  north  and 
west  and  southwest.  Historical  .\rmcnia  was 
always  a  country  with  n  fiuctuating  boundary 
determined  by  the  fortunes  of  war.  In  all  of 
the  changes  Lak(^  Van  was  never  outside,  al- 
though it  was  usually  near  the  southern  border. 
The  northern  limit  was  sometimes  the  Kur 
Kiver,  now  in  Kussia.  At  one  time,  at  least,  it 
extended  east  to  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  usually 
the  western  boundary  was  the  Eui>hrates  Kiver. 
Armenia  Minor  was  upon  the  north  and  west  cf 
this  river,  but  did  not  reach  the  Klack  Sea.  At 
times  it  extended  down  into  Northern  Mesopo- 
tamia, and  tho  last  Armenian  kingdom,  which 
was  brief,  was  located  in  Cilicia.  This  last  was 
not  called  Armenia.  Tho  greater  part  of  tho 
above -described  country  is  also  called  Kur- 
distan. 

In  order  that  misunderstanding  may  bo 
avoided,  it  should  be  remembered  that  this 
country  contains  but  a  fraction  of  the  Armenian 
race,  and  only  a  part  of  one  of  tho  three  great 
missions  to  tlie  Armenians.  Armenians  dwell 
in  large  numbers  in  all  parts  of  tho  country  con- 
tained between  the  Black,  Caspian,  and  Medi- 
terranean seas.  This  region,  including  Con- 
stantinoi)le,  is  the  Armenian  mission  field. 

In  this  article  "  Armenia"  means  the  largest 
limit  of  tho  ancient  kingdom,  but  tho  portion 
referring  to  mission  work  necessarily  includes 
the  entire  region  occu))ied  by  Armenians. 

riiysicdl  ('li((mclerislic!i.-  The  physical  char- 
acteristics are  marked.  Tho  mountain  systems 
centre  in  Mount  Ararat,  which  looks  down  upon 
them  all  from  an  elevation  of  over  17,000  feet. 
The  Ararat  range,  which  is  called  the  Anti- 
Taurus,  extends  to  the  west  and  south  from 
Mount  Ararat,  constituting  the  principal  water- 
shed of  the  country.  It  bears  south  until  it 
joins  tho  Taurus  range,  and  then  continues  on 
to  the  sea.  Among  these  lofty  mountains  are 
elevated  plateaus,  rencdiing  a  height  o*!  G,0()0 
feet.  Thoso  in  tho  north,  between  Erzroom  and 
Ararat,  form  the  roof  of  Armenia,  frcm  which 


ARMBNIA 


97 


ARMENIA 


tho  chief  rivorH  of  thiw  pnrt  of  the  world  flow  in 
(litfi!rii!it  (liriictionH. 

Thi!  AmxeH  riHt'H  a  littlo  to  tho  Hontli  of  Er/- 
rouiu  mill  Hows  iiaHtwiinl  to  tho  ('iini)iiiii  Sfii. 
On  tliu  north  tho  Tcliornli  tiii<c'H  Uh  rinu  imd 
otuptinx  into  tlio  JMiirlt  Sell.  From  tho  wostorn 
omi  of  this  wiitor-shod  tho  Ilidys  licj^ins  its 
coiirso.  Tho  Eu|)hriitfS  linds  its  hoiKl-wiitors 
iinion){  tliu  foiintnin-lii'uds  of  all  of  thosu  stri-iiins, 
and  starts  n\)  as  it  to  viMich  tho  Jihick  Sea  ;  but 
aftof  tlio  small  stroaiu  has  hocoiuo  a  river,  it 
smldonly  turns  to  tho  soulh,  forces  its  way 
throut^li  ranj^ii  aftur  rau^o  of  tho  Taurus  Monn- 
tuins,  and  hastens  its  Hood  on  to  the  Persian 
(riilf.  Tho  Tif^ris  also  draws  its  sujijily  from 
the  same  lofty  valleys,  its  head-waters  often  ap- 
])o.iring  to  uiinglo  with  tho  Euphratos's  foim- 
tuiiis. 

Tliero  aro  few  lakes  in  this  whole  country, 
and  tlio  most  of  theso  aro  alkaline.  Tho  lart,'<^st 
is  Lake  Van,  whoso  surface  is  between  ,j,(M«) 
and  IJ.IHM)  foot  nbovo  tho  Bea.  Hot  springs  am 
freiinent. 

Owin^;  to  tho  gcMieral  elt^vation  of  tho  co\in- 
try,  tho  climate  is  braciu;,',  but  temperate,  ])ur- 
itih'  many  months  of  tlio  year  tho  ground  is 
covered  with  snow.  Tlie  summers  aro  warm, 
but  not  debilitating.  Water  is  fairly  abundant, 
and  wherever  it  is  found  the  soil  :s  very  fertile, 
produ(ung  in  abundamu)  wheat,  barle.y,  cotton, 
opium,  tobacco,  rice,  silk,  and  a  groat  variety  of 
vegetables  and  fruits.  Iron,  copper,  lead,  sil- 
ver, coal,  and  salt  aro  found,  but  as  yet  theso 
deposits  aro  but  littlo  worked.  Aneiout  his- 
tories speak  of  the  niotals  and  precious  stones 
of  tho  (Country.  There  is  littlo  forest.  Pine  is 
found  in  the  Jtnssian  territory,  and  a  scrub-oak 
covers  many  of  tho  lower  mountains.  A  poplar 
and  tho  mulberry  are  cultivated  ;  walnut  is 
common. 

li'tri's  OrcKpnlnrj. — It  is  probable  that  no  other 
country  of  tho  size  of  Armenia  has  so  great  a 
variety  of  inhabitants.  Tho  early  history  of 
these  peoples  is  so  mixed  with  myth  and 
legend  that  tho  truth  is  ditlieult  to  (iiid.  The 
most  trustworthy  facts  ar(!  obtained  from  the 
inscriptions  which  nbounil.  During  tho  As- 
syrian and  Median  periods  there  was  evidently 
a  great  organized  monarchy,  with  a  strong  mili- 
tary power,  in  the  Lake  Van  basin.  From  the 
south  freipient  excursions  were  made,  with  large 
armies,  against  this  mountain  kingdom.  Tho 
Van  inscriptions  show  a  lino  of  kings  who  bore 
sway  in  E.istern  Armenia,  and  who  were,  both 
in  civilization  and  in  military  ])owers,  far  in 
advance  of  any  of  their  contemporaries  in 
neighboring  kingdoms.  At  times  they  were 
formidable  enemies  to  the  Medes.  Traces  of 
their  dominion  yet  appear. 

This  country  was  well  known  to  tho  Assyrians 
as  early  as  tho  ninth  century  n.o.  .Vt  that  time 
three  principal  races  occupied  tho  territory. 
These  wore  the  Nairi,  who  wero  sjjread  from 
the  mountains  west  of  Lake  Van  along  both 
sides  of  the  Tigris  to  the  Euphrates,  and  even 
farther  ;  the  Urarda  (people  of  Ararat),  who 
dwelt  to  tho  north  and  east  of  tho  Nairi,  on  the 
Upper  Euphrates,  about  Lake  Van  and  possibly 
on  the  Araxes  ;  and  the  Minni,  whose  country 
lay  to  the  southeast  of  the  Urarda,  in  tho  Oroo- 
miah  (Urmia)  basin. 

Besides  these  three  races,  it  is  evident,  ac- 
cording to  Sayoe,  from  inscriptions  recently 
deciphered,  that,  even  at  the  time  of  the  Egyp- 
tian King  ThotmesIV.,  there  was  a  powerful 


race  in  tho  north  called  tho  Ilittitcs,  or  Khiti. 
They  wero  tho  rivals  of  tho  Assyrians  for  cen- 
turies ;  '2  Kings  7  :  'i  shows  something  of  their 
strength.  Their  great  intlnouee  continued  for 
centuries,  as  monumental  references  show.  In 
tho  records  of  the  conquests  of  Assur  nazirpal 
mention  is  made  of  his  con<iuosts  among  tho 
Ilittites  and  of  tho  treasures  ho  secured.  An 
far  as  wo  can  learn,  nearly  all  of  tlwiso  con- 
([uests  wero  made  within  tho  limits  of  Armenia 
or  upon  its  borders.  It  seems  that  tho  western 
part  of  .Vrmeiiia,  as  above  outlined,  was  tho 
seat  of  tho  Ilittito  Empire.  Inscriptions  now 
in  that  country  cfinlirm  this.  What  became  of 
this  people  is  not  known  at  the  present  day. 

Theso  races  appear  to  have  maintained  their 
independenet!  nnlil  the  tinie  of  Assur-bani  pal, 
about  (111*  ii.c.,  when  the  last  king  of  this  series 
succund)ed  to  tho  Assyrian  yoke.  Tlie  remain- 
ing history  is  included  in  that  of  tho  Arnio- 
uiaiis. 

It  is  dilli(^ult  to  make  even  an  estimato  of  the 
present  population  of  .\rmenia.  If  we  put  tho 
number  at  about  ."),(KI(i,(hk),  it  wdl  probably  be 
a  fair  estimate.  It  is  composed  of  Turks,  Ar- 
menians, Kussiaiis,  I'ersians,  Kurds,  Circas- 
sians, (rroeks,  Xestorians,  Yezidees,  Syrians,  and 
Jews.  Theso  all  have  had  long  residence  in  tho 
country. 

Armenian  Xnlioniil  Uistury. — Tho  Nairi,  Urar- 
da, and  the  Minni  wero  j)robably  Turanian  or, 
at  least,  non-.\ryan  raises.  Their  congeners  in 
Western  Asia  wero  the  early  Habylonians,  and 
not  the  Medes,  the  Persians,  or  the  Phrygians, 
liut,  at  tho  time  of  Herodotus,  the  Aryan  char- 
acter of  tho  Armenians  had  been  fairly  estab- 
lished. Their  close  connection  with  the  Phry- 
gians was  recogidzed.  They  had  changed  their 
national  appellation.  In  the  earlier  period 
they  wero  called  Nairi  and  Urarda,  but  later 
Armenians,  and  their  country  Armenia.  In- 
dividual names  had  ocipured  a  more  decided 
Aryan  cast.  Everything  seems  to  indicate  that 
a  strange  peoi)le  hail  entered  the  land,  bringing 
with  them  a  now  language,  new  names  and  cus- 
toms, and  a  new  religion.  Tho  source  from 
which  they  came  is  doubtful.  Herodotus  and 
Stephen  believe  they  came  from  Phrygia,  while 
their  language  and  religion  would  indicate  Me- 
dia. One  thing  is  certain,  the  old  Turanians 
had  pas.sed  away  and  the  Armenian  race  had 
been  formed,  which  is  undoubtedly  a  mixture 
of  the  ruling  ,\ryan  tribes  with  the  prindtive 
Turanian  i)opulations.  The  word  "  Armenia," 
used  in  Isaiah  ;)7  :  .'Is  and  "2  Kings  10  :  ;!7,  is  an 
incorrect  translation  for  "  tho  land  of  Ararat." 

According  to  Armenian  histories,  which  niin. 
gle  the  mythical  and  legendary  with  some  truth, 
tho  ttrst  ruler  of  Armenia  was  Haik,  the  son  of 
Togarmah,  the  son  of  Gomer,  tho  son  of 
.Tapheth,  the  son  of  Noah.  This  Haik  is  said 
to  have  left  liabylon  to  escape  the  tyranny  of 
Bolus,  the  King  of  Assyria.  Belus  pursued 
him  to  the  land  of  Ararat,  and  there,  in  a  great 
battle,  was  slain  by  Haik.  This  occurred  some 
twenty-three  centuries  B.C.  At  this  tiino  the 
Armenian  kingdom  was  set  up.  Even  to  this 
day  the  Armenians  call  themselves  Haik,  and 
their  country  Haiasilan.  Several  centuries  later, 
the.v  say,  Aram,  the  seventh  from  Haik,  having 
incurred  the  hatred  of  the  Queen  of  Assyria, 
was  slain  in  a  battle  with  that  nation,  and  his 
kingdom  became  an  Assyrian  i)rovince.  The 
King  Aram  had  great  wisdom  and  power,  and 
raised  his  country  to  high  renown,  although  he 


ARMENIA  t 

wax  iiiidirtiinntfl  nt  tbo  InHt.  In  bin  dnj*  mt- 
riiutii|iii|<  iiiitidiiH  Hpoko  of  liU  poopl'i  UK  Am- 
miaiw,  uikI  liciicu,  likt«r,  unci  until  tlir  (ircHi'iit, 
Ariiiriii.iiiH.  'I'lic  AriiK'iiiiiiis  liuvc  iiovor  iihihI 
thiH  ikfipi'lliitiDii  tor  tlixiiisclvcH. 

'i'lii'.v  wctii  It  wiirliki'  riii'i',  iiiicl  i/niclnccii  iiicn 
wlio  tinurfil  liir^i'lv  ill  Kiistcrii  w^rs,  Uil-niii 
(  Tinrniii'H)  wim  tint  friiiiil  iiinl  iill.v  of  CvniH,  iiiul 
ri'trliTi'  1   liiiii   uruiit  UHMlMtinu'ti   in  liis  conti'His 

with     tllO     .MiiImK,        Ills     HIICl't'HKor    WHS    Vlllmlill, 

till'  Ui-milcs  of  till'  Aiiiicniuiis,  III'  wuh  cilc 
liniti'il  in  «oii^<  1111(1  Htoi'v  for  liis  urnit  victi  lii'H, 
mill  was  ili'itic  I  aftir  iliiitli 

Till'  liiit  of  tin-  llaik  ilvimstv  was  Viilic,  wlui 
ruli'il  at  till'  liiiii' of  Ali'Minili'r  tlu' (Irnit.  lln 
Wat  an  ally  of  Darius  III,  ii^uinHt  tint  .Mace 
(lonianH.  anil  w.is  ili'fcatril  aint  Hliiiii  liy  tlicni. 
From  that  tiiiiu  until  :II7  Ji  r.  Aniirnia  was  riiltil 
liy  I'Htsian  ^ovi'mors.  In  ill"  tlio  yoku  was 
thrown  otT,  aiul  for  thirty  yrars  tin'  I'onutry  was 
iiii|('|ii'iiili'Mt  :  tlii'ii  tliti  Syrians  ^aini'il  rontrol. 
This  state  of  utTnirs  ronliimi'il  until  I'.Hl  ii.c, 
wliun,  through  thr  cxiirtioiis  of  two  Aniicniiili 
nolili's,  th«)  I'ountry  was  fn  r<l  ami  iliviiU'il,  (inii 
of  tinim  riiliii),'  over  Aniicnia  Major,  which  com 
]>risi'l  tilt)  fiistcrn  ])art  of  Armenia  as  far  west 
in  tilt'  Euphrates,  ami  the  other  over  Ariiieiiia 
Minor,  which  was  tliu  westeri  part  of  .Vrinenin, 
north  ami  west  of  the  Euphrati  s,  liut  not  touch- 
iiij4  the  Hlack  Si-a,  This  ilivision  continued 
until  H'.i  II, r.,  when  Dikran  II,  (Tinrnnes),  of  the 
line  of  Anlashes  (,\rtftxus),  con(|uereil  Armenia 
Minor  ami  utiiteil  tlio  two  kinv!iloms,  The  do- 
Mceliilants  of  .Xnlashes  (Artaxus)  reinneil  in  Ar- 
menia until  their  expulsion  liy  the  .\rsaciilie. 

In  (i"  lie,  .\rmenia  liecaiiiu  an  ally  of  Konio, 
liiit  reliiUiiij,',  their  kin;^,  .\rilaviiz,  was  cniitureil 
liy  I'.iiiipty  anil  lieheaileil  in  Alexamlria  by 
CliMp.ifra,  Ito  II.C,  ami  tlm  country  hoonnio 
triliutary  to  Uomo,  The  country  was  in  tur- 
moil for  two  anil  a  half  centuries  tliereatt«r. 

In  21>'t  .\,i>.,  when  the  .Xrsaciihe  were  expelleil 
from  IVrsia,  Klmsrof  I.  (Clio.sroes),  ciilloil  also 
the  (ireat,  was  kiii'^'  of  .Vriiiiiiia,  lieinj,'  allieil 
with  the  expelleil  family,  !•  '  tmk  arms  in  its 
defence.  He  was  defeated,  and  .\rmenia  lie- 
caiiiii  iiKiiin  suliject  to  Persia  in  '2111  a.d.  All  of 
the  r.iyal  family  were  slain  except  Durtad,  tlio 
youni,'  son  of  the  kiiif,'.  He  escaped  to  Home, 
and  afterrtard,  liy  the  help  of  Home,  was  estab- 
lisluil  upon  the  .\rmenian  throne,  "Jsfi  a,d.  It 
was  throiiL;li  hiiu  that  the  .Vnuenians  ns  a  na- 
tion  accepted  Christianity,  Their  liocoiuin!^ 
Christian  aroused  npain  the  hatred  of  Persia, 
in  which  Hoiim  joined. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  fourth  century  Theodo- 
cius  the  tfnat  ceded  to  Persia  a  ]iart  of  Ar- 
nu'iiia.  attaching;  the  rest  to  Home,  It  was  the 
constant  effort  of  Persia  to  sulivert  Armenian 
Christianity  and  eslalilisli  Maj,'ianism  in  its 
stead.  To  this  end.  cruel  persecutions  wuro 
nnde.'taken,  and  freipient  incursions  were  made. 
From  (iii'i  to  S."i',l  ,\,i>.  .\riiieiiia  wns  the  scene  of 
almost  inc'ssaiit  stru-^^^le  lietweeii  the  Eastern 
Empire  and  tho  Moh.immedans,  and  it  liecamo 
by  turns  subject  to  each. 

In  Sol)  the  dynasty  of  the  PiiRratidm  canio 
intr)  jiower.  Asliod  was  reconnized  as  kin^'  by 
both  the  Caliph  and  the  Emperor  of  Constanti- 
nople. Hu  rei(^ne  1  thirty-one  years,  aad  his 
descendants  niiiintnined  authority  in  Armenia 
until  1071»,  when  the  Rreater  ',.art  of  the  country 
became  dependent  upon  Ci  nstantinople, 

A  small  kingdom  remained  in  the  Taurus 
Mountains,  nortb  of   Cihiia,  which    increased 


I  ARMENIA 

to  a  considcralilo  extent,  and  nlliod  itHcK  witb 
European  luonarchs  during  the  ('riisadeH.  It 
maintiiiiiud  its  independeiice  until  IMT-'i,  when 
the  last  .\rnii'iiiiiii  kinn,  Eeo  \  I  .  wns  laptured 
by  the  E^vptiaiis  iiiid  baiiislnd. 

In  \'iS:\  the  people  of  .\niieiiia  were  so  iip- 
]iresheil  liy  the  (Mtiiiiiaiis  lliiit  iiiiiliy  ImiU  rifuv;i« 
III  Persia  and  other  coiinlnes  In  liiiil  .shali 
.Milias,  iif  Persia,  iiiadn  an  incursion  into  .\r- 
iiieiiia  and  carried  ntT  many  of  its  iiilialiilniits. 
From  this  timi'  .Vriiu  nia  lost  every  maik  of  a 
separate  nittiiuial  existence.  The  greater  part 
of  tliH  country  was  annexed  to  Turkey,  whil.i 
the  eastern  section  remained  subject  to  Persia 
and  the  northeast  to  Kiissia.  Hiissia  took 
another  larf^e  section  of  ,\riiienia  in  lH7f'i. 

I'lio  number  of  ,\rmeiiiiiiis  who  are  now 
Hcallered  throui^hoiit  the  wmld  is  estimuted  at 
from  •,',M(iii,(Mil)to  ;i,(i(l(MMi(i  Perhaiistwo-thinU 
of  the  race  reside  in  Tuikey,  'I'lie  nst  are  in 
Hussia,  Persia,  India,  China,  .\friia,  Europe, 
North  and  South  .Vmeriia,  and  in  marly  every 
country  of  the  wmld.  They  inteniiarry  with 
iitliir  nations,  ami  the  temleiicy  is  to  race  dis- 
inte^;ratilln.  I'li  to  the  iireseiit  timo  the  nation 
has  preserved  Us  individuality  to  ii  reniarkablo 
decree. 

.\iiMKNiAN  Cinmii.  Oriiniii^'ilitiii.  —  M  the  timo 
of  (.'hrist,  one  of  the  sovereinns  of  tho  F;iist 
was  .Mi^iir,  or  .Vbj^arus,  The  seat  of  his  i^'overn- 
nieiit  was  nt  Edessa,  in  Jlesopotamia,  Taci- 
tus speaks  of  him  as  the  Kiii^  of  the  .\riibs,  al- 
though the  .Vrmenians  regard  him  their  kin^'  uf 
the  dynasty  of  the  Arsaciihe.  The  .\riiienian  liis- 
toriiin,  Moses  of  Khorene,  relates  that  this  kilij^ 
was  converted  by  hearing  of  the  works  of  Christ 
and  by  a  visit  from  Thaddeiis,  one  of  the  seventy, 
who  healed  him  of  a  severe  disease,  and  baptized 
him  and  the  entire  city.  Abj^ar's  Kuccessor 
apostatized  from  the  faith,  ami  by  persecutiou 
nearly  exterminated  these  beniunings  of  Chris- 
tianity. 

At  the  time  of  Durtad  II.  (Tiridatesi  Chris- 
tianity WHS  revived  amonn  the  .\rnienians 
throu^'h  the  instrumentality  of  (irenory  tho 
Illuminator.  From  that  time  to  the  |iresent  it 
has  been  the  national  religion.  Hence  it  is 
called  "  the  .\rnienian  Church,"  "  the  (Iregorian 
(^hurcb,"  and,  among  themselves,  "  I.oosavo- 
chiigan "  (Eoosavorich  is  the  Armenian  for 
Illuminator),  (iregory,  after  undergoiiig  severu 
persecutions,  iiersuaded  the  Aiiinnian  kiii';, 
Durtad,  to  accept  tho  Christian  faith,  and  he, 
with  large  iiiiiltitudis,  was  baptized,  11(11  a  d. 
The  entire  nation  now  beciiiiie  Christian,  al- 
though a  few  of  the  chiefs  afterward  becoiuiiig 
dissatisliid — jiossibly  frviiu  political  iiiotivi  s — 
joined  tile  Persians  in  persecuting  the  new 
faith.  Persecution  long  continued  only  served 
to  endear  the  Church  to  the  people,  and  from 
that  time  to  the  present  it  has  bei  n  ideiititied 
with  their  imtioiiality.  I'uder  Mohanii  ledan 
rule  each  reli'^ious  b  idy  is  also  a  jiiditical  'rgan- 
Ism,  The  .\rmeiiian  Church  is  little  nime  than 
that  at  jiresent.  It  is  therefore  inseiiarably 
connected  with  the  race,  and  is  perviided  by 
much  of  the  corruption  of  Oriental  Christianity. 

Cliurfh  Ddclrinr.  liy  accident — some  say  pur- 
posely—the  Armenians  were  not  represented  in 
the  I'"ourth  (Ecumenical  Church  Council  which 
met  nt  Cbnloedon  in  451  a,d,,  and  wuich  con- 
demned Nestorianisni  nnd  EutyohianiMni,  Tho 
Arineninns  bad,  from  the  first,  been  recognized 
ns  a  branch  of  tbe  Cburcb  of  Christ,  When  tho 
decisions  of  tbe  Council  were  reported  to  tbeni, 


ARMBNIA 


89 


ARMENIA 


'liriH- 

niuiiH 

Lv   tl.o 

iit  it 

it  is 

;(ii-iiiu 

llSILVO- 

1    for 

ii'VlTi) 

Is  ill';, 

i1  1  ,., 

\  I). 

1.   iil- 

1.1  lUj,' 

|V'  s  — 

new 
rved 

t'lOIll 

itied 
iMliin 
;im- 
tliitn 
hilily 
ll  by 
Inity. 

'il  in 
IhicU 
Icon- 
1  Tho 
jized 
1  tlio 
liem. 


ii\\iiif(  iioHMilily  to  thu  |invi>rty  o(  th«-ir  luiiuiin^u 
lit  iliiil  tiiiii'.  it  mil  liivirin  ipni|uT  words  tn  din 
tm^iiitli  tho  twd  idiiis  id  llii  iintnrf  "I  'Viri\(  iiiiil 
llii- jii  i-fiiii  III  (I, list,  lliL'  di  clKlDli  \Mis  liilsiilidir 
ht'i'il.  Ill  II  huiimI  iiC  Ariiii'iiiiiM  liiHhii|ix  in  I'.il 
till'  dri'i«iiin  <il  till'  Coiinril  'if  ('huli'i'don  «u« 
rrji'itrd,  and    lit    iilii'    of    tlii<    nyiiiidK   of    'I'ivin, 

HUM'  in  Uussiik,  lludr  cuiiitiii  at  lliat  liiiii',  tiny 
tli'i-lurud  dooidodly  fur  tlm  M'lnDjdiyNito  dnr- 
triUf. 

Till'  Cliurrh  iimilc  littln  or  no  iiro(,'n'HH  in 
nftiT  iini'H,  if  Krowlli  in  CliriKtian  lili' iiloiii' is 
calli'd  l)ro^;irsH  Cliuiilii'-i  and  I'nnvuntH  ili- 
cri'aHi'd,  UH  nihil  did  fiiNt  and  IVii^t  iIii\m.  Ceio- 
nmnii'H  wcin  iiiiilli|iliid,  and  tlw  ii-rlrHiaHtH  wnm 
piiilir  )ili'd  in  |ii  rpi'tiial  dispiitrs  with  (IrcikM 
uii'l  Ni'MtoriaiiM  ii|ioii  doctrinid  |ii)ints  of  littli' 
Hinnillc'iinro.  'I'lm  ci'i'li'siiists  NSerc,  in  ii  urciit 
nirasiiri',  ii^tiDrant,  and  IIh'  iiiuhsi'm  iilniuNt  tn- 
tiii'ly  s').  Till'  liisliops  and  jirii'stH  wirii  cii- 
Hiik'imI  iiiiiiinn  tliinisi'lvis  in  iiitrstiiu>  wars  omt 
ji.isitiiin  and  rank.  Tin'  nsiilt  was  irrcliKiuii, 
fDriiiality,  and  finally  thu  Ihhn  of  thu  very  Hjiirit 
of  Christianity, 

Sinco  niissiiin  work  lieyan  niiionR  the  Aniio- 
liiiiUH,  thorn  has  lii't'ii  a^tadiial  rrji'clion  of  tlii-ir 
HiilK'rstitioiis  and  ii-liani'i'  ujion  ritis,  and  a 
luarki'd  awakeninj,'  in  tlm  line  of  cdiiration. 

Clinrrh  'r'oiTnmi'ii'. -Orininidly  tht>  Church 
was  under  onii  sidritnal  lu'ad,  thi<  Catholiros, 
who  was  tho  urni'ral  lpisho|).  Hi'  rosidod  at 
first  at  Sivas  (Srhastiai,  Init  later  contintioiis 
arose,  and  with  them  divisions,  until  now  there 
are  three  who  hold  this  othee  :  one  resides  at 
Kehniiad/in,  their  holy  eity,  now  in  lUissia  ; 
one  at  At;htaiuar,  upon  an  island  in  Lake  Van, 
in  Kastern  Turkey  :  and  one  at  Sis,  in  the  an- 
cient provineo  of  Cilieia.  It  is  said  that  at  the 
consecration  of  tho  Kchniiadziii  Ciitholicos  tho 
dead  hand  of  Gre^jory  tho  Illuniinntor  iw  even 
now  employed  ns  a  medium  of  HUecesKion.  I'ho 
Catliolicos  alone  can  ordain  bisholis  and  oonso- 
crato  the  sacred  oil  which  Ih  WHed  in  tho  various 
coremonies  tif  tho  Church. 

Hesides  the  Catholicns,  there  am  tho  patri- 
nruhs,  one  of  wliom  resides  at  Constantinoplo 
and  one  at  .lernsaloiii.  These  otlices  wore  es- 
talilislied  l>y  Mohammedan  authority  for  jmliti- 
eal  purposes  ulono.  Thu  iiatriarcli  must  have  ii 
bishop's  oiKco  ecclesiastically,  but  to  this  is 
lidded  considerablo  intiuence  with  the  govern- 
liient  and  over  all  Gret,'orian  Armenians  in  civil 
mutters.  Ho  is,  by  virtue  of  his  otlico,  the 
recoj^nized  civil  head  of  tho  Armenian  Church. 
Formerly  ho  had  jxnver  to  imiirison,  scouine, 
and  even  to  secure  the  banishment  of  any  of 
Ids  subjects  ;  but  his  authority  has  been  much 
limited  in  recent  years,  and  tlie  tendency  is  to 
Btill  further  reduction  of  j)olitical  inlluenco. 

There  are  nine  different  fjrades  of  Armenian 
clert^y,  all  of  whom  urn  I'onsecrated  by  tho  lay- 
inj^  on  of  hands.  These,  in  tlie  order  of  rank, 
iiro  :  Catholicos,  bisliop,  jiriest,  deacon,  sub- 
deacon,  candle-lighter,  exorcist,  reader,  and 
porter.  Tliore  is  also  a  class  called  vartabeds, 
who  are  preaching  monks.  Tho  priests  are  mar- 
ried, and  must  have  a  wife  at  tho  time  of  ordi- 
nation, but  can  never  remarry.  Tho  priest 
cannot  become  a  bishop  unless  his  wifo  dies. 

The  ecclesiastics  are  generally  supported  by 
direct  contributions  upon  the  part  of  the  peo- 
ple and  by  fees  for  the  performance  of  certain 
rites.  Services  are  held  in  the  church  eacli 
morning  at  .sunrise  and  each  evening  at  sunset 
throngliout  the  year.     The  altar  is  invariably 


toward  tho  I'list.  Tho  hiicramcnt  of  the  Lord's 
Siipjur  is  observed  twice  a  week,  but  the  peo- 
ple partiiko  usually  only  twici'  a  year.  Mums  is 
oliserved  as  one  of  the  foriliill  lltes  of  thu 
Cliiirch.  Ciiidessioii  to  the  (ineHt  iH  u  uucuHWiry 
liie|iiiralii>n  f'l'  parlieipalioii. 

Owing  to  the  urgent  di mands  of  thepioplu 
fur  preaching  "f  lute  uars.  the  v..rtaliids.  bish- 
ops, and  s  iiiielimi'S  the  priests  and  tiarheis, 
]ii'eai'h,  and  tin  ir  seimons  are  otii  n  eMiiigi  lieal 
III  tone  and  lull  of  w  Imli  soiiii'  iidvlie,  which, 
unfoi'tiinaiely,  they  heldoiu  put  into  practice  in 
their  ow  h  life. 

Since  the  Council  of  Florence,  a.1>.  1  lll'.l,  ii  con- 
siderable body  of  Armeiiiiiiis  huve  bii  n  cin 
llected  with  the  Cliurcli  of  Itoliie.  'J'he  eoll- 
gri'i^ation  of  the  Mechilarists,  w  liicli  was  toriiud 
by  the  Abbot  .Mechitiir,  bi'lon._'s  to  Iheiii.  They 
possess  a  famous  monastery  on  the  islainl  of 
San  Lazzaro,  m  iir  Ve»ice,  from  which  ceiiiro 
they  have  successfully  labored  Hiliie  ITHJ  for 
.Wiiieiiiaii  litoraturo  and  education  in  the  inter- 
ests of  the  jioliiali  Catholic  Church.  The  Or- 
thodox .\rmenians,  as  tho  old  Churcli  styles 
itself,  are  intlexilily  op]ioHeil  In  tho  schiHUiaticH, 
as  tiny  call  tho  Cathidic  bramli. 

In  ecclesiastical  matters  tho  .Vimeiiian  Church 
reckons  A.n.  "i.")!  as  the  year  1,  and  they  count 
from  that  diito  on.  This  is  tho  date  found  in 
nearly  all  old  manuscripts  of  tho  Church. 

I.KiitiiKj  ('liiiich  llnilriiif.i. — 1.  Thu  ArmeniaiiH 
separated  from  the  original  Church  iijion  tho 
ipiestion  of  one  nature  and  one  person  of 
Christ,  acci'iiting  the  doctrine  which  had  been 
coiideiiined  by  the  (Jeueral  Council. 

"2.  They  believe  the  Spirit  Jiroceeds  from  tho 
Father  only. 

'').  They  accejit  seven  sacraments,  although 
baptism,  conlirmatioD,  and  unction  are  inter- 
mingled in  jiractice. 

4.  They  immerse  infants  eight  days  old  or 
less  three  times,  and  offer  to  them  tho  com- 
muiiiun. 

■">.  They  accept  fully  transuhstantiation,  and 
worship  the  consecrated  elements  as  (iod. 

t'p.  Tliey  use  unleavened  bread,  which  is 
dipped  in  tho  wine  and  given  to  the  peo|ile, 
who  receive  it  into  tho  mouth  from  the  hand  of 
the  jiriest. 

7.  They  pray  for  the  dead,  but  deny  Purga- 
tory. 

N.  They  practise  oracular  confession  to  the 
I>riest,  who  imj>oses  jienance  and  grants  absolu- 
tion, but  gives  no  indulgences. 

!t.  They  pray  to  the  Virgin  and  to  saints,  and 
have  great  faith  in  their  mediation.  With  the 
Greeks  they  reject  images  and  accept  pictures. 

10.  Thev  believe  in  the  perjietual  virginity  of 
"tho  Mother  of  God." 

11.  They  regard  bajitism  and  regeneration  as 
the  same  thing,  and  have  no  practical  concep- 
tion of  a  now  birth  apart  from  this.  All  aro 
saved  who  ])artako  of  all  of  the  sacraments,  do 
proper  ])oniince,  observe  the  fasts  of  the  Church, 
and  perform  good  works. 

I'i.  Original  sin  is  removed  by  bapti.sm, 
actual  sin  by  confession  and  penance. 

AiiMKNiAN  Lanoiaoe.  —  The  Armenian  lan- 
guage has  two  marked  divisions,  tho  ancient 
and  classic,  which  is  rich  in  vocabulary  and  in- 
flection, and  the  modern,  spoken,  which  has 
dropped  many  of  the  older  forms  and  construc- 
tions, and  contains  Persian  and  Turkish  roots 
and  idioms.  The  difference  between  these  two 
branches  of  Armenian  is  very  marked  ;   it  ia 


ARMENIA 


100 


ARMENIA 


Romnthiu^  the  same  as  that  between  the  Latin 
and  Italian,  or  tlie  ancient  and  modern  Gruek. 
Tlio  imcii'iit  limKUane  was  tho  product  of  an  a^e 
ol'  learning!,  ami  was  then  eniliodiid  in  tlif  Ar- 
menian v(  rsion  of  tho  Horiptiires  as  well  as  in 
various  liist<irical  and  literary  works.  Tho 
modern  ton^^uo  is  tho  ntsult  of  centuries  of 
innoranco,  without  hooks,  literature,  or  educa- 
tion. The  diffurenco  between  these  two 
branches  is  now  so  ^;reat  tliiit  an  nneducati'd 
person  can  understanil  little  or  nothiuf,'  of  tho 
classical  language.  While  tho  most  of  tho  roots 
anil  the  pronunciation  remain  the  same,  there 
is  great  diverj^enee  in  forms  and  construction. 

Thi)  tendency  of  the  present  generation  of 
Armenian  sidiolars  is  t  >  conform  tho  vernacular 
to  tho  classical.  This  is  especially  true  in  lit- 
erature. T'he  richness  of  tho  older  tongue,  both 
in  vocabulary  and  forms,  almost  necessitates 
this. 

There  :;i0  two  princiiial  spoken  Armenian 
dialects  at  tho  present  timu-tho  Ararat  dialect, 
■.'hich  is  spoken  by  many  of  tho  Armenians  in 
liussia  and  I'ersia.  au<l  the  Armenian,  which  is 
used  in  Southern  Russia,  Western  Armenia,  and 
Eastern  .\sia  ^[iuor.  T'he  Jiihlo  has  been  traas- 
lated  into  both  those  dialects.  Tho  difference 
between  these  two  dialects  consists  mostly  in 
forms  ami  constructions. 

Although  there  was  a  language,  there  was  no 
Armenian  alphabet  until  the  beginning  of  the 
fifth  century  k.u.  At  that  time  ilesrop,  one 
of  tho  learned  saints  of  the  Church,  invented  ltd 
of  tho  ;W  characters  ;  two  others  were  added 
later.  These  were  formed  upon  the  Greek 
alphabet.  Tho  relation  of  Armenian  to  the 
other  languages  is  yet  a  question  of  discussion 
anil  doubt.  .Some  authorities  affirm  that  it  is 
entirely  original— that  is,  distinct  from  all  others 
in  its  fundamental  charactteristics  and  so  not  to 
be  classed  with  any  of  the  great  families  of  lan- 
guages. Armenian  legends  declare  it  to  be  tho 
language  of  Eden,  and  tho  only  tongue  not  con- 
founded at  liabel.  On  tho  other  hand,  Eich- 
horn  thinks  that  the  base  of  the  Armenian  lan- 
guage undotibtedly  belongs  to  the  Medo-1'er- 
sian.  Others  indeed  deny  this,  and  some  have 
even  classed  it  with  the  Bas(iue,  the  Finnish, 
and  the  Welsh  languages.  European  scholars 
generally  hold  that  the  Armenian  language  is 
essentially  Aryan. 

Perhaps  one-third  of  the  Armenians  in  Tur- 
key, especially  those  in  tho  .southern  and  western 
part,  and  in  the  Kurdish  ^Mountains,  have  lost 
their  vernacular,  and  speak  only  Turkish  and 
Kurdish.  An  effort  is  made  in  Russia  to  sub- 
stitute among  tho  Armenians  Russian  in  the 
place  of  their  own  tongue. 

AuMENUN  Versions  of  the  SrniPTnaEs. — The 
Armenians  have  had  tho  Scriptures  of  tho  Old 
and  Now  Testament  for  fourteen  and  a  half  cen- 
turies, and  have  always  held  them  as  the  Word 
of  (rod.  Reforo  the  fifth  century  A.n.  they  are 
said  to  have  used  the  Syriac  alphabet.  During 
that  century  Mt'sroj),  tho  inventor  of  tho  Ar- 
menian alphabet,  with  two  com[)anions,  com- 
pleted a  version  of  tho  entire  Bible  from  tho 
Syriac.  In  431  two  intimate  companions  of 
Mesrop  returned  from  tho  Council  of  E^phesus, 
bringing  with  them  a  Greek  copy  of  the  Scrip, 
tures.  They  at  once  made  aiiother  translation 
from  the  Greek.  This  i)roved  not  to  be  satis- 
factory, as  they  were  unfamiliar  with  tho  Greek 
language.  These  two  companions,  with  Moses, 
the  historian,  were  sent  to  Alexandria  to  fa- 


milinrizo  themselves  with  tho  Greek.  There 
they  made  n  third  translation  of  tho  entire 
Bible. 

Tho  Old  Testament  follows  closely  the  Sep- 
tuagint,  t'xceiit  in  the  Book  of  Daniel,  where  it 
adheres  to  the  version  of  Theodosian.  It  does 
not  follow  any  known  recension  of  the  LXX. 
In  readings  which  are  especially  peculiar  to  tho 
.VIexandrine  it  more  frecpiently  agrees  than  with 
the  .Vhline  or  the  Compluteasian  texts  ;  yet  no 
rule  can  be  laid  down  for  this. 

The  New  Testament,  like  the  Old,  is  a  most 
faithful  rendering  of  tho  Greek  original,  jind  rep- 
resents a  text  made  up  of  Alexandrine  aiul 
Occidental  readings.  In  tho  sixth  century  this 
entire  version  was  revised  and  adajited  to  the 
I'e.shito,  upon  the  ecdesiasticid  union  of  the 
-Vrmeiiians  and  Syrians.  In  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury liaitho,  the  .\rmenian  king,  adopted  tho 
.\rmenian  versiiui  of  tho  Vulgate,  in  order  to 
prepare  the  way  for  a  union  of  the  .Vruienian 
and  Roman  churches. 

The  first  i)rinted  edition  of  the  Bible  appeared 
at  .Vmsterdam  in  KKiii,  undi'r  tho  care  of  one 
Oscan,  who  was  said  to  be  a  bishoji.  lie  is  ac- 
cused of  inter|>olating  from  the  Vulgate,  tither 
editions  followed  this  text  closely.  At  Venice, 
in  17y'.»,  Zolnab  published  an  important  Ar- 
menian Now  Testanunt,  and  in  ISO,")  he  and  his 
companions  completed  an  entire  edition  of  tho 
-Vrmenian  Scriptures.  This  is  a  critical  edition, 
with  foot-notes  and  the  various  readings  of  tho 
then  known  manuscripts.  Tho  basis  is  a  four, 
teenth-century  manuscrii>t. 

The  .Vrmenian  ^  ersion  has  much  critical  value 
in  determiring  the  various  readings  of  the 
LXX.  Many  old  manuscript  copies  of  tho 
Old  and  New  Testament  are  yet  to  bu  found  in 
monasteries  and  old  churches.  The  four  (ios 
pels  aro  most  frecjuently  met  with.  Some  of 
these  date  from  the  tenth  century.  (See  also 
article  .Vrmenian  Versions.) 

1'ehsosal  Cn.MiAcTEUisncs. — As  far  as  moral 
traits  are  concerned,  the  Armenian  compares 
favorably  with  tho  other  races  of  the  East.  -Vges 
of  subjection  h;ive  generally  disposed  them  to 
ijuiet  submission.  They  have  now  little  hopo 
of  political  restoration  as  a  nation,  although 
a  constant  agitation  is  carried  on  with  that  end 
in  view.  Tho  Armenians  are  cultivators  of  tho 
soil,  artisans,  merchants,  and  bankers.  They 
aro  persevering  and  shrewd  in  financial  dealings. 
The  Greek  is  the  only  race  in  -Vhiatic  Turkey 
that  can  compare  with  them  in  trades,  profes- 
sions, busiues.s  ability,  and  general  intelligence. 
The  Greek  is  more  speculative  and  the  Armenian 
slower  and  more  cautious.  In  the  finances  of 
the  Turkish  Government  some  Armenians  hold 
high  ])ositions,  and  in  many  ways  they  liavo 
rendered  themselves  indispensable  to  the  pros- 
perity and  life  of  the  country.  In  spite  of  tho 
general  increase  of  poverty  throughout  Turkey, 
in  many  places  the  Armenians  are  paining  in 
wealth,  while  in  all  places  they  may  be  said  to 
hold  their  own  better  than  the  other  ra<'es.  They 
are  gaining  possession  of  much  of  the  land. 
The  people  are  religious  and  show  an  aptitude 
for  general  education,  and  are  ready  to  sacrifice 
much  to  obtain  it. 

JIissioNS  TO  THE  .Vkmenians. — Tho  ]iopulation 
of  the  country  inhabited  by  tho  Armenians,  in  the 
absence  of  an  aecnrato  census,  is  estimated  at 
about  l(i, 000,000.  This  includes  a  part  of 
Southern  Russia,  Western  Persia,  and  all  of 
-Vsiatie  Turkey  north  cf  Syria.     In  this  entire 


ARMENIA 


101 


ARMENIA 


region  tbo  only  orgnnizoil  iniftsion  work  is  to 
ami  for  tlio  Armeniiius,  except  wlint  is  donu  for 
the  Griiuks  in  Asia  Minor.  Tlirongli  tlieso 
nominal  Christians,  '2,r)0(l,(HI()  in  number,  it  is 
boiHid  to  reach  the  remaining  l;i,r)ll(l,(HM). 

The  ovan^^elical  work  for  tho  Armenians  has 
been  carrit^l  on  almost  exclusively  by  tho 
American  Hoard,  siiiipli'mented  by  the  various 
Uible  societies,  tin)  American  Tract  Society,  and 
the  Turkish  Missions'  Aid  Society.  From  lK'2:t 
to  a  comiiaratively  late  period  work  by  the 
Lutherans  was  (tarried  on  with  varied  degrees 
of  success  in  Knssia  ;  but  this  movement  is  now 
]iraotically  at  an  end.  The  Swedish  Evangelical 
ohurehes  have  ono  or  two  missionaries.  The 
American  I'resb}  terian  Society  has  also  an  Ar 
meniau  work  in  connection  with  its  Nestorinn 
missions  in  Western  Persia,  liesides  these,  dur- 
ing tho  jiast  few  years  the  Baptist  Publication 
Society  of  the  [Tnited  States  and  also  the  Camp- 
bollite  baptists  have  begun  to  work  among 
the  Armenians  to  a  limited  extent  ;  l)ut  ns  their 
converts  are  olmost  exclusively  from  among  the 
Protestants,  to  give  tho  history  of  Prot(>stantism 
in  this  country  will  bo  to  give  the  history  of  the 
work  of  tho  American  ]{oard  among  the  Arme- 
nians. 

I'ioneer  ]Vi>rk<tnd  rersefntions,  1823  (SO. — Pre- 
vious to  lH2li  tho  Pritish  and  Foreign  ]{iblu 
Society  put  into  circulation  among  the  Arme- 
nians an  edition  of  the  Bible  and  New  Testament, 
and  in  that  year  it  iiublished  at  Constantinople 
an  edition  of  5, (MM)  copies  of  tho  Now  Testament 
anil  ;).IM|(»  co|iies  of  tho  (rospels.  These  were 
widely  distributed.  Thoy  were  all  printed  in 
tho  classical  tongue,  which  it  was  inuud  tho 
masses  did  not  understand.  This  led  to  the 
pu1(li(Mtion  at  this  time  of  an  Arnieiici-Turkisli 
(Turkisli  jirinted  in  tho  Armerdan  alplial)et. 
See  Turkish  Versions)  as  well  as  an  Armenian 
edition  in  the  modern  tongue. 

Early  in  1S'21  it  was  suggestoil  by  ndssionaries 
of  tho  Hoard  in  Syria  that  a  mi.ssion  for  tlii, 
Armenians  bo  organi/ed.  A  little  later  tho 
same  suggestion  was  made  from  Smyrna.  Pre- 
vious to  this  the  attention  of  tho  Hoard  had 
been  turned  to  this  country,  and  soon  thereafter 
the  conversion  at  Iteyront  of  thn^o  prominent 
Armenian  eoclosiasts,  and  their  entering  en- 
thusiastically into  tho  work,  together  with  a 
mental  awakening  of  the  .Armenian  Church, 
especially  in  and  about  Constantiiioplo,  led  tho 
Prudential  Committee  of  tho  Hoard  in  ls2'.t  to 
resolve  upon  tho  establishment  of  a  nnssion 
among  the  .Vrmonians  of  Turkey.  Tours  of  ex- 
ploration were  made,  nnd  in  ISIll  their  first 
missionary  arrived  at  Constantinople.  Re  en- 
forcements soon  followed.  Tho  mission  was 
openoil  at  f!onstautinople,  as  it  was  tho  capital 
of  the  empire  and  tho  political  centre  of  the 
Turko.Vrmenian  nation,  as  well  as  the  centre  of  a 
huge  .Armenian  population.  Tho  congregations 
nt  the  houses  of  the  missionaries  increased  in 
numbers  and  interest,  and  with  this  awakening, 
op[)osition  ujion  the  part  of  the  clergy  began  to 
manifest  itself. 

In  !H;U  Hroosa  nnd  Trebizond  were  occupied 
by  missionaries.  Hero  strong  opposition  at 
onco  developed.  During  ISIi.^,  in  Constantino- 
ple, thriiugliout  tho  suburbs  and  in  tho  villages 
along  tho  Hosphorus,  wherever  .\riiienii\ii';  wito 
found,  there  was  a  manifoNt  increased  disposi- 
tion to  converse  ujion  tha  "new  religion." 
The  missionaries,  seeking  only  to  point  men  to 
Christ,  avoided  oontroTersies  about  forms  and 


ceremonies.  In  the  mean  time,  the  work  of  tho 
j)ress  at  Smyrna  Avas  pushed  by  the  missionaries 
and  I'rudential  Committee. 

At  this  time  there  was  clamor  for  reform  in 
the  old  .Vrmenian  Church,  and  tiius  many  of  the 
bishops  and  vartabeds  were  almost  eoiiipelled  to 
])reacli  sermons  that  were  strongly  evangelical. 
In  ls:t('i  attention  was  turned  to  female  educa- 
tion, whiidi  in  the  East  is  almost  entirely 
negK'cte<l.  In  ft  few  jilaces  girls'  schools  were 
opened  and  were  fairly  well  attended,  fp  to 
181)8  aboiit  'J,."i(HI,(l(Ml  page  s  were  printed  in  the 
Armenian  language  on  the  jiress  at  Smyrna. 
Tho  plague  that  visited  Turkey  that  yeargreatly 
hindered  tho  progress  of  tho  work,  lu  Hroosa 
ami  Trobi/.ond  tho  work  had  gone  forward  in 
spite  of  great  oj)position. 

In  18;il)  persecution  assumed  a  more  vio- 
lent form.  Some  Armenians  were  banished 
from  tho  caj)ital  for  accepting  evangelical  truth, 
and  great  eit'ort  was  made  to  frighten  all  Arme- 
nians into  subnussion  to  tln^  Church.  On  JIarch 
;)d  a  patriarchal  bull  was  issued  forbidding  tho 
reading  of  all  books  jirinted  or  circulated  by 
missionaries  :  and  all  who  had  such  books  iu 
their  i)ossession  were  reijuired  to  deliver  them 
at  onco  to  their  bishop  or  confessor.  I'nder 
this  bull  several  were  sent  into  (xile  and 
others  were  imprisoned. 

On  .Xjiril  'i8th  of  the  same  year  the  i)atri- 
nrch  i.ssued  a  new  bull,  threatening  terrible 
anathenuis,  in  the  name  of  the  Father,  Son  and 
Holy  Ghost,  against  all  who  should  be  found 
having  intercourse  with  tho  missionaries  or 
reading  their  books  ;  nnd  also  against  all  who 
failed  to  inform  ngainst  off(>nders.  Even  strong 
effort  was  made  to  exjiel  the  missionaries  from 
tho  country.  The  breaking  out  of  war  between 
the  Sultan  and  Mtdiammed  .Mi,  of  EgyjU,  turned 
tho  attention  of  all  Ottoman  subjects  to  war 
rather  than  i)ersecution,  and  'lius  tho  Protes- 
tants were  allowed  to  worship  in  i)eaee. 

In  1m:)!1  Erzroom  was  occupied  as  n  station. 
In  IS  (0,  in  tho  presence  of  all  tho  foreign  andias- 
sadors  at  the  capital,  the  young  Sultan  solemnly 
idedgod  himself  to  guard  as  far  as  ho  had  power 
to  do  so  tho  liberty,  j>ro)ierty,  nnd  honor  of 
every  subject,  irrespective  of  his  religuuis 
creed.  That  same  year  n.  Ixiarding-sehool  for 
boy.i  was  opened  at  Hebek,  upon  tho  Hosphorus, 
whose  object  wns  to  prepare  young  men  for  the 
Gospel  ndnistry.  The  reaction  from  persecu- 
tion was  encouraging,  and  renewed  activity  pre- 
vailed. Tho  demand  for  books  and  Hibles  could 
scarcely  be  met  by  tho  mission  press.  From 
18-l;(  to  181(!  there  wns  more  or  less  persecution 
throughout  the  field,  yet  tho  sjiirit  of  inquiry 
increased,  and  believers  were  multiplied. 

Hitherto  the  Armenians  had  remained  mem- 
bers of  tho  ecclesiastico-civil  community  in 
which  they  were  born.  Their  relations  to  the 
Church  varied  according  to  their  light  nnd  cour- 
age. Some  absented  themselves  entirely  from 
the  church  service,  while  others  occasionally 
attended.  According  to  Turkish  law,  every 
r'hristian  (non-Moslem)  subject  must  be  en- 
rolled in  some  ono  of  tho  existing  communities 
which  has  n  jjatriarch  for  its  head.  To  detach 
one's  self  from  ono  community  nnd  not  join 
another  rendered  that  person  n  politicnl  outlaw. 
Tho  Armenians  had  refused  burial  in  their 
cemeteries  to  tho  ovnngelicals.  In  January, 
181(),  ft  violent  bull  of  excision  nnd  anathema 
was  read  in  the  patriarchal  church  at  Constanti- 
nople against  an  evungelicnl  priest  in  particular, 


ARMENIA 


102 


ARMENIA 


ftnil  all  Protestants  and  missionftrios  in  Rfneriil. 
This  was  followi'd  by  ii  violent  diseoiirso  frrm 
the  patnan^h,  uislinaling  iniiiuMliute  search  for 
all  otli'ndi'rs.  A  t-i'Verc  hut  lilnodli'ss  pci'siTU- 
tion  followed.  Sahbathafli^rSaliliath  anatliciiias 
foUowtMl  (inn  another  in  rai>id  suecessioii  troiii 
every  pulpit  in  an<l  about  the  capital.  Printed 
copies  of  this  anathema  were  sent  to  every  jiart 
of  'I'urkey.  Similar  scenes  were  emu'ted  in 
Nicomedia,  .Vdabazar,  Trebi/ond,  Krzroom, 
liroosa,  Smyrna,  and  other  places.  This  niove- 
uient  culminated  on  Juno  'Jlst,  1H1(!.  It  was  a 
day  of  solemn  festival  of  the  Church.  On  that 
day  the  patriarch  isstied  a  new  bull  of  exconi- 
niunication  and  anathema  against  all  who  still 
adhered  to  their  evanj^elu^al  principles,  decrec- 
ini,'  that  it  .should  bo  publicly  read  at  eacdi  an- 
nual return  of  that  festival  in  all  the  Armenian 
churches  throui,'hout  the  cmi)iro.  This  cut  off 
and  cast  out  completely  all  I'rotestants  from  the 
old  (!hurch. 

Nothing  remained  to  be  done  now  Imt  to 
organize  into  a  body  those  faithful  men  and 
women  who  by  persecution  were  thus  cut  off 
from  their  national  Church.  Therefore,  on  July 
1st  of  that  same  year,  the  JirsI  eviiii'ielinil  Ar- 
mciihtn  dinriih  of  ('i>iist(t)\lhi(ipU'  n ml  of' the  ':)ii]nre 
WHS  organized,  and  one  week  from  that  day  a 
native  pastor  was  ordained  over  it.  That  same 
suiuriier  churches  were  formed  at  Nicomedia, 
Adabazar,  and  Trebizond. 

In  ISiT,  on  Xovend)er  15th,  through  the  un- 
remitting exertions  of  the  Knglish  and)assador 
at  (Constantinople,  an  imperial  decree  was  ob- 
tained from  the  Turkish  (rovernment,  recogniz- 
ing natu'o  Protestants  as  an  independent  com- 
munity with  a  civil  head,  who  was  a  layman 
instead  of  a  patriarch.  This  paper  declared 
that  "  no  interference  whatever  should  be  per- 
mitted in  their  temporal  ov  si)irituid  concerns 
on  the  part  of  the  patriarchs,  monks,  or  jniests 
of  other  sects."  The  same  year,  through  the 
inlluenco  of  mission  books,  the  evangelical 
work  began  at  Aintab.  The  growth  was  re- 
markable ;  and  soon  a  jit'tition  signed  by 
eightv  two  heals  of  fandlies  was  sent  to  Con- 
stantinople for  a  missionary.  A  flourishing 
chundi  was  early  organized  amid  persecutions, 
and  this  became  a  mission  stution. 

In  IH.Ii)  the  Sultan  gavc>  a  nn/ifoi  granting  to 
Protestants  all  the  privileges  ^iven  to  otlier 
Christian  comuinuities,  and  in  IH.")!)  another,  de- 
claring ('hristiaiis  before  the  law  ecpial  in  all  re- 
spects to  Mohammedans.  This  has  been  )n'ac- 
tically  in  iperative,  In  'i'X't'i  Marsovan  and  in 
the  following  year  Arabkir  became  tne  resi- 
dence of  missionaries.  By  lH5:t  the  spirit  of 
impiiry  had  developed  in  a  remarkable  degree 
throughout  this  land.  The  call  for  preachers 
was  incessant.  There  were  evangelical  com- 
munities in  almost  every  town  of  importance. 
The  mission  forces  had  been  increased,  anil  the 
mission  press  was  removed  from  Smyrna  to  the 
capital. 

Except  at  the  commencemert  of  work  in  new 
places,  there  were  no  marked  persecutions  from 
that  time  on  to  the  present.  The  evangelical 
church  and  body  had  gained  the  recognition  of 
government,  and  was  too  firmly  established  to 
be  persecuted  with  impunity.  The  work  was 
rapidly  enlarging.  In  lHr)4  (\esarea  and  Tocat 
were  occupied  by  missionary  families,  and  in 
lH.'i5  Marasli,  Aleppo,  Sivas,  and  Harpoot,  and 
by  IHfiO  all  of  the  stations  at  present  occni)ied, 
with  the  exception  of  Van,  in  the  Eastern  Tur 


key  Mission,  had  beoonio  the   centre  of   the 

operations  of  a  band  of  missionaries.  The 
woik  had  taken  lirm  root  throughout  Asia 
Minor,  .Vrnienia,  and  Xortherii  .Mesoiiotamia. 
^\■(!  may  assuiin!  bSOd  as  the  division  between 
the  opening  up  of  tln^  evangelical  work  amon.g 
the  Armenians,  aud  the  later  development  and 
organization  in  all  parts  of  the  field. 

t'entrillr.(l'!i»i  (Hiil  l)i  reloimiiiil,  1H(10-(10. — To 
avoid  confusion  hereafter,  it  ma.v  be  vtU  to 
state  here  that  there  are  three  missions  of  the 
American  IJoard  to  the  Armenians  in  Turkey 
and  ]{nssia.  These  divisions  are  made  jiurely 
for  the  <'onvenieuce  of  administration.  The 
Western  Mission  ci^utres  at  Constantinople  aud 
covers  Asia  Minor,  including  tin  ancient  jirov- 
inco  of  I'ontus,  The  l^astern  Mission  extends 
from  the  east  of  this  to  the  borders  of  Persia, 
taking  in  Southern  ]{ussia.  The  Central  Mis- 
sion includes  all  the  rest  of  Turkey  north  of 
Syria.  The  .southern  corner  of  the  Eastern 
Mission,  extem'uig  from  near  Diarbekir  to 
Mosul,  with  the  station  centre  at  Mardin,  i:;  for 
.Vrabic-speaking  peoples,  only  a  small  projior- 
tion  of  whom  are  Armenians.  Au  account  of 
that  work  will  ap])par  elsewhere.  (See  article 
A.  1!.  (!.  V.  M. .  Assj/riaii  Mission.) 

After  IHCM  the  work  of  the  missionary  became 


o 

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'ii()!i.)iUHii| 
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ARMENIA 


liirj,'ely  llmt  of  siipcrintcndenro,  nUhonj^h  the 
idcii  (if  (iVimj^clizatliin  was  lU'Vfl'  iimilo  Hfcciiiil- 
ary.  I!_v  tins  tiuiuiiliirijc  ciii'iis  nf  iiutivo  Inlpirs 
liud  lircii  niisfil  nil,  iiiul  till'  lii'ld  was  (ipoiiiii)^ 
HO  rajiiilly  tlmt  iii  many  jilaces  tlm  iittcntioii  of 
tlio  iiiissidiiai-ii's  was  greatly  occuiiii'd  witli 
KcliiKil  can^s,  llu'dlot^iciit  iiistructioii.  and  (,'<■»- 
eral  ovcrsi^^lit,  Wliilo  tlio  niiiiilicr  of  niission- 
nrii'S  riMiiaiiifd  almut  tins  saun'  in  IH'.lil  that  it 
was  in  IHCiil  I.e.,  Ill,  tlie  nuudjer  uf  slatiims 
Pi'cupicd  liv  thiMii  had  di-cUMscd  ficini  'JO  to  If), 
whilt)  ilu'  iiiindiii'  of  out-stations  had  iniTcascd 
ficiiii  Ml  to  'isT.  This  indiiiitts  (tcntndi/ation 
imd  mure  ciircful  ingani/alion  of  woik  and 
foi'cus,  niakini^  stronii  nativu  chnrchcs  coutris 
and  media  of  operation. 

Fniai  ISCpil  to  IS'.IK  tliero  was  a  marked  growth 
in  all  ih^pattmcnts  of  the  work,  and  especially 
in  tliti  lino  of  edueation.  Closer  relations  of 
c  >  (ipcration  hetween  iiativo  bodies  and  foreign 
missionarii'S  were  isliililished.  The  aecom)iaiiy- 
iiii;  table  shows  something  of  the  progress  actual- 
ly niad:',  in  so  far  as  sueli  work  cin  I'li  f;;pressed 
in  ligiiroM.  This  shows  nothing  of  tin'  spirit  of 
reform  that  is  asserting  itself  in  the  old  Church. 
This  iieriod  of  about  thirty  years  was  markeil 
by  11)  special  uiiheavals  in  religious,  educa- 
tional, or  political  affairs  ;  but  the  whole  period 
shows  a  strong,  vigorous  growth, 

S[iace  will  not  (lermit  us  to  speak  further  ia 
detail  of  the  work  in  general.  Tlie  various  in- 
stitutions which  have  been  established  here, 
and  uiion  which  the  future  independence  of  the 
work  so  largely  depends,  demand  a  litth^  notice, 
esjiecially  the  educational  establishments,  culmi- 
nating in  the  college  and  theological  seminary. 

As  soon  as  communities  were  formed  among 
the  Armenians,  helpers  and  assistants,  such 
as  colporteurs,  Bible-readers,  preachers  and 
pastors,  became  a  neeessit.v.  For  these  posi- 
tions training  was  imperative,  and  schools  were 
opened  under  the  direct  care  of  the  mission- 
aries for  the  purpose  of  training  helpers. 
Tlieso  schools  were  called  by  various  names, 
but  were,  in  fact,  embryo  tlu^ological  schools. 
The  tirst  of  these  was  at  liebek,  upi>n  the  Bos- 
phorus,  whose  pnrjiose  was  to  prepare  young 
men  for  the  (iospel  ministry,  and  its  inthieiice 
was  great  in  the  earl,v  days  of  the  mission. 
Owing  to  there  being  little  jirevious  prepara- 
tion upon  which  to  build,  thise  early  schools 
Were  compelled  to  give  instructi(Ui  in  the  com- 
mon branches,  as  well  as  in  Bible  study  and 
theology.  As  high  schools  were  o]ien(Ml  in  vari- 
ous iilaces,  the  standard  of  the  theological 
Bcliools  was  raisi'd,  until  today,  owing  to  the 
thorough  drill  given  in  the  four  colleges,  the 
three  <listinct  theological  seminaries,  which  are 
thoroughly  established,  give  a  course  of  in- 
Ktruction  little  inferior  to  similar  institutions  in 
the  United  States.  The  ditference  is  in  degree 
rather  than  in  kind  ;  sonio  subiects  reipiire  to 
be  develoiied  at  greater  length,  while  others  !•;- 
quire  less  attention. 

If  we  regard  a  vote  of  transfer  as  conferring 
succession,  these  three  seminaries,  ia  the  order 
of  their  age.  are  now  located  at  itamovan,  Ma- 
rash,  and  llarpoot. 

The  one  at  Marsovan  was  established  at  Bobek 
in  IHK).  In  18(i-t  it  was  transferred  t.o  its  jires- 
ent  place.  The  number  of  its  alumni  is  H'2,  of 
whom  77  are  Armenian.^.  The  present  (IHilU) 
number  of  students  is  11,  of  whom  t!  are  Ar- 
menians. Two-tliirda  of  these  alumui  are  uow 
in  the  work. 


The  ^[arasll  seminary  was  opened  at  Aintab 
in  I'^IT,  and  removeil  to  Marash,  IsCl.  It 
now  has  two  courses  of  study  :  one  for  college- 
bred  men  and  one  for  short-coiirso  students. 
In  the  regular  c  lurse  Hebrew  and  (ireck  are 
taught,  and  some  of  the  instructors  usi>  Knglish 
altogether.  The  seminary  has  i\t'>  alumni,  all 
.Vrmeuians.  At  iire-ent  tliere  are  'Jo  Armenians 
in  thi^  institution,  liiof  whom  aie  in  the  regular 
course  and  in  in  the  special. 

T'lie  llariiool  Theological  S(  minar.v  for  the 
Eastern  Turkey  Mission  was  i  stablislied  at  To- 
cat,  is.").'),  and  wiis  removi  d  ti'  llarpoot,  Js.V.l. 
Tlu^  number  <if  llarpoot  alumni  is  loj,  all  Ar- 
menians but  '.:  ;  .")S  of  these  are  liow  inu'aged  in 
the  work.  The  present  number  of  .students  is 
7  in  the  regular  course. 

ill  all  of  these  theologual  schools  the  princi- 
pal instriK^tioii  is  given  by  the  niissionarii's. 

('(iIIkIi's. — Although  the  theological  course  had 
been  constantl.v  tnlargei!  and  broadened  as  the 
facilities  for  preparation  were  increased,  yet  it 
beeamo  evident  that  the  work  called  for  higher 
preparatory  institutions  and  a  morii  complete 
educational  system.  I'.ach  mission  station  had 
its  high-school  for  boys  and  boarding  s  diool  lor 
girls  ;  still  tiie  general  interests  of  the  work  de- 
mandeil  more.  In  IsiiJ  Kobert  College,  the 
mother  of  Christian  colhges  in  Turkey,  was 
org«ni/.e<l  upon  the  B.isphoriis.  This,  while 
organii^ally  separate  from  the  mission,  is  none 
theles;'  in  sympath.v  w  ith  it.  As  it  is  not  a  mis- 
sion iiistitutiiii,  it  does  not  belong  to  this  arti- 
cle. Its  students  are  piincipally  Bulgarians, 
Armenians,  and  (Ireeks, 

The  mission  colleges,  in  the  order  of  their 
organization,  are  :  Central  Tun  ey  College,  at 
Aintab  ;  Eujihrates  (^)llege,  at  llarpoot  ;  Central 
Turkey  Female  Collegi",  at  Maiie  h  ;  Anatolia  Col- 
lego,  at  Marsovan,  and  the  Amei  i.;:n  College  for 
(iirl.s,  at  (,'onstantinople.  The  course  of  study  in 
these  colleges  does  not  differ  niateriall,v  from  the 
ordinary  American  institution  of  the  same  class, 
except  that  thi^  ]!ible  is  givi'ii  a  prnmineiit 
|)lace,  and  modern  languages,  espi'cially  F.ng- 
lish,  receive  more  attention  than  Latin  and 
(Ireek. 

Central  Turkey  College  graduated  its  first 
class  in  isso.  The  greater  part  of  its  students 
are  .Armenians,  .about  Ihriie-fourths  of  whom 
are  I'rotestant.  I'litil  isss  there  wiis  a  medical 
department  cunneeted  with  the  college,  but  for 
the  lack  of  tuiuls,  it  has  been  discontinued  The 
college  has  a  prejiaratory  school,  but  n  ■  female 
department.  It  has  little  eiidownieii',  an  1  is 
generall.v  depeiuleiit  upon  school  receipts, 
friends,  and  the  Board  for  supjiort. 

Euphrates  (formerly  Armenia)  College,  at  llar- 
poot, graduated  its  first  class  in  IHStl.  Its 
students  are  Armenians,  with  a  few  S,vriaiis. 
There  are  a  male  and  af(.'..'"e  department,  all 
und  ^:'  -^Tio  administration  ■  't  ei.lirel.v  separate 
from  eii  u  other.  Each  of  ;..  ■  ^  has  its  grailed 
prepara.  )ry  deiartnients,  ii.  hiding  primar.v 
school  ..  This  c.iilege  has  an  endowment,  the  in- 
come from  which,  together  with  the  school  re- 
ceipts, ,!i  !vers  the  expenses  of  the  primary  schools 
(is  well  as  of  the  college.  This  institution  is  in 
noway  financially  connected  with  the  American 
Board,  having  a  separate  Board  of  Trustees  and 
Directors  ami  a  treasurer  of  its  own,  except 
that  the  American  lady  teachers  in  the  school 
are  sent  out  and  supported  by  the  Woman's 
Board. 

Central  Turkey  Female  College,  at  Marash, 


ARMENIA 


104 


ARMX3NIA 


>  i) 


lie^nn  its  work  upon  ft  higher  grade  in  ISSa. 
Its  ccpiirsu  of  stmly  iij  ossfiiitiiilly  oolli'f^iute.  In 
IHS'.I  tluTH  wcro  '2(!  j;irls  in  tlio  collego  jimper 
iiml  ',1  in  till!  pi'cpumtoiy  class.  Tha  si'bool  liiirt 
no  I'tiilowmi'iit. 

Aniitciliu  College,  nt  Miirsnviin,  in  the  Wcsleiu 
JFission,  Hcnt  ont  its  first  cliiss  in  isss.  Alioiit 
tliri'c  foiirllis  of  its  stinli'nts  arc  Ariiiuniiiiis  and 
till!  rest  (ticik.  I'lit'i'i-  is  it  iiri'[)iin\tory  school, 
but  no  fciiiiili'  ilc|)iirtMi(.'nt.  A  slronj;  effort  is 
now  lit'iii^,'  iimdi!  to  seeuro  iin  endowuient,  that 
it  lie  not  dependent  upon  the  Hoard  for  sup- 
port. 

'I'lie  .Vnierioim  CoUe^'i^  for  (iirls,  ut  Sentari, 
Constautiiiiiple,  wusestiililished  liv  tlio  Wonmu's 
Hoard  of  .Missions  in  1S72  for  the  education  of 
women.  It  includes  aiiionK  its  students  many 
Armenians,  as  well  ns  Hulgiirians,  Greeks,  etc. 
(See  Constantinople.) 


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Work  koii  Women. — The  jiosition  of  woman  in 
the  Orient  is  one  of  profound  ii^norance,  deg- 
nidiition,  and  bigotry.  The  Armenian  womiin 
is  no  exception  to  the  rule.     As  the  work  of  the 


wissioiiary  'vna  tr  f  leviiSe  the  whole  fabric  of 
civilization  and  jiluce  it  upon  a  Cliristian  basis, 
it  became  i^mbly  necessary  to  elevate  the  family 
and  the  homo.  To  accomplish  this  sjiecial 
efforts  Were  necessary,  as  the  ordiniirv  means 
employed  cannot  reach  the  masses  of  the  wom- 
en. This  truth  was  early  reeogni/ed,  and  in 
ISlo  a  female  seminary  was  opened  at  J'era.  At 
all  stations  girls'  schools  weie  soon  gathei'ed, 
which,  like  thoio  for  b^iys,  passed  through  series 
of  evolutions.  To  day  at  c  very  station  there  is 
H  girls'  boarding  school  in  which  a  jiractical 
education  is  gi-en.  ]!esides  these,  for  the 
higher  eiluciition  and  for  the  special  pre]iiiration 
of  teachers  and  helpers,  exist  the  three  col- 
legiate institutions  mentioned  above.  It  is  now 
no  longer  a  shame  for  n  'vomaii  to  know  how  to 
rend,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  ]iariiits  nro 
eagerly  seeking,  nt  great  sacrilico  often,  a  Chris- 
tian education  for  tlieir  daughters.  From  IHfSO 
to  IHlMl  this  woman's  work  for  woman  niado 
great  advances  through  the  exertions  of  the 
Woman's  Hoard.  In  IsCd  there  were  only  three 
single  lady  missionaries  engaged  in  Turkey  in 
special  efforts  for  their  own  sex.  In  \WM\  fliero 
are  thirty  five,  who  devote  their  entire  time  nnil 
strength  to  this  work.  All  this  is  in  addition  to 
the  ethcient  services  of  the  wives  of  the  mis- 
sionaries, who  from  the  first  had  this  work  in 
Land,  and  who  have  not  relaxeil  their  efforts  as 
re-enforeements  have  been  added. 

The  general  policy  pursued  by  the  American 
15oard  in  its  missions  among  the  Armenians  ha.s 
Vieeu  the  same  as  that  followed  in  other  lands, 
ftnd  is  ]iractically  that  of  all  mission  work, 
vhether  home  or  fcucign. 

I.  To  establish  churches,  with  pastors  from 
among  themselves,  which  shall,  at  the  earliest 
jieriod  possible,  bo  self  supporting  and  inde- 
penilent, 

II.  To  insist  that  schools  for  both  sexes  be 
maintained  b,v  the  ]ieople. 

III.  To  so  direct  the  work  of  the  missionary 
ns  to  aid  the  people  in  firmlv  establishing 
cvangelicai  and  educational  institutions  upon  ii 
self  sujiporfing  and  self  propagating  basis. 

Clod-rli  PiilHij.  The  endeavor  has  been  nindo 
to  let  the  religious  life  of  the  people  express 
itself  in  its  outnard  form  in  accordance  with 
their  national  and  jiolitical  conditions.  Hence 
the  church  orgaui/ation  is  not  pure  Congrega- 
tionalism, neither  has  it  adopted  the  form  of 
any  particular  denomination. 

Olislncles  I'ecHliiir  /o  the  Armminn  ^^'ork'.—  1. 
The  national  idea  that  the  Church  is  coexten- 
sive with  the  Armenian  race,  and  so  OTie  who 
withdraws  from  the  Church  rejects  his  nation- 
ality. 2.  That  the  Church  is  already  Cliristian, 
and  conseipicntly  that  the  Christian  life  has  lit- 
tle relation  to  the  Christian  profession.  It.  The 
difficulty,  from  the  side  of  the  Turkish  Govern- 
ment, in  erecting  buildings  ami  in  maintaining 
Christian  and  educational  institutions.  '1.  Tho 
existing  povert.v  and  o))pression,accomiianied  b,v 
Oriental  penuriousness.  .T.  The  jiicsent  turn- 
ing of  the  attention  of  ,voung  men  to  the  West- 
ern world,  and  tho  consequent  emigration  of 
larue  numbers  from  the  ranks  of  the  laborers, 
students,  and  congregations.  This  has  also  had 
n  tendency  to  increase  salai^ies  of  helpers,  with- 
out a  corresponding  increase  in  the  ability  of 
the  people  to  give. 

I'irnliiir  Eiirmtrinii'mrnt!,-. — 1.  The  religi(UisnR- 
ture  of  the  race,  nnd  the  fact  that  thev  accept  the 
Hible  ns  the  Word  of  God.  2,  The  desire  for 
education,     3,  The    peculiar    relation  of    tho 


ARMENIA 


105 


ARMENIAN 


ArmeniHim  to  llio  ll.Ono.OOd  of  other  races 
umon;^  wlioiii  tlioy  dwoll,  iiml  who  must  l>c 
reiic'liivl  hirvifl.v  througli  thu  oviiiiHoli/.fd  Arme- 
niiiu  Clmrcli. 

Ariiiciiiaii  Version!*. —l.^l"'ic»(  Ar- 
meni'ifi.  From  JIosos  Chort'iK'iisis,  tlie  Aiiuo- 
niau  liistoriim,  we  h-iiru  that  Mesroji  not  only 
inveiiti'd  th(i  Armenian  aliihahi't.  but  that  ho 
also  trauslatod,  in  connection  with  Isaac,  tho 
l)atriarch  of  Armenia,  the  Sc'rijjtures  from  the 
Syriac  into  Armenian.  When  tlie  Council  of 
Ephesus  m(!t  in  I'M,  Mesrop  anil  Isaac  sent 
two  of  their  jiupils  to  that  asseiuhly  to  recount 
the  jiroj^ress  tliat  hail  1/eeii  niailo  in  the  trans 
lation  of  the  .Scnjitures.  The  meiiihors  of 
the  Council  si^nt  hack  tho  youtlis  with  n  com- 
plete copy  of  th(!  Sentuagint  anil  the  (Ireek 
New  Testament  for  the  use  of  the  translators. 
On  receiving  thi.s  welcome  gift,  Isaac  iinil  Jlos- 
roji,  who  hail  jjroiluceil  two  different  transla- 
tions from  the  Syriac,  now  addressed  themselves 
for  the  third  time  to  the  formation  of  an  Ar- 
menian version.  Tliey  found  themselves,  how- 
ever, impeded  hy  their  imperfect  acipiaintanco 
with  the  (Ireek  language,  and  aciordiiigly  sent 
some  of  their  discijiles  to  Alexandria  to  study 
the  language.  Cn  tho  return  of  tlu^se  young 
men.  one  of  whom  was  Moses  Cherouonsis,  tho 
historian,  the  work  of  translation  was  recom- 
meiiceil  from  the  (ireek.  .V  recension  of  this  ver- 
sion is  said  by  some  authors  to  liave  lieeli  mado 
by  llaitho,  who  reigned  in  I.esser  .Vrmeiiia  from 
A.i).  I'J'J-t-TD  ;  hi'  belonged  to  the  liomaii  Cath- 
olic Chur^'li,  and  is  charged  with  having  intro- 
duced corrii|)t  readings  from  the  Latin  Vulgati?. 
B'lt  this  statement  cannot  be  substantiated.  In 
the  seventeenth  ceiitur.V  Ms.  cnjiies  of  the  \r- 
liieiiiaii  Scriptures  Iiad  liecomi?  so  scarce  and  so 
expensive,  tliat  a  council  of  .\riiieiiian  bishops, 
a.ssembled  in  llIi'.J,  dispatched  Oscan,  liishop 
of  Krivan,  to  .\msterdam,  with  the  view  of  pro- 
curing there  a  printed  edition  of  the  .\rmenian 
SScriptures.  It  ajipeared  in  UliiCi.  A  reprint 
was  made  at  Constantinople  in  170"),  with  mar- 
ginal remlings  from  the  Vulgate,  and  again  at 
Venice  in  i":!:!.  In  177'>  a  liody  of  leiirned  men 
at  I'aris  undertook  a  new  and  correcled  edition 
of  the  .^rnieniiUi  Scriptures,  to  be  accompaniiul 
with  a  Latin  translation  One  of  tho  savants 
was  the  -\bbe  Villtdroy,  for  many  years  a  resi- 
tlent  among  the  .Vrmeiiiaiis.  Of  this  edition  tho 
book  of  the  prophet  Habakkuk  alone  ajipears 
to  have  lieeii  imblished.  In  the  year  17M7  the 
New  Testament  was  printed  at  Venice  under 
the  editorship  of  Zolnab,  an  Armenian  divine, 
from  MsH.  autliorities,  and  it  was  reprinted  in 
1  Wl'i.  The  same  scholar  prejiared  and  imblished. 
in  IHO.'),  ft  critical  edition  of  the  entire  lUble  at 
Venice,  at  the  expense  of  the  monks  of  the  Ar- 
menian convent  of  the  island  of  St.  Lazarus,  in 
the  higoons  of  Venice.  From  tliis  edition  tho 
Psalms  Were  published  very  often,  the  last 
tdition  in  l.S.")(i.  Tho  Kew  Testament  was  pub- 
lished rejieatedly,  lastly  in  IMili  ;  the  (iospels 
aloQe  iu  IHII'J.  .V  new  critical  edition  of  the  en- 
tire Scriptures  was  published  again  in  1H.")!I.  l!e- 
sides  tlie  Venetian  editions,  the  .\rmeiiian  IMhle 
was  published  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1817  and  at 
Moscow  in  ISl:!.  Some  years  ago  a  colony  of 
the  Mechitarists  established  a  printing  ofiico  nt 
Vienna  and  publislied  tho  Xow  Testament  in 
18C1.  The  Hritish  and  Foreign  Bible  Society, 
which  circulates  the  Pet(!rsluirg  and  Moscow 
editions,  has,  up  to  March  3l8t,  18Sy,  disposed 


of  npnrlr  3fi,000  portions  of  tho  Scriptures  in 
that  langUiige.     (See  also  below.) 

2.  Antrnl  .Irmmi'iii.— This  dial(;ct  is  used  in 
the  jirovince  of  the  Caucasus.  Prior  to  the  year 
IkC  no  version  of  any  part  of  the  Scriidures 
into  this  dialect  was  extant.  In  tlie  latter  year 
the  translation  of  the  New  Te>.tiimeiit  made  b,y 
the  tiernmn  missionary,  \.  II.  Dittrich,  of  tho 
ISasle  Missionary  So<-ii'ty  at  Shusha,  was  jirinted 
at  Moscow  at  the  exjieniie  of  the  Ihitish  and 
Foreign  IJible  Society.  .V  second  edition  fol- 
lowed. In  IHJJ  the  I'.salms.  jir.  pared  by  fier- 
nian  niis.sionaries,  were  published,  and  in  1M79 
li  revised  dlition  of  the  New  Testament  and 
I'salms  wiw  issued  by  the  above  Bible  Society. 
The  work  of  revision  was  undertaken  by  tho 
IJev.  .\.  .\uiirkhauiant/,  in  behalf  of  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  and  carefully  ex- 
amined before  going  to  jiress  by  the  Bev,  Dr. 
liiggs,  a  niis-ionary  of  the  .\,  B.  C.  V.  M.  Mr. 
-Vmirkhauiant/,  in  behalf  of  the  British  Biblo 
Society-,  also  translated  the  Old  Testament,  and 
in  1Hh;{  the  entire  Jiible  was  published  at  Con- 
stantinople. This  edition  has  been  undergoing 
a  carefnl  examination  by  the  translator,  and  is 
now  pa.ssing  through  the  press  at  Constantino- 
ple. Cp  to  March  :nst,  Ins!),  alxmt  4'.i,tHlO  por- 
tions of  this  version,  either  in  ])arts  or  as  ft 
whole,  were  disposed  of,  whereas  of  the  edition 
with  the  .\ncirnt  .Vrnieuian  in  parallel  columns 
'.'.iiiMi  New  Testaments,  with  Psalui.s,  were  cir- 
culated. 

;t.  Mmhrit  .\ nil' hill u. — The  learned  .Vrnienian 
scholar,  /idirab, undertook,  at  tlie  instance  of  tho 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  in  ls21,  a 
translation  of  the  New  Testament  into  Modern 
•Vrnienian.  which  w;is]iublis!iedat  Parisin  ]S2o. 
.\n  edition  revised  by  liev.  .T.  B.  .Vdger  was 
published  at  Smyrna  iu  1^12.  Meanwhile  tho 
American  iii'-sionaries  at  Smyrna,  (he  Bevs.  E. 
Kiugs  and  J.  B.  Adger.  liad  commenced  a  trans, 
lation  of  the  Old  Testiiment  into  Modern  .Vr- 
nienian, which  was  jiriiited  in  iNl'i  at  Constan- 
tinople. This  edition  has  often  been  reprinted 
in  a  revised  form,  and  thousands  of  copies  dis- 
jiosed  of  by  the  different  Bible  societies.  This 
was  again  revised  Viv  l)r.  Biggs,  and  ]iublished  in 
New  Vork  by  the  .\merican  Itible  Society.  As 
education  sj  read  among  the  jieople  (here  was  ft 
constant  tendency  to  revert  to  tho  Himjdir  forms 
of  the  ancient  language.  \  number  of  efforts  were 
made  to  nda|>t  the  language  of  the  Bible  to  tho 
changing  styb-,  anil  an  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment prepared  under  l»r.  Biggs's  supervision 
was  published.  It  was  found, however,  that  while 
it  proved  acceptable  in  certain  sections,  in  others 
it  was  not  nmlerstood,  and  it  was  thought  best 
to  wait  until  tlie  hitiguage  should  become  iiioro 
thoroughly  settled  in  its  forms.  Mianwhile  the 
demand  for  cheajitr  editions  of  tho  .Viicieiit  Ar- 
menian increa.sed  to  snch  a  degree  that  a  com- 
mittee was  formed  at  Constantinojde,  consisting 
of  Hr.  Ripgs  and  some  of  tho  most  eminent  na- 
tive Armenian  .siholars,  to  provide  an  edition 
upon  the  basis  of  the  different  editions  alnady 
published.  In  accordance  with  the  princijde  of 
tho  American  Bible  Society  to  always  liase  their 
versions  upon  the  Hebrew  and  Greek  originals, 
there  are  references  to  mark  any  ditTerence  be- 
tween the  Hebrew  and  the  Septuagint,  That 
committee  is  still  ilWtOi  continuing  its  work, 
which  is  looked  upon  most  favorably  by  all 
classes  of  .Vrmenians.  T'nder  the  earo  of  tho 
Uev.  Dr.  Riggs  parts  of  the  New  Testament  for 
the  nsc  of  the  blind  have  been  prepared  and 


'■\  If 


ARMENIAN 


100 


ARMSTRONa,  RICHARD 


publittUed  by  tho  UritiHli  nnd  Foreign  Bilili^ 
Sooioty. 

(Specimen  verses.    John  3  :  16.) 
AiioieiU, 

S^/>     tuj^uf^u     ujiphuitf     |^i*« 

utnLiub-   qtu2^/iiujp'^^  t^'Uili.  fff]/*-. 

ifi^  fii-p  J^iiub-liU  km  .     nji  uiJh^ 

ituipi     np     ^luLiuinuii  */t    'Uiu^  Jh' 

JWULhuiUliUlLulUU  . 

3fodertu 

ufipkif  tu^iiiujp^^n  tlJiU^U.  ap  hp 
JfiiuifItU  WptifiU  '  tniiLUMU*  np 
tuJI^  liil  np  uflinp  ^lULtuintui' 
^linpuni-h ,  ^uiuiiu  iiui-hinliUui^ 
Uuhi    LliufUp  .  nuUlhiiui : 

At  md. 

t^'itjk,  mm  f'P'"'^  J^ut^fi'l'  ^]pnl§b  mitLmt.  •  up  mJl'b  ni/ 
tin       ^uti-utuiutf        YffTtiujV        iC^^Pifi  I         *yL.      ^Jft-funhliut^tuil 

Ariiieno-TnrkiKli.  Soe  Turkish  Lun- 
guSHe  iind  YtTsions. 

AniiNlroiitf.  Rii>lif:irtl,  1>.  at  JFcEwons- 
villc,  I'a.,  Apiil  IMlli,  IMO.")  :  sliidicil  iit  Afilford 
Aciulciiiy  ;  {ii'iiduuted  iit  DickinsoiiCollcj^o.  renii- 
KvhMuiii.  IS'JH,  imd  iit  I'l'iiu'i'tini  Tlu'olo^icid 
Sciiiiuary,  I'H^iO  ;  (irdiiiiu'd  liy  tlu'  ri-cshyti'iy  of 
H.dtiiiiore,  and  sailccl  as  a  missionary  ot  tho 
Aiiwi'ioiiu  IJoardforlho  Hawaiian  Islands, NoviMii- 
ber  'illth,  LH;(1,  ri'aclun!;  Honolulu,  May  ICtli, 
lH:i2,  afterasix  months' voya^'i'.  At  a  nu'i^tint^of 
the  mission  in  April,  lN:):t,  it  was  dccidi'd  to  com- 
mence a  nussion  at  the  Manpjesas  Islands,  and 
ho  was  appointed,  with  Messrs.  Alexander  and 
Parker,  to  that  field.  After  they  had  resided 
several  months  on  Xuuhiva  Island,  they  were 
informed  that  Kiif^lish  missionaries  were  on  tho 
way  from  tho  L.  M.  S.  t,o  occupy  tliose  islands. 
It  was  therefore  decided  to  relin(iuish  the  held 
nnd  return  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Their 
residence  for  eij^ht  months  amont,'  savatjes  and 
cannibals  was  (Uio  of  groat  danger  and  disccuu- 
fort.  Tho  Prudential  Connuittee  ajiproved  of 
their  decision.  Jlr.  Armstrong's  first  station 
after  his  return  was  at  ITiuku,  then  at  Wailuku 
on  Maui  from  bs:);")-!!).  Here  he  had  a  jiarish 
of  '25, (MM),  schools  with  1,7IM»  childn^n  to  ex- 
amine and  supply  with  teachers,  churches  to 
build,  and  in  various  ways  lu' idi'iititied  himself 
with  all  i)ublic  interests.  In  I.SIO  hi!  was  re- 
moved to  Honolulu  to  take!  charge  ot  Mr.  Ping, 
ham's  church,  where  he  remained  eight  years. 
The  larg')  stone  church  left  unfinished  he  com. 
jileted,  planning  nnd  superintending  the  work. 
While  at  Honolulu  ho  was  called  to  a  new  s]diero 
of  service.  TIk!  king  having  been  induced, 
through  tho  inrtueiice  of  Messrs.  Richards, 
Armstrnng,  nnd  Judd,  to  pass  an  net  granting 
his  subjects  undisputed  rights  in  tho  soil,  Mr, 
Ariustrouy  was  engaged  for  luany  months  in 


translating  tho  proceedings  incident  to  it,  and 
even  in  making  actual  surveys  of  the  hinds  sub. 
ject  to  the  inw  law,  louring  tlio  four  years'  ab- 
senoMif  .Mr.  Itichards  (Is  12  1(1)  on  n  mission  to 
Kccure  tlic  acknowledgment  of  tie-  inde|iendcnco 
of  the  islands  by  'Ireat  Ihitain,  I'raiice,  and  tho 
I'niticl  Slates,  Mr.  Armstrong  was  really  tho 
head  of  till!  l>i>|iailiiieiil  of  Public  Instiuctioli, 
the  wholi!  w  iM  k  l)eing  ile\  ised  and  superinteiub  d 
by  liiiM.  On  the  ibalii  of  Mr.  Kichards,  in 
]N17,  tlie  iiosition  was  oHVrcd  to  Mr.  .\tmBtioiig 
by  the  king  and.  jirivy  council.  Thouf^h  dcejily 
interested  in  jvublic  education,  he  hesitated  tor 
several  leasons  as  to  his  dut,v,  but  after  much 
consideratiiui,  in  ^iew  of  tho  iniportance  of  tho 
work  for  the  intellectual,  moral,  and  religious 
Welfare  of  the  j)eo])le,  ho  accepted  the  appoint- 
ment, believing  that  in  this  otlicc!  he  could  bo 
more  useful  than  as  pastiu'  ot  a  single  church. 
In  lHol  ho  establisheil,  at  a  cost  of  $10,(1(10,  a 
royal  school  for  the  education  of  young  chiefs, 
which  was  opened  DecomberHth  with  thirty. live 
scholars.  He  secured  the  Pev.  K.  (r.  Peckwith, 
a  graduate  ot  Williams  College,  as  principal. 
He  received  this  yi'ar  thi!  degree  of  P.P.  from 
the  Washington  and  Le(!  I'niversity,  Virginia. 
Prom  ]Hl'.l-.")8  he  was  occu])ied  in  lecturing  oil 
education,  supervising  the  live  hundred  villag  i 
schools,  the  seminaiy  at  Lahainaluna,  tho 
Koyal  School  nnd  the  Hilo  Poanliiig  School, 
editing  tho  pajier  in  the  natives  language,  at- 
tending meetings  ot  cabinet  and  jirivy  council. 
In  18").")  at  his  recommendation  the  Pipartmeiit 
of  I'ublic  Instruction  wasreuiodelled  and  ]ilaced 
under  n  Poard  of  Education,  when  he  ceasid  to 
bo  n  minister  of  the  crown,  and  became  Presi- 
dent of  the  Pioard.  In  ls.")7  ho  visited  the 
T'nited  States  wiih  IJev.  E.  (i.  Peckwilh,  Presi. 
dent  of  Oahu  College,  to  se<nue  an  eiidownieiit 
for  the  college  ;  returning,  after  an  absiiico 
of  six  months,  Pr.  .Armstrong's  useful  life  was 
suddeiil.v  brought  to  a  dose.  Ho  was  thrown 
from  his  horse,  and  after  a  fortnight  died  at 
Honolulu,  September 'ilid.  PSCo. 

Tho  king,  I.iholiho,  published  in  the  nntive 
jiiiper  a  sketch  of  his  character  nnd  work,  which 
thus  closes  :  "  When  w<  have  spoken  of  Dr. 
.VrniKtrong  as  Minister  of  Public  Instruction, 
and  sul)se(pientl,v  I'resideiit  of  tho  Poard  of 
Education,  we  have  but  partially  descrilied  tho 
important  othces  ho  tilled  or  discharged.  He 
was  a  member  of  tho  House  of  Nobles  nnd  of 
tho  King's  I'rivy  Council,  Secretary  of  tho  Poard 
of  Trustees  of  Oahu  College,  Trustee  of  the 
(iueeu's  Hospital,  and  executive  ofhcer  of  the 
Pihlo  nnd  Tract  Society,  and  dcejily  intensted 
in  develo])ing  the  agricultural  resources  of  the 
kingdom.  His  accurate  knowledge  of  the  Ha- 
waiian language,  and  the  facility  with  which  he 
wieKled  the  pen  of  a  translator,  naturally  im- 
jiosed  upon  him  an  immcnsi!  amount  of  toil 
ami  peri)lexity.  Hi!  h,'\s  always  been  connected 
with  some  newspaper  pnblishid  in  the  Hawaiian 
language,  and  was  continually  writing  for  its 
columns.  His  immediate  niul  a])iiroprinlo 
duties  were  conne(!ted  with  the  caus(>  of  educa- 
tion. All  the  schools  of  tho  kingdom,  ciuiimon, 
high,  nnd  collegiate,  cami!  undir  his  super- 
vision. His  nnnual  and  biennial  reports,  jiub- 
lished  under  the  authority  of  tho  government, 
afford  abundant  statistical  matter  to  show  that 
he  was  called  to  no  sinecure  office.  In  tho  dis- 
charge of  his  official  duties  ho  wns  called  to 
make  frecpient  tours  throughout  the  grou]).  No 
government  officer  or  missionary  wns  brought 


ARMSTRONQ,  RICHARD 


107 


ASIA  MINOR 


0    IliltlVO 

,  ivliich 

|i  of  Dr. 

ruction, 

■iiril  of 
■il.fd  tho 

Ml.     He 

ninl  of 
lie  liminl 

of     f)lC! 

|r  of  tlio 

Itfr.'strd 

s  (if    till' 

\\\w.  llil- 
liicli  lio 
[iilly  iiii- 
of  toil 
tini'ctid 
iwviiiiiin 
for  its 
•oiiriiil(! 
iluiM- 
iiniiioii, 
sujicr- 
l)ul)- 
|iinioiit, 
that 
iho  (lis- 
lllecl  to 
p.  No 
ronghb 


into  sucli  eloso  intiiiiiicy  witli  tho  niition, 
Tlioiij^li  liis  wi'ck  ilii.v  ilulifs  Wi'D'  tin  abuniliint 
imil  oiifrcius,  111)  nc'Vtr  spurod  hiiiisi'lf  us  ii  niiii- 
istiir  of  thu  (riispiil.  lie  WHS  an  tlni|iuMil 
pruacliiir  in  tlu'  ilawaiian  laiij^'iia^^i',  anil  always 
listc  iumI  ti)  with  iliM'i)  interest  l)y  the  jieoiiK-. 
Nearly  every  Siilihath  his  voiee  was  to  he  heard 
in  some  one  of  thi!  imlpits  of  the  kin[,'dciiii." 

(rovernnr  I'olloek,  of  I'innsvlvania,  writes  : 
"  I  retjret  that  I  cannot  il  >  full  justice  to  the 
memory  of  one  who,  in  my  youth,  was  most 
liij^hly  esteemeil  hy  me.  ilis  manly  virtnes.  his 
nohh),  t^eiK^rous,  and  Chrislian  character,  as  a 
youuj,'  man  and  a  student,  remain  indi'lihly  im- 
I)ressed  on  my  mind.  I'eder  his  care  an  i  in 
his  company  I  weut  to  i'liiicetou  to  eiiti  r  col- 
let^e.  I[o  was  a  kiinl  and  careful  protector,  and 
often  visited  lue  at  luy  rooms,  his  chei'rful  ]>re-i- 
enee  driving,'  aw.iy  houiesiidiness,  and  making 
me  reali/.o  the  value  of  a  friondsliiip  that  wells 
up  froMi  a  warm  Christian  heart." 

(ieneral  Marshall,  formerly  in  Hawaii,  says  : 
"  His  eiiert^y,  foresight,  anil  tact  K"^>*  "•  '"'^*'  i'"- 
pulsB  to  the  whole  school  system  of  the  islands 
He  estal)lish.'d  tho  first  industrial  scho.il.  and 
that  Hawaiian  school  was  the  iiis|iiratiou  of 
his  son's  j^rand  work  at  Hampton  Institute.  As 
Chairman  of  tho  Commilteo  on  Ivliication  of 
the  Hawaiian  Lei.;islature,  I  was  hrouj^lit  into 
intimate  ndations  witii  Dr.  .Vrmstroii}^,  and 
often  had  occasion  to  admiro  his  saf,'acity,  pru- 
dence, and  executive  aliility  in  performing  tho 
ilirtii^ult  duties  of  his  olKce." 

Professor  Lyman  says  :  "  His  strict  enforce- 
ment of  Christian  morality,  witluuit  respect  of 
jiersous.  even  to  tho  excommunication  of  the 
reii^miij;  i|in'eu  from  his  Church,  showi'd  a  oour- 
ui;e  and  stren;.^th  of  character,  couphil  with  wis- 
dom, whicli  well  littiul  him  for  his  resixmsihlo 
positiou.  His  whole  heart  and  soul  were  ob- 
viously in  his  work." 

.\rili.  North  .Vrcot  district,  Madras,  South 
India,  south  of  .\rkadu.  Climate,  tropical. 
Population  (18S1),  .l,.Sl-i,  Hindus,  Moslems,  and 
a  fi^vv  C'liristians.  Lanouat^e,  Tamil,  Tehi^^u, 
and  Hindustani.  Jlission  station  of  the  IJe- 
formeil  (Dutch)  Church  in  America  (l.S.")4)  ;  1 
missionary  and  wife,  21  native  helpers,  1:1  out- 
stations,  21):)  members,  1 1  schools,  ;!.">()  scholar.s. 

Aril<»,  one  of  tho  U  itah  Islands,  which  form 
tho  eastern  chain  of  tho  Marshall  Islands,  ili- 
cronesia  ;  has  :i,(HII)  inhabitants,  of  whom  one- 
half  are  Christians  nnder  native  direction. 

Ariior'<  (T.  M.)  fiiarciitftiiizc  !TIi><«ioii, 
Ceiitl'lll  .Xl'i'U-a.  An  independent  mission, 
represented  in  Eui^land  by  Mr,  John  Mercer, 
2i)  tjiiion's  lload,  Snuthport.  —  Mr.  .Vrnnt's 
work  in  .Vfrica  is  one  of  the  many  results  of 
Livint^stone's  last  visit  to  Scotland".  .Vlthough 
a  very  small  hoy  at  tho  time  he  heard  them, 
Arnot  never  for,;,'ot  the  words  which  Livin<,'stone 
nttere  1  at  a  distribution  of  jirizes  at  a  stdiool  in 
Hamilton  (Iiivinj,'stone's  own  town).  They 
awakensd  in  himastron;4  desire  to  t,'o  to  .\frica, 
whicli  neviu-  ceased  or  altered,  liut  i^rew  in  in- 
tensity, until  it  became  the  fixed  i)ur|)0S(-  of  his 
life.  One  by  one  diflicnlties  and  obstacles  were 
moved  out  of  Ids  way,  and  after  acipiiring  in 
medical  study,  in  tho  carpenter's  shop,  and  at 
the  blacksmith's  forpje,  preparation  for  mission- 
ary labor  amon-^  savaRO  tribes,  ho,  with  a  fel- 
low-worker, Donald  Graham,  sailod  from  Lon- 
don for  Natal,  July  17tli.    1881,  reaching  the 


port  of  Dn»ba«,  August  SOtli.  Mr.  (Iraham's 
iiealth  havin;,'  failed,  he  remained,  l)y  advici!  of 
his  pliysician,  at  Natal,  but  .Mr.  ,\rnol  procei.'ded 
to  Marit/bin>;.  His  subsei|Uent  .tourneys  across 
the  continent,  ^graphically  described  m  his  let- 
ters and  diaru'S,  liavc  lesulted  in  tlu^  acconi- 
]dislimeiit  of  lunidi  j>ioiieerinn  missionary  work, 
the  bi:ietit  of  ■which  will  be  reaiied  by  those 
who  shall  come  after,  and  the  establishment  of 
a  mission  in  tbi^  soutlu'iistern  jiart  of  the  Con^o 
Free  State,  amonj^  the  sources  of  the  Con^jo.  in 
the  ( laren^,Mn/e  I'ountry.  After  years  of  hard 
travel  throiij^u  the  Zambesi  and  liarotsc  districts, 
Mr.  .\ruot  hi'.s  fouud  this  location  suitable  for 
the  resideui'o  of  Kuroiieaus,  and  has  succeeded 
in  building  stfdions ;  but  the  immense  distaiico 
from  the  coast,  and  the  absence  of  a  connecting 
chain  of  stations,  make  tho  ditliculties,  dangers, 
and  expenses  very  great.  Other  missionaries 
have  joined  Mr.  Arnot,  and  .Messrs.  Swan  and 
Faulkner  are  now  in  the  (Fareiigan/e  country, 
while  Mr.  .Vrnot  has  been  establishing  a  station 
at  iiilie,  which  is  ft  great  caravan  centre,  and  in 
upon  one  of  the  main  routes  ai'ross  the  conti- 
nent, (diielly  with  a  view  of  forwarding  suiii>Ues 
to  those  farther  inland  ;  but  the  latest  new  .  vo- 
oeiveil  indicates  that  he  and  hi  t  wife,  with  liis 
new  helpi'rs,  ha\e  not  yet  succeeihd  in  making 
their  way  back  from  liihc  to  join  their  col- 
leagues in  (iarenganze. 

In  his  seven  years'  preparatory  work,  Mr. 
.\rnot  has.  like  Livingstone,  gained  the  esteem 
and  res]iect  of  the  natives  to  a  remarkable  de- 
gree, and  the  results  of  this  are  now  appearini; 
in  the  progress  of  the  evangelistic  work  now 
thoroughly  established  in  Garenganze. 

.\r«r8P,  ono  of  tho  Gilbert  Islands.  Micro- 
nesia ;  ft  mission  station  of  the  I,.  M.  S. 

/troiK'll,  a  town  of  Central  Trinidad,  east 
of  Port  of  Spain  and  northeast  of  San  Periian- 
do.  Mission  statinii  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Scotland  ;  ono  missionary  anil  wife, 
111  church  members. 

ArlllilltflOII  (Sln)ili'i/  P(i,)l),  ft  station  of  the 
ISaptist  Missionary  Society  (Kiiglamli  in  tho 
Congo  Free  State,  West  .\trica,  near  Leopold- 
ville. 

Am,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  F.ast  Indies. 
Population,  l."),OOI),  among  lom  4nil  are  Chris- 
tians in  1  congregations,  with  a  church  at 
AVokan  under  tho  Dutch  Missionary  S  iciety. 

.'\<<abil,  a  town  on  the  Niger,  above  its  delta, 
in  West  .Vfrica.  It  is  situated  on  tho  right 
shore,  and  forms  tho  starting  point  for  Fbulu, 
Benin,  and  Joriiba.  .V  station  of  the  C.  M.  S  , 
with  1  native  jmstor  and  112  catechumens. 

AmhiimoI,  a  town  in  tho  Calcutta  district, 
lieiigal.  Mission  station  of  the  Methodist  Epia- 
copal  Church,  North  ;  ono  missionary. 

A<*liaiili  V(>r.«i«>ii.     See  Otshi. 

.%<>lia|>lira,  in  the  district  of  Ajmero,  Raj- 
putana.  Mission  station  of  the  United  Presby. 
terian  Church  of  Scotland, 

Aula  llinor.  -Originally  confined  to  a 
small  section  on  the  border  of  the  -Egean,  tho 
term  has  como  to  include  that  iiortion  of  .Vsiatio 
Turkey  lying  between  tho  Ulack  Sea  on  the 
north  ami  the  Mediterranean  on  the  south,  the 
Marmora  and  .F'gean  seas  on  tho  west,  and  tho 
Euphrates  Valley  on  the  east.  Thi.«i  last  boun- 
dary ia  very  vague,  aa  the  EupUratea  ia  very  tor- 


ASIA  MINOa 


108 


ASSAM 


II  ':J^' 


tnons  in  its  oonrso.  It  is,  however,  suffleiontly 
lucriirntu  for  ipnicliciil  jiiirpospH.  For  ftillur  do- 
KiTiptiim,  Hcc  iiilicli'  OH  'i'lirkny.     T  on 

work  ill  Asiu   Minor  is  iihiiost  enti  of 

tlie  A.  li.  ('.  J".  M. 

AKtUilMti  (>'""/.'/  i."/.--),  hC.  "•                ...n  ill 

Sii.skiililu'W.iii  clisiiiot,  Miiiuti)!  ii,  oci'U- 

jiiiil  ill  iNTi  ;  liiiH  tliroo  1  luciiilurs 
niiiou^  lliu  Iiiili:ins. 

Am^iiiii,  II  pi'ovinco  of  Ihitisu  Indlii.  ccdt'il 
to  till'  Jvist  liiiliaii  (lovcniiiu'iit  liy  tin;  l\iiin  of 
Uurmii  in  IHJii,  luid  iiiiiiexiil  to  Jtiii^^iil  till  1S7I, 
is  now  nil  iiiiltqidnilrnt  inovinod,  rfS))oiisil)l(i 
only  to  till!  (iovirnr.rdt  iiii'.il  of  liuliu.  Its  iircii 
is  r),"),;i,Sl  si[iiiu'u  milos  about  flic  hiuiio  as  that 
of  till)  Slate  of  Oliio,  Us  iioimlatioii,  in  l«m, 
was  1, HI)", (III),  orahoiit  lo.'i.i  to  tlio  siiuarc  niilo. 
It  is  now  i:ousiilcral)ly  lar^;i'r.  It  lies  lictwcon  tlio 
parallels  of  'U  110'  and  M  ],">■  N.  latituilo,  and 
botwucn  tlio  nitiridians  of  Hit  and  IM'i  oO'  of  E. 
lon^^itndo  from  (Jroonwiidi.  It  lias  licen  cus- 
tomary with  writors  on  Sontlieastcrn  Asia  to 
speak  of  Assam  as  atfordin^'  convenient  access 
from  ISnriua  to  Tibet  and  Southwestern  China 
by  crossing  at  some  low  passes  tlic  wall  of  lofty 
mountains  from  .H,(l(lil  to  lii.O(ii)  feet  in  heiglit 
uliioh  Hcjiarate  Assam  and  Jfurma,  and  tlie  fact 
that  the  Sinf,'pho.s,  or  Sini,'paus,  tierce  hill 
tribes,  inhabited  liotli  the  nortliern  and  soutlurn 
faces  of  the  ranj^e,  was  adduced  to  prove  the 
jiDssibility  of  opciiini^  this  way  to  China  ;  but  u 
glance  at  tho  pliysieal  geoi^ra|diy  of  tlio  two 
Countries  i<  sulVicient  to  show  tliat  siidi  a  re- 
Kult  is  inipractieable.  liiu'iiia  belont;s  to  tlio 
Irawadi  system,  and  the  Irawiidi,  the  Sitaiig, 
llu'  Siilweii,  and  tlie  Meinuiu  rivers,  wlioso 
sources  are  grouped  to'^'ether  in  Soiitliwestern 
China,  are  sejiarated  by  this  mountain  wall 
from  Assam,  wliicli  belongs  exclusivel,v  to  the 
Ih'ahmaputia  system,  and  is  drained  by  tlio 
Brahiiiuputra,  the  .luiuna,  the  ^[egna,  tlieSurma, 
and  their  alUiieiits,  and  these  rivers  fall  into 
that  vast  alluvial  deltii  known  as  the  Sunder- 
bunds,  wliicli  extends  from  Cliitlagong  to  tho 
nioutli  of  tile  Ifoogly.  The  (h-bi)ucliure  of  the 
two  river  systems  is  more  than  C.UI)  luilcs  apart. 
In  a  condition  of  greater  civilization,  and  with 
tho  consent  of  tlie  Uuriuese  and  Chinese  na- 
tionalities, it  might  lie  possible,  though  at  an 
enormous  expense  and  much  of  the  way  at  very 
higli  grades,  to  extend  a  railway  frinii  Ihingoon 
to  tlio  ('hineso  border,  up  the  valley  of  the  Ira- 
wadi  ;  but  wliero  would  be  tho  use?  Fast 
Bteamers  Ciin  ascend  tho  iiiulimuputra  to 
Sadiya,  or  tlio  Irawadi  to  IJliam  i,  and  from 
either  town  China  c  .n  bo  reacheil  by  railroads 
or  good  liighways  whenever  that  country  is 
ready,  and  not  sooner  ;  but  oomniunication 
from  Burma  to  Assam  lunl  thence  to  China  will 
be  a  very  difHcult  and  unprotitaldo  task.  l)n 
the  other  liand,  communication  between  ]Mistern 
Bengal  and  Assam  is  easj-. 

Tho  country  consists  of  two  extensive  river 
valleys  and  three  i-anges  of  niountiiiiis.  At  the 
north,  Bhutan  oeciijiies  the  southern  shipe  of 
the  Himalaya  Mountains,  and  tho  somewhat 
lower  range  which  overlooks  the  wide  nnd  fer- 
tile valley  of  tho  r.iahma]uitra.  Tlio  valley  of 
this  great  river  extemls  from  Sadiya  in  the'east 
to  the  foot  of  the  (hiro  Hills,  where  the  river 
turns  to  the  south.  The  riglit  bank  is  level, 
nnd  has  broad  fertile  himls,  densely  inliabited  ; 
the  left  bank  is  crowded  liy  a  range  of  hills  or 
mountains  of  moderate  elevation,  named,  mostly 


from  tlio  tribes  tlint  occupy  them,  the  (iaro, 
tho  Khasia  ((.'ossya),  and  .lyntia  hills,  the  Aii 
Xaga,  .\ngaiiii  >iaga,  and  Singidio  hills  ;  and  iu 
the  snowy  range  where  the  head  waters  of  sonio 
(if  the  triliutariesof  the  liialiiiiaputra  have  tlieir 
source,  the  hills  and  inounlain?.  are  occupied  by 
the  great  Mishuii  tribe,  the  Kliamtis  nnd  others. 
The  comparativi  ly  level  and  broad  valley  ex- 
tending from  the  right  bank  of  the  Jlraliiuaputra 
is  mostly  occupied  by  tho  Assiiniese,  the  ruling 
race.  Tliey  bavc^  also  several  idties  and  towns 
on  tho  left  bank  ;  iiut  tho  liills  and  mountains, 
which  are  ranged  along  and  near  tho  left  bank, 
mill  which  form  the  strong  and  m-arly  iiupeiio- 
trablo  barriers  against  Northern  llurma,  are  in- 
liabited liy  the  tribes  wo  liave  named  ainl  other 
smaller  tribes,  most  of  them  independent  and 
generally  warlike.  Southwest  of  these  hills  lies 
the  valley  of  the  Snrnia,  a  largo  tributary  stream 
llowing  into  the  Megna,  one  of  tlio  delta  liranches 
of  the  Jumna  or  Jirahmaiuitra.  This  valley  is 
broad,  well  watered,  and  fertile.  Tho  Khasia 
and  .Tyntia  hills  overlook  it.  It  has  been 
claimed,  till  witliin  a  few  years  past,  as  a  j  art  of 
tho  ilastern  JSeiigal  plains,  liut  the  Indian  Gov- 
ernnieiit  has  now  transferred  tliis  whole  valloy 
to  the  Assam  province,  to  which  it  properly  bo- 
longs. 

The  7Vo;)/c.  — Tlio  ruling  class,  the  Assameso, 
iiold  Tery  similar  relations  t.i  the  hill  tribes  of 
Assam  as  tho  liurmans  (hi  to  the  hill  tribes  of 
that  country.  'J'hey  are  of  ditfereiit  race,  habits, 
and  religion.  The  Assamese  are  believed  to  bo 
allied  to  the  Shaiis,  though  ]  erhajis  remotely. 
Tliey  were  formerly  Biicldliists,  but  about  tho 
middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  having  sought 
the  protection  of  Bengal,  they  became  Ihah- 
nianists,  and  havoado]iteil  the  entire  Brahmaiiist 
system — divinities,  caste,  idolwor.shiji,  and  all. 
Tlie.v  have  abaiuloiied  their  religion  slowly,  but 
there  are  nearlj"  a  thousand  of  tliem  now  who 
profess  Christianity.  'I'loir  language,  though 
originally  of  the  I'ali  slock,  has,  by  tho  adop- 
tion of  Briihmanism  by  the  .\ssamese,  and  their 
intimate  association  with  I'.astern  Bengal, 
acipiired  a  large  infusion  of  Bengali.  It  is  not 
a  dilbcult  language,  anil  tho  Scriptures  nri^  now 
translated  into  it.  The  hill  tribes,  which  in 
the  aggregan!  outnumb(>r  the  Assamese,  are,  be- 
ginning with  tlut  Chine.^o  frontier  on  the  north- 
east :  tlie  Mishmies  ;  the  Kliamtis,  said  to  be  of 
the  Tai  or  Shun  family,  who  are  most  numerous 
on  the  Chinese  side  of  the  mountains  ;  tho 
Singphos  iSing-pnus),  who  are  found  in  largo 
nuiiiliers  also  on  the  Burmese  siilo  of  tho  moun- 
tains ;  tlie  Aror  (.Vh-roor)  ;  tho  Anganii  Nagas, 
the  .Vi'i  \ugas,  tho  Lhota  Nagas,  the  Kacharis, 
or  Kosaris,  north  of  tho  Brahmaputra  ;  tho 
Mikirs,  m  tln^  hills  near  Nowgong  ;  the  Garos, 
of  several  clans  ;  and  on  tho  slojies  of  the  Khasia 
and  .Tyntia  (.lain-tee-a)  hills,  looking  toward  tho 
Surma  Valley,  the  Kliasis  and  .Tyntia  tribes, 
nnd  still  another  tribe  of  Nagas,  are  found.  To 
these  must  bi'  adiled  the  Kohls,  n  Hindu  tribe 
fr:imCliotia  Nagpur,  in  t'entral  Imlia,  who  have 
been  brought  li.v  the  Assameso  (I'.nglish)  Gov- 
ernment  into  Assam  to  work  in  the  tea  gardens. 
It  is  said  that  there  nre  over  '2")il,(MH)  of  them 
now  in  .\ssam. 

It  is  believed  that  some  of  tho  largest  of  these 
tribes  are  either  closely  aililiated  to  hill  tribes 
in  Burma,  or  perhaps  identical  with  them  ;  this 
is  very  probable  in  regard  to  the  ,Sing]ilioa 
of  Assam  and  Chittagong,  nnd  tho  Kach'ina 
(Kakhyeus)  of  Upper  Burma  ;   also  the  Nagas 


ASSAM 


101) 


ASSAM 


of  AsHniu  and  tho  C'li'iiiH  (Kliyoiin)  of  Ituriim; 
iinil  is  II  uiattPf  of  great  iiKiiiifiit  to  tliH  mis 
Biuiiarirs,  who  aii)  attiiiiiptiiiH  the  ciiiivi  rsiou 
of  tlii'si'  trilii's,  and  tniiislatint,'  tlm  Scripturi's 
into  tlii'ir  Janguaj^es  in  tliii  two  count lii.'S.  Of 
tliii  triln'S  naiiuil  alxivc,  tlio  Klianitis,  Sing- 
jilios,  tlai  Anganii  and  Lliola  Nagas,  tin-  Ka 
charis,  or  Kosaiis,  the  Mikiis,  tlio  ( laros, 
csja'cially  of  tliu  iiorllurn  hIojh^  of  tlu<  (laro 
Ilills,  and  till'  Kolds,  have  licfu  receiving  Cliris 
tian  instruction  from  tlu!  misHionarics  of  tlic 
Anicricaii  liiijitist  ilissionary  Union,  wliilc 
tliu  (laroH  of  tilt)  Houtlieru  slope,  tli(^  Kliasis, 
the  I.vntia  (Jain  ti'c  ai,  tho  Lolmiipa  Nagas,  and 
the  'ripperah,  as  wi  11  as  tho  Assamesii  and 
Kohls  of  the  Surma  N'alley,  arc'  under  the  care 
of  the  Welsh  Calvinislic  Methodist  Foreign 
MissionaiT  So('iet,v  of  Hiighind.  The  S.  1'.  <i. 
include  it  m  their  diocese  of  C.ilcutta,  Init  do 
not  appear  to  liavo  exjiended  iiiindi  lahor  on  it. 
Cliiniili-  (iiid  Sail. — Assam  is  vliolly  witliin  the 
north  tcmperati)  /one,  though  in  the  sulitro|iieal 
part  of  It.  Its  location  ami  tho  high  hills  and 
mountains  which  cover  so  large  a  ]>orli(in  of  its 
.surface  should  make  it  healthy,  liut  it  is  not 
so.  In  the  valleys  there  are  marshy  lands,  ami 
the  tickle,  moist,  and  varialile  tem])erature,  with 
its  terrilile  euld  and  its  fervid  heat,  have  ren- 
dered it  partii-ularly  fatal  to  a  large  jiroportion 
of  tho  lliirnpeans  and  .\meri(Mins  who  have 
spcntmuch  time  there.  It  is  fre(|uently  visited 
liy  the  cholera,  and  both  acute  and  chronica  dis- 
easi's  of  the  liver  juu  vail.  t)f  late  years  the 
construction  of  goml  roads  and  the  drainage  of 
til'  marshes  for  tho  estahlishmeut  of  tea  gar- 
dens has  Homowhat  improved  the  health  of  tho 
country. 

Much  of  tho  soil  is  fertile,  and  tho  foot-hills 
havo  proved  admirahly  adapted  to  the  culture 
of  tea.  'I'lie  attention  of  English  capitalists  was 
directed  to  tho  countrv  for  the  cultivation  of 
the  tea  shrul)  as  early  as  iHlill,  and  after  a  long 
series  of  expiaiments  and  many  failures,  they 
havo  at  last  succeeded  in  prodiudng  the  tinest 
teas  in  the  world,  and,  in  IHH',1,  marketed  (IIM),- 
(KHi  cwt.  of  tea,  The  average  pri('e  in  Calcutta 
is  eight  annas  (twenty  two  and  a  half  cents)  per 
)iound.  They  einiiloy  aliout  'i'll I, ( H H )  jiersons  in 
till  ir  tea  ganhuis,  mostly  Kohls.  The  other 
jiroducts  are  rice,  cotton,  opium,  and  mustard. 
The  forests  furnish  much  viilualilo  tinilier. 
(ruld,  silver,  C(>|)per,  iron,  and  several  kinds  of 
jirecioiis  stones  are  found  in  tho  country. 
Among  the  wild  lieasts  are  idephants,  tigers, 
leopards,  rhinoceroses,  wolves,  hyenas,  etc.; 
deer  and  antelope,  buflaloos,  etc.,  abound. 
There  are  also  many  pythons  nud  poisonous 
serpents. 

The  most  important  tea  jiroducing  districts 
are  ("aeliar  and  Sylhet,  in  the  Surma  Vallev, 
and  Hibsiigor  and  liukimpur,  in  Eastern  As- 
sam. The  liritish  capital  is  Shilli-iiu.',  a  smiill 
town  in  tlu!  'lyntia  (Jain-tee  ah)  Hills.  'I'lie 
other  princijial  towns  are  Sadi.va  (Soo  dee-yali\ 
Di-bru  gurli,  Jaipur,  Sibs.igor.  liUkimpur,  Now- 
gong,  TVzimr,  Kohima,  Wohka,  (hiuhati,  tlio 
ch'u'.t  city  of  tho  lirahmaputra  Valley  ;  (loal- 
para  ((tow  al  pah-rah)  and  T'ura,  in  the  ISrali- 
iuai>iitra  Vidle,v  ;  and  Sylbet  (chief  city  of  the 
Surma  Valleyi,  flherrapoonjee,  Xon-Klow,  Kil- 
ehar,  Mvmensing,  and  Jumalpoor.  in  the  Surma 
Valley. 

Ui'll'l'intis. — Tho  AssameHG,  as  we  liave  said, 
though  not  llindns,  are  Brahiimns.  having 
adopted   that   system   of  religion   since   about 


17tiO.  Tlu',v  are  rigid  adherents  to  caste.  Tho 
Knhls,  as  a  Hindu  trilie,  are  also  lirahmans. 
One  or  two  of  the  hill  trilii  s  on  the  north  of 
the  lirahmaputra,  notably  the  Kacharis  (Ko 
siiris)  and  several  of  the  lihotan  hill  tribes 
bordering  on  .\ssam  at  the  north,  are  M(diaiii- 
niediins.  'I'he  gnaler  juirt  of  the  hill  tribes, 
including  all  those  simtli  of  the  gri'iU  river  lliu 
(iaros,  Nagas,  Kliasis,  Mikirs,  Singphos,  etc. — 
ari!  dem m  wnrshipinrs.  making  otTerings  to  tho 
iml.i  or  demons,  to  induce  them  not  to  injure 
them.  They  believe  in  a  living  Suiireme  lU  iiig, 
the  Creator,  but  think  He  is  too  luiicli  occupied 
with  tho  vast  alTairs  of  the  universe  to  <'«re  for 
liiiiiian  beings,  and  too  niereiful  to  tmnish  them 
for  aii,\  thing  they  have  done  or  niay  do  ;  and  so 
they  do  not  otVi  r  Him  aii,v  worshiii  or  ri  vereiice. 
They  believe  dimly  m  a  future  life,  but  not  in 
ft  state  of  rewards  or  imnishments.  In  geneiid 
their  religious  lulief  is  substantially  the  same 
with  that  of  the  hill  tribes  of  liiirma.  'I'lio 
tribci  nearest  to  the  Chim  se  have  adopted  from 
them  some  ideas  of  ancestral  worslii]p. 

Mi.ssii}ii.f  ill  .l.v.w.'ii.  — Till!  first  mission  ciuii. 
luenced  here  was  that  of  the  .Viiu  riian  JJiiptlst 
Missionary  fnioii,  established  in  IKW,  at  tho 
solicitation  of  Captain,  afteiward  .Major  Jcn- 
kyiis,  the  JUitish  deputy  ccuiiniissimier  to  .\ssiini, 
a  man  of  great  piety  and  benevolence,  who 
olTend  of  his  own  mi.'ans  a  consiibrable  sum 
toward  the  ex|Mnse  of  such  a  mission  to  the 
heathen  under  his  charge.  Thi!  first  mission- 
aries were  liev.  Xatlian  Jirowii,  an  emincTit 
missionary  and  scholar,  who  liad  begun  his 
missionary  life  in  I'lUriea,  and  Jlr.,  afterward 
Kev.  O.  T.  Cutter,  n  printer.  The  first  station 
was  at  Sadiya,  near  the  northeast  frontier  of 
..\ssam,  about  Ion  miles  from  tho  liurnian  capi- 
tal, and  almost  '^110  from  Vunnan,  tho  capital  of 
the  jiroviiice  of  the  same  name  in  Southwest 
China.  The  tribe  to  whom  tlie,v  were  desig- 
nated were  the  Khamtis,  a  hill  trilie  who  occu- 
jiied  both  sides  of  the  loft,v  range  wliicli  sepa- 
rated As.sam  from  China,  though  tho  greater 
jiart  were  on  tho  Chinese  side,  and  communi- 
cation across  the  mountain  wall  was  vorv  difli- 
cult  and  dangerous.  The  geography  and  ethnol- 
ogy of  this  region  was  not  well  understood,  and 
tho  vovage  up  the  tortuous  Brahmaitutra  was 
exceedingl,v  tedious,  oc<'U))ying  over  four 
months,  in  the  native  boats.  The  mission- 
aries, however,  entered  upon  their  work  with  a 
stout  heart,  and  tinding  that  there  was  little  to 
bo  diuie  among  the  Khamtis,  they  turned  their 
attention  to  the  Assamese  and  Slians  in  and 
around  Sadiya.  Dr.  lirown  was  a  remarkablo 
linguist,  and  in  a  very  short  time  ho  liad  jiro- 
pared  religious  jirimers  and  cojiies  of  the  Gos- 
pels in  Kliamti,  Shan,  and  Assamese.  The  wives 
of  the  missionaries  established  schools  for  As- 
samese and  Shan  children,  which  were  well  ftt- 
teiided.  In  July,  lK;t7,  they  were  re-enforced  by 
two  more  missionaries  and  their  wives,  but  one 
of  the  missionaries,  Rev.  Mr.  Thomas,  was 
killed  by  a  falling  tree  within  sight  of  Sadiya. 
Missionary  operations  were  comiiK need  among 
the  Singplios.  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  reacli 
them  from  liuvma  by  way  of  the  Irawadi  by 
])r.  Kincaid,  but  this,  like  all  subse(,uent  at- 
tempts, ])roved  unsuccessful.  On  Jiinuary 'JKth, 
1S:!'.I,  an  insurrection  of  tho  Khamtis  com- 
nieneed  with  an  attack  on  Sadiya.  which  iiei^es- 
sitated  til"  removal  of  the  missionarips  to  Jai- 
jiur,  aconsideriible  town  on  one  of  the  southern 
nfHuents  of  (ho  IJrahinaimtra,  and  Mr.  Brouaon, 


I. . 


ASSAM 

ono  oT   till'   iniHsionftiios,    with   liiw  fmiiily,  re- 

IMOVlll    to    llu'    lulls    to    llllior  llMinllj^    tlld    Nll(4IIH, 

OHM  of  till'  hill  Irilirs.  Tins  stutioii  iirovcil  iiii- 
luiilthy,  ami  hr  wns  loivi'il  to  full  Imi^k  on  .Iiii- 
IMir,  whi'ii'  liin  sistrr,  ii  iironiisiiit,',vouii|^  niissioii- 
iiry,  fill  II  virtiiii  to  tlm  iiioiiritiiili  fcvi  r.  .Iiiipiir 
WHS  iiliiiniloiii'il  from  its  iinlii'iillhiiicss  niul 
olhi'i"  riiiisrs,  :inil  Sili.siij^iir,  I'li  thi'  l>hi'cko 
liivcr,  a  soiitlurii  iilUiifiit  of  tlir  J>nihiiiii|intni, 
WHS  selitrti'il.  This  is  now  Ihii  I'hut  town  in 
Kiistcrn  Assiini,  anil  is  still  a  station  of  tlir  A. 
]!.  .M.  r.  .laiimr  was  still  ri'taiMrd  as  a  sliilion 
for  soino  tiMir,  liiit  cii'iil  iially  i,'ivrn  nii  in  conKL'- 
(ini'nci!  of  tliii  raiils  of  thi'  hill  tiiliis.  I'or  thi' 
Riilist'iincnt  I'stalilishnirnt  of  stations  at  Now- 
fjony,  an  uiijiortant  town  of  CiMitral  Assam  ; 
(laiihati,  tho  chii'f  city  of  Wcsti  rn  Assam  ;  (lo- 
nlpani,  still  farthrr  west,  <>n  tho  liralima|>iitra  ; 
Turn,  tliB  piinciiial  town  amon^^  tlii>  (iaro  Mills  ; 
Milun^,',  a  station  in  tho  N'aj^a  Hills,  south  of 
Silisaf^or  ;  Kohima,  thu  chirf  town  of  the  An- 
pain  N'Mt,'iis,  southi'rtst  of  Nownon^,',  ami  \Voklin, 
thii  t,Mvi'rnmi'nt  station  for  thi'  Lhota  Na^as, 
nliont  niiilway  lietwi'iii  Kohima  ami  Molun(,', 
wo,  must  riifiT  to  History  of  Ami'ririm  Jiaptist 
Jlissionary  Tnion,  Assam  Missions.  A  fi\w 
uoti's  lu  ruf^aril  to  thi'  thn'o  missions  which  have 
grown  out  of  tho  one  orit,'imil  mission  aro  in 
J)laco  hero.  The  station  at  Nowj,'on^  was  first  es- 
tablisheil  in  iNtl  hy  Mr.  ISronson.  The  lirst  As- 
Haniose  convert  was  liaptizeil  the  same  year.  In 
IHl'i  11  school  was  opined  there,  with  ei^;lity 
pupils,  ami  in  lH4:i  the  Now^^oii}^  Orphan  Insti- 
tution was  ostalilisheil,  which  for  many  years 
was  the  means  of  iloint^  much  j,'ooil.  It  was  t;iven 
ni)  in  l.S">II.  T'lio  station  at  (lauhati  was  com- 
iiienceil  by  Mr.  liarker  in  Is  I:).  There  were 
vury  few  converts,  ami  these  .\ssameso  only,  till 
ISl'c.  From  this  time  till  IH.'i:)  thoro  were  fre- 
quent accessions  to  the  clnirches  in  Sihsie^'ar, 
Kowj^'oii!,',  ami  (ianhiUi,  mostly  .Assamese,  with  n 
very  few  Kacharis  ami  Na^^as.  In  Isc,;!  the  tirst 
of  the  (laros,  tho  tiercest  of  the  Hill  tribes,  was 
l)apti/eil,  ami  soon  beeamo  a  missionary  to  his 
tribe.  Tho  same  year  one  of  tho  Mikirs  was 
baptized,  rrom  these  tho  f^ond  work  spread 
with  threat  ra|)idity  till  in  the  churches  of  the 
Garo  .Association,  in  ls77,  there  wire  (117  mem- 
bers. In  January,  IKS'.l,  there  wero  111  (iiiro 
churidies  in  Tnra  and  its  out-stations,  with 
1,117  ooiiimniiicants,  and  oil  schools,  with 
l,lMiO  l)Upils.  T'ho  advance  in  the  year  ISSl)  has 
been  very  H'"''iit-  f^ix  of  these  churches  were 
self-supporting,  and  wore  active  in  general  bo- 
nevoleneo. 

The  Kohls  (Hindus  from  Chotia  Nagpur,  in 
Central  liengal.  who  were  employed  in  the  tea 
pardons)  be  ;:in  to  attract  attention  in  ln7t. 
They  are  mostly  in  the  district  of  Sibsiigor. 
Though  Biahmans,  some  of  them  had  lieanl  of 
Christ  from  Tjuthcran  missionaries  in  their 
home  in  Bengal,  and  in  .\ssam  tliey  wero  ready 
to  accept  Him.  There  aro  now  two  or  three 
largo  cliurchos  of  those  people,  and  they  have  a 
missionary  to  themselves.  Tliere  have  been 
Romo  conversions  among  tho  Mikirs,  who  are 
best  reached  from  Nowgong.  Though  there 
was  considerable  ])romiso  among  tho  Kacha- 
ris, north  of  tho  Jirahmnpntra,  tho  accessions 
from  that  tribe  have  not  been  largo.  Work 
was  coinmeneed  among  tho  Nagas  as  early  as 
1840,  but  without  much  result  till  1S71,  when 
Rev.  E.  W.  Clark  made  a  tour  of  the  hills. 
There  aro  at  least  three  distinct  tribes  of  Nagas 
in  those  hills— the  Aii  Nagas,  tho  Angami,  and 


11(1  ASSAM 

the  Lhota  Nagas.  There  are  missionnries  labor- 
ing among  each,  and  the  work  has  become  so 
ixteiisive  and  im]M>rtant  that  tho  three  stiitions, 
Moiling,  Kohima,  and  Woklia,  have  been  ei  n- 
slitilteil  a  separate  mission.  .\s  yet  the  mem- 
bership  is  not  large,  lianlly  reaching  one  liun- 
ihed  in  the  three  stations,  but  they  have  many 
schools,  and  tho  outlook  is  jiromising.  'J'he 
(iiiros  are  now  set  oil'  as  a  separate  mission,  anil 
outnumber  both  the  others.  The  .\ssameso 
cliiirclies  number  ITj,  and  their  members  in 
.laiiuary,  ISN'.l,  Were  777.  Tliero  should  bo 
laborers  among  tlii^  Singphos,  Ironi  whom  a 
harvest  might  bo  reiicheil  ;  but  Assam  liajitist 
missions  have  always  liibored  nmbr  two  dilll- 
enlties---a  lack  of  a  sullicient  number  of  mis. 
sionaries  and  the  insalubrity  of  its  elimate, 
which  has  cut  oil'  so  many  of  their  earnest 
workers  in  their  prime,  nml  lias  greatly  reduced 
the  membership  of  their  chiire.lus.  Tho  liiip- 
tists  aro  mt  the  only  denomination  who  havo 
os.sayed  missionary  work  in  Assam,  though  in 
the  valley  of  the  liriihma|iiitra  they  have  had 
no  rivals  save  tho  Koiaiin  Catholics  and  tho 
Mohammeilans,  exci'iit  the  S.ieii  ty  for  the  Propa- 
gation (if  the  (ios]iel,  which  has  I'stablished 
some  schools  in  (iauhati.  Hut  in  the  Surma 
Valley  and  the  hills  north  and  northwest  of  it 
tho  Welsh  I'alvinistic  Methodist  Missionary 
Society  has  eomlneted  a  very  successful  mission 
since  18  11.  (See  WeNh  ( 'alvinisti(!  Jlethodi.st 
I-'oreign  Missionary  Society,  Mission  in  North- 
eastern lieiigal.)  The  Society  have  only  one 
other  mission,  that  to  tho  lintons  in  the  north 
of  France.  Their  missions  in  tho  valley  of  the 
Surma  (Soor  ina;  are  now  divided  into  eight 
stations  or  districts  viz.,  Cherrapoon ja,  Shil- 
loiig,  the  jireseiit  capital  of  As.sam,  in  the  Jyntia 
Hills  ;  Sliella,  Mawjihlong,  Khadsawphra,  Jo- 
wai,  Shang-liooiig,  and  the  Sylhet  district,  tho 
western  lieadiiuarters  of  the  tea  iiroduction. 
Their  converts  havo  been  mostly  among  tho 
Khasis,  .lyntia  and  Southern  (iaro  tribes,  with 
a  few  of  the  .\iigami  Nagas.  The)'  njiort,  in 
18HK,  H  stations,  bS  foreign  workers-  8  of  them 
females  ;  llil'i  native  workers  (21111  males  and  il.'i 
females),  I'l.Til;)  adherents,  l,;!8',l  communieants, 
1,1711  candidates  or  )irobationers,  1,8;!:!  bajitized 
children,  ]'2ii  day  schools,  ;!,8:!:i  day  scholars, 
nil  Sabbath  schools,  with  ,'i, 81111  scholars.  Na- 
tive contributions,  S'i.llld.  They  have  lost  many 
missionarii  s  by  sickness  and  death.  This  region 
is  claimed  by  the  S.  1'.  G.  as  jiart  of  tho  dioi^ose 
of  Calcuffa,  and  we  believe  they  havo  Bchools 
at  Sylhet  and  Shillong. 

Anniiiii. — The  language  spoken  in  Assam, 
a  iirovinco  subject  to  tho  liciigal  presidency, 
belongs  to  tho  India  branch  of  tho  Aryan  family 
of  languages.  A  translation  of  the  Si^rijitures 
into  this  language  was  eommonced  at  Seramporo 
in  ISll  and  oomiileted  in  IHlo,  when  tho  first 
two  Gospels  wero  printed.  The  New  Testament 
was  finished  in  ]8]lt,  and  the  Old  T'estaiuent 
jiulilished  in  18;t,t.  Tho  viasion  belonging  to 
those  whi(  h  have  not  been  found  of  ])ermanent 
value  was  no  more  rojirinted  by  tlie  Seraii.poro 
missionaries,  who  used  tho  Bengal  liiblo  in 
teaching.  An  effort  toward  a  new  translation 
into  Afi.samoso  was  made  by  American  Hajitist 
missionaries.  Tho  late  Nathan  Brown,  after- 
ward missionary  in  .Tajian,  translated  tho  New 
Testament,  whose  third  edition  was  printed  at 
Sibsagar,  Assam,  in  18,')0  ;  another  edition  was 
published  in  1873.     The  rsulms,  translated  by 


I 


ASSAM 


111 


ATAFU 


■t,  the 

tlie 

with 

irt,  in 

tlii'iii 

Hiul  93 

■iiiita, 

>ti/e(i 

liars, 

Xn- 

iiiiUiy 

^ion 

locoso 

I'bools 


issani, 
leiicy, 
'iiinily 
itnres 
njioro 
first 
itneiit 

UlU'Ilt 

II «  to 
iinciit 
i.jKiro 
lo  in 
iition 
ijitist 
(ifter- 
New 

wns 
'.1  by 


W.  Wiiril,  left  tho  press  nt  Silma^nr  in  lM(;:t  ;  an- 
otliiT  oilition  was  issued  at  Ciilcutla.  IHT.V  'I'ho 
Itimk  of  Iviitli  was  |iiil>lisluil  at  Sjlisa^ar  in  IHHll, 
ftiid  was  follinviMl  hy  (illicr  iniitions  (if  llic  (Hd 
Ti'slaiiii'iit  —  vj/.,  <li'nt'sis,  l^xodiis,  .liishua,  1 
Aiid  2  Kiiivis.  l''riiiii  a  I'oiiiiiniriiratiiiii  in  tlio 
Hiililisl  Missiiiiidri/  Miiiinziiii',  |)iililisli(d  by  tlin 
Itiiv.  A.  K.  (iiiriii'V,  of  Silisav!iir,  wr  Irarn  lliat 
the  last  cliaptiT  of  tlii^  liiblo  was  traiislatt'il  into 
Assaairsn  .Imin  'JNt,  Ihm'.i  'I'Iih  liililc  in  As- 
saiiirsf,  hn  st.itcs,  is  ^really  nii'(b'd  now,  and 
every  etlort  will  be  nnidti  to  jiiisli  the  printiuy 
us  rapidly  as  |ioHsiblu. 

(SjH'cimi'ii.  verse.    John  U  :  10.) 

Wl3  SlU*  PfJ^  Ci'fl  a^  ?rt  WTRf:?  IblAli  ^fe* ' 
AM<«i4>iil,  .\«i>«><>t,  <><«i4>«»l,  or  SI«>|||,  tho 

pritiej|ial  t  nvii  and  capital  of  I'ppcr  KHypt,  <'" 
the  Nile  Kiver,  'JJ'S  miles  by  rail  south  of  (,'airo. 
I'opiilalion,  27,170.  It  is  the  larj^est  and  best 
bnilt  loan  south  of  Cairo,  and  has  well  supplied 
bazaars,  handsome  niosiiues,  a  palace  and  nov- 
criniieiit  school.  It  was  until  lately  the  jirin- 
eipal  seat  of  the  slave-trade  of  K|,'y|it,  and  it 
was  also  an  important  military  station.  .Vround 
it  are  traces  of  tht^  ani'ient  <'ity,  and  in  tlie  ad- 
jacent mountains  are  tombs,  urottoes,  and  cata- 
combs, Missiiui  station  of  the  I'nited  I'resby- 
terian  Church,  1'.  .S.  .\.;  J  missionaries,  :i  mis- 
sionaries' wives,  1  sin^lo  ladies.  It  contains  tho 
Assiout  Cnlluf.'e,  ft  larj^e  and  nourishing  institu- 
tion, a  tine  girls'  school,  and  is  the  centre  from 
which  the  mission  work  in  T'pper  K^^ypt  is 
directed  ;  liUl  church-members  ;  hOT  i)ii|)ils  in 
tho  sohools  ftnd  cnllef^e. 

A>t<t«M'iiifi«>ii  r«»r  I  lie  Free  DiNlriltii- 
1i«»ii  4»r  llie  ^«'ri|»liir«'<*.— Hon,  Secretary, 
JIrs,  \.  !•;.  Uobertson,  Chesils,  Christ  Church 
lload,  liaiuiltnn,  London,  N,  \V,,   England. 

This  S  )ciety  was  founded  in  the  year  1IS7I!  by 
IMrs,  .\,  K,  K(d)ertson,  who  had  been  in  the 
habit  of  distributing;  ISibles,  Testaments,  and 
jiortionsof  Scripture  wdien  aliroad  to  those  with 
whom  she  came  in  contact  who  did  not  possess 
a  copy,  Tho  work  grew  upon  her  hands,  and 
ns  she  felt  strouj^ly  that  (Miristiaiis  were  not 
justified  in  withholding  the  Word  of  ftod  from 
any  per,>-on  who  pould  read,  she  determined,  by 
(ri)d's  hel]),  to  call  in  the  aid  of  otiier  Christian 
workers,  asking  them  to  distriimte  the  Scrip- 
tures all  over  the  world,  as  funds  wern  placed 
at  henlisposal  and  persons  were  found  willing  to 
distribute. 

The  efforts  of  the  S.iciety  ara  put  forth  par- 
ticularly in  the  llast  among  ibihamniodans, 
to  whom,  it  is  claimed,  it  is  an  absolute  neces- 
sity to  ;/iiv'  tho  Scriptures,  as  they  are  subject 
to  persecution  when  they  jiurchaso,  among 
llomaii  (,'atholi(^  nations  an  t  nations  belonging 
to  th(!  (ireek  Church.  The  work  is,  however, 
by  no  means  confined  to  these  limits,  but  has 
exteiiiled  to  Hindus,  .Tews,  and  to  the  Zulus  in 
Natal,  Syria,  India,  Turkey,  Africa,  Central 
and  South  .\uiorica,  and  almost  all  tlio  coun- 
tries of  Europe  are  benefited  by  tho  work  of  tho 
Association,  and  it  is  by  means  of  its  efforts 
that  many  Protestant  missions,  as,  for  instance, 
tho  Military  Church  in  Italy  and  the  Spezzia 
Mission,  Italy,  have  attained  such  largo  re- 
sults. 

Tho  number  of  copies  of  the  Scriptures  cir- 


culated throiiRli  the  Andoriiition  since  its  fornin- 

tion  amounls  tti  77,ikhi  Itibles,  l',i.'i,7l'>  Tista. 
mellts,  and  lll.ll""!  (lospels  .\11  the  work  iS 
iloiii'  through  voluntary  agents,  and  thus  all  thu 
funds  contributed  an'  ixpended  in  the  pundia.so 
of  the  Si>rii)tures  .\iiiiual  income,  about 
:i!2,(«Hi. 

,\<tN4M-iiili<Mi  lor  llir  ^iipporl  of 
'ni*n  Tajlor'o  >lo«l<-iii  <>lrl*'  M'IkmiI, 

llt'iroill.  Seiaelaiy  ulid  Treasun  r,  William 
J'ergusoii,  Ivsip,  Kinmiiiiily  House,  Mintlaw, 
Aberdeenshire,  Scolland. 

This  WDrk,  oin^  of  piiridy  CliriKtian  education, 
is  carried  on  among  the  poorest  class  of  iieopio, 
iiududing  Moslems  and  Iiruses,  in  lleirout, 
Syria,  Miss  Taylor,  who  weiit  to  ISeirout  from 
Scolland  in  lMr„'i,  finding  no  one  to  cari'  for  tho 
liegltH'ted.  dirty  (diil.lren  and  the  w  ild  Moslem 
girls,  of  wIkuu  there  are  so  many  in  lieirout, 
iimlertook  to  establish  a  school  for  them.  This 
she  was  able  to  do  in  Imi'iH,  since  whiidi  time  it 
has  steadily  prospered.  The  Jliblo  is  the  prin- 
eiprd  text-book  ;  reailing,  writing,  gtography 
anil  arithmetic,  sewing,  knitting,  and  fancy 
work  are  taught;  all  the  sewing,  housework, 
and  washing  of  tin-  ustalilishment  are  done  by 
the  girls. 

There  are  now 4(nioardingftn(ir)0(lny  scholars 
in  the  institution  at  lieirout,  and  about  :I0 
scholars  in  tho  day  school  at  l{as  lieirout. 
Mothers'  meetings  are  in  id.  and  tho  poor  and 
sick  aio  visited.  Miss  Taylor  has  imw  an  asso- 
ciate and  several  native  In  Ipers,    Iiiinnie,  t-hl?. 

.\MN04-iiile  K«-r4>riiii>«i  l*r«*»l»)lfrliiii 
M)ll«»«i     4>r    llic     Noillll.  —  Ileadtjuarters, 

Due  West,  South  Carolina. 

The  foreign  missionary  work  of  the  Assoeiata 
Itefornitd  I'resbyterian  Synod  of  the  South  be- 
gan in  IH'o,  when  a  missionary  was  sent  to 
Kgyjit  to  work  in  connection  with  tlif.  I'nited 
I'resbyterian  Mission  Society.  I'pon  her 
death  this  connection  ceased,  and  work  was  bo- 
gun  in  Mexico.  The  first  field  of  oiierations 
was  the  State  of  Tamaulipas,  with  the  central 
station  at  Tampieo,  where  a  chundi  building 
costing  $H,(KMI  has  lately  been  completed. 
Minor  stations  are  at  I'ueblo  Viego,  Chiconcillo, 
Tall)  Hlanco,  Los  Organos,  Tapa  It.ica,  Kl  Kstero, 
Tantima,  I'anueo,  and  Vega  de  Otates.  Work 
has  recently  been  entered  upon  in  the  States  of 
San  I..uis  I'otosi  and  Vera  Cruz  .\nuual  ex- 
penses of  the  mission,  ab;>ut  ^;;t,.")llO, 

AMHOIIilll,  a  town  in  T'pper  Kgypt,  nt  the 
Kecond  cataract,  A  station  on  the  socalled 
Ai)Ostles'  route,  established  by  the  Moravian 
Hrethreii  in  Kgypt  in  lM'i.">.  but  afterward  aban- 
doned by  them.  Now  visited  as  an  out-station 
by  the  I'nited  I'resbyterian  Mission  of  the  United 
States  of  America. 

ANNyriil,  that  portion  of  Eastern  Turkey  ex- 
tending from  Diarbekir  on  the  north  to  ^losul 
on  the  south,  and  c.miiuising  the  northern  part 
of  tho  Mesopotamia  iilain.  The  word  is  now 
seldom  used  as  a  geogr  ijihical  term.  When  the 
A.  H.  C.  F.  M  commenced  its  work  in  that 
region  tho  mission  formed  was  called  the  As- 
syrian Mission,  but  that  has  since  been  merged 
into  tho  Eastern  Turkey  Slission. 

ANNyriail  Cliri<ili)in«,  a  term  used  some- 
times to  designate  the  Xestorians  who  adhere 
to  tho  old  Church.     (See  Xestorians.) 

Ataflu,  one  of  the  Tokeluu  Islands,  north  of 


' 


ATAfU 


ua 


AUSTRALIA 


tw 


Riiiiioii,  I'dlynoniu.     Hus,  to^jolli  .   with  Niikii 
iiiinii  unci  olrisi'iiurt.  :i""  iiiliiiliitiiiilH,  wild  I'nriii 
n  coiij^ri'niitiim  uinln  u.ii  ivc  clircclnm.     Musini 
gtutiiiii  of  iIk'  L.  M.  !S. 

.\lli<'ii«,  tho  ciipitiil  of  (Iroppo.  K.r  full 
iii'coiiiit,  sri!  nrtii'li'H  (iroi'CH,  A.  It.  ('.  F.  M  , 
I'r.'Hl..  Hoard  |S  intlil,  I'lot.  Kiiis.  Cb.  (U.  H.  A.). 

.%f  MIINll,  •Tapitti.  Ik  towti  in  th»  \iti;<>.vii  ills, 
trill,  in  till)  Hcmtliurn  purt  of  tlin  iimiii  i.-liiinl 
(Nipiill),  went  Hoiitliwist  of  'roUlo  MIsnIhii 
Htiition  of  thi>  .Mi'lliiiilJHt  Kplsi'Dpul  Clinirh, 
North  :  1  iiiilivo  prciirhrr.  4:1  (•lniri'li-iiinmlx'rs. 

Allt'kltllMl,  N'l'kv  /I'lilii'iil,  on  till)  Wiiitii- 
nmtii,  nipititl  of  till'  iirnviiici'  of  Aiukluiul, 
Popiilittion,  with  Hiiliurlii.  Ih.imki,  clilnlly  Kii>^- 
lisli,  Irish,  Si' itrli,  iiiiil  ( iiTiiiiiiif*,  l!Il^;llHl.■ll  in 
worUin<{  till'  Kiilil  iinil  coiil mini's  nriir  tho  town 
nml  in  tho  iimniifiu'toriis  wIkikh  ]ii-.icliii'tM  forin 
tho  I'liiof  expoits.  .\Ii'<siiin  htiilioii  of  till' < '.  M, 
S.;  oni'  iiiissioimrv  ami  wifi'.  rriiiiitivo  Mi'lh- 
otlist  MissioimiT  Soc'ii'tv  ;  1  m'IiooIs,  liuti'iirlii'rs, 
310  si'holiirH.  i'nitccl  .Mi'thoilist  l''reii('luiri'ht's, 
ouu  iiiiHsionary. 

Aiicr,  Joliii  4ii<tUli«-l»,  h.  Ni!iiliiili\i'li, 
WiirtciiilMr},',  (iiriimiiy,  Num  inhor  IStli,  l.s:!J. 
Hi)  wiis  wi'll  tniinecl  hy  iiti  ciiriii'st  Christiiiu 
mother.  "In  tho  vilhi^-i)  school,"  says  his 
frifiul  DiU'rr,  "  Im  was  ilistiii;,'uislu!il  for  his 
clour  intilh'i't,  ciiiiok  perception,  ami  f^ood 
nieiiior..  so  that  his  father  chrise  for  him,  at  tho 
closo  of  his  school  term,  tho  profession  of 
teacher."  Imiiiecliutely  on  haviiif^  colle^!!)  ho 
becaiii.)  a  teacher  at  (teysliiirf4,  whoii)  "  his 
mental  nhility  ami  aiiiiahility  soon  won  for  him 
tho  atToction  of  tliu  wliolo  town."  While  a 
teacher  he  was  converted,  and  ajiplicd  for  iii- 
Rtruction  and  ciniiiuissinn  as  u  missionary.  In 
Novenilicr.  IS.'il.  seventy  candidates  for  niis- 
siouarv  lif'  fr.itn  various  parts  of  .Switzerland 
and  (iermanv  applied  for  ndiiiission  to  tho 
school  at  liaslo.  of  that  nnniher  oinhtcen  wero 
aocejited,  and  aiii.inj,'  them  Aiier.  At  tho  mis- 
sion house  "  ho  distinnnislied  himself  in  every 
department  of  learniuj,',  Imt  especially  liy  an 
original  and  practical  methoil  of  preaching." 
In  iH.'iS  ho  was  declared  l>y  tho  faculty  thor- 
oughly eipiipped  as  a  missionary.  Tho  same 
year  ho  joined  tho  Haslo  Mission  station  at 
Akropong  in  the  interior  of  the  (iold  Coast,  south 
and  east  of  Cape  ralmas,  and  hecamo  a  teacher 
in  the  seminary.  In  IHCrj  ho  dissolved  his  con- 
nection with  tho  ISaslo  Missionary  Society, 
offered  himself  ns  a  candidate  for  the  ministry 
in  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  was  ordained  by 
Bishop  Payne  at  Cavalla.  In  Isc,;!  his  wife  died, 
and  shortly  after  ho  sailed  for  America,  greatly 
prostrated  hy  lahor  and  sorrow.  During  hi.i 
three  yearri'  stay  there  he  was  constantly  occu- 
pied, and  hy  his  earnest  and  original  style  of 
address  awakencl  a  new  interest  in  Africa. 
Keturning  to  his  field  in  lHfi7,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  two  delinito  ohjocts  a  higher  education 
for  the  African  Church  and  a  systematic  prepa- 
ration for  giving  to  tho  heathen  the  (lospel  in 
their  own  tongue.  Acceding  to  lUshop  I'lvyne's 
request,  he  became  tho  head  of  tho  high  school 
at  Cavalla.  He  believed  that  the  Ihblo  should 
be  given  to  the  people  iu  their  vernacular.  In 
addition  to  tho  work  of  teaching,  ho  translated 
or  composed  books  in  the  Kroo  language  and 
the  Grebo.  He  prepared  a  Grebo  primer  and 
dictionary,  and  revised  the  translation  of  the 
Prayer.Book.     He  also  devised  a  method  of 


writing  tho  Grebo  with  vocal  marks,  thus  sav. 
ing  tliK  use  of  Iiiillllplied  vowels.  lie  had  a 
si'liool  of  twelve  HludeUtH,  whom  he  fiilthfully 
trained. 

His  health  having  fiiileil,  he  ritiinied  to  ( ior- 
iiiaiiy  to  ncriiil.  While  there  he  was  iiiforiiii'd 
of  his  election  by  the  House  of  lllslinps,  Octo- 
ber Mist,  IsTJ,  t.i  the  .MiNsioiiury  I'.pisciipato  of 
Cape  ralmas  and  palls  ailjiicelit.  lie  iiciepted 
llii'a|ipointment,  and  wrote  :  "  1  ciiniiot  coine  to 
.\liii  rica  yet,  because  I  must  tiiiisli  two  liookn 
at  least  olio  in  the  pre.-,s  iiiiil  the  other  n  ady 
f  ir  it.  'riiese  lire  my  tools  for  future  work.  I 
want  to  ho  in  the  Itiited  States  and  to  do  all  I 
fiin  in  pleading  forAlrica."  He  was  ordained 
bishop  at  Georgelowii,  l>.  ('.,  April  ITtli,  If^Til, 
ISisliiip  I'ayiie  laying  his  hiiiids  on  the  head  uf 
his  successor.  ISefiU'e  retiiriiiiig  to  (ieriiiaiiy,  in 
.Inly,  he  hail  Koveral  serious  attaeks  of  illness, 
from  which  ho  piirtially  recovered  during  tho 
voy.ige  and  after  reaehing  his  native  lanil. 
There  he  began  lit  once  to  curry  his  work  through 
tho  press,  and  by  November  ho  had  prepared 
an  eleiiieiitary  book  and  a  Itible  history  in  tho 
Kroo  liiiigiiage,  H  triinslalioii  of  the  I'saliiis,  anil 
a  book  of  hymns  in  metre  in  the  ( iielm,  n  re- 
vised eilition  of  the  I'rayer  liook,  and  a  time- 
book.  To  this  he  added  a  book  of  cbunts.  The 
translatinn  of  parts  of  the  Scripturu  and  Church 
Services  into  Grebo,  begun  by  liishop  I'ayiio, 
he  cnmpleted.  On  November  '2(»th,  leaving  bin 
family,  ho  started  for  Africa.  Though  very 
feeble  on  arriving  at  Cape  I'almiiH,  December 
'Jlllli,  ho  entered  earnestly  on  his  mission  work, 
milking  many  ap])ointiiients  he  was  unable  to 
tiiUil.  He  died,  February  lOth,  1K71,  at  C'aiJO 
I'aliims. 

.\iikaii<>KOr,  or  Aukii,  negroes,  an  abo- 
riginal tnlie  of  Dutch  (iiiiana,  among  whom  tho 
.Moravians  eniiducted  missions  from  17ii"i  to 
imii,  bapti/ing  during  that  period  one  hundred 
Hush  iiegriic!S,  without,  however,  being  ablo 
permanently  to  retain  a  hold  r.pou  tho  people. 

,\urilli;;illlll<l,  in  tho  Nizam's  Dominions, 
India,  It"!)  miles  northeast  of  liombay.  I'opu- 
lation,  10,011(1.  A  C.  .M.  S.  station  (1'h70),  with 
(i7M  members,  under  tho  charge  of  a  native 
liastor,  a  converted  I'arsee. 

.\llMlrill  InIiiikIn,  Polynesia,  a  group  in 
the  South  racilb',  near  the  Society  Islands, 
southwest  of  tho  Low  Archipelago.  They  are 
small,  but  have  been  very  populous.  Mission 
station  of  the  L.  M.  S. ;  -I  native  pastors,  Gl'i 
church  mombers,  11  schools,  i'M)  scholars. 

AllNlrillllt. — When  Australia  was  discov- 
ered tho  aboriginal  race  inhabiting  it  were  found 
to  bo  a  nomadic  jiooplo,  very  low  in  the  scale 
of  hniniin  life.  Autliro])ologists  have  difliculty 
in  classifying  them  and  in  tracing  their  ori- 
gin. Their  languages  have  also  puzzled  phi- 
lologists, ^s  ' '  they  have  little  or  no  connection 
with  that  to  which  the  Malay,  1  olyncsian,  and 
Melanesinn  belong.  Dr.  Hleek,  whose  reputa- 
tion gives  Weight  to  his  opinion,  belioves  them 
to  be  nearly  allied  to  the  languages  of  South- 
eastern Africa."  The  people  wore  no  clothing, 
pnd  lived  in  small  huts  of  bark  or  of  sticks  and 
grass.  Their  food  was  what  nuture  afforded  on 
land  and  sea.  They  carried  on  no  cultivation. 
Alany  of  them  were  cannibals,  but  this  was  an 
insult  reserved  for  the  bodies  of  their  enemies, 
though  Dr.  Lang  has  asserted,  on  what  apjiears 
to  be  conclusive  evidence,  that  they  have  been 


AUSTRALIA 


li:t 


AUSTRALIA 


kncnvn  'n  cut  pnrtionn  of  tlio  dfiul  ViodicH  of 
tlii'ir  iltcniNcil  rcliilivcft  out  i)f  r(N|ii'ct.  'I'liin 
\MiM  iliihi'  lis  Ik  fiiiKiriil  <'('r«iii(iiiy,  tr)  lUTvoiit  i-x- 

ct'Hhivr  uriuf.  'rili'iriirtH  were  I'rw,  iilnl  COIiMiHti'd 
chii'lly  111  iiiiikiiiK  wiiilH'lis,  lisli  liimlis,  luls, 
liii^^s,  mill  caiiois.  'I'liii  c'lirviil  wciiiion  nilliil  a 
"  liodiiirninn"  ii  in'ciili.ir  In  tlnMii.  'I'lic  liibis 
liv.il  III  idiiHtiiiil  liiiHlilily  t(i«iiiil  tiicli  otiicr, 
mill  tliry  Imil  iiuiiiy  lilnmly  fiiulH.  'I'lirir  iimr- 
ri. 11^11  ciisliMiis  liiivi'  iimliy  pniiitH  iif  ii^^rci  iiii'iit 
witli  tlins)' of  itlioi'i^iiiitl  ttilii's  tliriiii^liimt  tlio 
Morlil.  Till'  first  iiiii'Htinii  at  tlii'  liiitli  of  ii  clillil 
was  wliclluT  it  slioiilil  liii  |icniiitli'il  to  live.  If 
till!  iiiotlnr  hail  aln.Kly  u  ili  liiato  rliilil.  or  if  it 
was  fouiiil  ilii'Dlivt'liieiit  for  her  to  liavf  tlir  earn 
of  nil  infant,  tlio  iirw  Imrii  lialic  wan  put  to 
lU'iitli  or  iiliaiKl.iuiil.  'I'liiilir  alVrclioii  wuh, 
liowi  vrr,  hIiowii  to  cliililnn,  Itiit.  hh  I'rofcsKor 
Max  MiilliT  lias  Maiil,  tlm  lalij^UMHi'S  have  many 
wonls  to  txprrsH  iIimmIh  of  cruelty,  iitnl  ri murk- 
iilily  fi'w  to  express  iitTcction.  Likn  all  priiiiitivn 
people,  lliey  hail  a  ureat  helief  ill  v  itcheraft, 
an  1  ri'nanliil  sickness  ami  ilealli  as  (he  result 
of  the  evil  eye.  Vet  they  hail  a  posit ive  reliK- 
ions  lielief  in  ii  (ireat  Spirit,  whnsc  iiiuiie  was 
rati  ly  iittereil  except  on  soleiiiii  occasions,  ami 
even  tlieii  with  tiateil  lircatli.  Till'  kinship  of 
^oild  ami  lueii  cull  lie  traceil  in  all  amieiit  ro- 
lij^ions,  ami  the  Australian  alioriiiiiies  nt^anled 
their  ^;rcat  ancestral  .Spirit  as  "  our  l'"allier." 
"  According  to  the  tradition,  he  formerly  lived 
upon  the  eartli,  and  v;avi)  to  the  trihes  the  laws 
which  govern  niarria^^e  and  descent,  taught 
them  how  to  hunt,  and  instructed  them  in  tlu^ 
iiiannfacturrt  of  their  weajions.  utensils,  etc. 
In  short,  he  is  their  (ireat  Ancestor,  ii  Hort  of 
deilied  .Vhnihaiii,  who.  licino  removed  from 
earth  to  sky.  atill  exercises  over  his  descendauts 
a  supervision  which,  thoiii^li  heiievolcnt,  is  stern 
to  punish  otretiders  a^^aiiist  the  ancestral  cus- 
toms." They  practised,  especially  in  the  north 
and  west,  the  rito  of  circumcision,  which  was 
}iorforiiied  with  much  ceremony  at  the  a^^ewhen 
the  youth  was  removed  from  tlu!  women.  Tlie.v 
had  also  sjiecial  ceremonies  at  funerals,  and 
some  have  credited  them  with  a  faint  lielief  in 
nn  immortal  life,  and  even  in  the  resurrection 
(if  tho  dead  ;  their  funeral  ciistoiuH.  however, 
vary.  Livinj^  so  much  in  the  liusli  and  conver- 
sant with  nature,  they  have  lieen  noticed  to  pos- 
sess sniiii)  very  keen  animal  instincts,  lleiico 
they  have  been  proved  to  1)0  the  Ix'st  trackers 
of  persons  or  cattlo  lost  in  tho  luish.  They 
hftvo  traced  hlood  or  bodies  of  the  murdered 
and  even  the  murderer  in  cases  where  white 
police  luid  been  Imtlliid. 

The  black  tribes  are  numerous  still  in  tlio 
north,  west,  and  interior  of  .\ustralia.  thoui^h, 
like  most  aborij^inal  jieople,  they  are  decaying  ; 
but  they  have  rapidly  disappeared  w  hen  brought 
into  contact  with  the  colonists.  They  have 
sometimes  been  altackeil  or  killed  when  thev 
were  af,'£;rcssorfi,  and  they  have  become  victims 
to  intemperance.  Circiimsi^ribed  in  their  no- 
madic vaiit^e,  exposed  to  the  bottle  and  tho 
rille,  the  blacks  soon  diminish  in  numbers.  In 
Tasmania  they  havo  nil  perished.  In  New 
South  Wales,  Victoria,  and  South  Australia  they 
are  reduced  to  a  few  thousand. 

Tho  fact  that  the  early  settlement  of  British 
people  in  -Vustralia  was  a,  convict  establishment 
will  account  for  nothing  beinf,'  done  for  tho 
ftborit^innl  people  for  a  considerable  time. 
Somo  of  them  were  employed  by  the  white  in- 
truders, and  proved  to  bo  faithful  servants.     It 


was  only  in  1^11  that  (i.ivernor  Maoptario 
issued  a  proclamation  declaring  lliiit  "will,  a 
view  to  elfeet  the  civilization  of  the  iiborinilies 
of  New  South  WaliH  and  to  render  their  habits 
morn  doiiiesticati  d  and  industrious,  and  to  n  n 
der  them  not  only  liapjiy  in  lliemselvt  s.  but  also 
in  some  denree  u-eful  to  the  ciinimiiiiity,  he  has 
ill  tirmiiied  III  iiislilute  a  school  for  the  ediiiii- 
tiiiii  of  the  native  childn  n  of  both  sexi  s,  and 
to  assij^n  a  purlnui  of  land  for  tlii'  oceupaiuy 
and  cultivation  of  the  adult  natives  umh  r  hiu  h 
riih'H  iiiid  rei^iihitions  lis  appear  to  him  likiliest 
to  answer  til"  desired  obji  lis."  J'l  r  this  imr- 
pose  rules  wi're  drawn  up  and  jMiblishi  d.  iiml 
the  school  was  opened  at  raramatla,  tiiiirleeli 
miles  from  Sydney.  IiiiriiiK  ei^^ht  yeiir.s  llio 
^'reatehl  niiniln  r  of  children  at  any  time  in  tliu 
school  w  as  tweiily-lhree.  .\n  alteiupt  Was  liiiido 
to  loiali/e  II  tribe  at  a  idacii  twenty  miles  from 
Syiliii  y,  and  called  lUacktowii.  The  school  was 
romin'ed  there  in  |h-J:1,  but  in  IhiU  it  was 
broken  up,  and  the  haiiilet  of  lihuklowii  was 
soon  abaliiloned. 

The  lirst  missionary  etTort  was  made  at  Lake 
Macipiarie  in  In'J,")  by  the  l,iiiidoii  Xlissimiary 
Society,  which  had  for  mme  than  a  ipiarter  of 
a  celituiy  bii'ii  evanneli/in^{  the  Society  Islands. 
-Many  of  llnir  au'ents  ]iahsed  throu^^h  Sydney, 
ami  muiie  of  tin  111  had  found  an  asylum  thero 
during,' times  of  peril  at  Taliiti.  The  l!ev.  Jy. 
I',.  Threlkeld  was  appointed  missionary  at  l.ako 
.Macqiiarie.  The  establishment  cost,  even  at 
that  time,  as  miudi  as  t'llMl  per  annum.  Mr. 
Threlkeld  felt  an  almost  insii|ienible  dilliculty 
from  tho  roving;  habits  of  the  blaidvs  .\fter  six 
years  of  failure  the  I.ondiui  .Missionary  Society 
l^avo  up  the  work,  but  thk'  t'oloniid  Government 
continued  it,  and  ludvided  Mr.  Threlkeld  with 
II  salary  of  Cl'il',  and  tMli  per  annum  for  four 
convict  servants.  The  missionat.v  persevered 
amid  many  trials  and  discoiira'^ements,  acipiired 
the  laIl|.!lla^;e,  ]iniited  a  spelling,'  book  and  traiis- 
latious  of  parts  of  Scripture,  but  in  his  rejiort 
in  tho  end  of  Im:),".  he  said,  "  The  dilliculty  lies 
in  ]>rocuriii^!  scholars.  The  jieciiliar  habits  of 
the  natives  are  serious  drawbacks  to  missionarv 
enterprise  uiid  to  their  own  civil  and  spiritual 
advancement  ;  for  however  much  they  may  and 
do  become  useful  to  Euro])i  ans  in  tritlin^  oni- 
ploynients  in  our  various  Ketllements,  they  re- 
main uninstrncted  in  Christian  principles,  and 
become,  by  such  intercourse,  initiated  in  vice  ; 
the  men  receive  the  wafjcs  of  prostitution  from 
those  they  procure,  xvlio  are  yearly  becoming 
victims  to  disease." 

Tho  tribes  around  T^ake  Macipmrio  became 
almost  extinct  about  iHill,  and  the  mission  was 
closed. 

In  1H.')2  another  mission  was  established  at 
Welliiif^ton,  about  'ioO  niiles  to  the  west  of  Syd- 
ney. The  missionaries  in  charp'were  the  Kev. 
W.  Watson  and  J.  ('.  Handt.  The  same  difli- 
cullios  wero  encountered  there,  bnt  the  mis- 
sionaries <lid  their  best  to  acipiiro  the  laiif^uaf^o 
of  tho  district,  to  teach  the  youn;^,  and  to  ad- 
dress the  jieople.  They  composed  a  f^rammar 
and  a  voc.abuhirv.  and  translated  jiortions  of 
Scripture,  chielly  St.  Luke's  (iospel.  and  a  jiart 
of  the  .Vn^lican  Liturt,'y.  Two  nieiiibers  of  the 
Society  of  Friends,  Messrs.  liackhouse  nnd 
Walker,  visited  the  station  in  1>*'.\'>,  while  on 
their  travels  round  tho  world,  and  esi)ecially  in 
Polynesia,  anil  the.v  found  tho  missionaries  with 
five  hundred  shecj),  one  hundred  cattlo,  and 
Homo  horses  and  pigs,  but  learned  that  it  was 


AUSTRALIA 


114 


AUSTRAIilA 


i 


h 


I 
1 


chiutly  tho  sni>ply  of  food  thnt  drew  the  blacks 
nnniuil  tlium.  In  their  report  they  siiy,  "  These 
l)0()l)le  lire  not  niiinernus  hire  ;  ii  hiiiulreil  in 
the  most  that  Inis  been  seen  lit  iiny  stiitimi  ; 
iiliout  thirty  is  tlio  usiml  iiiuuher  resortini; 
hither.  Thi'V  nro  said  to  he  very  c  Mpneious, 
nnd  by  no  lueiins  desirous  to  h  urn  further  tlmn 
they  uro  tempted  liy  the  sii|iply  of  f  )od.  Tins 
is  wlmt  may  reas  mahly  he  expeetid  tiom  ii  ino- 
ple  who  are  n  it  vet  uware  of  « liat  they  are  to 
L'aiii  liy  hi'rning  to  read.  Thiir  moral  state  is 
represeiiti'd  hy  tho  hiwest  {^rade.  liuiM.irali- 
ties  of  tho  1,'rossest  kind  nre  reported  ti)  he  prae- 
tised  amonn  them,  hut  these  are,  in  some  meas- 
ure, trucealile  to  the  intliit'iiee  of  the  prisoner 
stock-keepers  "  Thus  the  work  of  thii  mission- 
ary was  ri'udereil  nugatory  by  the  vicious  in- 
tluenco  of  while  men  In  1n:!7  tlu^  liev.  .1. 
(iiinther  took  charge  of  tho  mission,  but  in  1^11 
it  was  broken  mi. 

The  \if\\  l>r.  Lan^;,  an  euiiiieiit  clerj;yman 
anil  philanthropist,  who  hid  couie  to  New 
South  Wales  in  l'<2:t  as  the  tlrst  minister  of  the 
("hurch  of  Scotland,  took  a  ^leat  iiiti-rest  in  the 
nbori^ino-i.  On  one  of  his  visits  to  Kiirope  lie 
consulted  with  the  devout  iind  charitable  Pastor 
Giissner  at  Herliii,  and  j^ot  him  to  select  nnd 
send  out  several  missionaries  to  labor  iiiuont; 
the  aborii^ines.  Messrs.  Schiermeistt  r,  Kii^sf, 
and  IJiinke  in  Islil,  and  Messrs.  Hausmann, 
Zillmiin,  Sehmitt,  and  Xi(|net  in  isll,  arrived 
and  be^;an  work  at  .Moreton  Jtay  and  at  Keiipel 
Uny.  They  were  not  adecpiately  suiiiiortud,  but 
some  of  them  eontinu  at  their  benevolent  nnd 
Christian  enter|irise  foi  ei^jhteeii  years,  when 
they  had  to  ^;ii'e  it  up.  The  Kev.  Mr.  Hiuis- 
maiiii,  howcviv,  kept  up  his  missionary  etforts 
on  the  .Vlbert  Kiver,  nnd  received  n  re-enforce- 
ment of  youn^!  iiuii  from  (liissner's  Society  in 
IJeiliii.     The  results  were  very  discouraoiug. 

The  Uev.  William  liidley,  M..V.,  a  scholarly, 
devout,  and  patient  worker,  ntt'»uipted  n  niis- 
sinn  in  New  South  'Wales  anions  tho  blacks  on 
tho  Xiimoi  Kiver  about  l^oK.  lie  iicipiired  the 
Kamilaroi  lanj;uaL;e,  of  which  he  afterward  ]iub- 
lished  a  valuable  f^raiumar,  iilon^;  with,  sonie 
notes  of  other  hini^'iiayes.  He  also  translated 
short  jiortions  of  tho  (lospid  narratives.  Mr. 
Kidley  found  the  niij^ratory  habits  of  the  tribes 
Very  injiuious  to  his  work  and  to  the  residence 
of  his  family  aiooiio  them.  .Vnd  tlioiif^h  his 
labors  were  not  in  v  lin,  he  had  also  to  retire  to 
Sydney,  where  he  continued  to  jireach  occnsion- 
nlly  wliile  employed  as  a  journalist.  He  nt- 
t'.Mui)ted  to  learn  Chinese  bidore  his  death. 

Uecent  etforts  in  Xew  South  Wales  have  been 
on  the  plan  of  forming  stations  for  the  residence 
and  work  of  the  aborii,'ines  and  for  educating 
tho  (diildreii.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dnuiid  Matthews 
for  tifteen  years  conducted  one  of  these,  and 
had  the  satisfaction  of  lending  a  goodly  num- 
ber to  the  Saviour.  The  .\borigines'  rrotection 
.Vssociatiin  lately  took  over  Mr.  .Matthews's 
company  and  removed  them  to  kind  granted  by 
the  governiiient.  They  also  took  over  n  station 
established  by  tho  Kev.  J.  1!.  (iribble,  who  for 
several  year.s  devotid  himself  to  missionary 
work  niiiong  the  remnant  of  aborigines,  both 
])un!  nnd  mixed,  wlnuii  h-^  gathered  together. 
Tho  Ciovernment  of  New  South  Wales  assist  this 
work,  nnd  the  Christian  public  subscribe  to  it. 
A  considernble  amount  of  good  has  been  done 
by  the  Association.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Matthews, 
after  a  visit  to  England  in  Ihm'.).  when  they  were 
accompanied  by  two  aboriginnl  Christian  con- 


verts, intend  to  carry  on  their  lanevolent  oper- 
ations us  before,  by  means  of  tlui  help  of  Chris- 
tian  friends.  The  property  of  the  station  is 
their  (uvii,  Th^  numbers  in  New  South  Wales 
are  only  o.lliMi,  scattered  over  a  territory  of 
:Uil,iKlil  siiuare  miles. 

In  till'  colony  of  Victoria  several  well-sus- 
tained elVoils  have  been  made  to  Christianize 
and  elevate  the  aborigines.  These  have,  for  the 
most  part,  been  placed  in  the  hands  of  Moriu  iiiu 
missionaries,  wli  >,  with  cliaracii  rislic  energy 
and  self  denial,  have  jiersevered  in  doing  good. 
In  l"<o(l  the  Afoiaviaii  Church  e  uu'iiissioncd 
the  Itev.  Messrs.  Spieseke  and  Tager,  alterward 
yU:  Hansen,  to  bigin  iv  mission  at  Lake  Jiogo. 
They  found  insuperable  (litliculties  and  re- 
turned to  Kui'oiie  III  I'Soii,  without  the  sanction 
of  the  Mission  IJoard.  In  ISoS  .Mr.  Spieseke 
was  sent  to  reopen  the  mission,  and  the  Kev. 
J".  .\.  Hageniiuer  was  also  apimiiUed.  The  lat- 
ter has  continued  for  thirty  two  vi ars  in  the 
holy  work,  and  has  been  higlil\  esteemed  by  all 
who  know  him  ;  and  he  has  bn  n  lately  ap- 
)ii)inted  by  the  government  general  inspectiir 
and  secretary  for  the  iiboiigines,  so  that  the 
whole  remnant  of  the  jieojilo  is  now  under  his 
ctirc.  The  number  in  Victoria  is  now  reduced 
ti  less  than  1,0110.  Messrs.  Ilageliauer  and 
Spieseke  began  their  mission  in  the  Wimniera 
district,  where  they  were  welcomed  by  the  set- 
tlers as  well  as  by  the  blacks.  The  number  of 
converts  there  durinu'  their  labors  was  loO,  of 
whom  ."iO  baptized  native  Christians  are  still 
alive.  Only  a  small  remnant  of  the  race  now 
reside  there,  and  they  are  under  tho  care  of 
Messrs.  liogisidi  and  Kramer. 

.Vfter  this  good  beginning  the  Christian 
churches  of  Victoria  took  iij)  aboriginal  mis- 
sions. Tho  Churidi  of  England  Missionary 
Committee  sent  Kev.  ^lessrs.  (roodwin  and 
liulmer  to  the  Lower  Murray  liiver,  below  the 
junction  of  the  far-journeying  waters  of  the 
Jlarling  with  the  .Murray.  They  established  a 
station  at  Velta,  m  ar  the  spot  where  the  in- 
defatigable explorer,  Captain  Stiirt,  had  a  mar- 
vellous esciiiie  from  being  killed  by  the  hostile 
blacks  encan  ;ied  there.  This  station  was  given 
up  because  all  the  natives  had  died  out.  .\n 
attempt  was  made  to  carry  the  (iospil  farther 
into  the  interiiu'  at  Cooper's  Creek,  near  tho 
]ilace  where  the  explorers  ]>urke  and  Wills  pei'- 
ished.  Mr  Ihili  ler  was  sent  to  (tippsland  in 
IsCp'J.  where  he  estaldished  a  mission  on  a  ]>en- 
insula  lit  Liiko  Tyers.  A  full  apparatus  of 
church  and  school  was  erected  on  a  reserve  to 
which  the  blacks  were  invited  for  residence.  A 
number  took  up  their  abode  there,  nnd  ninety- 
seven  have  bieii  baptized  and  there  are  thirt.v 
communicants.  The  people  are,  however, 
dying  out. 

The  Church  of  England  Committee  estab- 
lished a  station  in  tho  southwest,  first  near 
Waruamboiil  under  Mr.  Clark,  nnd  iitleraarJ 
under  the  same  missionary  at  Co'idali,  near 
Portland.  Tii  1«7:2  the  Kev.  Mr.  Krazier  suc- 
ceeded, but  he  resigned  a  year  afterward.  The 
Kev.  H,  Sta'iile,  a  .Moravian  niissionar.v,  was  ap- 
pointed in  1x7:1,  and  he  has  carried  on  the  work 
with  success.  There  are  still  one  hundred  un- 
der instruction. 

When  the  Presbyterians  nnited  in  one  church 
in  lHr)'J,  there  was  a  desire  to  take  jinrt  in  mis- 
sion work  among  the  aborigines  of  Victoria,  and 
the  Kev.  F.  .\.  Hagenauer  was  invited  to  take 
the    superintendence.       After    an    exploratory 

*  .  •  ". 


AUSTRALIA 


115 


AUSTRALIA 


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to 
A 

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il  un- 

mrch 
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ti.ko 
iitory 


jonriiHyiiiul  tho  reiiuisitn  arrangements  with  tho 
Mission  lioiuil  of  thf  .Moruviiin  Cliuroli  in  (tor- 
many,  -Mr.  llaj,'i!naut'r  cominenceil  operations  in 
l«(Ii  al  a  ri'sirve  callcil  liariiahy.ii'k,  in  (lipiis- 
hmil.  In  ISO'.I  lie  was  joined  l)y  tlie  Kev.  V.  \V. 
Kraintr,  who  eontinutil  till  isTii,  wluii  ho  left 
for  Khenezer,  in  the  Wiinuura  district. 

])iu'inj^  twenty  years  nuK^h  aooil  work  has 
been  done  at  Iiaiiiahynek,  and  eonveits  have 
been  won  to  Christ.  I'lie  yoiui^;  have  been 
edneateo,  and  industrial  enterprise  jiroinoted. 
Jlr.  Ila^ciiamr  says  in  his  ri'port  in  Ndveinber, 
IMS',):  "'rhe  total  nuiidper  of  aliorii^ines  under 
our  eare  at  Uaniahynek  is  '.i;t,  Imt  ol  that  num- 
ber lill  are  half-caste.i  who  are  nearly  a'l  settled 
away  from  the  station."  He  adds:  "All  the 
blacks  on  the  station  attend  ri'j,'nlarly  both  tlii' 
iSabhalh  and  tlie  daily  services  in  church,  and 
seem  to  pay  attention  to  tho  simple  preaehing 
of  tho  (tospel." 

At  tho  f,'overniucnt  station  of  Coranderrk, 
near  Melbourne,  under  Mr.  Hliaw,  there  are  one 
hundred  blacks  in  the  eare  of  the  I'resbyterian 
Church.  y\v.  Haf,'enauer  now  superintends  all, 
and  has  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  tlie  few  sur- 
viving rci>resentatives  of  a  decaying  race  kindly 
led  into  tho  fold  of  the  (tood  Sheiiherd. 

In  South  .\ustralia  the  Aborigines'  Friends 
Association  began  niissionai\v  work  in  ls,")S,  and 
njiixiinted  tho  Hov.  (Jeorge  Taplin  to  labor 
among  the  tribes  on  the  sh(U-es  of  I^ake  Ale\- 
nndriiia.  I'or  twenty-one  years  that  devoted 
servant  of  Christ  carried  on  bis  benevolent 
w.irk  with  some  encouragement.  Mr.  F.  W. 
Taplin  was  next  appointi'il,  and  he  labored  for 
ten  years.  Ho  was  suddenly  removed  by  death 
in  a  tire  at  tho  Colfee  I'alace  in  Adelaide  in  IHS'.I, 
He  lias  been  succeeded  by  Mr.  1>.  liackwell. 
The  government  give  .tl.ddO  a  year  tosvnrd  iui. 
proving  tho  condition  of  the  aborigines,  and 
the  Christian  i.ubiic  contribute  about  t'olHt. 
There  are  -ts  children  on  the  books  of  tin; 
school,  with  an  average  attendance  of  only  "Jl!. 
Christian  worship  is  regularly  maintained,  and 
converts  from  time  to  time  have  been  added  to 
the  Lord.  There  is  a  Sunday  school  of  (iO  or 
70,  averaging  lo.  The  reserve  is  stocked  with 
sheep,  and  the  natives  jiiu'forni  the  work  re- 
(juired.  .\n  (Earnest  and  devoted  missionary  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  the  Itev.  W.  Iteiil, 
who  desirei'  to  labor  among  tln!  aborigines  in 
South  .\ustr  da,  ))erished,  in  the  beginning  of 
Lis  work,  in  Lake  Alexandrina.  The  Lutheran 
Society  at  Dresden  also  t  lok  part  in  niissioiiarv 
work  aiiicuig  the  aborigines  of  South  .\ustralia. 
nnd  in  ls:!s,  one  year  after  tlii^  establisbniciit 
of  the  colony,  sent  out  the  l!ev.  Messrs.  Schur- 
inann  and  Teicheliiiaun  to  commeiK'c  a  niission 
near  .\iblaide.  They  were  afterwanl  joineil  by 
Messrs.  .Vppi  It  and  Meyer.  They  labored  witli 
zeal,  but  as  the  number  of  blacks  diminiflieil 
they  had  to  give  up  and  minister  to  the  (ierman 
iiiuiiigrants.  Toward  the  north  missionaries  of 
the  Hermansburg  Society  in  (ieniiaiiy  began  a 
station,  iind  they  now  operate  on  the  tribes 
around  Lake  Kopperamona.  l^ighteen  converts 
liaie  been  bapti/.i'd,  and  the  work  makes  some 
)>rogre.ss.  In  IS77  tlie  I,utlieran  churches  of  Vic- 
toria and  South  Australia  agri>ed  t  >  si  nd  tln'ir 
missionaries  to  a  northern  station  at  the  Finke. 
Thus  various  attempts  have  been  made  to  reach 
the  interior  of  .\ustralia.  The  venerable  Arch- 
deacon Hale,  then  of  Adelaide,  and  afterward 
bishop  succossively  of  Perth  in  Western  Aus- 
tralia ami  of  Brisbane  ia  (iueonsland,  founded 


an  institution  for  the  blacks  at  Poonindio.  lie 
was  a  clergyman  animated  with  a  sincere  desire 
to  advance  tho  (iospel  of  Christ,  and  always 
manifested  a  charitabb'  spirit  toward  other 
Christians,  whoso  respect  ami  coutidence  ho 
won.  'J'he  gooil  work  is  still  carried  on  under 
Mr.  Shaw,  w  lio  was  fcuiuerly  at  Condah  station, 
in  Victoria. 

In  the  northern  juirt  of  the  colony  there  are 
still  tribes  (it  aborigines  w  ho  are  not  reached  by 
the  (iospel,  and  among  whom  missions  may  bo 
established.  The  wide  country  has  been  mostly 
settled,  and  a  mission  statical  would  be  within 
tho  iieigbborhoivd  of  frii'iidlv  gra/iers.  The 
chief  dilliL'ulty  is  still  the  migratory  character 
of  tho  blacks. 

In  Western  Australia  Unman  Catholic  mis- 
sionaries began,  in  IM'.l,  with  ten  luiests,  four- 
teen monks,  and  seven  nuns.  Mr.  ilageiiauer 
says,  "  Tlie.v  divided  into  tlireo  parties-  tho 
southern,  tlu^  central,  and  the  northern  mis- 
sions. Tho  Kcuithern  i>rrty  endured  great  hard- 
ships, and  afler  a  gnat  deal  of  sullenng  h'ft  tho 
country  and  went  to  tlie  Mauritius.  Tho 
northern  ami  largest  party,  under  Mr.  lirady, 
embarked  for  I'ort  I'.ssiiigton.  but  must  have 
suffered  shipwreck,  as  none  of  them  e\er  n  ached 
their  destination  or  were  lieanl  of  any  more. 
Tho  central  l)arty.  under  the  leadership  of  Fa- 
ther Salvado,  now  Hishop  of  New  Noreia,  set- 
tled among  the  natives  northeast  of  Perth,  and 
began  that  still  nourishing  establishment  of  the 
same  nam<-. " 

The  Church  of  Kngland  also  made  an  effort 
to  (^vangeli/e  the  blacks.  The  Kev.  (ieorgo 
King,  M..V  ,  afterward  LI^.O.,  labored  for  some 
time,  but  left  for  New  South  Wales,  where  he 
ministered  in  various  places  for  many  years  to 
Knglish  colonists.  In  Western  .\iistralia  there 
are  many  tribes,  and  the  vast  territory  is  com- 
paratively unsettled.  There  are  not  od.ddO 
colfuiists  in  the  population.  Something  should 
be  ilone  to  localize  the  blacks  on  reserves  before 
the  country  is  settleil,  and  to  institute  school-i. 

The  samo  may  be  said  of  Northern  (^ui>ens- 
land.  The  Uev.  F.  .\.  Hagi'iiauer  maile  a  jmir- 
ney  over  some  ]iarts  of  this  extensive  region  in 
ISHCi,  and  found  spheres  where  Moravian  mis- 
sions might  bo  established.  The  Society  at 
Herrnhut  were  willing  to  send  missionaries. 
The  way,  however,  has  not  been  yet  ojiened  ; 
but  the  Federal  .\ssembly  of  the  Presliyterian 
Churcdies  has  wished  to  establish  a  mission 
among  them. 

In  ls7:)  the  Primitive  Methodist  Cburcdi  nt- 
temjited  a  missiiui  on  I'razei's  Island,  but  after 
enduring  great  hardships  the  missionaries  had 
to  retire.  A  station  was  tried  <ui  the  Mackay 
with  a  like  result.  Mr.  Kiibn,  a  Moravian  mis- 
sionary, began  a  station  near  Wallaroo,  on 
York's  Peninsula,  which  has  met  with  some 
encouragement. 

The  Kev.  F.  A.  Ilagenauer,  after  all  his  labors 
of  thirty-two  years,  all  his  ilisappointmeiits 
through  the  decay  of  the  abmigiiies  around  tho 
mission  stations,  still  nrgi's  tho  occuj'ani'y  of 
new  stations,  "  Many  souls,"  he  says,  "  have 
been  brought  to  the  know  ledge  of  the  truth,  and 
all  who  take  an  interest  in  the  work  may  rejoice 
and  luaise  (ioil  that  He  has  also  given  repent- 
ance unto  life  to  the  original  inhabitants  of  our 
adojited,  beautiful  country."  I'nless  etTorts 
are  made  early  to  evangelize  tribes  outside  of 
the  settled  districts,  it  will  be  ver,v  difficult  to 
set  up  a  mission  station.     The  best  way  ap- 


AUSTRAIilA 


ii»; 


AUSTRAIilA 


I-  -  ?; 


■i    ^» 


■r|  it* 


penrs  to  bo  to  imlnce  the  blncks  to  resiilo  on  ft 
government  reserve.  Only  u  limited  nnmlier 
will  submit  to  the  restrictive  ftiriiuf^(^iiients, 
but  wiiuclerers  will  continue  to  j.iin  the  coui- 
piiny. 

Misnioitu  to  the  Clibxse  in  Auslntlin. — Attrnetrd 
by  the  t^olil  tiehls  iinil  by  the  eueourii'^euients 
to  imliistry,  nmiiy  thousnnd  Chinese  hnve  emi- 
gruted  to  Austriilm  Numbers  of  them  iiri>  en- 
giij,'e(l  in  merchaniliHe,  others  in  gold  mining, 
miiuy  in  mivrket  gurdcninj^  and  other  industrial 
work.  Some  of  thorn  can  reail  and  write,  and 
all  are  accessible  to  Christian  inllnence.  The 
numbers  in  isss  in  Australia  were  ahout  40,(1(11). 
Attempts  have  thereforu  been  made  by  the 
different  churches  to  establish  missions  amon^; 
them  in  the  chief  centres  where  they  have  been 
located.  The  Church  of  Knj,'land  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  this  good  work  in  Victoria  anil 
New  South  Wales.  .V  Chinese  Christian  con- 
vert, the  Uev,  Loo  Hoo  Ten.  was  ordained  by 
the  Bishopof  Sydney  (Dr.  ]iarry),  and  he  carries 
on  a  mission  amoni^  his  countrymen  in  Sydney, 
espec^ially  near  ]!otany  liay.  He  speaks  English 
Hueiitly,  and  has  made  a  good  impression.  Ho 
lias  a  church,  and  several  have  been  baptized. 
A  blanch  mission  has  recently  been  established 
at  liathurst  in  the  same  colony. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  of  New  South  Wales 
Las  for  twenty  years  employed  one  or  more 
Chiiieso  Christian  catechists,  and  there  have 
been  a  few  converts  baptized.  .\t  present  Mr. 
Young  Wai  labors  in  Sydney  and  Mr.  Yeiii  Kee 
in  Newcastle  with  much  encouragement. 

In  Victoria,  where  greater  numbers  of  Chinese 
were  congregated  in  the  cities  and  gold  lields, 
numerous  etiorts  have  been  put  forth  by  the 
Church  of  Knglan<l,  the  Presl)yterian  Church, 
and  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Church.  The 
agents  have  been  chiefly  Chinese  converts,  but 
Hometiines  superintended  by  European  mission- 
aries conversant  with  the  Chinoso  language.  A 
gratifying  amount  of  success  has  attended  thi.s 
mission,  sustainetl  by  the  Trotestaut  churches 
respectively.  There  are  in  New  South  Wales 
1(1, ■ill.")  Chinese  ;  in  (Queensland,  ll,li."):t  ;  in 
ViL^toria,  11, "'.•'.•  ;  in  South  .Vustralia.  l.l")!,  of 
whom  ;),.S()4;  are  in  the  northern  territory,  and 
Kit  in  Tasmania.  These  make  a  total  of 
3S,:t'.)7.  Kestrietive  legislation  has  been  adopted 
of  late  to  jirevent  an  increase  of  this  jiopula- 
tion,  and  emigration  to  China  gradually  reduces 
the  number.  There  is  still,  however,  as  is  ap- 
parent, a  large  proportion  remaining,  sufficient 
to  justify  Christian  efforts  to  evangelize  them 
by  means  of  their  own  language.  Most  of  those 
who  are  in  .Vustralia  speak  the  Canton  dialect. 

MisniiDts  amiiiiij  Poti/iiesiiins  in  Anslniliii, — 
Sugar  planting  in  Queensland  led  to  a  great  de- 
mand for  cheap  labor,  and  vessels  were  sent  to 
recruit  among  the  New  Hebrides  and  Solomon 
Islands  for  laborers  under  an  engagement  for 
three  years.  Many  evils  sprang  uj)  in  this  de. 
portation,  and  statutes  were  passed  by  the  Im- 
perial Parliament  and  by  the  Parlimiient  of 
tiueensland  to  regulate  tlio  labor  traffic.  .\s  a 
result,  a  large  number  of  Polynesians  have  been 
brought  to  (Queensland  dining  twenty  years. 
Some  of  these  were  tecmited  near  mission  sta- 
tions, and  had  been  instructed  in  Christian 
truth.  Most  of  them  were  from  lu'athen  and 
cannibal  islan  Is.  .VII  of  them,  however,  hail 
heard  of  the  missiiuiary,  and  hail  been  led  to 
respect  his  efforts  for  their  gond.  I'nfortu- 
natoly  the  languages  of  these  islands  are  almost 


all  different,  and  on  one  sugar  plantation  the 
labon^rs  represented  so  many  various  tongues 
that  missioiiar.v  teaching  in  any  one  of  them 
could  only  be  very  limited,  iiut  as  there  are 
about  7, ()('()  111  (Queensland,  it  has  been  felt  that 
something  should  bo  attempted  by  means  of 
the  English  language,  which  the,v  raiiidly  ac- 
<piire,  to  teach  them  the  (iospel  of  Christ. 
These  efforts  have  been  attended  by  most  en- 
couraging results.  Several  missionaries  are  now- 
laboring  among  the  Kanakason  the  i)lantations, 
and  the  planters  acknowledge  that  it  has  had  a 
remarkable  effect  upon  the  conduct  of  the  men. 
T'hey  have  therefore  sub.scribed  to  the  mission, 
and  given  facilities  to  their  laborers  to  enjoy  the 
ojiportunities  of  instructiiui.  .Vs  large  congre- 
gations and  classes  can  be  brought  together 
there  as  on  the  islands  where  missionaries  re- 
side. T'ho  ,vouiig  men  have  been  very  ojien  to 
instruction,  and  those  who  have  become  Chris- 
tian and  have  been  received  into  the  Church 
by  bai)tism  have  conducted  themselves  in  an 
exemjilary  manner.  Polynesians  have  also 
found  their  way  to  Sydney,  where  tlie,v  have  be- 
come trusty  and  faithful  servants.  These  have 
been  gathered  into  classes  and  taught  the  tios- 
jiel  by  means  of  the  English  laiigiiagir.  Over 
thirty  have  been  baptized  in  Sydney,  of  whom 
twenty  were  received  into  the  Christian  Church 
by  the  writer  of  thesis  notes.  The  rising 
cliurclies  of  .Vustralia  have  foiiiul  n  sphere  for 
missionary  zeal,  and  they  have  extended  their 
benevolence  to  the  neighboring  groups  of  islands 
in  the  South  Paciric  Ocean.  In  the  New  Heb- 
rides, Christian  missions  have  been  in  oiiera- 
tion  tor  fifty  years.  There  an^  now  is  mission- 
aries employed  by  different  Presbyterian 
(diurches.  There  are  170  native  Christian 
teachers.  There  are  l.o'i'J  communicants. 
Some  of  the  islands,  as  .Vneityum,  Aniwa,  I'ate, 
and  Ngnna,  are  Christian.  Others  have  Chris- 
tian churches.  On  almost  all  the  thirty  islands 
missionary  operations  have  been  initiated.  .V 
mission  schooner  has  \  lied  through  the  group  and 
to  the  colonies  for  the  last  twenty  six  years,  and 
has  done  great  service  to  the  missionaries  and 
the  islands.  In  is'.lO  a  steamship  coiii]iai.y  has 
undertaken  to  serve  the  mission  as  well  as  gen- 
eral commerce,  and  ojjportunities  have  become 
monthly  in  sending  stores,  letters,  and  jinpers 
to  the  missionaries  The  entire  Scriptures  have 
been  translated  and  printed  in  the  .Vneityum, 
the  New  Testament  in  the  Fate,  and  the  Tanna 
Testament  is  now  in  the  press.  The  four  <ios- 
pels  and  .Vets  of  the  .Vpostles  are  jirinted  in 
Eromangan.  Several  (bisiiels  and  portions  of 
Scripture  have  been  printed  in  six  other  lan- 
guages. On  three  or  four  islands  to  the  north- 
west Bishop  Si'lwyn  and  his  missionaries  con- 
tinue to  operate,  wliile  tliev  have  their  chief 
spheres  in  the  Hanks,  Santa  Cruz,  and  Solomon 
islands.  They  are  largely  supported  by  tlio 
liberality  of  Church  of  England  congregations 
throughout  .Vustralia  and  New  /ealaml,  and 
have  an  auxiliary  steam  schooner  in  the  service. 
The  Wesleyan  Methodist  Church  of  .Vustralia 
and  New  Zealand  has  taken  a  huge  and  liberal 
]>iirt  in  supporting  missionary  operations  in 
Fiji,  New  Hritain.  and  New  Ireland,  where  such 
harvests  of  scuils  have  been  reajied. 

The  liOndon  Missionary  Societ,v  has  aux- 
iliaries among  Conjjregationalists  in  .Vustralia, 
and  these  have  taken  much  interest  in  the 
evi'.ngidization  of  the  T,oyalty  Islands,  now  under 
I'reueh  rule,  and  in  Now  Guinea,  a  largo  part  of 


AUSTRALIA 


.17 


BADULIiA 


wliicL   was  recently  nnnexeil    liy  the    British 
Goveriiiuont. 

Details  of  the  work  dono  in  I'olynosia  by  the 
great  luissionary  societies  will  ho  foiiinl  in  the 
accounts  j^iven  of  these  societies  ;  Imt  as  part  of 
Australian  missionary  zeal  ami  lilurality  for  the 
evanf^clization  of  Polynesia  goes  tlirouj^li  thi'se 
societies,  it  has  l)een  considered  just  to  mention 
the  fact.  It  has  jjleased  (iod  to  raise  uji  an 
active  and  evam^elical  Church  in  the  Australian 
Coloides,  and  lie  has  put  it  into  their  hearts  to 
assist  in  the  evani^elizatiou  of  tlu'  world.  As 
the  t'ciristian  churches  increase  in  Australia 
they  may  he  expected,  by  the  Divine  blcsnin^;, 
to  l)econie  powc  rful  factors  in  the  sprcadin;,'  of 
the  Gospel  of  Christ  in  the  I'acitie  and  toward 
the  shores  of  China. 

AlIX  CliJC!*,  n  seaport  town  on  the  southwest 
coast  of  the  island  of  Haiti,  West  Indies.   Popula- 


tion, H,000,  chiefly  negroes  and  mulattoes.  The 
eliiuate  is  unwholesome.  'I'he  manufacture  of 
rum  is  one  of  the  principal  industries.  Mission 
station  of  the  I'rotestant  Kpiscopal  Church  of 
the  Cnited  States  of  America  ;  1  missiouarj',  1 
school,  II)  scholars. 
Axcrbuljaii  Version.    See  Turkish. 

.4xillll>ll,  or  .IzaillU'll,  F.i^ypt.  a  station 
of  the  Initeil  I'rcsbyti  v'lin  Church  of  the  I'nited 
States  of  America  (|n«1)  ;  1  native  worker.  18 
church-members.  The  zenana  missionaries 
of  this  Society  are  aclively  eni^ajjed  here,  and 
their  work  forms  one  of  the  most  important 
features  of  this  mission. 

Azilliyiirk,  in  the  district  of  Uenares,  tho 
presidency  of  tlie  Northwestern  Provinces,  In- 
dia ;  has  a  C.  51.  S.  station  with  50  members. 

Aztec,    beo  Mexiuaa  Version. 


B. 


dH 
.V 


■li- 
no 
■rs 
avo 


os- 
in 


th- 
in- 

ief 

on 

ho 

ms 

iid 

ce. 

ia 

ral 

in 

ch 


lliia,  on  tho  island  of  Rotto,  southwest  of 
Timor  Island  and  southeast  of  Java,  East  Indies. 
Jlission  station  of  the  Netherlands  Missionary 

Society. 

Dlialht'k,  a  town  of  Syria,  northeast  of 
Beyrout.  The  site  of  the  celebrated  ruins  of 
tho  Temj  le  of  the  Sun.  The  seat  of  a  (.(iris' 
school  under  the  care  of  the  Committee  for 
Uritish  Syrian  Schools  i Scotland)  :  also  an  out- 
station  of  the  Presbyterian  Board,  (North,) I'. S. A. 

llaliail,  n  town  on  the  southern  extremity 
of  Timor  Island,  east  of  .lava  and  southeast  of 
Celebes,  Kast  Indies.  Mission  station  of  tho 
Netherlands  Missionary  Society. 

RnheCM,  the  name  of  a  sect  which  has 
spruui;  up  anion:.,'  t''e  Mohammedans  of  Persia 
witliin  the  last  tlfty  years.  In  1^1.")  u  ynum,' 
mollah,  or  priest  of  Shiraz,  declari'd  liimself 
commissiiuied  of  (Kid  to  reform  the  corrupt 
faith  and  practice  of  his  corelii,'ioiiists  in  Per- 
sia. His  l).ild  preachiiii^  wa^•  very  jiopular,  but 
led  to  his  denunciation  by  tho  rei^ular  ecclesias- 
tics. He  diver^eil  further  an  1  further  fnuu  the 
orthodox  and  announced  a  new  revelation  from 
heaven,  declared  himself  the  /(//»— that  is.  the 
"  Door"  of  the  true  reli..,'inii,  and  openly  detied 
the  luollahs  of  Shiraz  and,  later,  of  Tehran. 
His  doctrines  spread,  and  assumeil  jiroportions 
that  threatened  the  safety  of  the  kiii(,'dom.  Ho 
was  seized  and  shot  to  deatli  in  tlie  city  of  Ta- 
briz. His  followers,  callim,'  themselves  UiVn-fs. 
embracing;  some  eminent  mollalis  and  one  very 
remarkable  and  eloipieut  woman,  made  risiiiu's 
njjainst  tln^  (^ov.'rmiient  and  were  juit  <lo\vn  only 
after  snmi'  severe  tiijhtini;.  iiartinilarly  at  the 
city  of  Zinjan,  where  nearlv  the  whole  city  had 
embraced  the  new  faith.  Later,  attempts  were 
made  by  the  Hilbees  on  the  Shah's  life.  The 
conspirators  were  seized  and  put  to  death  with 
torture.  The  sect  was  proscribed,  and  riiiorous 
measures  |)ursr,ed  to  rout  it  out.  They,  how- 
ever, are  still  numerous  in  ditTerent  parts  of  the 
country,  beins?  estimated  at  three  or  four  hun- 
dred tluaisind  souls,  but  they  hold  their  faith 
in  secret.  Their  head,  claiiuin>,'  to  be  the 
divinely  appointed  successor  of  the  Bab,  and 
calling  himself  liah'ir,  which  means  th>-  T.hi'il.  is 
in  exile,  and  under  the  surveillance  of  the  Turk- 


ish Government  at  Acre,  in  Syria.  The  volume 
of  the  Bi'ib's  tcacliiiif^s  is  called  Ivhj'in.  siiTiiify- 
in^;  IliP  UriiiisiUdii.  It  was  at  one  time  thought 
that  the  Bailees  were  more  open  to  receive 
Christianity  than  the  orthodox  Moslems  ;  but 
tiiin'  has  not  conlirmed  that  hope. 

BlIokt'rKllllUt',  a  district  in  Belij^al  Presi- 
dency, India,  ()ccu]iied  by  Baptist  Missionary 
Society  (Kni^land)  ;  12  missionaries,  4'.*  stations 
anilsuh-stations,  1, ',••'»<>  church. members. 

Bailatfa  V«'r»i«»n.— Tho  Badat^a  is  spoken 
by  the  nadau'a  tribe  on  the  Nilgiri  Hills,  in  the 
JIadras  Presidency,  numberinj^  about  '21,(1(10 
people.  In  the  year  "ix')'!  the  Calcutta  auxiliary 
to  the  Piritish  and  Foreit;n  JSible  Society  litho- 
Kiajihed  a  translation  of  the  Gos])el  of  Luke, 
which  had  been  translated  by  Mr.  Moi'iieke,  of 
the  Basle  Mission,  and  Mr,  Cassa.  Majir  of  the 
Madras  Civil  Service.  Kecently  this  version 
has  been  taken  up  by  the  Itev  \V.  I,eutze,  of 
Kaifi,  assisted  by  two  Badai^'a  Chtislian  con- 
verts, and  tilt!  revised  version  was  published  by 
the  Madras  auxiliary  to  the  llritish  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society  in  lss7.  Mr.  I.eutze  also  trans- 
lated tho  (xospel  of  Matthew,  which  was  pub- 
lished in  IHsit. 

Rndatfry,  a  city  of  Upper  (iuinea.  West 
Africa,  upon  a  jiart  of  tho  Slave  Coast  annexed 
in  1xr,:l  by  the  liritish.  It  is  cast  of  P(U-to  Novo 
and  of  Little  Po)i(),  and  ."lO  miles  east  northeast 
of  Wydah.  Occupied  in  IHI'J  by  the  ■W.sleyan 
Methodists  and  t  "isferred  in  ISl.".  to  C,  M.S., 
who  now  have  at  this  place  1  ordained  mission- 
ary and  oil  clmrcniiiembers. 

Bailattll,  a  city  in  the  Bohilkhund  district. 
Northwest  Provinces.  Iiulia,  Population. :  ;!,ooo. 
Mission  station  of  the  Mi'thodist  Kpis'opal 
Church.  N(U  th.  1'.  .S.  \, ;  1  missionary  and  wife,  2 
native  ordained  preachers,  '.iHt  church  members. 

HlKllloeailia,  a  C.  M.  S.  station  on  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Ceylon,  founded  in  1SH». 
.\t  present  the  station  is  occupied  by  .'(  native 
jiastirs  anil  51  other  native  workers,  and  has  li.j 
schools  with  l,;!li  scholars,  and  111  chundi- 
meiiibers. 

BhiIiiIIh,  Ceylon,  40  miles  south  of  Kandy. 
Military  post,  containinjj  a  fort,  barracks,  and  a 
hospital.     Climate,  healthy.     Elevation,  '2,100 


BADt7LLA 


118 


BALIOB 


} 


:l  i. 


feet.     Mission  stiition  of  tlio  S.   1'.  G, ;  1  mis- 
»ioimry,  '2  out  slutions,  1  cliureli,  TS  members. 

Biiy^<la«l,  IV  city  of  soutliorn  MeHopotumiii, 
Asiiitur  i'luKey,  on  tlie  Tij^ti.s,  uboiit  'i.")ll  miles 
lioitli  of  its  ei)nlluenee  witli  tlie  Kiiplirates. 
Tlie  ixipiiliitioii,  nuiiiliering  Mi.iUMi  to  KMi.diid, 
is  composi'il  cliii'lly  of  .Vi'iilis.  tliouL;li  there  iirt 
liir^e  timiilieis  of  I'ersiiins,  Kunls.  Mriiui  Cliiis- 
tiiilis,  anil  al)OUt  1.">.IKM)  .lews.  It.  was  the  favor- 
ite s<'at  of  tlie  .Vl)assiile  t'aliplis,  aiul  iiniKr 
Itaroun  .Vl-Iiasluil  beeaiiu)  very  faiiunis.  liider 
Tiirkisli  ruh'  very  niiieh  of  its  jirusperity  has 
been  lost,  th-.mj^h  it  is  still  tlio  most  imiiortant 
city  of  Sontheaslern  'I'lirkey,  both  eommereially 
anil  politi<!ally.  Near  it  is  the  shrine  of  Ker- 
bela,  to  wliieli  the  Persians  tloek  in  iiil^riinaties 
in  honor  of  tho  Shiali  saints,  Hassan  and  Hus- 
sein. There  is  thus  constant  commuiiieation 
with  Persia  and  Kur.listaii.  It  was  loiij^  the 
sent  of  a  liritish  resi.leiit,  ami  it  still  ranks  very 
liit;h  as  a  diplomatii!  post  of  (Ireat  liritaiii,  Kns. 
sia,  ami  Frauee.  Ii,i:4(lail  lias  been  the  startinj;- 
point  tor  tho  viirious  expeditions  to  explore  the 
ruins  of  H.ibylon  at  Hilleli,  on  tho  Kuplirales, 
100  miles  to  the  snuth,  and  of  Seleiieia  and 
Ctusiphon.  SiiU'e  the  c  iiiimeiieement  of  .\meri- 
can  expeditions  an  .Vmeriian  Consul  lias  been 
appointeil.  Missionary  work  has  been  at- 
tempted at  various  times  by  the  .\  li.  ('.  F.  M. 
nml  the  t'.  M.  S.  At  present  (IM'.iO)  there  is  a 
resident  missionary  of  the  ('.  M.  S.  who  works 
chielly  amoni;  tho  .Tews  and  siipi'rinteiids  the 
Hible  distribution  of  the  liritish  and  Foreign 
Bible  Soeiety  in  Southern  Mesopotamia. 

BiUlK'ilt'Jik,  a  station  of  the  A.  ]!.('.  F.  JI. 
in  Western  .Vsia  .^Iinor.     (Sec  liarde/ag. ) 

Bli;;«>ro,  K;^ypt,  near  .Vssioot,  a  station  of 
tho  United  Presbyterian  Cliureh  of  the  I'liiteii 
States  of  .Vmeriea  (isTlM  ;  2  native  workers,  2,^ 
chuieh members,  1  seliool,  2-")  scholars, 

Baliau'ii,  or  Barliai'wii,  sinro  iscs  a 
C.  M.  S.  station  among  the  Sanlals,  North- 
western I'roviiu'es,  India  ;  2  nati\e  jiasttu's,  2H 
other  native  workers,  11  seUools,  U'.lli  schohirs, 
'3ii)  chureh-members. 

Ballia,  a  city  of  ]>razil.  South  .\meriea,  on 
All  Saints  Hay,  KOO  miles  northeast  of  Kio 
.luurfiro.  Population,  l.'iO  OOii,  chielly  Portu- 
Rue  e.  Religion,  lioman  Ciilholie.  Condition. 
l.;iil  and  exceodinglv  immoral.  Mission  station 
of  the  Southern  liaptist  Conventiiui  (HS2)  ;  1 
missionary  and  wifi',  7  native  helpers,  li  out  sta- 
tions, 1  church,  I'JO  memliers.  Contributions, 
$")0(). 

Presbyterian  Church,  (North)  (1M71);  2  niis- 
nionaries  and  wives,  I  initive  helpers,  li  out- 
stations.  It  churchos,  120  members,  1  school,  20 
scholars.     Contributions.  Sl'>0. 

Uallui«»,or  BlianKt.  liurma.ontherpper 
IriMw.iddy  Kiver,  ISO  miles  north  of  Mamlalay, 
•}0  miles  from  the  Chinese  province  of  Vunniiii  ; 
capital  of  I'pper  Burma.  Mission  station  of 
tlie  .Vmerican  Haptist  Missionary  I'liion  (ls7."i)  ; 
2  onlained  missionaries,  I  missionary  and  wife, 
1  school.  In  IMSl  the  P.urmans  expelleil  the 
missionaries  and  sacked  and  burned  thi'ir 
houses.  The  baptized  natives,  however,  still 
clung  together. 

Baliraicli.  in  tho  northeastern  part  of 
Oudh,  Xortli Western  Provinces,  India.  .V  sta- 
tion of  the  .Methodist  Fpiscopal  Church,  North, 
founded  in  1hi;7  ;  2\  native  workers,  31!  church- 
members,  6  schools,  2'JO  scholars. 


BaillllKllI,  West  Africa,  200  miles  tast  of 
lieiigiiela,  its  port,  lli'althv;  hot;  tempera- 
ture regular.  Poiuilatioii,  ;io,IIOO.  Mission  sta- 
tion of  the  .V.  1>.  C,  F.  M.  (bSHl)  ;  2  mission- 
aries and  wives,  1  other  lady,  1  native  hi  Iper,  1 
ohundi,  17  members,  2  schools,  III  scholars. 
Conlributi.ins,  sl.2.").  In  .Inly.  ISM,  the  mis- 
sionaries Were  expelled  and  their  houses  robbed 
b,v  King  Kwikwi,  because  a  Portuguese  had  told 
him  that  they  would  destro,v  his  whole  iienple 
by  their  magic  ;  but  in  ( )ctober  of  the  hame  year 
they  returned,  ami  were  received  with  eiithusi. 
asm  by  the  iieople. 

Baltli««»l'i',  a  city  of  Orissa,  liergal,  India, 
l.")0  miles  southwest  of  Calcutta,  chief  seaport 
of  Cuttiick.  I'oijulation,  11,000— Hindus,  Mos- 
lems. Language.  Onija,  Saiithali,  Hindustani. 
N.itives  ignorant,  poor.  First  mission  station 
occupied  by  the  .Vmerican  Free  Haptist  Mission- 
ary Society,  who  have  now  2  missioniuies  ami 
wi\es,  .")  other  ladies,  Ls  native  helpers,  2  out- 
stations,  2  ihurches,  21  1  church  members,  12 
schools,  and  .">7lS  scholars.  The  station  was 
founded  in  IsiiH. 

Bal«l\vill,  DwiBllI,  M.r>.,  b.  at  Durham, 
Conn.,  September  2'.Hh,  ]~,\M  ;  studied  two  years 
at  Williams  College  :  graduated  at  Vale  in  1.S21  ; 
studied  medicine  ;  graduated  at  Aubuin  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  lis2'.i  ;  was  ajipointed  a  mis- 
sionary of  the  .American  Jioard  to  the  San  Iwich 
Islands,  and  having  completed  his  medical 
studies  at  Cambridge  I'niversily,  he  sailed  in 
1S;!0.  He  was  stationed  at  Waimea,  Hawaii,  for 
three  years  ;  then  at  Lahaimi,  remaining  till 
IMIS,  when  he  was  obliged  to  ceasi^  work  on  ac- 
count of  partial  paralysis.  He  removed  to  Hono- 
lulu, and  was  for  a  few  years  one  of  the  teaelieis 
in  the  Theological  .School.  Increasing  fe<  ble- 
ness  compelled  him  to  relimiuish  also  this  work. 
])r.  lialdwin  was  siiecially  interested  in  all  move- 
ments to  diminish  the  use  and  sale  of  liipiiu'  ami 
tobaci^o.  .Vn  essay  which  he  wrote  on  this  re- 
form  rt^ceived  the  ])rize  offered  at  oiii;  time  in 
the  I'nited  States.  "  Sturdy  and  fearless,  me. 
thodical  and  active,  he  had  the  respei't  and  coiili- 
delice  of  all  classes."  He  died  of  apoplex.v, 
.laiiuary  ild,  Issi',,  at  the  residence  of  his  daiigli- 
ter,  Mrs.  S.  M.  Uanion,  with  whom  he  had  lived 
for  a  few  years. 

BaloarU'  Iwlandfi,  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  Mediterranean,  the  principal  of  which  are 
Majorca,  Minorca,  and  tlie  penal  settlement  of 
Cabrera,  all  together  forming  a  l)rovince  of 
.Spain.  .\ll  of  the  islands  are  mountainous. 
The  climate  is  delightful,  the  soil  ver,v  fertile, 
and  ]iastiire  land  line.  Tlii'  inhabitants  resem- 
ble th>)  Catalans,  and  speak  a  corrupt  Catalan 
dialect.  Mission  held  of  the  Wesleyaii  Meth- 
odist Missionary  Society. 

Bali  l<«lail«lN,  situated  at  the  eastern  end  of 
.lava.  Fust  Iinlies,  have,  together  with  I,onibak, 
Sii:(,illiO  inhabitants,  among  whom  are  1,0II0 
Mohammeilans  and  S,oiiO  Chinese.  In  l.sCi;  tho 
rtrecht  Missionary  Soeiety  entered  the  field, 
and  in  lS7:t  some  were  baptized.  Put  in  IHSl 
the  niissionarv  de  Vrooni  was  murdered  and  his 
helpers  left  tho  islands.  The  work  has  recently 
been  resumed. 

Balitft>,  a  city  of  Sumatra,  East  Indies, 
stands  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Toba.  Station 
of  Hhenish  Missionary  Soeiety,  founded  here 
in  IHHl  and  soon  after  burned  down  :  but  it 
recovered  rapidly,  and  numbers  now  al'J  mem- 


BALIOE 


119 


BALLANTINE,  HENRY 


biTH,  1  orduiued  niissioniiry  nnd  v:ite,  1  sin- 
gle liid.v,  IH  Diitivo  helpers,  2  out-stiitious. 

BiiliiifKO  Version. --To  tlm  Mulnvsiun 
liiiiily  ol  liiiif^iiiij^is  lii'loiii^s  till!  liiili.  wliifli  IS 
hiiiiUeii  in  llic  isliiiicl  lit  It.ili,  easl  iii  .Imii,  liy 
aliniit  tliri'i-niiiiricrs  nf  n  luillinn,  sriiUiTcil  over 
an  are.i  of  70  miles.  A  version  into  this  lan- 
gilii^'e  is  of  Imt  retreat  <1ule.  I'  lS7<'i  the  Jhitisli 
ami  I'oreiviii  Itililn  Soeiety  (  iii[plo\'ecl  the  Kev. 
1{.  viiii  V.rii,  of  the  I'lieeht  .Missioniiry  Society, 
to  tr.iiishite  the  New  'lestaineiit  into  the  liili- 
gna.;e  of  the  ishiiiil  of  liiili.  'I'he  tninslation  is 
to  he  m.i  hi  fr  1111  tlie  (Ireek  text  in  j,'eneriii  ac- 
cordance with  the  version  of  the  iieformed 
(Dutch)  Church,  and  to  lur  jirinted  in  the  Java- 
nese and  Itahnese  chiiracters.  The  (rospel  of 
Mark  was  completed  m  JM77  ;  the  remaining 
part  is  pidceedint^  slowly. 

{Si>vfiiiiPii  verse.  John  :(  :  111.) 
Mapan  keto  i>itresiian  lliihi  sanj^hyan  Widi 
Ikcn  djat^atC-  iiiakedjaiij;,  tka  Hida  neihienan}^' 
hokanc  ne  sniioenj,"^al  kalioetnes  mahi,  kna 
Cilanj^  h'lniike  lie  nuamlehiii),'  hi  lioka  loehoeii;; 
liaraka,  nanf^ing  kna  liya  ncpo.kin  kihidoepan 
tan  pegat. 

Batlli,  a  city  of  the  Slioa  district,  .Vhyssinia, 
ijiHl  miles  south  of  ^hlsso^vah,  occ'upied  hy  a 
missionary  of  the  St.  t'hrischoiia  i'ilgriin  Mis- 
sion. 

BiiiKliilkliiiiHli    VrrNloii.— The     Ban- 

dalkhaiidi,  als  i  called  Ihighelciuuli,  lielongs  to 
the  Indie  hraiich  of  the  .Vryan  family  of  lan- 
guages, and  is  s|iidien  in  a  district  hetwecii  the 
l>rovince  of  liinihilkhand  and  the  sources  of 
the  Xerhudda  Itiver.  For  the  jieople  using  this 
luuguago  the  New  Testament  was  published  at 
Seranipore  in  isil,  but  n  ■ver  reprinted. 

Ball,  I»jer,  Ml).,  b.  at  West  liovlston, 
Mass..  June  :M,  17'.i<>  ;  graduated  at  I'nion  Col- 
lege, IS'ifi  ;  stiiilied  theohigy  at  New  Haven  ami 
Andover  ;  ordained,  ls:tl  ;  was  agi'iit  in  lH:i:t 
for  Home  Missionary  S  iciet.v  in  Florida.  While 
at  tlie  South  ho  was  much  eiieat,'ed  in  labor  for 
the  colore  1  iiopulation.  In  ls:i.")-;!7  he  studied 
medicine  with  reference  to  foreign  mission 
'^•ork.  and  ri'ceived  tlm  degree  of  M.I),  from  the 
medical  institution  in  f'harleston.  He  is  said  to 
Lave  been  "  very  popular  and  nini'li  beloved  at 
the  South,  and  was  iirgeil  to  remain  ami  engage 
in  evangelical  labors  among  the  colored  peo- 
Jile. "  He  sailed  in  IHMS,  under  the  American 
IJoanl,  for  Singapore,  lie  was  stationed  there 
two  years,  •'  teaidiing,  jireaidiing.  healing  the 
sick,  and  superintending  the  printing  of  Chineso 
books."  In  Juno,  isll,  he  went  to  .Macao,  and 
then  to  Hong  Kong.  "  To  him  it  was  given  to 
be  the  pioneer  in  opening  the  city  of  Canton  for 
residence  of  missionary  families,  and  to  open 
the  way  for  exclusions  into  (he  (Miintry  arcninl. 
His  medical  services  were  of  great  assistance  in 
conciliating  the  giod-will  of  the  jieople.  His 
Almanac  was  for  many  years  a  most  ucceptablo 
publication.  IIi^  was  most  laliorioiis  in  oiit-of- 
door  work,"  mingling  with  the  I'eople  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  or  on  the  fiuTies,  and  then 
extending  his  visits  to  the  villages  and  market. 
"  In  this  way  he  becaiiio  widely  known  and 
more  and  more  respected  as  his  true  idiarncter 
and  tlie  nature  of  Lis  labors  were  understood." 
In  1H,">4  ho  visited  the  United  States,  returning, 
in  1H."»7,  to  Macao.  His  oonatitHtion  was  niucli 
brokeD,  and  before  bia  death  he  was  oontiDed  to 


Lis  Lonse  fonr  months.  Jlr.  Nevin,  of  the  I'res- 
byterian  Mi>»ion  at  Canton,  says,  "  With  him 
the  disiriloiuoii  of  tracts  has  always  been  a  fa- 
vorite method  of  preaching  the  Oospil,  and 
esjiecially  since  he  became  disabled  by  his 
bodily  inliniiities,  both  as  respects  the  ])ower  of 
speech  ami  the  capacity  of  moving  from  ]ilaeo 
t  >  jdai-e.  I>iiring  Ihi'  last  seven  years  the  old 
mall,  bowed  ilown  by  liis  infirmities,  and  hail- 
ing upon  Lis  cane,  wh.n  not  eonliiied  to  his 
couch,  would  slowly  make  Lis  way  downstairs 
and  toller  out  to  Lis  little  chai>el  oiiening  on 
the  street,  and  there,  siati  (1  in  an  arm-chair, 
would  distribute  tracts  ami  aildress  u  few  words 
to  casual  |iasKeis-by  who  might  drogi  in  to  look 
U[>on  Lis  gniv  Lairs,  to  see  wLat  ho  was  iloing 
or  to  Leurwliat  lie  might  say  ;  lor  tlitr  Chiiii'Si) 
venerate  ipI.I  ai;e.  Often  twice  a  day  might  ho 
be  fc'.nd  there,  with  a  ciieerfnl  counteminee, 
Aorking  according  l.i  his  stri  ngth  "  Ihit  his 
strength  soon  utterly  failed,  and  lie  died  March 
•J7tli,  IHW,  after  twenty-eight  years'  mission 
service. 

Ballaiilillf.  Ilciir)',  b.  at  ScLodack  Land- 
ing, on  tlie  Hudson,  near  .Vlbaii.v,  N.  Y.,  March 
•"ith,  lsl:J  Ht  graduated  at  the  l'ni\ersity  of 
Ohio,  .\tLens,  iN'J'.l  ;  was  emjiloyed  after  gradu- 
ation for  a  time  as  tciicher  of  matheimitics  in 
place  of  the  retiring  imifessor  ;  entered  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  rriucelon,  but  hit  on  accnunt 
of  ill  heallL  :  resumed  his  studies  at  I'niou 
Theological  Seminary,  Virginia  ;  tinislu^d  at 
.\ndover,  l'*'-H  :  ordained  at  Columbus,  ()., 
April,  l><:{-'»  ;  siiileil  same  year  as  a  missionary 
ef  the  .\merican  Itoard  for  India.  In  bs:)7  he 
was  stationed  permanently  at  .Mimailnagar.  His 
health  failing,  lie  left,  in  ls.")ii,  for  home,  but 
returned  in  I"*-'*-.  .H<  laiiored  with  great  zeal 
and  without  interrup  ion  until  within  a  few 
niinths  of  Lis  final  departure  for  .America,  liy 
medical  advice  lie  wi  nt  to  Sholapore,  I'oona, 
and  ISombay.  and  was  advised  by  physicians 
there  to  go  Lome,  and  by  the  (piicki  st  route — 
ii'a  lieil  S>a.  He  wrote,  weejiing,  '"  Thi!  J..ord 
does  not  consider  nie  wurthy  to  labor  any  hunger 
for  Him  in  my  beloved  Held."  He  left  India 
with  Lis  family,  September  Ith.  IsC'o.  .\n  ac- 
cidental detention  of  the  ship  in  fheltedSia 
aggravated  Lis  malady,  aiicl  he  died,  November 
I'tli,  olf  the  oi  u>t  of  I'ortugal,  and  his  body  was 
consiiined  to  the  ocean.  His  c.innection  with 
the  mission  covered  thirt.v  years.  "  .\n  accu- 
rate knowled-_'i'  of  the  Maratlii.  added  to  an  ac- 
(piaintance  witL  Sanskrit,  pieiiaved  liim  to  be- 
ci>nie  a  trnnslalor  (if  tlie  li.ble.  and  he  has  left 
the  imj.ress  of  his  idiomatic  .Marathi  on  many 
jiarts  of  t!ie  saertd  vrdunie  in  that  language." 
"  He  had  natural  abilities  of  a  high  order.  I 
Lave  never  seen  a  man  who  could  accomplish  so 
much  literary  laber  in  a  given  time.  His  mind 
worked  with  wonderful  rapidity,  and  lie  com- 
posed with  great  celerity,  \u  accurate  and 
erudite  scholar  in  several  departments,  lie  Lad 
rare  facility  for  acquiring  language.  1 1  (<  spoke 
Marathi  Terr  tliienily,  ami  well-educated  natives 
saiil  he  seldom  made  a  mistake  either  in  gram- 
mar or  idiom.  His  unusual  (|uickness  at  rep- 
artee and  occaiiional  withering  sarcasm  fitted 
him  to  grapple  witL  <|uick-witted,  often  abusive 
a<lvocates  of  idolatry  anil  wicked  ajiologists  for 
all  kinds  of  iniiinity.  Hut  it  was  only  when 
compelled  to  do  Ro  that  Le  used  tliis  jiower  of 
invective.  He  was  successful  as  a  pas'or  by 
reason  of  his  qaick  BjTupatLies  and   winning 


BALLANTINB,  HBNRT 


120 


mnnnorH. "  IIo  was  nn  ftl)le  preiiclier  in  tlio 
MiinUbi  liinf;n;i(,'(>.  Fi)r  ii  Idiit"  tiiiio  ho  wiis 
[mstor  of  tluf  lirst  imtivo  fliiin^h,  yiuldiii^  tliiit 
j)liu'c'  to  II  imtivo  wliom  lio  liiiiisiilf  Imd  triiinoil. 
llo  sptiiit  H\x  or  t'i^^lit  weeks  every  yeiir  nvaiiHel- 
iziiit^  fr.mi  villiii^e  to  villii^;(',  was  editor  of  fhn 
8eiiii-iii>)nllil.v  paper  in  K'lj^lisii  and  iManlllii. 
JJurinv!  llio  last,  live  yiMirs  ol  his  life  a  larj^e  part 
of  his  time  was  devoted  to  tlie  instnuaion  of 
tlie  tlieohij^ical  classes  of  .vonii^;  wen  preparing; 
for  the  iiiinistry.  For  several  years  he  was 
Hocr.'tary  and  tn-asiirer  of  tho  mission.  I'os- 
sessinj,',  in  tho  wonls  of  the  mission,  "  a  sympa- 
thetie  natiiris  a  hi;;h  intuUectual  culture,  and 
ftn  excellent  poetical  taste,"  he  translated  into 
Slarfithi  some  of  the  best  hymns  in  the  En^jlish 
launnaj^e.  They  aro  said  to  possess,  in  a  ro- 
markalile  dt^^vee,  the  spirit  and  heantj'  of  tho 
original,  llo  composed  some  excellent  hymns 
himself.  IIo  has  been  called  tho  Watts  of 
Marathi  hyainology.  Ho  ])repared  two  hymu- 
books  containing  tofjether  four  hundred  hymns, 
ono  for  use  in  the  churches,  tho  other  for  tho 
children.  Ho  was  revising  and  carrying  through 
the  press  his  Jfi/niiis  for  Divine  Worship,  when 
obliged  to  leave  for  home. 

Three  of  Mr.  liallantino's  daughters  married 
missionaries  of  the  same  mission,  one,  Mrs.  Dr. 
8.  H.  Fairhank,  dying  at  her  station.  Ono  son, 
Eev.  William  O.  liallantine,  JI.D.,  is  now  in  the 
mission. 

Balii«>lii  Vtrsloii.  —  The  Haluchi,  also 
called  licloocheo  and  Hiluchi,  belongs  to  the 
Iranie  liraneh  of  the  .Vryan  family  of  languages, 
and  is  spoken  in  Baluchistan,  smith  of  tho  In- 
dus, on  the  Arabian  Sea.  A  translation  of  tho 
New  Testament  into  tliis  dialect  was  commenced 
b.v  tile  late  Dr.  Leydcn,  of  which  only  three 
Gosjiels  -vero  imlilished  at  Seram)>oro  in  lulo. 
As  this  version  was  not  fouinl  of  permanent 
value,  it  was  never  reprinted.  Of  late,  however, 
n  tran  lation  into  this  dialect  seems  to  have 
been  found  useful,  and  tho  revised  version  of 
the  (rospcl  of  Matthew,  as  jirejiared  by  the  Kev. 
A.  Lewis,  was  published  in  1H.S;j,  of  which  up 
to  March  :ilst,  Iss'.t.  i,iiiMi  copies  were  disposed 
of. 

Bitiiaiiit  iMlandM,  :!•>  miles  southwest  of 
Sierra  Leone,  West  .Vfriea.  They  are  high,  fer- 
tile, and  inhabited  ;  visited  from  Sierra  Leono 
on  account  of  their  healthy  ('limate.  Mission 
station  of  the  I'niteil  Methodist  Free  Churches  ; 
no  luissiouaiy  at  present. 

BailC'llO,  a  sec-tion  of  the  city  of  Tokio, 
Japan.  0('euj)ied  by  the  Iteformed  (nerman) 
Church  in  tho  I'nited  States  ;  1  organized  church, 
235  members. 

Baiicia,  Dandalkhand  district,  Northwest- 
ern I'lMvinces,  lirilish  India.  ,\  station  of  the 
y.  V.  (r.  sinc(^  iMT'i  ;  1  missionary. 

BaiHla  IwlaiUl,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  West 
Indies,  l'()pulati(ui,  7,i"«>,  of  whrim  about  1, (MM) 
are  Christians  undi'r  tli(^  dircclicm  of  the  Dutch 
Missionary  Society.  In  1K77  thi!  Kajah,  Kii 
Diila,  was  converted  to  .Mohammedanism,  and 
his  people  aro  following  him. 

Baiidau'*'*  (rJviiitfMtoiiia),  n  town  on 
Lake  Nyassa,  Central  Africa  :  Hi  out-stations,  ."> 
ordained  missionaries,  1  medical  missionary.  5 
missionary  teachers,  Tilt  native  helpers,  1  church, 
4S  communicants,  21  schools,  2,422  put)ils. 
The  artisan  work  hero  is  on  the  Haino  plan  as 
that  at  Lovedale  (q.v.),  South  Africa. 


BANTU 
BaiKlovciiKi  ('"  Bniijocwaiiif,  -Tava,  a 

town  on  the  east  <:oast  of  Java,  southeast  of 
I'robolingo.  Jlission  station  of  tho  Dutch  Mis- 
sionary Society. 

Ban4U«Tllia<iillK,  a  town  of  Southeast 
Horneo,  at  the  luoiitli  of  th<!  IJarito  Kivcr.  Mis- 
sion station  of  tho  Jiheiiish  Missionary  Society  ; 
2  missionaries,  1  lady,  l:tl  conimiinicaiits. 

BailKUlorc,  a  city  of  Mysore,  India,  175 
miles  West  of  Madras.  It  is  on  an  elevateil  site, 
a  great  resort  for  invalids  ;  it  has  considerable 
trade,  and  is  u  military  post.  Population, 
1  l(l,(KMi,  ehicHy  Hindus.  Mission  station  of  tho 
Metho.list  EpiHcojial  Church,  North  ;  li  mission- 
aries, 7:t  church  members. 

L.  'M.  S, ;  5  ordained  missionaries  and  wives, 

I  other  lady,  10  native  preachers,  15H  church- 
members,  1,(171)  scholars. 

S.  r.  G. ;  1  missionary,  10  native  helpers,  2 
out-stations,  2D1  churchiuembers. 

Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary  Society  ;  3 
missionaries  (including  wives),  57  native  helpers, 

II  preachers'  seminarj',  3  out-stations,  82  church, 
mombers. 

Evangelical  Lutheran  Missionary'  Society, 
Leipzig  ;  1  missionary,  102  communicants. 

Banukok,  the  chief  city  and  capital  of 
Siam,  on  the  Naenam  Kiver,  20  miles  from  its 
mouth.  Climate,  intensely  hot  in  summor. 
Population,  5oo,0(M) — Siamese,  Chiinise,  ]!ur- 
mans,  Malays,  Arabs,  Hindus.  Mission  station 
of  the  American  Baptist  Missionary  Union  ;  2 
missionaries  and  their  wives,  13  church-mem- 
bers. 

J'resbytcrian  Church,  North  :  3  missionaries 
and  wives,  1  other  lady,  M  native  holpei's,  125 
church-members. 

Baiiki|iori>,  a  city  of  Bengal,  India,  a  sub- 
urb of  I'alna.  Mission  station  of  the  Baptist 
Missionary  Society  ;  3  ordained  missionaries,  4 
native  2)reachors,  4(1  church  niemliers. 

Banklira,  a  town  of  Bengal,  India.  Mis- 
siiui  station  of  theWesleyan  Methodist  Mission- 
ary Society  ;  3  missionaries,  4(1  church  mem- 
bers. 

Bailllll.  a  sub-station  of  the  C.  M.  S.  in  tho 

Punjab,  India. 

Bail*>k«>,  Eurojiean  Turkey,  45  miles  south 
of  Samakov  ;  substation  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M., 
worked  from  Samakov. 

BaillillKt  '*  town  in  the  northern  part  of 
Borneo,  West  Indies,  in  the  river  valley  of  Ba- 
tang-Lapar,  among  the  SeaDayaks.  A  station 
of  the  S.  P.  (r.,  foumlod  in  1H51,  and  number- 
ing 1,04(1  members.  The  mission  has  succeeded 
in  introducing  the  jdough  and  abolishing  tho 
savage  custiuus,  somo  of  which  aro  most  bar- 
barous. 

Baillll  or  Zulu  Have. -Tho  Zulus  (sin- 
gular, /■:'('",  heaven  ;  ]ilural,  AtiKf.nlii)  are  ono 
of  a  numerous  family  of  tribes  which  together 
constitute  what  has  coined  to  be  called  tho  Bantu 
race.  This  word  Bnutn  (full  Zulu  form,  Ahunin  ; 
singular,  L'liiuiiln,  iiersoni,  in  their  language, 
signifies  jieojile.  This  Bantu  family  is  very 
large,  extending  through  all  South  and  South 
Central  .Vfriea,  the  Hottentots,  Bushmen,  and 
Cape  Colonists  excepted  ;  that  is,  from  ocean 
to  ocean  in  longitude,  and  from  the  Kei  and 
Orange  rivers,  on  tho  south,  to  tho  fifth  or  even 


i 


i  *ii  i 


BANTU 


121 


/       \ 


BANTtT 


eh  Mis- 


Itiijitist 
oimries,  4 


lit. 


:Mia- 
JNTissinn- 
li-num- 


les  south 
,  F.  M., 

part  of 
,-  of  l!ii- 

stiitiou 
nutnlior- 
ncoet'dt'd 
hiiig  tho 
lost  linr- 

iluH  (sill- 
are  ono 
tof^ether 
le  Biintu 
Ahunln  ; 
in|^uiif»e, 
is   very 
(1  Smith 
lion,  mill 
In   openn 
iKei  nnd 
1  or  even 


higher  degree  of  north  Intitiido,  and  coniprisog 
n  [lupiihitiou  numbering  probably  more  thiin 
CO,()l)(),0()0. 

Aiiion^!  tlioi)roiiiinentiiiombersof  this  fimiily, 
somo  of  whicli  have  liecii  known  fur  years, 
while  most  of  them  have  lioi'ii  but  recently 
brought  to  li(^lit  by  the  explorati  ms  of  sucli 
men  as  Liviii^jstone,  Stanley,  and  others,  nui,'ht 
bo  named  the  /iilus,  the  Aniaxosa  or  Kalirs,  tho 
liecluiana,  liasutu,  and  kindred  tribes  on  the 
south  ;  tho  Ovaherero,  Ovainpo,  Italiinda, 
biiteke,  and  Mponmvo,  on  tho  west  ;  tho  t'ont;n, 
liayansi,  l!anj,'ala,  IJabaiii^l,  Manyenia,  Waj^anda, 
Wanyoro,  and  others  on  tho  ('ont;o,  alon^;  the 
Ivpiator,  and  amont{  tho  (ircat  Lakes  ;  tho  Kna, 
liemba,  IJabisa,  and  other  tribes  near  tho  Lesser 
Lakes  and  on  tho  KDUrees  of  the  Conno  ;  and  the 
Wakiimba,  Swidieli,  Wanika,  Mahen^^e,  AVakon- 
de,  Makua,  and  other  tribes  alonti  the  East  ('oast 
and  on  tho  Zambesi. 

Tho  ^jeueral  kinship  of  tho  tribes,  of  which 
the  abin-e  are  but  a  fraetion,  emerinf^  as  they 
do  a  lar^e  part  of  tho  JJark  Continent,  is  both 
marked  and  interestinj^.  It  is  seen,  to  somo  ex- 
tent, in  their  person,  their  hue,  their  features, 
their  religious  notions,  their  mental  type,  and 
thoir  mode  of  life  ;  but  most  of  all  in  their  lan- 
Kunf^o.  Taking  this,  their  lauguaj^e,  as  our 
guide  and  proof,  than  whieh  there  can  be  noth- 
ing niciro  dotiuito  and  sure,  we  uro  left  with  no 
doubt  that  all  these  somewhat  divei-sitied  tribes 
belong  to  ono  and  the  same  family,  between 
whieh  and  all  otluT  known  families  or  races 
there  is  a  manifest  and  tixod  dilforeneo.  To  bo 
sure,  the  languages  of  these  tribes  differ  from 
eaeh  other  in  many  respects,  especially  in  many 
of  their  words,  or  in  tho  forms  of  their  words, 
C'vi^n  where  tho  roots  are  essi  ntially  the  same  ; 
while  the  graiiiiiiar  is  essentially  the;  same  in 
all.  Indeed,  tho  underlying  graiumatieal  prin- 
ciples are  so  uniformly  tho  same  in  all  that  tho 
com|)arutivo  philologist  has  no  hesitation  in  l)e- 
lioving  that  all  eamo  orif^inally  from  ono  and 
tlio  siuuo  stock  ;  eviiii  though  among  the  tribes 
far  removed  from  eiudi  other  dialectal  or  tribal 
variations  may  put  tho  peoj)le  beyond  the  limits 
of  being  mutually  intelligible  ;  just  as  tho  IJng- 
lish,  French,  and  (iormans  are  far  from  being 
mutually  intelligible,  though  tho  languages  they 
HlJOak  all  belong  to  tho  same  family. 

Of  all  tlio  blanches  of  this  ISantii  family  of 
languages,  tho  Zulu,  with  the  Xosa,  would  seem 
to  1)0  tho  oldest  and  most  fully  develoi>ed.  Tho 
Zulu  would  seo.u  also  to  have  been  ke|it  purest 
nnd  most  perfect,  least  affected  by  abrasion, 
syncope,  or  other  modilication,  through  alien 
agencies,  such  as  a  moulding  contact  with  tho 
Negro,  Semitic,  tho  Arab,  or  tlus  I'ortuguese  on 
the  north,  or  F.nglisli,  French,  or  Dutch  on  the 
south,  having  been  developed,  fixed,  and  kept 
by  its  own  indig.uious,  automatic  principles. 
Ilenco  the  belief  that  tho  distinguishing  gram- 
matical f  matures  of  tho  entire  liantu  family  aro 
more  manifest  ami  clearly  dniined  in  tho  Zulu 
than  in  any  other  of  its  branches.  In  Zulu,  tho 
incipient  element  of  tho  noun,  the  nominal 
"  liretix"  or  jireformative,  is  more  oompleto 
than  in  most  of  its  cognato  dialects.  Thus  tho 
prolix  uin,  as  in  nrnfmiii,  boy,  in  simply  m,  mfatui, 
in  somo  branche.s.  Mpon'/icc,  tho  name  of  a 
country  and  tribe  in  tho  northwest  part  cf  tho 
Bantu  field,  would  be  r»i;>OH(/ire  in  the  snuth- 
east  among  the  Zulus  and  Kafirs.  The  Zulu 
plural  prefix,  aim,  as  in  ahtifunn,  boys,  becomes 
ha,  as  hafana,  in  some  dialects.    For  person,  tho 


Zulns  have  itmuntu;  another  tribe  has  muntu; 
another,  wui'u;  another,  mtn ;  another,  muinhi. 
For  the  Zulu  i)luriil  of  this  wm-d,  (ilHinta,  peo- 
jile,  some  other  tribes  say  hiitilu ;  some,  aida / 
some,  uIh  ;  somo,  irnulu ;  some,  W(((i( ;  Homo, 
WHiiiln,  and  some,  nitdii.  Mtifni  (late  King  of 
I'ganda)  would  bo  Unilizn  in  Zulu,  and  the  Lake 
yijiiiizd  would  be,  in  Zulu,  hnjimzn.  On  the 
Ijiialaba,  a  briundi  of  tho  Congo,  tho  natives  say 
luj'iiii'i.  meat  ;  instead  of  which  the  Zulus  say 
iiiijiiiiKi,  meat.  Tho  peojjlo  on  jiarts  of  the 
Congo  say  iiijokd,  tho  Zulus,  ini/okd,  snake  ; 
tho  former  say  hi/amjii,  tiio  latter  iiii/KiKiit,  moon  ; 
tho  former  vihiije,  the  latter  i,hiijii,  plenty. 
Among  tho  Zulus  hula  aninlije  means  thresh  or 
break  stones.  Tho  Congo  peojile  calle<l  Stanley 
"  lliila  Mnl'iiU,"  "the  KockUroakor. "  The 
Zulu  and  Kalir  tribal  names,  Avunulu  anil 
AiiKiXtisn,  would  bo,  in  some  dialects,  Mitztdu, 
Mdj'dsii,  just  as  otlier  tribal  names  in  other 
]iarts  of  tho  liantu  field,  such  as  J/iiA-iw,  Murnvi, 
Mfdiyeiii'i,  would  begin  with  a,  as  Aindkiin, 
among  the  Zulus. 

Among  tho  distinguishing  grammatical  fea- 
tures of  tho  entire  liantu  family  of  languages, 
which  aro  specially  manifest  and  clearly  defined 
in  till'  Zulu,  ono  of  tho  more  marked  and  jieculiar 
consists  in  what  ma,v  bo  called  a  system  of  pro- 
nominal assimilations  and  repetitions.  This 
mode  is  sometimes  designated  as  tho  "  allitera- 
tive," because  of  the  t're<iuent  recuri'enco  of 
some  particular  letter  or  syllable  in  a  given  sen- 
tence Here,  csiiecially  in  tho  Zulu,  all  nouns 
may  bo  grouped  into  eight  distinct  classes,  ac- 
cording to  their  "  prefix"  or  incipient  element. 
Each  class  of  nouns  has  its  own  pronominal 
forms,  all  of  which  bear  a  striking  resemblance 
to  the  initial  element  of  the  noun  to  which  they 
nfev,  or  for  which  they  stand.  Thus  one  class 
of  nouns  comprises  all  those  whose  inciiiieiit  is 
(/('  ;  and  f(U'  this  class  the  relative  is  (/',  the  de- 
monstrative I'li,  this  ;  khi,  that  ;  flic  personal 
jironoun,  nominative,  and  acitusative,  // ;  obli(iuo 
form.  /(' ;  delinitive,  Inim,  and  fragmentary  form, 
simplv  /.  -Vnotlur  class  of  nouns  comprises  all 
those  whoso  incipient  is  isi,  as  isihaijK  ;  and  for 
this  the  relative  pronoun  is  rsi :  tho  demonstra- 
tive's, lisi  and  ks<i ;  personal,  si;  obliijue,  so  ; 
definitive,  snnn,  and  fragmentary,  simply  ,9. 
Take  now  this  sentence  :  tili  ili-.irc  Imiii.  cli  lim/iire 
vijemnli,  li  luinjih — i.e.,  this  field  of  mine  which 
was  bought  with  money. it  isgood.  If<>re  we  have 
ifVi,  /(in  tdtni),  rli  and  /),  all  referring  to  tho  noun 
iil-.ire,  and  faking  form  from  its  incipient.  Hi.  So, 
in  tho  exiimple  :  tdid  li.io  !sili/d  .s-((/,'o  e.sihdu.  «  .si 
hldir.i' :  that  is,  tak(!  that  dish  of  yours  which  is 
large,  and  wash  it  ;  literally,  you  it  wash  ;  and  wo 
have  /I'.si),  .s'  (in  .sv/Au),  rsi  (in  f.s/A»/i(),  and  si.  all 
from  ;,s/  in  i.iili/d.  This  giving  to  the  nominal 
incipient  so  much  of  moulding  intlucnco  over 
the  pronouns  and  over  tho  prefixes  to  tho  ad- 
jective, contributing  so  largely  to  i>reei.sion 
and  tho  power  of  inversion,  is  thought  by  somo 
to  add  also  to  tho  eujihony  of  tlu!  langr.age. 
Indeed,  somo  who  at  first  failed  to  see  that  tho 
jirinciple  under  discussion  really  constituted  a 
vital,  organic  part  of  tho  language,  were  wont  to 
regard  it  as  nothing  more  than  a  kind  of 
"  euphonic  alliteration." 

One  of  tho  striking  peculiarities  of  tho  Zulu 
language  is  that  sharp,  shrill  sound  occurring 
in  almost  every  other  sentence,  and  called  a 
"click."  It  constitutes  an  elementary  i)art  o£ 
the  word  in  which  it  occurs,  as  much  so  as  its 
vowels  or  consonants,  nnd  is  never  found  in  the 


/ 


/ 


M 


BANTU 


1:22 


BANTU 


i 


forrimtive  pnrt.  Of  these  clicks  there  nro  throo 
kinils,  L'ftcU  of  whicU  tiikos  its  imiiio  from  tho 
niiinuer  in  wliidi  it  in  luiulc,  uh  tlio  deiitiil,  tlio 
piiliitiil,  mid  thu  luturai.  It  wo  Mnirch  for  tln^ 
origin  of  tliosc  ptculiiir  souml.-t  or  for  tlic  reiisoii 
why  tlicy  won;  cvit  iMiployt'd  in  ii  iiiciiiis  of  in- 
dicutinn  iiii  ideii,  wo  sliidl  dmililli'SH  liiid  it  in 
that  priiiciplo  wliudi  in  iisiiiiUy  cidlod  tho 
"  tiHiiiiiiili'iiiiilir,"  or  an  offort  to  suit  tho  sound 
of  tliu  word  to  t!iH  tliin;!  sii^nilicd. 

Tho  foUowini^  ninro  ]>artJiidar  statonicnt  and 
illustrationH  of  tho  dislinj^iiishiii^,'  traits  of  tin,' 
Zulu  limmiago  aro  t;ikoii,  by  iiorniissioii,  from 
'Aidn-I.nnil : 

"  Ouo  of  tin)  most  iinimrtant  points  in  wldoli 
tho  Zidii  lant^ua','0  ditVors  froTii  llio  Kn},'lisli  and 
many  others,  is  found  in  tlio  fa<'t  tliat,  for  tlio 
most  part,  tlio  format ivo  lott>'is  iiroccdo  tlio 
root  ;  tliat  is,  most  of  tho  clmnf^os,  tho  intloo- 
tions,  to  which  a  word  is  siilijoct,  aro  mado  in 
the  boi^'innint,'  of  a  word  ;  thus,  iinifuwi,  boy  ; 
iibnjniin,  boys  ;  htkontu,  cow  ;  izliihaiiio,  cows  ; 
tie!  or  iliziti,  word  ;  mii'iziri,  words.  Ko  in  tho 
(idjocti\o  ;  v'lif'inii  mnhuhi,  lar;,'o  boy  ;  iiliufnuii 
uhnknln,  lar^o  boy.s  ;  inkoiini  enl.-nln,  groat  cow  ; 
iliztoi  iTik-iili(,  fjroat  word.  So  in  tho  possossivo 
pronouns  ;  iihutnini  ItKiiti,  my  boys  ;  iziiikonio 
zuDii,  my  cows  ;  illziel  Imiti,  m.v  word. 

"  From  theso  exuniplos  it  will  bo  noticed  that 
there  is  a  iieculiar  alliterative  agreement  amon;,' 
related  words— the  adjectives  and  jironouns 
taking  a  pretix  which  accords  with  tho  preforma- 
tivo  or  incipient  part  of  the  noun  with  wliicli 
they  agree,  or  to  which  thoy  relate  ;  thus,  nbd- 
fund  (ilxikitlii,  large  boys  :  (ib'ifniia  bdiiii  nbdhnhi, 
m.v  largo  boys  ;  Ulziri  lubfifiiini,  word  of  tho 
boys  ;  izinkomo  zitbnfdim,  cattle  of  the  boys. 

"  And  then,  too,  the  personal  ))ronoun  takes  a 
form  to  corrospimd  with  the  incipient  i)ortion 
of  tho  noun  for  which  it  stands  ;  thus,  (iibn/nDii) 
bn  tumt'i,  ib,)ys,  tliey  lovo  ;  (Izliikinao)  zi  tumbi, 
(cattle)  tliey  love  ;  (ilizir!)  li  luiulii,  (the  word)  it 
loves.  Now,  in  English,  talking  about  lioys  and 
cattle,  if  I  say  Ihii/  lum  tliiiii,  you  might  be  in 
doubt  whether  I  meant  to  say  tho  cattle  love  tlii! 
boys,  or  the  boys  tlio  cattle  ;  but  not  so  in  tho 
Zulu  -the  form  of  the  jironoun  showing  to  what 
noun  it  refers  ;  thus,  bn  zi  inmhi,  they  lovo  them, 
literally,  they  them  love  — that  is,  the  boys  Inve 
the  (Mittle  ;  zi  bn  btwlu  they  them  lovo — that  is, 
the  cattle  lovo  the  bovs. 

"  From  all  this  it  will  bo  seen  that  the  Zulu 
allows  of  groat  scope  and  variety  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  words  in  a  sentence,  and  at  tlio  same 
time  gives  you  great  c;learness  and  precision  a< 
to  what  is  meant.  Thus,  in  tho  jihraso — '  the 
face  of  the  animal  which  is  lirge,'  one  might 
bo  in  doubt  as  to  wliat '  is  largo  ;'  not  so,  how- 
ever, in  tlu!  Zulu  Jihraso — ulnisn  iiitik-omn  obn- 
hnln,  where  the  form  of  tho  ad.ioctive  <A»/,ii/i/, 
great,  loaves  no  doubt  that  it  is  iiiiMint  to  de- 
scribe iibiisn,  face.  So,  too,  though  tho  most 
natural  and  common  order  is  to  put  the  mun- 
uominative  before  the  verb,  and  the  noun-ob- 
jective after  the  verb,  yet  both  may  either  Jire- 
cede  or  follow  ;  thus,  for  the  Knglish — '  the 
boys  love  the  vnttle,'  we  may  say  either  (ibii/'iiui 
izinkottw  ba  zi  tanda  ;  or  ba  zi  Uinda  ab<tfana  izin- 
komo. 

"  At  first  sight,  nothing  seems  more  confused 
and  complicated  than  the  Zulu  language  ;  yet, 
when  we  come  to  look  carefully  into  its  forms, 
changes,  nnd  laws,  we  are  obliged  to  admit  that 
no  language  of  which  wo  have  any  knowleilgo 
can  lay  claim  to  more  order  and  regularity,  Mexi- 


bility,  and  precision.  Thus,  nouns  aro  divided 
into  eight  classes,  according  to  tho  form  of 
tiioir  inciiuont  element,  and  the  manner  in 
wliich  tliey  make  the  plural.  i'lnfiiini,  bov,  bo- 
longs  to  tlit^  lirst  class  ;  ilizwi,  to  the  second  ; 
iiihiiiiii,  to  tho  third  ;  and  so  on — tho  plural  of 
the  lirst  being  niadi^  in  nlm,  of  tho  second  in 
(iiiiii,  and  of  tlie  tliird  in  iziii,  Kach  class  and 
cacli  niuiiber  has  its  own  fcuni  of  the  jironoun 
jiersoniii  or  verbal  ;  as,  >i,  bn  ;  li,  a;  i,  zi ;  each, 
its  own  form  for  the  relativo  ;  as,  <i,  aim  ;  eli,  a; 
i;  tii ;  each,  its  own  form  for  tho  jiossessivo  ; 
as,  ((/,(,  '('/() ;  al<i,  (tico ;  iiyo,  (izn—nml  so  on. 
And  then,  loo,  each  class  and  number  has  its 
own  jireformalivo  letter  to  bo  used  in  forming 
the  jiossessive  ;  us,  k,  whiidi  jiassos  over  into 
its  semivowel  ir,  for  llio  tirst  class,  singular  ;  b 
for  tho  jilural  ;  /  and  a  for  tho  seirond  class  ;  y 
and  :;  for  tho  third.  Thus,  for  tho  jiosscssivo 
nil/  or  mine  (the  ground  form  for  which,  as  it 
were,  in  Zulu,  is  nnii,  that  is,  </,  of,  and  ?/i;,  mo 
— of  me),  wo  have,  icnml,  linmi ;  himi,  ami; 
y<vni,  zinni,  according  to  tho  class  and  number 
of  the  noun  ;  as,  tnnfnnn  lonmi,  my  boy  ;  nlin/nmi 
liniin,  my  boys.  For  tho  Jiossessive  Ids  or  Iki; 
it  tho  n<iiin  bo  of  tho  (irst  class,  wo  have  tho 
ground  form,  or  basis,  (ihc,  n,  of,  and  Ac,  him — 
and  then  tcnke,  bake,  lnki\  etc.,  according  to  tho 
noun  j)0ssessed  ;  as  ii/n/'Oia  iniAe.  his  boy  ;  iliziri 
hike,  his  word  ;  izinkomo  znke,  his  cattle.  For 
tho  Jiossessive  Unir,  referring  to  Jiorsons  or  to 
iii/uns  in  nlm,  as  nhn/nini,  boys  ;  iibnnlii,  people 
— -the  basis  being  obo — wo  have  icnbo,  bnbn^  Inbo, 
nbo,  yiibii,  etc.,  as,  i7(.:iri  Inbo,  their  word  ;  ('::/)!- 
kiniio  znbii,  their  cattle.  And  for  tho  i)ossessivo 
their,  rofeiring  to  nouns  in  iziti,  as  iziiikonio,  wo 
have,  in  like  manner,  wnzo,  bnzn,  Inzo,  azo,  ynzn, 
etc.,  as,  iliziri  Inzo,  their  voice  ;  i.siboya  sazn, 
their  fold  ;  iziiiipondo  znzo,  their  horns, 

' '  N'ow,  when  you  come  to  carry  tbia  through  all 
tho  eight  classes  of  iioun>,  singular  and  jilural, 
.vou  will  find  that  there  js  no  small  number  of 
forms  for  each  class  and  kind  of  tho  jironoun. 
liut  for  all  this,  comjiliiMitod,  e'ia(rt,  auil  liunur- 
ous  as  these  forms  are,  the  native  never  makrs 
a  mistake,  or  talks,  as  wo  say,  ungrammaticall.x'. 
Kven  till!  (diildreu  seem  to  liiid  it  as  natural  nnd 
easy  to  sjK'uk  jirojierly  in  resjiect  to  grammar  aa 
they  do  to  eat  and  sloeji. 

"The  Zulu  hinguage  jiays  a  high  regard  to 
euphony.  No  doubt  this  is  owing  in  jiart  to  tho 
fact  that  it  has  ever,  till  recently,  been  addressed 
solely  to  tho  oar.  Some  of  its  ideas  of  eujiliony 
are  jieculi;ir  to  itself  ;  others  aro  founded  on 
general  laws,  smdi  as  jirevail  more  or  less  in  ail 
languages.  Heiieo,  some  of  tho  forms  ami 
changes  on  which  it  insists  for  euphonic  jmr- 
jioses  lire  external,  aci'idental,  and  to  bo  at- 
tributed to  the  taste,  fashion,  or  cajirico  of  tho 
jieojile  :  wliilo  others  are  internal  an. 1  neci  ssary, 
the  reasons  for  which  aro  to  bo  found  in  tho 
very  structure  of  the  language,  or  in  tho  jiliysio- 
logical  character  of  articulate  sounds.  I'erhajis 
no  language  can  lay  a  better  claim  than  the  Zulu 
to  an  exemjition  from  two  great  faults  (in  tho 
one  hand,  that  sujierabundance  of  vowels  and 
liquids  which  jiroduces  excessive  softness  ;  and 
on  tho  other,  that  sujierabundance  of  conso- 
nants which  Jiroduces  excessive  harshness.  Tho 
hnjipy  menu  which  it  has  observed  in  its  inter- 
mixture of  mute  consonants  with  vocalic  and 
liquid  sounds  makes  it  both  pleasing  to  the  oar 
and  easy  to  sj)eak. 

"One  of  the  greatest  defects  of  the  language,  as 
might  be  supposed,   is  the  paucity  of  words. 


I 


I 


BANTU 


123 


BANTU 


^lud  to 

lirt  to  tlio 

ilitrcssecl 

|i'Uj)hony 

liuli'il   oil 

li'SH  ill  ail 

riMs    iinil 

'iiii!  jmr- 

■c)  )hi  at- 

I'd  (if   tlio 

!'(•(  ssary, 

|1    iu   tlll3 

pliysio- 

ll'crlmiis 

Itlie  Zulu 

(in  till) 

rls  and 

|ss  ;  anil 

cnnso- 

Is.     Tho 

tin  inter- 

^lic  and 

the  ear 

fiiiK''.  ">* 
words. 


eHpocially  those  which  ai-o  wont  needed  for  the 
ex|)reHsi()n  of  moral  and  religious  tliou|^lits. 
'riio  ]iu(i|)lu  having!  t'uvv  ideas  on  sulijeets  of  this 
kind,  their  words  are  few  also.  Vet,  even  here, 
the  <'aHe  is  not  so  dilUeiill  as  uii^lit  hit  presumed. 
In  soma  instances  we  are  alile  to  eonvert  a  word 
from  a  seeular  to  a  sacred  use.  And  then  the 
lanv!uaf,'e  IS  yet  young,  as  it  wire,  iineultivateil, 
waitiii;^  to  he  develoi)ed  and  fiishinncd  for  the; 
largest  and  nohlest  ends.  One  ront  will  often 
give  you  a  large  stem,  with  a  gond  nunihir  of 
hrimelies,  anil  no  small  amnutit  of  fruit.  Thus, 
from  tho  verh  huwi,  see,  we  have  liniiisn,  cause 
to  see,  show  ;  boiii^i.iK,  show  eh'arly  ;  hniifln, 
see  for  ;  hi itnldn,  looli  and  h  arn,  imitate  ;  ho- 
mind,  see  each  other  ;  hoiiilniKt,  see  for  each  other  ; 
b(iii!.s(iiiii,  cause  each  otntr  to  s»;o,  shiiw  each 
other  ;  hoHdh'itlii,  npi)ear,  he  visihle  ;  hiiit'tkidin't, 
make  visihlo  ;  uinhniil.,  a  seer  ;  uinhdmli,  a  spuc- 
tator  ;  uinhiiufto,  ii  spectach^  ;  Hiiihiniini,  an  over- 
seer ;  nmliiiniso,  i\  show  :  isihnnii,  a  sight,  curi- 
osity ;  isihimlsi),  n  vision  ;  isihiiiKikato,  an 
ftppeaniiiee  ;  isihoiiKknlisn,  a  revelation  — and  all 
this  without  goiug  into  the  passive  voice  ;  as, 
hiDitcn,  ho  seen  ;  honiswii,  cause  to  bo  seen  ; 
tiiiiiinisini,  cause  to  ho  clearly  seen,  etc.  I  doiiht 
if  the  Crerniau,  (ireok,  or  any  other  language 
can  exceed  tlie  Zulu  in  tho  scipe  and  liherty 
which  it  gives  for  the  formation  of  derivative 
words. 

"  The  liherty  which  it  gives  for  combining  two 
or  more  words,  so  as  to  form  a  signiticant  com- 
pound, is  another  point  worth  mentioning.  In 
this  way  we  get  imjuDnnlnmiti,  east,  from  two 
words --;)»i;i(/,  come  out,  and  iliDnjit,  tho  sun  ; 
Utrlionatnngn,  west  —  from  rhnini,  sink,  and 
itungn,  sun.  So,  i)iliHHfii.  an  heir,  comes  from 
comhining  two  words  which  signify,  '  to  eat 
tho  estate  of  tho  deceased  ;'  while  inldnUinhMn\ 
a  hat,  signifies  '  a  lung-eared  nnininl  ;'  and 
ihUili'Hk-osikn-.i.  tho  .iasmine,  •  (jueen's  eyo.' 

"  Many  of  tho  names  which  the  natives  give  to 
persons,  places,  rivers,  mountains,  are  also  ema- 
poiind  terms  ;  and,  whether  simiile  or  com- 
pound, the  most  of  them  are  signiticant.  Thus, 
AiiiUHzimliili,  tho  name  of  a  stream,  signities 
'  sweet  water  ;'  Inli/diiijuh-dz!,  the  name  of  a 
tall  sugar-loaf  mountain,  signities  '  a  tall 
reed.'  I  once  Lad  a  great  stout  hoy  to  work 
for  me,  whoso  name  signified  '  man  of  tlio 
mountain  ;'  and  another,  of  a  cunning,  crahhed 
disposition,  who  was  called  hy  a  name  signify- 
ing 'strength  of  tho  wolf.'  One  is  called 
spear,  another  hatchet,  another  money,  another 
whiskers.  Tho  names  which  the  natives  give 
the  white  peo;  I  aro  often  appropriate  and 
amusing.  Tl-  i-  ono  who  wears  spectacles  is 
called  glasses  ;  one  who  keeps  a  good  lookout 
for  those  in  his  employ,  eyes  ;  one  who  moves 
ahout  hriskly,  with  a  staccato  step,  crackle-gait. 

"  Tho  native  has  no  family,  or  surname  ; 
though  ho  is  sometimes  designated  as  the  son  of 
so-andso.  .V  man  also  not  uiifiviiuently  desig- 
nates his  wife — that  is,  one  of  his  wives — as  the 
daughter  of  so-and-so-^a  jnactico  which  had  its 
origin,  douhtless,  in  polygamy  ;  since  tho  term 
my  wife,  or  Jlrs.  So-nnd-so,  would  often  he  niii- 
biguous  where  a  man  has  half-a  dozen  wives." 

The  iniligenous  literature  of  the  Zulus,  as  of 
nil  the  ISantu  tribes,  if  sucli  it  can  hit  called 
where  they  have  no  alphabet  with  which  to 
write  out  their  thoughts,  their  folk-lore,  oral 
songs,  royal  eulogies,  and  common  law,  could 
but  be,  as  it  is.  very  scant.  To  ho  sure,  they 
have  a  variety  of  unwritten,  plain,  simple  songs. 


with  the  singing  of  which,  accompanied  with 

the  ijHiiihii.  a  iinihical  instrument  of  one  string, 
tlu-y  Jiass  many  an  hour  of  hisuie  :  such  aro 
their  ev.  iiing  smigs,  their  domestic  songs,  hunt- 
ing songs,  heroic  smigs,  and  religious  songs,  or 
songs  in  which  they  give  expression  to  a  wish 
or  jirayer.  Tlu  ir  language  abounds  in  bnld, 
ligurativii  epithets  ami  complinientuiy  terms,  of 
whiidi  they  malie  great  uso  in  singing  tho 
praises  of  their  kings.  Tho  royal  court,  upon 
grand  festal  occasions,  is  a  great  plactt  and 
time  for  the  royal  rhapsodist  or  bard  to  pour 
forth  his  poetic  imaginings  in  a  most  jirofuso 
and  fervid  style,  and  speak  of  the  king,  to  his 
face,  as  black  and  lieautiful,  tall  and  straight,  a 
majestic  elephant,  a  ravenous  h,\ina,  the  mer- 
ciless o|>ponent  of  every  conspiracy,  the  de- 
vourer,  waster,  smasher  of  all  his  foe  s,  all  love- 
ly as  a  monster  of  lesistlesh'  might,  "  like 
heaven  above,  raining  and  shining," 

T'ho  more  tho  eom))arativo  jihilologist  comes 
to  know  of  this  liantu  family  of  languages,  not 
only  tho  more  jiroof  does  he  get  of  the  general 
kinship  of  the  numerous  iiaiitil  tribes,  luit  tho 
more  does  lie  lind  of  beauty,  compass,  Ihxi- 
hility,  and  iilastic  power  in  their  system  of 
speeeli  to  excite  liis  wonder  and  re'vard  his 
study.  All  the  best-known  branches,  whetlur 
on  the  cast,  south,  or  west,  or  in  the  interior, 
are  found  to  bo  soft,  pliant,  easy  tlowing  in  ut- 
terance, regular  and  systematic  in  forms,  phil- 
osophical in  structure  and  principle,  and  won- 
derfully rich  in  ability  to  express  all  the  facts 
and  nice  shades  of  thouglitand  feeling  of  which 
the  people  who  speak  them  have  any  knowl- 
edge. To  be  sure,  to  tho  foreigner  tho  tow  clicks 
and  gutturals  are  not  easy  of  utterance,  though 
tho  native  linds  in  them  nothing  ditlicult.  In- 
deed, tho  native  is  never  awaro  that  his  lan- 
guage contains  a  click  or  guttural  till  his  atten 
tiou  is  called  to  it  by  tho  alien  scholar.  .Vnd  it 
is  specially  interesting  to  note  that  it  is  within 
this  great  field  of  underlying,  sul)stantial  one- 
ness of  speech  that  tho  mighty  geograiihical  dis- 
coveries have  been  made  in  late  .vears  by  such 
men  as  Livingstone,  Ihirton,  Sjake,  Cameron, 
Stanley,  and  others  ;  and  that  within  this  field 
it  is  that  great  Christian  missions  aro  being  ex- 
tensively ))lanted,  the  labors  of  whose  agents 
have  not  only  added  most  materially  to  our 
knowledge  of  these  languages,  but  been  also 
themselves  greatly  heljied,  and  will  be  helped 
yet  more  and  more,  hy  their  substantial  one- 
ness. 

In  ri's|)ect  to  tho  origin  and  early  kinship  of 
the  liiintii  race,  and  how,  whence,  or  when  they 
came  into  tho  ])art  of  .\frica  tin  v  now  occupy, 
tho  jieople  themselves  can  ti  11  us  n(>tliii:g.  Nor 
doi'S  ancient  history,  sacred  <u'  profane,  throw 
any  direct  light  on  the  subject.  .Vnd  yet  we 
are  not  without  some  good  reasons  for  at  least 
a  plausible  opinion  in  relation  to  it.  The  ap- 
])arent  likeness  of  the  Itottentnt,  in  many  re- 
spects, to  tho  old  Egyptian  family  would  indi- 
cate that  tho  former  was  once  a  jiart  of  the 
latter.  Comparing  tho  language  of  tho  former 
with  the  old  Kgyptiau  and  Coptic  tongues  gives 
us  a  good  clew  to  his  ancient  abode.  The  best 
jihilologists  of-  tho  present  day,  and  those  who 
liave  had  tho  best  of  opportunity  for  studying 
the  Hottentot,  liushman,  and  Koranna,  and  of 
comparing  this  most  southern  tongue  .vith  tho 
ancient  and  most  nortlutrnof  tho  continent — the 
Egyptian,  Coptic,  and  their  cognates — find 
marked  resemblances  between  the  two  ;  from 


BANTU 


i2i. 


BANTU 


\     i 


'V) 


wbifU  they  Infer  thi\t  tlioBe  extreme  Hnutliern 
tril)o»  w(irii  oiKui  KUiult-red  liy  some  iliviilinn 
wo<l^!()  from  till'  I'xtii'iiii)  mirtlu'iii,  iiiul  liy  this 
liHW  iiK'oiiiiiii^  power  or  nlioii  rin'c,  of  ii  very 
<iitfi'ifiit  liiiii^iiut^ii,  wuro  (liivcii  on  K.inthwiud 
froiii  iiLjf  t>)  ii:A<\  till  they  hiniUy  riurhc.l  ihiir 
j>remiut  iihijihi  in  tliu  hihUIhtii  unulo  of  tho  con- 
tinent, from  \vlii<'li  they  i(iiil,l  lio  ilriviu  no 
farther.  'I'his  liiii^nistii)  iir^'iinimt  is  sMpi)i)rtiMl 
hy  till)  fiiet  thiit  tin' ui>pi';inin:'e,  iniinntTs,  ens- 
tiiMis  of  tho  ll.)tlrntnis  ilitliT  In  iii;iny  rispiH'ts 
I'ssi'iitiiilly  from  tliosi'  of  the  lluntu  nic-u  on  their 
northernhor.hr,  unci  yet  iilVord  ^'oo(l  ground  for 
cliissin;,'  them  with  tho  ohl  Ki^yi)tiiin  und  olher 
Nortli  .Vfrioiin  niitions,  Soiuo  of  tlio  leiirned  iit 
the  Ciipo  of  Oooil  llopo  linvu  found  jiieturis 
nnd  impressions  iimon^;  tho  untiipiities  of 
lC>^yi)t  HO  like  tlie  Hottentot  as  to  miiko  it  cer- 
tuiii,  us  they  tliink,  thiit  tho  ori^'inid  of  thesu 
roj)rosent;itivi,'s  must  Imvo  lui'U  iiersoiis  of  this 
race.  Then  attain  tho  Hottentots  of  South 
Afriea,  in  days  of  old,  as  tho  eiirly  travellers  in 
that  ro^ion  and  their  own  traditions  tell  us, 
wero  wont  to  worship  tho  moon  ;  tho  like  to 
which,  tho  historian  tells  us,  was  found  among 
tho  northorn  nations  of  Africa  in  their  sidercjil 
worshi)).  And  yet  wo  lind  no  trace  of  this 
nnionj^'  their  iieinhhors  of  the  ]!antu  raco.  Tho 
gods  of  the  Zulus  aro  re^jardod  UH  having  tlu:ir 
homo  hiineath  and  never  ahove.  Tho  northern 
nations  of  olden  times,  like  tho  Hottentots  from 
time  iiumemorial,  luadn  n;;o  of  tho  how  and 
firrow,  while  tho  Zulu  and  his  neigldiors  of  the 
liantu  race  nso  tho  spear,  short  Hword,  and  war 
cluh.  And  yi^t  it  is  in  looking  at  tho  moro 
permanent  and  marked  feature  of  the  Hottentot, 
his  language,  and  its  likeness  to  that  of  tho  old 
Kgyplia'.i,  that  wo  tind  tho  strongest  proof  that 
tho  two  families  wero  one  in  origin  ;  and  if  so, 
then  tho  fai^t  of  their  heing  oveiitually  so  widely 
sep.irated  points  to  tho  proliahlo  incfuuing  of 
anothiT  people,  as  from  tlio  east,  hy  which  they 
were  divided,  and  a  portion  of  them  pushed  on 
Kouthward  till  they  caruo  to  the  other  extreme 
of  tho  continent.  Eruptions  from  the  north 
and  east  in  those  early  days  were  not  tmknown, 
Tho  Israelites  and  tho  Hyksos,  (U-  sheiiherd 
kings,  Wero  noted  instances.  As  the  families  of 
tho  earth  multipliiMl  in  tho  homo  of  thtdr  duld- 
bond  and  youth,  it  is  easy  to  see  how  there 
must  have  been  a  general  ju'essurti  from  the  north 
nnd  east  to  the  south  and  west,  os)iecially  from 
■\Vestern  Asia  into  tho  northeast  of  Africa,  or 
from  the  Euphrates  into  Egypt. 

Incpiiring  now  to  which  particular  branch  of 
the  great  familios  of  men  this  incursive,  immi- 
grating  race  belonged,  wo  can  hardly  doubt  that 
it  was  Ibvmitic,  having  its  origin  probably  in 
8omo  bran(di  of  tho  C!usliites.  Tho  descendants 
of  this  lino  wore  numerous,  nnd  some  of  them 
settled,  for  a  time  at  least,  in  Asia.  Thus  Xim- 
rod,  th.>  mighty  hunter,  wlio  was  one  of  tho 
Hons  o'  Cush,  built  several  largo  towns  in  ]!aby. 
Ion,  Others  settled  in  .Vrabia,  and  doubtless 
juftiiy  went  at  an  early  date  to  Africa  and  set- 
tled along  the  Nile  in  Egy|)t,  or  tartlu'r  south 
nlj.iut  Moroi.'.  Herodotus  speak.i  of  two  classes 
of  Ethiopians,  one  in  Asia,  tho  other  in  Africa. 
SFany  of  tho  former  served  us  soldiers  under 
Xerxo.s,  though  their  homo  is  not  easily  deter- 
mined. The  historian,  however,  tells  iia  that 
the  Asiatic  Ethiopians  wero  black,  like  those  of 
LiV)ya,  but  differed  from  thom  in  language,  and 
Lad  straight  hair  ;  wdiereas  those  of  Libya  had 
very  curly  hair.      Now,   between    the    Bantu 


tribes  anil  tho  proper  ncRro  race  there  is,  to  a 

certain  extent,  ,iust  this  kind  of  difference  at 
the  iireseiit  time.  To  be  sure,  the  liantu  raco 
is  not  now  white,  and  yet  thiir  hue  is  not  so 
dark  as  that  of  the  Nigritian  N.gro,  nor  is  his 
hair  HO  Woolly;  and  as  to  his  language  -that 
most,  decisive  mark  of  an  allinity  or  of  a  ililfer- 
elu'e — there  is  known  to  be  a  wide  dilTereiico  be- 
tween the  l!antu  on  the  Houth  id'  tlio  J'.cpiator 
and  tho  real  negro  of  tho  Soudan  ami  neighbor- 
ing dialects  in  tho  niuth.  Taking,  then,  all 
theso  suggestive  thoughts  and  facts  togidher, 
"  would  it  not  Heom,"  as  said  in  /.uhi-Lidiil, 
"  that  tho  liantu  raco  had  its  origin  in  Ci'ii- 
Iral  or  Western  Asia,  perhaps  iu  .Vrmenia, 
nioro  likely  farther  south,  (lossibly  on  the  Ku- 
jdirates  ;  nnd  that,  in  process  of  time,  being 
straitened  for  room,  it  broke  uway  fnuu  its 
original  neat,  or  was  driven  out,  tho  wludo  or 
a  l>art,  and  led  to  shape  its  course  to  tli((  Honth- 
west  ;  either  cairieil  along  by  u  general  move- 
ment, or  drawn  by  tho  attractions  of  kindred  in 
that  direction,  until  they  (^amo  to  Mizraini  in 
the  land  of  tho  Nile?  Finding  tho  lirst  or 
lower  valley  of  that  river  already  too  full,  they 
pass  on,  though  not  without  driving  a  portion 
of  tho  people  before  them — a  portion,  Jierhalis, 
already  removed  of  their  own  accord,  or  crowded 
out  into  tho  more  open  country  in  search  of  a 
new  homo  and  a  widiT  field.  The  northern 
<'oast  alreaily  occupied,  they  naturally  turn  to 
tho  south,  ascend  the  Nile,  or  move  gradually 
along  tho  eastern  coast,  until,  at  length,  they 
reach  the  country  and  condition  in  which  wo 
find  them. 

"  Of  ciMirse,  in  passing  through  so  many  new 
lands,  and  so  many  ages  of  being,  and  eoiuing 
in  contact  with  other  r.ices,  tho  original  (  har- 
auter  and  speech  of  this  llantn  race  would  be 
considerahly  moditied.  Their  prognss  being 
slow,  they  would  naturally  intermarry  with 
neighboring  tribes  ;  and  bo  fashitmed,  physical- 
ly,  mentally,  and  morally,  to  nomo  extent  by  the 
people,  tho  country,  the  climate,  the  customs, 
and  other  mouhling  intluences  to  which  they 
wero  exposed.  In  this  way,  whether  originidly 
a  branch  of  tho  real  negro  stock  or  not,  it  is 
easy  to  account  for  both  the  agreement  and  the 
ditTerenco  whiidi  we  lind  to  exist  at  the  jiriseiit 
day  between  the  two  families.  The  liantu  raco 
cradled  in  Asia — as  our  Kpoculations  inclini'  us 
to  ladievo — tho  genuine  negro  or  Ethiopie  in 
Africa  ;  the  one  living  for  ages  perhaps,  with- 
out the  tropic  in  the  ejist,  while  tho  other  hasted 
to  its  moro  sunny  homo  in  tho  great  i)eninsula  ; 
the  former,  perchance,  long  associated  with 
Japhetic  or  Seiuitic  naticuis,  and  much  trav- 
elled withal  ;  while  tho  latter  doubtless  came 
into  being,  and  l)assed  both  tho  plastic  season 
of  its  youth  nnd  its  maturer  ago  in  tho  same 
secluded,  sandy  region  where  it  is  now  found  : 
it  is  easy  to  see  wliy  the  Katir,  the  Zulu,  and 
all  their  kin,  though  tiny  spring  from  a  com- 
mon stock,  should  be  found  at  this  day  moro 
robust,  taller,  of  a  lighter  color,  with  hair  less 
woolly,  with  a  nose  more  elevated,  of  a  much 
greater  facial  angle,  a  higher  forehead,  and  alto- 
gether of  a  more  intelligent,  (,'aueasian  hxdv, 
than  their  Nigritian  neighbors  of  thi!  Ethiopie  or 
Negro  stamp.  At  the  same  time  wo  see  in  theso 
Zulu  and  Katir  tribes,  in  tho  whole  liantu  race, 
so  much  of  the  true  negro  type,  so  much  of 
dark  color  in  the  skin,  of  curling  nnd  wooUi- 
ness  in  tho  hair,  of  breadth  in  the  nostrils,  o£ 
thickness  in  tho  lips,  so  much  of  likeness  in 


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125 


BANTU 


tho  eyes  nnd  iti  other  roHpectH  to  the  other  rnco 
— tho  trilx'H  which  now  IhiiiU  this  iinrtheru  do- 
iiiaiu — that  wo  iiniHt  coiiii'  to  tho  couolusion, 
thiit  if  thn  Jtiiiitu  t'limily  liiiil  an  origin  fitlu-r 
uioro  iiiicitait  <ii'  iiiiirt'  iiio(h'in.  or  in  iiny  wimi 
other  than  tho  nc^rocH  of  Ni^ritia,  it  iniiiuh'cl 
with  tlioHo  in  its  foniiativi'  days,  on  its  nii^ra 
tory  way  throiiuli  tho  Ktliipu!  ro|^i(>ns,  till  it  was 
hirj^oly  iinliiu'd  with  their  sjiirit,  and  fashiimod 
(iftor  thdir  tyiie." 

lu  rtis|)ii('t  to  tho  mom  ri'cont  ori^jin,  history, 
and  alio(h)  of  tho  two  lari^'cr  of  tho  sontlnastcrn 
trihfs  of  tho  Jiaiitu  family,  tho  Kalir  or  Xosa 
and  Xiilii,  modorn  historians  aro  not  silont. 
They  toll  US  that  tho  Kalirs  oamo  gradually 
d(  wii  from  tlui  northeast,  somo  two  or  thri  o 
hiindrod  years  aj^o,  and  settled  in  distriets  lyint; 
between  tho  Kci  and  tho  I'm/imkuhi,  out  of 
whioh  they  crowdod  tho  weaker  Hottentot  and 
Itushman  tribes.  Tho  name  Kalir,  from  tho 
Arabic  K(^lir,  or  Kafr,  which  signifies  inhdel, 
or  thoso  who  do  not  holil  tho  Moslem  faith,  was 
lirst  a]>l)U(^d  by  Aralis  to  tho  lieatbon  tribes, 
with  wliieh  as  traders  they  camo  in  eontaet, 
along  tho  Kast  Coast  of  Afriea  ;  which  would 
Hoem  to  givo  sanction  to  the  abovo  historic 
Baying.  .Vnd  then,  too,  in  tho  Kafir's  jiractico 
of  iiolygaiiiy  and  tho  riti^  of  circumcision,  and 
t'Hiiocially  in  his  luoud  bearing  and  martial 
spirit,  iu  his  somewhat  Arabic  features,  and  in 
his  hul^  not  gonorally  so  dark  as  that  of  tho 
jiuro  negro,  many  seo  proof  of  his  liaving  been 
fur  a  tiuu'  with  iiKuiibers  of  tho  Arab  race. 

Tho  Zulus  also,  according  to  tradition  and  the 
testimony  of  goiierations  that  have  Vmt  lately 
])assod  away,  canio  in,  something  more  than  a 
century  since,  from  llio  north  and  took  up  their 
abodo,  lirst  on  tlio  Imfolosi  and  I'mhlatusi 
rivers,  and  then  farther  south  as  far  as  thi^  lui- 
zimkulii,  and  farther  east  till  they  camo  into 
tho  vicinity  of  Dolagoa  ]>ay.  Not  to  go  back 
beyond  a  somewhat  delinito  knowledge  of 
ttuau,  wo  tiiid  them  a  small  tribe  under  tho 
chieftain  Useu/.angakona,  son  of  Jama,  and  fa- 
ther of  Cliaka.  Chaka,  born  in  17.H7,  was  a 
chi(!ftain  of  great  enterprise  in  his  way,  of 
groat  ambition,  military  prowess,  and  success, 
and  consiMpient  fame.  Starting  out  at  tho  head 
of  a  small  army,  ho  assaileil  and  suIhIiumI  tribo 
after  tribo,  and  incorporated  all  into  his  own, 
till  ho  had  mastoriid  ainl  tilled  tho  realm  of 
which  wo  havo  spoken,  jind  made  himself  to  bo 
feared  by  tho  Dutch  and  Knglish  at  the  Capo, 
tho  Chuana  tribes  on  tho  west,  and  other  far- 
distant  tribes  on  thn  north  and  east,  till  finally, 
in  1H2H,  ho  was  himself  assassinated  through 
tho  jealousy  and  instigation  of  two  brothers, 
one  of  whiuii,  Dingan,  took  his  jilaco  in  power. 
During  Dingan's  roign,  or  rather  at  tho  oloso  of 
it,  which  camo  through  a  largo  part  of  his  sub- 
jects going  over  under  his  brother,  rmpande, 
to  aid  tho  lioers  in  their  war  against  liim,  hav- 
ing boon  chased  out  of  the  country  and  died  of 
his  wounds  in  tho  wilderness,  his  kingdom  was 
divided,  in  isll),  nnd  tho  southern  half  of  it, 
called  the  Natal  District,  camo  into  the  hands 
of  tho  Dutch,  and  then,  in  1H12,  into  tho  hands 
of  the  Knglish,  and  so  becamo  a  liritish  colony  ; 
while  tho  northern  lialf,  that  which  has  Bince 
gone  by  tlio  namo  of  Zululand,  camo  under 
tho  rule  of  Umnuude,  brother  of  the  two  pre- 
vious kings.  ITmpande  continued  nominally 
at  tho  head  of  affairs  till  tho  day  of  his  death,  iii 
()ctol)or,  1K72,  though  for  the  last  ton  or  rtcteeu 
years  of  his  life  the  goveruuient  wos  virtually 


in  the  handn  o(  bis  flon,  Ketchwayo.  In  Juuo, 
lH7;t,  ostensibly  at  the  rocpiest  of  the  Zulu  na- 
tion, yet  virtually  through  the  agency  of  tho 
English  -  Natal  .So(!rotary  for  Native  Affairs, 
Ketchwayo  was  installe(i  king  in  )daco  of  his 
now  decejised  father.  Ho  h<ld  olhco  till  tho 
Knglish  Zulu  wjir  iu  1n7'.i,  when  ho  was  taken 
cajitivo  and  carri<'d  to  Capo 'J'own,  and  tlunco 
to  Knglaiid.  The  Itriti.^h  (lovernmont  now  pro. 
fessiiig  to  havo  a  kind  of  moral  protocti(Ui  ami 
authority  over  the  Zulu  realm,  (liviiled  it  into 
thirteen  sections,  and  over  each  appointed  a 
kind  of  petty  chief  or  kinglet,  tho  result  of  which 
was  confusion,  strife,  and  anarchy.  Then 
Ketchwayo  was  carrieil  liack  to  Zululand  ami 
reinstated  king,  January  lllsl,  1«m;1,  over  at  least 
a  part  of  his  former  realm,  but  so  handicapped 
with  restrictions  us  not  to  bo  able  to  boar  rth- 
cielit  rule.  Some  of  the  kinglets,  especially 
I'sibepu,  not  being  pleased  w  itli  this  return  of 
the  king,  soon  had  a  ipiarrel  ami  a  light  with 
him,  in  which  the  king  was  severely  Wounded, 
and  being  hidden  away  for  a  time  in  "  tho 
bush,"  was  supposed  to  have  been  killed.  Ho 
was  eventually  lound.  however,  and  rescued  by 
the  Knglish,  but  soon  died,  soiiu!  say  ot  lieart  ilis- 
ease,  some,  of  grief  and  disappointment;  while 
others  think  ho  was  poisoned  by  his  late  an- 
taguiist. 

Then  I'ndini/.ulu,  son  of  Ketchwayo,  together 
with  I'ndabuko,  one  of  tho  king's  brothers, 
undertook  to  Bul)duo  I'sibepu,  but  were  jire- 
vented  and  punished  by  the  Knglish.  Tho 
country  is  still  diviib'd  into  sections  and  undei 
tho  direct  rule  of  chiefs,  though  tho  I-ieutoiiant- 
(tovernorof  Natal  has  a  general  KUiiervision  of 
all  ;  and  for  tho  present  all  is  orderly  and  peace- 
ful. That  part  of  tho  ccuintry  w  hich  constitutes 
what  is  called  tho  "  New  Itepublic"  is  under 
tho  rulo  of  tho  1  Mitch,  to  whom  it  belongs. 

Tho  entire  number  of  tho  Zulus  at  tho  pres- 
ent timo  is  believed  to  bo  about  (;(Ki,(l(l(l,  ot 
whom  about  half  are  living  in  Natal,  and  tho 
rest  in  Zululand  and  in  regions  farther  north 
and  weBt.  Tho  size  of  the  Zulu  nation,  and 
esiiecially  tho  fact  of  its  having  been  greatly 
enlarged  in  its  earlier  days  by  Chaka's  subduiU({ 
and  incorjiorating  into  it  somo  forty  other 
tribes  or  clans,  makes  it  worthy  to  be  taken,  in 
many  things,  as  a  good  representative  of  tho  en- 
tiro  race  to  which  it  belongs. 

Tho  njjpearance,  color,  traits,  mode  of  life, 
institutions,  and  <!Ustoms  of  tho  Zulu  aro  so 
lik(^  thoso  of  tho  other  tribes  of  tho  Jtantu 
family  that  a  descriidion  of  tho  former  will 
give  a  good  iilea  of  all.  Tho  personal  apj>ear- 
anco  of  tho  better  classes  of  tlieso  tribes,  espe- 
cially ot  the  Zulu  nnd  the  Kalir,  is  generally  all 
that  could  be  expected  of  people  in  their  cir- 
cumstances. Somewhat  slender,  erect,  ot  good 
stature,  nnd  well  proportioned,  it  is  easy  for 
them  on  occasion  to  bo  grairful,  dignified,  com- 
manding. They  are  made  to  bo  agile  and  swift 
rather  than  strong  ;  and  yet  their  women  often 
carry  heavy  burdens  on  their  heads  for  long 
distances.  Their  color  varies  from  a  reddish 
copper  or  light  bronzi^  to  a  jmro  black.  Tho  lat- 
ter, with  just  n  little  tinge  of  tho  red,  pleases 
them  best.  -V  few  have  tho  regular  features  of 
the  Caucasian  :  some,  tho  pure  ni'gro  ;  but 
most  ot  them  nri!  of  some  grade  between  the  two. 
Their  black  eyes  often  twinkle  with  merry  hu- 
mor, their  beautifully  white  teeth  are  well  set, 
their  general  expression  plea.sant  and  confiding. 
Physic  !.y  considered,   tho  Zulu  and  all   the 


BANTU 


1'2(! 


BANTU 


Hiintu  trilioM  belong  to  u  well  built,  tliielonkin;; 

111  ri'H|)«ct  to  niitiirikl  utTiu'tioii,  iiicntiil  tniitH, 
HDCiul  lifi-,  tint  /iiliiH  Mu\  all  till'  lliiiilii  fiiiiiily 
iitToril  mi  iiitiTi'itiiin  Htiiily.  While  if  ih  not 
|)iisiililu  ti>  kinm  wliiit  tin-  clmnictriut  tliis  iiim> 
jili'  iiiiK'lit  bavi-  bi'cii  ill  (itliiT  circiiiiislHiii'iM,  it 
is  t'lisy  to  Hii|)|iii-io  till'/  Imvf  liecii  iitTictnl  by 
tliH  ciiiiiiito,  Hiiil,  mill  Niirroiiiiilin^s  in  wliii'ii 
tli'V  havi*  hill  their  iibnilo  ;  with  no  iiii^'hfy 
fiirVslH  i>r  lofty  iiKiuntuiiiM  )i(pinliiin  uvcr  wky- 
wiir  1.  no  colli  winters  to  Imiileii  mid  HlreiiHthon 
tli''m,  no  uteriln  hmI  t  >  provoki)  or  ilnMiinil 
tlioii^'ht  an  I  iuiliHtry,  ni  navi^^al>lu  rivers  or 
LikiM  in  the  Koiilliern  re!.non«,  and  no  ishinds 
ovlT  a^'iiinst  them  to  awaken  and  Hliiuiihite  en 
terprise,  yi't  benmitli  an  almost  vertical  sun,  why 
Hh mid  they  bn  I'xpeotivl  to  bo  other  than  warm 
bl, Killed,  easy  i^oinn,  and  Hoeial,  iiH,  indeed,  they 
are?  Kxcejit  when  jprovoked  to  iiiif^er  by  insult 
or  injustice,  they  are  mild,  gentle,  kind,  not 
wanting  in  either  ]iarnntal  i>r  tllial  alfiMlion  ; 
nro  helpful  and  symiifttlietie  toward  the  HiilTer- 
in^  ;  and  yet.  under  a  sense  of  beiii^;  wronged, 
or  in  tho  excitements  of  war,  they  can  be  wild 
an  I  tlerprt  in  the  extreme.  I'ew  people  am 
naturally  more  cheerful  or  li^'ht  hearted,  more 
reily  to  ilani'ii  and  sini^  or  launh  and  play. 
Thi!y  never  need  be  told  to  "  take  no  thoui^iit 
for  thu  morrow."  'I'liey  are  hospitable,  fond  of 
Tisitiu){,  fond  of  Huciety.  cannot  bear  to  work 
nlone  or  be  alone.  'riie,v  are  proverbial  for 
politeness,  have  numerous  ruloH  of  etiipietto, 
which  are  f,'enerally  sensible  mid  observ<Ml.  Tlioy 
are  (piick  to  sen  the  ditfeieiieo  between  rit^lit 
mil  wronn.  ever  r"ady  to  decry  in.iustice,  ever 
ready  to  submit  j,'riicefully  to  the  sutferint,'  of 
deserved  punishment.  Previous  to  their  com- 
in-^  to  niin^lo  with  white  i)eoi)le  such  a  thiii)^  ns 
stealin)^  was  almost  never  known  :  and  well  it 
luii^ht  bn  so,  since  the  penalty  for  such  a  crime, 
especially  under  their  (,'reiit  Kin^  Chaka,  was 
speedy  and  ca|  ital.  Durini^  tho  writer's  resi- 
dence of  many  years  amono  them,  with  almost 
no  lock  and  key  in  nse,  his  ^'raiii.  tools,  cuttle  — 
everything  thev  most  desired  — beinj,'  ever  o|ien 
to  their  access,  he  was  not  aware  that  anything 
was  ever  stolen  from  him.  lie  once  thou^jht 
thoy  had  taken  a  hatchet,  but  after  months  had 
elapsed  anil  tin-  annual  biirniiii^'  of  the  ^rass 
bad  occurred  bo  found  it  in  a  field  ,iust  wliere 
Lo  ha  I  used  and  left  it.  .\nd  yet  the  common, 
8  ictal  life  of  the  Zulu  is  far  from  ]ierfe<.t  .\s 
one  has  said.  "  Uo  is  far  from  bein^;  as  honest 
in  word  as  he  is  in  acts.  It  is  not  in  his  nature 
to  be  straif^htforward  in  speech,  anil  to  tell  tho 
wh  lie  truth.  He  is  prone  to  have  very  largo 
reservations  in  his  own  mind  when  he  is  avowed 
l.v  j^ivinf;  a  full  account  of  Nome  occurrence,  and 
niana^es  to  disoiiise  and  distort  facts  with  ex 
ceeding  cleverness  ami  skill,  .\  Zulu  will  ex- 
cn-te  a  fault  with  such  ready  jdausibility  that 
he  will  make  an  intentional  act  of  wronf^ doint,' 
Beeiu  but  an  uudesii^ned  accident."  He  expects 
his  hospitality  to  be  reciprocated,  his  kindness 
to  be  rewarded  Indeed,  he  is  said  to  have  it 
for  a  proverb  that  "  it  is  better  to  receive  than 
to  Rive."  It  is  easy  for  him  to  f^et  very  nngry 
and  try  to  settle  his  dispute  with  a  club.  And 
yet  he  can  hardly  bo  said  to  bo  vindictive  in  liis 
resentments.  If  tho  storm  of  jiassion  is  quick 
to  rise,  it  is  also  quick  to  abate  and  be  forgot- 
ten. 

The  Znln  is  a  man  of  many  marked  and  ready 
parts,  self-respecting,  Homotinics  haughty,  of  a 


martial  spirit,  quick- wittod,  a  HludiouM  and  keen 
observer  of  men  and  things,  and,  within  all 
lines  of  his  own  oliKervalioii  and  experience,  a 
good  judge,  a  gno  t  logician,  a  good  reader  of 
character,  and  a  gond  n.irrator  of  fads  and 
events,  except,  perhaps,  when  the  facts  would 
be  to  his  disci'edit  or  ilisadvanlage.  One  of 
them,  having  heard  bis  missionary  tell  of  tho 
great  ]e>wer  and  goodness  of  (>od,  how  He  hales 
sin,  and  how  the  race  was  beguiled  to  their  ruin 
through  the  temptations  of  the  adversury,  unco 
challenged  his  tiinher  with  the  sharp  inquiry, 
'°  Hut  why  didn't  (iod  kill  the  devil  at  once  and 
stop  all  that  mischiel  in  the  be^;iiiliing  ?"  .\n- 
other  Zulu,  being  once  asked  by  his  missionary, 
"What  is  the  best  color  for  man/"  replied, 
"  l"or  you  .\mi  ricans  no  doubt  white  is  tho 
best,  but  for  us  .Africans  tlure  is  nothing  better 
than  a  good,  clear,  shiny  black,  with  just  a  little 
of  the  red  ill  it."  'I'lie  famous  Zulu  chief, 
L'akade,  who  used  to  come  now  and  then  into 
sharp  collision  with  the  Knglish,  was  onco 
visited  by  liishop  Cidenso,  who  tried  to  interest 
him  in  his  translation  of  the  Lord's  rrayer  into 
Zulu;  but  right  in  the  midst  of  the  bishop's 
most  laborious  and  iiromising  etfort,  he  was 
suddenly  pulled  up  by  his  military  pupil'H 
breaking  in  upon  liim  with  the  remark  ami  in- 
quiry, '■  Ves  I  \is!  that  is  all  very  good,  but 
how  do  you  make  gunpowder  V"  .lust  before 
the  great  I'.nglisb-Zulu  war  of  IMTH,  when  tho 
Knglish  were  planning  to  invade  tho  free  and 
indiqiondeiit  realm  of  Zulu-Land  if  the  king, 
Ketchwayo.  would  not  give  them  a  speeil,v,  ab- 
solute promise  to  modify  his  laws,  this"  King 
of  the  Zulus,  a  naked  heathen  savage,  but 
tievortheloss  a  legitimate  and  constitutional 
king,  the  head  of  a  hanghty  royal  house,  the 
ruler  of  a  val'ant  and  nnconquered  nation,"  ro- 
idied.  "  Wliy  does  the  (lovernor  of  Natal  speak 
to  me  about  my  laws'/  Do  1  go  to  Natal  and 
dictate  to  him  about  his  laws'/  I  wish  to  bo 
friends  with  the  Knglish,  but  I  will  not  agree  to 
give  my  ]>eople  over  to  be  governed  by  laws  or 
rules  from  Natal.  I  do  kill  ;  my  jieople  will 
not  listen  unless  they  are  killed.  Mn  I  to  throw 
the  large  krnal  whicdi  I  govern  into  the  water'/ 
These  white  men  treat  me  like  a  child,  and 
keep  playing  with  me.  Go  back  and  tell  the 
Knglish  I  shall  now  act  on  my  own  account. 
Itatlier  than  agree  to  their  laws,  I  shall  leave 
and  become  a  wanderer  ;  but  I  shall  not  go 
without  having  acted,  and  before  I  go  it  will  bo 
seen.  (Jo  back  and  tell  thi'  white  men  this, 
and  let  them  hear  it  well.  The  (lovernor  of 
Natal  and  I  are  eipial  ;  he  is  governor  of  Natal, 
and  I  am  governor  here."  AVlien  Isaacs  visited 
the  Zulu  kingdom  in  iHit.'i,  uiid  had  some  talk 
with  Chaka  on  jmlitieal  affairs  in  ]'.uro]ie.  tell- 
ing him,  withal,  about  the  great  extent  of  Itritish 
rule,  and  how  the  I'rench  Knipiro  of  N'aixdeon 
had  betm  overthrown  by  the  Knglish  at  Water- 
loo ten  years  before,  this  half-uaked  barbarian 
coiiqilacently  remarked,  "Yes,  I  see  now; 
there  are  only  two  great  chiefs  in  all  the  earth  : 
my  brother,  King  Oeorgo,  ho  is  king  of  all 
tho  whites,  and  I,  Chaka,  I  am  king  of  all  the 
blacks."  King  Dingan,  having  once  listened 
long  and  patiently  to  an  account  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria's beauty  and  glory,  replied,  "  And  what 
does  tho  (]Ueen  think  of  me  'i'" 

For  their  wurm,  emotional,  recipient  nature 
the  Zulus  are  not  less  remarkable  than  other 
llamitic  families.  Looking  at  tho  three  great 
branches  into  which  the  race  of  man  was  divided 


BANTU 


197 


BANT0 


kges  ngone,  or  nftor  tho  flood,  nt  the  font  of 
Aritriit,  wo  Hnil  tlin  Saiiiitii;  (liHtitiKuiHlit'd  (or 
tins  will.  Anil  H(i  it  is  that  tlin  .Ihwh  iiiiMiftt'ii 
Hpiiki'li  iif  us  u  positive,  wiltiil,  stiff  iircki'il  pt'o- 
|ilii,  'I'll!  II  wii  liiivii  the  .lii|i|ic'tli'  linilii'li,  ills- 
tili^iiislii'il  for  the  ilitiiUi'Cl.  ^iviii  to  iiiiiital 
(itforts,  thou^jlit,  niisdii,  Kcii'tH-i-,  plulosopliy, 
hpi'iriiliition,  jiirispriiiU'iicf  nil  j^ri'iil,  fiir-rriicli 
iiiv;  i'iit(ii'|>risi's.  I'liitii  roiiii's  tliti  lliiiiiilic 
linuii'li,  of  ipiilii  unotlicr  ti'iiipi'muiciil,  clistiii 
({iilslieil  for  tlui  licarl,  tlii<  ciiiotions,  puNsioiis, 
uiTiMttioiis,  Ik  warm  liloodi'il,  imprcssililo  riici). 
Now,  in  nil  tlii'sc  vaiiril  i-harui'tt'ristics  of  tlm 
Zulu  Kalir  "  llini'  is  luiu'li,"  us  tlm  writrr  lias 
Haid  (iu  y.iili'  hiiiil,  [ip.  1h;i  H.'ii,  "  to  cncouiani' 
tliu  iiiissioiiiiry  ami  iivitv  idiilaiitliropii;  lirarl 
ti>  iiiakti  tdTorts  to  ciilip^'litiui  and  savii  tliii  racu. 
Evi'ii  tln'ir  worst  triiits  uro  only  so  many  proofs 
of  what  cMiiiii''m")  llii-y  iiiiv;lit  uttaiii  as  Cliris 
tians.  could  llii'V  1)0  coiivrrlnd  and  lid  to  con 
Hiiurate  tliciusclvxs,  their  days  und  uiU'r^ics,  to 
tho  SMrvii'i!  of  tho  truo  (tod.  Tliosn  very  faciil- 
tios  liy  the  aliuso  of  which  they  have  liecoino 
famous  for  superstition  ami  iniipiity,  once  sane. 
titled  aUil  used  aright  may  yet  make  them  as 
ciiiimiit  for  t^ood  us  they  have  lieeii  fir  evil. 
And  as  the  African  has  u  idiaraeter  <if  his  own. 
even  in  his  i^^'iinrancu,  in  his  lutrliarism  und 
Hin,  s),  when  he  shall  awake,  arise,  and  stretch 
out  his  hand^i  to  (rod,  his  now  lite  will  donlit- 
1  •■ii  1)0  foniul  to  ditfcr  soimnvhat  from  that  of 
tli«  other  ureut  branches  of  the  trijiartite  hu 
111  tn  stock.  Nor,  if  wo  take  tho  leadiii^^  traits 
of  his  present  character  to  ho  any  index  of  what 
Hliall  l)o  those  of  his  new  and  t'hristian  <diar 
ucter,  will  his  peculiar  type  Im  without  its  jilace, 
uto,  and  ^jlory  in  tho  ^reat  family  of  readier 
ntivl  men —tho  ono  hoily  of  that  Church  which 
Khali  1)0  (,'athcred  mil  <>l'  nK  ti'i'inii.i,  when 
*  Kthi  )pia  shall  stretch  out  her  hands  to  (Soil  ' — 
</ii!  .IrViciiu  nire  bf  I'linniifil  itntl  ijiilhirnl,  iriih 
the  SD'is  iif  Slum  iiml  .1  ij>hrth,  into  tho  ono  fold 
ot  (Mirist.  '  l'"or  as  wo  liavo  many  momliers  in 
ono  li  )dy,  and  all  lueiiiliers  have  not  the  same 
ortico  :  SI)  we,  heiiif^  niaiiy,  aro  ono  Imdy  in 
Christ,  and  everyone  meiuhers  ono  of  another  ;  ' 
having  ^jifts,  however,  which  differ  according  to 
tho  i^raco  that  is  ^ivon  to  us.  In  the  Semitiir 
branch  wo  have  already  had  a  manifestation  of 
the  spiritual — an  earnest,  serious,  sidf-ri'lyin^ 
fioul  —Urn  win,  as  it  were,  of  the  human  race  ;  in 
tho  .laiUietic,  a  manifestation  of  lhi>  m'nul.  tho 
intellect— all  those  hi^^her  powers  whiidi  nivo  us 
politics,  8(uenco,  and  the  tiuo  arts  ;  forii  marked 
manifestation  of  >lii'  /nof— the  Husci'ptiliilitics, 
emotions,  alloctions,  wo  must  Inok  to  the  sons 
of  llaui. 

"  Indeed,  tho  very  nature  of  tho  .Vfricuii  ex- 
hibits in  itself  arenmrkalilo  '  union  ot  recipiency. 
with  ])assion.'  hoinv;  of  a  plastic,  ductile, 
doiiilo  disposition  ;  having;  nolhin^  of  tho  hard, 
Holf-assertini?  nature  of  the  'roth  ;  indisposed 
to  staiu))  his  own  indiviiluality  upon  others  ; 
tho  .Vfrican  is  not  likely  to  liecoine  famous,  as 
the  S)ns  of  Japlieth  have,  for  carryiie^  on  con- 
quest und  planting  empirics  in  other  parts  of  the 
Rloho  ;  nor  for  enhiri^in^;  and  enriching;  the  do- 
main of  politics  und  iiirispruilence,  seicnco  and 
the  line  arts.  N'or  yet,  are  wo  to  expeut  from  tho 
African  an  exhibition  of  so  much  thut  is  simjile, 
sublime,  self  reliant— st>  much  that  is  capable 
of  beinjT  continuously  bent  to  one  object  ;  of 
preservinR  itself  separate,  exclusive,  and  jieeul- 
inr,  for  af'os.  as  we  have  had  in  the  sons  of 
Shem,    But  are  there  no  other  possible  trnits 


of  rhuructer  which,  in  the  oominn  nues  of  the 
world,  in  the  future  nnfoldiiit^s  of  that  plan  of 
rcdeiiiplion  vdiiih  the  Maker  and  ICuhr  of  iiieu 
has  dixiseil  for  their  recovery  from  sin.  shall  lui 
deemed  eipially  important  and  glorious? 

■'  'I'liero  is  niueh  of  deep,  happy  thought  in 
the  remark  of  I'rofessor  Shedil,  that  '  the 
.\frican  nature  iiossesses  u  latent  cajiaidty  fully 
e([Ual,  originally,  to  that  of  the  .\sialic  or  tho 
liuropeun.  Shell!  and  .Iiiphet  spiniiK  from  tho 
same  loins  with  llalil.  (iod  miule  of  one  blood 
those  three  ^;rl•at  races  by  wliiih  llerepopiilated 
the  ^dolie  after  the  deliine.  This  blending  of 
two  Hiitdi  strikiiit,'  iintithiM's  us  ener(,'y  and  lelh- 
ar^'y,  the  soul  ainl  the  sense  ;  this  iiiliiyinn  of  n 
tine  and  Ibry  or«ani/alion  into  drowsy  llesh  and 

III I  ;  thisHUpi  orlini{  of  ii  keen  und  irritablu 

nerve  by  a  tumid  and  strong;  muscular  cord — 
what  tiller  enmbiiialion  than  this  is  there  iiiuoug 
the  varied  tyjies  of  mankind  '!" 

Tho  dress,  hubitiitions,  and  pursuits  of  tho 
Zulus  are  all  in  accoril  with  what  shouhl  bo 
looked  for  iiiiiont,'  a  people  living;  for  u^'es  in  n 
tropical  climate  und  without  any  of  the  i  nlij^ht- 
eniii},',  reliiiiiit,',  ipiickc>ninj;iiilluenccHof  the  (Ioh- 

Jiel,      in  most  ot  these  thin^^s,  es] iaily  in  that 

of  their  wardrobe,  it  is  us  though  they  had  taken 
over  the  words  of  tho  poet  and  pu'.  r,  very  liturul 
meaning  on  thorn,  when  liu  says, 

"  Mmi  wiiiii"  lull  hull'  liere  lieliiw, 
Niir  niiiiti-  llmt  Ihlle  Imi^'." 

In  their  untutored  condition  tho  woman's 
dress  is  half  u  cow  hide,  tuiiiieil  soft,  dyed  bluck, 
bound  uboiit  tho  loins,  and  comiii(^  down  about 
to  the  knees.  .Viid  when  it  is  old,  and  worn, 
und  torn,  as  it  will  be  in  time,  she  p;oes  to  ono 
bush  and  tears  off  the  bark,  und  to  another  for 
n  thorn,  puni  lies  a  hole  lure,  another  there, 
jiiits  in  tho  sfriiiH  and  sews  up  the  rent.  Tho 
man's  wardrobe  is  only  about  a  fourth  part  as 
much  as  that  of  woiimii,  and  the  little  he  has  is 
generally  from  the  furry  tlionj,'s  of  wild  beasts  ; 
while  tho  children  are  left  to  f^o  for  some  years 
as  ilestitiite  us  on  the  day  tlic^y  were  born.  ]$ut 
all— men,  women,  and  children,  younn  men  and 
maidens— are  lond  of  ornaments,  such  as  beads 
on  every  part  of  the  body,  ivory  knobs  in  their 
ears,  und  brass  bangles  on  llieir  arms.  Nor  aro 
they  less  f on.l  of  charms,  such  as  roots,  bits  of 
wood  or  bark,  boms,  horns,  hoofs,  teeth,  and 
claws  of  birds  and  beasts,  which  are  worn 
ubout  the  neck  and  other  parts  of  the  body. 
Tho  diUin^iiishin^  murk  cf  the  married  man  is 
a  head  smooth  shaved,  all  but  u  riii^  of  hair 
around  the  crown  :  w  bile  the  married  woman's 
head  is  also  smooth  shaved,  all  but  a  tuft  of 
hair  on  tlie  crown.  Tho  man's  rin^;  is  mailo 
solid  and  lilack  and  flossy  with  num  and  chnr- 
coul;  the  woman's  top  knot  is  made  solid  and 
red  with  grease  and  red  ochro.  To  the  Zulu  tho 
snuff  box  und  Kiiiitf  spoon  and  the  iV/ki/k.  smok- 
ing horn,  aro  mutters  ot  great  interest  and  en- 
joyment. I'nder  pure  native  rule  tho  Zulu  can 
never  marry  or  build  himself  a  house  or  kraal 
till  ho  has  served  his  king  as  a  soldier  for  a  term 
of  yours,  got  his  discharge,  und  with  his  dis- 
charge a  piece  of  ground  on  which  to  build, 
(retting  this,  he  selects  a  dry,  oval  s|)ot  for  his 
Kmici,  or,  as  the  Dutch  say,  a  hronl,  which  con- 
sists of  a  circnhir  enclosure  for  his  cattle  ;  and 
around  this  a  circular  row  of  liousei,  one  tor 
himself  and  one  for  each  of  his  wives  and  her 
children.  Tho  house  is  hemispherical  in  shape, 
seven  or  eight  feet  high,  with  a  diameter  of  &i 


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k 
I 


r!i 


i:    Ij 


tSi 


il^ili 


teen  or  twenty  feet.  The  friinip  eonsistw  of 
wiittleH  iiliDUt  the  si/e  iiiul  k•n^;tll  of  tishiiif,'- 
roils,  over  wliifh  in  liiiil  ii  thiek  cdutint,'  of  loii^; 
tlmti'li  (41-iiss  for  u  I'DVenng.  t)ti  one  side  is  ii 
iloor  two  feet  high  ami  ei^;hteen  inches  wiih'. 
The  Iloor  is  nimU^  of  hiirch'neil  eliiv  oreii'-th  from 
the  ant  heiip  ;  near  tlie  eenlie  is  a  shallow 
basin,  Siiue(^r  like  in  sli  ipe,  for  the  tire,  for 
wliieh  the;-  have  no  ehi.jiuey  ;  nor  ilo  thev  ha\e 
llnythln^;  save  tho  <loor  for  a  wimlow.  A  j.or 
tion  of  the  border  of  this  one  room  is  set  apart 
'  a  ealf  or  goat  for  llic  nit^ht.  and  the  rest  is 
I  as  a  place  for  stow  iii;^  their  wood,  their 
Idinn  of  mats  and  hides,  or  eoarsi^  blankets, 
tneir  mill  stone,  cahilmshes  for  water  or  milk, 
their  earthen  |iots  for  ocukinj,'.  aiul  their  spears 
and  shields  for  hunt'!i^;  and  huhtini;  ;  while  the 
rest  of  the  hut,  or  ci'ntral  portion,  serves  as  a 
place  for  cooking,  eat  i'.,',  sitting,  and  sleeping. 
Tho  house  is  built  nielly  by  ;hi>  women,  the 
cuclosiM'es  by  the  nnii.  Jn  tiuies  of  war  the 
men  are  engageil  in  war.  in  times  of  peace  they 
nro  expe<'ted  to  pripare  the  lields,  if  need  be, 
for  the  pick,  and  eithir  fence  them  or  watch 
them,  as  against  cattle  an<l  wild  beasts.  The 
men  tan  the  hides  for  theii  wives' dnssis  :  they 
and  the  Ijoys  herd  the  cattle  Jind  ndlk  the  cows  ; 
they  hunt,  smoke,  bask  in  the  sun,  drink  bi'er. 
make  offerings  to  iheir  ilivinilies,  the  shaib  s  of 
the  dead,  and  institute  Jind  follow  uji  tin  ir 
many  aluiost  iuteriuinable  suits  at  law.  In 
their  heathen  state  the  women  kii')!  the  house. 
BO  far  as  it  is  kept  at  all.  ilo  all  the  drudgi'ry, 
carry  the  bunleiis.  and  cultivate  the  lields 
Willi  tlii'ir  baskets  and  heavy,  clumsy  picks 
they  do  tho  digging,  planting,  hariesting -the 
work  of  tho  plough,  harrow,  cart,  o\,  and  horse. 
When  tho  corn  or  other  grain  is  gathered  and 
dry.  they  do  tho  threshing,  winnowing,  and 
grinding  ;  or  if  tho  grain  must  go  to  tho  market 
ton  or  twenty  miles  away,  they  must  carry  it 
there  in  baskets  on  their  heads. 

The  matrimonial  alTairsof  the  Zulus  are  based 
npon  a  belief  in  jiolygamy.  and  their  practice 
corresponds  to  their  faith.  In  former  times,  as 
nnder  ("liaka  and  Dingaii,  when  wars  were  com- 
luon  and  many  of  the  men  were  killed  in  batth', 
tho  practipo  was  parried  to  a  greater  extent  than 
it  could  ln'  in  times  of  continued  peace,  \ative 
law  i>rescribes  no  limit  to  the  number  of  wives 
a  man  may  have,  provided  he  can  lind  them, 
and  have  the  means — the  or  ten  head  of  cattle 
each  -with  which  to  obtain  them.  The  strife, 
joiilousy,  and  dogradiition  of  character  which 
grow  out  of  this  pnu'tioe  can  never  be  told, 
and  yot  with  all  its  manitest  evils  it  is  no  easy 
thing  to  break  it  up  and  root  it  out.  .\nd 
where  secular  interesis  pliiy  so  largi-  a  part,  ]U'.rp, 
mutual  atfi'ction  mi  st  have  the  less  to  do  in  the 
matter.  For  tho  young  man  to  get  an  early  re- 
lease from  the  royal  army,  get  cattle  fr(un  liis 
father,  who  would  ratln>r  use  them  t,o  buy  him- 
self another  wife,  theti  compete  siicci'ssfully  with 
the  father  whoso  (biughter  ho  seeks  as  against 
nolygamists  in  the  lield  bebire  him,  who,  already 
having  many  wives,  can  bring  the  more  cattle, 
would  seem  to  be  putting  "  many  a  slip  between 
the  cup  and  the  lip;"  es|>ocially  where  tho 
young  man  may  not  be  able  to  act  on  the  I'uri. 
tan  maiden's  advice  and  "  speak  for  hiiuKelf 
alono, "  it  might  bo  supposeil  he  would  prefer 
to  be,  like  Miles  Standish.  "but  a  lighter  of 
battles,  a  lover  and  wooer  of  dangers."  l!ut 
tho  real  Zulu  suitor  is  fruitful  in  expedients, 
and  not  easily  (liscounigod.     Should  hu  suspect 


his  means,  personal  attractions,  and  best-laid 
plans  may  prove  insullicient,  ho  has  great  con 
lidence  in  tlu^  subduing,  winning  ]ieteney  of 
certain  medicinal  preparations,  in  the  needed 
ingredients  for  these,  and  in  tho  many  dilferent 
ways  of  preparing  and  U'.ing  them,  he  is  ri<!h 
and  ready.  TerhapH  the  more  eiuunien  way 
Would  be  to  jirepare  a  delicati^  powder  and  send 
it  by  the  hand  of  some  unsusi)eeted  [lerson,  to 
be  given  in  a  pinch  of  snutf  or  sprinkled  upon 
the  person  whoso  will  is  to  be  changed  or  alfec- 
tioiiswiui.  The  engagement  maile  and  the  wed- 
ding at  hand,  the  i)arenls  and  friends  of  tho 
bridi',  all  in  their  best  attire,  make  \\\t  a  party 
and  escort  her  to  the  home  of  the  biidegroom. 
.\rriving  there,  I  hey  begin  to  sing  and  daneo  ; 
nor  is  it  long  before  thi^  young  men  of  the  kiaul 
,ioin  them.  .\t  length  the  master  of  the  kraid 
slaughters  an  ox,  and  all  givt;  up  dancing  and 
singing  for  feasting  and  carousing.  Ami  so, 
after  an  exchange  of  presi'iits  and  other  exer- 
cises of  a  joy(nis  charai'ter,  the  man  and  woman 
become  hushand  and  wife  after  the  manner  of  a 
Zulu  marriage. 

The  Zulu  system  of  law  and  government  is  all 
in  ai'cord  with  the  condition  of  the  peoido. 
Thi'ir  laws  are  common,  oral,  the  growth  of  ex- 
perience, tho  sum  of  precedents,  well  estab- 
lished, lieliifiil  to  peace  and  order,  and  gener- 
ally well  suited  to  tho  end  for  w  hieh  they  nro 
ilesigneil,  though  that  einl  is  not  always  tho 
best.  >biny  of  their  laws  have  respect  to  p<dyg- 
amy,  to  the  many  ciuuplications  and  eollisiousi 
that  grow  out  of  that  institution.  Some  havo 
respect  to  w  itclicraft.  Some  are  political,  hav- 
ing resiuct  to  theollice,  duties,  and  j)rcrogalive« 
of  the  king  and  his  ministers.  Some  have  re- 
spect to  vice  and  crime.  In  Cliaka's  tiiin>  tho 
thief  was  killed  and  his  body  given  to  tho  bird.s 
and  boasts  of  the  Held.  The  murderer  is  some- 
times executed,  but  more  often  lined.  Most 
of  their  lines  are  jiaid  in  cattle,  i\  few  head  of 
which  will  generally  sittlo  any  case  of  adultery, 
rape,  arson,  homicide,  or  assault.  Nor  is  it 
necessary  to  trace  out  the  guilty  ])erson  in  the 
case  of  any  misdemeanor,  the  w  hole  affair  la'intj 
adjusted  on  tho  principle  of  colhctive  res|>onsi- 
bility.  If  a  case  can  bo  traceil  and  established 
against  any  kraal  or  community,  that  com- 
munity or  kraal  must  make  reparation.  'J'ho 
children  are  lebl  accoiint.'ible  to  their  mothers, 
and  mothei'H  to  their  husbands  ;  all  the  iim  li  of 
u  kraal  or  village  to  the  head-man  of  the  s.ime  ; 
all  the  head  men  of  the  village  to  th>^  hcail man 
of  the  river  on  which  they  live,  and  so  on  n]i  to 
the  king,  who  is  monarch  of  all.  His  wurd  is 
law,  absolute  ami  linal  :  and  yet  it  must  accoril 
with  Well  established  jirecedent  or  usage,  elso 
Im  will  eventually  come  to  grief.  They  havo 
their  courts  of  dilTennt  grades,  with  right  of 
appeal  fri>m  the  lower  to  the  higher,  till  they 
come  to  the  king  himself.  Many  of  their  suitH 
are  complicateil  and  long  continued  ;  and  with 
them,  too,  "  the  glorious  uncertainty  of  tho 
law"  is  great  and  proverbial,  especially  in  nil 
those  cases  of  inheritance  ami  ]iosseHsion  that 
grow  out  of  polygamy.  In  theory  their  govern- 
ment is  hereditary  and  monarchical,  liutwhero 
tho  king  has  a  great  number  of  wives  the  law  of 
succession  is  apt  to  be  complicated  and  uncer- 
tain. In  naming  the  wife  from  whiuii  his  suc- 
cessor is  to  come  llu'  king  llnds  it  expeilient  to 
consult  his  great  men,  else  his  choice  may  bo 
thwarted  ;  nor  is  it  even  then  sure  to  hold. 
Should  tho  "  great  son"  bo  a  minor  at  the  time 


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of  tlio  kin^'H  ilpiitli,  tho  gront  nion  of  tlio  ri'iilin 
ciiniluct  iitTmrn  till  he  iH  iilil  ciiouKh  to  I'o  iii 
sliillcil  ;  <ir  simio  lirnthcr  nf  tliu  (IitousimI  kiu^ 
limy  tiiko  tho  Hccptrc,  us  Diiiniiii  did,  and  nflrr 
hitii,  riii|miidi<,  liotli  lirotlurs  of  Clmkii,  " 'I'lio 
tiiiif  to  iimiiKiiriilii  tin'  iii'W  kiii^;  liiivii\(,'  arrived, 
till!  ]it>o|)l«  of  liix  own  nation,  ]>('rlia|>s  jdso  the 
cliictH  of  tho  ni'i^;hlioriii^<  triln  s,  .send  in  their 
offerings  -a  few  head  of  cattle  from  eaeh  kraal, 
-when  hirf"!'  nuinlnrs  meet  at  the  cajiital,  and 
HO  throut^h  a  (.rand  ilanee  and  other  eerenioiiies, 
which  they  ileeni  suited  to  tho  occaKion  ;  nil 
uiiiple  chart,'.!  heinj,'  i^iven  him,  meantime,  I  y 
tile  veteraii  miniHters  of  his  father's  reij^n,  as  to 
how  ho  is  to  conduct  tho  atVair8  of  tho  kinnduni. 
llcnccforlh  hi>  is  liinj;." 

Where  1*  would  take  ii  voluiuo  to  namo  and 
descrihe  tho  Zulu's  KUperstiticuis  and  (.'ive  ac- 
count of  his  relif^ious  views  and  ]iractii'es,  only 
tho  hrii'fest  sketcli  can  lio  t^iven  in  a  pa^'o  or 
two.  'I'heir  superstitions  are  well  iul;Ii  num- 
lierless.  If  a  lurkey-luiz/ard  lii^hts  iii'ar  a  kraal, 
something  will  hiipiieii.  Fcr  ono  of  theses  liirds 
to  he  (Miut^ht  in  a  snare  is  a  had  omen.  'I'ho 
man  who  kills  one  of  them  will  ilie.  If  ii  cock 
cnnvs  in  tho  early  part  of  tho  ni^^lit,  some  of  the 
jipoplo  or  cattle  will  lio  sick  or  die.  I'l^ediiin 
do'^s  (Ui  tho  lieaks  and  daws  of  liirds  will  niako 
them  lierco  and  swift  for  the  chase.  To  wear 
the  claws  of  liirds  or  lieasts  or  sniiiU  horns  of 
cattle  alioiit  the  m ck  will  make  a  man  courai,'!'- 
ous  anil  j^ivo  him  prowess.  Hits  of  hark,  roots, 
or  hones  suspeiideil  from  the  neck  will  iirotect 
a  man  aj^ainst  poiscui,  lij^hlnin},'.  or  the  desiens 
of  an  enemy.  In  tho  virtues  aiul  uses  of  charius, 
anuilets.  lovo  potions,  incantations,  they  liavo 
jjreat  faith. 

Hut  of  all  tlieir  suporstitionK,  none  liavo  upon 
them  a  stront^er  or  more  hurtful  hold  than  their 
helief  in  what  is  called  witchcraft.  They  lielieve 
certain  evil  luindeil  nun,  whom  they  call  nlm- 
tdhdti,  hrtvo  it  ill  their  power  to  hurl,  kill,  or  de- 
stroy anyhody  or  anylhint^,  as  cattle,  people, 
hahilatioiis,  j;ardens,  hy  tho  use  of  some  kind 
of  poisonous  powder,  some  incantation,  or  even 
hy  tho  force  of  mere  will  or  purpose  to  do  so. 
Of  these  bO callod  wili'hes  the  jieople  have  ^reat 
ff>nr.  .Vnd  so  it  is  that  the  lailureof  a  crop,  any 
v.>!  unity,  sickness  of  friend,  or  the  death  of  any 
domestic  animal,  is  often  ascrihc'd  to  some  oper- 
ation or  inllueiice  of  this  kind;  whereupon  a 
commission  is  sumnioned,  ami  siuue  iniidinid, 
witch  doctor,  is  calh'd  to  "smell  out"  the  au- 
thor of  tho  evil.  .\nd  inasmuch  as  all  tho  pos- 
sessions, wives,  cliililron,  cattle,  lands,  of  tho 
man  to  he  found  t^uilty  aro  to  he  conliscated  and 
portioned  out  to  the  kin;;,  tho  iiitiiiiiiiu,  niemhers 
of  the  commission,  and  tho  atUieted  party,  tho 
cliances  are  that  tho  seiiteiieo  will  fall  upon  one 
of  the  more  wealthy  of  tho  rcHinn,  especially  if 
he  may  happen  to  ho  ono  of  tho  less  popular 
men. 

Tho  reliniouH  views  ami  practices  of  the  /iilus 
correspond,  in  a  measure,  to  all  the  esMeiitial 
elements  of  the  true  faith  ;  only  hero  all  is  on 
n  false  hasis.  They  have  their  divinities,  their 
Konse  of  ohlination  and  dependence,  sense  of 
Huilt,  helief  in  need  of  help,  neeil  of  a  Saviour, 
tho  meed  of  sacrith-es.  even  unto  Mood,  their 
ueeil  of  prayer,  tho  duty  of  worship  and  service, 
nnd  a  helief  that  the  present  life  iH  to  ho  followed 
hy  another.  In  their  ignorance  of  tho  true  (lod 
and  in  their  search  forsiuiie  kind  of  divinity,  they 
turn  to  tho  spirits  of  the  departed,  tho  shndeH 
of  their  ikncoHturH,  uMpociiilly  tho  ghoHtH  of  the 


great  ones  of  their  race,  their  kings,  as  I'mtiju, 
.liiiiiii,  and  Chtihtt.  They  call  these  shades  hy 
various  names,  as  ililnzi,  plural  (iiiiiililnzi  ;  Hkkijii, 
or  isihiii.:i.  .Vsk  them  ahout  tho  end  of  man, 
where  ho  goes  when  he  dies,  and  they  say  ho 
hecomes  an  ihlnzi  and  goes  olf  to  live  sonuiwhero 
uudergrounil,  there  to  luiihl  and  ahido  with  his 
aiu'estral  friends.  Siuuetimes  they  say  the 
dying  man  hecomes  an  isilmi.:!,  sjiiril,  and  reap 
pears  from  time  to  time  in  a  smoke  ;  and  so  it 
is  that  they  stand  in  awe  of  a  serpent,  aiul  say, 
when  it  appears  ahout  their  luuiscs,  that  the 
spirit  of  their  friend  has  come  hack  to  visit 
them,  anil  see  how  they  fare.  Lions  and 
leopards  are  somi  times  looked  upon  as  the  eiii- 
liodiioeiit  of  the  spirit  of  a  departed  friend.  To 
the  shadis  of  the  ihad,  especially  of  •lama  and 
Cliaka,  they  look  for  helii  in  time  of  trouhle, 
confess  their  sins,  pray,  and  oiler  sacriliccs. 
Suppose  ono  of  the  family,  as  tho  father,  is 
taken  sick,  a  di'initalion  is  sent  with  a  cow  or 
other  present  to  the  iiii/iimiti,  or  medicJil  pr'est, 
to  in<iiiiro  what  is  Ihe  matter,  ami  what  is  to  ho 
done.  The  jiricst  accepts  the  present  and  re- 
tires with  tho  deputation  to  some  luuik  inur  hy, 
asks  them  to  smite  the  earth  with  their  rods, 
and  so  rouse  the  spirits,  that  ho  may  hear  what 
they  have  to  say.  .\fti  r  a  long  series  of  these 
performances  tho  jiriest  always  comes  out  with 
a  message  from  tlu'  divinities  to  tlie  deputation 
that  tho  sick  man  has  iieglei'led  his  nlieious 
duties  ;  that  it  is  now  long  since  he  has  slaugh- 
tered an  animal  in  honor  and  lor  the  lnMetil  of 
his  ancestral  shades  ;  that  Ihe  lust  cow  must 
now  he  olTcrcil,  so  the  anger  of  the  gods  will 
ho  appeased,  and  tho  sick  man  get  well.  Tho 
messengers  carry  the  wiird  hack,  tho  sick  man 
accejits  it.  jirayers  aro  otTered,  sins  confessed, 
the  host  cow  slaughtered,  tho  Mood  and  gall 
sprinkled  upon  their  iiersons,  houses,  anil 
premises,  the  heif  put  away  in  a  hut  by  itself 
for  the  night,  aiul  in  the  morning  they  ]irofe«K 
to  helieve  that  the  divinities  have  heeii  there, 
tasted  tho  meat,  and  lu'cn  satlsl'u'cl.  The  iieigli- 
hors  gatlior,  the  heef  is  roasted  and  I'onsiimed, 
and  tho  hope  is  expresse<l  that  the  sick  man  may 
soon  recover.  If  so,  all  is  well,  and  the  doctor 
is  extolled  for  his  ahility  and  skill  in  finding  luit 
the  cause  nnd  cure  of  the  sickness  ;  if  not,  tho 
doctor  is  denounced  as  a  great  liumhug  ;  lie  hits 
got  their  cow,  hut  they  have  got  no  good.  .And 
now  they  go  with  anotin  r  cow  to  another  iiiiiiiiiijn 
and  go  through  tho  same  pnu'ess,  until  linally 
tho  man  does  either  recover  or  die. 

The  Zulu  wi>ril  'nii/iDniii,  somewhiit  like  our 
word  professor,  is  ii  term  of  wide  imiairt  and 
use.  It  may  denote  one  who  lias  a  trade,  an  a 
hlacksmith.  a  hasket maker,  or  one  whoso  hus;. 
iiess  is  to  help  others  cross  n  river.  Its  moro 
proper  use  is  to  di'signate  those  who  are  skilled 
in  the  higher  orders  of  juirsiiits,  as  a  medical 
doctor,  n  witch  iloctor  -  i.e.,  a  w  i/ard  linder,  hut 
especially  what  might  ho  calloil  ii  diviner— ono 
ipialitied  to  find  out  the  cause  and  euro  of  evil 
hy  communing  with  tho  shades  of  the  departed. 
.V  Zulu's  iiioilo  of  prejiaring  himself  for  ono  of 
these  higher  professions,  as  to  ho  n  diviner,  in 
to  go  tlmingh  ii  long-continued  ciuirse  of  rigor- 
ous self-denial  and  training,  such  as  fastingM, 
self  intlicted  sutTerings,  diving  and  staying 
under  wafer,  wanderings  in  wild  and  weird 
idaces,  that  he  may  come  into  contact  and  coin- 
niunion  with  the  amnhlozi,  o>-  fall  into  a  swoon 
and  have  strangu  visions  of  tho  spirits,  aliont 
which  ho  bag  been  talking  and  thinking  so  lon|{  ; 


BANTU 


180 


BAPTISTS,  CANADA 


ii 


and  tlion  ninko  his  niipearnnce  in  pnMio,  nil 
besiDfiired,  jiurliups,  with  white  clny,  IiIh  Imnds 
full  ot  simkfs,  his  head  overed  with  fenthiTH, 
Hin^iii<{,  diiiR'in({,  rocitiii^  his  viHious,  and  ko 
prcpart'd  to  Im  leconnizi'd  as  hiivinn  attnintHl  to 
the  di'ureo  of  ii  witch  doitor,  a  iiiedioal  priest, 
or  a  diviner. 

Siii'li,  in  brief,  are  the  origiu,  kinship,  ap- 
))earaiii'i',  traits,  and  institutions  of  the  Zulus, 
their  super>titions.  relij^ion,  and  iir(it\'ssional 
lUfii  ;  and  such,  for  sulistance,  are  the  many 
trilii's  that  j,'o  to  niakea])(>p\iliiti()n  of  some  tifty 
millions  or  more  of  the  IJautu  race  in  South  and 
.South  Central  Afriea. 

I'or  special  account  of  mission  work  see  article 
iCulus,  Missions  among  the. 

Ilailll,  or  Bllllllll,  a  town  of  Peshawar, 
runjiili,  India,  near  the  Aff^han  frontier.  Mis- 
siiin  out  station  of  the  ('.  M.  S. ;  ]  native  assist- 
ant, ii  coiuuiunicants,  1')')  scholars, 

IlilllZtl  IHillllt'ko,  a  town  ot  the  valley  of 
the  (''>ngo.  West  .\frica.  Klo  miles  southeast  of 
Ljango.  Population,  Ki.odi).  Mission  stati(/n 
ot  the  .\iuericriin  liaptist  Missionary  rnion  ;  2 
missionaries  and  wives,  3  native  preachers,  2(M 
church  uienihers. 

ISll|lllllll,  a  city  of  the  Kistna  district, 
Madras,  India,  Jd  miles  east  ot  Oii^jole.  Healthy 
location.  I'ojxilation.  ri.oxd,  chietly  Telunus. 
Mission  station  of  the  American  liaptist  Mis- 
sioniiry  I'nion  (1h>s:))  ;  1  missionary  and  wife, 
i;t2  out  -  stations,  11  native  preachers,  17 
churchas.  1,',MI7  members,  2'J  schools,  4s() 
iicholars. 

IliiplUt  Coiivi'iitloii  or  Oiiliirin 
ailtl  4tnelMM*.— T.  S  .Shenston,  liraidfor<l, 
'I'reasurer  ;  llev.  John  McLanrin,  Woodstock, 
Secretary. 

The  first  movements  in  liaptist  churches  in 
Canada  to  send  the  (Jospel  to  tin?  heathen  were 
made  in  connection  with  American  societies. 
The  constant  interchange  of  pastors  ;  the  pass- 
ing over  the  border  ot  j-oung  men  to  study  for 
the  ministry  before  the  establishment  of  theo. 
logical  s(diools  in  Canada  ;  their  return  as  pas- 
tors, and  the  repeated  visits  of  returned  mis- 
sionaries tr.uu  liiirma  and  India  to  our  churches, 
had  much  to  do  in  bringing  about  this  state  of 
things  The  provinces  by  the  sea  were  by 
many  years  the  pioneers  in  this  noble  enter- 
prise. .\s  early  as  1h;|s  a  Society  for  the 
Maintenaiico  ot  Foreign  Missions  was  estab- 
lished at  (Ihirster,  in  Nova  Scotia.  Seven  years 
later,  in  Int."),  Kev.  U.  E.  liiiriiu  was  sent  out  to 
Inb.ir  in  liurma,  the  first  rejiresentative  ot  Caiui- 
diau  H.iptists  on  the  forei^;n  field.  Still  later, 
Uev.  A.  K  U.  Crawley  and  Uev.  William  (ieorge 
laboreil  in  the  same  field  under  the  auspices  ot 
the  American  lia|itiHt  Missii>nary  v'nion,  Jliss 
Minnie  Ii  *  Wolf  •  and  .Miss  .Maria  N'orris,  who  was 
the  originator  ot  the  present  woman's  movement 
in  aid  ot  missions  in  North  America,  belonged 
also  to  those  |)rovini'es. 

This  (•otinection  lasted  till,  in  lH7;i.  an  inde- 
pondent  Hoard  of  Foreign  .Missiins  under  their 
Convention  took  charge  of  their  work  among 
the  heathen.  In  that  year  a  won.lerful  revival 
of  foreign  mission  interest  took  |)lace  among 
the  people.  .\  band  ot  seven  missionaries  — 
three  men  and  (>nr  women — were  appointed 
and  a  fund  of  $12, (Kill  r.iised,  besides  the  or- 
dinary income  of  the  H  lard. 

The  inception  of  the  work  farther  west,  in 


Ontario  and  Quebec,  was  mtich  later  ;  perhaps, 
jiaitly  on  account  of  the  amount  of  home  mis- 
sion work  reipiired  of  the  churches,  caused  by 
the  overshndowing  influence  of  the  Church  of 
Kouie  III  Quebec,  and  the  fact  that  in  propor- 
tion to  the  population  the  liaptists  in  the  West 
were  few,  and  were  also  scattered  over  large  dis- 
tricts of  country.  l)r.  It.  .\.  I'yfe,  Priiuiiml 
ot  Woodstock  College,  was  tin'  first  to  move  in 
this,  as  in  almost  every  other  |>lan  for  the  ex- 
tension of  the  lEedeeiiier's  kingdom  in  the 
■West. 

(ino  of  the  luinisterial  students  in  Woodstock 
was  desinuis  ot  giving  his  life  to  preaching  the 
(lospel  to  the  luathen.  No  way  .>-e(  iiicd  open  to 
him.  l)r,  I'yfe,  sympathi/ing  with  his  desire, 
wrote  to  the  secretary  f)f  the  .\iiierican  liaptist 
Missionary  I'liion.  in  lioston.  Mass  .  to  ascertain 
on  what  terms  ln'  ccuild  \n\  Siiit  out  uiiiler  their 
Hoard.  The  result  was  the  meeting  of  six  pas- 
tors, with  Dr,  Fyfo  and  Dr.  Murdock,  of  the 
Missionary  liiion,  in  the  jiarsomige  in  lieanis- 
ville,  Ontario,  on  October  iNth.  Isnc.  Here  the 
Canadian  auxiliary  to  the  .\nierican  liaptist  Mis- 
sionary Union  was  formed,  with  Itev.  AVilliiiiu 
Stewart,  of  Hrantford,  as  secretary,  and  T,  S. 
Shenston,  Es(i  ,  of  the  same  place,  as  treasurer. 
Early  in  the  fiillowing  year  the  young  man 
referred  to  above,  >Ir.  .\.  V.  Trini)any,  of 
Vienna,  Ontario,  finished  his  studies,  was  ap- 
pointed a  missionary  by  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee in  Rostoii.  and  designated  to  the  Telugus, 
at  Chicago,  at  the  May  meetings  of  that  year. 

liut  a  great  day  for  the  liaptists  of  Ontario 
and  (Jnebec  was  October  17tli,  lSfl7.  On  that 
<lay  their  foreign  mission  bark  was  launched  ; 
that  day  they  stretihed  forth  lloir  hands  to 
help  the  po(U'  anil  nci-dy  in  heathen  lands,  and 
the  Lord  looked  down  from  heaven  and  was 
])leased.  On  that  day  Itev.  .\.  V.  Trin]pany  and 
his  wife,  Jliss  Jane  Mates,  of  Woodstock,  were 
designated  their  first  missionaries  to  the 
heathen. 

In  October,  ]HiI7,  Mr.  Trinpany  and  his  wife 
sailed  fr(Uii  New  York,  reaching  Madras  in  April; 
Iscs.  Two  years  biter  lluv.  .bihn  .McLaurin, 
also  a  graduate  of  Woodstock  Cidlege,  and  his 
wife  were  sent  out.  Up  to  1X71  both  sections 
ot  the  li.iptistsof  flio  Dominion  labored  in  con- 
nection with  the  Missionary  Union  in  Hoston  ; 
the  maritime  jiroviuces  supporting  tlieir  mis- 
sionaries in  liurma,  as  well  as  cpiite  a  number 
ot  native  )ireachi'rs,  while  the  missionnries  ot 
the  maritime  jirovinci'S  were  laboring  among 
the  Telugus  in  India.  In  1N7:I  the  Convention 
of  the  Maritime  I'rovinces,  believing  that  un 
ind. 'pendent  mission  w.uilil  draw  out  the  inter- 
est of  their  people  better  than  an  auxiliary, 
esfahlished  a  Hoard  of  Foreii^'ii  Missiiuis,  and 
sent  out  a  iiaity  ot  seven  missionaries  to  ex 
ploreand.  if  thought  wisi',  to  establish  a  mission 
among  the  Karens  "f  .Siiiiii.  The  parly  eon- 
sistiMl  ot  llevs.  IJ.  Saiiford  nml  wife,  (leorgo 
Cliundiill  and  wife,  W.  F.  Armstrong,  and 
Misses  Armstrong  and  Eaton.  In  thi'  same 
year  the  western  provinces  became  in<lepen- 
deiit  under  the  follovvi;ig  circunisliinces,  and 
finally  settled  in  the  northern  Telugu  country, 
to  which  till'  others  subsecpiently  followed  them. 
In  lH7:t,  through  .Mr.  McLaurin.  then  in  tem- 
porary charge  of  the  station  at  ( )ngole,  a  mission 
at  Cocatmda,  hitherto  in  charge  of  a  native 
jireacher  of  great  eloquence  and  power,  was 
offered  to  the  liaptists  ot  Ontario  and  (Quebec. 
A  ineoting  was  liuld  in  lirautford  to  consider 


1 


BAPTISTS,  CANADA 


181 


BAPTISTS,  CANADA 


were 
the 

wifo 
April; 
lurin, 
his 
ctions 
con- 
stun  ; 
niis- 
iiiiiber 
lies  of 
innint; 
[■iition 
ml  iin 
inter- 
liiiry, 
and 
1  «>x 
issinn 
I'dn- 
fdvuu 
and 


whether  the  grave  resi)nnsil)ility  RhouUl  1)6  «n- 
(lertiik»!U.  In  vii'W  of  the  fact  that  they  wore 
few  in  niiml>or  (alioiit  Ui.ooo),  and  their  ro- 
sources  already  taxeil  to  the  utiunst  to  carry  on 
their  homo  work  and  their  mission  to  thi! 
French  in  (^iiel'ec,  a  reluctance  to  enter  on  any 
new  enterprise  was  expressed  hy  many  ;  but  the 
others  saw  in  the  otfer  which  hud  lieen  made 
their  (rod's  tiut^er  i)osts  jiointing  out  the  i)ath 
of  diilv,  and  it  was  residved  that  they  would  do 
what  they  could  for  the  ;t,(l(IO,illHI  Telut^us  to 
whom  11  )d's  providence  seemed  to  lie  leading 
them. 

The  American  liajitist  ^fissionary  Union  was 
asked  to  release  the  Uev.  Jolin  McLaurin  to  take 
charj^eof  the  new  uiission.  This  they  did  in  the 
kindest  and  most  Christian  manner.  He  and 
his  family  landed  in  Cocanada  on  .March  I'Jth, 
l'<74,  ami  immediately  took  charj,'e  of  the  mis 
sion.  Uev.  Thomas  (ial)ri(l  lived  hut  one  short 
year,  having;  succumlied  to  an  attack  of  fever  on 
January  1st,  1S7,").  He  died  n  triumphant  be- 
liever in  the  Lord  Jesus. 

.Vt  the  time  of  assuming  this  new  responsi- 
bility tlie  IJaptists  of  Ontario  ind  (Quebec  nuni- 
bereil  about  Hi, 0011,  iiud  their  income  was  only 
^:i.:Ul  ;  besides,  they  weie  under  obligation 
to  the  Missionary  I'uion  for  the  nnlary  of  the 
l{ev.  A.  V.  Trini)any. 

Anil  now  the  luaritime  brethren  are  about  to 
move  across  the  bay  to  the  Telugu  country. 
The  deputation  sent  to  Siani  was  unable  to  find 
Karens  in  sutlicient  numbers  in  Siani  to  justify 
the  establisliment  of  a  mission  for  them  alone. 
At  this  juncture  an  invitatii>n  from  the  West  to 
CO  operate  with  them  in  the  North  Telugu  couii. 
try  was  gladly  considered,  and  at  a  convention 
held  at  liillsburg.  Nova  Scotia,  in  May,  1K7."),  their 
missionaries  were  recalled  from  Siam  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  Tclu^,'U  country,  liy  the  end  of 
the  year  four  new  families  had  united  with  the 
mission  family  in  Cocanada  to  form  the  Cana- 
dian IJaptist  Telugu  Mission.  There  are  still 
two  boards  in  the  home  land,  but  practically 
only  one  mission  in  the  forei^;n  land. 

Methods       nf       ir«/'A'  — KvANCiKI.IZATION. — 

The  following;  account  of  the  methods  of  work 
is  furnished  by  the  secretary  of  the  Society  : 

"  From  its  inception  we  havi^  striven  to  make 
ours  a  ))reachiiii4  mission.  \Vc  go  to  them,  into 
their  villages,  sing  and  pray  and  preach  in  their 
Htreels,  sit  down  with  them  in  tlieir  houses  it 
they  will  allow  us,  talk  with  them  on  the  way  or 
by  the  roadside.  We  like  to  get  them  sUtimi 
down  in  groups,  after  tlieir  evening  meal,  with 
nothing  to  distract  the  attention,  and  preacdi  to 
them  Jesus.  Wo  are  not  i>articularly  fond  of 
feast  or  fair,  or  even  ba/.imr  preaching.  Some 
good  is  doubtless  done  on  su(di  occasions,  but 
when  men  are  mad  upon  their  gods  is  a  )>oor 
time  for  preaching  the  (inspel  to  them.  Our 
priiKuple  is  to  preach  the  (tospel  to  every  creat- 
ure, high  or  low,  rich  or  poor,  edivated  or  igno- 
rant. T'hose  who  believe  we  b  tpti/.e  on  a  credi- 
ble profession  of  faith  in  Christ.  As  soon  as 
there  are  sutHcient  of  such  in  one  place  or  one 
centre,  wo  organize  them  into  a  self  governing 
Christian  church,  and  as  soon  as  possible  in 
dace  them  to  proviile  themselves  with  pastors, 
deacons,  and  teachers.  We  give  them  us  ina<di 
libert;,'  as  they  are  willing  to  use.  We  mean  to 
plant  the  Church  of  Christ  in  the  native  soil  and 
let  it  become  indigenous  to  that  soil  as  soon  ns 
possible.  We  teach  each  person  the  duty  of 
telling  the  story  of  redemption  to  his  neigh- 


bors, his  relatives,  and  friends.  We  do  not  be- 
lieve in  evangelization,  but  in  Christiauization. 
We  believe  in  ilisriiUiiKi  the  nations,  There- 
fore, we  believe  the  j^reat  bulk  of  our  work  is  to 
be  done  through  native  agency,  while  the  work 
of  the  missionary  is  iijote  ajiostolic  than  evan- 
gelistic. The  native  chur<'lies  are  b)rmed  into 
associations  for  mutual  help  and  encourage- 
ment. The  missionaries  also  meet  mice  a  year 
for  the  promotion  of  sjiirifual  life  ami  the  dis- 
cussion of  subjects  relating  to  missions  both  at 
home  and  abroad.  Neither  the  associations  nor 
the  Conference  hove  any  ecclesiastical  authority 
or  control. 

KlircvrioN. — "  Our  educational  policy  is  in 
harmony  with  our  vork  as  a  jireaching  mission. 
Missionary  eilucation.  so  called,  we  have  not 
eiii'ouraged.  We  establish  no  schools,  cither 
high  or  low,  as  evangelizing  jigeiieies.  Our 
scliools  are  of  three  classes,  and  are  intended 
miiinly  for  the  education  of  our  native  Chris- 
tians and  jiroviding  an  etlicient  staff  of  workers 
to  carry  on  our  mission,  evangelists  for  the 
heathen,  and  pastors  and  teachers  for  the 
cliur(dies. 

"  Vill'iije  Si-hfidls.  —  As  the  Government  of  India 
does  not  lung  directly  for  the  education  of  I'ariahs, 
these  schools  become  a  necessity  for  our  people, 
most  of  whom  have  come  from  that  class.  The 
children  of  the  Christians,  girls  us  well  as  boys, 
are  gathered  into  the  s(diools,  and  are  given  a 
very  elementary  education  in  the  vernacular. 
Older  men  ami  boys,  and  often  women,  take 
advantage  of  these  schools  to  learn  to  read 
(lod's  Word,  'lliis  is  often  done  at  night. 
These  teachers  of  the  village  schools  generally 
conduct  divine  worshiji  in  the  village  in  the  ab- 
sence of  the  pastor  or  evangeli^t.  He  also 
preaches  in  the  adjacent  villages  as  opportunity 
occurs.  Sometimes  the  jiastors  w  ife  is  teacher 
of  the  village  school.  Anybody  who  chooses  ia 
free  to  conio  and  receive  the  benefit  of  the 
school.  The  heathen  children  often  come. 
These  schools  are  supported  in  part  by  the 
Christians  in  the  village,  in  jiart  by  native 
chiirch  funds,  and  in  part  by  mission  funds. 
Our  staff  of  leachers  comes  from  the  seminary 
and  station  boarding  s<diools 

"  tlirls'  Hii  iriliini  Sriioitls.-  TUost  are  estab- 
lished in  the  principal  stations.  Vnto  them 
nonebut  the  children  of  Christians  an  received. 
Many  of  them  are  already  members  of  the 
chundies.  Most  of  them  nro  sujiixised  to  have 
had  a  smattering  of  some  subjects  in  the  village 
schools  before  coming,  but  somt^  come  from  vil. 
lages  where  there  are  no  schools.  They  are  fed, 
clothed,  housed,  and  taught,  and  they  pay  a 
nominal  fee  of  four  annas  (ten  cents i  per 
month.  This  fee  we  hop.o  to  raise  before  long. 
'I'liey  are  taught  the  ordinary  branches  of  a  good 
ediK^ation — the  liible,  plain  sewing,  and  Hindu 
housekeeping.  Many  of  them  become  the  wives 
of  preachers  and  te.ichers,  as  well  as  the  wives 
of  ordinary  citizens  in  their  villages,  after  leav- 
ing schoid.  We  find  their  influence  invaluable 
ill  onr  subse(pient  work.  These  schools  are 
taught  l>y  Christian  natives,  and  are  generally 
under  the  care  of  the  \«'ife  of  the  missionary'  in 
the  station. 

"  'rhiithi'j'u'itl  Se>niniir\j.  —  This  is  located  in 
Samulcotta,  nearly  the  centre  of  our  mission 
field.  Its  pnrjjose  is,  primarily,  to  jirovide  a 
trained  ministry  for  our  churclies.  While  we 
believe  in  a  ftodcalled  and  God  endueil  minis- 
trv,  wo  also  believe  in  a  trained  ministry.     Onr 


BAPTISTS,  CANADA 


132 


BAPTISTS,  OOIiORSD 


rl-. 


socnndary  purpoHO  is  n  biblicnlly  trained  stntf 
of  tcimlu'rs  for  our  hoIiooIs.  Itt^HiduH,  wo  lioiio 
to  Heu  go  forth  from  this  jilnco  I'oljiorteurs  and 
others  who,  fii^aniiig  in  the  ordiniiry  |>iirsnits 
of  life,  will  heeoiue  ii  strength  iiud  ii  lilessiuf^  to 
nmtiy  kimuII  churehi^s  in  the  vilhines.  Tho 
course  is  six  or  seven  years,  ueeording  to  tlie 
ndvani'.eiiient  of  tlie  pupil  before  enterinh'. 
None  hut  inondiers  of  our  churehes  are  re- 
ceived, and  none  but  those  reeoiuniendejl  by 
the  missionaries  in  the  held  as  likely  to  ho  usi;- 
ful  in  mission  work.  Wives  of  married  men 
who  are  approvi'd  are  also  reeeived,  and  if  far 
enough  advaneed,  study  with  tho  other  classes. 
"  Tlie  seliool  is  organized  under  three  heads  or 
departments  : 

' '  ('()  Seeular.  — In  which  our  aim  is  to  Rive  what 
is  eipiivalent  to  n  good  eoiumon  school  educa- 
tion in  Kiiglish.  The  vernacular  (Telugu)  is  the 
languagi^  of  instruction,  but  English  is  taught 
as  a  subject. 

"  (>>)  liiblical  Course. — This  begins  at  the  com 
mencement  and  continues  to  tho  end  of  the 
course.  It  has  a  European  teacher  of  its  own. 
The  i(b!a  is  to  give  the  stuib^nts  an  idea  of  the 
liiblo  as  a  book  as  a  collection  of  books— as 
Goil's  book,  containing  His  will.  Tho  books 
are  taken  separately  ;  their  authors,  times,  and 
circnmstanci's  and  purpos..s  of  writing  ;  the 
natural  history  ;  the  exegesis  of  each  pas.sagc  ; 
the  general  meaning,  etc.  At  this  rate  tht^ 
whole  book  cannot  be  gone  over  in  the  time, 
but  the  larger  part  of  the  Old  and  the  whole  of 
tho  New  Testaments  are.  .Vnd  a  diligent  stu- 
dent graduates  with  a  good  knowledge  of  God's 
Word. 

"  («•)  Theological. ^This  department  is  under 
the  charge  of  tho  principal,  a  European.  It  in- 
clude.s  systematic  theology,  evidences,  moral 
science,  interpretation,  exegesis  of  New  Testa- 
ment portions.  Church  history.  Church  polity, 
pastoral  theology,  and  honiilotics,  etc.  liesidcs 
this,  theso  senior  students  are  taken  out  into 
the  villages  during  vacation  and  are  trained  in 
evangelistic  work  uinler  his  eye.  They  nlsot'on- 
duct  prayer  meetings  and  conduct  imblie  ser- 
vices under  his  supervision.  This  wo  consider 
n  very  jirotitablo  part  of  tho  training.  .\  mutual 
im])rovoment  society  and  other  adjuncts  of  col- 
lego  life  are  also  ]>rovided. 

"  S'lhbiilh  Schiiiil.i.  — Theso  wo  have  always  had 
in  connection  with  our  Christian  congregations, 
l)Ut  latel,v  we  have  started  Sabbath-schools  for 
tho  heathen  with  encouraging  success. 

"  Zkxana  Wohk.  -The  zeiuma  being  the  result 
of  the  Mohammedan  invasion.  .Southern  India 
is  not  so  much  atHicted  with  it  as  the  North. 
Nevertheless,  many  zenanas  are  found  in  all 
large  towns  or  cities.  Our  regular  work  in  this 
department  began  with  Miss  Erith,  in  IHSH. 
Zenanas  had  been  visited  before  in  Cocanada 
by  tho  missionary's  wife,  but  systematic  work 
began  in  that  year.  Now  ipdte  a  number  of 
Eurasian  ami  native  assistants  and  liible-woinen 
are  i^ngagod  in  tho  work  under  the  direction  of 
a  lady  missionary.  (See  article  Methods  of  Mis. 
sionary  SVork.) 

"  The  It^'Hiltts. — Who  shall  measure  what 
eternity  alone  can  reveal?  .\  knowledge  of  tho 
living  <iod,  of  the  liord  Jesus  Christ,  and  of  tho 
Christian  system  has  been  spreail  abroad  in  the 
land.  .V  knowledge  of  Christian  literature  and 
a  view  of  tho  ln'noticent  side  of  Christian  life  in 
tho  family  have  been  given.  The  zenana  has 
been  entered,  and  many  a  sad  heart  Las  been 


made  to  sing  for  joy  and  many  a  dark  soul  di- 
rected to  '  the  Light  of  the  world.'  The  rigors 
of  caste  have  been  viTy  visibly  weakened,  and 
many  a  liouso  cleansed  from  idols,  even  among 
the  higher  castes.  Widow  remarriages  Lavo 
been  celebrated,  and  infant  marriage  has  had 
many  a  staggering  blow.  A  conviction  has  beea 
largely  spreading  that  Hinduisin  is  doomed,  be- 
cause it  IS  a  lie,  and  that  ('hristianity  will  pre- 
vail, because  it  is  tho  truth.  Thousands  have 
given  up  idols  who  have  not  had  courage  to  join 
tho  Christian  Church.  In  many  a  home  tho 
liiblo  is  read  anil  the  Lord  tbsus  worshipped 
where  His  name  was  unknown  tifteeii  yiars  ago. 

"  An  English-siieaking  (ICiirasian)  cliuich  has 
been  raiseiiuii — a  veritable  hive  of  Christian  in- 
dustrv — in  which  scores  of  Christian  men  and 
women  have  been  raised  u\>  for  tho  Master's 
service  ;  jpersons  whoso  inllinnce  has  been  felt 
ill  siieh  places  as  Calcutta,  Ifangoon,  Madras, 
liangalore,  and  other  places.  Tho  aim  of  tho 
mission  has  always  Ikm-ii,  '  livery  soul  u  wi^rker 
tor  Jesus.'  In  connection  with  this  work  is 
also  a  day  ami  boarding  school,  mothers'  meet- 
ings, a  mission  circK",  Sabbath-selnMil,  teetotal 
associations,  and  zcnan.i  work.  The  Eurasian 
work  has  been  wholly  supported  by  lli(>  jirivato 
benefactions  of  the  missionaries  of  both  boards, 
and  the  Eurasians  in  tho  ditfereiit  stations." 

In  January,  1^70,  there  were  two  Haptist  mis- 
sion stations  with  three  missionaries  and  their 
wives  in  the  Telugu  countiy,  and  only  lidO  con- 
\erts.  In  WM  there  are  in  the  same  <'ountry 
'J'2  stations,  :!.")  missionaries  with  wives,  and  1*! 
unmarried  ladies  ;  I.iimh  native  workers,  04 
churches  with  a  membership  of  ;ti',,()(lo,  3,750  of 
whom  were  added  during  the  year  IKHI).  (See 
also  article  on  American  Itaptist  Missionary 
I'nion.) 

Rii|»li<«t  Fort'iKH  MImIoii  r«»iivc*n- 
tioii  ol'tliv  I  iiiled  Miili'N oi'.\iii(>ri<*a. 

—  Corresponding  be<'retary,  Kev.  J.  E.  Jones, 
rr.JO  St.  James  Street,  Uichmond,  Va. 

In  May,  1.H7H,  the  Virginia  liai)tist  State  Con- 
vention, in  Its  annual  session  at  I'ortsiuouth, 
Va,,  appointed  Itev.  Solomon  Colby  as  its 
missioiiar.y  to  Africa.  Mr.  Colbv  accordingly 
sailed  in  the  autumn  of  that  year,  reached  .\friea 
on  January  1st,  1h7'.I,  and  commenced  his  work 
in  connection  with  Hev.  W.  W.  CoUi'v,  of  the 
Southern  liaptist  Mission  in  the  Voriiba  country  ; 
a  few  months  later  Mr.  Colley  returned  to  .Viiieri- 
ca  and  was  appointed  by  tho  Virginia  liaptist 
.Static  Convention  to  travel  among  the  churches 
in  all  tho  Southern  States,  to  interest  them  in  tho 
work  of  African  missions.  He  met  with  such 
success  that  when  tho  Virginia  State  Convention 
met  in  May,  1sh(|,  resolutions  w  ere  passed  calling 
a  convention  of  all  tho  States  to  meet  at  some 
jioint  in  tho  South,  with  a  view  to  organizing 
for  mission  work  in  Africa.  In  response  to  tho 
call  many  of  tho  States  ajipointed  delegates,  and 
in  November,  Imho,  at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  the 
convention  w  as  organized  under  the  name  of  the 
Haptist  Foreign  Mission  Convention  of  the 
I'nitcd  States  of  .Vmerica.  Twoyc  ars  were  spent 
in  preparation,  and  in  December,  1sh:|,  six  mis- 
sionaries were  sent  to  .\frica  four  of  tlwuii  to 
engage  in  active  work  and  the  other  two  to 
study  at  Liberia  College  fur  a  year  before  un- 
dertaking service  in  the  field.  Since  the  work 
began,  three  stations,  with  three  out  stations, 
have  been  established,  a  church  organized, 
schools  conducted,  and  nearly  three  hundred 


BAPTISTS,  OOIiORED 


133 


BAPTIST  MISS.  SOO. 


peinons  converted  and  ba|)tized  into  fellowship 
with  the  t'huroh.  The  work  is  kiinwn  an  the 
liuptiHt  Vuy  ^lisHiou,  iiiul  ia  l(iciite<l  iu  the 
Vey  Territory,  Wewt  Ceutnii  Afrii-ii,  tm  land 
gniiititil  to  the  Uourd  by  the  K'>vfrnment  ;  the 
mission  property  nowcomi>risis  ohiireh,  sohfjol- 
hoiise,  dwdlliiij,'  house,  u  coinpletit  mittit  for  the 
two  stations  at  Jundoo  and  Hindoo  (the  third, 
Mississi|ipi  Station,  having  been  given  np), 
and  a  library  eontaining  over  7tto  books. 

At  present  (IH',)((;  tlio  oonvention  has  only  three 
missionaries — unu  of  them  a  native  preacher-  in 
Africa,  but  hopes  to  send  out  a  medical  niis- 
siomiry  tliis  year,  and  to  greatly  enlarge  the 
work  iu  other  respee.ts,  as  intelligent  interest  in 
the  work  and  a  sense  ot  the  responsibility  rest- 
ing u|)on  them  inereasesamouy  the  colored  Kap- 
lists  of  the  I'nited  States. 

Sinee  the  establishment  of  the  mission,  about 
f25,l)()0  has  been  contributed  and  expemled. 

To  dilTuso  intelligence  and  stimulate  interest 
in  the  work,  the  Hoard  i)ublishes  a  monthly 
paper  called  Afrii.iin  Miss'u.ns. 

Bapliftt  Cioiu'ral  ANMM-ialioii  oniiv 
WvNterii    ^)lalel>«    and    T«>rrilorie». 

lleadcpiarters,    (talesbuig,    III.,    V .   S.  \. 

Th(!  liaptist  (ieneral  .V.ss()ciation  of  the  West- 
ern States  and  Territories  was  organized  by  the 
colored  Hiiptist  ehurdies  of  that  region  iu 
187.'!.  Until  I'^^O  its  ojierations  were  coulineil 
to  homo  work,  when  foreign  work  became  a  i>art 
of  its  plans,  and  in  I^sh.")  a  mission  was  es- 
tablisheil  on  the  Congo,  Southwest  Africa.  In 
iMSCi  It  plan  oC  eo operation  with  the  Amerie:in 
Haptist  .Missionary  I'liion  \v;is  agreed  upon,  with 
regard  to  this  mission,  by  which  the  .Vssoeiation 
appoints  the  missionaries,  determines  their 
salaries,  and  raises  the  funds  necessary  to  carry 
on  the  work,  but  all  subject  to  the  approval  of 
the  I'nion,  and  all  tniiiBactions  with  the  niissioo 
carried  on  through  the  I'nion. 

The  foreign  mission  work  of  the  Association 
is  limited  to  the  wurk  on  the  Congo,  the  station 
being  at  Mukimrik((.  There  are  M  onlairuul 
missionaries  and  1  medical  missionary.  The 
Work  is  largely  carried  on  by  itinerant  preach- 
ing in  the  villages  around  the  central  station, 
nn<l  great  interest  is  maiiifisted  in  the  Snnday- 
Kchool,  which  has  a  membii'sliip  of  ."»'•  scholarH. 

BapliNi    mi>tNi<»iiary  M«»<'U>l)-.— Ilead- 

ipiarters,  Mission  House,  I'.t  I'urnival  .Street, 
llolborn,  K,  ('.,  liiiudoTi. 

Jfistitt'i/,  'I  hc^  liaptist  Missionary  Soci- 
ety, founded  October  lid,  17'.I2,  was  the  first 
of  the  many  missionary  organizations  vvhieli  had 
their  beginning  in  the  (-losing  years  of  the 
eighteenth  and  the  opening  of  the  nineteenth 
centuries.  Since  \~^l  William  (,'arey,  tho 
"Northamptonshire  Cobbler,"  had  been  put- 
ting forth  every  effort  to  arouse  his  ministerial 
brethren  to  something  of  his  own  absorbing  in- 
terest in  the  ipu'stion  ot  giving  the  (iospel  to 
tho  heathen.  He  was  very  young  -  only  twenty 
years  of  ago — when  ho  made  his  lirst  plea.  Dr. 
Ityland's  reb\iko  might  have  effectually  silenced 
a  less  earnest  man.  "  Young  man,"  said  ho, 
"  when  tho  Almighty  is  ready  to  convert  the 
heathen,  Ho  can  do  it  without  your  instrumen- 
tality or  mine."  Hut  Carey,  ho  far  from  bein|.» 
silenced,  continued  to  hho  every  means  in  his 
power  to  bring  about  his  cherished  desire— the 
formation  of  a  missionary  society.  Soon  after 
his  conversion,  when  eighteen  years  old,  he  hud 
read  tho  uccouat  of  Cuuk'u  voyages,  and   had 


since  earnestly  wished  to  go  as  a  missionary  to 
the  South  Seas  ;  this  interest  in  the  heathen 
waH  intelisitied  by  the  perusal  of  .liumtliali  Kd- 
wards's  Liff  I'f  Hiuhnril,  and  his  paper  on  Mis- 
sions, written  after  the  inauguration  of  tho 
monthly  "  I'raycr  Concerts,"  in  North  America. 
Carey's  own  pajier,  "  An  IiKpiiry  into  tho  Ob- 
ligations of  Christians  to  use  JFeaus  for  thu 
Conversion  of  the  ileatheii,"  iiublished  in 
M'.fi,  Was  a  most  iiupassioneil  appcid,  and  with 
Lis  two  sermons,  |ir"aelieil  beloie.  the  liaptist 
.\.>srM-iHtion  at  Nottingham,  May  IK'th.  and  ut 
Kettering,  October  'Ii\,  17'.''i.  resulted  in  tho 
foruiution  of  thi^  liaptist  Missionary  Society. 
The  twd  points  deduced  from  the  text  of  tho 
latter  have  since  become  famous — "  Kxpect 
great  things  from  Ooil  ;  attempt  great  things 
for  God."  At  the  <'onchision  of  this  sermon 
twelve  of  the  ministers  who  had  heard  it  w  ith- 
drew  to  a  little  w  hite  house,  still  to  bo  seen  from 
the  Midland  liailway,  and  passed  the  following 
rcvdntions  : 

•■  Desirous  of  making  an  effort  for  tho  jiropa 
gation  of  the  <icis|iel  among  the  heathen,  agree- 
ably to  what  is  r«coiiimend>Ml  in  lirotlier  Carey's 
late  piiblieatuin,  wo  whose  i:aiiies  appear  to  tho 
Kiibst-<puiit  subseripliiiii,  do  solemnly  agree  to 
act  in  soeiety  for  that  ]iurpose. 

■■  As  in  the  present  divided  slate  <pf  Christen- 
doiu  It  t-eciiis  that  each  (liiiominatioii,  by  ex- 
erting Itself  separately,  is  most  likely  to  accom- 
j'li^h  the  great  ends  of  a  mission,  it  is  agreed 
thai  this  Boidety  be  called  '  Tho  I'articular  [Cal- 
vinistic]  lta)>tist  .Society  for  I'ropagatiug  the 
(.iospel  among  tho  Heathen.' 

■■  \s  sueh  an  undertaking  nnist  neeils  bo  at- 
tended with  exjiense,  wo  agree  immediately  to 
open  a  stiViseriptioli  for  tho  above  purpose,  and 
to  recommend  it  to  others. 

'■  Every  person  who  shall  subscribe  (.1(1  at 
or.ce,  or  1".«  *m/,  annually,  shall  be  a  member  of 
the  Society." 

The  twelve  ministers  ])resent  subsoribed  i'll) 
tit.  <-/.  These  "  great  things"  were  ridiculed 
by  their  fellows,  but  the  event  has  pnned  that 
"the  greatttt  things  of  (ioil  have  ijuiet  and 
Km  dl  l>egitiiiinj;s. " 

Carey  l«M-ame  the  lirst  missionary  of  the  So- 
ciety. Andrew  Fuller  its  lirst  secretary,  and 
Sntcliffe,  Dr.  Itylaiid,  .Ir.,  and  lieynolii  Hogg 
fomied  with  these  two  the  lirst  coiiiiiiittee. 
Sauinel  I'ierce.  one  of  the  first  subscribers  at 
Kelt<ring.  desired  to  be  sent  to  the  heathen, 
but  bin  early  death  prevented. 

Iterelo/twettt  nf  }t'ot'li.  S.  mission  to 
Tahiti,  in  the  South  Seas,  was  at  lirst  thought  of 
by  the  Society,  but  this  plan  was  changed  liy  tho 
acconnts  received  from  Mr.  .John  Tliomas,  a 
snrgeon  in  tho  em])loy  of  the  Kast  India  Com- 
pany at  IW-ngal,  of  tho  great  needs  of  India. 
.\ccordingly.  the  South  Seas  were  given  up,  and 
the  coiuiuittee  resolved  to  commence  its  efforts 
in  India,  .\ndrew  Fuller,  in  his  account  of  the 
meeting  held  to  consider  tho  matter,  says,  "  Wo 
t>aw  plainly  that  there  was  a  gold  mine  in  India, 
bnt  It  was  iis  deep  as  tho  centre  of  the  earth. 
^Vbo  will  venture  to  exjdoro  it':*"  "  1  will  go 
down."  aaid  Carey,  "  but  remember  that  yiui 
nmBt  hobl  the  ropes."  "  We  solemnly  engaged 
to  him  to  do  Ko,  nor  while  we  live  shall  we  do 
sert  him."  In  March,  17!)!1,  Carey  and  .lohn 
Thomas  nailed  for  India  in  a  Danish  vessel. 
They  landeil  ja  Calcutta,  November  Kith.  Carey 
had  told  bis  Society  that  ho  should  reipiire  from 
it  money  Bafficieat  to  pay  for  his  passage  uuly. 


BAPTIST  MISS.  SOC. 


134 


BAPTIST  MISS.  SOO. 


11 ,;-! 


Once  in  Iiulin,  lio  would  sujiport  Liinsolf,  so 
tliiit  nil  tilt)  riMTiiits  ()(  thf  Sdcn'ty  iiiiul't  1>« 
UHeil  t>>  send  (iiU  ntliiT  iiiissioiiarii-s.  Hilt  tlio 
positiiiii  lit  si'lt'-sii|>|i>>rt  wits  II  (litlii'iilt  (Wi«  to  iit- 
tain  111  ti'o|ii('itl  liiiliii,  mill  ht<  iiml  liis  funiily 
wi'iit  tliriiii^^li  Hinuii  nioiitlis  lit  Imrilsliiiis  uii- 
known  to  liny  nihcr  iiiissiniiiiry  in  Iiulia  ln'fori' 
or  Hiuco,  Thfii  ho  fmiiiil  riii]iloyiiirnt  in  iin 
iliili^i)  factory,  mil  iliiriim  tlio  tivc  yciirs  s(iiiit 
thus  "  lit?  |icrfccti!d  liis  l<nowloil|;t!  of  the  Jicn- 
fjah'r  liiiif^iiiim',  wroti)  a  f^nimiiiarnf  it,  tninslatcil 
thu  Xi'W  Ti'slaiiii'iit  into  it,  k'lirni'il  Siiiisciit, 
niiistiTi'il  the  iMitmiy  of  tlic  i-i-nion,  corrcsiioiuUMl 
with  the  (trrniaii  uiiHsinnarics,  .Scliwartz  ami 
(tiicncki',  in  the  far  south,  sit  \\\)  a  ]iiiiitiiij^ 
pi-css.  ami  [ilannfcl  new  missions— all  at  his 
own  cost."  On  his  riiili)  press,  which,  from  his 
groat  liuvotion  to  it,  the  nntives  thou^'ht  wim  an 
iilol,  ho  printoil  the  New  'restaiiient  as  fast  as 
ho  translateil  it.  In  17W7  Mr.  .lohn  Fountain 
was  sent  out  to  re  enforce  Carey,  ami  in  IT'.l'.l 
Messrs.  Ward,  (irant,  Itruiisdon,  and  >[arshuian 
reached  Cidcutta,  In  this  year  tho  indigo  fac- 
tory was  |.;iven  up,  and  on  account  of  the  jier- 
gistent  ojiposition  of  the  KiLi^t  India  Coiiipiiny 
the  little  hand  of  luissinnaries  removed  to  the 
Danish  settlement  of  Serampore,  on  tho  west 
bank  of  the  Hiiuli,  fourteen  miles  iihove  Cal- 
cutta. Hero  they  purchased  house  and  grounds 
for  church,  home,  and  jirintint!  ollice.  .\n  in- 
come for  the  mission  was  secured  from  the 
bnardinii  schools  opened  for  Kurusian  hoys  and 
girls,  and  conducted  l>y  Mr.  and  ilrs.  Marsh- 
man,  lu  December,  Isod,  Carey  liaptized  tlio 
first  Hindu  convert,  Krishiin  I'al,  a  Itrahmin, 
who  liecamo  a  noted  iireaclier,  and  from  his  own 
funds  liiiilt  the  first  house  of  Christian  worship 
in  ISeii^jal.  .\  hymn  written  by  him  and  truu.s- 
lulud  by  Dr.  Marshman  is  well  known  : 

**  O  ihuu.  niv  Mini,  fiirirel  no  iiinri' 
Till'  I'liiihl  »liH  all  Iliy  riiiiriiwn  biire; 

l.l't  I'MTV  idnl   In-  forirnt 

Itiil.  II  my  Miml.  fciri,'i'i  lliin  iim." 

Carey  was  appointed  by  Lord  Wellesley,  then 
ffovenior-Oeiieriil.  lirst  IJennali,  afterward  San. 
scrit  and  .Muiutiii  I'lofessor  in  the  ('oll(;,'e  of 
Fort  Willimii.  'riin  families  of  the  little  mis- 
Kioniiry  c.imiiiuiiity  lived  at  the  same  table  at  a 
cost  of  not  much  more  than  lldO  a  year. 

Till' work  of  Iraiisliitiiit,'  the  Scriptures,  teach- 
ini;.  preaching;,  printing,',  and  establishing 
Bchools  went  actively  on.  llefore  Carey's  deiilii 
(lH;ll)  the  whole  lUblo  had  been  translated  into 
forty  ditTerent  laiinuai^es  and  dinlects,  and  the 
sure  1  biokiof  the  ILin.tiis  triiiislated  into  Kiit,' 
lish.  In  addition,  |)r.  Mai-shman  Iriinslated  the 
bible  into  Chinese,  prepared  a  Chinese  ^,'ram 
mar  and  dictionary,  and  triiiislnted  Confucius 
into  I^m^lisli. 

In  isii  till)  printiiii^-press  at  Serampore  was 
destroyed  by  tire.  Tho  loss  from  this  ciiliimity 
was  '.,'ieat,  but  the  niiin  was  ]ierliaps  greater,  for 
the  interest  and  sympathy  of  Christians  at  home, 
of  all  denoiiiiimtious,  was  aroused  to  a  decree 
never  felt  before.  Tho  whole  amount  of  the 
loss,  L'pt.Ooo,  was  raised  within  fifty  days  uiul 
sent  to  Soriimpore,  where  work  was  speedilv  rn- 
RUniiil,  This  was  the  tirst  instance  of  generous 
donations  to  the  eause  of  missions  ;  since  then 
liberal  ^i'ts  have  become  the  rule. 

The  work  extended  to  other  parts  of  India, 
and  many  stations  were  established.  In  isio 
these  stations  were  orxani/.ed  into  tlvo  mis- 
Bions  :  the  Kendal  Mission,  including  Seram- 
pore,  Calcutta,    Dinnjpur,  etc.;  tUo  Ilindustu. 


Iii  .Mission  (Northern  Iinllai,  including  I'almi, 
A^ra,  etc.,  and  the  Itiirmiin,  llhutmi,  and  Otissa 
Alissions.  In  l^i:)  there  were  in  all  'Jll  slatioUH, 
with  H:t  Furopiaii  and  native  laborers. 

In  1H13,  when  the  charter  of  the  Fast  India 
Companv  was  abeiit  to  bo  renewed,  the  friends 
of  niisMons  iipplied  for  the  insertion  of  a  cliiiiso 
t^ivin^  ]irolecliou  to  Christian  missionaries. 
Chielly  by  the  inlliii  nee  of  .Viidrew  Fuller  and 
liobert  Hall  (who  had  succeeded  Carey  as  jias- 
tor  of  the  Harvey  l.iiiie  (!hurch,  Feicisteri,  tho 
elTort  was,  in  a  measure,  successful.  In  tho 
followinv;  year  Andrew  Fuller  died.  One  of  tho 
lirst  otlicers  of  the  Society,  its  zealous  advocato 
always,  and  for  twenty  two  years  its  main  siip- 
|ioi't.  his  loHH  was  deeply  felt  iu  Kugland  and  in 
India. 

Ill  bS'i'.t  the  Serampore  C(ille(<o  was  founded 
upon  a  charter  obtained  from  the  Danish  Oov- 
erniiient. 

In  1H',>7  the  missionaries  at  Serampore  and  the 
Society  at  home  became  two  distinct  and  inde- 
lieiident  missionary  bodies,  because  of  the  re- 
fusal of  the  former,  usinn  in  mission  servioo  a 
lar^^H  amount  of  jproiierty  which  they  had  ao- 
ciimulated  without  the  aid  of  friends  at  home, 
to  reliib?;  to  the  parent  Society  a  strict  account 
of  their  pecuniary  transactions.  In  iH.'iI  tho 
S.^raiiipore  Itrotherhood  had  contributed  to  tho 
mission  t'.Ml  (Hid.  .\  friendly  separation  was 
therefore  agreed  upon,  whuli  continued  for 
ten  years.  In  \xM  tho  two  bodies  were  re- 
uniti;d. 

India  owes  to  tho  Seramjiore  Mission  the  tirst 
tran.slation  of  the  Ibblo  into  many  of  its  dia- 
lects ;  the  first  vernacular  newspaper  in  I!en- 
Hali,  the  lannuane  of  7<l,(M)0,(MI(l  of  people  ;  tho 
tirst  largo  |iriiitiiig-press,  |iappr-mill,  and  steam- 
engine  ;  tho  tirst  efforts  for  the  education  of 
native  girls  and  women  ;  the  tirst  savings  bunk, 
and  many  other  direct  and  indirect  results  of 
tho  work  of  Carey,  Marshman,  Ward,  and  thtir 
associates. 

Tho  year  lsl'.2  saw  established  the  mission  to 
Ceylon  ;  its  work  has  been  mainl.v  ediicationiil, 
and  many  of  those  trained  in  the  schools  aro 
now  assistant  teachers.  The  mission  has  at 
present  three  principal  stations  at  Cnlombo, 
Ibitliiijiuri,  and  Kaiidy,  iiiid  eighty  eight  sub- 
stations. The  iittendalice  upon  the  day  schools 
in  Is.H'.l,  iu  the  C.dombo  district  alone,  wii.s 
l,-"i."ill  ;  upon  the  Sunday  schools,  1,0(1(1. 

In  1H1:|  misiiion  work  among  th dored  Jinii- 

ulation  i.f  the  West  Indies  was  entered  upon. 
Some  years  previously  (ieorge  I.ii  le,  a  colored 
man  from  (leorgia,  I'.  S,  A.,  had  formed  con- 
gregations of  slaves  at  Kingston  and  other 
places  in  .lamaica  ;  after  his  death  the  work 
Was  carried  on  by  Moses  linker,  one  of  his  fol- 
lowers. Tho  work  became  too  great  for  him, 
and  ho  applied  to  Ihe  I'.aplist  Missiouavy  .Society 
for  aid.  liy  the  advice  of  Mr.  Widierrorce,  tho 
Itev.  Mr.  Ibiwe  was  sent  out  ;  he  organized  tho 
churches,  priaclied,  and  taught  w  ith  great  suc- 
cess. In  lsl7  Itev.  .lames  Coiiltart  settled  in 
Kingston,  gathering  soon  a  large  ehunli,  and 
the  .Society  at  homo  was  encouraged  to  send  out 
many  more  missionaries.  Large  chapels  were 
built,  and  day  and  Sunday-schools  established 
for  the  children  of  tho  slaves.  In  isiil  there 
Were  fourteen  English  missionaries  on  the 
island,  in  charge  of  twenty-four  churches,  with 
Id.MltH  communicants.  It  was  in  this  year  that 
tho  slaves  arose  against  their  masters.  The 
missionaries  did  all  in  their  power  to  keep  all 


BAPTIST  MISS.   SOC. 


136 


BAPTIST  MISS.  SOC. 


in  their  chnrKfl  <iuiet  niul  HulmiiMHivo,  but  wen', 
UotwithstiiuiliiiK,  cliiirHcil  Willi  lntvin^  tcniii'iitiil 
thii  insurrection.  Tlu'V  wrre  iirrestid  Jiinl  their 
livuH  tbri;iiti'iu',l,  l)ut  wlicii  lirnunhl.  to  triiil  wcro 
iitMiuitted.  Si'Vciiil  clmpiU  wcri)  lUstrojiil  liy 
imnry  iiiolis,  und  two  ol'  llin  iiiissioimiicH, 
Messrs.  Knitili  iiinl  Ifiirclull,  \iero  sent  to  l^nn- 
liiuil  to  liiy  llieir  ciiso  l.efore  llie  Clinrcli  ami  tlio 
public.  .Mr.  Ivnilib  was  (irc^erit  at  tin.'  annual 
muetinj,'  of  tlie  Siiciely,  lielil  in  .Innc,  1h;CJ,  at 
Spa  l''nlils  (,'liaiiel,  Loudon.  His  liold  dcclaru- 
tioii  from  tlio  |iliitt'oriri  tliat  slavetv  inusi  cease, 
wbicli  met  Willi  Ik  most  lieiirly  and  eiitliusiasuir 
ros|(oiisi)  tliroii^'liout  tlio  iiaptist  I'lmrclies  of 
Elii^land  and  Seotlaiul,  lielpeil  to  liriii^  alxnit, 
two  years  later,  tlio  alioliiion  ot'  slavery  in  the 
Uritisli  ilominions.  Auraiitnf  t;."i,."ilO  was  niaile 
to  tlie  Society  by  tint  t^overnment  a-t  a  conipen. 
Hation  for  tliu  ruined  chapels,  and  coiitriliutions 
from  tlio  Chrisliaii  puhlio  for  tlio  Maine  purpose 
amounted  to  fM.nilO.  The  work  in  .lamaica 
was  resinned,  and  tlio  chiuclies  so  increased  in 
nnmhers  and  power  that  in  IhI'J,  the  .Iiildh'O 
ynar  of  tlio  Society,  they  declared  tlieniselves 
independent  of  itti  funds, 

'I'lie  eolle!,'o  at  ("alaliar  (  Kinj,'stoni,  estiililishcd 
lit  Iviii^ston  in  IStH,  is  still  maintained  hy  thu 
.Socicfty.  Stiitioiis  were  oslalilisheil  and  aro  still 
held  at  'I'rinidad,  San  IJoiiiingo,  in  the  lliihanias, 
and  in  Turk's  Islamls. 

From  lHt:i-H2  the  Society  had  a  most  flourish- 
in>{  and  hopeful  mission  on  the  West  t'oast  of 
Africa.  Tho  West  Indian  cliiirches,  always  de- 
sirous of  sendinj^  the  (tospel  to  Africa,  la^'an, 
after  their  emancipaticui,  to  carr,v  out  their 
wishes.  (renorous  eonlrilmtions  were  made, 
and  the  Soeiety  in  Kii>{laiid  a;.,'reed  to  second 
their  efforts.  Two  missionaries  from  •lamaica, 
the  Hev.  John  (Ihirko  ami  Dr.  (!.  K.  Price,  who 
were  sent  out  to  select  a  siiitaliW'  sjiol,  chose  for 
the  new  mission  the  island  of  Kernamlo  I'o, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Caiiieroons  Itivir,  in  the 
(lulf  of  (riiinea.  Several  iiiissionaries  from 
Eii^^land,  with  re  enforcements  from  .lamaica, 
Were  sent  thilher  in  IspJ  ;  the  mission  was 
tirml.v  estalilished  ;  churches  were  soon  formed 
on  tlio  iiiiiinlali  1  ;  the  |)eopIe  were  taught  the 
arts  of  civilize  I  life.  Klemeiitarv  liooks  were 
))repiiri'd  ami  lai^;.)  portions  of  tin-  liiMi'  trans- 
lated into  the  Diialla  laii^;uatie  l>.v  .Mr.  Saker, 
from  .ramaiea.  who  had  reduced  it  to  wrilin^. 
The  work  at  Fernando  I'o  had,  on  in'couiit  of 
Komanist  inllui'nces,  to  lie  ^iveii  up  :  hut  the 
settlement  at  Victoria,  on  the  mainland,  pros- 
pered. In  IHSO  Mr.  Saker  died,  and  soon  after 
tholierinari  eol.ini/.alion  of  the  West  ("oast  of 
AfricMi  le  I  to  the  ri'liiii|iiisliiiieiit  of  the  colony 
int  >  the  hinds  of  the  Itasle  ^^issionary  Soei,.ty, 
in  whose  care  it  now  is.  In  |s77  ^ir.  liohert 
Artliiiii;ton,  of  Lce('s,  F.ntiland,  olTeied  tho 
committee  of  the  Society  ,<;1,(H">  if  lliev  would 
at  once  undertake  a  mission  to  the  Coiieo  coun- 
try, ill  Alrica.  This  jiroposal,  and  succeeiliiii,' 
Reiierous  nifts,  enabled  the  Society  to  iie|,'in 
operilions,  and  missionaries  were  iiiiiiie(liati'l,v 
Hent  out.  Settlements  wero  soon  formed  on  tint 
Ujiper  and  Lower  ('oiii^o.  Many  di^alhs  have 
thinned  the  missionary  ranks,  but  the  i)laceH  of 
those  who  fell  were  cpiickly  tilled,  and  the  work 
8oes  hopefully  forward.  In  August,  iKSd,  tho 
mission  premises  at  Stanley  I'ool  were  <Ie. 
stroyed  by  tire  ;  the  missionaries  were  in  fjreat 
distress  ;  but,  as  was  the  ease  at  Seranipore  in 
IHl'J,  the  losH  was  (piiukly  made  t^nnd  by 
friends    of    tho    miBgion  at  huiue,  tho  whole 


amount,  tl.ooo,  being  contributed  in  a  few 
weeks. 

This  t'on^jo  Mission  is  full  of  promise.  Mi. 
Ilolmiin  Itelilley,  one  of  the  pi<uie('rs  in  the 
work,  has  reduced  the  laneiiat^e  to  a  written 
f(uiii  ;  a  ^;ramll^lr  and  dii'tionary  have  been  pub- 
lislied  ;  Ihi.'  Itibln  will  soon  follow,  ami  It  is 
hoped  that  to  Ihe  whole  country  of  the  ('oli(,'o 
the  (iospel  may  speedily  be  proclaimed.  There 
Were,  in  ISHH,  ,s  stations,  with  a  missionary  force 
of  -J  I. 

Work  npon  the  C<uitiucnt  of  F.iirope  was 
commenced  in  Isill.  .\t  present  tin'  work  is 
carried  on  in  France  (principal  staliiui,  with  5 
out-stations,  at  Miulaix,  i!rittaii,\ ),  Norway  (S 
principal  stations,  1.1  sub  stations  i,  and  Italy 
(HI  principal  stati<uis  in  Nurthuru,  Central,  and 
Southern  Italy). 

The  mission  to  China,  several  times  at- 
tempted, was  finally  established  in  is?"  ;  there 
are  now  in  tho  jiroviiiccs  of  Shaiisi  and  Slian- 
tiiii^^  il  stations  ami  (12  sub  stations,  21  mission- 
aries, 1,011)  ehurcli  nieiiibers. 

The  mission  to  .Japan,  established  in  1m7'.I, 
has  1  stiiticui  at  Tokio  and  Ih  Niib-Htations,  1 
missionary,  l.-j?  church  inembers. 

The  mission  to  Palestine  (IHH(I)  comprises 
three  stations,  at  Nabloiis,  Samaria,  and  Jiato 
Mreeii,  with  1  missionarv,  75  cliurch  iiiembers. 

t'oiiHfifufiou  ami  Oiyauizofioii, — 
The  organization  of  the  ISaptist  Missionary  Soci- 
ety is  very  simple.  lis  membership  coiii]irises 
)iastors  of  churches  makin({  an  annual  contribii- 
ti(Ui  ;  ministers  who  collect  annually,  and  all 
Christian  jiersons  eoneurrin^!  in  the  objects  of 
the  Society  who  are  donors  of  Cln  or  upward, 
or  subscribers  of  ten  shillings  annually  to  its 
funds. 

Tho  affairs  of  tho  Societ,v  are  conducted  by  a 
committee  of  forty-ei^;ht  members,  two  thirds 
of  whom  are  residents  beyond  twt  Ive  miles  of 
St.  Frtiil's.  The  ciuiimittee  meets  monllily,  or 
oftiiier,  in  T.iuidon,  on  a  fixed  day,  fin-  the  des- 
)mtch  of  business  ;  seven  members  make  a 
quorum.  .\  piibli(!  meeting  of  the  Society  is 
held  annually,  when  tho  list  of  the  eommilteo 
IS  read,  the  accounts  aro  Jireseiited,  and  the 
accounts  of  the  previous  year  reported.  The 
committee  may  smiimon  publiit  meetiii>,'s  in 
London  tir  elsewhere  whenever  the  interests  of 
the  Society  re(|iiire  it. 

.Ml  honorary  and  cnrrespondinj^  members  of 
tho  eomniittei",  and  all  ministers  who  aro  lueni- 
l>ers  of  the  Snciet,v,  and  the  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  I.onilon  auxiliaries  arc  entitled  to  attend 
and  vole  at  the  iiieetini^s  of  the  commiltie. 

.\11  money  received  on  behalf  of  the  Society 
is  lodj^eil  in  the  hands  of  the  treasurer  lU'of  trus- 
tees chosen  by  Ihe  Soeiety.  When  lli<t  amount 
received  exceeds  llu'  sum  neeibd  for  the  cur- 
rent exiieiises  of  the  month  it  is  iiiveslcil  in  the 
piibli"  funds  until  rcipiired  for  the  use  of  tho 
mission. 

No  alteration  in  tho  constitution  of  the  So- 
ciety  can  be  made  without  twelve  iiiiuilhs' 
notice  having  been  given  at  n  previous  annual 
meetinn. 

Tho  great  object  of  the  Society  is  the  ilitTii- 
sion  of  the  kiKiwledm'  of  Jesus  Christ  thrrui^h- 
out  the  w  hole  w<uld  beyond  the  British  Isles, 
by  the  preaehinn  of  the  (iiis))el.  tho  translation 
and  publicarioii  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  tho 
establishment  of  sidiools. 

The  income  of  the  Society  is  derived  from 
annual  HubHcriptionH,  oolleutioui)  at  annual  8er> 


ill 
lii'  I 

if 'I 


BAPTIST  MISS.  SOO. 


136 


BASKSBLB 


!;i 


vicfH,  (loniitioiiH  rei't'ived  nt  tho  Mission  Ilonso, 
lo^jiicics,  contributiiiiiM  from  iinxiliiirics,  ilivi- 
iliiiils,  iiiturtmt,  ote.,  Hiuu'itil  fuiidH  mid  lilu  k\iI)- 
HrriptinMH. 

llaplUt  N«»iillit*rii  C'«»ii%ciitl4>ii.     (Sihi 

tSolltlliin    lilllilist  ('nllVrlllliin.  ) 

IliilHUl   TriK'l   iiikI   Hook  No«'it>l). 

-  lliuiliiuiirliTH,  -MisKiou  llmiMf,  i'liriiival  Strict, 
llolliorii. 

'I'lif  ItitptiHt  Triict  nnd  Hook  Society  wuh  iti- 
Htitutcd  in  isll,  for  tliii  ])iiiii()H(>  of  disHeiiiiimt- 
iw^  till!  (riiUiH  i,(  till)  (lc»i)cl  liv  iiiciins  of  hiiiuII 
tri'iitiHcH  or  friurfs,  in  in'cordiiiico  with  tlu'  vicwn 
of  Strict  ('oiiiiiinnion  ItiiptiHts,  and  liy  tho  inil)- 
lii'iition  of  othiT  and  hirgor  works  in  thu  dii- 
partinrnt  of  ri'linioiis  litcrnturo  m'lii'rally. 

During  tlin  y<>ar  Ihss  frro  f^niuts  of  tracts  and 
handbills,  niiiiilioriiiH  o',il,l:r.l,  were  iiiudo  to 
places  in  (rrciit  Itritain,  Australia,  .South  .iiucri- 
ca,  South  Afrii^a,  ("cyloii,  Jamaica,  Indiii,  France, 
and  Italy.     Inwuuo  for  Imms,  fl.lltl. 

Iliirilkll,  a  city  10  miles  from  tho  mouth  of 
thu  (ialioon  Itivir,  West  .Vfrica.  Missionary 
work  was  commence(l  heri'  1)V  missionaries  of 
the  A.  H.  ('.  I'.  M.  in  ISIJ.  The  arrival  of  the 
French,  in  1HI:I,  and  the  makinj,'  of  that  section 
a  I'rench  colony,  and  tho  estalilishment  of  a 
Komiui  Catholic  mission,  ^,'reatly  retarded  thn 
Work.  The  iilacu  lu'ln^^  also  a  ]iort  of  entry  for 
tin-  interior,  exposes  it  to  the  liliv;htinv;  ilillu- 
ence  of  a  debased  foreign  iiopiilafion  and  to  an 
almost  uiiliiiiiteil  usu  of  liipior.  The  mission. 
ary  in  char'^e  also  necessarily  tinds  his  time 
lar^;ely  occiipieil  by  the  secular  atbiirs  of  tho 
mission.  Sinci'  isTn  it  has  been  under  the  earn 
of  the  I'resbyterifin  Hoard,  North,  of  .\merica. 
It  is  probable  that  a  portion  of  the  secular  work 
will  lie  transferred  to  l!atanj,'a  ('[.v.)  ;  1  mis- 
Kioiiiiiy  anil  wife,  1  I'rench  ti'acher.  A  new 
eliiircli  has  (IS'.MI)  been  i^ompleted. 

Ilarart'tlll,  a  dialect  spoken  by  the  (ialla 
trileis  of  Abyssinia.     (See  (talhi.) 

Ilara«lll,a  staticui  of  the  Kaptist  Missionary 
Koi-iety  in  lienwal,  I'.ast  India,  east  of  Calcutta; 
1  missionary,  II  cliureli  iiieiiibirs. 

llai*lia«lo('>i.  an  island  of  the  Carribbean 
ftroup,  West  Indies.  OccMpieil  by  the  Moravian 
Mission  (17<!"ii;  4  stations.  I  missionaries,  I" 
native  helpers,  l,."rj.")  communicants.  Also  by 
the  Wesleyan  Methodists  (Kn^'lalid)  ;  1  niis- 
Bionary, 

Ilarliar)'  Mtal«>M,  a  general  term  desi^nat- 
um  that  portion  of  North  .Vfrica  streteliing 
from  the  Western  boundary  of  l^nypt  to  the  \i- 
lantii',  and  fr<uii  tin'  Mediterrane,in  to  tho 
Kaliara.  and  including  Tripoli.  Tunis.  .U^iers, 
and  Morocco.  The  name  is  derived  from  the 
Uerbers,  the  an<-ient  inhabitants  of  the  region, 
who  still  constitute  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  population.  (See  .\frica.)  Mission  work 
by  North  .Vfrica  Mission,  London  Society  for 
Promotiiij,'  Christianity  amonij  the  Jews,  I'aris 
Kvanjjelical  Si)ciety, 

Rar('ol«iiia,  a  city  ami  Hea|>ort.  capital  of 
the  province  of  Harcelona,  in  southern  Spain,  'M't 
miles  east  northeast  of  Afadrid.  situated  in  a 
beautiful  jilain  between  two  rivers.  It  is  tho 
most  tlourishin(»  and  after  Madrid  the  most 
populous  city  of  Spain,  the  ^'reat  manufacturing 
and  commercial  emporium,  and  one  of  the  finest 
citicH  in  tho  peninsula.     The  city  is  well  built 


and  very  attractive.  MiHHJon  station  of  tho 
.\merican  llaptist  Missionary  I'niiui  aiul  tho 
Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary  Society. 

liarilfxuit  illaKli4'li<Jik)<  <^  ^>^rna  town 
in  Asia  Minor,  a  tew  miles  from  the  end  of  tho 
(iiilf  of  Nicomediu.  Its  population,  about  ,~i,*lllil. 
is  entirely  Armenian.  The  mission  station 
of  tilt  \.  1!.  C.  I".  M.,  formerly  at  Nicomedia, 
was  transferred  to  this  place  lar>,'ely  on  account 
of  its  greater  healthfiiliiess.  Thero  is  a  lai>,'e 
I'rotestant  community  and  a  tloiirisliin^'  boys' 
school,  where  of  late  years  the  e\|ierimeiit  of 
manual  training  has  been  miule  with  ^reat  suc- 
cess. Then  was  also  a  lar^;c  boar<lin^^  school 
for  nirls,  which  has  been  removed  to  Ailabazar 
Cl-v.). 

Ilartlwaii  (Biirtiwaiii.  r.ii  miles  west  of 
KrisllIla^arll,  the  capital  of  the  district  of  Na- 
dija.  Iteii^al,  eastern  India.  I'opiilation,  :i:l.l)llll, 
and  centre  of  a  district  with  l.llUl.TMO  people. 
A  station  of  the  C.  M.  S. ;  1  niissiouiiry,  U  na- 
tive helpers,  iti)  eommuniuauts. 

Bar«>ili)  ,  a  city  of  tho  Northwest  Provinces, 
India,  on  a  liranch  of  the  (lances,  I'J'J  miles 
southeast  of  Delhi.  I'opulation,  II'J.OOO,  chielly 
lliiidiis.  Mission  station  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  North  ;  H  missionaries,  ;t  ladies, 
I'i  native  helpers,  "liM  church  members.  Tho 
seat  f  a  theoloj^ical  sominaiy  and  normal 
Kcho,  which  has  (IsiKI)  sent  out  l")!!  nativo 
missionaries,  of  whom  1I!1  have  taken  the  full 
tluie  years'  course.  Also  10  native  Christian 
teachers,  who  act  us  ovaii^^elists  in  the  jilaco 
where  they  teach. 

UariNal,  a  city  of  liengal.  I'.ast  India,  ]sO 
miles  from  <':dcutta.  Climate.  dam]>,  but  very 
healthy,  and  the  coolest  in  all  lleiij^al.  rojiu- 
lation,  l.NTl.JOl.  liace,  lielif^.ili  and  JIuyli. 
I.an^oia^e,  lieii^ali,  Arrakaiiese,  and  mixed 
lllniliislani.  Mission  station  of  the  liaptist  Mis- 
sionary Societ.v  ;  :t  ordaiiK  il  missionaries,  2 
missionaries'  wives,  '.\  other  ladies,  "ii!  nativo 
helpers,  "JT  ont-stalions,  '!'>  ehurehes,  llol  meui- 
bers,  ;i'.i  sehools. 

Ilai'kl}',  a  city  in  Iiechuana-land,  South 
Africa,  near  the  diamond  lields.  Mission  slatiiui 
of  tho  I..  M.  S.  ( IHl'J)  ,  1  missionary  and  w  ife,  (i 
out  stations,  IXH  ehurcli-meiiibers.  Also  of  the 
S,  1'.  <  I. ;  I  niissionarv. 

Ilaroila,  capital  of  Itai'fida.  native  Statfl 
of  Ciiijerat,  Wi'st  India,  'Jill  miles  north  of 
l!(uiibay.  ro)iulation,  110,000.  Formerly  tho 
town,  which  is  a  fairly  well  built  and  pleasant 
l)lace,  was  a  Very  important  si  at  of  trade  and  of 
various  industries,  and  at  present,  though  itH 
pros|ierity  has  declined,  it  carries  on  consider- 
able coiiimiri'o  with  the  surrounding  countr.v. 
Mission  station  o£  the  Methodist  Kpiseopal 
Church.  North  ;  1  missionary,  1  native  pastor,  3 
churches,  '22  members. 

Ilarra<'k|>lir,  a  town  of  ISenpil,  India, 
east  of  Calcutta.  Mission  station  of  the  "Wes- 
leyan Methi)dist  Missionary  Society  ;  ;t  mission- 
aries, .")()  church  members. 

Rarllicleiliy,  one  of  tho  I.eeward  Islands, 
West  Indies,    Missiiui  station  of  the  Moravians. 

llaHilll,  a  town  in  tho  province  of  iJerar, 
India.  I>o]mlation,  ',•,1100.  Tho  seat  of  an  in- 
dependent faith  uiissiou  carried  ou  by  an  .Viiier- 
ican  lady. 

BattkMVIc  rBackNrlc^  n   city  in  South 


B&SKSI3LE 


187 


BA8LB 


Luiiliiiiil,  bntwren  Siirwolo  mid  Willuiiiinii.  Mis- 
Nioii  stiitioii  of  tlu'  SwfiliHli  S.ififtv,  rriiiids 
of  tlii^  MiMHiniiH  to  the  Liii>!<. 

Ilti«l(>     >Ii<<>>l<»iiiir)     ^<»«-ii'ly    rrii<> 
i:iaiii(fli«-iil    :vii<iHi«>iiiiry    ^«>f*i«-l)    al 

llll«l«'i.  -  I  !>('  lino  oil)  clly  (it  Itiisi'l,  llusli',  (ir 
li.ili',  (111  tlic  riipcr  Itliiiic,  even  iii'ird  iin|iul(iiiK 
ill  iiiiiiliii'val  (liivs  lliiiii  iKivv,  iiitcrcNting  lUr  its 
ciitlii'.lriil  (lOl'.l  All),  its  rcfiiriimtiiry  (iitti  iiiiitcil) 
(i!(!uiii(i|iiciil  (•(iuiumI  (11:I1  111),  ilH  university 
(I4.")',l),  its  (ioiifesHiiins  (the  liiisel  CoiifcHMiiin, 
l.'i:ll,  mil  tlic  sccdiiil  Hush' (ir  Helvetic  Ciinfcs 
Himi,  llilii),  mill  its  lueiiicnies  of  Itcnehlin, 
Knisiiiiis,  and  /wiii'^li,  has  during  the  nine- 
tuoiith  ('(^i.tiiry  nttraeted  H]ie('ial  iitteiition  as  ii 
Citntre  for  missionary  zeal,  and  as  the  iiioetinn 
|iliii'o  of  the  seventh  nemral  conferenre  of  the 
Kvannelieal  Alllaneo  (I.hT'.i).  Its  eentral  )iosi- 
tioli  ill  W(>sterri  Kiimiie  has  eliahlud  it  to  hrin^ 
to  a  focus  the  iiilhiisiasiii  fur  missions  found  in 
th'it.  hir^je  ninulicr  of  devout  minds  in  the  old 
Aliiiiannic  seclinti  of  the  eoiitiiieut  wlios((  (iniet 
lives  of  (Mirist  liki^  endeavor  form  the  undertono 
of  vital  church  life  in  Southern  (It^riiiany,  Swit- 
zerland, and  Western  I'raiice.  This  interest  in 
cvant^eli(!al  work  is  to  he  traced  back  to  the 
pietist  movement  of  the  KoveuteeutU  aud  eigh- 
teenth centuries. 

llistoi'u, — <)n.\u},'ust  :ii»th,  17:tO,  tliederman 
('lirislian  Society  (Per  Diutschen  ('liristciithuiiis 
(icscllscliatt)  was  founded  at  liash"  thron;;li  the 
inlliience  of  Dr.  rrls|icr^'er,  v  ho  had  recently 
visited  Kiij^land.  This  society  undertook,  as  a 
kind  of  union,  to  enllect  and  imiiart  informa 
tiiii  far  and  near  resiiectinj^  the  kin;.^dom  of 
Vt  1 1.  It  corresponded  to  tlo'  l.oiuloii  .Mission 
nry  S  iciety.  In  isoi  I'riedri.h  Steinkopf,  who 
Kllice  nil's  liad  lieeii  Kccretaiy  of  tho  liasle  So 
eii'ty,  went  t.)  1.  mdoii  as  jireaeher  to  the  <i<r- 
man  .Savoy  Ciiurch,  and  in  I>>ll2  hecaiue  ii 
director  of  the  liOii.hin  Missionary  Society.  In 
iHiil  li(>  took  jiirt  in  foundiiij^  the  ISritish  and 
Foroij^n  liiMii  Societ.v.  lie  was  tho  eonnectinj^ 
link  hetweeli  I'.iij^land  and  liaslo,  mid  lainelv 
tlirouj^h  his  iiilluelice  the  Itaslo  Mission  was 
found(Ml, 

('.  V.  Spittler,  who  had  pome  to  liasle  as  kucv 
cessor  of  Kriedricli  Steinkopf  (lay  secretary),  l>e- 
eaiiio  so  interested  in  forpi^,'n  missions  that  he 
propiisod  to  ^^o  to  Herliii  and  enter  a  training 
mission  school  foundiMl  there,  Fehruary  1st, 
IMIKI,  liy  .lohatin  .li'iniche.  Thir(^upon  the  Haslo 
S  irioty  attempteil  to  iiidue(>  .liiniche  to  remove 
liis  school  to  their  city.  On  his  (lecliiiin<4  the 
oiler,  it  li(u'auie  more  and  more  evident  that 
ItisUj  must  lii't^in  a  work  of  her  own.  In  May, 
HI"),  iust  as  the  citv  was  alnut  to  1m>  liomliarded 
from  iltlninyen,  the  Kev.  Nicolaus  von  Hrunn, 
ftt  ft  re^{ular  missionary  me(!ting  in  his  church, 
lit  which  a  younj^  man  iir(^sente(l  hituself  for 
missionary  service,  KU},'L;eKtud  to  Spittler  that 
HUch  youn^;  men  should  ho  educated  at  Haslo 
mid  then  1)0  reconimeiided  to  tlie  Kiij^lish  so 
cieties  who  Hont  out  men  to  the  Held.  Steinko))f 
arrived  at  liislo  in  .Seiitemlii-r,  IHI'.,  and  in 
duced  Spittler  to  form  a  special  (•(unmitteo  for 
this  purpose.  On  the  'J"ith  of  tho  same  month 
this  body  (Uov.  N.  Von  lirunn,  President  ;  llev. 
Mr.  Wenk,  Koeretary  ;  and  n  merchant,  Mr. 
Miirian  Kuder,  Treasurer)  held  its  first  meeting 
us  a  mission  "  colloBium"  in  the  pftrsonai,'o  of 
Ht  Martin's  Church.  Chrisliin  GotHieli  llluui- 
liardt,  who  from  1H03  to  isiiT  had  been  theo. 
logical  Hocrotary  of  the  Clerman  Christian  So- 


ciety at  Itasle,  wns  invited  to  lake  up  tho  work 
of  the  new  vrntiire.  After  a  little  delay,  in  tho 
Hiirinv;  of  \HU\  ISIumhardt  eanio  to  Kasle  ns  "  in- 
Hjiector"  or  manager  of  tho  Kvannelical  Mis- 
sionary Society,  and  on  .\uuust  "Jiitli  of  the  same 
year  opeiieil  a  training'  school  for  missions  with 
seven  jMipils.  The  history  of  the  Society  may 
he  j^iduped  about  the  live  inspectors  who  havo 
so  eHicielltly  serve(l  it  for  over  three  (plarters  o( 
a  century.  The  tirst  period  extends  from  IHKl 
tn  the  (bath  of  llliindiardt,  Decemb.r  I'.'tli, 
iHltM  ;  the  second  embraces  the  era  of  llolTiiiaiin, 
from  ls:!'.l  to  IH.jll  ;  the  third,  tliat  of  .loseu- 
haiis.  from  Is.'iO  to  IHT'.t  ;  the  fourth,  that  of 
Otto  Schott,  from  1m7'.)  to  InhI  ;  the  lifth,  that 
of  liiv.  Thomas  I)ieliler,  from  IHHl  to  tlu  jires- 
(lit. 

During  the  first  period  wo  note  the  careful 
hand  of  a  diidoiimt.  lilumh'irdt  was  a  very 
cauti.ius  man,  whi(di  characteristic  broiij^ht  him 
tlie  rf^jiutation  of  beint;  versed  in  the  art  of  mas- 
terful inactivity.  He  was  slowly  forming  ties 
at  home  and  abroad.  AVith  the  instincts  of  a 
Htatesman  he  steereil  his  craft  through  all  sorts 
of  ditliculties,  (piietly  makin;,'  all  sorts  of 
men  and  eircuiiistaiices  Hcrve  the  cause  of  mis- 
sions. I'nder  his  management  the  ]tasle  Mis- 
sion School  slowly  bepiii  to  feather  headway. 
For  the  lirst  few  jears  its  students,  when  ready 
fur  service,  were  handed  over  to  foreign  mis- 
sioniiry  societi(S,  especially  to  the  liotterdaiu 
and  tho  Church  Missionary  Societies.  l!ut  as 
early  as  1H21  it  be^an  to  send  out  missionaries 
under  its  own  direction.  In  that  year  Zeremba 
and  I)ittriidi  were  ordained  as  the  lirst  liasle 
missionarii  s  for  Scuithern  Uussia,  thus  giving 
liasle  the  honor  of  beint^  the  lirst  inde]iendeiit 
(ItTiMan  missionary  s.iciety. 

I'roiii  IsICi  lilumhardt  edited  the  Kcini'iilinil 
.V/s'MMieoy  M'hiii:iiii\  and  in  l^-H  started  the 
lleiili  I'liiili ,  tho  special  orniin  of  tho  Society. 
Ho  also  wrote  a  history  of  missions  in  several 
volumes,  and  withal  maiiii^'ed  the  linalices  of 
the  Soidcty  so  fru^^ally  that  at  his  death  the 
mission  house  (scliooll  was  supiiorted  by  the 
income  of  the  maf^a/ine  and  tlu;  Ui'iihnhnli' ,  and 
an  available  fund  was  rais( d  to  the  amount  of 
lllll, 11(111  llorins,  with  a  reserve  fund  of  'Jd.dOO 
tlorins.  Tho  fidlowiiif^  missions  were  started 
during  his  era  :  (1)  One  in  South  Itussia  (Ih'JI), 
which  on  Au;.,'ust  -:id,  l^ill."),  with  idl  other 
foreinn  evanj^elical  work  in  llussia,  was  sus- 
]iended  by  an  imperial  ukase,  and  linally  dis- 
solved in  iHlt'.t.  liefore  the  work  was  stopped, 
however,  the  liible  had  been  tralishited  into 
Turkish  Tartar  and  the  modern  Armenian  Ian- 
t;iiaf,'es  ;  Armenia  and  the  regions  toward  liag- 
dad  and  Talm^e/  had  been  visited,  and  an  evan- 
({olical  connrenation  had  been  established  amon^ 
the  .Vrmonians  at  Schemaidii.  ('2)  Kight  men 
Were  sent  to  Liberia  in  1n27  and  1H2H,  but  four 
soon  died,  and  the  remaining  four  settle(l  in 
other  regions.  (Ii)  In  Is-is  the  mission  on  the 
(iold  Coast  was  founded,  but  durinti  the  first 
twelve  years  as  many  missionaries  died  without 
liavinj,'  seen  tli(i  fruit  of  their  labors.  (1)  In 
lK:t-t  Hebicli,  (ireiner,  and  lichner  were  sent  to 
t"io  West  Coast  of  India.  They  were  welcomed 
by  Mr.  F.  Anderson,  an  F.n};lish  magistrate  at 
Mangalore.  Jli'l^ding,  Wei^^le,  and  (lundert  fol- 
lowed them.  They  Ik^hiui  their  work  at  once 
amonft  peoples  of  three  difTercnt  lanHnngi's. 
There  was,  however,  a  want  of  sufflcieiit  organ- 
ization, and  disintegration  was  threatening. 

Under  the  second  "  inspector,"  William  Iloff- 


( 


i 


i: 


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l>Et  ^' 


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BASLB 

niftnn  (lH39-r>0),  tlio  r.-ork  HprtinR  forwnrd  with 
a  uuw  ciuTKy.  Hi<  Ht't  the  i>liiii  (if  bis  woik 
moro  clciirly  licfori)  tlii'  puMic,  iiinl  pressed  lioino 
tho  olpliniilii'ii  tliiit  resti'il  on  tlin  whi.lc  Cliris- 
tiim  (;iuirrh,  I'uMic  uinl  iirivute  assemliliis 
wtTo  iiii)n>  mill  more  convciiiMl  in  the  I'liiirclieH, 
new  iiuxiliiiry  HoiMetiiw  wen'  fcniiicli'il,  \w\\  iiicii 
Mill  iii'W  MiM'tioiis  iif  till'  I'.iuiitiy  were  villi  iivir 
to  llin  ciuisc  Hii  bnmnlit  tlio  w<irk  of  the  sn 
ciity  into  liinhiT  I'stiiimtimi  liy  |iriiviiliii)^  moro 
ctVii'it'iit  uistriKrlioii  in  tlm  niissimi  seiiiiniiry. 
Hi'  (iiiiiiileil  a  prtipiuiitiiry  mliool  for  tlm  yoiini^ 
men,  anil  the  eourseof  Htudy  was  extendeil  from 
four  to  six  years.  In  leu  years  the  incnniu  had 
nhuost  douliled.  Tlie  niinilier  of  statimis  bad 
iuoroased  tlvetoM.  New  life  was  thrown  into 
the  mission  on  the  (lold  Coast  by  settling  twenty- 
four  eolort'd  Christians  at  Akinpon^,',  from  tho 
Vest  Indies,  in  1hI1,  This  step  plaeed  the 
work  in  Afriea  on  an  assured  basis,  ebiilly  by 
making  it  morally  impussiblo  for  the  Sueiety  to 
withdraw.  In  India  several  new  iiiterprisis 
were  started.  In  Hl'i  mission  work  was  uniler- 
taken  in  Cliiiia,  at  the  sut!Kestion  of  (iilt/latf,  by 
Leeliler  and  llaniberK.  In  Isld-'id  attemjits 
Were  made  to  establish  the  work  in  Kast  ISen^al 
iind  .Vs.sam,  but  later  on  these  lields  Were  relin- 
(piished  ti>  other  sueieties.  iMirinn  the  last  few 
years  of  his  work  Inspector  HutTmaiin  was  far 
from  bein){  a  well  man,  and  in  iHijU  he  resigned 
Lis  position. 

Tho  third  "  inspector."  Joseph  Josenlians 
(iH.'iO-Tlti,  was  a  Imni  organizer.  He  eoni- 
nieneed  his  work  with  o  visit  to  India  in  l^.'ii. 
He  carefully  rennlatei^  tho  various  relations  of 
the  missionaries,  stations,  and  distriets,  both 
nmoni;  themselves  and  the  home  commitlee.  A 
litur^'v  and  a  discipline  for  the  connrennlions 
were  introdueed.  Schools  were  ^railnally  or- 
ganized. 'I'lie  tilling  of  land,  shops,  and  places 
of  industry  for  the  relief  and  occupation  of  na- 
tives who  were  willin^^  to  work  wurn  set  under 
way.  At  home  the  iifTairs  of  the  ,Society  were 
concentrated,  and  the  mission  made  more  inde- 
pendent, it  jiossilile,  o1!  tho  churches  and  aux- 
iliary societies,  'I'lio  houses  for  the  education 
of  tho  children  of  missionaries  were  erecti'il  in 
IH.";:!.  An  invalid  and  widows'  fund  was  estab- 
lished.  Mito  societies  were  ort,'anized  ;  agents 
were  assigned  to  various  lields  for  tho  solicita- 
tion of  money.  The  new  mission  house  (school 
and  ollices)  was  erected  chietly  through  the  niu- 
nitlcencoof  Mr.  Marian  in  l"*!!!),  and  tho  cdiurches 
in  the  various  mission  tields  v.ero  called  upon 
to  contributo  more  liberally  to  the  support  ot 
the  Society,  This  was  an  era  of  lart,'o  expenses, 
and  yearly  deficits  were  heroically  made  up. 
The  mission  field  was  not  extemled,  but  etTorts 
were  concentrated  in  every  department,  and  tho 
elttciene.v  of  the  work  of  tho  Society  largely  aug- 
mented. 

The  brief  term  of  tho  fourth  "inspector," 
Otto  Schott  (lH7'.l-s|),  did  not  allow  of  any 
particularly  marked  develoiinif  nt.  In  some  ro- 
Bl>ncts  he  added  considerably  to  the  clliiueiicy  of 
tho  Society.  In  the  homo  department  he 
avoided  tho  deficits  of  his  predecessor's  era. 
He  won  over  to  tho  mission  cause  a  number  of 
ontsiders.  He  went  to  India  on  a  tour  of  in- 
spection, and  there  emphasized  tho  work  among 
the  heathen  as  against  that  among  the  native 
Christians.  Female  and  medical  misHionaries 
were  sent  ont  for  the  first  time  by  tho  Society. 
Finally,  he  withdrew  from  tho  inspectorship, 
largely  because  he  was  consciontiously  oiiposed 


\M  BA8LB 

to  what  ho  considered  to  ho  tho  secular  intlii- 
elieeiif  the  nuircalitile  establishments  coliliecteil 
with  the  mission. 

In  IHS'J  ono  of  the  secretaries,  the  iJev.  H. 
I'raetorius.  was  made  sub-director  and  sent  out 
on  a  visitation  tour  to  tlie  (Inld  Coast,  accoui- 
panied  by  Dr.  .Marlil,v,  who  was  charged  with  a 
medical  exaiiiination  of  all  the  stations  and  t'> 
report  on  the  saiiilary  cnnililiiuis  of  that  dan- 
gerous climate.  The  death  of  Mr,  rraeturius 
on  this  tour  was  a  severe  bms  to  tbc  .Sncu  t,v. 

fniler  the  guiilalici)  (  t  the  lireselit  ilifthi  in 
spector,  Ilev.  Tliiiiilnrii  ( icliler  ison  of  I'rofisMir 
Oeliler,  famous  for  Old  Tistaim  nt  stmliesi,  tho 
Itaslo  Society  has  pusbid  vigorously  ahead. 
January  1st,  1H87,  a  luw  lield  was  taken  over 
by  this  Society  from  the  ISaptist  Missionary 
Koi'iety  (Lnglaiiil)  in  Cameroon  and  Victoria, 
when  that  colony  was  aiiiii  xi  d  to  (letniany.  In 
IMSK-NK  the  inspector,  accompanied  by  .Mr,  W. 
I'reiswerk,  a  member  ot  the  eomniittee,  made  a 
tour  among  tho  mission  stations  in  India  and 
Cli'iia,  and  the  work  in  those  lields  has  received 
a  new  impetus. 

i'oHntitufioa    tnnl     (hyaiiizafioH. — 

liesides  the  special  results  on  the  mission  tield 
proper  (see  the  statistical  tables)  there  are  four 
points  in  the  make  up  of  this  Societ.y  ot  excep- 
tional interest  its  constitution,  tlie  missiou 
school  at  liasle,  the  Industrial  and  Commercial 
Commission,  and  the  form  ot  church  govern- 
ment on  tho  mission  lields. 

('iiiistltittiti)i. — .\s  already  suggested,  tho  ]!asIo 
Mission  Society  is  attached  to  no  ono  church, 
but  is  in  the  strictest  sense  linden. uuinational, 
having  atViliations  with  members  of  nearly  all  tlio 
rrotestant  I'liiirdns  of  Central  Kurojir  Found- 
ed tho  same  ycir  as  the  American  Hoard  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  it  lias 
many  points  of  resemblance  to  that  society.  AM 
authority  rests  in  the  hands  of  its  committee  of 
]irivato  Christian  gentlemen,  which  is  self  per- 
petuating, and  has  from  tho  first  had  a  largo 
lay  element  (six  clergymen  and  seven  lay- 
men). Individuals  and  churches  are  asked 
to  entrust  their  gifts  to  the  general  manage- 
ment of  this  Society,  regular  reports  are  issued, 
and  the  work  goes  on  successfully,  increasing 
prudeiitl.v  and  elfectively.  In  the  same  way 
young  candidates  jirescnt  themselves  to  tho 
committee,  and  if  approved  are  educcfed  and 
sent  forth  with  a  clear  understanding  that  tin  y 
shall  ho  cared  for,  although  they  receive  no 
stated  salarv.  Tlie,vcomo  and  go,  reieain  single 
or  are  married  under  the  direct  supervision  of 
the  central  authority.  S]iecial  homes  are  pro- 
vided for  all  tho  children  of  the  missionaries  at 
]>asle,  as  Well  as  a  hmiio  for  the  iulirm  and  in- 
valids. From  tho  otliee  of  the  "  inspector"  nt 
liitslo  to  tho  farthest  limit  ot  the  mission  Held 
tho  work  is  held  thoroughly  and  economically 
in  hand. 

The  Jlaslf  ^fi.1sinn  Ifmise  is  an  imposing  build- 
ing, just  outside  and  to  tho  north  of  tho  limits 
of  tho  older  city,  and  i-ontains  the  otlieeH,  book 
department,  library,  museum,  chapel,  refectory, 
dormitory,  hospital  and  work  shops.  Hero  aro 
gathered  together  from  eighty  to  one  hundred 
students  distributed  among  six  classes,  which 
aro  instructed  by  six  theologicid  tiachers  and 
two  lay  teachers.  The  students  come  mainly 
from  Southern  Germany  and  Switzerland. 
From  tho  opening  of  tho  school,  in  IHK!,  t'> 
Januai-y  1st,  1HH2,  1,112  young  men  had  entered 
the   school    (5U3  from  SVurtembcrg,   105  from 


BASLB 


ISO 


BASLB 


tlio  I'liislo 

lO  cliiircli, 

liiiiitiiaiiil, 

irly  till  tli(i 

Foiiiiil- 

linnril   of 

lis,    it   1ms 

icty.     All 

iliilltce  iif 

H  self  Iicr- 

1  a  liirno 
iviii  liiy- 

ll!      llHklll 

111111111^1'- 

rc  issuril, 

re  iisiiin 

iiiiii'  viiy 

to   tlio 

It'll  mill 

itlmt  till  y 

CriVii    no 

lin  siiiuli) 

vision  oE 

iirt>  i>rii- 

iiiuriis  lit 

,11  iinil  in- 

(ictor"  lit 

ion   t'lolil 

lioniit'iiUy 

111^4  liiiilil- 
kie  liniilH 
I't'H,  liodk 
Irfi'i'tiiry, 
llloro  nrn 
Ihumlreil 
Ih,  which 

nmiiily 
|l/.crlanil. 
flHlfi,    to 

I'Utered 
|05   from 


lliidun,  lit!  from  F.lsauit,  ftnd  ITU  from  otlior  parts 
of  HiTuiuny  ;  20:1  faiim  frmu  Swit/cilafnl).  Out 
of  tliii  l.UJ,  1  l:i  wiii'ii  iii^ru-iiltiiriHtH.  12J  fruiii 
morrantili'  lifi',  '.'S  wcavcri*,  7:1  tfiu'lu'rs,  7:i  Htii- 
tlt'lits,  till  HhociiiakiTM,  li.")  workoiH  in  wiiml,  ."id 
iron  wotkiifs,  Ki  tuilors,  "J'.t  cli'rk.s,  I'.i  I'lu'tury 
hauils,  1(1  l)iikorn,  I'l  luinliTs,  IG  cainlidnti-.s  for 
IliL'iiliiny,  1")  liook  liiriiliis.  1.")  nil  I'ImniiH,  1:1 
wiiU'liiiiaki'l'H,  1:1  Hiiililli'i's,  1:1  ^ar.ll'n('^1,  IJ  hiii- 
Ut'olis,  IT  IiikI  no  T'ocatiiin,  and  tUu  ri'iiiiiiniii;; 
:il  iMiiir  rrniii  vai'loiiH  liiinoi'  tnuluH. 

It  will  liii  si'cn  tliiit  tliii  Kasli.  Missimi  is  iloiii^ 
H  iini<iii«  wiii'k  in  i'ii>'i>iii'it\'iii',{  riiiiirst  CliriHtiiiii 
yiiiiii)j  iiirii  of  tho  liiiiiiliji-r  I'liissi's  in  Kiii'i>|>i'  to 
untur  upon  a  iiiisMioiiui'y  lit'i>.  A  yoiiiii^  man, 
say  a  uarju-ntrr  l>y  tiaili',  jiri'sunls  liinisill  at  tlm 
MisHion  lliiiwu.  Il'  liii  lll-ill^s  I'viilcnci^  lliiit  In' 
is  intrlliKi'iit  ainl  is  tlnnoii^lily  liililical  in  liis 
failli,  anil  lUtsinm  to  ^ivo  hiiusi'lf  cnliri'ly  to  tins 
work  from  vinMcltlsh  motiM's,  In'  is  taken  into 
titu  si'liiiol  on  trial,  proviilcl  ho  is  at  IcaHt  ei^li- 
tuun  yiars  of  ayo  or  not  over  twenty  four.  After 
nil  interval  of  several  montlis,  iliirin^  wliieii  he 
is  oci;u|iie<l  in  tint  liumlilest  Hervices  aliout  the 
houso,  if  ho  shows  himself  an  apt  Ntuileiit  ainl 
obi'ilieiit  to  all  tho  re^iilavions  of  tliii  institution, 
ho  lio^inH  regularly  the  eoiirse  of  stuily,  ami 
aftur  SIX  years  is  griuluatt'il  ami  sent  oif  to  a 
tlelil  Hiiitoil  to  his  aliility.  Il<^  is  |i|(>il^eil  on 
entering!,  in  view  of  his  free  mainteminee,  that 
ho  will  sulimit  to  the  dirurtioii  of  the  comiiiit- 
ti;e.  If  ho  provos,  on  tlio  whole,  rather  dull  at 
his  hooks,  liut  shows  ^ooil  ciimmon  sense  and 
an  earnest /oal,  lio  is  kept  in  tho  Mission  Ilouso 
for  a  year  or  so,  and  is  thoii  sent  out  to  the  Hold 
to  work  at  liis  trade,  teachin)^  it  to  the  iiativi.'s, 
and  in  tho  mean  while  di>in»{  not  a  little  i-olpor- 
tiiur  work  and  llriIl^in^  an  active  Christian  /.eal 
to  hear  on  every  side.  'I'lio  Itasle  Mission  thus 
calls  for  all  sorts  of  talent,  and  never  turns  an 
earnest  man  away.  Every  youn^  man  in  tho 
school  works  at  soino  seleoted  trado  all  through 
his  eourso.  Liko  tho  Apostle  Paul,  these  youii^ 
men  carry  thoir  tools  with  them,  and  even  tho 
skill  of  hand  may  lie  turned  to  the  service  of 
iliiii  who  was  called  "  the  Son  of  a  carpenter." 

The  eourso  of  instruction  carried  systeniati- 
Cftlly  through  six  years  j^ives  thi'se  youn^^  nnii  a 
very  adeipiato  trainiiit^  for  the  rougli  mission- 
ary life  heforo  them.  Kesides  the  elementary 
branches,  their  proi„'ramiiio  of  study  eiiihraces 
Latin,  (ireok,  Helirew,  Kn^jlish,  a  ^reat  deal  of 
liihie  study  in  the  orij^iiml  laiinuai;es  and  in  tho 
German,  Old  and  New  Testament  analysis,  do^. 
matics,  symliolics.  Church  history,  includmt'  a 
history  of  missions,  hoiiiiletics,  tho  various  sci- 
eiices.  and  practical  missionary  instruction.  Tho 
teach ini,'  is  thorout,'h,  and  tho  intellectual  result 
highly  comiiieiidahle.  The  w  hole  I'ourse  of  study 
tends  to  mould  and  develop  character.  Ifiimility, 
unsollishness,  resij,'natioii,  ohedieuco  aro  graces 
fostered  liy  tho  method  |>ursued. 

77i»'  l)iiliifilri'il.  iiiid  I'liiiiiiiiriiiil  I'limtnlsslini  is  a 
nniipio  feature  of  tho  Haslo  Mission.  This  do- 
partiueiit  t,'rew  up  under  tho  ellicieiit  juiiDane. 
lueiit  of  Inspector  .losenhans  (|s,"ii)-7i)).  Tho 
mission  on  tho  tiold  Coast  was  absolutely  de- 
pendent upon  direct  coinmorcial  communication 
with  Europe  for  all  the  necessities  of  life.  Tho 
nativo  Christians  had  no  method  of  earniuR  an 
indepondent  livelihood.  Tho  establishment  of 
a  depot  of  su|)plie»  and  tho  instruction  of  tho 
natives  in  n^riculturo  and  in  tho  various  crafts 
was  tho  iuevititble  outcomo  of  any  attempt  at 
missionary  work   on   so    inhospitublc  a  coast. 


Vessels  were  purchnsed  hy  tho  Snpjety  to  navi- 
^Hti  the  various  rivers  of  the  territorv  occupied, 
and  conimerciid  hoiiHeH  sprang  np  at  coiivunieut 
IMiints.  In  India  the  commercial  tlevelopment 
has  bi'cii  still  mori'  extensive.  The  Weaving 
establishments  at  .Man^alore  and  in  tlii^  region 
about  Ciinanore,  in  InhI,  employed  Jlllo  persoim 
in  weaving  ll'.t.ii:!^  yards  of  cloth.  There  iiro 
largo  tile  manufiii'torii  s  at  M.iiigalore  and  I'ali- 
cut,  and  in  the  same  year  "it  nuclianics  and  (A 
joiners  were  at  work  under  mission  aiispues. 
The  whole  inci'iiie  of  tlm  commission  in  l«M(l 
was  >sl:t,7li,  and  the  int  Miri>liis  viis  ;f In, Mill. 
This  di  partmeiit  ha-,  bieii  a  |m_\iiig  investment 
from  tho  beginning.  The  total  income  of  tho 
liasle  Mission  Soenly  amounts  to  about  ij'J7."i, 11(10 
yearly,  over  !i'J(iii,iKMi  of  which  comis  from  vol- 
untary subscriptions.  I'lilly  oin-lmlf  of  thiit 
comes  from  Soulhi'rn  (Icrnniny  ;  .Switzerland 
Htiinds  next.  Contributions  coine  from  all  parts 
of  Eumiie,  from  Asia,  .\friia,  .\nn  rica.  and  even 
Australia.  'I'he  Commercial  and  Industrial 
Commission  furnishes  1"  pi  r  cent  of  tin?  annual 
income  ;  7  or  M  per  cent  comes  from  tho  vaiioim 
printing  establishments  at  Itasle  and  in  the  Held, 
and  till)  remainder  from  miscellain'ous  Hources, 
such  as  leuts  and  school  funds  ;  "0  per  et  nt  of 
tho  outlay  goes  directly  to  tho  vm  ions  mission 
tielils  ;  the  seminary  at  llnslo  <'osts  7  per  cent 
of  the  income  ;  tho  homo  for  the  children  of 
missionaries,  HI)  pi  r  cent,  and  the  care  for  wid- 
ows and  orphans,  :t^  per  cent,  while  tho  rest  Im 
tised  for  general  exjieiises. 

\x  wo  have  seen,  tho  Itasle  Mission  is  unde- 
nominational. When  a  young  man  graduates 
from  the  hieminary  ho  is  exaiiiined  and  ordained 
as  a  missionary  through  the  courtesy  of  somo 
interested  church— lleformed,  Lutheran,  or 
Free,  as  tho  case  may  be.  lie  cannot  stiiy  in 
Eurojio  and  preach  on  that  onlinatioti,  but  is 
granted  it  in  view  of  his  going  to  ii  distant 
Held. 

.\s  soon  as  the  constiti.  iicy  of  tho  mission 
began  to  grow  in  the  mission  lields,  it  becauiu 
necessary  to  organi/o  churches,  and  there  was 
some  anxiety  as  to  what  tho  ecclesiastical  out- 
como would  be.  l-'inally  tho  rresbyleriaii  prin- 
cijilo  was  adopted,  and  u  simplo  liturgy  is  used. 
.Vs  may  bo  inferred  from  tho  class  of  mission- 
aries sent  and  the  tyjio  of  their  training  sclioid, 
the  Ilaslo  Mission  Church  jireaches  a  simplo, 
earnest  (tosjie).  Tho  history  of  the  society 
shows  that  n  keen  business  push  is  in  harmony 
with  all  earnest  Christian  ilevotion. 

liiiring  tho  present  year  (l>i'."ii  tlie  Society 
will  celebrate  its  seventy  ■  lifth  anniversary, 
.lanuary  1st,  Ihhh,  it  Lad  on  its  mission  fields 
in  India,  China,  and  West  .\friea  iClold  Coast, 
Cameroons,  Victoriai,  12:1  European  mission- 
aries. Ml  wives  of  misKionaries,  (',  unmarried 
lady  missionaries,  ■>  native-born  missionaries, 
H'.i  nativo  pastors,  11  evangelists,  lll'.i  catcchists, 
ti:i  assistant  eiitechists,  il  colporteurs,  :il)  lUblo- 
womeii,  r.il  Christian  teachers  and  heli)ers 
(male),  o'.i  teachers  (female),  and  s(l  miscellane- 
ous heljiers.  There  were  4'>  mission  stations, 
liill  out-stations,  'id.d:)!  adherents,  ',i,K():l  com- 
municants, M7t!  catechnmens,  -l  theological 
schools,  .1  normal  schools,  H,rtl'2  scholars, 

STJLTtytun  OF  MissioKs. 

1.  ]!h^sI<i. — As  before  mentioned,  tho  Society 
for  several  years  after  its  formation  supplied 
missionaries  to  other  societies,  but  did  not  at- 


BASLB 


111  I 


BASLB 


■«  i 


tempt  direct  iiii^nionfiry  work  df  itn  own  ;  in 
I'^'Jl.   liKWi-vcr,  II  iiiiNHiiiii  t(^  Siiiitlii'rn  ItiiNsiu 
Viiit  iiiilirtiiki'ii,  iin<l  Mi'HNrM   /iiri'iiilnt  mul  IM- 
trlcli  nt'ti'  Mi'Mt  mil  IrKiii  IIuhIi'  ti>  llic  fnuiilrv 
Ivirij^  lii'tH.'rli   tlm   llliirl\   uiiii   riiM]iiuIi   Kcim  for 
t'liu  imrpoiM  (if  liiiliii^  '    It  hiiitiiM"  llrM  f  >t  iiiIn 
itiouiiry  liilior  in  liml  jMirt  of  tin'  world. "     Tiny 
olitikin'tvl  from  tin'  I',mi|h  ror  Ali'XPindir  |n'riiiU 
Ml  in  to  rslalilisli  II  ('lirisliiin  rolonv,  iiikI  iiIho  to 
H|i|<>iint  to  till)  |>iixioral  oiliciMiiiioii^  tliK  (ii'rniiin 
t'olonii'H  in  tli«  Kiutli  ot  Itiissuk  uiiiiiKtirK  wlm 
lull)  ri>(')'ivi>i1  tlirir  ciliication  in  tlio  liuHlc  Siini- 
nary.      In    \>H   a   liiiHHionary  Ntation  wiih  com- 
iiieiiri'il  at  Shiivlia,  a  frontier  to»n  in  tlir  Koiitli 
<if  tlii-CaiicasuH,    'riiiM'irortHof /arciiiliannil  IMt- 
tridi  wi-ri'  fur  houu-  tliiio  lulil   in  fluck  in  <'on 
Ki'i|iii-iu'u  of  iinci-rtiiinly  in  rc^'iird  to  tin'  action 
of  tbu  ItiiMiian  (iovnnnirnt,  liitlnrto  friiiKlly 
to  iiiiNHiiinary  laliiirH,  Init   now  itHHiiniin^  it  Iion 
till'   attitildi'.      From   tliis   stato  of  alixiity  iiinl 
MimiifHse  tlii'V  «iri<  nt  li'iinih  to  komic  (l('^^^l■(l  ri' 
lii'Vi'.l,  mill  in  l^-js  ri'ci'ivvil  tlm  (iiiiiiror's  hiiiic 
tioii  to  travi'l  friH-ly  in  llio  I'.iunliiim  ln'twicn  thi' 
Cltpian   and   the    lllark   Hi'aN,  to   circiilat)'   tlii' 
Si;riiitnri'»,  to  fHtalilish  Hclmols,  and  to  lalmr  f  ir 
tlie  iMUversion  of  tlio  Tartars  in  wliatcvrr  way 
lUey  olioKp.     Tliri'o  ntlior  niissionarit'H  were  Hint 
fi-oiu  lla-ilo  I  1  SliiiHlia,  and  it  was  arrali^'id  tliat 
tw.i  of  tli)<  livo  now  tlnr"  slioiild  ilcvoli'  lliiiii 
Krlrt'H  to  work  unions  tlio  .Moliiiiiiiiicdiin  )ki|im 
lation,  tilt'  uri'rtti'r  |iiirt  of  tlic  viar  to  ln'  spint 
in  travi'llinn  tliroiiulioiit  tlm  snrrnindinj^  conn 
try.  and  tlin  iriiiiiindi'r  in  visiiiii'.^  tli<'  |ii'oiilo  in 
tlu>   lin/airn  at   Sliiislia,  or  in    |iri'|iarin){   tiooks 
all!  tractH  in   tlii>  vulvar  Turkish  dlalirt.     In 
|iros('i'iition  of  tliH  ]ilan  Sloky,  Sliirwan,  liaku. 
l>a){liiMtan.  iiH  far  an  ISi-rlii'iid.  Naklirliivaii,  iilid 
I'.iivan  wiro  visited  ;  tours  were  also  made   in 
the  Turkish  territory  and  into  .Mesopolaiiiia  and 
IVrsiii. 

l'l>  in  tliesK  jiiiriieys  thti  missionaries,  instead 
of  seeking  t'l  ^'iiin  the  ri's|ieit  and  ^'ood-\^ill  of 
the  jn'-ndo  liy  juiyino  liluriilly  for  their  enter- 
t:iinini'nt,  went  amont;  tlieui  in  the  K]>irit  of 
those  who  Were  o.iniiiiandid  to  "  |iro\  ide  neiilur 
f;ild  nor  silver  11  ir  hrass  in  their  jiurses,"  and 
H|ion  entering  a  villane  ini|uired  who  was  w  ill- 
in>?  to  entertain  them,  and  threw  themselves  on 
his  hospitality.  Ono  eonsei|ueneo  of  this  was 
that  rep  irt  iievor  aecused  them  of  endeavoring 
to  make  iirosL'lyti'-t  hy  iii  iiiey.  The  missionaries 
Lad  ori^,'inally  .Mohaiu.iiedans  rl.-ielly  in  view  as 
the  olijeet  of  their  laliors,  Imt  on  liecominK  no 
qiiainted  with  the  condition  ot  thi^  Armenians 
were  led  to  direct  their  lahors  princi]mlly  to 
th'iu.  The  lar'.^i!  .Xrmeninn.  |iopiilation  they 
fonnd  without  schools,  and  so  i^,'norant  that  few 
could  read  the  .Vrmcnian  Si'riptures,  copies  of 
whifih  tlii'V  had  lirounht  willi  them,  and  still 
fewer  could  understand  them,  while  their  cliar- 
ncterwas  so  nncliristian  that  they  jirovedaf^reiit 
itunililin|{  block  to  the  Moliummedans,  tiirnish- 
iiiK  what  nppenrod  to  them  conclusive  evidenco 
of  the  fiilsehood  of  Christianity.  Impressed 
with  their  iiiiseraMo  condition,  and  fieliuf;  that 
their  efforts  for  the  conversion  of  the  Mohain- 
luednnH  wonld  be  all  in  vain  so  Ioiik  ns  they 
were  pftmlyzed  by  the  evil  examjile  wliich  they 
Lad  before  them,  the  missionaries  resolved,  if 
possible,  to  do  foniethinn  for  the  Armenians. 
IJnt  they  had  n  delicate  course  to  jmrsue  ;  to 
steer  clear  of  all  Rovernment  checks  and  restric. 
tionii  in  regard  to  one  denomination  of  Chris- 
tians) making  proselytes  from  another,  etc., 
and  yet  carry  on  their  labors,  was  no  tiisy  mut- 


ter. Their  jilan  was  to  direct  their  elTorts  among 
the  .Vrmetiiaiis  to  the  siiiiple  point  of  bringing 
them  to  be  coadjutors  with  th<  111  ill  converting 
the    Mohammedans,  and  then  to  place  this  de. 

I'lirl nt  in   tin'   light  of   merely  a  hubonlinate 

brain  h  of  the  original  and  primary  (ibject  of  the 
mission.  They  accordingly  souKht  to  enlighten 
and  ri  form  Ihu  .\riiienian  <  liiirch,  without,  how 
cviT,  drawing  awa,\  its  iiieiiibers  ;  with  this  c  ml 
in  view  they  elldi  avored  to  bring  the  f  lllnlameli 
lal  truths  of  the  Oospt  I  simply  lunl  clearly  bclole 
individuals  as  cifliii  as  tiny  had  opjiorliinily, 
but  resolved  to  forego  all  attempts  at  preaching 
or  e\]ioumllng  in  meetings,  public  or  private, 
and  to  avoid  controversy  even  in  I'onveiHiition. 
Schools  and  the  press  were  designed  to  be  the 
principal  means  of  elTecting  llio  reformation  at 
which  they  aimed,  but  in  the  former  u  great 
ditllciilty  was  in  the  want  of  Niiilable  teachers, 
and  all  attempts  to  establish  a  girls'  school 
]iroved  uiisui'ccssful  ;  in  the  latter  they  wire  at 
first  ein'ouriiged  by  ri'ci  iving  the  upprobiition  of 
the  Arclibislio|>  of  Tlllis,  who  tin  n  ixercised 
the  censorship  of  the  press  as  to  books  in  the 
Armenian  language,  and  Mcveral  books  were 
printed,  chielly  for  schonls.  Mr.  I>ittricli  also 
translated  the  New  Testament  into  the  modern 
Armenian  language,  the  jieojde  not  understand- 
ing the  ancient  Armenian,  in  whi>  h  the  liibln 
is  translated  and  imblic  worship  cehbrated; 
hut  up  >n  its  completion  the  ]<rinting  of  it  was 
stopped  by  the  i>/iiof  the  Swiod  of  l".chiiiiad/in. 
Subsei|Uelitly  the  operations  of  the  JUessMele 
iiitinly  arri-tid  by  the  ojiiiosition  of  the  ecu 
sirs  (the  .New  Testament  was,  however,  after 
ward  printiil  at  Moscow),  while  tin  si  bonis 
called  forth  the  opposition  of  the  priesthood, 
the  jiatriarch  going  so  fur  us  to  t  \communicate 
those  who  sent  their  children  to  them.  The 
missiomiries  were  also  represented  to  the  itiis- 
siaii  (iovi  rnmeiit  is  a  set  of  inrsons  who  inter- 
fered, contrary  to  law,  with  the  concerns  of  the 
Armenian  Church,  and  in  coiiseiiui  nee  ni'cived 
from  the  government  an  admonition  to  n  frain 
Irom  all  attempts  to  exett  any  religious  inllii- 
enco  among  the  .Vriiicnialis  ;  hence  they  Were 
obliged  to  ('online  their  ctTorts  entirely  to  the 
Mohammedans  ;  but  new  and  heavy  ciuiiplaints 
Were  brought  against  them  by  the  Armenian 
clergy,  niid  in  \KM>  the  wholo  undertaking  was 
stoppedliy  a  ukaso  of  the  Itussiaii  (iovernment  ; 
the  missionaries  were  prohibited  from  engaging 
in  liny  kind  of  missionary  labor,  and  if  they  re- 
mained in  Shuslia  were  to  em]iloy  thcmsilvcs 
only  in  iigriculluro,  luanufaclnres,  or  trades. 
Having  thus  no  iirospect  of  further  usefulness 
as  missionaries,  they  left  the  country. 

2.  U't.s/fni  U'rlfii.-  In  l^'JT  Messrs.  Ilandt, 
Sessing,  and  Ileg(de  were  sent  from  Itaslo  to 
the  colony  of  Liberia,  on  the  \Vest  Coast  of 
Africa  ;  they  were  fidlowed  soon  afterward  by 
two  others,  named  Vulf  and  Kissling.  \Vork 
was  attempted  nt  Christiaiisborg,  f(ninded  by 
the  Moravians  ;  but  within  u  few  months  \Vulf 
fell  a  victim  to  the  climate,  Ilegele  was  taken 
dangerously  ill,  and  Sessing  had  to  return 
with  him  to  Switzerland  ;  Ilandt  also  had  t« 
leave  the  country,  broken  down  in  body  and 
mind.  Sessing,  however,  returned  again 
from  liasle,  accompanied  by  three  mission 
aries,  who,  within  a  few  weeks  after  their 
arrival,  sickened  and  died.  To  complete  this 
scries  of  disasteis.  Kissling  and  Sessing  were  so 
exhausted  that  they  were  obliged  to  leave  the 
colony,  and  thus  e'udod  the  Dusle  Mission  to 


BASLB 


141 


BA8LB 


Lilxiriit.     In  iH'iH  four  iiiiHHinniirittH  wero  m'tit 

(Mill     IIUnIiI     to     IllK     ClltlHt    l)(    (rllillt'll,     ill    (■(IIINII' 

i|Uiiiion  of  III!  iiivitutlon  ri<ceivt>il  from  tlm  Oov- 

tTUOr  of    thll   IllllliHll   N<ll(l('tlll'llt  lit    CnHII,    II  iiliicu 

in  tbii  iiui^^liliorhooil  of  I'.irt  ChriHtiuiiNliur^  ; 
witliiti  II  fi'»'  iiioiitliii  tliri-u  of  thrill  ilii'il  <f 
fovt-r.  Ki'iiki',  \vlio  hIiiiim  Murvivi'il,  iliviilcil  IiLh 
tiiiiH  lii'twci'ii  iiiiiiiHtiTiikl  liil>Mr4iuiiiiii^  tlm  Dun 
ihIi  •■oliiiiiMtM,  till)  iiistriii'linii  <>(  hckio  citinli- 
(liiti-M  for  l>it|itiHiii,  mill  thll  hii|ii'riiit)'iiilriiiMi  of 
u  iii'^r>i  Holioiil,  III!  WHS  jiiiiiiMl  liy  KinHJiii^', 
will),  ill  riiiisi'i|iii'iii'ii  ii(  till'  HirkhcNS  iiliil  ilciitli 
u(  Ills  linalinii,  liiiit  lift  l.il>rriit,  ikri  licforo 
Htati-il  ;  liiit  uftir  Homo  tinm  llciiko,  too,  Hick- 
eiiixl  mill  ilii'il,  iiii'l  KiHslliii{  left  till)  const.    Not- 

WitlHt.tllilili^    tllrSO    Illolirllflll    uVrlltM,    till)   colli' 

uiitti'ii  itt  llitsli'  nsolTcil  not  to  i'riiiii|uiKli  tlm 
niiilfrtiikliiK,  Ixit  to  triiiisfir  tli<'  iniHsinii  from 
till'  I'ojiNt,  with  its  fiitiil  cliiiiiilii,  to  till'  iiiturior, 
which  WHS  siiii|iosnil  to  Im  iiinrn  hiiilthy,  Ac- 
coriliii;{'y,  in  Mill,  thrcn  niissioiiurifs  — Messrs. 
Uiis,  .Iai'i;i'r,  iiinl  lli'iii/i',  tlm  liitli-r  a|ihysiciiiii  - 
wuM  Ni'iit  from  lliislo  to  ri'iii'W  tln'  work  on  tlm 
const  of  (iiiiiii'ii  ;  lint  Nciiri'ily  liml  tiny  luinli'il 
when  lli'iii/ii  was  si'i/cil  witli  fcMir  iiiul  ilicil  ; 
Junior  soon  followi'il  hiiM  to  tlm  K'lavi',  iiinl  ii^iiiii 
It  solitary  laliorcr  ri-miiini'd  in  tlm  Ihlil.  Itii  i 
hiiiisi'lf  WHS  throii  times  very  iieitr  ileitth,  loit  ii 
timoly  removal  to  tlm  heiilthier  dimiitt!  of  tlm 
Ai|iii|iiiii  Hills  WHS  till)  melius  o(  xiivin^  his  life. 
Ill)  WHS  often  iililineil,  howovcr,  to  return  to  tho 
const  lit  ('liristiiiiisl)iirK  to  perfnriii  tlm  iliitli's  of 
obii|ilHiii,  mill  it  WHS  not  until  I'^ll'i  tliiit  Im  hmc- 
cceileil  in  cl»rryiIl^;out  hisili'siu;ii  of  csliililiHliinn 
himself  on  the  .\i)iii|iim  Mills,  in  a  iic^ro  villiitjo 
uamuil  .Vkrii|ion);.  Ilere.  with  some  assistaiico 
from  till!  iii'^roes,  ho  Imill  himself  a  house,  lio- 
Kitn  a  seliool,  mill  hy  ile^'rees  foiillil  himself  ^iilll- 
iiii;  upon  tlm  ittTcctionsof  the  |ieo|ili'.  Two  mis- 
sioiiHries  wero  sent  to  his  assistmiee,  Imt  within 
threo  years  they  liiilli  ilieil  of  fever.  Tlm  Dan 
iih  j^overnor  was  unfriemlly  to  tlm  mission,  aiiil 
represcliteil  Itiiii  to  tlm  niivernmelit  of  Deli- 
luark  as  a  person  whoso  iireseiico  whs  ilmit^erous 
to  tho  Col. my.  S),  in  Isii),  Itiis  nlurncil  to 
Europe,  partly  (or  the  recovery  of  l.is  heiilth 
■mil  partly  for  consultatinn  with  the  iMimmltten 
ns  to  the  prai'tioaliility  of  eirryiiii^  on  iiiissiiiii- 
ary  operations  in  territories  suliject  to  the  rrown 
of  lleiimark.  Hut  iliirin>{  this  time  a  fiivoralilo 
cban<.;u  occurreil  ;  tlm  governor  who  hml  op- 
posoil  the  mission  ilieil,  mul  tlm  l>iiniK!i  (lov- 
frnniiint,  1ieini{  satistieil  with  the  explanntions 
Hiven  liy  Itiis,  promiseil  to  iirotect  tho  iiiission- 
nries  in  the  niifettereil  exercise  of  their  iliitics, 
nail  to  nlliiw  full  civil  ami  reli^'ious  lilierties  to 
tho  ne){roes  coiinectcil  with  tho  iiiiMsion.  A 
new- plan  was  inloptcil  in  the  jiroseciition  of  this 
mission,  (or  which  nlreiiily  such  heavy  sncriliies 
hail  lieen  iniulo  ;  in  purnuaiiceof  which  Uiis  ami 
Wiilmnii,  It  colnreil  mnii  wli.i  hail  lieeii  oilucnteil 
ut  IJnsle,  saileil  in  Hi;!  t>  •Inmnicn,  from  wheiicn 
they  bnm^'ht  twenty  four  ChrtHlinii  ueKroes  to 
AkropoiiK  to  form  a  little  ("hristiaii  comniiiiiity  in 
tho  miilst  of  the  Bftva«es  ;  this  plan  proveil  the 
wisilom  of  tho  committee,  nml  the  niissionnries, 
though  still  subject  to  severe  trials,  hail  from 
this  time  tho  happiness  of  seeing  the  seeil  sown 
in  tears  spring  up  ainl  brinn  forth  at  length 
preciou.s  fruit.  In  1h»1  a  chapel  was  built,  ami 
a  year  later  a  Rocoiiil  station  was  benun  nt  I'ssii, 
on  tho  coast,  ami  Hchool.s  for  hoys  ami  girls 
were  openeil. 

The  mission  has  now  nino  chie(  stations,  and 
tho  number  of  CLriatiaus  gathered  in  coUKrega. 


tioni*  is  nearly  s.ihmI.  Tbo  two  InnKUiiKt'H 
spoken  on  this  coa»t  tho  Akrn,  or  ttil,  nml  tlm 
Otshi,  or  Twl-have  been  reiluceil  to  writiiit{ 
by  the  miHsionnries.  .\  grammar  ami  ilietion- 
ary  have  been  miulo  of  the  latter,  mul  the  lliblo 
has  been  translateil  into  both.  A  niimbir  of 
tracts  nml  hcIiooI. books  have  also  been  piibliHbfil 
in  llieso  Inngiiitgi'H. 

The  lliiHle  Society  Las,  Hince  Janunry,  1h>(7, 
when  the  colony  was  minexeil  to  the(ieiman 
Kmpire,  taken  chargi<  of  tho  mission  at  Cmu- 
eroons  nml  Victorin,  at  thu  ri  ipn  »t  of  Ihu  J.on- 
ilon  llnptist  .Missioiinry  Soctuty,  by  whu'li  it  hml 
been  estnblisheil  in  l^l'i. 

II.  /iii/i<i.  — Ilaslo  WHS  thu  first  of  the  (iirmmi 
misKionary  Hocieties  to  t'stnbliNli  a  mission  in 
Iiiilin,  Miingnliire,  its  tlrnt  Ktntioii,  having  been 
iM'cupiiil  in  1*^:11.  Several  lommoii  schools,  a 
high  school,  mil  I  a  lilhogrnphic  press  were  soon 
ill  opiration  here,  nml  the  work  wns  ixteiiileil 
to  other  towns  in  the  province  of  Kiinara.  In 
IHItTnliil  ls:i'.(  ntntiims  Were  eNtnblisheil  at  Dhar 
war  mill  lloobly  in  the  .Smith  .M.ilirntla  country. 
In  tlm  tuighlioring  villnge  of  ll<  ttigherry  Iheri) 
was  a  trailitioniil  prophecy  tlnit  niter  the  full  of 
the  Imlinn  kingilom  n  king  in  the  West  hIioiiIiI 
H'.'tiil  messengers  to  temli  Clirislimiily  ami  ilo 
away  with  caste.  .\s  Biich  the  (lermnn  niishien- 
nries  wero  roceiveil,  mul  a  station  wns  estiib- 
lisheil  in  lH((l,  .\t  this  station  mul  in  the  \ll- 
lages  nroiinil  much  gooil  hIII  whs  shonn  to  thu 
missionaries,  the  people  looking  upon  them  ns 
their  best  frieiiils.  In  Isls  the  ciPiivirHinn  ot  it 
r.lliga  ]iriest.  his  baptism,  ami  subsciiuelit  /enl- 
ous  coopeintion  witli  tlm  missioiiaiies.  crentiil  a 
great  sensation  in  llettigherry  ami  elsewheru  ; 
IMKt-l'J  stations  were  cstnbliKheil  nt  AInlsa. 
niooilra.  Knnanore,  mul  Calicut.  The  work  hiis 
exteiuliil.  until  now  it  is  cnrrieil  on  nt  twiiil.v- 
three  stations  in  the  six  provinces  of  South  mul 
North  Knmira.  .South  Mnhratia,  Mnlnbnr.  NilKiri, 
nml  Coorg  The  llible  has  been  triiuslnteil  into 
Kiimirese,  MnlaNnlam.  Tulii,  etc. 

t.  fliiiiii.  -Tho  mission  toChinn,  undertaken, 
ns  lins  been  said,  upon  tlm  suggestion  of  (iilt/ 
liitT,  was  coiiimenceil  in  l^lii  among  tho  Ilnkka 
tribe,  in  tlm  ]irovince  of  Kwantung  (Cautoui, 
who,  having  come  into  the  province  after  tho 
Cantonese  tribe  had  already  oecupied  the  fertili) 
valleys,  found  for  tluir  sittleiiients  only  tho 
more  sterile  parts  of  the  country.  For  this  rea- 
son their  villages  nro  met  with  Hcattered  hero 
and  there  nniong  the  .settliiui  iits  of  tho  Can- 
tonese.  On  account  of  their  rapid  increase  the 
settlements  o(  tho  Hakka  peoples  become  too 
small  for  them,  end  hence  many  try  their  (or- 
tuiio  in  tho  towns  of  tho  Cnutouesei.r  in  foreign 
countries.  In  Hong  Kong,  the  Strnits  Settle- 
ments, tho  Indian  .Archipelago,  tho  United 
States  of  .\merica.  and  -Vustralin,  tho  thrifty, 
hard-working  Ilnkkns  form  a  largo  proportion 
of  tho  working  clnsseH.  Like  the  Chinese  in 
general,  they  nro  induHtrious,  clever,  mul  fru- 
gal. When  tlm  ISaslo  Society  introduced  it.>« 
work  in  China  it  gave  ita  missionaries  inst ruc- 
tions to  carry  the(fOS|)ul  tothe  inliilul  |<i>pulntlou, 
a  |)lan  at  that  time  not  without  great  dangers, 
but  after  tho  opening  of  China  through  tho 
treaties  quickly  followed  by  good  results,  and, 
being  faithfully  carried  out,  gave  to  the  liaslo 
wiu'k  the  character  of  mi  "  inland  mission  ;" 
and  tho  experience  of  the  missionarieii  tends  to 
show  that  the  country  people  are  a  more  hope- 
ful soil  for  the  (iospel  seed  than  the  inhnbitantii 
of  tho  larger  towns,  and  tho  indicntiouii  uro  that 


BASLB 


II'J 


BASSA 


llii'   Iliikkii  iK'fiplo  niny  lie  tlio  first  of  nil   the 

('Inilrsc    tn    ill'    i'Vllll<{i'll/l'>l.       'I'lllH    itllliml     IiiIn 
MJcitl    IS    IIDW   ri|llrsill|i  il    liV    tWilvr    CirilVIll    lltlll 

Iwi'ntv-I'm'  nut  siiitidiis,  sprriiiUiin  over  nil  the 
(  imilr.v  liiiiii  111"  slinri'  npposii.'  limit;  Kdii^;  up 
t')  111!'  Iiniili'rs  of  till-  prnviiici-s  (if  Kmiik  si  unit 
I'lili-kimi,  u  ilistiini'i'  of  ulmut  Mini  miles,  with 
:),i:tii  coiivcits,  (if  wlioiii  l.'.Miii  urc  coiiiiiniiii 
ciiiitH.  The  iiiiiiilicr  of  iiiissii)iiarii<-i  iit  tlicNc 
Htiitioiis  IS  niiii'li'cii.  four  of  wliom  iir«  iiutivcH, 
ulio  liuvo  l)C(!ii  ciiri^fullv  (  ilucati'l  at  llic  mis 
Hint!  collcttcK  of  the  Society.  'I'lii'  rule  (if  tile 
Siii'h'ty  is  tliiit  two  or  more  iiiiii  nIiiiII  work  to- 
gether 111  one  c-elltre.  llUt  lit  priSI-Ilt  \Mlllt  ol   nieti 

iiriil  menus  pievetit  the  earryiiii^otil  ot  this  jiriii 
<'i|ile  In  itiMilioii  to  till-  iiiisKiMtiitr.v  tone 
Keveuty-oiio  uiitivti  helpers  iin-  eliiplnyeil  to  US 
hist  in  h11  liriiieheH  of  work.  The  (iospil  is 
propii^iitiid  in  this  mission  l<y  luiiiiis  of  itiher 
nut  preiK-hiiit;,  iiiul  ilistrilnitiiit;,  iiinl  selliiit: 
tnii-ts  Hii'l  piirts  of  (he  llilile,  rather  tlinii  l>,\ 
retjiihir  sermons  to  thu  heiitheii.  a,  is  usual  in 
the  i-liapcls  of  liirue  cities,  the  want  of  ri-nuliir 
iiiiili(«iieeH  ftirliidilinn  tlicHc.  The  i  cliicaliomil 
NVsti^m  of  the  mission  is  wi  11  developed,  com- 
prisiiiii  tho  dilTeri-nt  unide.s  of  (I)  "  heatln  n 
Hchiols,"  (2.  parish  kcIiooIh,  (II)  lioar-linv; 
sr-hoojs.  HTid  it)  till-  seiiiiniiry.  which,  after  his 
thirtfi-n  years'  trainin;^'  in  preliminary  kcIiooIs, 
receives  the  student  lit  the  aye  of  twerilv  \earN. 
'I'he  four  years'  i-oiirse  of  study  in  this  iiistitii 
tloii  includes  an  alliioHt  complete  tlieolot;ieal 
i-diicalinn.  In  it  lioard  and  lod^-inK  is  ^'ivi  n  to 
all  students  frei-  ;  to  poor  hliideiits  ai  1  in  doth 
\Uii  and  other  reipiisiles  is  iilTorded 

In  the  Ni<lioii!s  the  lliikka  ilialeet  is  taii^lit  in 
liolli  the  Komaiii/ed  and  Chinese  st_\  le  of  »  rit- 
iiii;.  Into  IhiH  ilialecl  tli«  New  Testamenl.  with 
tnictH  iind  HchooMiooks.  hnvu  linen  piildished. 

Ilil<i«|ll«'  Vvroioim.  Tile-  llasipie,  which 
lielori;,'s  lo  the  isolatecl  lan^'imt;es  of  Kuropc, 
"  IS  one  of  the  most  singular  idioms  of  |jirop(i, 
and  Jireseiits,  like  the  .Mlianiaii.  the  WiIkIi, 
t'tc  ,  tile  remiirkalile  phenoioeiion  of  aliont.'inai 
llinKUIlK'eH  preserved  111  llie  remote  or  llioiuitain- 
oiiH  districts  of  more  civili/i-d  couutiii.s.  whero 
the  ton>;ue  of  the  Killisecpielit  coinpn-rors  of 
tliosi-  lands  is  '.generally  spoken  "  The  laii^'Mano 
wliicU  the  Itasipies  speak  i  I'lilled  liy  the  |ieeplH 
I'.iiscara,  INkiiara,  or  i;si|Uera,  and  dilfireiit 
dialects  iiiay  lie  dislinnnishecl.  Since,  howevi-r, 
the  edilcateil  llisipies,  aecordini,'  to  (hi- coiinlrieM 
in  which  llii-y  reside,  speak  cither  I'reiich  or 
Spanish,  wc  also  dislin'_'iiish  versions  into  the 
l-'reiich  and  Spanish  ii.isipie. 

0/1  l-'iini-li  /.'.(.sv/.e .  -  The  French  ilialeet  of 
the  Hiisipii'  IS  spoki'ii  in  the  'hpartiiieiiK  of  tlie 
I'yntiees  and  in  the  proviiici  of  Navarre.  It 
lormerly  included  the  three  cantons,  I,iil<ourd 
(the  ancient  ' '  I.apurliim  " ),  Soiile,  and  l.-aier 
Navarre.  The  Ni-w  Teslaim-nt  in  the  IliiMpi.-  of 
r.ower  Navarre  was  piinted  at  lioi  helh-  in  loTI, 
the  translation  having  liei-n  madi-  l>y  il  dm  di- 
l.icarrat^Me,  a  Ueformed  minister  From  a  copy 
of  this  Testament  foiiiMl  in  the  rniversily 
Liliraryat  I  Kford,  the  Itriliih  urn'  I'oreinn  Ihlile 
S  icicty  piililished  an  eclitioii  in  Is-js,  at  Itay 
onn(\  undir  the  eilitorship  of  Henri  I'yt  (dii-il, 
Ih:!.''!),  a  minister  of  tlie  Iteforiiied  Church  at 
lliiiru.  who  introduced  niiitiy  cliaiitjes  in  accord 
anci  with  tlit?  nindern  fornm  of  lant;iiat{i ,  and 
thus  virtually  produced  it  new  version.  In 
IHC'.I  the  Itritish  anil  rorei^'ii  liildu  Society  pule 
llslicd  tini  .New  Testaiiiciit    in   the    Lalioiird  dia 


loot,  and  sinco  IHs.-,  the  (lospels  of  ^^ark,  I. like, 
.lohn,  the  I'.pistles  to  the  I'°.|diesiaiiH.  ColossialiH, 
ami  Peter's  I'.iustles.  taken  from  tho  verHion 
of  I'rinee  l.iicii  n  limiaparte. 

In  \x>>*'>  the  Hiime  society  iiulilisliod  at  llayonnn 
an  edition  of  the  (inspels  of  .Matthew  and  .lohn 
and  the  l^|iistles  i.t  I'eter  in  the  Soulelin  din. 
led,  the  tialisliition  lia\  inn  I'eeii  liiadt-  liy  .Made 
moiselle  .\nna  I'rruty,  a  Soulelin  |IaMipi<>  lady, 
who  lollowed  the  text  of  lie  Sliei,  corrected  hv 
that  ot  (Istervald.  Ill  the  year  l^'X"  I'rilice 
l.ucieli  lloliaparte  Jilaced  at  the  dispoNiil  of  the 
ahovo  Kociety  his  manuscript  versions  of  (ieiie 
sis,  I'saliiis,  Itiith.  .lonali.  and  Soii^;  of  Solomon, 
made  liy  .M.  Archer,  ruder  tin-  edilorship  of 
Miss  Irnily  these  portions  have  ln-eti  piiMished 
since  l«Nh. 

('()  ,"</.■( /I i.v/i  Itii.siiHi.  —  In  tlilH  dialect,  wlilch 
is  spoken  in  the  iirovincesof  lliscav,  <iui[iuKC(m, 
and  Alava,  liv  ii  hardy  and  industrious  rai'i>,  to 
whom,  IIS  in  tin  cii-.ewilli  the  Welsh  in  \'.t\n- 
land,  their  native  dialei-l  has  a  special  charm, 
(hoiit^li  they  read  aiel  understand  Spunish,  tliu 
liospel  of  I, like  was  pulillslied  ill  ]K{s  with  flio 
aid  of  the  linlisli  and  I'orelKn  IliMe  Society. 
.\  revised  edition  was  puldisliid  in  lH|s  hy  the 
same  society  This  translalion  lioinj^  i\  iiii\tiiro 
of  the  (lillpUNeoiin  alnl  I'dNcayali,  nil  edition  of 
the  same  (,'ospel  in  tin-  piiri-  ( iiiipunco'Hi  dialect 
was  printed  at  London  in  |is7<l  at  the  eNpellse  of 
the  liev  ,1.  Iv  lialloii.  to  which  was  iiddid.  111 
|h7s,  the  (lospel  of  ,lohn,  also  at   .Mr.   Iialton'.s 

t  Xlnllse,    who    also    presclileil    till     jdlltes    of    tllO 

version  lo  the  Itritish  liilih  Society.  Ilolli  <  ios- 
pels  Were  traiislaled  under  tin-  can-  of  Sefior  do 
Hruiiel.  while  the  proofs  Were  n  ad  liv  Mr. 
Nou-arel.  I  p  to  .Marcli  :i|sl.  isM'.i,  the  lirilish 
and  I'oreinli  Itllih-  .Socidy  disposed  of  'J",(;('ill 
Ireiich  l>iisi|ue  and  V.-V.il  .Spanish  ltaHi|u»  liur- 
tioiis  of  Scriptures. 

f  ""/iici'i/Kii  irr.sit      .loliii  :t  :  Id  ) 

I'll  IK li  llnsij'ie. 

Jaiiicoae  eceii  iiitiii  iii.to.'  iv'iin  (hi  iniindua, 

lion  email   liiiitu   hero  Sonic  liakliUrra,  aiiiorea 

Kntl(;  liorcere  sinliesteii  liaitii  liiira  liaitliiin  k»I 

cz  diidin,  liainaii  v»ii  derail  liutliiercco  bicia. 

Siiiiii'isli  Unsii'ie, 

Alcliatnco  iiniz,  eia  juiiiiKo  imlz  ncrc  nitaKiina, 
»'t«  ewinKo  <!'"' :  Alia,  piM-atii  I'KUIn  nueii  crnia* 
rcu  contra,  eta  ziire  aiirn-aii.— (Ai/Ac  xv.  IH.i 

.syoim'.v/i  liiiiiijiii .      I '/'iiiyiii.s'coilii  IHiilrrl.) 

Jontci)  coraic^la  hadii  ernnn  zayozeatziito  era- 
cut.siai:  jfiidu  KiicliU  :  liatayat/.eii  dituzutola  Al- 
tarcn,  eta  Keiiienrfn,  tta  lisplrltu  Kuutuaren 
Wfincat).—{Matl.  xxvlil.  lU.) 

IlilKHll,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  I.ili.-ria. 
.\frica  \  mission  station  of  the  I'rotestanl 
llpiscopal  Chiircli  in  the  Initid  Stales  of 
America  ;  1  ordained  missionary,  '2  lay,  ll'n  coin- 
municaiils.  ."iHSunday-sch(dars,  'Jx  day  Hcholars, 

Near  llassa  is  tin  Shiloh  mission,  an  iiidepeii 
dent  enterprise  conduciiil  since  |ss.",  |,y  Itev, 
and  Mrs.  W.  X.  I'air.  It  is  mainly  self-support- 
in^:.  (  ontriliiitioiis  from  all  souices  amount iii|.', 
durin|{  Ihe  past  year,  to  !Ji'Jlio.."lii,  while  all  ad- 
ditioiial  expenses  liiivi;  lioeli  defrayed  liy  lliil 
sales  of  colTee,  cassava,  etc.,  cultivated  on  tho 
mission  farms,  which  with  the  liuildilit's  have 
liieii  lioii^dit  and  improved  liy  Mr.  I'air  tor  his 


BASSA 


148 


BATTA 


imlun, 
iiiioroii 

la. 


c  ra- 
in Al- 
uareD 


lnrm, 
stunt 

S      lit 

iilitrM. 

I'lU'Il 

l!.-v. 

ijiiirt- 
jitiiik'. 
Ill  111). 

L-  t)i« 

ll  tlio 
llmvn 
|r  liiH 


Itll    linillrlii'S  iif    till' 
lllll<-x    -  lllllllll     tllllt 

is  lull   iiinl  fi'ilili-, 
Till'     |iii|iiiluti'iii 

Iff      wlili'li      iiliolll 


iiiissiiiii  w.irk  :iiiii>ii(,'  tin  iicuroi'S.  A  Imiinlin^ 
Holioiil.  \Mtli  all  ikvcra^i'  iitli  ikIiiikm!  of  t'lnirti'iii, 
IH  iiiiiiiilaiiii'il  ;  rt'j^iiliir  scrviri's,  rliirlly  l<ir 
ciiililrrii,  uri-  lii'lil  nil  SiiiidiiVM,  mill  tniiitcin 
flnlili'i'ii  liikvi'  lii'i'ti  liii|iti/i'il.  As  rirciiiuhtaiiri's 
Inriiiit,  religions  mitvici's  arc  iiIhh  lirlil  in  iii'i^jli 
J*i)riiiji  lii'iilliiii  tiwiiH.  Ill  till-  viar  Ihh'.i,  tin' 
|irM)i.i|y,  wliicli  is  wnrtli  .*I,IMMI,  was  iliiili  d  liy 
.Mr.  Fair  |o  tlm  AliuTicaii  t'liiirili  .Missioimry 
S'lriitv,  t()  111'  lii'lil  l)y  till  111  ill  |ii'r|"tiiily  fur 
tllii  cailHii  nf  iiiisNiiilis.  Ml  tlial  111  rasi'  <il  the 
•  li'iitli  of  liiiiisi'lt  iir  w  ilc,  nr  tlifir  inaliilily  to  ri'- 
main  at  tli(;ir  |»>-.t,  tin-  work  thus  Im'^iih  may  liu 
i-'iiitiniii'il 

llil««4'lll.  till*  Hontliwi'slirii  ilistrii't  of  liur 
ma.  '  Ml  inliiiu  from  tin-  wrMlirii  Voma  raii^"'  of 
liKiiliitaiiis  I'll  till'  wi'Ht  l<  till'  main  Ntrram  of 
tliii  Iravvaili  aii.l  its  |>niii'l|iiil  oiilli  t  on  tlii'  last, 
lili'l  fiMlii  till'  l!ay  of  lli'ii^al  on  tlio  Hoiitli  to 
(III'  |ioiiit  on  tliii  iinrtli  wlnrii  tln'  Vomas  up 
liruarli  iniiri'sl  to  tin'  ^riat  river.  It  itirlinlis 
I'Mir  or  livi'  of  till-  lar^nr 
Irawaili.  Ari'ii,  7,iM7  si|iiiiri' 
of  Massiicliusi'lt.s.  rill'  soil 
til  iil^'li  sillijci't  til  tlnoils. 
w  iMii'what  i'Ximm>iIh  100,(1(111 
12"i,lHHi  ari!  Kari'ii.s  (S^'iiiis  iiinl  Twos  in  alioiit 
«<|ilal  iiiiiiilii'rs),  ovir  'JiMl.iiiiii  lliirmaiis,  aiul 
titii  n-maiiiili'r  'I'alaiii^s,  TiIii^ms,  ('hiiirsi'.  ami 
n  fnw  I'.nnlisli.  ('liii'f  town  of  tlm  ilistrirl,  lias 
N 'in,  (in  till)  llassi  in  itivir,  oni'  of  the  ililta 
liraiii'lins  of  till'  Irauaill.  l'o|iiilatioli,  •_'«,!  17- 
i<  iiMliists,  r.(,:tl:i  :  llinilim,  :i,7''l  ;  .Moliamnii' 
iliiis,  :l,:i(;j  ;  Clirislians,  1,1  JJ.  It  is  a  lino  Hia- 
|>  irt,  ami  liasa  lar^^n  trinli  In  riii  timln'r.  fruits, 
iiiil  lisli.  Till' ilistrirt  lias  ln'i'i.  tlir  si'iil  of  vitv 
tlirniii'„'  ainl  suivnssfiil  hiihsIohs  siini'  |h.i7, 
'i'lii'  .\iiii!rii'aii  Ita|itiHt  Missionary  rnion  luis 
tliri'i'  missions  tbi-ri'  :  a  lliiriiiaii  mission,  in 
<liiilin^j  (ilsii  till'  Tiliit^iis  ;  a  mission  to  tin'  .si^aii 
Karmis,  willi  almiit  lii.iioii  rnmiiiiiMiraiits  ainl 
riU.lMIII  iiillii'iiiit  |ioliiilatlnIi  ainl  h">  (liristlaii 
Tllla^•l•s.  tlm  lar^'i'st  ami  most  inlvanciil  of  all 
till'  Kari'ii  niissioiiN  in  Ilnrma  ;  uinl  a  miHsimi 
to  tlir  I'wii  Kari'lis,  with  almiit  I  ,:i  r'"i  roiiiliiillii 
rants  ainl  J'J  Christian  villa^'is,  with  an  aillii' 
rriit  |io|iiilatioii  of  |ii'rlia|is  7,(""i.  i''si  n  artii'li- 
on  .Vmi'rii'aii  lii|itist,  .Missionary  I'liinn-Kari'ii 
Missions  ;  si'ii  also  Itiirnia.  I  I  hn  Itomaii  (atlni 
lii's  havii  a  ll  iiiriHliiii;^  missiitn  anions  tlm  l'<vos 
in  lliissi'iii,  hut  with  |i'«  roiivirts  from  Ihn 
SKaus.  Till'  S'li'ii'ty  for  tlin  l'rii|iak'atioii  of  thi> 
'ii>si(i>l  Iiavii  iilsii  a  iiiissi.1,1  in  llussiin,  which 
is  iiii'liiih' I  in  llii'ir  ilioiTs  '  of  ltaiij,'iion.  .Snmn 
«'tr  iris  havn  limn  mailn  hy  otlnr  ili'inimiiiations 
to  lilaiit  missinns  hi'ri',  Imt  withlittlr  siirci'ss, 
IMiiratioli  has  lni'ii  rairii'il  to  a  ^n  atrr  «'Xtrlit 
mining  tlin  Kari'iis  of  liassiin  Ihiin  in  any  otin  r 
ilistrirl  ill  Murmu. 

Illl<i<i«>lm'(>,  a  town  on  till'  islaiiil  of  'St. 
Kill^,    Wi'nl    liiiliis.       Missi  111    staliiiii    ot    tlm 

M  iraviaiis,   col nci'il   iii    1777  at   the  ri'i|Ui'st 

•  if  llni  |iro|iriitor  of  several  estates  nii  the  islaliil, 
Willi  wishe'l  Ins  slaves  I'lliicati  ll  in  the  Chilstiali 
religion.  They  were  receiveil  ulaiUy,  ami  In  a 
few  years  the  i'nii'.;i'e|;iitioli  Increaseij  In  'J,.VHi 

llll%<illl«tllllMl,      (See  Africa.) 

lllllllllUil,  11  town  on  tho  Went  (  iimt  of 
Africa,  hoiilh  of  Kami'riin,  iiml  ll!"*  miles  north 
of  <'orisco.  in  the  (ii  rmun  cnliiny  of  Kainerun. 
A  phicu  (Minstaiitlv  incriiasili!.;  In  |iromilielice. 
Mission  station  of  the  I'reHhyti'riaii  Cliurch. 
Kurtli,   U.  8.  A.  (1n7.»j  ;  -l  oijt'Htulious,  1  miH 


iiale  hflpors,  3K   church 


Bionary   an  1   wile, 

lllemliers. 

Illllltlll,  a  town  in  riinjali,  North  Imlia.  \H> 
miles  III  111  ( iiirilas|iiii',  Jl  miles  Irom  .\iiirltsar. 
i'n|>iilaliiin  'JI.'Jsl,  llimliis,  .Moslems,  Sikhs, 
etc.  Mli.si  •■  ..tatloli  of  till!  <'.  .M.  S.  ;  2  liiis- 
sioiiarii'H  am'  wives,  1  onlaiiu'il  native,  OM  com. 
iiiunicaiits,  1  I  scIiiioIh,  'i.Vl  HchnlarH. 

Ilalillill,  till)  c.i)iital  of  .lava,  Wosf  Iinlics. 
rn|iiil.ilii>M.  loii.is.',.  I'ouiiileil  in  l.'il'')  liy  tho 
Initch,  It  IS  oMO  ot  tlii>  liiosi  liiannirnelil  |ioss)'N. 
sioiis  of  the  crown  of  the  Netlii  riaiiil.-.  Ill  1722 
there  Wire  aliout  loll  ooii  (  hrisliaiis  in  innl 
ulioiil  llni  city,  anil  In  172^  the  Ililile  was  traiin- 
luteil  into  the  VI macular  tongue,  tin-  lll|^h  .Ma- 
layan        Hut    lit    (ireselit    the  whole    native  )io|iU. 

liition  of  the  city,  with  very  iiisi|.;iiiticant  ex- 
cejitiolis,  is  .Mohammeilaii.  In  |s|'J  the  I'ji^lish 
missioiiarii-s  Were  i  \|ielleil,  ami  only  tho  Itomaii 
('mIIioIics  Wire  tnliiruleil.  (If  late,  however,  ll 
chall^;^)    lia.s   taken    place.       The    .lava     Coiiiite, 

foiiliileil     in     Itatavia    in    1h,",|,    l,iit   sji Is.",.") 

illrecteil  from  .Vmsterilam,  taki  s  care  of  aliout 
liiii  native  (hristialis  in  the  city,  ami  the  So. 
ciety  of  the  Kef'irmi'il  lliitch  <'hiiii-h.  fmiinlcil 
ill  .\mstiril.im  in  Isco,  lias  smiu  iiciiools  there. 
The  .M'lsh  111  .Missioiiiiry  Society  (-1,  foiimleil  in 
I.oliiliili  111  I'^lil,  Kalhereil  ill,  lietweeli  ls(;7  iiml 
ls7l.  aliout  l,'">i«i  converts  111  Jtatavia. 

Illlljilll,  a  town  on  the  islauil  of  Teriiale, 
one  nf  Ho-  .Moluccas,  Last  llnlies.  .Mis.ionsla. 
tiiin  of  the  rtn-cht  .Missiiuiary  Society  ;  1 
pri-,ii-hi-r,  :i_'l  church  inemhers. 

Ilalla  Vl-r»i4tll<l.  The  lUUln  Inlnlll^'s  to 
Ihe  .Malaysian  l.imlly  of  lall^;llll^^•s,  iinil  is  spoken 
liy  a  lari^e  pnpiilation  on  the  isle  of  Sumatia. 
There  are   three   ilialects  of  the    liatla  lali|.',im^;n 

the  Tnlia.  the  Main lallii  11^',  ami  the  Inuri'  ami 
in  t»o  of  these  ilialects  VI  rsioiis  are  now  extant. 

1.  /;.i>/ii- /■../,.(.  This  ilialei't  is  iiseil  hy  the 
Itattas  of  inirlln-rn  Sumatra.  \  traiishilinii  of 
the  Scriptures  ml  n  this  ilialei't  is  of  a  very  recent 
ilate,  ami  the  Ni'tln-rlaiiils  1111, le  Societyhas  the 
honor  of  having  hiippln  il  the  liatlas.  who  werti 
firm -rly  caiinilnils,  with  fin  Imoks  of  (ii-tiesiH 
ami  I^Xoilus,  fill)  (lospels  of  .Matthew-  mill  Luke, 
mill  the  .\cts  (if  the  A]ioslli'S.  Tin  hu  parts 
Were  priiiliil  lietwei  II  |s,Mi  i;7,  i),,.  tr.iiihlufion 
haviiiK  till  II  maile  hy  Mr.  II.  Ni  uliiiininr  van 
iler  Tuiik.  Ill  the  yi'Mr  l>»7'i  the  lilninsh  .Mis 
sionary  .Soi'ielv  piillisln  d  at  I!iita\  ia  the  <iiispelH 
of  Ijlke  ami  .lohii,  till-  tialislatinli  having  liei  ii 
iiinile  hy  the  lii-v.  .1  I,  Ndmiiii  risen,  mie  of  its 
missionarii  s.  In  the  same  year  the  Hritish  ami 
lorei^in  Ihlile  .Society  umli  rtool.  the  priiitiiii^ 
of  a  IriinMhitiiKi  of  the  New  Ti  slaim  lit  iiiailo 
ir.iiii  the  (irii,'iiial  hy  .Mr  Nnmmeiisi  n,  to  Im 
iiliteil  liy  till)  Itev,  i»r,  Si-hri  ilier,  also  (.f  the 
lihi-nish  Mission.  .\f|i'i'  sime  ilela.v  the  New 
Ti'staiiient  was  puMisln  il  at    i;ilierfi-lil  in  Ih7s, 

The  eiliti'ill  collsistl'il  of  1  (Kill  copies  of  the  New- 
Testament    ami     I,'"illll    cnpii'H    of      M.lttheVt     mill 

•hihii.     In   lN«l   the  llniish  ami  I-'on  i^n  r.il.le 

Society  puhlisheil  all  eilillon  of  the  Ni-W  Testa- 
iiient  in  l.oni.in  char.icti-rs  ninler  the  cure  of  Iir. 
Scliri'iher,  win  not  only  reail  the  Jirnnf-,,  Imt 
tritllHliterilte  1  the  |4ri  liter  part  of  tlin  liook  The 
eilitioii  collsistl'il  of  '.I, lion  copies.  In  tlin  fol- 
lowiiin  year  the  Il.ok  of  psalms  in  the  saiim 
character  was  )iuhlishi'i|.  I'p  to  .March  :lUt, 
I^'^'i.    till)    Hritish    Soi-iety    dlsposeil    of    '.'''i.iiM.i 

porti'UlS  of  the  Sellptilii  H 

'■i.   U'tlta-Ma.tdailiiiiij. — Thiw  dialeot  Ik  Hi>oken 


BATTA 


144 


BAZIYIA. 


i 


by  10(),0('0  of  the  population  of  sonthern  Sii- 
nintrii.  Tho  peojilo  usiii^;  this  iliiilect  iirc  tho 
most  i-ivili/t-<l  <it  tliu  isliiiiil.  'I'Ik!  laws  ami 
liinay  lionkx  ant  writtiii  iii  tliis  dialect.  Iii  tlio 
year  l><7:t  tin-  KIk-ihsIi  .Misnioiiaiy  Society  pub- 
lished at  Itatavi.k  the  (iii.sptls  iif  l.iiku  and  John, 
the  trauslatii'ii  haviiii^  been  iiiado  liy  Messrs. 
Si'hr'iber  and  llei/..  In  lf«77  l)r.  Tahri,  of  tho 
Kh  nish  Missinn.  rei|Uesti'd  the  Itiitish  ISilihi 
S.'ciety  til  print  Ihe  New  '!'■  ■^tanlent  in  this  dia- 
lect. Thir  translation  of  i'r  Sclin  iln  r,  wliich 
was  rnvised  and  improved  by  Jlr.  l.ri|piildt,  also 
ft  missionary  of  iho  Itheiiisli  S x'iety,  was 
printiil  in  the  Kiitta  ebaracter  at  ICIberfild  in 
1H78,  under  the  editorship  of  the  translator. 
'Ihe  eililioii  eonsisted  of  l.oiiii  copies.  During 
the  year  Inns  the  liritish  liible  Society  iinblished 
the  I'salms  in  :i.ip(i(i  copies,  the  translation  bav- 
in;,' been  iiiii.le  by  the  Kev.  Mr.  Scluitz,  of  Hun. 
Haboudar.  Sumatra.  The  proofs  were  roiul  by 
Dr.  Schreiber.  I'p  to  Jlnreh  :tKt.  lsw>,  7,010 
portions  i,f  Scripture  iu  that  dialect  were  dis- 
posed of, 

(SpeciWu  vtrsen      John  3  :  10.) 
'J'oba. 


MunduUunij, 

»-fc      -*-»^^       *i,^^.*M       aB«fV*<-       'ft      '-••» 

Biilliilatfiiii«ln,  a  city  of  Madras,  South 
India,  northwest  of  Madura.  Population,  ino,. 
00(1,  Hindus,  Moslems.  LanKua«e,  Tamil, 
Telu^;u.  Mission  station  of  the  \.  I>.  i'.  V.  M, ; 
1  niissiomiry,  his  wifo  and  danjjliter,  lii  native 
helpers,  I  out  station,  o  churches,  It  12  mem- 
bers, 17  schools,   iHi  scholars.     Contributions, 

nalli4>ill«»U,  niisNion  station  of  th.'  S  P. 
(i..  in  .bitfna  ilistrii't,  Ceylon  ;  1  missionary,  ;» 
native  h'-ljiers,  7-')  communicants,  2'J:i  .scholars. 

Biilllrollii,  a  district  in  the  west  part  of 
the  peninsula  of  Jaffna,  Ceylon,  coincident 
with  one  of  the  jiarishes  formed  by  the  I'ortu- 
fiupso  Oovernnient.  There  were  also  churches 
built  ill  these  jiarishes,  which  afterward  fell 
into  decay,  and  wlien  the  \.  ]!.  C.  I-'.  M,  occu- 
pied the  place  as  a  mission  station  what  re- 
mained of  the  buililinns  were  put  into  their 
bands  by  the  liritish  (iovernment  for  mission 
purposes. 

In  lH2'.i  the  -V.  It,  C.  F.  M.  mission  issui'd  a 
prospect  lis  for  A  college  bore,  but  the  jilan  ^ave 
place  to  one  for  a  school  known  afterward  as 
the  Mission  Seminary,  under  the  care  of  l!<'v. 
Dr.  Poor.  This  w^is  looked  upon  favorably  by 
the  Government,  which  aided  it  liberally.'  lii 
iN.'iii  the  seminary  was  closed  and  an  Knulish 
hiyh  school  was  opened  at  the  rei^uest  of  some 


Christian  and  other  jiareiits.  The  insttuctioo 
was  to  be  biblical,  suientilic,  and  literary,  in 
Knglish  and  Tamil.  In  |h72  JatTiia  Coile^o, 
the  leHitimate  successor  of  liatticottii  Seminary, 
was  opened.  It  originated  witli  the  native 
Christians  cunnecteil  with  all  the  I'rotistaut 
missions  of  ilitTeieiit  denominations  in  the 
JatTna  distiiet.  It  is  supported  by  endowments 
laiseil  in  the  V .  S.  .V.  and  Ce_\lon,  the  build- 
in^js  and  pniiiisis  formerly  oi(-u]iied  by  the 
mission  .>-eniinary  bein^  planted  by  the  I'rudi  u- 
tial  Committee  for  the  use  of  the  eollf^e.  Itev. 
i-'r.  lla->liiins,  for  twenty  livi:  years  a  missionary 
oftheA.  I!.  <'.  I'.  .M.  in  Jatlna,  wasappointt-d  its 
lirst  principal.  On  his  ri  sij;nation  in  Ins'.i  lb  v. 
S,  \V.  1  lowland  Was  chohi-n  his  successor.  'Iho 
colle|,'o  has  loo  students,  all  boardtrs,  who  pay 
their  own  expenses,  and  no  aid  is  received  from 
the  Hoiird  or  (loverniiK'nt.  The  hinh  school, 
preparatory  for  the  colb-ne,  has  ir,7  student.s, 
with  seven  teachers.  The  character  of  the  eolle^e 
is  Ihorounhly  missionary  ;  tli<^  instructors  are 
earni'st  Christians,  three  beiii^  .-\mericans,  in- 
cludin^^  the  iinsident.  Of  tlie  .'i'jr,  educated 
here,  142  left  as  professed  Christians,  and  the 
uiajorily  of  those  now  in  the  coile^je  are  Chris- 
tians. 

There  aro  many  village  schoids  attached  to 
the  station,  containing!  a  largo  number  of  boys 
and  girls,  all  of  whom  attend  service  on  tho 
Sabbath.  The  church  at  the  station  has  a  na- 
tive pastor  and  is  self.sui)porting. 

Iliitllt'r<>r«l,  n  mission  station  of  tho 
(".  .M.  S.  on  the  I'liper  Saskatchewan,  Canada  ; 
'2  missionaries. 

Illllllliti  l>llli,  a  town  of  Sumatra,  Kast 
Indies.  .V  mission  station  of  the  Java  Coniite, 
founded  ill  l'-*01,  which  now  numbers  ;t',i(>  con- 
verts froni  Midiamniedanism. 

Raiir«>,  one  of  tho  most  fertile  and  bcatlti- 

ful  isles  in  tho  western  chain  of  Solomon's 
Islands,  Melanesia.  The  inhabitants  are  clever, 
but  ver.v  suspicious.  They  make  the  swiftest 
canoes  and  the  surest  weapons,  but  in  1h47 
they  suddenly  fell  on  the  Itoman  Catholic  mis- 
sion and  murdered  all  its  members.  In  lHl',l 
tho  isl  aid  was  visited  by  liishop  Patfeson,  and 
some  grownup  boys  followed  with  him  to  Nor- 
folk, to  be  educated  as  teachers.  Since  that 
time  the  Melaiiesian  Mission  has  succeeded  in 
getting  a  foothold  in  llauro,  though  they  havo 
to  tight  very  hard  against  Kuropean  vessels 
which  I'omo  to  these  islands  in  search  for  "  la- 
borers" to  \Viti  and  (Queensland,  Since  ]h73 
there  are  well  fre(|ucnted  schoids  in  liaurfi, 
with  native  teachers. 

lla)'ll<>M|OII,  a  town  in  the  Copj-  >  l-'reo 
Slate,  West  .Vfriea,  on  tho  Kouthern  shore  of  tho 
Congo,  just  above  the  Jellala  l-'alls,  opposite 
Isanyhila.  An  out-station  of  the  Itaptist  JMis- 
sionary  Society. 

Ilaxiyia.  a  town  in  liritish  KalTraria,  Ka^t 
South  .Vfriea,  in  a  fertile,  well-watered,  ancl 
thickly  populated  tract  of  land  between  the 
rivers  I'mtata  and  I'mbashi,  2."iO  miles  north- 
east of  Silo.  Mission  station  of  the  Moravians, 
occupied  in  IKiVJl  on  tlu!  invitation  of  the  Dritish 
government  agent  for  tho  Tambookies  and  tho 
native  chief  of  this  esjiecial  tribe,  wbopromisnl 
a  piece  of  land  and  all  the  assistance  and  eii- 
eoiiragement  he  was  able  to  give.  In  lM',:t,  by 
dint  of  liiird  labor,  a  ilwellmg  bouse  and  a  little 
church  Were  erected,  and  since  then,  ultbutigh 


BAZITIA 


145 


BEHAR 


bonnti. 

(IlllOU'ti 

wift(  Kt 

in   1M7 

('  iiiiN- 

1  iNCi 

I.  anil 

I  Sot- 
r  I  lint 
led  in 
'  havo 
ohscIh 
r  "  la- 

]M73 
liiurci, 

I'rpo 

lof  tho 
nxmito 
MiH- 

I'.nrft 

niid 

■  >   tho 

orth- 

innx, 

JritiHh 

I I  th.< 
ijisecl 
Ll  on- 

Kittio 


the  station  was  destroyed  onco  by  whirlwind 
and  ft^{lliu  l>y  the  Kntllr  war  of  IMS| .  h-J,  tho  work 
hero  has  licen  most  Huccussfiil,  and  under  thu 
)>rt'St'nt  missionary  and  Lis  wifo  gives  uvidenco 
of  ureat  iirosperity. 

Ii('ii<'<»iiNilt'l<l,  a  town  in  the  diamond 
fields,  West  (irniualand,  Capo  Colony,  South 
Africa.  A  mission  Htation  of  tho  S.  P.  O,, 
IsTll  ;  1  missionary. 

Bt'iiver  V*'!'*!*!!!.— Heaver  is  a  lanRuiKo 
simkiii  liy  tho  Indians  near  tho  Heaver  Lake, 
North  Americii.  .V  translation  of  the  (losjxl  of 
-Mark,  iiialu  by  tho  IJev.  A.  C.  (larrioeli,  of  th.i 
Church  .Missionary  Society,  was  imblislied  by 
the  liritish  and  I'on'ij^n  JJiblo  Society  in  Ikm.j, 
in  It'iman  cliiira<'ters,  at  the  icipiist  of  Dr. 
llicliard  Voiiiin,  iJisliiii)  of  .Vtljabasca.  The  ver 
s!on  is  the  lirst  Imok  that  luis  beun  priliteil  in 
this  lannuanc,  iind  u|>  to  .March  ;ilht,  ImX'.i,  CIO 
copies  were  disposeil  of.  The  same  (iospel  was 
also  pulilislied  in  \Hsi\  by  tho  Society  for  IVo 
Ulotin^^  Cliristian  Knowlidm-. 

Ill'IIWIir,  a  town  in  Itajpntaiia,  Northwest- 
ern Provinces,  India,  ;iiMl  nides  soutli  of  Delhi. 
A  pleasiint  town,  well  liiid  out,  with  broad  strci'ts 
planti'il  witli  trees  ;  tho  houses  Well  built  of 
masonry,  with  tded  root's.  Climate,  unusually 
dry.  I'l'pulation,  l.'i.M'J'J,  Hindus.  .Moslems, 
Jains,  Christians,  I'lrsecs,  etc  .Mission  station 
of  the  Pnlted  I'resbvterian  Church  of  Scotland, 
ISliO  ;  2  missinnarii'S  and  wives,  21  native 
helpers,  1  church,  |:tl  mendiers,  IS  schools,  hT.'t 
scholars.  Contributions,  $1(11.(10.  Tho  work 
here  is  most  I'licourauint^. 

Ilt*<*llllllliuluil«l,  a  county  in  South  Africa. 
(See  .\frica.) 

nrilford,  a  town  of  Katfraria.  South  .\frica, 
near  tlic  coast,  south  of  Kiist  London.  Mission 
Htation  of  tht  S.  1'.  (r.;  1  onlained  missiomiry. 

Bl't>4'liailivill(*,  n  llourishin^  xtation  of 
the  Weslcvan  .Missionary  Society,  on  the  north- 
ern coa^t  of  Jamaica,  West  Indies,  between 
(rraleful  llill  and  Watsonvillo. 

Ilt'fkllji'/'.cil,  a  station  of  the  Moravian 
Itrethreii  in  Surinam,  or  Dutch  (liiiana,  South 
.Viiierica,  foundid  in  ls|t.  .\fter  the  ciuiiplete 
emancipation  of  the  slaves  in  ls7:t  one  half  of 
the  nc^ro  population  crowded  into  the  cities  to 
^et  "  an  easy  ,'ob,  '  while  the  other  half  sjink 
into  stujior.  and  tho  Coolies  and  Chinese  who 
took  their  place  as  tillers  of  the  soil  are  not 
easily  accessible  to  Christianity. 

B«'K«»r«>,  a  town  of  the  ( >old  Coast,  West 
.\frica,  northwest  of  .Vkroponu'.  I'opulatioii, 
4.IHI0.  Mission  station  of  the  Itasle  Missionary 
Society  ;  :t  iiiissionjiries,  2  iiiissioimrii's'  wives, 
21)  native  helpers.  HC.d  icimiiiunicants. 

Ilflmr,  oneof  tho  four  provinces  eoiiii>osin)» 
the  lieuteimnt  tjovi  rnorship  of  l!en(;al,  Imlia  (the 
otlii^r  threH  beiiij^  IteiiKal  proper,  Orissn,  and 
Chliota  Na^'pun,  It  lies  in  the  (oiii^jes  Valley, 
belief  divided  into  two  nearly  ecpud  parts  by 
that  ^treiit  river,  which  runs  throni;ii  it  fnuii  west 
to  east  ;  it  lies  to  tho  northwest  of  Kendal 
proper,  wliich  it  borders  on  its  .southeastern 
frontier;  to  the  west  it  touches  tho  Northwest 
Provinces  :  Nepaul,  a  native  kingdom,  lies  alcuii^ 
its  n(U-tlierii  ed^e  ;  and  its  southern  boundary 
is  the  province  of  Chliota  Na^pur.  .Vrea,  ll.blit 
sipiare  mil.H  Population.  2:t.l27,lot  souls. 
For  the  most  part  the  country  is  llat  ;  its  Liyhest 


lull  is  only  about  l.fioi)  feet  above  Healevel. 
Hesides  the  (ialines  itself,  several  lar^e  tribu- 
taries of  that  river  llow  through  the  province. 
Tho  government  lias  also  eonstriK'ted  a  system 
of  canals,  used  both  for  nasi^ation  and  irrif^a- 
tioii.  Itullway  communication  is  abundant. 
Tho  u])ium  ami  in<li^o  manufactures  are  tho 
most  important  imlustries,  the  former  lieinj;  a 
government  monoiaily  and  llu'  latter  lart^ely 
conducted  by  I'.uropian  capital.  There  aro 
small  areaH  uear  Calcutta  wliere  the  density  of 
population  is  ^r<alter  than  in  Itehur  ;  but,  taken 
as  a  wholi',  tliis  is  the  most  lUnsi  ly  peopUd 
province  in  all  India.  Ka<'h  sipiare  mile  of  its 
territory  contains  on  an  averai^o  ."i2l  inhabi 
taiits  ;  tho  lowest  aveiaye  bein^  found  among 
tho  Santal  Hills,  in  tlio  southeast!  tn  part,  where 
the  population,  of  2^7  to  ii  scpiare  mile,  con^istH 
chietly  of  tho  nbori}.;inal  Santals.  The  hi^'htst 
average,  t:i  hOK  pir  scpiare  mile,  is  found  in 
tho  District  ot  Saran,  in  tho  westtrii  ]>att  of  tho 
l)rovince.  In  thi-  lattrr  district,  which  is  wliol'y 
iinric'ultural,  tho  di'iisily  of  population  in  c  tio 
locality  reaches  tho  enormous  nverane  of  l,2lo. 
.More  than  I'.l. 000,000  of  tho  l)eoplo  (f  liehar 
(nearly  K:i  percent)  are  Hindus.  Mohammedans 
number  a  littlo  over  3..'loo,ooo,  ami  aboriginal 
tribes  (chietly  Santals  and  Kols)  nearly  i;:!l,0(io. 
Of  tho  Hindus,  ovir  l.ono,o(i(inre  liiahmaiisand 
over  1,100,000  ]!ajputs— desci'lulants  of  tbo 
Kshattriyn,  or  second  caste  of  am-ieiit  Hindu 
law.  Nearly  or  (piite  a  lUlh  of  tb«'  entin?  popu 
lation  beloin*  to  olas.s»s  that  derive  their  Ininn 
from  tho  soil,  chietly  by  way  of  at^rii'ulture  or 
the  care  of  henls. 

Few  provinces  of  India  possess  more  liistori 
cal  interest  than  liehiir.  Hero  for  nine  luindieil 
years,  from  the  fourth  century  before  Christ  to 
the  fifth  <-entury  after  Him,  llourished  an  an- 
cient Hindu  kin^diuii,  known  as  that  of  .Mn^a 
dha.  the  rulers (  f  which  encoura^^ed  tho  ails  and 
lenrnint,',  built  roads,  and  sent  fleets  and  colo- 
nists to  islands  as  far  east  as.Iavn.  To  P.dil  othra, 
the  ancit  nt  capital  of  this  kiii^iloni,  now  ideiiti 
tied  with  I'atna,  its  chief  town  of  modern  days, 
Seleuciis  Nicator,  one  of  the  imniediato  succes- 
sors of  till'  ureat  Alexander,  nrut  his  envoy, 
MeKasthenes  At  ft  perioil  still  earlier  live  or 
six  hundred  years  before  Christ  —  (lautanm 
Ituddha  lived  as  ft  ilevout  ascetic  in  l!<  liar,  ainl 
it  was  at  the  sjiot  now  known  as  ]biddh  (ia,>  a,  in 
the  southwestern  Jjftrt  of  tlii'  Jirovico,  that  he  is 
said  to  have  sat  fr.r  five  years  iimler  the  saireil 
Pipal  Tree  (the  Tree  of  Wisdom)  wrapped  in 
profioiinl  contemplation,  until  be  had  attained 
enlinhtenilK  nt,  or  Huddhahood.  \  spot  so 
Hftcreil  in  the  estimation  of  millions  could  not 
fail  of  identification  ;  and  in  recent  years  tho 
intelli^'eiit  caro  of  the  Indian  (iovernment  bas 
coilililcled  resiaiches  there  which  have  been  re- 
wardeil  by  tho  discovery  of  most  interestinif 
relics  of  tiie  early  days  of  Iliidilhism.  Ancient 
temples,  dutiii)'  back  from  2.")0  n  c  ,  have  In  en 
excavated.  tli:;nis,  jewels,  .sncr<Ml  ima^-is  <f 
Huddha,  and  other  remains  have  been  ilisin- 
terred,  and  tluru  have  evi-n  lu'en  discovind 
Honio  franmenls,  much  ilccayed,  of  the  liily 
Pipal  Tree.  Tho  sito  of  this  ancient  historic 
treo  is  oceu|>ied  by  a  modern  representalive, 
descended  from  the  ancient  stock.  Many  jiil- 
>;rims  visit  this  shrine  annually.  liuiidhist 
luins  exist  in  other  parts  of  the  province,  and 
their  number  indicates  how  coill|>letely  tho 
population  of  the  region  was  at  one  time  domi- 
iittteil    by  the   Ifuddhist    faith.      Tbo    country 


BEIRUT 


U6 


BELLEVILLX3 


I.  li 


,1  t 


I 


alioiit  (fiyii  is  iilso  full  nf  plnoes  wLii'h  ftie  bfhl 
ill  H|>(MMiil  n^vpi'i'iuT  l>y  lliiiUiiK,  though  the 
iirij^ir  lit'  tins  vi-iuTiitimi  il mlitli-ss  ^^ous  luick, 
II  iiiiiiiy  uusi'M,  to  till-  lltiildliiKt  (ifiKnI  ;  liruh' 
m.i'iisiii,  whii'li  I'liiiilly  uxpi'lli'il  Itinl'lhiMii,  iiiaili- 
itsiilf  till)  ln'ir  au<l  jiDssi'ssiir  of  iiiutiy  dt  iif. 
niitimI  Fillus  aiiil  (if  tliu  ruvori'iu'u  attucbing  to 
tbuiii. 

Ilciriit,  Be)ro4»l,  <»^  Hryroiil,  a  city 
of  Syiiii.  Mitimlcil  on  tlio  <.i-.ttrii  ciiast  of  tbe 
>[•!  liluri'iilK^aii.  aliuiit  'M>  miles  iiortli  i<f  Si<liiii. 
It  is  till)  ciiiiiiiii'miil  aiul  liti  lary  tiiitre  of 
Kyria,  mill  in  its  ii|>|ii'iii-{iii('t'  iiinl  in  the  I'ulturu 
(if  its  inbaliitants  niori'  lu  arly  I'l'sciiilili's  a  lOii- 
r(i]ii'iiii  city  tlitui  any  otlnr  city  in  tlui  lain). 

It  is  sitiiatcil  (III  a  |ilaili  at  tlu'  fimt  cf  tbc  Lcli- 
niKili,  iiikI  111  liiaiity  of  hccniry  rivals  NaplcM, 
till,  slioi'c  liiTi'  lU'scriliinn  a  graceful  c\ii\c  nf 
Bevcral  niilds'  railiiis,  in  tlic  linsoiii  <<f  wliicb  the 
city  lies,  liiiilt  nil  rising  ^'roiind.  It  is  ailoriicil 
vitli  many  rl<-piiit  ImililiiiK's,  |iulilii'  anil  pri- 
vate, rising  one  almvc  aimtbiT  in  a  j^i  iitk-  slope, 
witli  a  iif;ir  liacUj,'roiinil  of  mulluTiy.  nlivc,  ainI 
piiii)  i^'riivcs,  aiiil  a  iiiiirc  ilistant  liack^jroiiinl  of 
tbc  turraivd  aiul  \  iiicclail  snlcs  of  Mount  l.cli- 
anmi,  wlmsu  pi>aks,  nearly  lii.tioil  feet  liiuli,  aro 
Biiiiw  crciwiiecl  fur  several  mniitlis  of  the  year. 

The  ilimiite  is  tropical.  'I'lie  rainy  season  is 
coiitine.l  prineipally  to  tbe  tbree  winter  months, 
when  the  fheiniometer  rarely  sinks  lielow  ,jii 
I'ahrciiheit.  A  loie^  sumiucr  rei^-iis  with  iin 
hrokeii  heat  day  and  liinht,  while  the  therinom- 
cter  ratines  from  hii  to  '."i  ,  and  oecasiomilly 
rises  to  liHI  . 

The  population  numlieis  aliout  liiii.oiin,  aiul 
is  composed  nf  Mohammedans.  I  inises,  Chris- 
tians of  various  sects,  and  .(ews. 

.\n  KuKlisli  company  has  hrom^ht  water  to  it 
from  the  mountain  in  an  luiuediict  six  or  einht 
miles  lonn,  and  has  also  lighted  its  streets  with 
«i>s. 

Thoro  aro  (carriage  roads  in  fho  city  and  its 
Buliiirlis  extending  to  the  near  points  intlie  I.cIj- 
anon,  aiul  one  to  Damascus  ilniilt  hy  a  I'reiieh 
company),  hut  imne  to  other  cities  on  the  coast. 

.Mission  work,  vigorously  conducted  over  forty 
years  hy  the  .\.  II.  (',  F.  Si.,  and  twenty  years 
liy  the  .\merieali  rresliyteiian  Hoard,  '  Nnrth, 
has  lioriie  Iruil  not  only  in  direct  visil.lo  results 
of  educational  institutions  estalilislied,  yniitli 
eiliicated  and  sent  fortli  as  teachers,  ]iliysicians, 
and  preaehers,  liooks  printed,  a  I'rotestant  com. 
muiiity  Kallieii'd,  cont;renations  asseiuMed.  and 
converts  onriilled,  hut  indirectly  liy  the  iiplift- 
inn  of  the  whole  community  to  a  higher  pliiiie 
of  social,  intillectual,  and  ninral  life. 

Ill  self-defi'liee  and  ill  rivalry  the  other  reli^,'. 
ions  sects  have  opened  schools  and  colleges, 
printing  presses  and  hospitals.  The  Moslems 
have  even  so  far  run  counter  to  their  old  tra- 
ditions and  practices  as  to  open  schools  for  girls, 
lost  their  I'atiiuas  and  /  ilicide^  should  learn  in 
our  sehonls  too  many  verses  of  the  ItiMe  and 
too  many  (iospel  hymns  ;  and  (he  (ireek  Church 
has  for  the  first  time  in  jis  history  opened  a 
Sunilay  si'hool,  m  imitation  of  the  rVolestniits, 
with  its  child's  religious  paper, 

The  lollowing  are  the  latest  slatistii's  nf  mis- 
sion work  in  Heiriit  :  Of  .VmiTieans.  there  are  ."> 
missionaries  with  their  wives,  and  -1  additinnal 
female  workers.    ■ 

l'reni!liing  is  coiiducteil  in  .\raliic,  in  ."i  diller- 
eiit  places  in  the  city,  to  aliout  ',100  hearers. 

There  is  one  self.supportini.'  native  clinrcli 
witi.  its  uutivo  puator,  lltv.  Yusuf  IJedr. 


Connecteil  directly  with  tbe  mission  is  a  theo- 
logical seminary,  the  present  class  of  which  con- 
tains 7  pupils;  a  female  seminary  w  itli  aliout 
III  hoarding  scholars  and  )>ii  day  scholars,  and  I 
day  schools  with  aliout  IIIMI  scholars.  .Vlmut 
J^oii  children  are  galberi  d  each  Salihath  in  .Suu- 
ilay  schools. 

Til'-  mission  ]iriiiting-prcsH  sends  forth  its 
issue-i  wherever  the  .\raliic  language  is  spokiu 
in  tl.iee  continents.  It  puhlishes  aliout  •J."),(mmi,. 
oiHi  of  pages  annually,  ahoui  halt  of  these  hi-ing 
Jiages  of  .Seri|iture.  The  total  imiiilier  of  pages 
printed  trom  the  lieginning  is 'lis,  Iii7,;i."il.  In 
"  the  I'ress"  are  I  steam-presses,  li  hand-|iresscs, 
w  ith  all  the  apparatus  for  typecasting,  ehctro- 
typliig,  lithographing,  and  liindiiig.  I'roni  its 
doors  go  forth  .Nearly  almiit  ilo.uoii  lioiind  vol- 
umes of  scieiitilic  and  religious  Imok.s. 

The  college  is  auxiliary  to  the  mission,  and 
in  closest  sympathy  with  it.  It  occujiies  u 
splendid  position  on  high  ground  overlooking 
the  sea.  It  occupies  four  spacious  huildlugs. 
It  emliraces  three  departments -a  preparatory, 
collegiate,  and  medical.  It  has  a  faculty  of  I'i 
.\mericaii  and  *i  ,S\  nan  instructors,  and  its  pu- 
pils niiiiilier  this  year  'J'J'2, 

The  physicians  id'  the  Medical  Department 
serve  the  I'russian  Hospital,  where  were  treated 
this  year  I  Hi  in-door  juitients  and  ',1.  I'll  out-door 
]iatielits. 

The  other  evangelical  agencies  nt  work  in 
lieirut  are  lis  follows  :  The  Jleaconesses'  Insti- 
tute,conducted  liy  the  Sisters  from  Kaisi-rswirth, 
(iermaiiy,  containing  an  orphanage  with  :iO(i 
pupils,  and  a  lioarding-school  for  higher  educa- 
tion :  the  llritish  iSyrian  schools,  superintended 
liy  .Mrs.  Mentor  Mott,  w  hiih  comprise  a  train- 
ing school  for  teachers,  six  day  schools,  aiul  a 
Ncliool  for  the  hiiiid,  in  all  of  whiidi  ure  taiiilht 
aliout  I, (Kill  sidiolars.  Tin-  KslaMished  Churcb 
of  .Scotland  conducts  a  lio\s'  and  a  girls'  school 
for  .lewish  children,  ai.d  Miss  Taylor,  of  .Scot- 
laiul,  conducts  ft  Kcbool  for  Moslem  and  Driizo 
gills. 

Il<'lt{lllll3l4  a  city  in  llomliay,  West  Imlia, 
in  the  South  -Maratha  district,  province  of  liid- 
gaum,  sil  miles  northeast  of  Ooa.  ropulation 
liiieliiding  suhurhs),  'Jt.llo,  Hindus,  Moslems, 
.laiiis,  Chrislians,  I'arsis,  etc.  Mission  station 
of  the  I,.  M.  S. ;  It  luissiouaries  and  w  ives,  I  oiit- 
stalions.  H  sihools,  1HI2  scholars.  17  cbiirch- 
liiemliers, 

ll«'li/.0.  li  city  of  r.ritish  Honduras.  Cen- 
tral  .\mirica.  a  place  of  consideralile  impor- 
tance, containing  several  1  huridies,  a  lios|iital, 
( tc.  ropulation,  I'J.iiiio,  including  many 
iiigro"s.  ,\lissi(Ui  station  of  the  Wesleyan 
Metho,li.-,t  .Missionary  Society  ;  2  missionaries, 
'.'11  clnireh  meliiliers. 

Ilclllir)'.  a  city  of  Madras,  .South  India, 
•J7"  miles  ii.irth«est  of  MadrasCity.  Hot  ;  very 
ilry.  roiiuliition,  iliiiiiiii,  Hindus,  Moslems, 
Christians.  Language,  Caiiarese,  Tilugii,  Hin- 
dustani, Social  condition,  rather  poor.  MU- 
sion  station  of  the  I,,  M.  S.,  IMl'2  ;  2  mission, 
aries  and  v  ives,  '2  others,  22  native  helpers,  II 
out-stations,  r.  churclns,  l.Vi  memliers,  i:i 
schools,  7il7  scholars,  Conlriliutioiis,  j;2,Hl2. 
Also  of  the  Methodist  I'.piscopal  Church.  North  ; 
I  missionary  and  wife,  21  chundi-meinliers. 

Il<'ll«-vill(>   IVIiitMliiii,  l*iiri«,  Friiii<'t>. 

Miss  !ie  l;roi>n's  Mission  in  lielleville.  Paris. 
OlMce.  2II.')  liue  St.  Iloiiore.  I'aris.  I'rance. 
Foiiudrebs  uud  Uuuotiu:}'  UupuriuUiudeut,  Mihh 


I 


BBLLBVILLB 


147 


BELOOCHISTAN 


till. 
.■!■ 
Hon 
I  ins, 
tion 
out- 
inh- 

1  n- 
por- 
hill, 
inny 
■yiin 
ncs, 

ilin, 

•y 

IIIM, 

liii- 

■lu- 
ll 
i:i 

J 12. 

|il> ; 

'•■• 


l)t'  Hroon,  :i  Ituo  f'lavel,  Pnris.    MIhs  lie  I5ro*ii. 
u  \V(irki;r  in  the  Mililniiiy  MisHiou,  Lomlon,  be- 
iu^  in  I'lti'is  in  1H7I,  jiiHt  iiU«r  the  oiitlirtak  of 
tliii  Ciiniinnno,   visittMl   IVri'  In  C'liuisc.      Only 
till-  ni^'lit  but'oro  .~i(HI  ('onniiuiiiHts  IiikI  been  Kkot 
tliffo,  ivnil  tbti  lotiK   ilitcli  into  wliich  they  fell 
(im-   l>y  Olio   lii'ciiiiin    tlutir   oniumoii   grave.     .V 
crowil  of  woniiin   iiinl   I'liildrcn  Hurrniiinted  tbe 
t>lM)t  ;  tlurir  niiif  iiiiil   disimir  wero  terrible  to 
HBO  ;  mill  Miss  l>o  Jir.xin  lunj^ed  to  diiKonielbing 
for  tlii'ir  riilii^C.     .hiKt  nt  this  tiiiio  two  ^i-ntlc 
lui'ii  were  in   I'liris  to  <lis|ioso  of  Hmne  money 
luiUiiiiiinn  from   fiimls  i>roviileil  by  the  Sociity 
of  rrieiiiis  for  tlio  vicliiiiM  of  the  '.viir.     Mis-s  I»e 
llnieii's  (Icsirn  to   lirinj^  coiiifort  to  the  ikspair- 
iii^'    fiimilios    of    tlio     ('iniunlinists    Muh    made 
kii  »wn  to  thi'iii  :  the  iiioiiey  was  grunted  to  ber, 
ami  slic  liii^iui  thii  work  in  Jti'lli)\illi'.  thtj  cnpital 
of  tliti  ('iiiiiiiiiino.     J'^vi'iy  man  enpigcil  iu  tbe 
C'liiiiiiiiino  was  sliot,  trans|iort<Ml.  or  bad  to  tiee 
tliii  ciiiintry.     'riiouKiindH  of  wonion  were  tbiiH 
left  destitiitu  and  mialile  to  olilaiii  work.     Even 
the  prleHtH  and  Sisters  of  Mercy  Hhiinned  them. 
No  unu  cared  for  tliriii.     Miss  De  Itroeii  en(;itKe<I 
u  room,  mid  ]>asKiii^'  to  and  fro  in  the  HtreetM  o( 
lli'llevillo,  slio  s|)nki)  to  the  jioor  wonifii,  xjtying 
tliat  she  knew  of  their  distreKs,  nnii  that  if  tbi-T 
would   ciiiii'   to   her   room    they   would   reoeivo 
i:ve|.enci)  for  tlireii  lioiirs  of  iiicdlewiirk  ;  at  tbe 
Kiime   time   she   told  them  that  her  ehief  object 
was  to  tell  them  of  the   liiird  .lesus.     Tht-  kind 
invitation  soiinded   Htram;ely  in  thiir  earx  ,  tbe 
greater   numlter   hardly  iindrrMtooil   it.  and   tbe 
first  time  only  thii'o  Wrre  pn  sent.      Ki^,'ht  eame 
to  the  iii'\t  meeting,  and   from   that  time  tbe 
numbers  steadily  inereasn!.     The  ij^uorance  of 
these  poor  women  was   Hiirprisin^'.  and  nt  tirtt 
they  were  r  )ut;h  and  Hulleii.     Can  one  wonder? 
Many  ha  I  seen  tlu'ir  little  ones  ]>iiii'  in  the  eold 
nnd  hiili}{er  of   the   sic^e  ;  others   had  loHt  all  — 
busb.inds,  sons,  anil   brothers  -  in  thi-  war  uud 
tu  those  last  awful  days  of  the  I', immune;  all 
had  known  tlm  a^ony  uf  leii^thi'iied  starvation, 
buoyed    by    falsi,    hopes    and    i'Vilel     treachery, 
(r  laded  on  by  piiiv^s  of  liun^;er,  Honie  bad  con- 
eeiiled  weapons  in   their    elotlnn^,  and   had   at 
tacke  1  the  soldiers  unawares  ;  worse  than  this, 
in  their  freii/.y,  tiny  had   done.      Hut  after  only 
a  few  (ninths  in  tlio  sewinv;  class  a  ^^reat  clianjje 
b.id   e  line   over   tlie   punr  ereiitures  ;  no  tit-ree- 
liess    and    no    sulleliness    now,   but    un   earliest, 
even  II  Kiifteiied   expression,  appeared  on  many 
a  faeo,     'I'liis  was  the  origin  of  Miss  lie  Itroi-n's 
Helleville  Mission,  the  lirst  of  several  rrotestant 
iniHsions  eslablishrd  in  I'aris  at  the  elos,-  uf  tbe 
rianeo  I'russiall    War.      'I'lie  attendance   at    thir 
hewin><  classes  became  very  l.iij^e,  and  Mis-,  |»e 
l<r<ien,  tlndiii;^  that  many  iinii,  hearing'  of  the 
<i  ispid  from  the  women  who  attended  tlie  meet- 
in,'s,  were   an\ious  to   receive   (lospel  teaching. 
urMii;{ed    an    evening    mc'tiiiK    for    ii.;  u.   in  a 
ro'iiii  at  La  Vill"tte.     Cliri  itiaii  gentlemen  from 
r.iris   conducted  it.     Tin'    room,   beinn  near  n 
th  irou'^hfare,    was    soon    lUh  d,    for   passers  by 
came  in  also,  until  about   2.'iO  were  asseinbleil, 
luimy  of  v.liom  were   obli'^'ud    to   stand.     These 
ineetinj^s,    where    men    and    Woiiieii    iissemlibMl 
Molely  for   the   sake  of   In  iriii^;   the   (lospel,  be- 
ciiiiii!  most  iiiterestiiiji.      In  addition  to  the  new. 
in.;  classes  and    (lospel   meetings  at  I,a  Villette, 
nii^ht-schoiilrt  Were  mion  opened  for  the  benetit 
of  many  men  who  had  been  imprisoneil  at  the 
time  of  the  Commiine,  but  who,  no  charKe  hav 
iuK   been    found   against   them,  were  liberated 
n.'ter  a  few  wuukH.    Tboy  could  not  road  or  write. 


and  Miss  De  llroeu  offered  to  teach  any  who 
liked  to  conie  to  the  ni^'ht-sidiool.  .Many  ac- 
cepted tbe  invitation,  and  it  was  a  must  inter- 
esting Hi){bt  t<i  see  fatheis  and  sons  silling  side 
by  bide  Hpellin^  out  worils  or  imtieiilly  learning 
tu  vrite.  At  tbe  end  of  the  lirst  ,M'ar  the  fuiidH 
supplied  by  the  Society  of  Friends  came  to  un 
end,  and  much  anxiety  was  felt  as  to  the  means 
of  earning  on  the  work,  .\bout  this  time  a 
gentleujun  from  .Vmerica  visited  the  mission  nt 
lielleville  ;  in  speaking  of  his  visit  to  a  friend 
in  Knglnnd,  he  mentioned  that  more  money 
was  u<«-de<l  to  iMriN  it  on.  This  lady  wrote  to 
Miss  l»e  ISroen  that  she  wnuld  like  to  render 
Honic  belp.  Thus  eneourav;eil,  .Miss  lleltioen 
decided  to  persevere  in  hi  r  work,  which  was  in- 
creasing so  rapidly  that  she  determined  to  live 
in  iMflleville,  in  cmler  not  to  have  to  go  to  and 
ftoui  I'aris  ;  she  took  a  house  and  invited  ladii'S 
to  coui<3  over  from  ICii;.;laiidanil  help  In  r.  From 
tb*t  time  hbe  has  hud  a  little  bainl  of  vnliintary 
workern  always  with  Inr,  who  devote  their  time 
and  strength  to  the  work. 

.\liont  two  years  after  the  Work  in  lielleville 
«<iH  begun.  Miss  lie  liroeii  engaged  an  evangelist 
to  couie  and  take  the  (iosiiel  inldre.sNes  and  to 
lalM>r  uiuong  the  people,  lie  is  still  in  the  mis- 
sion, and  conducts  Sunday  and  week  day  meet- 
ings. \isits  the  sick  and  jioor,  etc, 

Tbe  Medical  Mission,  o|ii  iied  in  1^7 1,  liaH  be- 
come a  most  important  luanch  of  the  work. 
I'atienis  ll'M-k  to  it,  not  only  from  every  part  of 
I'aris,  but  from  towns  and  villages  far  distant. 
Tbe  Kreu<-b  (ioverninetit  only  allows  this  insti- 
tution t  ■  eviiNt  on  coiiditii'ii  that  eoiisultationH 
and  dnigs  shall  be  free,  and  for  the  ji'mr  iiIuk, 
ti  aroid  competitinn  with  l-'reiudi  doctors  and 
cbeuiUts.  Certainly  the  ]io<ir  avail  theniselveH 
of  tbe  belp  offered.  \  siiiiiile  (iospel  service 
is  belli  every  morning  in  the  waiting-room  be- 
fore tbe  patients  are  admitted  for  treatment  ; 
luany  |>e<>ple  bear  the  Word  of  (iod  in  this  way, 
to  wboiii  otherwise  it  would  remain  a  sealetl 
iKMik-  »>tber  branches  of  work  are  the  day 
and  Siindny-s<'bools,  prayer  meetings,  trainili|{ 
itcbuol  fir  girls,  lending  libiary,  meetings  at 
-VuWrTillierH  and  Uomainville,  temperance 
work.  -.i\'-  <if  .Scriptuns,  distribution  of  tracts, 
etc.  Tlie  report  for  Isss  ^Imw^  niunber  nf 
imtienth  at  dispensary.  Ho, (Kin  ;  atleinlain'i  at 
Hevint:  classts,  J.'Jll;  at  (inspel  meetings, 
'iJ>*,7'.*'  ;  at  Sunday  schools,  l,."i"."i  ;  at  week-day 
xobiMilis  h.727.     Kxiienditnres,  isss,  1:>,72h, 

B«*lllown.  a  li.wn  on  the  Cameroon  liiver. 
West  .\ In.  /I.  s 'ilth  of  lielllel.  Mission  station 
of  tbe  Kii^lish  Itaptist  Missinnarv  Society, 
frinndeil  in  I'^ll  by  Itaptists  from  .lainaica  <ili 
tbe  i«land  of  remalido  I'o,  but  having  been  (\. 
pclb-<l  from  that  island  in  is.'i'.t  by  the  .Spaniards, 
tbe  nil»si<>n  limved  to  the  continent,  where  it 
prn«|H>rH  Since  lKh4  the  district  is  under  tier- 
man  a'ilb<-rity 

ll«-l»t»«-hi«liiii    llaiiM'liitiliiii),  u  coun 

tPi  of  .\»i,i.  l«.iiuded  on  the  tn'rth  by  .\fghan 
i.stan,  on  tbe  east  by  Scindh,  on  the  south  by 
tbe  Indian  '  •eean,  and  on  the  west  by  I'eisia. 
-Vrea.  l:i<i.<«iit  sipiare  miles.  Surface  generally 
lunnnluuiiu*,  but  on  the  south  and  wisl  there 
are  eitensivo  barren  plains  There  are  no 
rirtrn  worthy  the  name,  but  only  a  few  moun- 
tain streaiiiH  which  swell  to  cnnsiilerable  si/e 
in  tbe  Kpring  nnd  dry  up  during  the  Kummer. 
Tbe  iioil  i«  generally  fertile,  but  sinco  the 
feitilitr  u  ainae<l  by  the  land  being  low  nud 


I 


Is 


I  I 


i:' 


t 


BELOOOHISTAN 


144 


BENARSS 


BWitmpy,  theHo  iliHtrictH,  tboii^h  uioHt  pnim- 
lotiH,  nro  till)  uiihonltliic'Ht  n(  itll.  l'i>i>iilatii>ii, 
50(),iHKl,  who  coiihist  of  two  ({it'iit  viirii'tii'ti — 
till!  Iti-loochim  mill  tliii  Iti'ithiiiH — wliich  art*  huIi 
(liviiU'il  into  (itli.r  trilu'S  iiik)  uKitin  into  faiiii 
lien.  'I'lifir  iirinin  i^^  uiiciTtaiii,  but  they  arj 
probably  ol'  iiiIm  il  Tartar  ami  I'lTHimi  ilt'NCOul,. 
I'lioy  arc  of  sli^jht  but  active  foruiH,  aixl  pra,'- 
tist'  luiiiH  ami  \varhk<)  oxorcist-H  for  aiuuseuier.t. 
Their  women  enjoy  I'onHiclernblii  freeilom,  1  ut 
poly^'aniy  im  alloweil.  In  their  noniailic  habitn 
they  resi'iiilili)  Tartars,  livinj^  in  tents  of  fell,  or 
canvas aiiil  wearing;  nwiiolh^nclnthon  Ihi'irheads 
anil  woollen  or  linen  outer  coats.  Their  reli.<ioii 
is  Sunnt  .Mohanimeilanisiu.  Thn  Itrahuis  speak 
a  iliah'i't  reSeMibliii(<  those  of  the  I'linjab  ;  they 
art)  sliorter  alul  stouter  than  thu  lielooehes, 
Honiewhat  less  aililictoil  to  plunder  ami  r  ipine, 
ami  aro  saiil  to  l>i!  hospitable  and  observant  of 
proinisi'S.  The  i^overnnii^nt  is  umUr  various 
chiefs,  of  whiuii  the  Khan  of  Khelat  is  hatlt  r  in 
time  of  war  and  a  kind  of  fiMidal  chief  in  tiiiie 
of  pence. 

Hi  loochistan  was  formerly  subject  Co  Persia 
ami  afterward  to  .Vfj^hanistan,  but  in  th<^  latter 
part  of  the  oinhteeiith  century  the  tribes  shook 
olf  their  <le|>emlence  on  the  Afj^hans.  At  the 
time  of  the  Itritish  e\peditioii  into  .Vf^hanistan 
the  llritish  f.>rced  the  famous  It.ilan  I'ass  of 
Hilooehistan,  aii<l  the  Hehxiidios  harassed  them 
consiilerably  ;  ami  so,  in  lN|(l,  un  expidition  to 
chastise  them  was  sent  against  Khohtt  ,  this  was 
done  ell'ectually,  but  no  permanent  occupation 
was  made.  Since  then,  as  tlio  liei  essity  of  )irii- 
tectiou  of  the  northern  frontiev  has  becoine 
more  and  mori'  a  vital  matter,  and  a  railway 
has  been  built  from  t^uetta  to  the  I'anjab,  a 
portion  of  the  country  has  been  placed  umler 
Itritish  protection.  In  consideration  of  this 
the  Imliaii  (ioverniiieiit  pays  l.o  the  Khati  of 
Klii'lat  a  subsidy  of  |ll(l,MOil  rujii  I'S  a  year,  and  a 
<piit  rent  of  2'>,()0(l  rupuux  for  the  (^uetta  dis- 
trict. 

No  niisKionnry  work  has  been  attemptoil  in 
Heloochist.in,  except  that  the  ('.  .M.  !^.  has  es- 
tablished a  station  at  ijuettii,  M'ith  1  misKi<inary 
and  wife  ;  IH  persons  have  been  baptized,  acd 
there  are  11  communicants.  There  i.4  a  trans- 
lation of  three  of  the  (iospels  into  llaluehi, 
prepared  under  the  iiuspiceH  of  the  ISritish  and 
Foreign  Uible  Society. 

il«*iiiir<'N,  a  city  of  India,  Hituatod  on  tho 
northern  bank  of  the  (iani^i's  Kiver,  421  miles 
northwest  from  Calcutta  anil  74  miles  east  from 
.Vllahabad  (at  the  junction  of  the  (inn^'cs  r.nd 
Jumna),  ropulation.  r,t:l,il2r>,  of  whom  1  I7,'2I10 
aro  Ilimlus,  -l~i,.'rJ'.)  Mohammedans,  iir  1  '2111! 
Christians.  In  point  of  nopulation  il  is  the 
fifth  city  of  Inilia  Honibay,  Calcutta,  JIad 
ras,  and  I.ucknow  alone  oiitraiikin^  it.  It 
manufactures  silks  and  sliawls.  cloth  embroid- 
ered with  t^old  and  sdver,  jewelry,  brass  work, 
and  lacipiered  toys -the  last  two  beint;  ex- 
porti  I  to  Kn({land  in  considerable  ipiaiitities. 

That  which  nives  to  Iteiares  its  interest  and 
importance,  however,  is  tho  fact  that  it  is  to- 
day, and  has  been  for  more  than  twenty  tlvo 
centuries,  the  relii,'ious  oiipital  of  India,  and 
the  most  sacred  of  all  the  sacred  cities  ami 
pliices  of  Hinduism.  Its  origin  dates  bac'k  to 
the  reinotost  period  of  the  .Vryan  oe<'upatiiin  of 
India.  Its  early  nami'  was  Varanasi,  whence 
tho  modern  Vanarasi,  or  Itamiras.  .Another 
name  by  which  it   is  often  called  by  the  i)eoplo 


is  Kasi.  It  had  been  for  many  y«!arH  — probably 
for  sonic  ceiitiirieH — renowned  by  Hindus  for 
its  sanctity,  when,  in  the  sixth  century,  Ciau 
tama,  then  just  starting  out  on  his  mission 
of  convertinh' India  to  his  new  cult  of  lliiddh 
ism,  tixed  his  residence  at  Sarnath,  the  site 
of  the  ancient  lleiiares,  only  four  miles  from 
the  modern  city.  It  remained  the  heaihpuir 
ters  of  liiiddhi.sm  until,  after  a  period  of  .mio 
years,  the  forces  of  Itrahmaiiism  rose  against 
their  y(iun^(er  rivid,  overwhelmed  the  strong- 
holds of  Kuddhism,  and  after  n  loii)^'  striii^^le 
expelled  it  rout  and  brum  h  from  the  land.  lien- 
aiis  then  resumed  its  pre  emiiieiu'o  of  sanc- 
tity in  the  minds  of  devout  Hindus,  wliieh  it 
has  never  since  let  sli|>.  I  luring  the  Mohaiii- 
medaii  period,  under  tlii>  Miiliammeiliin  Km 
pire  (121111  ixiH)  A. 11. 1,  many  of  the  (dd  Hindu 
luilldiii^s  Were  appropriated  to  Jlohaiuiiiedan 
uses,  while  many  were  ibstroyed,  ami  the  de 
\elopmciit  of  Hinduism  and  itsaiehit) ctural  ex- 
pression seem  to  have  bi  en  ke]it  in  strict  sub- 
jection ;  yet  the  city  is  said  to  contain  to  day, 
b«sides  innumerable  siiialhr  shrines,  l,|.'it 
Hindu  teni|deK,  must  of  which  are  insi);iiitieant 
areliitectunilly,  and  272  MohMmnudan  moMpies, 
The  largest  of  these  is  the  Mosulle  ot  .\urann/ll>, 
built  by  the  iblo^id  emperor  of  that  name  from 
the  ruins  of  a  Hindu  teiuple.  It  slanils  on  tho 
liiuli  hank  of  the  liaiines,  with  iiiinari  ts  tower- 
ing up  117  fi'ct  The  clitT  whiidi  forms  tho 
river  front,  and  on  which  the  city  now  stamis, 
is  some  put  f ei  t  aiiove  the  water  level,  ^'li^;hts 
of  steps  at  convenient  )ioints  lead  down  to  tho 
water's  ed^e.  Tliese  are  known  as  "^'.liats," 
or  di^sci'ndin){  jthices,  and  up  and  down  are  con- 
tinually ]iassin){  Hindu  devotees  and  pilt^rims, 
with  their  attindant  jiriests,  noin^j  to  or  ri  turn- 
inj"  from  the  sacred  waters  of  the  (ianj^es.  which 
are  supposed  to  be  capable  of  washing  away 
sin.  The  view  of  the  city  from  the  water  is  ex- 
ceedinnly  imposing;,  but  the  streets  are  narrow 
and  mean,  dirty  and  crowded.  Iteiiares  is 
thronged  by  pilgrims  from  alt  parts  of  Imlia. 
To  bathe  ill  the  Oan^es  here  is  the  hope  of 
livery  devout  Hindu  ;  and  to  die  in  its  sacred 
embrace,  or,  failiiij^  that,  to  have  one's  bom  s 
after  death  transporteil  thither  and  lliin^  into 
the  Htieaiii.  is  supposed  to  onsure  the  soul  a 
speedy  entrance  into  I'aradise.  liollles  and 
jars  are  tilled  by  the  pilgrims  and  carried  by 
them  to  their  lionies,  in  order  thai,  their  friends 
who  are  unable  to  make  tho  joiirii'y  in  jMrson 
may  be  an.iinted  with  a  few  drops  of  the  Imly 
water.  Many  wealthy  Hindus,  |)rinees  and 
others,  swell  the  ranks  of  the  pilgrims,  and 
some  even  keep  up  resiliences  in  the  sacred 
city.  Il  iH  from  this  pili^rim  trade  that  tho 
pros]M'rity  of  the  city  ehielly  arises,  as  well  as 
from  the  fees  exacted  by  the  lirahmans  for  the 
varied  reli^^ious  cereliionies. 

At  lienares  is  site  ited  (Queen's  Cidlene,  with 
a  ri>ll  of  many  hundi'  -d  stiidi  nts  :  also  a  normal 
school.  These  are  ^^.ivermiientHl  institutions. 
.\n  observatory,  whi're  Hindu  astronomers  have 
pursued  the  study  of  astronomy,  and  which  was 
erected  in  ll!'.i:i,  overlooks  one  of  the  nhats. 
There  is  a  hospitid,  a  town  hall,  a  library,  and 
other  liti  r'lry  instilulions. 

The  eentrai  jiosition  of  l!i  iiaii'S,  in  the  esti- 
mation of  llindiiisi  I,  ^'ives  it  peer.liar  impor- 
tance to  the  Clui^iiaii  missionary.  lUows 
struck  here  an'  aimed  at  the  very  heart  and 
centre  of  the  Hindu  faith.  "  Humanly  speak- 
ing," says  the  IJev.  M.  \.  Shcrrint^     himself  for 


i 


BENAR£S 

iinnyy.inrH-iirdluiMy 
'wm-a  liy  llin.iiiH  f„r 

0  Hixtli  coiitury,  lii,u 
"lit   on    his   iiiiHMioii 

tllliW  I'Ult  „f  liii.i.ll,. 
"t  Sarimth,  tlio  sito 
'Illy  fc)iir  luili'H  Jidii, 
miiiiMl  till!  lu'iiiliniiir 
ifttr  II  [urioil  lit  MM) 
imiiiisin  lobf  iiKiiiiiHt 
"Iii'IiiumI  tliii  Mlnnii,'. 
lifter  II  Iniij,,  htriinuli, 
fromthii  liiiiil.     Jiin 

I'   llllilll  IICII    Clf     Klllll'- 

>iit   Ilindiis,  uliiili  it 
l»iiiingtli„.M,,i„„„. 
M'llmiiiiiiiMlnii     1:1,,. 
y  cf  till)  old   Hindu 
L'll   to   Molmiiiijiiiliiii 
<lroyid,  iitid    the  d... 
lilsiitcliittrtuiiil  ,x- 
II  Ui'iit  in  Ktrii't  suli- 
id  Id  luntiiin  tn  ilay, 
llir    sliiiiiix,     l.l.'il 
iili  iiio  iiisi^^nitiniiit, 
ImiiiniiMljin  iiiom|ius. 
i)M|nti  111  .\iiriiii(^/il), 
f>f  tliiit  imiiiii  fnuii 
I'.     It  htiiiiils  on  llio 
illi  iiiinar.ts  towi  r- 
ff  wliicli  foiiiiH  tlio 
I'll   city  now  MiiiuIh, 
nlir  l.vi  1.     lli^liiH 
«  Itad  down  to  tlio 
no«n  iiH  •■  ^dlatH," 
Hind  down  ari)  rou- 
oti'is  and  j>ilf,'iinis, 
Koiii(,'  to  or  n  tiirn- 
tlio  (iiili^;rs,  wliich 

1  of  wasliini^  away 
1)111  tliii  watrr  is  ex- 

Hfri'its  ari'  narrow 
vdi'd.      licimrcs    in 
iill  jiarts  of  India, 
■ro  is  till)  liojMi  of 
J  iliii  in  its  KiKTid 
Imvi)  oim's   liotii  H 
liiT  and  limit,'  iiit'> 
ansuro   tli«  nouI  11 
INO.        llottlis  and 
iiH  and   carri.d  liy 
tliiil,  llii'ir  friiTiiU 
jonrn.y  ji,  jM-rson 
drojis  of  till!  liuly 
liiM,    jiriiircH    and 
li<>  pilKriiiis,   and 
'<H  in   tlie  MiiiTfil 
11   tradii  tliiit   Ilia 

iUisi'S,    as    Well    HH 

liralinians  for  the 

•Il'H('nI!t>Kt.,   Mith 

Is  ;  also  a  iinnnnl 
dal  instituiioiiH. 
i^lrononicrs  liavo 
V,  and  which  was 
''  of  111,,  t<liiits. 
II,  a  lihrary,  ami 

iroM,  in   tho  csti- 

I>cci:liar  iiiiiior- 
ioiiary,        lllows 

very  lioart  and 
lluiiianly  speak- 
ing    hiiiisclf  for 


I 


ir 


11 


il 


01 


w 


M 


OD 


O 


W 


)0 


f 


BENARBS 


14U 


BBMOAL 


iiiiitiy  yviiTH  n  iiiiHHloniiry  iit  llcniiriM— "  witc 
till'  I'ity  t>>  iiliiiiicloti  itH  idnliitriius  usii^'t'H  iiinl  to 

I'lllliliicu  tilt'  (■imlicl  iif  ChriHt,  I  lie  ilVict  nt  xmli 

li  Ntl>|>    \l|ll>ll   till-    lIlIlllU    IMIIllllllllily    Would    III'  IIH 

^riiiit  Hi  ^vllH  |iriiilui'i'il  nii  tln'  Kniiiiii  Kiiiiiiri' 
wlii'ii  lioiiiii  iiiliijitt'il  till'  ('liri:''tiiiii  taith  I'liii 
N|ii'i'iitl  Huiiotlt.v  and  inlliii  iii'i!  ii(  liiiiariN  cnii' 
Mtitiitu  u  ){i^itiitii'  olistiu'lii  to  lilt  ri'iii^loiH 
cliiiii|{i'M  williiii  it,"  MiHHidimry  \Mirk  wiih  Iio 
({llll  tliuro  ill  isji;  liy  tlio  Kli^tlNli  llniillMt  So- 
I'intv.  Urv,  Williiiiii  Hiiiilli  Was  tlio  lirnt  mis. 
Miiiiiary,  and  lulmri'd  tlicri'  for  a  |irriod  if  forty 
3'iiirs.  'I'liD  Cliiiri'li  Missioiiaiy  .Soiiity  ln'naii 
(i|ifrjitioiiii  alioiit  till'  vi'iir  I^^IT  ;  at  llrst  their 
work  wax  I'diii'iitioiial,  as  tlicy  hiiccitcdtd  in  ^ct- 
tiliK'  liDHst'Ssloii  of  at)  clidowi'il  hcIiooI  how  a 
i'olli'){i<  known  htill,  from  tlui  uiimo  of  its 
ori){intil  foiiiidrr,  as  Itujii  day  Narayaii'M  ('oi- 
lcan, anil  wliii'li  was  niadii  o\i'r  to  tlii)  <'.  M.  K. 
in  IHM.  It  has  now  Nomn  'ini  Htiiiltiiits,  Tho 
L  <n<lon  Missionary  Society  Ht-nt  tlirir  llrst  ii^eiit 
tlliTe  in  IH'Jd.  As  to  tliu  results  in  tllis  eelitro 
i>f  a  mi^llty  niiil  o]i|iosiii|^  faitli,  \vo  ijiioti'  a(,'iiin 
(rom  Uev.  Mr.  Klierrino  :  •'  It  is  no  exaj^^'ira- 
tliiii  to  alUrm  that  iialivn  society  in  thai  lily, 
C'sjiecially  111111111(4  tho  lietier  classes,  is  now 
(1^71)  hardly  thn  Kaliie  tliilivt  that  il  Was  a  few 
years  at,'o.  All  ediuatid  class  has  H|irutio  into 
existence,  which  is  litth'  inclined  toeontiniie  in 
the  mental  li'inda^-''  of  tli>'  past.  .  .  .  The  re- 
lij^i'iii  of  id  ilatiy,  of  i^culnturi  s,  of  Micred  wells 
mill  riviirs,  of  ^ross  telichism,  nf  mylholoKical 
represeututious,  of  iiiaiiy  handed,  or  many- 
hc'iidud,  or  many  Imdied  deities,  is  losing  in 
tlu'ir  i'ye>  its  relinioiis  romane.'.  ...  t  if  not  ii 
few  it  may  I  i  siid  that  '  old  thini^s  hiivu  passed 
iiway  ;'  iind  of  the  mass  of  thu  peo|ili,  that 
'  all  things  arc  lieeomiiiK'  new,'  " 

Itaptist  Missionary  Society  ;  1  iiiissionary.  I 
tvannilists,  I'.'  church  nieiuliers. 

Church  Missiiuiary  Society  ;  1  missionary  iiinl 
wife,  ;i'.i  nativu  lay  teachers,  lii.'l  eomiiMiiiinuntM, 
l,'.""*;  Kcholars, 

l.'iii  Ion  Missionary  Society  ;  'J  luissionarieri 
Itud  wives,  I  other  Iiiissionary,  'J  feiiialu  mis. 
Hioiiiirit'K,  1  native  ordained  preiielu  r,  'J'l 
church  lueniliers,  l.iU'J  schilars. 

Wesleyail  Methodist  .Missionary  Society  ;  'J 
liiiHsionaries,  III  iialive  teachers,  'M'>  eoitimuni- 
<  ants,  '.I  li  scholars, 

llfiriia  Vl<r*ioil.  The  U-n«a,  which  lie. 
I.>li;^'s  to  the  lialitii  tamily  of  African  liin^ua){)>s, 
is  Npoki'ti  south  of  the  CoIi^n  liiver.  Mission- 
lines  nf  the  rresliUeriaii  lloiiid,  North,  trans- 
lateil  parts  of  the  lliliKi  which  were  issued  I'V 
the  Americin  liililc  Society  from  its  jiress  in 
New  York  — vi/  .  Matthew  iii  iH'ih,  Mark  in  iHi'd, 
Luke  and  (ieiiesis  in  Jni;;!,  John  and  Acts  in 
l''''!.  .\  llew  edition  of  the  ( iospils  iilel  Acts 
was  pulilished  in  |hs1,  and  Nince  then  Ituumus 
Itud  l8t  nnil  '2(1  Corinthians  wero  issued, 

(Sijtcimiu  Versi:,  John  .'f  :  V\.) 
Knknna  mli  AnyamhC  a  tftiidi\ki  lie,  ka  Mft-a 
vd  Mwan>  'ajii  umhfikft,  no,  uChepi  a  ka  karoidO 
M&,   n  nyaiigc,   iiJi   a   iia    ciii6p&    ya    cgombe 
yfilif'pL 

Bi'lIBUl  (often  railed  "Lower  ItenRiil,"  ill 
oiihr  to  ilisliiinuish  it  from  lleiij^al  rresideiiey, 
•pv.),  one  of  the  tivo  uroat  iiroviiices  into 
which  tho  llennal  rroKidfiiey  is  dividud,  tho 
other  four  l)oin({  Assam,  the  Northwest  I'rov- 
inuuH,  Ajmuru,  uud  the  I'uujub.     It  coiupriseH 


(I)  the  torrltnrr  nfton  Hpokt-n  of  us  JieiiKul 
I'roper,  through  which  the  (iaii^es  and  llruh- 
miiiiiilrn  rivt-rs  deserilie  the  lower  portion  cif 
(heir  culinu',  inelilillliK  the  delliiH  of  llioHO  ^rent 
htreaiiiM  ;  (°Ji  thu  proMiice  of  ( iriSKii,  which 
htretchert   liloii^   the    coust  of  tin    (iiilf  holith  (i( 

the  dtilta  ;   I'll  the  jiroMii) f    llehiir,  to   thu 

liiirthwest  of  jlelit.'al  I'ruper,  nlnl  ili  llie  iUk- 
Iriet  (if  Chhola-Nii^'piir,  Hoiitli  of  Jlehar  atiil 
West  of  (iriMMii  These  iiro  all  I'liiliraeiil  in  (he 
territory  under  (he  jurisdiction  of  the  Lietiteti- 
ant  lioveriior  of  Jleii^al.  This  iirtielu  ({ivtH 
nii<rely  u  general  account  of  the  larger  area 
vhich  includes  tliem  all.  The  IiiiiiIh  of  latltiidu 
lire  1 '.I  In  iiiiil'JM  I'j' north  ;  loii^itiide,  h'J  and 
'.•"  K.  Total  una,  JMM.lim  Hi|iiiire  null  s.  I'opu- 
liitioii  (iMNli,  i;',i,,'i:ii',,Md,  or  uliout  one  third  (ho 
entire  poiiulatiou  <>(  llritish  India.  In  accord- 
nncti  witti  that  fact,  one  lliird  of  the  t^roHM 
ruveniiu  o(  thu  luitian  Liiijiire  is  ih  ri\ed  from 
this  province.  Thuwlmlo  amount  of  thu  urea 
just  deilned  14  not  iietiially  iiiiil-r  jiritish  rule  ; 
to  thu  northeast  and  eiiMt  of  lleli^'al  iiie  the  prin- 
cipalities of  Kiich  Jli  liar  iiiiil  Hill  Ti|ipei'ah, 
htill  under  native  chiefs,  iiiid  to  tho  h.iulli  and 
HoillhweHt  ant  twoother  groups  of  native  Slates, 
though  all  of  these  are  under  a  ei  rtain  (-'i  lural 
Kiirvelllalii'u  of  the  l>eliL.'al  ( lovirnmenl.  Tluro 
is  also  a  lar^^u  tract  of  half  siiluiier^'ed  toreiit 
and  jiiii>,'li'  territory,  skirtiiiij  (hu  outer  eil^;e  of 
the  ^'ri  at  didta,  through  w  hid,  the  liaii^isand 
the  ISrahmaputra  tilially  pmir  their  wati  is  into 
the  ^iilf,  known  as  tho  Siiiiderliunds.  This 
(lact  lni-%  iii\ir  lueii  wholly  Hiirveyed,  hut 
(hu  una  of  its  nusiirveyed  portion  is  ihtimated 
at  .",'.'7ii  Kipiare  miles, 

111  no  other  part  u(  llritish  India,  iiinl  in  few- 
other  parts  of  tint  World,  is  thu  (kvera',;e  density 
of  the  population  so  ^reat  US  ill  llin){al.  In 
home  of  the  districts  close  to  Calcutta  it  is  over 
l,:iiNi  to  ihu  sipiaru  mile  :  in  eertaln  parts  o(  lie 
liar,  MTO  and  over  ;  and  the  averiij,'e  of  the  whole 
of  llcll^'ill  (excllldlllK'  the  native  ,^tiiteh|  Is '1  111  ; 
while  ilicluiltn){  those  States  it  is  1171  .  dllu  re- 
luarkalilii  pi'ciiliarity  is  that  tlii-<  xast  iKiplllii- 
tl'in  is  lari^ely  rural.  Calcutta  itsi  If,  w  itli  itssiili 
iirlis,  had.  ill  l''nl,  T'.'iN'J'"'  inhahitaiils  ratnii, 
with  17l',l'."il,  is  the  only  other  cuy  that  «  MeiiiH 
liKi.lKill  ;  two  others  rise  iiliovi-  7"i  iUMi  duly 
'.'IHI  townK  contain  more  thull  ."..mil  people 
rach  ;  and  their  ii^'i^nuale  population  emliraci  s 
only  5.2)1  per  cent  of  the  tiitire  populalion. 
lieiil^al  hiiH  tho  lowest  pi  rcniliij.;!'  of  ils  poim- 
lation  in  cities  of  any  province  in  ]:i  itisli  India. 
On  tho  other  hand,  out  of  'Ji'l,'!'"')  towns  and 
villai^es  It  was  found  that  l*'i.'i,'jr,:t  contained  less 
than  2IMI  Hoiils  each,  and  (i7,:ti>7  had  h'ss  than 
ollll  each.  Thu  principal  ueeiipation  of  the  )>eo' 
plu  there  is  at^riculture.  Of  thu  male  popula- 
tion capahlti  of  lalior  nhont  two  and  a  halt  times 
DH  many  are  employed  ii|  on  the  land  as  upon 
all  other  lirauches  ol  industry  eoiiiliined  Kicu 
is  the  htaplo  product.  The  various  Heoils  from 
which  ve|{utabln  oilM  aru  produced  iiru  ritisud 
and  lAportod  in  lar^e  ipiaiitities.  ,lute,  in- 
di^M,  and  tea  are  raisul,  priiici)iiilly  \>y  I'.n^lish 
capital  and  under  thu  direction  of  l^n^'lisb 
liliiiiters  In  somo  of  the  districts  of  liuhnr 
opium  is  cultivated,  thoiii^h  only  under  liccuRo 
from  till)  ^overniiieiit  of  India,  winch  hohls  tho 
iiioiiopoly  of  itH  production,  and  in  Homu  yearx 
derivex  a  Heventh  u(  itH  ^tohh  iuoomu  from  this 
Hource. 

Thu    population    of    liuni^al    exhibits    ^^reat 
divcrxity  both  ul  race,  language,  religion,  «du- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0     IS'i-  IIM 


I.I 


1.25 


1.4 


2.0 


1.8 


1.6 


m 


VI 


^ 


/a 


/ 


y 


/A 


I  1 


iV 


BENOAL 


!.-,() 


BENOAL 


cation,  mid  oivilizntion.  Out  of  the  aggregnte 
pop.  of  i;<i,r,;j(;,H(;i  (in  1881),  over  21,000,(1(111  m-o 
MolmninuMlans  ;  about  15,. ^00, 000  aro  Hindus  ; 
I'JH.l;!")  returned  tlieuiselves  as  (MiristiiiUH,  and 
2,2.")0,ooo  helong  to  otlier  religions,  chicHy  pro- 
fessed liy  the  lialf-savago  aboriginal  tribes  of 
the  liill  and  jungle  regions,  a  few  hundreds  be- 
ing Jews,  I'atsis,  liuddhists,  etc.  The  Moham- 
medans i>re  mostly  the  descendants  of  converts 
made  from  the  lower  ranks  of  llinc.uism  many 
'  centuries  ago,  (ui  tlio  first  entrance  into  ]3en- 
gal  of  the  Jlosleiii  power.  In  more  recent 
times,  while  still  professing  their  Moslem  faith, 
they  have  sadly  ilecliiied  *'rom  its  original  purity, 
and  have  corrupted  its  practice  by  many  ele- 
ments of  the  original  Ilinduisni  from  which 
their  fathers  came.  Virtually  they  for  many 
years  were  little  else  than  circumcised  Hindus. 
Latterly,  however,  under  the  intlueuce  of  vigor- 
ous preaching  I'y  itinerant  Mohanimedan  mis- 
sionaries from  tlio  northwest,  many  of  them 
have  been  led  to  return  to  a  purer  Mohammedan 
observance.  The  i[ohamuiedan  population  i.s 
found  principally  in  the  northern  and  eastern 
districts  of  liengal  Proper,  where  it  will  often 
constitute  from  a  half  to  two-thirds  (or  in 
limited  areas  even  more)  of  the  whole. 

Of  the  15,500,000  Hindus,  3(i,50(),()00  belong 
to  that  division  of  the  great  Hindu  family 
known  as  Bengalis,  speaking  the  Bengali  lan- 
guage and  inhabiting  the  province  of  Bengal 
Proper,  together  with  a  few  nd.iacent  districts. 
In  Beba'  are  found  many  Hindi  speaking  Hin- 
dus, V.  b  I  have  also  spread  themselves  into 
Chhoi'i  ,agpur,  displacing  the  aboriginal  set- 
tlers 111  that  province,  or  else  imposing  upon 
them  their  own  language,  and  to  some  extent 
their  manners.  The  number  using  that  lan- 
guage, including  many  not  Hindus,  is  estimated 
at  25,000,000.  In  O'rissa  is  found  the  Uriya 
tongue,  spoken  by  about  5,500,000 — all  Hindus. 
The  aboriginal  tribes  have  usually  each  their 
own  language  and  their  own  form  of  religion. 

Of  the  Hindus,  the  three  superior  castes  are 
the  Brahmans,  numfiering  2,754,100  ;  the 
Kshattriyas,  1,400,000,  and  the  Kayasths,  1,500,- 
000.  Below  these  superior  castes  are  ranged 
the  great  masses  of  the  people  in  their  respec- 
tive gradations.  The  Baniyas  are  the  traders  ; 
the  Cioalas  are  the  herdsmen  ;  the  cultivat- 
ing cla.ss  is  the  largest,  while  the  numerous 
streams  and  branches  of  the  great  rivers  M'hicli 
intersect  Lower  Bengal  in  all  directions  provide 
for  the  existence  of  a  large  number  of  boating 
and  ttshing  castes.  .Vs  usual  in  all  parts  of  In- 
dia, every  particular  trade  or  calling  is  followed 
by  a  separate  caste  devoted  to  that  alone. 

t)f  the  aboriginal  tribes,  the  most  imiiortant 
are  the  Santals,  the  Kols,  and  the  Gonds  ;  it  is 
hard  to  state  their  numlxTS  with  accuracy.  The 
Santals,  who  are  the  most  numerous,  number  a 
little  more  than  1,000,000.  But  as  intercourse 
increases  between  these  tribes  and  their  Hindu 
neighbors,  tlio  tendency  is  more  and  more  for 
the  aboriginal  peoples  to  merge  into  the  Hindu 
body,  gradually  adopting  the  language  and  the 
religious  practices  of  the  suiierior  race,  and 
throwing  off  their  own  peculiarities.  Doubt- 
less many  of  the  Pariah  castes  throughout 
India  represent  purely  aboriginal  races  Mhicli 
have  thus  been  incorporated  into  the  Hindu 
body  and  assigned  to  its  lowest  social  rank. 
The  three  tribes  just  mentioned,  along  with 
several  less  important  tribes,  inhabit  the  regions 
of  Cbhota-Nagpur  and  other  districts  iu  the 


southwestern  part  of  Bengal,  as  well  as  the 
districts  still  under  the  control  of  native  chiefs 
in  the  same  direction.  Many  otlier  tribes 
aro  f(Uind  on  the  northern  and  eastern  border, 
in  Hill  Tipperah  and  Kuch  Beliar.  Both  these 
districts  are  yet  under  their  original  native 
rulership,  and  aro  the  homes  of  peoples  belong- 
ing, in  the  first,  to  the  Indo-Burniese,  and,  in 
the  second,  to  the  Indo-Chinese  race.  Of  the 
aboriginal  tribes,  as  a  whole,  it  may  bo  said 
that  their  condition  is  exceediiigl.v  low  ;  their 
social  organization  in  many  cases  the  simplest 
known  to  modern  anthropological  science,  and 
their  religious  ideas  of  the  crudest  kind. 
Among  some  of  the  tribes  human  sacrifices  con- 
tinued to  be  an  obligatory  jiart  of  their  relig- 
ious observance  until  the  Indian  Government, 
within  the  jiresent  generation,  compelled  their 
abandonment.  Yet  it  is  found  that  these  Jieo- 
ple  present  an  extremely  hopeful  field  for  tho 
operation  of  Christian  missions,  and  among 
some  of  them — notably  the  Santids— missions 
have  been  prosecuted  during  the  jiast  twenty 
years  with  most  gratifying  success. 

In  1H81-82  a  little' over  1,000,000  scholars 
were  under  instruction  in  the  public  schools  of 
Bengal.  This  is  about  11  per  cent  of  the  chil- 
dren of  a  school-going  age.  The  total  expendi- 
ture en  education  that  year  was  .tO-11,200,  of 
which  t;J7(!,200  was  paid  by  the  people  them- 
selves and  the  balance  by  tho  government. 
There  were  eight  government  colleges,  several 
normal  schools,  high  schools  in  tho  larger 
towns,  and  iirimary  schools  scattered  through 
the  villages.  The  missionary  societies  cooper- 
ate with  the  government  and  with  the  people 
in  their  efforts  to  extend  education,  having 
many  schools  and  colleges  in  connection  witli 
their  work  at  nearly  all  mission  stations.  In 
the  year  just  mentioned  there  were  within  tho 
j)rovince  51  vernacular  newsjiapers,  l;i  being 
.sheets  of  some  importance.  Several  jiapers, 
edited  wholly  in  English,  n'  also  issued  by  na- 
tives, besides  those  conducted  by  European 
writers. 

The  missionary  history  of  Bengal,  ns  well  as 
its  political  history,  is  of  the  utmost  interest. 
While  this  province  was  not  the  seat  of  the 
earliest  Protestant  missionary  activity  in  India 
— an  honor  which  belongs  to  Madras— it  is  ever 
associated  in  the  minds  of  Christian  jieoido 
with  the  names  of  Carey,  Marshman,  and  Ward, 
who  made  Seramporotliestarting-i)ointof  wide- 
ly diffused  evangelistic  inrtuences,  with  that  of 
the  eccentric.  Thomas,  who  was  tl:e  pioneer  of 
tho  work  afterward  more  effectively  prosecuted 
by  the  Serampore  band,  and  in  more  recent 
times  with  that  of  Duff,  whose  educational 
work  at  Calcutta,  and  whose  immense  energy 
and  missionary  zeal  were  the  means  of  lifting 
the  work  of  Christian  instruction  to  the  prom- 
inence which  it  deserves  as  a  factor  of  mission- 
ary success.  At  the  ))reseiit  time  Bengal  is  well 
occupied  by  the  agents  of  many  Protestant  mis- 
sionary societies.  The  English  Baptists,  still 
preserving  the  traditions  and  continuing  the 
work  of  Thomas,  ('arey,  and  their  early  associ- 
ates, the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Gospel,  tho  Church  Missionary  f-'ociety,  the 
Established  Church  of  Scotland,  the  Free 
Church  of  Scotland,  the  London  Missionary 
Society,  the  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society,  tho 
Welsh  Calvinistic  Methodists,  the  American 
Bajitists,  the  American  Free-Will  Baptists,  the 
American  Methodists,  besides  many  women's 


BBNOAL 


161 


BENOHAZI 


iipeis, 

"  .y  im- 

iropean 

ell  ns 
prest. 
of  the 
Tndin, 
is  ever 
lonjilo 
Wiinl, 
V  i(lo- 

tllilt  of 

neir  of 
secuted 
cent 
ntionnl 
nergy 
lifting 
prom- 
ission- 
is  well 
t  niis- 
1,  still 
ng  tlio 
iissoci- 
of  tho 
V,  the 
Fieo 
ionary 
y.  tho 
lericnn 
ts,  the 
men's 


niissionnry  societies  nnd  seveml  independent 
agenoiiis,  lue  nil  I'fpi'esented  iimoiiy  the  uiis- 
Biouury  laborers  of  15eugal. 

Bengal  I'ri'sideiu'y  (British  India),  the 
largest  of  the  great  ailiiimistrativo  ilivisious 
of  liritish  India.  It  comprises,  generally  speak- 
ing, all  of  liritish  India  north  of  the  Vindbya 
Mountains,  embracing  the  great  Clanges  Valley, 
the  valley  of  tho  IJraLimapntra,  and  tho  upper 
portion  of  tho  Indus  Valley,  so  far  as  these  fall 
within  'vlio  limits  of  liritish  territory.  It  is 
subdivided  into  live  subordinate  provinces, 
eacL  under  the  charge  of  u  local  government, 
and  all  under  the  general  direction  of  the  su- 
premo government  of  India.  These  subdi- 
visions are  A.imero,  Assam,  Bengal,  Northwest 
Provinces  and  Oudh,  and  the  I'an.iab.  (See 
these  titles.)  The  extent  of  the  Bengal  Presi- 
dency, as  a  whole,  embraces  4:H\),'-JV.)  s<iuare 
miles,  with  a  population,  in  IHWl,  of  142,-1-1(),7IS. 

BcilK'Uli  Version.— The  Bengali,  which  is 
spoken  by  millions  in  the  province  of  Bengal, 
belongs  to  tho  Indie  branch  of  the  Aryan  family 
of  languages.  There  exist  many  dialects  of  this 
language,  chief  of  which  are  the  .Standard  and 
Musulmani. 

1.  ]iewi<d!  Skimlard  Version. — Into  this  lan- 
guage a  translation  was  commenced  by  tho  late 
,  Br.  W.  Carey  (d.  18;i-l).  In  1801  the  New  Testa- 
ment was  published  at  Serami)ore  ;  in  IHdii  the 
second,  and  so  on  till  1832,  when  he  was  per- 
mitted to  carry  through  tho  eigiith  edition.  In 
1802  Carey  commenced  with  tho  Old  Testa- 
ment which  was  completed  in  1801).  Of  the 
Old  Testament  ho  published  ftvo  editions,  and 
in  18:12  his  last  edition  of  tho  Bible  was  pub- 
lislied  at  Seramporo.  It  is  said  that  when  this 
last  edition  was  issued,  he  took  a  cop.v  into  the 
pulpit  and  said,  "Lord,  now  lettest  Thou  Thy 
servant  depart  in  peace,  because  mine  eyes 
have  seen  Thy  salvation." 

A  second  version  of  tho  Now  Testament,  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  EUerton,  of  the  Church  Mission- 
ary Society,  was  piiblished  by  the  Calcutta  Bible 
Society  in  1818. 

A  third  version  of  the  Bengali  Scriptures  was 
made  by  the  late  Rev.  I>r.  W.  Yates,  and  his 
New  Testament  was  published  at  Calcutta  in 
18.33.  .\  second  edition  followed  in  1837,  a  third 
in  1839,  and  a  fourth  in  1810,  etc.  A  beauti- 
ful edition  of  Yates's  New  Testament,  in  Homan 
letters,  was  published  at  London  in  IHiiO.  The 
translation  of  the  Old  Testament  was  complete;! 
in  1811.  A  new  edition  of  Y'ates's  New  Testa- 
ment was  published  in  1817,  and  ever  sinco 
new  editions,  as  revised  by  tho  Eev.  Dr.  J. 
Wenger,  were  issued.  Tho  latter  also  reviseil 
Y'ates's  Old  Testament,  so  that  the  fourth 
edition  of  the  Y'ates- Wenger  Bible  was  pub- 
lished in  1807,  tho  fifth,  with  references,  in 
1871,  and  the  sixth  in  1870.  In  editing  this 
edition  Dr.  Wenger  was  aided  by  ^Messrs.  Kouso 
and  Lewis,  of  tho  Baptist  Mission.  A  New 
Testament  with  annotations,  in  two  volumes, 
was  published,  1878-83. 

In  addition  to  these  three  versions,  another 
was  commenced  by  the  llev.  II.  P.  Greaves,  of 
tho  Church  Missionary  Society.  His  premature 
death  (d.  1870)  prevented  bis  continuing  the 
work,  and  only  the  Gospel  of  Matthew  has  been 
published  by  the  Britisli  and  Foreign  Bible  So- 
ciety at  Calcutta  in  1873.  In  1882  the  Calcutta 
auxiliary  undertook  the  publication  of  a  tenta- 
tive version  of  the  New  Testament,  made  by  the 


Rev.  C.  Bromweitch,  for  twenty  years  a  mis- 
sionary of  the  Church  Missionary  Society  in 
liengal,  and  whose  Epistle  to  Romans  it  had 
already  issued  in  1807.  In  the  same  year.  1882, 
the  Calcutta  Auxiliary  Bible  Society  published 
an  edition  of  1,000  copies  of  the  Gosjiel  of 
Mark,  transliterated  from  tho  common  Bengali 
New  Testament,  accompanied  by  a  key.  The 
book  is  intended  for  those  chiell.v  who  wish  to 
read  Jiengali  to  their  servants,  but  who  have 
not  mastered  the  language. 

In  order  to  secure  a  simple,  smooth,  and 
idiomatic  tran.slation  which  would  be  acceptable 
to  the  nuiss  of  the  people,  a  reprei.entative  com- 
mittee, composed  chielly  of  liengali  Christian 
scholars,  was  formed  in  1883.  The  Revision 
Committee  have  thus  far  completed  the  Gospels 
of  Matthew  and  Mark,  which  were  published. 

2.  Jknijali-Musuhnunl. — To  meet  the  wants 
of  about  21,000,000  of  Mussulmans  of  Lower 
and  Eastern  Bengal,  who,  while  they  read  tho 
Bengali  character,  speak  a  dialect  of  the  Ben- 
gali language  mingled  with  foreign  terms  and 
words,  tho  Calcutta  Auxiliary  Bible  Society 
published  in  1855  tho  (Tospel  of  Luke,  under 
the  care  of  the  Rev.  J.  Paterson,  of  the  London 
Missionary  Society.  In  185(')  tho  Ciospel  of  John 
was  issued,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Paterson,  un- 
der the  care  of  tho  Rev.  S.  J.  Hill,  also  of  the 
London  ilissionary  Society.  Up  to  1803  the 
Calcutta  Auxiliary  had  issued,  in  this  mixed 
tongue,  the  four  Gospels  and  Acts,  Genesis, 
Psalms,  and  Isaiah.  For  a  time  the  work  of 
translating  other  parts  of  the  Scriptures  into 
this  dialect  was  suspended,  when  it  was  re- 
sumed again  in  1870  and  a  new  translation  of 
the  Gospel  of  Luke,  edited  by  tho  Rev.  J.  E. 
Payne,  of  tho  London  Missionary  Society,  was 
issued  at  Calcutta.  In  the  same  year  the  Rtv. 
J.  R.  Ellis,  of  the  Baptist  Society,  edited  a  new 
translation  of  Matthew  for  the  Bible  Transla- 
tion Society.  A  revised  edition  of  the  Gospel 
of  Matthew  was  issued  by  the  Calcutta  Auxiliary 
in  1887.  Tho  liritish  and  Foreign  Bible  So- 
ciety disposed  up  to  ilareh  31st,  1880,  of  copies 
of  tho  Scriptures,  in  parts  or  in  whole,  as  fol- 
lows :  In  Bengali  jiroper,  1,]89,01(>  ;  in  liengali, 
with  Roman  type,  1,02()  ;  in  Bengali,  with  Eng- 
lish. 2.018  ;  in  Bengali-Mnsulmani,  113,000,  or 
of  1,308,120  portions  of  Scriptures. 

(Specimen  Verses.  John  3  :  16.) 

wqal  ^y  niffs^  afy  ^snrs  ^sm'  ftiiwHj  w '^'Rta 

Homun. 

Kenand.  Ishwar  jagater  prati  cman  dnyrt 
karilcn,  jo  ftpauflr  adwitfya  Putrake  pradiia 
karilen ;  tfthftto  tanhdr  bishwaskiii  i  pralyck 
jan  nashta  nri  Laiyi  ananta  paranifiyu  pftibe. 

Beiijfliiixi,  a  town  of  Barca,  North  Africa, 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Sidra.  It 
stands  on  the  verge  of  a  large  plain,  sandy  and 
barren  for  nearly  a  mile  from  the  shore,  but  be- 
yond that  having  a  fertile  but  rocky  soil  to  the 
foot  of  the  Cyrenaic  Mountoins.  Population, 
7,000,  many  of  whom  are  Jews  and  negro 
slaves.  Chief  occupations  of  the  people  are 
agriculture  and  cattle-raising.  No  mission 
work  at  present,  though  the  North  Africa  Mis- 
sion  are  pushing  in  that  direction. 


BENGUELA 


DciliCUCia,  ft  conntry  on  the  West  Coast  of 
Africa,  just  south  of  Angola  (see  Africa,  An- 
gola), with  a  city  of  the  bame  name.  A  station 
of  the  A.  U.  C.  F.  M.  West  Central  Africa 
Mission  ;  1  missionary  and  wife. 

ISeiii-Ada,  a  town  of  Egjpt,  province  of 
Assiout.  Slis.sion  out-station  of  the  United 
I'rtisbyteriau  Church  of  America  (l^T^)  ;  2  na- 
tive helpers,  (iO  cliurch-members,  00  scholars. 

Bcilila,  a  city  of  Corisco,  West  Coast  of 
Africa,  iJH  miles  north  of  Corisco  town.  Mis- 
sion station  of  the  I'resbyteriau  Church,  North  ; 
1  missionary  and  wife,  1  other  lady,  15  native 
helpers,  1  out-stations. 

BuiOaiiiiii>  Kutliun,  b.  at  Catskill,  X.  Y., 
December  14,  1811  ;  removed  to  Williamstown, 
Mass.,  in  1814  ;  graduated  at  Williams  College. 
1831  ;  studied  at  Auburn  and  Andover  Theo- 
logical yeminuries  ;  attended  medical  lectures 
in  New  Ilaveu  and  New  York,  1834-3-5  ;  mar- 
ried Jliss  Mary  G.  Wheeler,  of  New  York,  in 
18:i0,  and  embarked  in  July  following  as  a  mis- 
sionary of  the  American  lioard  for  SSmyma  and 
Greece.  After  spending  a  year  and  a  half  at 
Argos  he  removed  to  Athens,  where  he  labored 
for  six  years  chiefly,  but  not  exclusively,  in 
connection  with  the  press.  During  this  interval 
he  had  an  interesting  Bible-cla.ss  attended  by 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  youug  Greeks,  students 
in  the  university  or  gymnasium  of  that  city. 
Two  of  theso  were  converted.  In  1844,  a  change 
having  beeu  decided  upon  in  regard  to  the 
Greek  mission,  ho  was  transferred  to  the  Ar- 
menian lielu,  and  was  stationed  at  Trebizond. 
Mrs.  Bonjami.T's  health  having  failed,  he  re- 
turned to  Amenci  in  184"),  ami  resignetl  his 
connection  with  the  Board.  His  wife's  health, 
however,  iwproveil,  and  the  call  being  verj' 
urgent,  ho  returned  in  December,  1847,  to 
.Smyrna.  Here  he  labored  chittty  in  connection 
with  the  Armenian  press.  In  18."(2  the  mission 
decided  to  remove  the  press  to  Constantinople, 
and  Mr.  Benjamin  removed  thither.  In  ad- 
dition to  his  work  with  the  press  be  preached 
statedly  in  Greek  to  a  small  congregation  a» 
Pera.  Ho  was  also  the  treasurer  of  the  mission, 
which  office  involved  a  great  amount  of  labor 
ar.J  responsibility.  On  .January  l'2th  he  \ras 
attacked  with  what  seemed  to  be  a  severe  cold, 
but  which  soon  developed  into  a  serious  illness 
resulting  in  his  death,  .January  27th,  185-5.  He 
was  greatly  beloved  by  his  missionary  friends. 
The  whole  native  Protestant  community 
mourned  at  the  news  of  his  death,  and  the  for- 
eign residents  manifested  the  deepest  s,vm- 
pathy.  The  chapel  was  crowded  at  the  funeral 
services,  which  were  partly  in  English  and 
partly  in  Armenian.  The  Protestant  Armenian 
brethren  insisted  on  the  privilege  of  carrying 
with  their  own  hands  the  coffin  to  the  burial- 
place,  a  mile  distant.  The  chaplain  of  the 
English  Embassy,  by  particular  request,  read 
the  funeral  service. 

Bcillietl,  C«'|»lin«,  b.  at  Homer,  N.  Y., 
March  20th,  1804.  When  four  years  of  age 
he  had  a  fall,  which  made  him  i)emianently 
lame.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  printer,  and  at  twenty  was  engaged 
to  superintend  the  i>nblication  of  the  BiipdM 
Regi.ster.  In  connection  with  that  publication 
he  established  a  job  printing  office  in  Utica,  to 
which  was  added  a  bookstore,  which  was  very 
successful.     In  1827  he  wrote  to  Dr.  Davis,  of 


152  BERAR 

Philadelphia,  that  he  thought  the  Burmese 
Bible  might  bo  printed  in  America,  and  offered 
his  services  should  the  plan  be  considered 
jiracticable.  Dr.  BoUes,  Kecretaiy  of  the  Jlis- 
sionarj'  Society  in  Boston,  visited  Ulica  to  con- 
fer with  Mr.  Bennett.  The  plan  was  not  con- 
sidered feasible,  but  Dr.  Bolks  advised  him  to 
offer  himself  to  the  Society  to  go  out  as  its  mis- 
sionary printer.  lie  was  appointed  in  1828, 
sailed  May  22d,  1S2'.I,  reaching  Calcutta  Octo- 
ber (Uh,  and  Moulmeiu,  January  14th,  18110, 
with  his  printing-presses.  He  commenced  at 
once  the  printing  of  tracts,  for  which  the  de- 
mand in  the  early  history  of  the  mission  was 
very  great.  In  1832  ho  began  to  print  the 
Burmese  !■ '-riptures,  and  as  superintendent  of 
the  mission  press  in  Burmah  tor  more  than  half 
a  centurj-  ho  was  permitted  to  print  the  Bible 
in  three  languages  -the  Burmese,  translated  by 
Dr.  Judson  ;  the  Sgau  Karen,  translated  by  Dr. 
JIason,  and  the  Pwo  Karen,  by  IJev.  D.  L. 
Brayton,  pud  also  the  New  Testament  in  the 
Shan  language.  From  the  ])re8s  under  his  care 
were  sent  forth  more  than  200,000,000  of  Scrip- 
tures, tracts,  and  religious  and  educational 
books  in  all  the  dialects  of  Burmah.  He  was 
not  only  a  i)rinter,  but  a  preacher  of  the  Gos- 
]iel,  having  been  ordained  to  the  ministry  by 
his  brethren  of  the  mission,  imd  in  the  inter- 
vals of  his  work  as  a  printer  he  labored  as  an 
evangelist.  The  year  1834  he  spent  in  Ban- 
goon,  then  under  Burman  rule,  i  reaching  and 
distributing  tracts.  When  in  Tavoy,  whither 
he  went  in  1837  to  j  rint  the  Karen  Bible,  and 
where  he  remained  till  his  return  in  18ij7,  he 
sjient  much  of  the  cold  season  in  the  jungles, 
among  the  heathen  and  the  native  Christians. 
In  those  towns  ho  visited  all  the  Tavoy  and 
Mergui  districts.  His  deep  interest  in  the 
educational  work  of  missions  led  him,  in  the 
carl,v  ]>art  of  Lis  residence  in  Moulmein,  to  take 
charge  of  the  government  school  lor  two  and  a 
half  years.  To  him  chiefly  is  due  the  founding 
of  the  Burmah  Bible  and  Tract  Society,  and 
through  his  influence  its  ojicrations  were  en- 
larged by  the  recent  vernacular  school-book  de- 
partments. Ho  was  also  much  engaged  in  the 
English  church  in  Itangoon.  Mr.  Bennett  wa.'J 
taken  seriously  ill  in  July,  188."),  but  rallied,  so 
that  hopes  were  entertained  of  his  recovery. 
Early  in  November  ho  had  a  relapse,  and  on  the 
Ifith  he  passed  away  in  the  eighty-second  year 
of  his  age,  after  fifty-six  years  of  mission  ser- 
vice. 

Bciiool),  a  town  of  Central  Egypt,  in  the 
southern  jiart  of  the  province  oi:  Assioot.  Mis- 
sion out-station  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church  of  America  (1875)  ;  5  native  workers, 
22  church-members,  2  schools,  45  scholars. 

Bcriir,  a  province  of  Central  India,  consist- 
ing chietl,v  of  a  fertile  valley  lying  east  and  west 
between  the  Satpura  range  on  the  north  and 
the  Ajanta  range  on  the  south.  Its  length  from 
east  to  west  is  150  miles,  and  its  breadth, 
about  140.  Its  limits  of  N.  latitude  are  19' 
2G'  and  21°  40',  and  of  E.  longitude  7<)'  and  79' 
13'.  It  touches  the  central  provinces  on  the 
north  and  east,  Bombay  Presidency  on  the  west, 
and  the  Nizam's  dominions  on  the  south. 
Area,  17,700  sipiare  miles.  Pop\ilation,  2,C72,- 
073.  It  is  drained  by  the  branches  of  the  Tapti 
River.  It  enjoys  a  regular  rainfall  of  sufficient 
copiousness  to  ensura  fertility,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  important  of  all  the  cotton-growing 


BERAR 


163 


BERBER 


in  the 

Mis- 

ivtorinn 

lorkers, 

ars. 

cnnsist- 
nil  west 
I'tli  and 
!th  from 
jreadth, 
are  39' 
and  79' 

on  the 
le  west, 

south. 

2,C72,- 
Tnpti 
ifficient 

one  of 


districts  of  India,  besides  producinf;  grains  and 
oil  seeds,  lioth  iron  and  coal  are  ioiind  in  the 
eastern  part  of  iierar,  but  as  yet  conijiarutively 
little  lias  been  done  toward  working  the  mines 
where  they  oeeur.  Its  inhabitants  are  chiedy 
Hindus  (over  IM)  percent),  belongin;^ principally 
to  the  Marathi-speaking  liranch,  and  to  the  in- 
dustrious castes  of  agriculturists.  The  remain- 
ing 10  iier  cent  of  the  poi>ulation  is  divided  up 
among  Mohammedans,  Jains,  I'arsis,  and  Chris- 
tians, the  Mohammedans  alone  numbering  over 
ls7,UU(J  of  these.  There  are  several  aboriginal 
tribes  tunnd  in  IJerar,  mostly  belonging  to  the 
Uhil  and  (iand  fiunilies.  About  12  per  cent  of 
the  jiopulation  of  lierar  is  found  in  towns  of 
5,11011  inhabitants  or  more  each.  Of  such  towns 
there  are  ;U  ;  2  of  these  (Ellichpur,  2'i,72H,  and 
Amraoti,  2:t,5oO)  contain  over  20,oo()  people 
each  ;  8  others  vary  from  10,0(10  to  20,000  each, 
(u-er  2,500,000  of  the  i)opulalion  are  unable 
either  to  read  or  write.  In  18«1  a  littlo  over 
3'i  (100  (:ij(i  being  females)  were  under  instruc- 
tion. Tlie  i)olitical  relations  of  IJerar  ate  very 
peculiar.  Nominally  it  is  a  part  of  that  great 
•Mohiimmedan  state  in  Central  India  subject  to 
tlie  Nizam  of  llaidarabail,  and  jiopularl.v  spoken 
of  as  the  "  Xizani's  Dominions,"  or  "  The  Mo- 
galai  "  Hut  during  the  wars  and  chaos  of  the 
latter  part  of  the  last  century  the  Nizam  agreed 
to  assist  the  English  with  troops  put  into  the 
field  at  his  own  expense.  His  government  was 
in  disorder,  however,  his  finances  deranged, 
and  he  had  not  wherewith  to  meet  the  demands 
tliiH  caused.  Once  and  again  the  English  Oov- 
eruiuent  came  to  his  relief  with  loans.  Thus  a 
debt  grew  up  which  he  was  unable  to  cancel. 
I  in  illy,  in  IH."):!,  a  treaty  was  made  l;y  which 
the  English  (iovernment  agreed  to  continue  in 
his  service  a  certain  body  of  soldiers,  and  the 
district  of  r.erar  was  "  assigned  "  to  the  English 
(i  )vernment  both  as  security  for  the  old  debt  and 
to  provide  the  means  for  defraying  the  future 
cost  of  tho  troo])s  thus  levied.  And  so,  whiU^ 
still  nominally  a  part  of  the  Nizam's  domin- 
ion-i.  Berar  is  really  governed  by  the  Engli.sh. 
and  all  its  affairs  are  administered  \/y  them. 
Its  revenue  is  devoted,  however,  according  to 
treaty  stipulations,  to  the  sujiport  of  the  body 
of  troops  already  spoken  of,  and  usually  called 
the  "  Haidarabad  t.'ontingent."  To  all  intents 
and  purposes,  therefore,  ]5erar  is  at  ])reseut  as 
much  a  part  of  the  Anglo-Imlian  Empire  as 
Bengal  itself.  Under  English  administration 
peace  has  prevailed,  and  prosperity  and  i)lenty 
abound.  Xo  district  in  India  outside  the 
< Tinges  Valley  possesses  greater  natural  ad- 
vantages or  enjoys  a  higher  degree  of  material 
fortune. 

Kerar  has  not  thus  far  been  the  scene  of  mis- 
sionary operations  to  the  extent  which  the 
density  of  its  population  and  the  opportunities 
which  it  affords  for  jiersistent  and  successful 
work  would  seem  to  demand.  One  or  two 
"  faith  missions"  have  been  established  in  the 
province,  at  Ellichpur  and  Bassim. 

Berber  Ruco.— As  to  the  origin  and  im- 
port of  the  name  of  this  most  ancient  North 
African  race  there  is  some  diversity  of  opinion. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  first  used  by  the  Arab 
writers  of  the  second  century  to  designate  the 
Libyans  of  Herodotus.  Some  suppose  it  to 
have  been  derived  from  Verves,  ns  found  in  the 
Bncient  Koman  geography  of  Mauritania.  By 
others,  with  more  reason,  it  ia  supposed  to  be 


but  a  modification  of  Barbari,  a  term  which 
came  from  the  Aryan  or  Sanscrit,  through  the 
Greek  or  Latin,  to  denote  one  who  was,  to  the 
Aryan  or  (ireek,  a  foreigner,  or  one  speaking  a 
language  to  them  unknown.  This  accords  with 
the  fact  that  the  word  Berber  is  not  known  to 
the  Berbers  ns  a  national  apiiellation.  They 
call  themselves  Amazirg,  the  Free.  They  are 
sometimes  si)okin  of  as  descended  from  the 
Libyans,  or  at  hast  as  closely  related  to  them. 
Arab  writers  represent  them  as  having  come 
from  Canaan  ])revious  to  the  days  of  Joshua. 
Fnmi  their  language,  customs,  and  ]>hysi(al 
tyjjo  they  are  ailjudged  by  some  as  atliliiited 
with  the  Semitics  ;  tliough  others,  as  Dr.  Cust, 
prefer  to  group  them  as  biing  originally  llamit- 
ic.  Where  they  have  cf^mo  in  contact  with 
other  races  or  tongues,  as  the  Semitic,  Negro, 
or  other  families,  they  have  been  more  or  less 
affected  by  them  ;  where  they  have  lived  by 
themselves  in  comparative  seclusion,  as  in  the 
oases  of  the  desert,  tluy  havi!  remained,  in 
both  race  and  speech,  compariitively  puie.  Ac- 
cording to  the  able  writer  just  named.  Dr.  Cust, 
"  The  Berber  or  Amazirg  is  still  at  the  present 
day  in  various  shades  and  degrees  of  intermix- 
ture, ethnological,  linguistic,  and  religious,  with 
Arab  and  Negro,  the  staple  nnd  principal  stock 
of  the  whole  i)opulation  of  North  Africa  from 
the  Mediterranean  to  the  extreme  southern  limit 
of  the  Sahara."  Tho  race  may  be  divided  into 
eight  or  ten  tribes  ov  groups,  chielly  according 
to  tho  shades  of  ditfcrence  in  the  language  or 
dialects  they  use  ;  though  tho  )>arent  of  all,  the 
old  Libyan,  ns  known  to  the  Bomans  among  tho 
Numidians  and  their  cognates,  is  now  obsolete. 
The  old  (iuanch-Berber,  or  Libyan  as  spoken 
by  the  original  inhabitants  of  the  ( 'anary  Islnnd.s, 
evidently  a  colony  from  the  Amazirg,  is  also  ex- 
tiui  .  The  present  homo  of  the  Berber  race  has 
its  centre  chiefly  in  the  Barbary  States,  espe- 
cially around  tlie  Atlas  Mountains.  Indeed, 
what  are  called  the  liarbary  States  might  better 
be  called  the  Berbery,  deriving  their  name,  as 
they  do,  from  tho  name  of  the  people  who  occu- 
py them. 

The  aborigines  of  Morocco  have  been  divided 
into  the  Arab-Berbers  and  the  Shilus,  or  Sliel- 
loohs.  The  former  inhabit  the  northern  inuts 
of  the  grent  Atlas  range,  live  in  a  cheaj)  kind  of 
hu6  covered  with  mats,  though  in  the  i)lains 
they  build  of  wood  ami  clay,  and  have  villages. 
They  live  chiefly  upon  their  cattle  and  sheep, 
and  make  use  of  mules  and  donkeys.  Their 
coniidexion  is  light,  the  hair  of  many  is  fair, 
their  beard  scant.  They  nre  well-built,  strong, 
nctive,  bold,  nnd  often  at  war  with  their  neigh- 
bors. These  and  tlie  Shilus  number  about 
4,000,000,  or  half  tho  population  of  the  Morocco 
Empire.  Their  dress  is  scant,  consisting  chiefly 
of  a  jacket  and  trousers,  and  sometimes  a 
blanket.  The  other  M(n-occo  tribe,  the  Shilus, 
speaking  tho  Shilha  dialect,  occupy  the  southern 
part  of  Morocco,  together  with  the  regions  west 
of  the  Atlas  range.  These  nre  of  n  smaller 
make  and  darker  complexion,  more  civilized 
nnd  powerful  than  the  northern  Berbers.  They 
work  lit  trades  nnd  cultivate  the  innd,  nre 
patriarchal,  hospitable,  live  in  houses  made  of 
stone  and  mortar,  and  have  villages  and  towns 
surrounded  by  walls  nnd  towers.  They  claim 
to  have  descended  from  the  nborigines  of  the 
country,  and  call  themselves  AniftEirg.  The 
Kabyles  of  Algeria,  who  spenk  the  Kabnil  dia- 
lect, come  uearost  to  the  Numidian,  and  cou- 


i 


/• 


BERBER 


154 


BERLIN  MISS.  SOC. 


Bist  of  the  hnrdy  monntnineers  on  the  slopes  of 
Jiirjiira.  They  comprise  ii  coufeileiiitiuu  of 
tribes  iiud  speiik  u  viiriety  of  diiileots,  are  niveii 
to  nHriculturiil  ]iiirsuits,  ninl  dwell  in  villages. 
Those  v,ho  dwell  anions  the  mountains  have 
large  rtocks  of  sheeli  and  goats,  and  because  of 
their  seelusion  from  Aral)  admixture  have  the 
I)urest  dialect.  They  have,  under  the  French, 
a  line  order  of  repuhlican  government.  They 
are  a  fine  race,  hospitable  and  kind.  The 
Mzab  Kabyles  occupy  the  extreme  south  of 
Algeria,  but,  having  great  commercial  enter- 
prise, are  found  everywhere.  They  are  Moham- 
medan dissenters,  glad  to  get  the  Uible  in  .Vrabic. 
The  Shamba  Kabyles,  a  ))redatory  trilie,  dwell 
on  the  conflnes  of  the  Sahara.  The  Tuwarik, 
another  group  of  Berbers,  are  nomadic  in  their 
habits,  and  extend  from  Algeria  to  Jiornn  niid 
Timbuctu.  Twenty  years  before  the  Christian 
era  a  governor  of  the  Koman  province  of  .\frica 
led  an  army  against  this  then  as  now  uncon- 
ipiered  tribe.  The  inhabitants  of  Ghadamis  of 
Trilioli,  at  home  and  by  tht.nselves,  speak  the 
Ghadamsi,  a  dialect  of  tho  Berbers  ;  but  with 
the  Arabs,  the  Aral)ic  ;  with  the  Tuwarik,  tho 
Tainaskeh,  and  with  their  negro  slaves,  tho 
Hausa.  There  is  a  mixed  tribe,  .\iabic-lierber, 
called  the  Senegal,  living  on  the  north  banks 
of  the  Senegal  Kiver.  They  are  partly  iiomadic, 
I)artly  settled,  and  make  a  living  by  collecting 
gum  for  the  merchants  at  marts  along  the 
river,  doing  to  the  other  extreme  of  tho  Berber 
realm,  ve  find  another  Berber  tribe  dwelling  at 
Siwah,  the  oasis  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  on  the  con- 
tines  of  Egypt.  That  their  own  home  dialect 
should  be  found  to  have  a  clear  affinity  with  the 
Berber  helps  to  show  how  broad  is  tht;  territory 
the  Berbers  have  occupied  ;  also  how  remark- 
able that  their  language  should  have  withstood 
so  well  tho  hard  pressure  of  other  tongues  for 
more  than  throe  thousand  years. 

As  to  tho  religion  of  tho  'leibers,  their  pagan 
faith  is  nearly  extinct.  Some  of  them  seem  to 
have  at-ceptod  the  Jewish  or  the  Christian  re^ 
ligion  in  the  centuries  gone  by,  at  least  for  a 
time.  ]iut  at  present  they  geneiallj-  profess 
the  Mohammedan  faith,  though  many  of  them 
know  but  little  of  it.  .Vnd  yet  they  are  not 
lacking  in  bigotry  and  fanaticism,  as  the  bitter 
opposition  and  persecution  to  which  converts 
to  the  Christian  faith  are  subject  afford  sad 
proof.  But  for  all  this  the  Christian  worker, 
having  good  success  among  them,  is  encouraged 
to  go  on.  The  way  is  open  for  the  entrance  of 
the  Gospel,  and  the  cull  is  loud  for  more  and 
mora  missionaries.  Biov.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  I'earse, 
independent  missionary  pioneers,  have  Vieeu 
doing  good  work  for  some  ten  years  in  Algeria, 
especially  among  the  Kabyles.  The  North 
African  mission,  numbering  some  forty  mis- 
sionaries, including  ladies,  is  working  for  all  the 
Berber  ratios  and  .\rabs  from  Morocco  to  Tripoli  ; 
and  besides  those  there  are  at  least  forty  mnre 
workers,  either  independent  or  connected  with 
other  sopieties,  and  these  eighty  are  praying 
for  eighty  more.  Rev.  E.  F.  Baldwin,  of  Moga- 
dor,  Morocco,  and  others,  together  with  con- 
verted natives,  '  .ike  preaching  tours  far  to  the 
south,  and  spe.  of  having  much  success,  to- 
gether with  much  opposition,  both  at  Lome  and 
abroad,  in  Morocco  and  in  the  desert. 

Berber  Version.— The  Berber  belongs  to 
the  Hamitic  group  of  African  language's,  and  is 
spoken  bj  the  inhabitants  of  Algeria  and  Tu- 


nisia, West  Africa.  Tho  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society  published  at  London,  in  18.J3,  ihii 
tirst  twelve  chajttersof  the  Gospel  of  Luke  from 
ft  MS.  V)ought  by  Mr.  Hodgson,  .Vmerican  con- 
sul at  -Vlgiers,  for  the  above  society,  and  which 
contained  the  four  Gospels  and  (ionesis.  Only 
250  copies  were  thus  far  disposed  of. 

(.*>})ix'i;)U)t  I'tCAe.     Luke  11  ;  13.) 
,UaW\   jy^V*^   (^oAa-l   Jlji)\  \a3L^\  ^^yi\ 

O  C    ^    O    ^    <     &     «  ■^^     (,-  rf  ^         Co     -^ 

:^,.-g.....-..a.<  ^yb\  JUJl     Jl  tjji\ 
'         -         »  - .      s^        ■„ 

Ocrblee,  a  city  in  British  Guiana,  .South 
.Viuerica,  on  tho  Berbice  Bivtr.  A  station  of 
tho  Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary  Society, 
founded  in  IM.-)!]  and  working  among  white  and 
colored  iieojile,  coolies  and  Chinese,  etc.  But 
though  many  are  ba[itized  every  year,  the  con- 
gregation does  not  increase  very  much,  as  the 
jiopulation  is  in  a  state  of  perpetnalHuctuation, 
going  and  coming. 

Bereu,  a  town  in  Southwest  Cape  Colony, 
South  .Vlrica,  southwest  of  Gnadendal,  between 
Stellenl  osch  and  Caledon.  It  is  a  pleasant 
town,  well  supplied  with  water.  A  station  of 
the  Moravians,  occupied  in  isii.'i,  when  the  over- 
crowding of  Gnadendal  made  it  necessary  for 
some  of  the  people  to  go  otf  and  form  a  colony  ; 
■and  as  some  of  the  converts  were  among  this 
number,  a  new  congregation  was  formed  I't 
Berea.  At  itresent  tliero  are  at  this  station 
1  missionary  and  his  wife. 

Berea,  South  Africa,  a  town  in  the  Orange 
Free  State,  between  Thaba  Bosigo  and  Mabou- 
lela,  and  southwest  of  ('ana.  Mission  station  of 
the  Paris  Evangelical  Society  (ltSi;5)  ;  2  mis- 
sionaries, 2H.',  communicants. 

Bergeildlll,  a  station  of  tho  Moravians  in 
.Surin.am,  South  America,  between  (io  and  IdO 
miles  up  the  river  Surinam.  It  is  situated  at 
the  foot  of  one  of  two  hills  which  form  the 
"  gate"  to  tho  bush  ami  hill  country,  through 
\\hich  the  river  Surinam  llows.  In  the  year 
1M30  the  village  on  this  estate  was  made  a 
preaching  station  at  Paramaribo,  and  became  a 
resting-place  for  missionaries  seeking  to  peiie- 
Irate  the  bush  country. 

BerliHiiipiir  (Berliam|><»re,  Brali- 
llia-piir),  a  town  in  Oris.sa,  Madras,  India, 
o25  miles  northeast  of  Madras,  IS  miles  south- 
west of  Ciatjam.  Being  tho  principal  town  in 
the  district,  it  has  all  tho  public  buildings  of 
imjiortance.  .Climate,  unhealthy.  Population, 
23,iJ'J'.l,  Hindus,  Moslems,  Christians.  Jlissioii 
station  of  the  General  Baptist  Missionary  So- 
ciety (lH2r)1  ;  2  missionaries  and  wives,  3  native 
preachers,  77  churchniembers. 

Berliaiiipiir,  a  town  in  Bengal,  India. 
•Mission  station  of  the  L.  M.  S.  ;  2  missionaries 
and  wives,  2  female  missionaries,  1  native  or- 
dained preacher,  25  church  members,  4(.7  schol- 
ars. Also  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
(North),  r.  S.  A. ;  1  missionary  and  wife,  19 
church-members,  HID  Sabbath  scholars. 

Berlin  miHNloiiary  Soeiely.  —  Head- 
ipiarters,  Berlin,  Germany. 


BERLIN  MISS.  SOO. 


155 


BERLIN  MISS.  SOO. 


[ilbnu- 
m  vi 
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1(10 

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the 

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!■■  a 

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outh- 
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lead- 


The  full  nnmo  of  thin  society  is  "  Gesellschnft 
znr  HefiirdLTUiiL!  (kr  ovungeli.schen  Missioiii-n 
uiiter  (lfi\  lleiiU'ii"  (Society  for  the  I'romotion 
of  Kviiiim'lifal  Missions  luiioii).;  the  llouthen). 
While  th((  orj^imi/.iUion  diitts  properly  from  the 
year  ls2i,  the  history  of  the  fouuiliiii^  runs  Imck 
to  near  thi5  lief,'innin|,'  of  the  I't'iilury.  Tho 
oriL-inutor  of  the  mission  movement  in  litrlin 
was  I'astor  Ji'inicko  (ITH-H'iT).  His  character, 
us  well  as  that  of  tho  times  in  vhicli  he  lived 
and  worked,  rendered  tho  uii  lertakini;  uupopil 
lar — very  ditl'erent  from  thi^  ^;reat  movements 
that  spring,'  sj  ontancously  into  full  activity. 

.liinicke  was  born  in  Herlin  of  IJolu'mian  piir- 
entaj^e,  and  was  liy  trade  a  weaver.  Ills  uni- 
versity training;  was  at  Leip/.i;.;,  ])re])aration  for 
which  was  secured  jirivati  ly  and  w  ith  numer- 
ous interruptions.  Krom  ITT'.i  he  was  in  char^je 
of  the  Bohemian  parish  Jierlin-Kixdorf.  Tlie 
peruid  in  which  his  pastorate  fell  was  one  of 
Had  irreli^ion  within  the  church,  as  well  as  of 
merited  scorn  for  religioiis  matters  on  the  i)art 
of  those  beyond  it.  .Vgainst  the  prevalent  senti- 
ment .Jiinicke  toidc  a  decided  stand  ;  he  was  of 
a  violent,  rash  temperament,  which  ocousioned 
especially  pronounced  oi)position.  On  tlio 
other  hand,  the  rare  (^hristian  humility  with 
which  he  recognized  and  confessed  his  weak- 
ness was  regarded  as  an  additional  weakness, 
and  brought  with  it  mocking  and  scorn.  His 
honest  though  often  rude  eaiiiestness,  however, 
won  for  him  a  few  supporters  who  aided  him  in 
various  charitable  enterprises.  Ho  founded  in 
lK(l.')  a  liiblo  society,  which  has  developed  into 
the  Prussian  Central  Itible  Society,  and  in  lull 
establisheil  a  tract  society,  which  has  also  be- 
came  renowned.  15ut  tho  effort  directly  con- 
cerning tho  Bul).jcct  was  the  founding  of  n  mis- 
sion school.  Twenty  years  later  ho  ascribes 
the  establishment  of  the  school  to  the  zeal  and 
support  of  tho  Forester  Herr  von  Schirnding. 
The  chief  purpose  of  these  two  men  was  to 
come  with  men  and  money  to  tho  support  of 
missionary  organizations  already  existent. 
They  found  it  necessary,  however,  to  educate 
the  nien,  and  this  led  to  the  founding  of  the 
seho.il  for  the  training  of  nnssiouaries,  tho 
institution  that  has  formed  the  centre  of  tho 
interest  and  le'tivity  of  the  society  from  that 
time  to  this.  Seven  young  men  were  admitted 
to  the  school  at  the  tirst,  their  expenses  to  be 
paid  by  Von  Schirnding  ;  but  very  soon  he  was 
compelled,  from  financial  losses,  to  discontinue 
his  aid,  and  so  within  tho  year  IHOO  .'ilinicke  as 
sullied  the  whole  charge  of  the  school,  having 
at  the  time  ju.st  -17  Thaler  on  hand.  Other  siiii- 
jvorters  came  to  his  help  ;  theKnglish  societies, 
under  which  some  of  the  missionaries  were 
working,  subscribed  ;  from  various  cities  of 
Germany  small  contributions  were  received,  so 
the  work  could  be  further  jirosecuted. 

The  modest,  almost  secret  character  of  tho 
work  continued  till  about  IX'li).  wli jn  royal  sup 
port  was  received,  and  the  work  became  more 
public.  In  1S2;1  the  iHssion  Seminary  devel- 
oped into  tho  "ISerlin  Missionary  •  .Society," 
whose  "only  purpose"  was  "to  extend  the 
knowledge  of  Christ  among  the  heathen  and 
other  unenlightened  peoples." 

In  the  same  year  another  enterjirise  was  be- 
gun, very  similar  in  purpose,  but  independent 
of  that  of  Jiinicke.  Xeander,  induced  by  tho 
great  success  attending  missionary  undertakings 
in  othe.'  lands,  and  encouraged  also  by  confer- 
ences with  friends,  issued  an  appeal  for  con. 


Iributionrt  tor  Ih'o  promotioln  of  missionary  work 
among  the  heathen.  The  iijipeal  met  with  good 
response;  lldd  Thaler  were  coUccti'd,  which 
were  given  over  to  four  societies  :  the  Mora- 
vian Missiiiii,  which  received  the  largest  por- 
tion ;  the  llasle  Society,  tho  .Jiinicke  Institute, 
and  thiit  of  Halle.  'I'lie  bestowal  of  i)art  of 
this  collection  upon  .liinicke's  seminary  is  evi- 
dence that  the  new  ninvemi  nt,  while  iiub'pen- 
dent  of  the  old,  was  not  hostile  to  it,  as  tho 
relations  of  tho  next  few  years  would  seem  to 
indicate. 

In  February.  Is'il,  ten  men,  representing  dif- 
ferent professions,  among  them  Neaiider  nnd 
Tholuck,  met  to  consider  tho  organization  of  a 
society.  In  .\pril  stiitutes  were  sent  to  the  king 
for  approval,  which  followed  in  May,  with  the 
suggestitui  that  tho  mission  woik  would  jirob- 
ably  be  better  forwarded  if  the  society  should 
unite  with  the  institute  conducted  by  .liinicke. 
This  had  already  been  attempted,  Viut  had 
failed  ;  the  management  of  the  seminary  was  nt 
that  time  in  tho  hands  of  .liinicke's  son-inlaw, 
liilckert,  whose  objections  to  tho  proposed 
union  could  not  be  overcome.  The  two  organi- 
zations, therefore,  existed  side  by  side  for  sev- 
eral years.  .liinicke  died  in  ls:i7,  and  a  com- 
mittee, of  wliiidi  Itiickeit  v\as  the  head,  wns 
appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  seminary. 
Later,  at  the  king's  direction,  the  six  went  over 
to  the  new  society,  leaving  Itiickeit  alone  and 
unable  to  supjiort  his  school,  which  was  consc- 
•juentl.v  given  up,  after  it  had  done  the  grand 
work  of  training  eighty  missionaries  who  had 
gone  into  various  jiarts  of  the  mission  field. 
The  transfer  of  the  Managing  Committee  was 
accompanied  with  tho  transfer  of  the  "idO  Thaler 
that  constituted  the  royal  contribution.  Tuo 
present  missionary  societ.v  can  therefore  claim 
to  be  the  legitimate  heir  of  .liinicke's  work. 

Tho  new  or.i^anizalion  began,  as  did  the  old, 
with  the  nini  to  raise  lumls  for  otlur  societies, 
and  this  purpose  is  fixed  in  the  name  selected 
for  it.  The  societies  to  be  assisted  were  those 
already  mentioned  as  receiving  tho  contribution 
of  IS'i:!.  ])ut  this  work  at  second  hand  was 
soon  found  insuflicient  ;  more  important  still 
was  the  training  of  men.  First  a  few  were  sent 
to  the  seminary  at  Hasle  and  there  trained,  but 
at  the  expense  of  the  lurlin  Society.  -Vfter. 
ward,  iiatterning  again  after  .liinicke's,  the  so- 
ciety started  a  seminary  for  the  training  of  their 
own  men.  This  was  in  Is'iit  ;  the  lirst  home- 
trained  men  Were  sent  out  at  the  beginning  of 
the  year  1«:M. 

.V  second  essential  feature  of  the  work  was 
the  establishment  of  auxiliary  societies  through. 
out  Germany,     The  first  was  at  Stettin  in  l!S'j:t. 

The  description  of  tho  society  as  it  now  ex- 
ists falls  naturally  into  various  divisions  ; 

1.   The  Soricti/  at  J  fame. 

The  managing  body  of  the  central  society  is 
n  selfper|>etuating  committee,  numbering  at 
pr<>sent  eighteen.  Thi.s  has  entire  charge  of  tho 
affairs  of  tho  srciety.  It  is  organized  witli. 
president,  viee-pri*iidents,  treasurer.  The  direc- 
tor anil  inspectors  of  missions  are  always  mem. 
bers  of  the  committee. 

.\s  is  above  implied,  the  chief  homo  activity 
of  the  central  organization  centres  in  the  school 
for  training  missionaries.  For  admission  to 
this  seminary  the  imjiortont  conditions  are  in 
brief  these  :  First  is  emphasized  the  necessity 
of  a  iixed  Christian  character ;  maturity  of 
Christian  experience  is  also  requisite  ;  aUa  a 


i4 


BERLIN  MISS.  SOC. 

good  kuowledfte  of  tbe  liiblo  ;  not  only  tlu' 
wish  to  lie  a  iiiissionnrv,  but  llie  certiiinty  of 
<livine  cull  to  mission  service.  The  iiiiiiliciint 
lunst  liy  iiiayt'itnl  cxuniinution  ami  consultiition 
with  lulvisi'is  ciinsiili'r  las  iiiiiilili(;ations  for 
till'  work  riMinired  of  a  niissioiiiuy.  lie  must 
live  a  blannU'ss  Christiau  life.  School  echu'a 
tiou  is  not  re([uireil  higher  than  that  of  a  ^oinl 
common  scdiool.  Ho  must  he  capahlo  of  tlui 
m/ntal  rfi(uin'incnts  made  in  the  mission  lield, 
especially  of  learniu},'  foreign  lan^'ua^'ci;.  As  a 
rule,  ho  must  he  helweeu  twenty  and  twcnty- 
iive  year.s  of  a^^e.  .Vjiplicants  are  recjuircd  to 
Kjiend  a  ^ear  in  lierlin  in  siiecinl  prcjiaration 
for  the  seminary,  in  onler  that  their  (lualitica- 
lions  may  he  butter  judj^ed.  ^loreover,  the 
i'rst  year  of  residence  in  the  seminary  is  jiroba- 
(ionary.  'I'lie  whole  course  is  without  exiiense 
to  the  pupil.  AViiile  f  niployment  witii  supjiort 
is  not  ^;uaranteed,  it  is  expected  that  the  mis- 
sionaries will  bo  maintained  through  their  life- 
time. These  conditions  nssunio  tliat  whatever 
theoloi,'ical  education  is  re(iuired  will  be  secured 
in  the  seminary  itself.  This  has  bieii,  with 
short  exceptions,  tln^  jiraeticefrom  the  lirst.  It 
is.  of  tourse,  i\  niidnay  jihin  between  the  send- 
ini;  nut  of  university  trained  men  and  of  lay 
Jireachers  ;  and  its  continuance  has  been,  not  a 
question  (jf  tradition,  but  tlui  result  of  close  ob- 
servation and  experiiueut.  At  various  times 
the  matter  has  i  "ii  fully  discussed.  For  ex- 
ample, the  tirst  director  of  the  school  withdrew 
because  of  dilferenco  of  opinion  as  to  the 
nmouut  of  theological  traiiiiiij^  desirable  ; 
a;,'ain,  in  iNlhi,  two  members  of  the  committue 
retired  because  they  preferred  less  training  than 
was  attemi)tod  in  the  seminary.  On  the  other 
hand,  in  IS.jO  a  now  jilan  was  tried,  nccording 
to  which  the  seminary  was  to  be  but  the  place 
for  special  preparation  f(>i'  distinctively  mission 
work,  while  a  general  theological  training  for 
the  ministry  was  reijuired  as  a  condition  of  en- 
trance to  the  institution  ;  at  the  same  time  those 
uho  were  destitiite  of  that  training  were  ad- 
mitted, not  as  candidates  for  positions  as  mis- 
Kionarie.s  proper,  but  as  nttacliCs  of  the  mission 
fitatious  in  other  ecpially  necessary  relations. 
This  innovation  was  of  short  duration,  for  the 
candidates  are  chietly  from  the  working  classes, 
and  it  was  found  impossible  to  insist  that  they 
should  secure  a  university  training,  with  all  its 
cxjiensos  and  inducements  to  apply  it  to  obtain- 
ing positions  at  himie.  So  in  1H,")7  the  ju'esent 
order  was  introduced,  being  practically  a  return 
to  the  previous  arrangement. 

The  course  of  study  extended  formerly  over 
four,  now  over  live  years.  The  old  JUnicke 
school  course  is  described  by  the  founder  him- 
self in  InJi)  as  comprising  the  niijilied  sciences, 
English  (doubtless  occasioned  by  the  service 
under  the  English  societies  and  in  English  ter- 
ritory), Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew,  dogmatics 
ftnd  homiletics,  music  and  drawing.  The  pres- 
ent arrangement  ns  to  the  study  of  languages  is. 
in  the  first  year,  Latin;  in  the  second,  Greek 
nnd  English  ;  in  the  third,  Hebrew  ;  in  the 
fifth,  Dutch.  The  ancient  languages  are  taught 
not  only  because  of  their  own  importance,  but 
also  for  the  sake  of  the  linguistic  skill  their 
study  affords.  Exegetical  instruction  covers 
practically  the  whole  liible,  and  is  often  con- 
ducted conversationally,  the  aim  being  to  call 
out  the  work  of  the  students.  In  addition  to 
the  strictly  exegetical  courses,  stress  is  laid 
upon  the  study  of  tbe  Uible  iu  a  devotional  way. 


lot;  BERLIN  MISS.  SOO. 

Daring  the  course  the  Old  Testament  is  road 
through  once,  the  New  four  times,  in  the  gen- 
eral evening  devotional  exercises  ;  these  con- 
secutive readings  are  conducted  by  the  dllicers 
of  the  seminary,  and  are  made  an  impoitaut 
feature  of  the  daily  life.  To  general  historical 
instriu^tion  is  added  church  history,  and  esjie- 
cially  the  history  of  missions.  Theology  iirojier, 
liturgies,  and  homiletics  have  their  share  of  at- 
tention. An  hour  daily,  as  well  as  two  after 
noons  weekly,  is  devoted  to  juactical  manual 
labor.  There  are  monthly  t  xaiuinations  through 
the  course,  anil  a  final  exaininalion  before  a 
board  consisting  of  the  director,  a  memliLr  of 
the  consistory,  and  a  clerical  member  ot  the 
committee.  This  liiiiil  test  is  hi  Id  before  the 
hist  halt  year,  w  hich  time  is  devoteil  to  some  in- 
struction in  me.iicino  and  jiedagogics.  The 
1  iitire  charge  ot  the  seminary  is  in  the  hands 
of  a  director,  who  was  up  to  Isdf)  styled  insjiec- 
tor  ;  hu  is  aideil  by  two  assistants,  who  are  now 
tailed  insiiect<irs  ;  these  must  l.'O  ordained  min- 
isters. The  directors  have  been  :  ls'2',1,  Htller  ; 
]s;!3,  /.eller  ;  ISIM,  Schiittgo  ;  1^11,  lilech  ; 
lwr)ll,Mi'ihliiiann;  iMoT,  Wallmaun  ;  iMCfi,  AN'ange- 
mann,  who  holds  the  otlice  at  Jireseiit.  'J'lie 
number  of  studei.'ts,  according  to  the  rejiort  of 
bssl),  is  27,  October  is  thi>  time  of  admittance, 
and  of  sending  to  tho  mission  field. 

The  headiiuarters  of  tho  society  are  ot  the 
Mission  House,  which  is  also  the  seminary 
building.  The  tirst  building  was  occujiied  in 
ls:t8.  and  with  additions  at  various  times  served 
until  INTK,  when  a  new  commodious  building 
was  erected  in  a  beautiful  location  in  the  east- 
ern part  ot  the  city  (Georgenkirchstrasso  70), 
where  it  stands  in  the  midst  of  a  small  garden 
and  opposite  an  exten  iive  jiark.  The  old  builil- 
ing  in  another  part  of  tho  city  n  mains  devoted 
to  charitable  uses.  ^I'he  exjiense  of  maintain- 
ing the  house,  embrucing  salaries  of  teacher, 
cost  of  board  and  <.t  administration,  amounts 
to  about  one-sixth  ot  the  w  hole  (  xiiendilures. 

The  greater  part  of  the  funds  necessary  for 
the  supjiort  of  the  society  is  furnished  by 
the  auxiliary  unions.  A  draft  for  statutes  of 
such  society  declares  the  purpose  to  be  exten- 
sion of  information  about  the  mission  W(U'k, 
and  collection  of  funds  for  the  central  organi- 
/atif)n.  Each  union  has  a  committee  of  at  least 
three,  vacancies  being  filled  by  election  from 
among  the  members  of  the  union.  Every  regu- 
lar contributor  is  a  member.  The  number  of 
these  unions  is  now  3(W  ;  tip  to  ISl'J,  (10  had 
been  founded  ;  during  the  next  twenty  years, 
175  ;  and  since  then  but  comi)aratively  few,  tho 
ground  being  already  veil  occupied.  They  are 
scattered  through  tho  different  provimces  of  the 
kingdom  :  in  fh'andcnburg,  75  ;  in  romerania, 
(M  ;  iu  (province)  Prussia,  T2  ;  I'osen,  25  ;  Si- 
lesia,  5(1  ;  Saxony,  C5  ;  in  ]>erlin  itself,  (i.  Ot 
late  years  five  have  been  established  in  South 
Africa.  The  annual  meetings  of  these  unions 
are  inspiring  jiopular  gatherings,  with  jiroces- 
nions  and  decorations,  addresses  and  tho  like. 

Lately  a  system  of  jiroviucial  leagues  has 
been  jjroposed,  which  shall  hold  a  middle  i)lac6 
between  tho  central  and  tho  brunch  organiza- 
tions. 

Tho  confessional  position  of  the  society  de- 
serves notice.  Tho  statutes  include  in  tho  state- 
ment of  the  principles  which  lay  at  its  founda- 
tion, this  clause  :  "  The  fraternal  co-operation 
of  evangelical  Christians  of  all  confessions,  who 
have  preached  tbe  'Word  according  to  tho  Scrip- 


BERLIN  MISS.  800. 


157 


BERLIN  MISS.  SOO. 


for 
l,y 
of 

ten- 
nk, 

:iiui- 

L'llst 
I'OIU 

egu. 

of 

liiul 

■nrs, 

the 

nro 

(he 

nia, 

Si- 

Of 

nth 

oiis 

ces- 

c. 

has 
life 
iy.i\- 


ture,  without  hnnian  mhlitions  ami  without 
Ktrife  oviT  unessential  (litfrri'Ui^es  of  opinion, 
han  won  forCIiriHtendom  nmeli  fruitful  territory 
mnon^;  tlie  licatlien  peoples."  This  principle 
has  l)ui>n  in  spirit  the  riilin^^  one  in  the  work 
fmm  the  lirst,  but  not  without  incidents  that 
Lave  hoen  sometimes  emharrassin^,'  to  the  work. 
There  was  the  more  variation  liecauso  the  cir- 
cumstances were  novel,  and  new  paths  hail  to 
ba  marked  out.  The  union  position  in  the 
statutes  in  IH'it  could  not  bo  carried  out  to  tlio 
letter  ;  in  ls:t:t  the  tirst  missionaries  that  were 
sent  out  were  ilirected  to  model  churches  after 
the  Lutheran  plan  ;  and  very  properly,  for  the 
great  majority  of  the  supi)ort(!rs  were  of  the 
confession.  In  the  years  following  it  was  re- 
peatedly declared  that  tbo  symbol io  Ijooks  of 
the  Lutheran  Church  were  the  basis  of  instruc- 
tion in  the  seminary  next  to  the  Scriptures, 
Tlie  ministerial  rescript  of  ISl'i,  which  regii. 
lated  the  examination  and  ordination  of  the 
students  by  the  Consistory,  directed  that  the 
.■Vugsburg  ('onfessiou  shcuild  be  the  basis.  The 
instructions  given  to  the  missionaries  in  l)Si)0, 
and  again  the  revised  rules  of  IHrt'i,  reijuire  of 
them  that  their  belief  and  teaching  shall  ho 
that  of  the  "  canonical  books  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments,  according  to  the  Augsburg 
(unchanged)  (!.infession  and  the  Luther  Cate- 
chism," These  directions  are  not  regarded  as 
being  in  contlict  with  the  principles  of  the 
statutes,  but  were  occasioned  by  the  necessity 
of  the  case.  Instruction,  church  organization, 
preaching,  must,  if  they  are  to  go  beyond  the 
tirst  principles,  bo  in  accordance  with  some  one 
of  the  great  religious  systems.  In  practice  the 
disputed  points  can  be  kept  in  the  background, 
and  the  spirit  of  the  liberal  ])rinciplo  that  was 
laid  down  can  be  the  ruling  one. 

In  18.")0  and  18.^1,  while,  on  the  one  hand,  the 
mission  was  taking  on  a  more  confessional  char- 
acter, there  v,as  a  movement  on  the  part  of  a 
minority  of  the  committee  for  n  broader  plat, 
form.  The  majority,  however,  were  against 
such  abandonment  of  Lutheran  organizations  ; 
the  crisis  was  reached  when  one  of  the  in- 
spectors attempted  to  introduce  ultra  Lutheran 
ideas  into  the  seminary.  This  was  intolerable 
to  some  of  the  students  and  committee  ;  the 
withdrawal  of  the  inspector  upon  his  lapse  to 
the  Separated  Lutheran  party  restored  peace  to 
the  society. 

The  income  of  tho  society  at  home  is  entirely 
from  voluntary  contribution,  no  auxiliary  bind- 
ing itself  financially  ;  as  little  compulsion  is 
there  with  regard  to  tho  individual  members  of 
the  auxiliaries.  TIk^  aim  is  kept  in  view  to 
make  the  stations  self-supporting,  and  tliat  not 
only  through  tho  beneliceiice  of  the  converts, 
but  by  profitable  enterprises  within  tho  limits 
of  tho  stations. 

Tho  m  vximum  expenditures  of  the  society  be- 
tween lS-2;!  and  l,s:tl)  was  •2,-2'.ll  Thaler  ;  bi't'ween 
iNiil  and  ISli),  lO.HV'.l  TUaler  ;  between  IS-ll  and 
l«.'iO.  ;!7.M')8  Thaler  ;  between  IH-'il  and  IHC.d, 
r.l.TTIl  Thaler  ;  between  18fil  and  18(;'.l,  7<!.:S71 
Thaler  ;  between  1871  and  1880,  '.t7.(l()il  Tlialer. 
In  tlio  last  decade  tliev  have  risen  above  100,000 
Thaler. 

Tho  usual  method  of  establishing  a  station 
is  to  ac(piiro  by  purchase  {or  often  by  cession) 
a  property  which  may  not  simi)ly  serve  for  a 
lot  on  which  to  erect  the  buildings  of  the  mission 
ju'iper,  but  will  be  large  enough  to  furnish 
dwellings  for  the  native  converts  who  are  to 


constitute  the  parish.  The  community  thus 
gradually  grows  in  numbers  by  settleuu'Ut  upon 
mission  land  ;  church  and  dwelling  house  are 
erected  ;  a  school  is  established,  and,  peiliajis, 
a  store,  a  mill,  or  whatever  enterprises  rre  liMing, 
one  aim  in  it  all  being  to  engage  the  natives  in 
some  civilizing  employment.  If  tie  size  of  tho 
station  warrants  it,  a  catechist  ooi.ics  to  the  aid 
of  the  missionary  ;  native  helper,-  are  employed  ; 
out-stations  are  opened  up,  aiul  other  preach- 
ing places  in  addition.  Thl^o  in  tiiin  are  made 
inilependent  of  tho  original  one  as  their  growth 
or  prospects  warrant.  In  localities  where  thero 
are  (ierman  immigrants  as  well  as  natives,  i,  a 
work  among  the  latter  often  begins  as  a  branch 
of  tho  activity  of  tho  former  in  their  own  eliurih. 

2.  Foreiffu  iVork. 

(I.  -Vkbica. — The  princij  al  activity  of  the  so- 
ciety is  in  South  .\fnca.  .\ttempts  have  been 
made  in  other  tields,  but  without  special  suc- 
cess, and  they  liavo  been  abandoned  with  tho 
exception  of  China,  in  which  work  was  begun 
in  18H2.  The  mission  there  is  still  on  a  small 
scale,  only  ono  tenth  as  much  money  going 
thither  as  is  exi)ended  for  South  -Vfrica. 

Tho  tield  in  South  .\frica  is  organize<l  in  six 
synods  :  Orange  Free  State,  Cape  Colony,  Brit- 
ish Katfraria,  Xatal,  North  Transvaal,  and  South 
Transvaal.  .Vt  tho  chief  station  of  each  synod 
is  a  superintendent  who  has  oversight  of  tho 
work  in  his  district.  This  system  has  been  in- 
troduced since  lf7"),  gradually  supplanting  tho 
former  division  into  conferences.  Keports  aro 
published  of  the  number  of  settlers  on  mission 
land,  the  number  of  baptized  jiersons,  adult 
and  infant,  in  the  community,  the  nundier  rf 
communicants,  an  1  tho  number  of  scliool  chil- 
dren. The  number  f>f  persons  baptized  during 
the  year  shows  the  growth,  and  tho  whole  num- 
ber of  baptized  ]>er.sons,  the  present  strength 
of  the  static  i. 

In  the  f  oil.  'wing  description  of  stations,  which 
can  be  little  uore  than  a  catalogue,  the  aim  is 
to  select  for  nj^  tion  features  that  are  fur  some 
special  reason  of  peculiar  interest.  Hostility, 
indifference,  backsliding  are  matters  of  too 
universnl  experience  in  mission  work  to  be 
rehearsed  here. 

The  report  for  18811  gives  tho  number  of  sta- 
tions in  South  Africa  as  47  ;  out-stations,  87  ; 
preaching  stations  in  addition,  1")2  ;  mission- 
aries ordained,  (")()  ;  unordained,  .")  ;  other  assist- 
ants, fl  ;  native  helpers  paid,  it."i  ;  unpaid,  y:it. 
Of  these  stations  half  aro  in  tho  Transvaal. 

Tho  tirst  missionaries  were  sent  in  18,14,  with 
directions  to  o]>en  work  among  the  Beehuana  ; 
this  was  found  impossible,  and  three  of  the  live 
went  to  what  is  now  Orange  Free  State,  and 
founded  the  station  Bethany.  .Vside  from  tlia 
dithculties  attending  every  mission  in  its  begin- 
ning, arose  troubles  from  change  of  govern- 
ment, and  also  from  disagreement  among  tho 
missionaries.  In  185'.),  after  twenty-tive  year* 
of  work,  there  had  been  baptized  ITii!  adults  and 
112  (diildren.  In  that  year,  among  a  populitioii 
of  800,  thero  were  8.^  communicants,  .\fter  (i 
second  (juarter  century,  in  a  total  of  1,500  on 
mission  ground  and  within  reach,  there  were 
7G9  baptized  persons,  IM2  communicants,  210 
school-children  ;  whole  number  baptized  in  tho 
fifty  years,  1,013.  The  present  figures  are,  in 
the  roach  of  the  mission,  1,(!00  ;  I1',l8  bajitized  ; 
48;)  communicants  ;  111  adults  and  l")  children 
baptized  during  tho  year  ;  there  are  187  school- 
children,    Tho  mission  is  more  than  self-sup- 


BERLIN  MISS.  SOO. 


188 


BERLIN  MISS.  SOO. 


n 


porting  at  present.  A  second  Mtntion  in  Pniel, 
foumluil  in  \Hl'>  by  iiiiHHinniiripH  from  Di'tlmny, 
lu  lN5'i  the  chnrchnoi'is  miiiilnTfd  ',!(ll),  hut 
oiuii^riition  to  otlier  hn'iitionn  soon  eiiHued.  In 
iKi'ji  wiiH  the  summit  ot  tlio  i)rosj)erity  of  tlie 
stution.  Tliuro  woiv  tlu'ii  '200  hivpti/t'd  jii'r.soiis 
mid  Kit  coiiuiiiinii'iuits.  In  lxK\  llii'to  wiro  imt 
3(1  communii'iiiits.  rcrsistent  efforts  were  Imild- 
inj^  up  the  work  iij^ain  a  little,  when  the  discovery 
of  diamonds  drew  into  the  locality  a  muss  of  the 
worst  elements.  A  lou[5  strife  with  the  Itritish 
Government  followtMl  as  to  the  lej^jal  ownership 
of  the  land  oeeupied  hy  the  station,  and  this 
strife,  though  deeided  favorably  to  the  Hoeiety, 
Lad  a  depressini;  inllnenee  on  the  work.  There 
are  now  'JIS  communieants  and  twiee  as  many 
baptized  persons  ;  the  number  of  school  ehildnui 
is  175,  Adaiushoop  was  founded  under  the  pro- 
tection of  ft  friendjy  native  fandly  in  IHCT,  and 
has  continued  under  their  i)atronaHe  ever  since. 
It  has  51.")  baptized  members  and  It'.Kt  communi- 
Oftnf.s.  (Hher  stations  in  this  synod  are  Kim- 
berley  (1M75),  in  the  midst  of  the  diamond  dis- 
trict ;  lieaconstield  (18h5),  in  a  locality  in  Kini- 
berley  desi^^nated  for  the  abode  of  the  natives  ; 
Bloemfontein  (1H75),  a  mission  station  in  con- 
nection with  a  (rerman  Lutheran  Church. 

In  1h;(7  work  was  be^'un  in  Kaffraria  by  the 
opening;  of  a  station  at  ISethel.  It  met  with 
but  little  visible  success  for  several  years.  A 
few  out-stations  were  opened,  a  school  started, 
a  little  church  built,  when  in  lH4(j  war  inter- 
rupted the  work.  Not  vntil  about  1H57  was  it 
possible  to  renew  it  permanently,  but  even 
from  that  time,  though  under  the  sovereignty 
of  a  civilized  nation,  the  work  was  slow  and  dis- 
couraging, owing  to  the  evils  that  civilization  (?) 
bring<  in  its  train.  The  number  of  baptized  at 
present  is  ;i;t;i  ;  of  communicants,  130  ;  whole 
number  baptized  intlio  life  of  the  mission,  541. 
Wartburg  was  a  branch  from  Bethel  in  lis54,  on 
the  site  of  the  previous  mission  of  Emmans, 
which  had  been  destroyed  in  the  wars  of  the 
jireeeding  decade.  In  l.s(i3  a  church  was  built  ; 
a  school  was  soon  opened.  War  interrupted  the 
work  in  lH7s.  Now  out-stations  are  opened  up. 
And  it  rivals  Jiethol  in  number  of  converts. 
The  number  of  baptized  members  is  325.  There 
are  142  communicants.  Petersberg  is  a  second 
branch  from  Bethel,  near  King  William's  Town, 
and  wag  founded  in  1^57.  In  1S62  it  received 
ft  grant  of  2,000  acres  from  the  English  Govern- 
ment. But  in  spite  of  this  aid  reverses  set  in. 
The  natives  could  not  resist  temptations  from 
the  cit.v  near  by.  On  the  death  ot  the  mission- 
ary, in  1.H73,  his  place  was  not  supplied. 
Heathen  crowded  out  the  Christian  natives  on 
the  statim.  The  work  is  now  in  connection 
with  Emdizeni.  This  station  was  founded  in 
1801,  and  is  a  branch  from  the  preceding.  The 
mission  was  slow  in  showing  results,  in  IsmO 
numbering  only  a  few  communicants.  There 
are  now  30  with  75  baptized  persons,  a  total  of 
110  since  18(!-i.  Petersberg  shows  figures  a 
tritle  larger.  Etembeni  was  occupied  in  18(iH. 
In  1875  a  school  was  started,  but  in  1885  was 
given  up.  For  some  years  the  station  has  been 
in  charge  of  the  missionary  in  Petersberg,  but 
now  (188!))  has  its  own  supply,  and  the  work  is 
beginning  anew.  The  missions  in  Kaffraria 
thus  remain  the  least  encouraging  of  any  in  the 
six  synods. 

In  the  Cape  Colony  Synod  are  seven  stations, 
Zoar  was  the  first  to  be  founded,  1838,  The 
first  missionary  belonged  indeed  to  the  Berlin  So- 


ciety, but  the  expenses  of  the  station  were  met 
by  the  .South  African  Society.  The  chief  busi- 
ness at  first  was  to  rescue  the  natives  from  in- 
temperance ;  thi'  more  special  religious  work 
jirogressed  (puetly  and  earnestly,  until  1842, 
when  the  missionary  lift  the  service  of  the  Ber- 
lin Society,  The  sulistitute  was  even  more  suc- 
cessful, but  the  South  .\Irican  .Society  was  re- 
luctant to  continue  their  support.  1  he  parish 
itself  pb'dged  500  Thaler  j  early  to  tlie  work, 
and  in  this  waj'  tho  missionary  could  remain. 
In  lN."i3  a  new  church  was  dedicated,  erected 
with  great  enthusiasm  b,v  the  jieople.  In  order 
to  avoid  comi)lieation8  it  was  locateil  upon  land 
owned  by  the  Berlin  Society.  In  connection 
with  the  jdacing  of  a  cri'cifix  upon  the  altar  op. 
posituin  arose  on  th(  part  of  tho  (reformed) 
South  African  niissic  i,  and  they  took  posses, 
sion  ot  tho  post  in  Hid,  tho  Lutheran  mission 
making  .Vmalienstein  (the  location  of  their 
church)  an  independent  station.  In  18(17, 
tlunigli  not  all  the  iieojile  accepted  the  change, 
Zoar  was  again  taken  possession  of  by  tho  Ber- 
lin .Society,  and  for  years  maintained  indepen- 
dently. .\t  present  the  double  statio''  is  called 
Amalienstein,  aiul  reports  l,ol2  bap,,.iied  mem- 
bers, 2,443  in  all  since  tho  founding,  and  555 
communicants.  Famine  has  led  to  emigration 
of  late,  so  that  the  numbers  are  just  now  de- 
creasing. Ladysniith,  a  few  hours  distant,  was 
oi)ened  in  1857,  and  became  in  18(i8  an  inde- 
pendent station.  It  has  now  220  communicants 
and  140  baptized.  Around  it  several  preaching 
places  have  been  established.  Tho  establish- 
ment of  Anhalt-Sehmidt  in  1800  was  rendered 
possible  by  an  oi)portune  legacy,  and  by  the 
generous  respon.so  to  the  society's  need  occa- 
sioned by  the  withdrawal  of  the  annual  allow- 
ance of  500  Thaler  from  the  Consistory  treasury. 
(This  withdrawal  was  but  temporary,)  The 
))resent  strength  is  300  communicants  and  000 
baptized.  lUversdalo  was  adopted  from  tho 
London  Society  in  1808  ;  It  is  now  self-support- 
ing ;  has  1,318  baptized,  making  2,271)  since  18(')8, 
and  571  communicants.  Herbertsdale  and  Mos- 
.selbay  were  at  first  out-stations  of  liiversdale  ; 
since  1872  and  1870  respectively  they  have  been 
independent,  Laingsburg,  1883,  is  a  little  vil- 
lage that  sprang  uj)  on  the  line  of  the  railway 
northeast  from  Cape  Town,  All  three  are  but 
small  stations. 

The  six  stations  in  Natal  are  nil  small.  Em- 
■niaus  was  opened  in  1847  on  the  V)orders  of  the 
region  assigned  by  the  English  to  the  native 
inhabitants.  The  religious  state  ot  the  com- 
munity has  been  at  times  cheering,  oftener  un- 
satisfactory. Material  prosperity  has  al.so 
varied,  owing  to  war,  adverse  legislation,  leji- 
rosy,  and  uncertainty  about  the  title  to  the  land 
occupied.  At  present  there  are  about  200  com- 
municants, 3f!0  baptized,  a  total  of  507  since 
1847.  Though  Emmaus  is  the  residence  ot  the 
superintendent  of  the  synod,  Christianenburg 
near  the  coast  is  the  largest  station.  It  was 
opened  in  1848  as  a  bran.,h  activity  ot  the  pas- 
tor of  a  German  church  ia  a  German  colony. 
It  has  300  communicants  and  500  baptized  per- 
sons, 1,110  since  its  foundation.  Stendal  was 
founded  in  1800,  and  has  03  communicants  and 
100  baptized  jiersons.  Emangweni  (1803)  and 
Hoffenthal  (1808),  near  Emmans  among  the 
mountains,  have  about  00  communicants  each. 
Kijnigsberg,  farther  north,  was  established  in 
1808,  and  lias  137  communicants. 

The  above  enterprises  all  belong  to  the  earlier 


iJBRIilN  MISS.  SOO. 


189 


BERLIN  MISS.  SOO. 


perioil  of  tbo  Hooiety.  In  nil  lour  synods  work 
WHS  l)ej,'iin  lioforii  IM,")!),  aiul  now  stiitions  liuvc 
lii'fn  only  tlio  otfslinnts  iiuil  niitiuiil  ^{rowtli  of 
tliu  old.  Tho  KDi'ii'ty  Imd.  up  to  ls|s,  work  in 
tlio  Kiist  Indies,  Imt  iit  timt  diito  it  was  al)iin- 
doned.  A  now  territory  seciuin;^  dcsirnlilo,  it 
WHS  tiimlly  dccidi'd  to  cnliT  the  'rraiisviml. 
Tliis  tit'ld  is  now  the  cliiof  onu  of  tliu  socit^ty. 
Tlie  territory  is  divided  into  a  north  and  a  south 
Kyuod.  In  l^ilO  tlio  station  (lorlaelislioop  was 
ojieneil,  Imt  was  destroyed,  and  tho  eonmninity 
H.Mlteriid  l)y  intcrtrilial  wars.  Khiitl'lu  was  the 
next  to  lia  ostahlishod  in  ixCil,  Imt  in  couinion 
with  other  stations  had  to  li '  aliandoned  in 
iHtil  liecniise  of  native  hostility.  In  In'h  it 
was  opened  iiH'ii"i  '^'"1  "  il«ellin<^  house  and 
church  Imilt  upon  land  codeil  to  the  mission 
by  the  t,'overnnicnt  ;  Imt  tho  title  was  defective, 
and  tho  ^)uil(lin^^^  wore  again  in  IKMS  nbaa- 
doueil.  Tho  next  station  opene<l,  and  now  liy 
Ir  the  most  important  one  in  tho  region,  is 
Hutschabelo  (1m(!."))  ;  the  place  grew  rapidly  by 
means  of  refugees  fmm  tho  abaiuloned  stations 
mentioned  above.  The  inhabitants  of  tho  mis- 
sion were  reipiired  to  devote  a  part  of  their 
■work  and  fruits  to  the  sni)port  of  tlio  mission, 
nnd  they  did  this  gladly.  Cliurcdi  after  church 
became  too  small  ;  tho  schoolLouue  had  to  be 
enlarged  repeatedly  ;  a  store  nnd  a  mill  were 
established.  In  1K7;<  there  were  l.lilHl  inhabi. 
tants.  Owing  to  tho  independent  notions  of 
some  of  tho  chiefs,  and  to  the  severe  laws  of  the 
lioers  in  regnrd  to  them,  in  1H7)1  a  large  numl)er 
of  natives  emigrated.  Tho  mission,  however, 
remained  active  ;  after  the  wars  of  the  Hoers 
with  Engl.uid  and  tho  ensuing  peace  they  were 
unmolested  by  the  Dutch.  A  printing  estab- 
lishuunt  was  opened,  various  outstations  were 
established,  and  a  seminary  for  training  help- 
ers. .\t  present  there  are  l,:i;!S  communicants, 
S.lo:!  l)ai>tized,  being  a  total  of  .'t,!.'"  since  tho 
founding  of  the  station.  Leidenburg  was  estab- 
lished in  IsOii  and  became  in  tho  next  year  nn 
independent  station,  chierty  for  the  care  of 
refugees  from  the  hostile  king  who  had  caused 
the  abandonment  of  the  stations  mentioned 
above.  For  a  .long  time  there  was  great  hos- 
tility to  encounter,  but  tho  station  progressBil 
Hatisfactoril,v,  and  now  has  (IK!  communicants 
and  l,o:.'b, baptized.  In  Pretoria  a  station  was 
erected  in  the  same  year — ISOi!  — which  has 
shared  tho  fortune  of  that  city  in  regnrd  to  its 
prosperity.  At  present  it  has  7Mt)  communicants 
and  l.ss'.l  baiitized  per.sons.  Wallmannsthal 
is  a  colony  from  Tretoria  started  in  IStl'J.  It 
hns  undergone  the  exi)erienco  of  numerous  sta- 
tions, suffering  losses  from  tho  emigration  of 
the  uneasy,  often  ill-treated  natives,  and  re- 
covering itaslf  slowly  by  the  settlement  of  other 
heathen.  Now  it  has  272  communicants,  with 
Cil5  baptized  members.  In  the  same  year  (IHOO) 
Keuhaila  was  founded,  though  the  name  dates 
fr.iin  1H71,  when  tho  station  was  moved  a  few 
miles  from  the  old  location.  Also  other  changes 
Were  mndo,  so  that  in  the  reports  it  is  given  as 
existent  from  1880.  It  now  has  nearly  3()l)  com- 
municants, with  tnice  that  number  of  baptized 
persons,  I'otschefstroom  is  since  1872  a  sta- 
tion of  the  Berlin  Society,  before  that  belong- 
ing to  tho  Wesle.vans,  It  is  now  a  jirosperous, 
self-supporting  station,  with  200  communicnnts. 
Heidell)eig,  n  city  chictiy  of  white  inhabitants, 
has  a  station  among  the  blacks,  iindertnken  in 
1875.  In  common  with  many  of  the  stations  it 
lias  been  interrupted  by  wars,  and  Las  had  to 


contend  \Mth  tho  drink  curse.  It  has  now  100 
c(]mmuiiieants.  Woveiithin,  formerly  an  out- 
station  (if  the  proceilmg,  is  since  iNsi  indepen- 
dent,  and  has  now  210  <'OMiiiiunieants,  Other 
stations  are  Arcona  (1N77),  now  an  out-statinn 
iif  I,ol)ethal  (11^77),  the  f(niiier  having  200,  the 
latter  MOO  communicants  ;  Mossegu  (IHMii),  with 
200  communicants,  and  Johannesburg,  still 
more  recently  founded. 

In  the  North  Transvaal  Synod  tho  stations 
are  (la  Matlalo  (1hO">),  with  now  70  communi. 
cants  and  iso  baptized  members  of  the  mission  ; 
Malokong,  from  Ixi'u  an  out-station  of  the  now 
abandoned  Thutloane,  since  ImkI  an  indepen- 
dent post,  with  at  present  lf<  communicants  anil 
\'1'>  baptized  pirsons  ;  AVaterberg,  now  called 
•ModimoUe,  dating  also  from  lM'i7,  one  of  tho 
most  jirosixrous  of  the  missions,  having  now 
27o  communicants  and  02.")  bai)tized  members  ; 
lilauberg  is  occupied  since  IMIIK  ;  Alakcliabeng 
(1H70|,  Moletse  (1n77i,  Medingen  (l^M),  Ila 
Tsevase  (1^72),  Tsakomn  (1871),  (Jeorgenlioltz 
(1877),  having  about  TiO  c<imiiiunicnnts  and  110 
baptized  members  each.  The  principal  station 
in  the  synod  is  Jlp'home,  founded  in  1878.  Tho 
interest  centres  in  tho  training  school  which 
has  been  established  here.  It  is  also  tho  centre 
of  a  promising  activity  in  out-stations. 

The  totals  for  the  South  .Vfrican  missions  are 
as  follows  :  Number  of  baptized  members  of 
tho  communities,  21.112.  Number  of  com- 
municants, 10,;)R4.  Puring  the  year  IHKIM hero 
were  1  ,U'.i^>  persons  baptized.  Number  of  school, 
children  is  ;t, 081.  • 

h.  CniN.v,  -Woi'k  in  China  has  been  carried 
on  since  1S82,  when  the  society  assumed  the 
mission  stations  already  established. 

The  first  (ierman  to  undertnke  work  for  tho 
Chinese  was  (liltzlaff,  a  graduate  from  .laiiicke's 
seminary.  His  first  etlorts  dati'  from  ls.i7,  but 
ho  worked  single-handed  until  18l;t,  when  ho 
went  to  IIong-Kong  and  founded  there  tho 
"  Christian  I'nion  for  the  Sjiread  of  the  (iospel 
in  China  "  For  this  ho  secur(Hl  aid  in  tier- 
many,  especially  through  a  Cai-sel  Chineso  fund, 
(nltzlaff's  aim  was  to  train  Chinese  tor  tho  work 
among  their  countrymen,  for  he  saw  that  they 
could  carry  it  on  better  than  tho  hated  foreign, 
ers.  These  native  evangelists  brought  their 
converts  to  Hong  Kong  for  baptism,  and  when 
one  had  gathered  fifty,  he  was  ordained  as  their 
preacher.  His  work  grew  ajiace,  and  in  1810 
lio  made  such  appeals  that  the  Haslo  and  the 
liarmen  societies  gave  him  their  aid.  The 
Cassel  Society  also  increased  its  supjiort  but 
was  soon  amalgamated  w.iii  the  15erlin  Societj'. 
In  ]8.")0  (liitzlaff  visited  Crermany  and  stirred 
the  land  to  great  activity.  Unions  were  every- 
where formed,  whicdi  eventually  consolidated 
the  two— one  in  Stettin,  the  other  in  lierlin. 
Various  enterprises  were  enthusiastically 
planned,  but  for  one  reason  nnd  another  failed 
of  full  success.  Moreover,  the  liaslo  missionary 
who  had  charge  of  (nltzlaff's  work  during  his 
absence  jjublished  the  most  damaging  rci)orts 
of  tho  incapacity,  deceit,  and  immoralities  of 
the  two  hundred  Chinese  evangelists  who  had 
been  sent  out.  This,  of  course,  brought  men 
down  to  more  sober  views,  and  the  work  pro- 
gressed upon  a  safer  basis,  though  it  was  slower. 
.'Vbout  185.';  two  men  were  sent  out  by  the  Ber- 
lin (Chinese)  mission.  The  Basle  and  Barmen 
societies  worked  independentl.v  upon  the  ac- 
cepted plan  of  educaring  carefully  the  native 
evangelists  before  sending  them  out,  and  direct- 


BBRIilN  MISS.   SOO. 

inR  work  in  ont-Htatioim  froni  a  central  ono. 
Tliu  war  of  lNr>fi  interrM|iti)(l  tliti  work  for  a  tiriitt, 
but  only  to  ]irt'|iar«  for  it  hrinlitor  prosiu'ctH. 
Tlie  unions  o(  Uerlin  ami  Stettin  worked  to- 
gether, and  Were  aided  liy  tlie  llorlin  (Soulli 
African)  Society,  whicli  tniine<l  hoiuo  of  tlio 
men  who  were  to  he  sent  to  the  Hehl.  The  Bitu- 
ntion  at  the  het^inninn  of  1H7()  was  (juito  tin- 
favorahic,  for  fuiidn  and  nien  were  Hcurco,  and 
the  Franco- I'rusHian  war  wrounht  havoc  in  the 
societies.  Tlie  lierlin  I'nioii  ^,'ave  up  its  iiide 
pcndeiico  anil  hecaniu  auxiliary  to  the  Itariui'ii 
Society,  which  continued  the  work  from  1H7.!. 
lint  tho  union  of  tho  two  elements,  though 
proiuisint^  well  at  tho  time,  proveil  euiliarrass- 
ing  ;  personal  friclioa  between  tho  iiiissionHries 
led  soon  to  tho  resignation  of  three  of  them, 
and  tho  IJarnien  .Society  resolved,  in  18M1,  to 
give  up  the  work  assumed  in  IH72  Tho  former- 
ly independent  Iterlin  (China)  Mission  Society 
did  not  venture  it  again,  and  offered  it  to  tho 
Berlin  (South  African)  Society.  .lust  at  that 
time  came  news  of  thu  decision  in  Pniel  that 
the  station  land  really  belonged  to  the  society, 
and  damages  for  occupation  by  the  diamond 
diggers  had  been  awarded  ;  ample  funds  were 
therefore  at  hand  for  beginning  the  work.  It 
was  also  seen  that  tho  South  .Vfrican  field  was 
rapidly  becoming  occupied  by  tho  nuiuerous 
societies  active  there.  Tho  decision  was  reached 
to  accept  the  responsibility,  and  in  1HH2  the 
society  took  up  the  work  in  China,  jjurchasing 
the  tine  Mission  House  in  Canton  from  the 
Uarinen  Society. 

.\t  the  transfer  the  boundaries  between  tho 
field  and  that  of  the  liaslo  Mission  were  re- 
arranged,  and  other  changes  were  made. 

The  work  is  exclusively  in  tho  i>rovinco  Can- 
ton, in  which  there  are  four  central  stations. 
At  Canton  there  is  a  seuiinary  for  training  na- 
tive evangelists,  and  two  children's  schools. 
Missionary  Hubrig,  the  loader  of  the  entire 
work,  has  been  located  hero  for  twenty-two 
years.  Tho  number  of  communicants  is  ;tl). 
During  the  year  13  were  baptized,  making  tho 
total  number  at  present  (1(1.  A  second  station 
is  Fu-mui,  whero  there  are  72  baptized  mem- 
bers and  l.l  communicants.  In  40  locations  of 
this  district  live  !.">(!  Christians,  100  of  whom 
arecouimunicants.  Phak-sawith  its  out  stations 
has  70  Christians  with  4.5  communicants.  Nam- 
hyung  is  tho  fourth  principal  station,  of  about 
the  same  size  as  the  preceding.  In  addition  to 
these  i)rincipnl  stations  there  are  (1  stations, 
4  out-stations,  13  preaching  )>laces,  and  12o  other 
localities  where  mission  woik  is  done.  There 
were  7(>  baptisms  during  tho  last  year,  so  that 
at  its  close  there  were  upon  this  society's  mis- 
sion territory  042  Christians,  among  whom  were 
372  communicants. 

The  society  publishes  a  monthly  magazine, 
Berliuer  Missliv)shi')-lrlili\  a  child's  ])appr,  lln.'titDi- 
nil,  and  a  general  mission  paper,  Slissiotisfremul, 
the  Beihkiti  to  which  concerns  its  own  work. 

Brrliii  Ji'rii<>iilrin  Soclely.— (See.Tern- 
Balem  Cnion  in  Berlin.) 

BerNUlin  (Engli.sh,  Beersheba),  a  city  of 
Surinam,  Sonth  .\merica,  on  tho  river  Para,  is 
in  the  centre  of  a  district  which  has  always 
been  the  darkest  corner  in  Surinam,  tho  strong-. 
hold  of  idolatry  and  sorcery.  Idol  temples  and 
places  of  sacrifice  are  very  numerous.  Tho 
former  are  not  imposing  edifices,  such  as  are 
found  in  India,  but  small  structures  only  a  de- 


mo 


BETHEL 


gree  above  common  pigsties,  and  located  in  out- 
of-the  way  corners  behind  tho  houses  of  the 
village.  They  art)  not  used  for  worship,  but 
only  as  repositories  for  the  idols  and  their  be- 
longings,  vhich  are  needful  for  heatlien  daiiceit 
anil  the  pel  formancos  of  tho  sorcerers.  \  station 
of  tho  Moittvians  is  like  an  oasis  in  tho  desert. 
Tho  neat,  clu'erful  appearance  of  the  station, 
and  the  (i(>s]>el  light  which  radiates  from  thiit 
centre  into  tho  heathen  ilarkness  around,  is  hav- 
ing a  blessed  influence.  .V  large  congregation  of 
baptized  members  has  been  gathered  ;  preach- 
ing stiitions  are  established  ;  idolatrous  dances 
grow  less  frecpient,  and  tho  superstitious  dread 
of  tho  sorcerer  decreases  as  tho  light  and  knowl- 
edge of  tho  (iospel  spreads  among  the  people. 

RtTMoliii,  a  station  of  the  Rhenish  Mission 
in  (treat  Xaina(|ualand,  West  South  .\frica. 
Hero  tho  missionary  Krilnlein  translated  tho 
New  Testament  into  Nama.  Two  iiiissiiinarie.>» 
and  wives,  II  native  preachers,  324  communi- 
cants. 

Ilclilfo,  a  town  in  tho  luierina  Province  of 
Madagascar.  Mission  station  of  tho  Norwegian 
Missionary  Society. 

Bt>terv(>r'\vn«>llllllltf,  a  town  near  (Ira- 
ham's  Hall,  in  Demarara,  British  Ciuiana,  South 
America.  Mission  station  of  tho  Moravians, 
whero  they  have  a  small  congregation  which 
formerly  belonged  to  tho  Dutch  Ilef.irmed 
("hurch,  but  on  being  left  without  a  minister 
applied  for  admission  to  the  5Ioravisn  Church, 
and  was  admitted  with  very  satisfactory  results. 
The  teacher  at  (Iraham's  Hall  assists  tho  mis- 
sionary at  this  station. 

BetllHlinrn,  one  of  the  most  important  of 
the  Moravian  mission  stations  in  Jamaica,  West 
Indies,  and  tho  centre  of  an  extensi'^e  field  of 
effort.  It  is  situated  on  the  uneveti  ^mface  of 
the  lofty  range  of  table-land  know  i  iS  'ho  Man- 
chester Mountains.  X  training  institution  for 
female  teachers  was  established  at  this  station, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  has  sent  out  many 
useful  teachers.  Quite  recently,  however,  this 
has  been  removed  to  Bethlehem. 

Bt'llllinioil. — 1.  .V  town  in  Great  Xamnqua- 
land,  South  .\frica.  Mission  station  of  tho 
Klienish  Missionary  Society  ;  1  missionary  and 
wife,  1  native  helper,  241  church-members. 

2.  A  town  in  tho  Orange  Free  State.  South 
Africa.  Missicui  station  of  the  Berlin  Mission- 
ary Society  (1^34)  ;  2  missionaries  and  wives, 
1  native  helper,  4."i7  commnnionnts. 

3.  A  town  in  Eastern  Transvaal.  South  .Vfrica. 
Mission  station  of  tho  Herrmansburg  Society 
(lK.j7i. 

Belliniiy.— 1.  .V  town  on  the  Mos(iuito 
Coast,  Central  America.  .Mission  station  of  tbo 
Moravians,  formerly  Tasba  Paum,  an  outpnst 
of  Mtigdala. 

2,  X  town  in  .Tamaica,  West  Indies,  a  mission 
station  of  the  Moravians  (1830). 

Bt'lllfi.— 1.  .V  station  of  tho  Moravian 
Brethren  in  Western  Alaska,  situated  on  tlio 
river  Kuskokwim.  Tho  work  is  among  the  In- 
nuifs,  whom  the  missionaries  found  extremely 
hard  to  reach  ;  but  tho  latest  intelligence  from 
this  station  mentions  awakenings  and  conver- 
sions and  a  general  desiro  in  the  part  of  tho 
surrounding  heathen  for  religious  instruction, 
and  there  is  much  to  encourage  tho  workers. 


BETHEL 


161 


BHUTAN 


Mission  stiition  of 
;    51)    church-iueni- 

8eo  Bethel  Sauthiil 


who  nre  1   missionary  nnd  wife,  1  UDUinrriccl 
iimn,  itiiil  1  Hiti^hi  hkdy. 

2.  .V  town  in  tlie  islaiul  (pf  St.  Kitt'n,  West 
In.lifs.  Mission  station  of  the  .Moravians.  The 
jiroprietors  of  an  estate  situatiMl  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  .Misery,  on  the  iiortliern  side  of  the 
islan  1,  rt'oro  liesirous  that  a  mission  shoiilil  ho 
estalilislieil  for  the  hnnetltof  the  shives  residing 
on  this  and  tlio  neiithtiorinj?  estates,  who  were  in 
a  Very  net^h'cted  spiritual  condition.  I'ho  wish 
was  "iiiado  known  to  the  .Moravian  .Mission 
Boiinl,  jvnd  consent  to  extend  the  work  was 
readily  Kranted.  'I'ho  proprietors  were  willint^ 
to  make  over  a  couple  ot  acres  of  j^round  for  a 
Htation.  The  place  selected  was  a  piece  of  un- 
cultivated ground  near  the  northern  extremity 
of  the  estate,  and  separated  frjin  the  cane  land 
liy  a  deep  unUy  on  ono  side  and  houniled  hy  a 
road  on  the  otlier.  It  is  aliout  a  niilo  from  the 
town  of  Dieppe  l!ay,  and  lieiiiK  on  elevated 
ground,  commands  an  extensive  view.  To  the 
south  towers  Mount  Misery,  an  extinct  volcano. 
In  ls:l2  a  church  was  liuilt  and  the  place  named 
lietliel. 

:t.  .V  town  of  Katlrarin,  S.iuth  -Vfrica.  Jlis- 
sion  station  of  the  Herlin  K.-anRelical  Mission- 
ary .Society  (lisitTi  ;  2  ordained  missionaries  and 
wives,  1  lay,  2  native  helpers,  122  communi- 
cants. 

•t.  .\  town  in  Transvaal, 
the  Herrmaiishurg  .Socic^ty 
bers. 

5.  City  of  Bengal,  India. 
Mission. 

Bl'lllt'l  Miinllllll  IIImnIoii.— rndenomi- 
national  ;  supported  hy  voluntary  contril)Utions. 
Secretary  in  Kn«land.  Miss  Si.  C.  (iurney, 
Granville  Lodge,  (rranville  Itoail,  Easthourne. 

The  Bethel  Santhal  Mission  was  fouiulcd  liy 
Pastor  \.  HacKert  in  ls7"),  in  the  country  of 
the  Santhals,  Khairal)oni,  near.Tamtarn,  Bengal, 
India.  Tlie  Santhals  w.irship  the  sun  ami  the 
ptinca  of  evil  spirits  with  horrid  rites  :  imman 
sacritices  were  formerly  offered,  hut  hr.ie  been 
stopped  hy  law.  .Vfter  working  among  them  for 
several  years  Pastor  Haegert  built  a  mission  and 
school  houses,  which  were  dedicated  in  -Inly, 
1S7.5,  under  the  name  of  the  Bethel  Santhal 
Mission.  Tlie  expenses  of  these,  and  of  the 
hospital  an  I  training  school  which  were  soon 
added,  Mr.  Ilaegert  liimself  defrayed,  until  his 
resources  were  exhausted,  .\fter  that  the  need- 
ed funds  were  supplied  hy  others.  At  present 
there  is  a  "  home"  and  an  "  Indian"  depart- 
ment, which  mutually  assist  one  another,  hut 
are  in^lependent  in  working. 

Other  missionaries  have  since  joined  Mr. 
Haegort,  and  ho  has  in  addition  many  native 
helpers. 

liethe'  is  the  head  station  of  the  mission. 
"  Bethlehem,"  an  out-station,  was  formed  in 
I'^i^o,  and  is  in  charge  of  two  European  mission- 
aries ;  six  other  out-stations  have  native  [lastors. 

There  are  2  training  schools  and  17  village 
schools,  a  lios[)ital,  and  f<  dispensaries.  Since 
the  foundation  of  the  mission  25,(1110  patients, 
coming  from  l-Jl  different  villages,  have  heen 
treated. 

There  are  bai)tized  Christians  in  more  than 
forty  villages, 

Oclliesilll.  — 1.  .V  town  in  Bassutoland 
(Lessouto),  S  luth  .Vfrica.  Mission  station  of 
the  Paris  Evangelical  Society  :  1  missionary, 
9  native  helpers,  334  communicants. 


2.  .V  town  in  (tiiipialand.  South  .Vfrica.  Mis- 
sion station  of  the  .Moravians,  occupied  at  the 
reipiest  of  the  chief  of  the  Liipino, 

:i.  .V  town  in  the  island  of  St.  Kitt's,  Went 
Indies.  .Mission  station  of  the  Moravians. 
The  station  occujdes  a  tine  and  healthy  location 
at  no  great  distance  from  the  sea,  ami  on  the 
summit  of  a  knoll  ornamented  hy  cocoanut- 
trees.  The  knoll  is  partially  surrounded  hy  ono 
of  those  deep  laviiies  which  constitute  a  strik- 
ing featuri'  of  the  n'enery  of  St.  Kitt's. 

Bt'llijalil.  or  UellllialU,  Syria,  a  town 
in  Southwest  Syria,  southwest  of  Jerusalem  and 
northwest  of  Hethleliem,  Mission  station  of 
the  Merlin  .Ferusalem  .Society  ;  3  native  workers, 
1  school,  III)  scholars. 

Ilt'llllellt'in,  a  small  town  in  Palestine, 
near  .lerusalem.  The  birthplace  of  Christ. 
The  only  mission  work  attempted  here  is  hy 
the  .lernsalem  I'nion  of  Berlin,  which  has  a 
school  with  l."(0  pupils. 

nrti|{Ori,  a  town  in  Bombay,  Western 
India.  I'opidation  (including  (lodag,  one  mile 
distant),  17, Odd.  Mission  station  of  the  Baslo 
Missionary  Society  ;  :)  missionaries,  2  mission- 
aries' wives,  10  native  lielpers,  2311  church- 
members,  and  a  teachers'  seminary. 

Bellll,  a  city  of  the  Central  Provinces, 
India.  Population,  5, Odd,  chiefly  (ionds.  Mis- 
sion station  of  the  Swedish  Evangelical  National 
Society. 

Bt"/,lllii,  a  town  in  Eastern  Java.  Mission 
station  ot  the  Java  Comite  (lH7'.ij. 

Rezu'ii«ltl,  a  town  in  Madras,  India.  Mis- 
sion station  of  the  C.  M.  S. ;  isil  communi- 
cants. 

Bllll|;nl|>lir,  n  town  in  Bengal,  India,  on 
the  (iaiiges  itiver,  32ii  miles  (by  riven  from  Cal- 
cutta. I'opulatioii,  ds,23.s,  Hindus,  Moslems, 
etc.  X  station  of  the  C  M.  S  ;  77  church- 
members. 

Bllli;ril,Va,  a  town  of  Bengal,  India.  Mis- 
sion station  of  the  C.  M.  S.  ;  ',12  church-mem- 
bers. 

BIlHIldaril,  Central  Provinces  of  India,  3S 
nnles  east  of  Nagpur.  .V  neat  and  healthy 
jdace  ;  has  a  good  trade.  Population.  ll,l.")d. 
Jlission  station  of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  ; 
3  missionaries  and  wives. 

Bliatiiii-i,  or  VIrat  Vorslon.— The  Bhat- 
niri,  also  Buttaneer,  which  is  spoken  in  the 
province  of  Bhatnir,  west  of  Delhi,  belongs  to 
the  Indie  branch  of  (he  .Vrynu  family  of  lan- 
guages. .V  \ew  Testament  into  this  dialect 
was  piiblished  at  Serampore  in  1>'24,  but  never 
reprinted. 

Itlliniporc,  a  town  of  flujarat,  Bengal. 
Mission  station  of  the  Free  Bajitist  Mission 
(I'.  S.  .\  )  ;  75  church  members,  1,-1-12  scholars. 

Bliiidrufk,  or  Bliadrnk,  a  town  of 
Orissa.  P.engal,  India.  Sub-station  of  the  Free 
Will  Bai)tist  Missionary  Society  worked  from 
Chandhali  ;  14  church-members,  54  scholars. 

Blllllail. — -Vn  independent  native  State  on 
the  southern  slope  of  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Himalayan  range.  It  is  bounded  by  Thibet  on 
the  north,  on  the  south  by  the  British  prov- 
inces ot  Assam  and  Bengal,  on  the  west  by  Sik- 
kim,  another  native  State,  and  on  the  east  by 


BHUTAN 


loa 


BIBLE  DISTRIBUTION 


llio  trvritnry  of  several  niicivili/i'il  i\nil  litlli' 
known  numntiun  triln'n.  It  is  iniluiU'il  xvitliin 
Iho  limits  ol  nui'di  lutituilo  'J(i  I')  ainl  'Js  .  niid 
of  (list  liinnituiU'  M''  iiinl  M  .  'I'lu'  iNticnio 
wr'slcrn  iK)int  of  lilintiin  is  (hu>  north  ot  Cal- 
ontta,  anil  distant  t'loni  that  i-ilv  a  littlo  over 
M(l(t  niilos.  Nt'itln'r  tho  area  nor  tho  iio]iuliilioii 
art'  cxai'tly  known  ;  l>\il  iin-vious  to  tlu'  annex- 
ation to  lintish  trnitory  of  certain  of  its  dis 
triets,  it  was  sii|>iiosed  to  rontain  'JiU'l'l'  Miinire 
miles  and  'Jll.noil  jieoide  ;  holh  these  estimates 
are  now  Relieved  to  lie  too  Kmall.  The  jieople 
are  allii'd  to  those  of  'I'iliet  tat  least  their  Ian 
pin^'e  indicates  thatl  ;  in  reli^;ion  they  are 
lioniinally  Umhlhists.  Imt  really  devil  worshi))- 
perrt.  M'lrally  they  are  sunken  into  the  lowest 
libyHMPs  of  de|^ra<lalion.  Their  f^overniuent  is 
one  opjiression  ;  property  is  insi'e\ire.  No 
(Jove,  (lent  otlieial  reeeives  a  salary,  li\it  ex- 
torts what  he  ean  from  the  people,  and  holds 
otliee  as  lono  as  he  is  aide  to  bribe  his  s\iperiors. 
Xovertheless,  tho  people  are  industrious, 
thouf,'li  t,'ivi'n  to  intenijieranee  and  immorality. 
I'olyandry  is  practised,  ami  li.is  had  the  elYect 
of  preventing,'  the  ^,'rowtli  of  the  populatnm. 
Tho  country  presents  the  nlinost  grandeur  of 
mountain  sceiu'ry,  but  thus  far  is  almost  wholly 
destitute  of  any  civilizing  or  improving;  inllu- 
enees.  Its  relations  with  tho  Uritish  (lovern- 
ini'lit  are  not  close  ;  bitherti>  these  relations 
have  consisted  lart^ely  in  kidnappino  cx|)edi- 
tions  on  the  part  of  tho  ]!hutias  into  adjacent 
Itritish  districts,  aii<l  retaliatory  nu-asures  on 
the  jiart  of  the  Itritish,  For  tho  jiast  ipiarter 
of  a  century,  however,  owiiii^  to  severe  puiiish- 
niciits  received  in  Isi'i.'i  at  tlie  hands  of  a  n\ili 
tnry  expedition,  the  l>h\itius  have  been  on  their 
good  behavior. 

Ilililo  (iirlNtian   ForrlKii    1TllN§lon- 

ar,V  >»««'U'I.V.  -  lloadipiarters,  liible  Cliristian 
Hook  Uooms,  •.Ml  ralernoster  Uow,  London. 

This  society  was  orijanized  in  1^'il  for  tho 
purpose  ot  sendini;  missionaries  into  unchris- 
tianized  portions  of  the  I'nited  Kingdom  and 
into  heathen  lands.  In  \X'-U  they  sent  two 
missionaries  to  North  .\nierica.  one  of  whom 
occupied  Canaihi,  \Vi>st,  and  the  other,  Trinco 
Kdward's  Island.  'I'heir  work  was  emincnlly 
successful,  and  in  lss;t,  when  thi'  unioi\  of  all 
the  Methodist  churches  in  Caiuula  was  elTected, 
tho  niendiership  of  this  mission  was  uboiit  7,(Ml(l. 

In  IS.'ii)  Messrs.  James  AVay  and  ■lames  JJowe 
were  sent  to  South  .\nstralia,  and  later  several 
other  missionaries  settleil  in  Victoria,  t,>ui>ens 
lanil,  and  New  Zealand.  I'ho  work  her",  beint^ 
carried  on  under  favorable  circumstances,  soon 
(»rew  independent  and  self  su|iportinj,'.  ami  now 
the  priiu'ipal  w  ork  done  in  this  mission  is  tho 
planting;  of  new  ehuri'hes  in  needy  districts. 

In  MS")  the  society  sent  twc  missionaries  to 
Vunnan.  China,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Chimi  Inland  Mission,  wliose  repeated  a]ipeals 
f.ir  help  had  roused  much  interest.  The  pvoj,-- 
ress  of  the  work  has  beiMi  I'xcellent,  and  now 
the  society  sujiports  four  missionaries  at  tho  two 
stations  of  Yunnan  and  Chant;  lun^;  I'oo.  in  the 
province  of  Yunnan.  A  iu>tive  church  has  been 
orKanized  with  .seven  members,  and  a  day 
Kcliool,  reci'iitly  started,  is  doin^;  nicely.  Much 
)»ood  has  also  been  aocomplished  by  means  of 
the  distribution  of  many  (iospcl  books  and 
tracts,  and  in  medical  treatment  of  opium  pa 
tients,  and  by  the  use  of  simple,  sensible  rem- 
ediex  to  cure  all  kiudu  of  uiluieutii. 


.\t  Ikuiic  the  society  has  fort.v  seven  mission- 
aries w  orkin^;  iiuionL!  thelowi'st  classes  of  ['en- 
pie  in  liondon  and  other  jiarts  of  I'.ngland. 

IlilllO  DUlrilMllioil. -'I'his  department 
of  missii  nary  wmk  may  lie  considered  nndi  r 
four  heads;  1,  Its  ob|ect.  II.  Its  methods. 
III.  Its  am'iieies.      1\'.  Its  results. 

I.  Oltjrct.  I'his  is  to  brin^;  the  knowledno 
of  the  |!ible  to  e\ery  soul  by  means  of  iihicino 
copies  of  the  Jiible  within  the  possession  t  r.  at 
least,  within  the  reach  of  evi'ry  ]>erson.  lim- 
ing the  course  of  mission  enterprises  there  has 
bi'cn  and  there  still  is  not  a  little  misnnder- 
standiiit;  on  this  point.  Tho  imiiieiliati'  object 
has,  in  some  cases,  obscured  the  ulterior,  ain'. 
tho  actual  jiossession  of  tlm  liiblo  as  u  book  has 
crowiled  out  of  si^^lit  the  use  of  it  as  u  nicai'.s  of 
spiritual  knott  ledge  and  growth.  The  gri  at 
liible  societies  of  'treat  Uritain,  America,  and 
Kiirope  have  accepted  the  principle  that  the  end 
they  are  to  keep  in  view  is  not  merily  the  pos. 
session  of  tho  liible,  but  its  proper  use,  an  1 
that  any  distribution  which  ignores  that  ilis 
tinction  is  liable  to  do  more  harm  than  goi>d. 
An  instance  illustrative  of  this  general  princi 
plo  is  the  fact  that  at  ditVi'rent  times  certain 
persons  have  given  away  large  numbers  of  Scrip- 
tures to  the  crowds  of  pilgrims  that  gather  at 
such  places  as  .Icrnsalem.  The  tdiject  was  un- 
diuibtedly  laudable,  but  unwise,  inasmuch  a.i 
the  invariable  result  has  been  that  tlie  books 
thus  cheapened  and  thrown  broadcast  exercised 
little  or  no  inlluenee  for  goial,  and  even  inspired 
a  feeling  of  contem]>t,  as  the  sacred  pages  were 
seen  tossed  aside  ami  soiled  or  torn  and  other- 
wiso  distigured. 

II.  Mftliodn, — In  general  lidile  distribution 
is  earrii'd  on  by  sale  or  grants.  l;i  illeet,  how- 
ever, tho  dilTinnce  Vetwein  these  is  very  mate- 
rially lessened  by  such  heavy  reductions  in 
prices  that  the  sales  arc  in  many  I'ases  little 
more  than  grimiw. 

As  with  rigard  to  the  tdiject,  so  with  regaid 
to  the  methods  there  has  been  not  a  little  dis 
oussion  and  dill'i'rence  of  o]unl(in.  Wherever 
tho  mere  possession  of  a  copy  of  the  Scripturos 
has  been  eonsidere  1  a  prime  essential,  there, 
IIS  a  natural  consequence,  great  stress  lins  bei  n 
laiil  njion  /)■((•  distribution.  On  the  otln  r  band, 
thost>  who  have  held  that  (he  mere  fact  of  pos- 
session was  of  comparatively  littb'  value,  except 
as  it  might  lead  to  careful  use.  havii  also  held 
(hat  it  is  wiser  to  exjiect  persons  to  give  some 
tiling  for  the  book  ;  and  at  this  time  the  nundur 
of  copies  of  tlu' Scriptures  actually  giv.naway 
by  the  large  liible  niid  missionary  societies  is 
but  a  very  small  )iro|au'tion  of  thi'  total  number 
distributed. 

In  order,  liowev<r,  to  meet  tho  di  mand  upon 
the  Christian  Church  that  tl'.(>  liiblo  shall  be 
idaced  within  the  reach  of  any  man,  however 
(loor,  the  societies  have  adopleil  the  geiu  nil 
lirinci|ile  of  gauging  prices  by  the  abilitv  of  the 
people  to  pay  rather  than  by  the  actual  cost  of 
tho  book.  In  such  lands  i\s(ireat  lirilain,  the 
I'nited  States,  and  the  pnater  part  "  f  Conti- 
nental I'.uroiie,  the  liible  societies,  ns  a  ruh\ 
ask  cost  jirice  for  tli'ir  publicati<iiis,  reckoning 
in  the  cost  the  expense  of  jninting  and  bind- 
ing, but  making  no  ai'count  of  the  outlay  in 
editorial  work.  To  this,  liow<'ver,  there  are  e\ 
eeptions.  At  times,  in  order  to  meet  a  spi'cial 
want,  an  eviition.  usually  of  the  NewTi  stament. 
is  plaeeil  at  a  liguro  less  eveu  than  that  cost,  as 


BIBLE  DISTRIBUTION 


l(;;t 


ill  till'  ciiso  (if  I'orluin  tMlitions  oippciftUy  <lc- 
Ki^iii'il  f(ir  use  ill  tlu'  ncIiooIm  oi' fur  (liHtiilmtioii 
lUiioiin  (lie  JiiKiriT  I'lilssiM  of  liilidl'i'is. 

Ill  (lisliiu'livi'ly  niissioiiiii'v  liiuils  Uii'  duy's 
wiii^i"  of  II  liilioriiii^  iiiiiii  is  (ifti'u  taken  iis  tin- 
pin^^c,  mill  nil  "111111111  of  tlii>  ulii)li>  Itiblo,  in 
)iliuii  l>\it  snlistiiiitiiil  liiiuliii^',  is  pliu'cil  iit  such 
H  rii^uro  as  will  In'  williiii  the  Vi'iicli  of  tlin  or 
iliiiiiT  ]i('iisalit  oi'  iiilisan.  Oilier  I'llitioiis  of 
the  New  Testiinietit,  clillereiit  imrtioiis,  us  the 
(iiisiu'ls,  I'saliiis,  I'liiverlis,  rentiiteueli,  ele., 
aiiil  liir^jer  eilitious  of  the  whole  liihle  are  luiiilo 
prnporlioimle  in  ]iriee.  Wlienver  ^,'ilt  or  tine 
liiti.liiii;  is  nseil  the  uetiial  I'ost  is  iisked,  as  it  is 
liiit  eonsidereil  rij^ht  to  eiill  iiiion  the  Christian 
|>iililii'  for  the  cii|)|>ly  of  luMiries, 

With  ref;:iv<l  to  ljimiUs,  the  j;eiieral  iiriiiei|ilo 
is  to  Julian  each  eiisii  h_v  itself.  If  tho  iliKtrilm- 
tor.  whether  tiiissioiiiiry  |mstor,  aj^eiit.  or  eolpor 
tiur.  is  siitislieil,  lirst,  that  the  person  is  not 
ulile  t  )  \i'\v<'  the  priee  of  the  liook,  ami,  seioinl, 
thit  the  eiipy  will  lie  well  and  advantageously 
usod.  ordiimrily  the  (,'riiiit  is  made.  The  plan 
of  seeuriiij*  tho  alti'iiliou  and  interest  of  a  per- 
Holi  not  espeeiiiUy  iiitirested  ill  the  liihle  hy  the 
(loimtion  of  a  eojiy  has  not,  as  a  rule,  been 
considered  wise. 

Ft  lias,  hiiwever,  lieeoun'  iiu'reasiii^<ly  evident 
thiit  no  iron  rule  ean  he  laid  down.  Very  iiiueli 
must  lie  left  to  the  iiilividuiil  jiidt^iiietil  of  the 
jiersoiis  eii^;a^;ed  in  the  work,  iiuder  the  (,'uiil- 
aiiee  of  the  general  luineiples  l;iid  down  liy  the 
Koeieties. 

It  is  surtieient  to  say  that  thest>  iiriiieiples 
li;no  met  with  inereiisiii^ly  general  approviil, 
and  liiivo  produced  most  sutisfaetory  ii>sults. 

Ill,  ./lf/»'(»<'»<'.s."  These  are  ■  !  'Ulle  soci 
oties.  "2.  Missionary  societies.  :!.  Other  or- 
giiniziitions  and  individual  workers. 

I,  Ihiu.i;  Socirrir.s. — 'I'lieso  are  orgnnizfttions 
for  tho  distriliulion  of  fho  Word  of  (hid  in 
viirioiw  hiiiguages,  without,  note  or  comment. 
Ordinarily  they  carry  lUi  also  the  work  of  trans 
liitin,'.  eliding,  and  puhlishing  liihles,  r.s  essen- 
tial prereipiisiles  t  i  their  special  work  of  dis- 
triliiition.  I'limmeiicing  with  the  supply  of 
their  own  lands  and  piMiples,  they  hnvo  grad- 
ually extended  their  operatnuis,  until  they  now 
include  every  country  in  the  world  where  there 
is  any  jiossihility  i>t  reaching  tho  pooplo  with 
tho  Word  of  (iod'. 

II.  'riirillsliiii'tiri'  (7e(r(l(•^'|■i.^■/^•^'of  the  liihle  sn- 
oipties.  so  tar  as  they  are  distriluiting  agencies, 
are  ; 

1.  'I'heir  Ciinliiiing  their  work  1  i  the  eirculii- 
ti  Ml  of  the  liihle,  either  in  whole  or  in  jiarl. 
Tliey  do  not  undertiike  to  prer.cli  or  ONliort, 
Their  one  wiu-k  is  to  jdace  the  Hihle  in  the 
Imiids  of  those  who  will  read  and  study  for 
theuiselves.  .\s  is  iiievitiihh',  this  line  is  not 
and  ciinnot  iihvays  he  sharply  dnuvn.  Colpor- 
teurs are  ermipelled  hy  thc>  very  mituro  of  their 
work  to  e\]diiiii  the  li  ink  that  they  curry,  hut 
they  are  not  expected  to  take  the  place  of  the 
lireiicher  or  teacher,  and  are  not  elicnuraged  m 
onteriiig  into  discussions  as  to  the  doctrines  of 
Scripturi'  (M'  the  rites  of  the  Church.  So  stvong 
has  lien  the  feeling  in  this  respect  tliut  many 
hiive  opposed  the  printing  of  chapter  headings, 
of  references,  niiips.  ami  the  tables  of  weiglits 
and  measures.  Wider  and  niorematuri'  consid- 
erutions  liiivo  icsulted  in  the  acceptance  of 
these,  and  the  ''  without  note  or  comment"  of 
the  constitutions  of  the  leading  societies  has 
been  understood  to  iiieim  that  nil  attempts  at 


BIBLE  DISTRIBUTION 


iiilirfivrtdtion  or  rsliorliitiiiii  as  such  wore  excluded 
from  tho  province  of  the  society's  work. 

•2.  Their  Catholicity.  The  liihle  societies  of 
.\iiierica  and  EuroiU'  have  bwn  and  are  spe- 
cially noted  as  being  the  great  means  of  uniting 
the  various  branches  of  the  Cliurch  in  their 
elVorts  fev  the  evangelization  of  the  world. 
They,  as  :i  rule,  know  no  distinction  id'  denomi- 
nation, whether  based  upon  form  of  worship, 
church  government,  ov  creed.  .\11  men  who 
heartily  acce|it  the  liihle  as  the  foundation  of 
(Christian  Irulh,  and  are  imxious  to  further  its 
knowledge  by  men  of  all  nations  ami  languages, 
are  corilially  invited  to  join  in  thoir  support 
and  niiiniigemcnt. 

This  has  been  aided  by  tho  adoiHion  by  tho 
societies  of  the  luMadest  principles  in  rogard  to 
the  versions  thiU  they  circulate.  The  liritish 
and  I'oreign,  ami  .\merican  Hiblo  Societies,  ai:  ' 
the  National  liihle  Society  of  Scotland,  adop, 
for  their  I'.nglish  editiiuis  the  "  .\utliori/.ed"  or 
"King  .lames"  Versiiin,  but  in  their  transla- 
tions into  foreign  laiiguages  invariably  go  liack, 
wliero  iiracticiiblp.  to  the  (iroek  and  Hebrew 
original.  As  a  rule  they  reject  the  .\pocryi)lia, 
excejit  that  in  some  cases,  in  in  (iieeeo  and 
Kiissia,  the  versions  based  on  the  Septuagint 
are  allowed  in  defcreiico  to  the  popular  teeling. 
The  Hritish  and  I'ori'ign  liihle  Society  has  also 
at  times  perniiltod  the  salt',  by  its  agents,  of 
the  Uoiiay  Version.  (See  articles  on  the  ditVer- 
eiit  Hiblo  Societies  and  'I'ranslation.) 

/i.  (It'iii'rtil  (Iniiiiii^iiliitn  ninl  Minndifini'iit. — 
These  are  treated  spocilleally  in  tho  statements 
of  the  dilferent  societies,  luit  certain  general 
facts  relate  to  all. 

1.  They  are  iiide]ieiident  of  all  ecclesiastical 
and  denominational  relutions,  selfregulative 
ami  self-perpetuiiting,  and  base  their  solo  idaiiii 
to  tho  endorsoment  and  support  of  Christian 
people  upon  the  work  that  they  actually  accom- 
plish. Their  general  moiubership  is  based,  as 
a  rule,  upon  contributions,  any  donor  of  a  cer- 
tain sum  being  considered  a  voting  member 
and  entitled  to  a  voice  in  the  Kclection  of  tho 
miiimging  committees  and  in  the  decision  of 
any  iprestions  that  may  <'OMie  up  at  the  general 
meetings  held  annually.  The  immiHliiite  busi- 
ness of  the  societies  is  conducted  by  a  commit- 
loe  of  gentlemen  who  aro  elected  annually, 
and  meet  once  a  month  or  oftener,  as  may  bo 
rcipiircd.  They  servo  without  compensation, 
and  care  is  taken  that,  they  may  fairly  repri'sont 
dill'erenl  denoiuiurttions  and  evangelical  inter- 
ests. 

That  the  geneial  conduct  of  tho  societies  has 
been  so  free  from  tl'.at  "'  close  corporation" 
cliaract<-r  almost  inevitable  when  the  constitu- 
ency or  geneval  iiiembership  is  very  liirgo  and 
unwield.v  testitles  to  the  broad  luindediiess  of 
the  boards,  which,  as  a  rule,  wi  Iconic  the  hearty 
interest  and  investigation  of  all  the  members. 
No  one  ean  attend  their  legular  business  meet- 
ings witliout  an  increasing  sense  of  the  great 
value  and  imi>ortaiice  of  their  work,  an.l  if 
niembers  who  might  be  there  by  right  woid  1 
present  themselves  more  often,  the  interest  in 
tho  societies  and  their  inlluenco  tor  good  would 
be  vastly  increased. 

.'.  Ciimliirl  i/  l-'orihi  I   lI'iirA'. 

1.  The  tlrst  efforts  of  the  liible  societies  in 
foreign  hinds  were  through  tho  dift'erent  mis- 
sionary organiziitions,  and  were  specialh  di- 
rected to  the  publication  of  versions  of  the 
Itiblo,  as  Mioy   were   proi>ared  by  the  mission. 


BIBLE  DISTRIBUTION 


IM 


BIBLE  BISTRIBUTION 


if 


nries  of  different  societies.  At  first  these  were 
published  by  the  missionnry  societies,  but  as 
tljodeiimndsiipon  tiieirtreasiirit's  increased  nud 
the  ISible  societies  grew  in  ability,  this  depart- 
ment of  their  work  was  gradually  transferred  to 
them.  This  was  not  always  easy  of  accomplish- 
nient,  and  some  missions  have  been  somewhat 
jealous  of  the  alleged  ownership  by  the  Bible 
societies  of  versions  prepared  by  their  own 
members.  As  at  present  conducted  the  proce.ss 
of  piiblisliing  a  version  is  generally  us  follows  : 
The  opportunity  or  need  of  one  being  apparent, 
an  arrangement  is  made  between  some  one  of 
the  Hible  societies  and  the  missionary  society 
occupying  a  certain  held,  by  which  one  or  more 
missionaries  especially  fitted  for  the  work  arc^ 
instructed  to  devote  either  the  whole  or  a  part 
of  their  time  to  tho  preparation  of  the  trans- 
lation, their  support  and  the  incidental  expense 
being,  in  m  luy  cases,  assumed  by  the  Bible  so- 
ciety. When  the  translation  is  completed  prep- 
arations are  made  for  publishing,  either  on  tho 
flel.l,  if  good  printing-presses  and  binderies  are 
available,  or  in  .Vmeric.v,  England,  or  Continen- 
tal Europe,  according  to  circumstances.  It 
was  formerly  the  custom  to  do  much  of  tho 
publishing  in  jjondon  or  New  York,  but  since 
the  estal)lishment  of  the  numerous  foreign 
agencies  it  is  very  lai'gely  done  at  the  great  cen- 
tres of  those  agencies,  as  Vienna,  Constanti- 
naple,  Shanghai,  Tokio,  etc. 

The  tran.slation  thus  made  is  the  property  of 
the  Bible  society  that  incurred  the  expense, 
and  although  there  is  no  regular  copyright 
taken  out,  tho  rights  of  each  society  are  care- 
fully retrarded.  In  some  cases,  as  those  of  tho 
Japanese,  Chinese,  an.l  Turkish  versions,  two 
or  more  societies  have  combined  to  share  tho 
expense,  and  have  equal  rights  of  publication. 
Whenever  one  society  has  need  of  the  publica- 
tions of  another  the  required  copies  are  pur- 
chisel,  cost  price  rather  than  selling  price 
bein^  puid,  on  the  principle  that  one  society 
should  not  real)  financial  benefit  from  the  benev- 
olence of  another.  In  certain  cases  permission 
is  asked  and  usually  granted  for  the  use  of 
plates  for  tho  reduplication  of  a  version.  In 
geuer.il  the  rule  has  been  for  each  society  to 
assist  every  other  to  the  best  of  its  ability,  so 
far  as  convenience  or  cautions  regard  for  mu- 
tual interest  was  involved,  the  aim  being  not 
to  secure  honor  or  glory  to  themselves,  but  to 
further  by  every  possible  means  tho  great  aim 
of  tho  societies. 

'2.  Tho  second  department  of  the  foreign 
work  of  the  Biblo  societies  is  that  of  distribu- 
tion. Here,  too,  for  many  years  they  worked 
rather  as  assistants  to  the  missionary  societies, 
giving  grants  of  books  and  of  money  to  defniy 
expenses  of  colportage,  etc.  Gradually  in  this 
respect  also  their  work  began  to  individualize, 
especially  as  tho  different  denominations  en- 
tered the  field,  and  in  not  a  few  cases  covered 
much  the  same  ground.  Then,  too,  the  neces- 
sity of  providing  Scriptures  f.ir  many  peo[)lo 
whom  the  missionaries  did  not  and  could  mt 
attempt  to  reacli  necessitated  a  class  of  agents 
(piito  distinc^t.  Thus  grew  up  the  system  of 
agencies,  much  the  same  in  kind  as  those  of  any 
large  mercantilo  house.  Tho  agent  is  located 
at  soma  central  point,  such  as  Berlin,  Vienna, 
Constantinople,  .Shanghai,  Buenos  .\yres,  Carac- 
Ciis,  etc.  He  keeps  informed  as  to  all  the  needs 
of  the  territory  assigned  to  him,  arranges  for 
pubhcations,   colportage,    etc.,   keeps   iu   close 


relation  with  all  lines  of  Christian  work, 
whether  missionary  or  local,  watches  carefully 
for  any  opening,  and  holds  himself  in  readiness 
to  improve  every  opportunity  to  increase  tho 
circulation  and  the  knowledge  of  the  Scrijjtures. 
As  in  the  case  of  missionary  societies,  so  with 
the  Biblo  societies  there  has  been  some  dis- 
advantage arising  from  tho  presence  of  two  or 
more  ih  the  same  territory.  This  has  entailed 
often  unnecessary  expense,  and  has  inevitably 
involved  a  greater  or  less  amount  of  friction,  if 
not  between  tho  societies  or  their  agents,  at 
least  between  the  employes.  Each  society  and 
agency  adopts  its  own  rules,  has  its  own  sys- 
tem, and  while  mutual  consultation  ordinarily 
alleviates  much  it  cannot  change  entirely,  and 
so  long  as  there  are  differences  in  this  resj  ect 
there  will  be  misunderstandings  and  difhcul- 
ties.  There  is  u  constantly  increasing  opinion 
among  those  best  acquainted  with  the  ii'terestn 
of  the  societies  that  some  arrangement  will  bo 
made  by  which  each  society  shall  be  left  undis- 
turbed in  the  management  of  the  Bible  woik 
in  those  sections  of  the  world  where  it  can  work 
to  the  best  advantage,  ibiny  such  nriange- 
ments  have  been  njade,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  before  many  yeai-s  they  will   be  completed. 

A  word  should  bo  said  in  regard  to  the  choico 
of  fields  by  the  societies.  This  has,  as  a  rule, 
been  decided  by  the  fact  of  previous  occupation 
by  some  missionary  society,  or  by  some  circum- 
stances social  or  civil  that  have  particularly 
drawn  their  attenlioi  .  American  missionary 
societies  have  usually  looked  to  tho  .\mericaa 
Bible  Society,  English  to  the  British  and  For- 
eign, Scotch  to  the  National  Biblo  Society  of 
.Scotland,  while  the  Dutch  have  naturally  re- 
ceived tho  assistance  of  tho  Netherlands  Biblo 
Society  of  Holland.  AVlien  these  missionary 
societies  have  occupied  territory  that  for  other 
reasons,  political  or  historical,  was  the  natural 
tield  of  another  Bilile  society  (f.;/.,  an  American 
mission  in  India),  they  have  usually  looked  to 
their  own  society  chiefly  for  assistance  in  tho 
form  of  grants  of  books  or  of  money  to  aid  in 
their  own  work,  so  far  as  it  was  distinct  from 
the  local  Bible  agency. 

Tho  subordinate  agencies  employed  are  : 

1.  Bible  depots.  It  is  tho  general  custom  in 
the  agencies  of  the  Bible  societies  to  establish 
Biblo  depots  in  all  larg"  ])laces.  These  do  not 
serve  merely  or  even  principally  as  salesrooms, 
but  are  places  of  storage,  and,  above  all.  are  cen- 
tres of  influence.  The  sales  from  them  seldom 
equal  those  by  a  colporteur,  but  tho  very  fact  of 
their  being  especially  set  apart  for  the  Biblo 
carries  with  it  an  influence  which  is  no  small 
factor  in  the  sales  made  by  the  colporteurs. 
They  are  generally  tastefully  arranged,  carefully 
and  neatly  kept,  and  not  seldom  furnish  a 
gathering  place  for  ''hvistian  nun,  to  meet  and 
consider  plans  f.-.r  tiie  spread  of  the  kingitoiii 
of  Christ.  In  not  a  few  casi>s  it  has  been  a  seri- 
ous (piestion  whether  the  cost  of  maintaining 
them  was  wisely  incurred,  yet  in  instances 
where  there  has  been  an  effort  to  disjien.so  with 
them  they  have  been  reestablished  as  an  essen- 
tial element  in  Bible  work. 

"2,  (^olporteurs,  Colportage  is  tho  mainstay 
of  tho  work  of  Bible  distribution,  and  by  far 
tho  greater  part  of  tho  Scriptures  sold  on  mis- 
sion ground  pass  through  the  hands  of  these 
men.  >viio  quietly  and  nnnbtrusivol.v  have  done 
and  are  doing  a  work  unsurpassed  in  impor. 
tance  by  that  of  any  class  of  laborers  ia  the 


BIBLE  DISTRIBUTION 


BIBLB  DISTRIBUTION 


liflil  of  cviiuRelization.  More  than  either  inis- 
Hidimry  iiveiiohor  or  teacher  they  coiuo  in  con- 
tail  with  men,  often  those  bitterly  opijoseil  to 
tlie  truth.  They  seek  them  out  iu  their  homes, 
thuir  shops,  their  tieUls,  and  f,'aiu  access  to 
jilH^es  that  no  one  else  could  enter.  Takinj^  as 
thinr  aim  the  placin}^  of  the  liible  iu  every 
home,  e\en  in  the  hands  of  every  jierson  who 
vill  read  and  study  it,  they  have  to  he  wiser 
than  serpents.  Their  stories  of  adventure  re- 
Vfal  incidents  as  thrilling  as  any  in  the  history 
of  the  Church.  They  are  generally  jilain  men, 
Kelected  not  for  their  education  hut  their  ability 
to  get  along  with  men,  conciliating  rather  than 
antagonistic  in  their  character,  and  their 
knowledge  of  the  Bible  as  a  guide  to  life  ratlicr 
than  as  a  system  of  doctrine,  tliough  sometimes 
their  arguments  with  .lows,  Moslems,  ani^  ;n- 
lidels  would  do  credit  to  the  professors  in  sou' 
theological  seminaries. 

In  fonutr  years  colportage  was  largely  con- 
ducted  without  any  definite  plan.  Wherever 
au  opportunity  opened  nun  WKre  S'  nt,  g';'ner 
ally  along  lines  already  In'''  d^-vn  or  suggested 
1)V   luissionary    oi)eratioiis.  'ireseut,    how- 

ever, ther,'  is  much  inoro  of  ,  teui,  and  there 
are  few  lands  where  every  town  or  city,  even 
every  village  or  hamlrt  is  not  within  the  held 
assigned  to  some  colporteur.  This,  of  course, 
necessitates  careful  organi/ation,  and  no  one 
can  read  carefully  thy  annual  rejjorts  of  the 
Bible  societies  without  realizing  more  fully 
than  ever  before  how  systematic  is  the  way 
they  are  bending  every  energy  to  tho  great  work 
before  them. 

'.i.  Jiible  readers.  As  is  inevitable,  the  work 
of  l!il)le  and  missionary  societies  often  blend, 
so  that  it  is  not  always  possible  to  draw  the 
line  sharply  between  them.  For  many  years 
the  l!il)le  societies  did  not  consider  it  within 
their  jirovince  to  do  more  than  actually  ilis- 
triliiilt  the  Scriptures.  Holding  sjiecially  aloof 
from  all  preaching,  they  considered  that  liil)le 
readers,  who  must  inevitably  be  also  teachers, 
nt  least  in  a  great  degree,  were  more  i)roi)erly 
mission  employeH.  'J' wo  cir<'umstances  have 
combined  to  bring  about  a  change  in  this  re- 
K]^ect  :  1.  The  fact  that  in  many  eases,  when 
people  were  unable  to  read  themselves,  or  if 
nble,  unwilling  to  take  the  pains,  it  was  found 
that  the  Jiible  reader,  by  arousing  an  interest  in 
the  ISible,  aroused  also  the  desire  to  own  it,  and 
thus  became,  if  not  directly,  still  indirectly  a 
very  important  factiu-  in  its  distribution.  Ka|)e- 
eially  was  this  found  to  bo  the  case  in  countries 
like  Egypt,  where  ophthalmia  prevails,  and 
niaiiy  were  unwilling  to  make  the  effort  to  read 
until  their  interest  was  aroused  by  the  Jiible 
reader.  2.  The  fact  that,  with  tho  great  )U'es- 
Kure  upon  tho  missionary  societies  for  funds  to 
carry  on  their  work,  they  found  it  simply  im- 
jiossible  to  provide  these  laborers. 

It  has  thus  come  about  that  one  of  the  great 
liible   societies  has  changed  its  rule  and  ac- 


cepted these  readers  ns  legitimate  assistants  in 
their  work. 

2.  MissioxABV  Societies. — In  the  historj-  of 
liible  work,  especially  the  earlier  j)ortion  of  it, 
the  missionary  societies  liold  often  an  even 
more  prcuiiinent  place  than  the  liible  societies. 
These  latter  have  seldom  (considered  themselvcH 
as  i)ioueers.  reeling  that  their  great  tield  lay 
with  those  who  could  receive  and  underslanil 
the  written  Word,  tho  mis.sion  societies  have 
taken  the  lead  iu  exploring,  and  have  been  the 
ones  to  open  up  lands  for  the  more  completely 
organized  action  of  tho  Jiible  societies.  Jiut 
not  only  in  this  initial  j)art  of  the  work  has 
their  iuHuence  been  felt.  The  band  of  colpor- 
teurs, however  energetic  ami  faithful,  cannot  bo 
omnipresent,  and  the  native  jjastor,  jireacLer, 
evangelist,  teacher  in  every  hind  is  practically 
a  distributing  agent.  Sometimes  they  form  al- 
most the  only  force,  the  Jiible  suiieriutendent 
finding  that  he  can  work  through  them  with 
less  expense  and  more  effectually,  because  they 
are  everywhere.  So,  too,  there  are  many  fields 
where  the  students  iu  missionary  colleges  dur- 
ing their  vacations  are  distributing'  agents, 
going  from  village  to  village  with  the  liible,  and 
finding  not  a  few  readers  and  inirchasers.  For 
a  more  full  statement,  see  article  ou  Methods  o£ 
Missionary  Work. 

3.  t)TJIKU  Okii.\siz.\tions  ASU  I.NDIVinrAt, 
WoHKEUS. 

1.  Tract  societies  have  very  often  accom- 
plished not  a  little  in  the  form  of  Jiible  dis- 
tribution. Kecognizing  that  their  distinctive 
work  is  based  upon  the  Jiible,  and  is  of  little 
value  without  it,  they  have  often  done  much 
toward  its  circulation,  in  ways  that  are  liardly 
within  the  scojie  of  the  liible  societies. 

2.  Local  organizations,  such  as  Young  Jltn's 
Christian  Associations,  have  often  made  IJiblo 
distribution  a  special  element  of  their  work. 
Sometimes  purchasing  from  the  Jiible  societies 
and  selling  again,  sometimes  making  free  gifts 
to  those  unable  to  jiurchase,  they  are  a  con- 
stantly increasing  j)ower  in  the  work. 

3.  Individual  workers  have  done  not  a  little 
to  jilaco  the  Gospel  iu  the  hands  of  those  who 
would  not  be  reached  through  the  regular  chan- 
nels.  Travellers,  merchants,  uu:i  and  wom- 
en of  every  nationality  and  every  denomination, 
have  rejoiced  in  tho  opportunities  that  come  to 
tliem  on  every  hand  for  giving  to  those  w  horn 
they  meet  enjiies  of  the  book  they  prize.  Many 
a  courier  or  drat;omnn  in  the  East  will  show 
with  gratitude  the  Testament  that  lias  been 
(piietly  put  iu  his  hands  on  the  shores  of  the 
Jlediterranean  or  the  rough  roads  of  Palestine. 
These  cannot  be  recorded,  but  their  number  is 
far  greater  than  many  are  aware  of. 

IV.  llesnlts.  —To  give  any  clear  idea  of 
these  would  require  a  volume.  Tho  following 
table,  taken  from  the  IJeport  of  the  American 
Jiible  Society  for  ISilO,  will  give  an  approximate 
idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  \>ork  : 


COMPENDIUM   OF   BIliLE   SOCIETIES 
ly  DnTEBENT  Pabts  or  the  Wobld,  with  thk  1  ).\tf.  of  Theiu  Okoanization  axd  Numbee  of  Copies 

IsslED. 


The  fact  will  be  readily  appreciated  by  all  who  are  familiar  with  statistical  tables  that  a 
compendium  like  this  can  be  only  an  aiiproximation  to  the  truth.  The  figures  are  compiled  from 
various  sources  but  mainly  from  recent  reports  of  the  liritish  and  Foreign  and  the  Wurtemberg 
IBible  societies.     There  is  a  liability  to  error  ou  one  side  for  want  of  late  returns,  and  on  the 


BIBLE  DISTRIBUTION 


Kn; 


BIBLE  DISTRIBUTION 


other  because  when  one  society  parchaKeii  of  iinnther  tho  siiuie  isiHiie.s  may  be  counted  in  the 
report  of  each.  It  shonhl  also  be  noticed  that  the  aggregate  includes  not  JSibles  only,  but  also 
TeHtaments  nud  integral  portioDH  of  the  Bible. 


American  Bible  .Society,  1M16 to  IsiiO 

American  and  Foreign  Bible  StHriety,  1>«37 to  1HS2 

American  ISiblo  I'nion,  iH.'iii to  lM(ii; 

Bible  .\.sHooiation  ot  Frien.ls  in  America.  I'^SO to  Is'i 

British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  l'«<»4  (3,7'.I2,2<13  copies  in  1889-90) to  isOi) 

The  circulation  of  this  society,  through  its  agencies  at  different  puints,  is  reported 
to  hava  been  as  foUons,  to  l88'J  : 

Depot  in  Baris,  ls2i) 7,'.i<;3,ti29 

"  Brussels,  1835 simi,.j71 

"  Amsterdam.  l'*43 l,:li;3  :>',)(3 

"  Berlin,  Frankfort,  and  Cologne,  l^.".:i la.sJO.NOl 


tj2,73t'.,07-j 

•2.-J93,(;i;.j 

003,184 

l.J4,431 

123,929,040 


Vienna. 

Lisbon,   iHfti 

Stockholm.  1««.32..., 
Copenhagen,  l"<-<.5  . 
St.  Petersbnig.  l-'i^ 
*"  lessa  and  TidLs,  ImJS. 


3,491.949 
lr,."),48(5 
2,1143,899 
840,7ol 
r,,  (133, 170 
l,'.i:iii,.J10 

lionie,  Leghorn,  etc.,  I8(,.i l,.J7o,i'i94 

Ma.lrid.  lHt;H 1,231,393 

Agencies  in  Norw.iy,  1832 781, 92G 

The  circulation  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  as  given  above,  iiu'ludes 
4,57.5, ■)(;.">  of  the  copies  circniated  by  societies  in  British  India,  whose  total 
issues  to  I88'j  were  as  follows  : 

Calcutta  Bible  Society,  1811 2,321, .390 

Seraiupore  Mission..' 2(MI,000 

North  India  Bible  Societv  at  Allahabad.  184.J 7iiii,300 

Madras  Bible  Society,  1n2i'   3,8i;9,400 

Bombay  Bible  Societv,  1813 (;3(i,310 

Colombo  Bible  Societv,  1812 14."),(;30 

Jattna  B.ible  Society,  183.") 181,(129 

Punjab  Bible  Society  at  Lahore 339,729 

Bangalore  Bible  Societv 12ii,i;l3 


Total 8,.-i34,r,33 

National  Bible  Society  of  Scotland.  1861  (689,81.j  copies  in  l8Mi) to  1889 

Hibernian  Bible  Society  (•'>4.-V.il  copies  in  1889) to  1889 

Trinitarian  Bible  Society,  in  l8S4-'*.j 

Basle  Bible  Society,  1804  (l8,3i.i3  copies  in  188;») 

Prussian  Bible  Society,  at  Berlin.  1^14.  with  170  auxiliaries to  188(j 

Swedish  Bible  Society,  18(I!(,  with  auxiliaries 

Finnish  Bible  Society  at  Al>o,  1812.  with  many  branches 

Kiissian  Bible  Society,  St.  Peteislmrg,  1812,  previous  to  its  susjiensiou  by  an  imperial 
ukase  in  182(J,  had  289  auxiliaries,  and  had  printed  the  Scriptures  in  various  laii- 

k'liftKes 

Wili'temberg  Bible  Society,  1812,  with  47  auxiliaries to  18S7 

Zurich  Bible  Societv,  1812 

Berg  Bible  Society,  'at  Elberfeld,  ISl? 

Coire  Bible  Society,  1813 

St.  Gall  Bible  Society,  1813 

Sohaff hausen  Bible  Society,  1813 : 

Danish  Bible  Society,  1814,  with  nnxiliaries  (10,135  copies  in  l8s'.h to  1889 

(reneva  Bible  Society,  1814 

Hamburg-Altona  Bible  Society,  l8l4  (10,159  copies.in  1889) to  ]88(',,  about 

Hanover  Bible  Society,  1814.  with  anxiliaries to  1885,  about 

Lausanne  Bible  Societv,  1814 .... 

Lubfick  Bible  Society, 'lS14 to  1885,  about 

Saxon  Bible  Society,  1814,  at  Dresden,  with  anxiliaries 

Aargovian  Bible  Society.  1815     

Bremen  Bible  Societ.v,  181-5,  with  an  auxiliary to  1885,  about 

Brunswick  Bible  Society.  1815 

Icelandic  Bible  Society,  1815 

Netherlands  Bible  Society,  181.5,  trith  auxiliaries to  1885 

Schleswick-Holsteiu  Bible  Society,  I8l5.  with  auxiliaries , .to  1885 

Strassburg  Bible  Society,  1816 to  1885 

Frankfort  Bible  Society.  I8l« 

Lauenburg-Ratzeburg  Bible  Society,  181C t*  1885 

Lippe-Detmold  Bible  Society,  ISlC to  1885 

Neufchatel  Bible  Society,  1816 

Norwegian  Bible  Society,  ISIO  (12,118  copies  in  188G} to  1880 


:j' 


3,9.58,iM-,S 
11,3(13,941 

4,9C.8,4.50 
281,42(1 
813,.")>.7 

5,2(19. 2sl 

1,055,5(17 
239,273 


8(;i,l(i5 

1,737,52(! 

82,972 

847,349 

12.2(17 

77.(1(1(1 

30,077 

104,788 

147.232 

217. (Mid 

2(Xi,o(iO 

22(l!(l(17 

40.000 

745.0f!(> 

48,229 

90,000 

(5,312 

10,445 

1,078.(183 

195,4.50 

117,830 

75,000 

32,.5(;7 

37,199 

37,043 

480,075 


BIBLB  DISTRIBUTION 


107 


BIBLZ3  STAND 


Rostock  Bible  Society;  181C I!>,l(i8 

Wiildeiisian  J5ilile  Society  nt  La  Tour,  IHIG 1,2:18 

Heme  l{il)le   Society 2.j7,I1.j() 

Eutin  liilile  Society,  for  tlie  I'lineipnlity  of  Liibecli,  1S17 I't.UUb 

Hesse- JJariustmlt  Hible  Society,  iNl",  with  auxiliaries 31,1^1 

Waldeck  ami  Pyruiout  Itilile  Society,  l^siT 2,n()0 

Eisenach  liiblo  Society,  IMH .' to  IHS.'),  about  ]r),(in() 

Gottiiigen  lUble  Society,  1«18 to  ISS."),  aliout  U.lKH) 

Mulhausen  Bible  Society,  1818 , to  lS8o  (;i,o71 

Hanau  Bible  Society,  1818 ;i,:n(> 

HesseCrtssel  Bible  Society,  18H ;i(),il(K) 

Protestant  Bible  Society  at  Paris,  18l«  (ij,><i4  coiiies  in  188'.); to  188!l  88H,  l!IO 

Leipzif?  Bible  Society,  1818  to  iSM.j,  about  ;t5,(lO() 

(Harus  Biblo   Society,  181'J ."..OlIO 

Ionian  Biblo  Society  nt  Corfu,  ISl'J 7  M77 

Marburg  Bible  Society,  l8l'J to  188.",  :J2,4;JO 

Coluiar  Biblo  Society,'  1820. to  188.",  i)7,741 

Diicliy  of  Bnilon  Bible  Society,  1h20,  with  2i  auxiliaries to  188.j  i)0,820 

Anhait-liernbur^,'  Bible  Society,  1821 4,7.'-(i 

Weimar  Biblo  Society,  1821 7,2:!)i 

Bavarian  Prote.stant  Bil)Ie  Institution  nt  Xurembnrg,  ]82;J,  with  auxiliaries. .  .  .t.i  188o  ^',11,412 

Stavanger  Bible   Society,  1828 7,bl7 

French  ami  Foroit^n  Bible  Society  nt  I'aris,  183:1,  with  auxiliaries 7M,0U0 

Antwerp  Bible  Society,  1834 439 

lielgian  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  nt  Brussels,  1834 7,*!23 

Ghent  Bible  Society,  1834 * 8,1»8{) 

Anhalt-Dessau  Bible  Society.  b83G to  l«8o  31,003 

Belgian  Biblo  Associati(>ns,'l83ti M.lili',) 

Altenberg  Bible  Society,  18.".4 to  1885  24,100 

Bible  Society  of  France,  18(;4 to  188(5  r,.j8,14'.> 

Russian  Evangelical  Bible  .Society  nt  St.  Petersburg,  1831,  with  auxiliaries to  188(i  l,02."i,4ii7 

hapenal  Russian  Bible  Society  at  St.  Petersburg,  18GS   to  1887  1,223,044 

Halle  Bible  Society,  printing  only    for    other  liible  societies,  to  1885 0,350,000 

The  totnl  of  the  above  i.ssues,  it  will  be  found,  is  over  two  hundred  and  twenty  millions  of 
Bibles,  Testaments,  and  portion.^,  distributed  ihrwi'ih  thu  mjtncij  cf  Jlible  socielies  alone  since  the 
year  1804. 


Biblo  Slailtls.  -At  all  the  great  exposi- 
tions the  ditferent  Bible  societies  have  made 
special  efforts  to  give  the  Bible  a  prominent 
place,  and  to  show  its  true  relation  to  the  vari- 
ous other  dei)artments.  These  have  been,  ns  a 
rule,  successful  beyond  expectation,  but  only 
one  has  become  a  permanent  institution — that 
at  the  Crystal  Palace  in  Eoudon.  See  account 
below. 

Bible  Stand,  Crystal  Palace— Scere- 

tary,  William  Hawke,  Bible  Stand,  Crystal  I'al- 
aee,  London,  S.  E. 

The  "  Bible  Stand"  was  inaugurated  at  the 
International  Exhibition  held  in  Lon.lon  in 
I8('i2.  Every  ettort  was  made,  but  without 
success,  to  secure  si)ace  for  the  stand  within 
the  Exhibition  building.  A  desirable  position, 
opposite  the  principal  entrance  to  the  exhibi- 
tion, was  at  length  rented,  and  the  stand,  a  very 
handsome  one,  erected.  The  seven  compart- 
ments into  which  it  was  dividec'i  represented 
respectively  Spain,  Italy,  Fia.ice,  England, 
Uerinany,  Sweden,  and  the  Jews.  Each  of 
these  compartments  was  furnished  with  Bibles, 
gospels,  leaflets,  cards,  etc.,  printed  in  the  lan- 
guage of  the  country  represented,  and  having 
an  attendant  able  to  converse  in  that  language 
with  all  comers.  Mr.  Hawke,  the  originator  of 
the  enterprise,  and  ever  since  its  secretary  and 
general  manager,  knew  no  language  but  his 
own  ;  l)ut  standing  outside  the  stand,  by  point- 
ing to  it  and  by  the  constant  use  of  the  word 
"gratis,"  which  in  all  the  above  languages 
means /ree,  secured  plenty  of  visitors. 

During  the  five  months  for  which  the  exbibi- 
tion  was  kept  open  there  were  given  away  137,- 


018  portions  of  the  Scriptures,  2,304,000  cards, 
and  715,000  leallets.  The  entire  expenditure 
amounted  to  t'3,000,  which,  with  the  exception 
of  flOO,  was  defrayed  by  the  committee,  consist- 
ing of  three  gentlemen  of  London. 

As  soon  as  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  180?  was 
announced,  Mr.  Hawlio  and  the  cnuimittce  ap- 
plied to  the  commissioners  for  si)acc  for  a  Bible 
stand.  The  application  was  granted  in  the 
most  cordial  manner,  two  spaces  being  given, 
one  inside  the  exhibition  building,  the  other 
in  the  grounds  close  to  the  emperor's  pavilion. 
In  view  of  the  large  sum  of  money  which  would 
be  re(piired  to  carry  out  the  project,  much  faith 
was  needed  at  the  outset.  Mr.  Hawke  nt  first 
almost  succumbed  to  the  great  diliiculties  in 
the  way,  but  his  faith  revived,  and  ho  and  the 
committee  wont  cheerfully  forward.  The  stand 
was  opened,  and  numbers  Hocked  to  it  ;  30,000 
visitors  a  day  were  a  common  occurrence. 
Many  priests  opposed  the  movement,  but  many 
also — sometimes  sixty  in  a  day — came  to  nsk  for 
copies  of  the  (iospel  for  themselves  and  for 
their  parishioners.  Priests  and  nuns  came 
often,  like  Nicodemus,  nt. night,  and  received 
the  Word  of  (rod.  The  assembly  ground  of  tho 
army  was  just  back  of  the  Bible  stand,  and  copies 
of  the  Gospel  were  given  to  80,000  soldiers,  whq 
visited  the  exhibition  ;  12,000  copies  were  given 
to  the  workmen  from  various  countries  engaged 
on  the  building.  On  opening  day  1,000  copies 
were  given,  by  permission  or  the  general  in  com- 
mand, to  the  National  Guaid,  who  kept  the  lino 
when  the  emperor  and  empress  with  their  cor- 
tege entered  the  exhibition.  Senators  and  men 
of  the  highest  distinction  in  the  French  Govern- 
ment caiii-e  to  the  stiyiil  to  receiyo  books,    Eaily 


BIBLB  STAND 


168 


BINOHAM,  HIRAM 


I 


jit  1  o'ciock  and  at  G.30  u  prayer  meeting  wns  held 
iusiile  iLo  Htnnd,  for  a  blensing  on  tlie  books 
(<iven.  Tbo  exhibition  wiis  open  for  seven 
months,  iind  duriuK  tlmt  time  2,;t;W,!)68  por- 
tions of  Scripture  in  IThm^'uiiges  were  given 
away.  Tlio  entire  cost  (j£  the  uioveuient  was 
>.!12,()()0  ;  when  the  exhibition  closed  the  ni'- 
couuts  Were  almost  exactly  baliiiueil,  the  whole 
of  the  liabilities  being  nu^t  by  tie  libeial  dona- 
tions of  more  than  (1,00(1  Christian  people. 

The  Hible  stand  was  at  the  exhibition  at 
Havre  (IWOH),  Naples  (1H71),  and  I'aris  (1H7H). 
From  18(iS-75  there  were  distributed  from  n 
"Gospel  tent"  nt  Madrid  iOO.OOO  tiospels  and 
jinrtions. 

The  original  stand  is  jiermancntly  placed  in 
the  Crystal  Palace  at  Sydenham  ;  its  pritioipal 
object  is  to  give  the  ]iiblo  to  foreigners  in  their 
own  tongue  without  charge  ;  English  people  are 
asked  to  pay  a  small  sum. 

The  foreign  element  at  the  Crystal  Palace  hav- 
ing decreased,  the  committee  have,  by  means  of 
the  foreign  directories,  sent  (Jospels  and  portions 
to  u  very  large  nuud)er  of  residents  of  lielgium, 
Spain,  Australia,  and  Ireland.  One  thuusaud 
<M|)ies  a  week  are  now  sent  by  book  post  to 
these  countries.  .V  "Bible  carriage"  has  been 
established  to  visit  every  town  and  village  in 
I'nmce  ;  over  oOO.OOU  tio,s|)els  have  already  been 
distributed  from  it.  Largo  grants  are  given  to 
missionaries,  and  u  (piiet,  steady  work  is  always 
going  on  at  the  Crystal  I'alace  ;  the  distribution 
in  all  this  work  is  limited  only  by  the  income. 
Mr.  Hawke  never  goes  in  del)t. 

The  Scriptures  are  now  sent  out  in  forty  dif- 
ferent languages. 

Total  number  of  IJibles,  Testaments,  jior- 
tions,  Scripture  cards,  and  leaflets  distributed 
from  18(52  to  1887,  '20,;i',t;),849. 

The  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  the 
Trinitarian  Bible  Society,  the  Oxford  University 
Press,  the  Noufchatel  Society,  and  the  (ieneva 
Society  have  aided  the  committee  in  their  work 
by  grants  of  books  and  by  liberal  discounts  on 
Bibles,  etc. 

Bickiiell,  Henry,  missionary  of  the 
L.  M.  S.  to  Tahiti,  1790-182(1.  In  1819  he  bap- 
tized King  Pomare,  and  al.so  assisted  him  in  the 
framing  of  a  code  of  laws  by  means  of  which 
good  government  on  the  island  was  formally 
established.     Died  at  Tahiti,  .Vugust  7th,  182(f. 

Ilitlil,  the  capital  of  the  Mohammedan  negro 
State  Nupe  in  the  Niger  Valley,  about  5(10  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  river.  Population, 
80,000.  In  1870  a  C  M.  S.  station  was  founded 
tit  Kipo,  also  in  Nui)e  and  opposite  the  great 
ivory  market,  Egau,  by  JMshop  Crowther,  but 
that  station,  the  seventh  above  the  Niger  delta, 
was  later  on  moved  to  Bida,  where  Christianity 
now  is  preached  by  native  ministers  both  in 
the  Nupe  and  the  Hausa  languages,  and  two  of 
tlie  Gospels  have  been  translated  into  the  Nujie 
language. 

Bilie,  a  town  of  West  Central  Africa,  250 
miles  east  of  the  city  of  Benguela.  Climate, 
mild.  45  -90'  F.  Elevation,  5,000  feet.  Kace, 
Bantu.  Languoge,  Amburedu.  Religion,  spir- 
it-worship. Notiveu  peaceable,  kindly,  but 
polygamy  is  practised  and  women  degraded. 
Mission  station  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  (1884  and 
1886) ;  2  missionaries  and  wives,  1  other  lady, 
2  preaching  places,  1  school,  12  scholars. 

Byiiuur,  a  city  of  the  Nortliweet  Provinces, 


Indio,  northeast  of  Delhi.  A  mission  circuit  in 
the  liohilkund  district  of  the  North  India  Mis- 
sion of  the  M.  E.  Ch.  (North),  with  1  mission- 
ary and  wife,  ',i  native  ordained  preachers,  155 
church-members.  1(24  probationers,  4111  day 
scholars,  1,050  Sabbath  scholars.  The  work  is 
carried  on  from  five  large  centres,  each  under 
charge  of  a  native  preacher.  In  Bijnaur  itself, 
the  proportion  of  i)rofessing  Christians  arose  in 
one  year  from  one  in  1000  to  one  in  000. 

llikiiiiirl  Verxion.  -The  Bikaniri,  which 
is  si'.)ken  in  the  i)rovinco  of  Bi'  nir,  north  of 
-Marwar,  India,  belongs  to  the  Sa  .critfamily  of 
Indo  European  languages.  A  translation  (jf  the 
New  Testament  into  this  language  was  made  liy 
the  late  l)r.  Carey  and  jiublished  in  1820  at 
Seram]iore.  This  translation  has  never  been 
reprinted. 

BilHtipiir,  a  town  of  Central  Provinces, 
India,  )>'>{)  miles  east  of  Nagpur.  Poi)ulation, 
0,150.  Mission  station  of  Foreign  Christian 
Missionary  Society  (1885)  ;  ;t  ordained  mission- 
aries (1  married),  I!  female  missionaries,  1 
church,  10  church-members,  2  schools,  30 
scholars. 

Bill>a«>,  a  city  of  Spain,  50  miles  west  of 
San  Sebastian.  Population,  40,(J00.  Saiil  to 
be  the  richest  city  of  Si)aiu  ;  but  the  rich  men 
are  so  intensely  clerical  in  their  feeling  that 
not  a  landlord  can  be  found  to  rent  a  room  for 
use  as  o  chapel  or  school-room.  Within  nine 
years  fifteen  conventual  establishments,  costing 
not  less  than  1*1,800,000,  have  been  built  within 
the  limits  of  the  city.  Mission  station  of  the 
Evangelical  Continental  Society  of  London,  but 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  .\.  B.  C.  F.  M. 
station  at  San  Sebastian.  The  native  i)reacher 
holds  meetings  in  his  own  house. 

Biliii,  or  B«»i;uN  Version.— Bilin  belongs 
to  the  Hamitic  group  of  African  languages,  and 
is  spoken  by  the  Bilin  tribe  in  the  north  of 
.Vbyssinia,  numbering  about  20,000  souls,  one- 
third  of  whom  are  ijoman  Catholics,  and  the 
rest  Mohammedans  and  Abyssinian  Christians, 
An  edition  of  the  (iospel  of  Mark  for  the  Bogos 
was  published  in  1882  by  the  British  and  For- 
eign Bible  Society.  The  famous  Egyptologi.st, 
Professor  Bheinisch,  of  Vienna,  assisted  by  Ste- 
fanos,  u  youth  educated  at  Gondar,  in  Abys- 
sinia, ])repared  the  translation  in  the  Abys- 
sinian character.  Thus  far  300  coiiies  vere  dis- 
posed of. 

Bingham,  lllrani,  b.  at  Bennington,  Vt., 
October  30th,  178'.»  ;  graduated  at  Middlebury 
(jollege.  181G,  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary, 
1819.  A  visit  to  the  foreign  mission  school  at 
Cornwall  awakened  in  him  a  desire  to  carry  the 
Gospel  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  the  country  of 
Obookiah.  He  was  ordained,  September  29th, 
1819  ;  sailed  October  23d  of  the  same  year,  as  a 
missionary  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  for  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  ;  was  stationed  at  Honolulu  on 
Oahu.  His  undaunted  courage,  inflexible  will, 
combined  with  his  good  nature  and  cheerfulness, 
fitted  him  to  meet  the  opposition  in  that  strong- 
hold of  wickedness.  "He  was,"  says  Dr.  An- 
derson, "  sincere  and  honest,  without  pretence, 
without  selfish  ends,  an  enemy  to  every  form 
and  species  of  wickedness,  and  fearless  in  re- 
buking it ;  of  irreproachable  character  ;  loved 
by  the  good,  dreaded  and  hated  by  the  wicked." 
Beyond  the  circle  of  bis  own  family  bis  relations 


BINaHAM,  HIRAM 


169 


BLOEMFONTEIN 


DUB 


were  chiefly  with  tho  natives,  by  whom  he  was 
jjreiitly  beloved,  lie  nturiiecl  to  tlio  lluitfd 
States  in  IMU  on  iiorouiit  of  the  ill  health  of 
Mrs.  Hiiiglmiii,  Sho  ilicd  in  1M4H.  Six  yeiirs 
after  his  return  he  piililisheil  Hisluri/  of  iln'  Mis- 
.siiDi  down  to  ISl."),  in  an  o;^tavo  voliinio  of  COO 
I)ai,'e:;,  a  work  of  great  historic  value.  In  \HK\ 
friends  in  ditferent  parts  of  the  country  uniteii 
in  sec^".ring  an  annuity  for  hiui.  He  was  ex- 
pecting; to  visit  the  islands  and  take  a  part 
with  the  Hawaiian  chnri'lits  in  tho  senii-centen 
ary  of  tho  mission  in  is'il,  hut  lie  died  in  l«<i',i 
fitter  a  brief  illness. 

RirtI,  iNililf,  b.  at  Salisijury,  Conn.,  Juno 
I'Jth,  17'.i3  ;  graduated  at  Yale  College  and  An- 
dover  Theological  Seminary  ;  sailed  ns  ft  niis- 
Bionary  of  tho  A.  I?.  C.  V.  M.  for  tho  East  with 
■Williain  (roodell,  December  'Jth,  I8:i2  ]Ie  was 
a  niucli-ostcouied  niissioiuiry.  .Vt  Malta,  Jieirut, 
and  Suiyrnu— for  n  short  time  at  Jerusalem  — 
until  183(),  whmi  the  ill-health  of  Mrs.  Uird  con- 
strained him  to  return  to  tlie  I'nited  States. 
He  was  afterward  professor  in  the  theological 
seminary  at  (rilmanton,  N.  II.  lUinoving  to 
Hartford,  Conn.,  he  established  a  school,  which 
be  taught  for  many  years.  He  died  in  Hartford 
in  187;). 

BiriiiiiiKliuiii  Voiiiitf  IWimi'm  I'oroieii 
JVIiMKUMliiry  Sofioty.— (See  Yoiwig  Men's 
Foreign  Missionary  Society.) 

RiMllop,  .\rlciiuis,  b.  fit  Tompey,  N.  Y., 
December  iiOth,  1  "'.»">  ;  graduated  at  I'nion  Col- 
lege, ISl'.t,  and  I'rinceton  Tl\eologieal  Seminary, 
182'i  ;  sailed  as  a  missionary  of  the.\.  15  C.  V.  M. 
in  the  lirst  ro-enforcenif nt  for  the  Sundwieh 
Islands,  IH'2'.!.  Ib^  was  stationed  at  Kailua,  and 
was  associated  with  ^Ir.  Thurston  in  the  trans- 
lation of  tholiiblo.  After  residing  twelve  years 
lit  Kailua,  ho  removed  to  ICwa  on  Oivhn,  where 
he  labored  twenty  years  with  great  snccess. 
Here  ho  translated  Vihjr'iiii's  Proijrcs.i  and  many 
other  bonlts.  "His  accurate  knowledge  of  the 
Hawaiian  language  always  gave  him  authority 
in  all  matters  involving  nuestious  of  criticism 
and  translation."  His  fondness  tor  study  and 
literary  pursuits  was  preserved  to  tho  end  of 
his  career.  "  He  was  one  of  those  friendly, 
genial,  and  companionable  men  whose  ])resenco 
does  not  chill,  but  warms  society."  Ho  never 
left  tho  islands  exaept  once,  and  tliat  as  ft  dele- 
gate to  the  ^lanpiesas  mission  in  ISfiN.  Though 
lie  never  rode  upon  or  saw  a  railroad,  or  wit- 
r.'  ssed  tho  operation  of  a  telegrai)h,  "  few  men." 
Kvys  one,  "  were  better  acipiainted  with  tho 
progress  of  scientifio  discovery."  He  died  at 
Honolulu,  Peceniber  18th,  1872. 

Billiyilfll,  in  ancient  times  a  section  of 
Asia  Minor,  bordering  on  the  Sea  of  JIarmora 
and  the  Gulf  of  Nicomedia.  Tliere  is  no  pres- 
ent province  of  that  name,  but  the  term  is  still 
applied  in  general  to  the  same  region.  It  in- 
cludes especially  the  cities  of  Broosa,  Nico- 
media, and  Adabazar,  with  no  very  well-detined 
limits  either  to  tho  north  or  east. 

BiliU,  a  city  of  Eastern  Turkey,  100  miles 
west  southwest  of  Van,  150  miles  southwest  of 
Erzroom.  Climate,  healthy,  dry,  1 '-()(!=  Ffthr. 
Population,  2.'), 000,  Kurds,  Armenians,  and 
Turks.  Social  condition,  low.  Its  situation 
among  the  mountains  of  Kui'distan  is  peculiarly 
beautiful,  and  surrounded  as  it  is  by  high 
peaks,  it  served  for  a  long  time  as  tho  virtnal 
capital  of  the  Kurds,     Most  of  the  history  of 


the  northern  tribes  centres  around  it,  and  tho 
famous  Kurdish  history,  the  SlKreef  .\ii'nmeh 
(translated  into  I'reiich  and  published  at  St. 
I'etersburg.  liussia),  was  written  by  a  Kurd  of 
liitlis.  >Iission  work  was  begun  there  by  uiis- 
Kioiiarics  of  the  .\.  ]!.  ('.  E.  >!.  among  tho  Ar- 
menians (piite  early,  and  it  was  occupied  as  n 
station  in  IhoH.  The  rough,  turbulent  charac- 
ter of  tho  people  has  often  occasioned  trouble 
and  even  daLger,  but  the  work  is,  on  the  whole, 
jirosperous  ;  2  missionaries  nn<l  wives,  2  other 
ladies.  111  native  heli)erK,  l~)  out-stations,  2 
churches,  217  members,  2  I  schools,  7S0  scholars. 

Ollaekruol  Cri>M«iullK,  a  station  of  the 
C.  M.  S,  (1M«;3)  on  the  I'pper  Saskatchewan 
Itiver,  Cannda.  Tho  work  is  among  tho  lilack- 
foot  Indians,  of  whom  m;.uy,  though  not  yet 
baptized,  gather  to  the  evangelical  service,  while 
others  have  become  Itomau  Catholic  ;  1  mis- 
sionary. 

Bluekfoot  Version.— Tho  Blackfoot  be- 
longs to  the  languages  of  America,  and  is  spoken 
by  about  7,01)0  Indians,  of  whom  some  few  can 
read,  who  are  located  on  the  cast  of  tho  Rocky 
Mountains  in  Canada.  In  the  winter  of  lHN-1- 
85  the  IJev.  J.  W.  Tims,  of  tlie  Church  ^Mission- 
ary  Society,  translated  the  Gospel  of  JIatthew 
into  this  language,  which  lie  revised  twice  with 
the  aid  of  an  Indian.  This  version  was  printed 
by  the  l'>ritish  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  in  the 
year  l«s;). 

Blailtyi'O,  a  town  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
Lake  Nyussa,  Central  Africa,  situated  at  an  ele- 
vation of  ;!,000  feet,  and  very  healthy,  ilissiou 
statiiin  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  ;  formed  in 
ls7.")  by  a  colony  of  Scotch  settlers,  who  have 
had  some  difficult  experiences,  first  because 
they  were  somewhat  hasty  in  exercising  Scotch 
justice  among  tho  natives,  next  because  they 
undertook  to  shelter  fugitive  slaves  in  the  midst 
of  established  slavery,  and  tinally  from  I'ortu- 
guese  chicaneries.  But  they  prospered,  and 
have  now  two  l)ranch  stations -at  Zomba,  18711, 
und  Domasi,  18S1.  The  Gospels  according  to 
Matthew  and  Luke  have  been  translated  in  the 
native  tongue  and  jirinted  at  Bliintyre.  At 
present  there  are  1  ordained  missionary,  2  medi- 
cal missionaries,  ;t  artisans,  12  church-members. 
Mil  school-children. 

BlaiibiTif,  a  town  of  Transvaal,  Eastern 
South  Africa,  a  little  south  of  tho  Limpopo 
Itiver,  and  north  of  Makhabeng.  Mission  sta- 
tion of  the  Berlin  Evangelical  Lutheran  Society 
(ISC.S)  ;  1  missionary,  1!  native  helpers,  0  out- 
stations,  100  church-members,  (•  school-children. 

BInwflcldN,  tho  principal  town  on  the 
Mosipiito  Coast,  Central  America.  Here  the 
^Moravian  Brethren  founded  a  station  in  18J'.)  and 
began  to  work  among  the  700  negroes  in  the 
jilace,  but  soon  they  were  drawn  toward  the 
native  Indians.  They  learned  their  language, 
and  parts  of  the  Bible  were  translated  into 
their  language. 

Blociiifoiitcill,  a  town  of  the  Orange  Free 

State,  South  Africa.  Capital  of  tho  State  ; 
though  ft  small  town  it  carries  on  n  large  com- 
merce, chiefly  with  Cape  Colony  and  Transvaal. 
Population,  1,200,  chiefly  Boers.  Mission  sta- 
tion of  the  Berlin  Evangelical  Lutheran  Society  ; 

1  missionary,  4  native  helpers,  2  out-stations,  106 
church-members,  12  school  children.     S.  P.  G., 

2  missionaries. 


BLOBMHOr 


171) 


BOARDMAN,  OBOROE  D. 


i 


is; 


Ill«>i'iiili4>r,  a  town  in  Swazilanil,  Eiistoin 
Afrioii,  unci  ii  station  of  tliu  Woslcyan  A[c'tli(iclist 
Missinniiry  SDcictv  ;  ").)  cluuciinioiiilaTs,  1 
cliaiu'l,  ;i  (itluT  iircui'liiiig  placi's. 

lll)'lllCNU'4»«>(l,  a  tinvii  nt'  Kiitl'rai'ia,  Smith 
Africa,  lictwccn  St.  Alliaiis  and  Ciiniiinj^lmiii. 
Mission  station  of  tlie  I'lci*  Clmi-cli  ot  Si'oilinul  ; 
i  missionaries,  inaU',  1  lady,  i  cjllcgo,  110  stii- 
ilouts. 

HIiMM,  lNaa<>  Ciil'oill,  <>.  at  Sprint^tii^lil, 
Mass.,  v.  S,  A.,  July  ."itli,  IxJ'i  ;  Ki'ailuatod  at 
Amherst  ('olh^^^i',  I'^ll,  and  studird  at  .\iidover 
Bnd  New  llavi'ii  tlu^olo^iical  st-iiiinariis  ;  ro- 
coIvimI  th(i  (h'l^rtict  of  ]).]>.  from  Anilicist  in 
1^*71.  Hn  married  Kiinieii  1>.  Day,  nf  West 
Sprin^'lield,  and  in  1817  was  ordained  a  mis- 
sionary of  the  A.  15.  C.  F.  M..  Stationed  at 
Erzrootii,  ICastern  Turkey,  he  was  a  idoneer  in 
oiieniiif^  up  tho  vaUey  of  tlio  Euplirates  to  mis- 
sionary inllueiK'O.  rninterrui)ted  lahor  and 
coutinuod  travellini;,  at  tliat  time  far  more  dan- 
gerous and  fati|4uin^;  tliai'  now,  hroke  down  a 
naturally  tiuo  constitution,  and  in  \H')2  he  was 
obliged  to  visit  .\merica.  Year  after  year  ho 
waited  for  the  iihysician's  permission  to  return 
to  his  chosen  work,  and  once  was  on  tho  point 
of  starting,  l)ut  ho  was  compelled  to  t^ive  it  up, 
and  resigned  his  connection  with  the  Hoard, 
convinced  that  the  Lord  iiad  something  else  for 
Lim  to  do.  Meantime  ho  had  labored  most 
successfully  as  pastor  for  two  years  at  South- 
bridge  and  then  at  Boylston,  Mass.  .\t  last  tho 
opportunity  came.  Scarcely  a  year  after  his  res- 
ignation an  invitation  came  to  him  from  tho 
American  Biblo  Society  to  go  to  Constantinople 
as  agent  for  tho  Levant.  The  work  being  less 
coiitining  and  moro  varied  seemed  sn  ted  to 
him,  and  in  tho  winter  of  1857-;")^  he  entered 
upon  it  with  enthusiasm. 

He  found  the  agency  without  any  organiza- 
tion at  all.  There  were  almost  no  rules  as  to 
the  distribution  of  liiblos,  and  the  greater  ])art 
of  the  funds  received  from  their  sale  was  ap- 
plied to  general  niissionarv  work.  With  great 
tact  and  patience,  and  indomitablo  will,  he  set 
to  work  to  bring  order  out  of  confusion.  His 
field  was  very  large,  covering  tho  whole  Turk- 
ish Empire  (including  Egypt,  Syria,  and  Meso- 
IJotamia),  Persia,  and  Greece.  .\  charming  let- 
ter writer,  his  letters  b(;camo  well  known  in 
every  station,  and  his  personal  sympathy  and 
quick  perception  enabled  him  to  ccune  into  tho 
most  cordial  relations  with  his  fellow-workers 
of  different  denominations  and  nationalities. 
Located  at  Constantinople,  the  port  by  which 
most  missionaries  to  tliose  lands  entered  on 
their  fields,  and  where  for  many  years  tho  an- 
nual meetings  of  tho  whole  missionary  force 
were  held,  his  house  was  always  open,  and  there 
were  few  of  those  who  pnssed  through  that 
did  not  en.ioy  its  hospitality.  lie  travelled 
some,  though  not  as  much  as  ho  felt  essential, 
directing  almost  tho  entire  work  from  the  little 
oiTice  that  ho  shared  with  tho  treasurer  of  tho 
mission.  Their  crampeil  and  unhealthy  quar- 
ters wore  a  constant  trial,  and  at  last  the  re.so- 
lution  was  formed  to  build  a  Bible  House  for 
Constantinoi)lo  corresponding  to  that  in  New 
York.  Called  home  in  ISOl!  to  attend  the  Jubilee 
of  the  Bible  Society,  he  pressed  tho  need  of 
such  a  building.  The  Society  was  unwilling  to 
take  it  up,  but  allowed  him  his  time  to  raise 
the  needed  money.  -\  number  of  prominent 
men  consented  to  act  as  trustees,  and  in  18C7 


he  returned  with  tho  roi|uisiti'  funds.  The  se- 
curing (it  a  site  and  the  erection  of  the  building 
met  with  the  most  determined  opiiosition,  but 
in  1H7J  the  edil'ice  was  coinidete,  and  univir- 
sall.v  recogni/.ed  as  the  liandscuuest  business 
buil  ling  in  the  city.  It  has  sinci;  lieen  enlargi  d 
as  llie  work  has  grown.     (See  Constantinople.) 

Wliilo  in  tile  midst  of  superintending  tho 
erection  of  the  liildo  House,  J)r.  lilies  took 
!"i  tiuio,  in  1k~0,  to  make  a  hurriid  visit  to 
.\  nieric'a,  and  secured  the  traiisleniu'e  to  Bi  iroiit 
of  the  great  work  of  elcctrotyping  and  luintiiig 
the  .\rabic  Bible,  'i'his  had  hitherto  been  doiio 
at  the  liible  House  in  New  York,  and  thoi  hango 
seemed  to  many  hazardous,  yet  his  clear  vision 
saw  tho  gnat  futuie  of  that  noble  work,  and 
b.V  dint  of  most  earnest  appeals  ho  secured  tho 
endorsement  by  tlio  society  of  a  step  siiico 
recognized  to  be  one  of  tho  most  important  in 
its  history. 

Then  came  tho  ipiestion  ot  the  Turkish  vtr- 
sions.  There  were  at  that  time  three,  in  tho 
Arabic,  the  Armenian,  and  tho  (ireek  charac- 
ters (see  Turkish  Language  and  Version),  all 
made  by  ilitfertnt  men,  and  witli  ditTereiice  of 
meaning  as  well  as  of  idiom.  This  had  long 
been  felt  to  bo  most  unfortunate,  yet  there 
seemed  to  bo  no  help  for  it.  Dr.  Jiliss  believed 
that  the  dilticiilty  could  be  overcome.  Ho  took 
careful  counsel,  and  even  at  Iho  risk  of  ott'eiid- 
ing  brethren  whoso  opinion  and  esteem  he 
valued  most  highly,  he  jiressed  very  hard  for  a 
union  of  tho  forces  that  were  at  work  revising 
cacli  form.  At  last  he  carried  tho  day,  and  tho 
Turkish  version  of  to-day  is  scarcely  less  a 
monument  to  the  men  who  made  it  tlianto  him, 
whose  clear  vision  and  earnest  purpose  made  it 
possible  for  them  to  make  it. 

Meanwhile  he  jiressinl  colportage  unceasingly. 
From  2,500  copies  during  tho  first  year,  tho  cir- 
culation ran  up  to  oCi.CriH  iu  the  twenty-tiftli 
year  ot  the  agency.  (See  .\merican  Bible  So- 
ciety, Levant  .Vgenc.y. ) 

Dr.  Bliss  was  not.  however,  merely  agent  of 
tho  Bible  Society.  Practically  ho  was  as  much 
of  a  missionary  as  ever.  Deejily  interested  in 
every  dejiartmout  of  the  one  work,  gathering 
wide  stores  ot  experience  from  Ids  relation.^ 
with  different  forms  of  labor  in  tho  widely  sepa- 
rated sections  of  his  great  field,  ho  bent  every 
energy  to  each  thing  as  it  came  before  him, 
as  earnest  in  this  little  .Vrmenian  Sunday-school 
in  Sctutari  as  when  addressing  crowded  halls  in 
America,  as  careful  in  his  counsid  with  a  col- 
porteur as  when  planning  the  work  for  an  em- 
1  iro. 

The  old  strength,  however,  never  came  back, 
inil  though  he  had  tho  assistance  at  tirst  of  hist 
son,  Kev.  Edwin  M.  Bliss,  and  later  of  Kev. 
Marc  Bowen  and  another  son,  Mr.  William  O. 
Bliss,  tho  years  told  heavily  upon  him.  The 
winter  ot  18s«-Si)  was  a  trying  one,  and  ho 
sought  relief  iu  tlio  warmer  climate  of  Egypt. 
It  was,  however,  of  no  avail,  and  on  February 
Kith,  18S0,  he  passed  away  iu  -Vssiout,  I'pper 
Egypt.  Ho  was  buried  by  tho  side  ot  a  lift-iong 
friend  and  fellow-laborer,  Kev.  John  Hogg, 
D.D. ,  at  the  very  outpost  of  his  agency,  from 
whence  it  had  been  his  desire  to  push  on  the 
Bible  work  into  the  heart  ot  Darkest  .Vfrica. 

Bitardiiiaii,  Gcor(;o  nann,  b.  at  Liver- 
more,  Me.,  U.S.A.,  February  8th.  1801  ;  pursued 
his  preparatory  studies  at  the  academies  of  North 
ynrmouth  and  Farmington.     When  fifteen  years 


BOARDMAN,  OEOROE  O. 


m 


BOARDMAN,  QEIOROB  D. 


,10 


111 
le 


(1 

h 


of  nge,  w'isbiDj:;  to  olitnin  a  colleginte  education, 
and  to  Hci'iini  tlio  lU'i'OKSFiry  funds,  Im  tnu^'ht  ii 
school,  in  wliicli  liti  sliowud  reniiiikiiljlc  skill  in 
controlling;  tiu'Wulont  l>o,vs  iiud  iijiln'-ss  to  ti'in'li. 
In  iN'J-  lit)  t^iiidimtL'd  lit  Wfttcrvillu  I'olli^mj  with 
niiii'kuil  hdu.ir,  iind  wiis  iiiiiiiL'diiiti'l,v  iiiijiointed 
tutor.  On  liciiriii^;  soon  utlfr  of  tlui  drutli  ot 
Colnian,  nf  the  Ariicun  mission,  hu  cxjircssod 
his'  liurposo  to  go  iind  tidai  his  jiliici'.  In  April, 
lM;i:!,  hii  otfiavd  his  sorviccs  to  tlui  Itaiitist 
Uoiird  o£  Missions,  and  ^vns  acct'iitccl.  In  Juno 
ot  tlmt  jiitr  ho  I'lituroil  Andovi-r  Tht'oloyioid 
Seniiniir.v,  where  lio  ri'iimineil  two  vears.  llo 
was  ordainiid  l'i;liruar,v  liitli,  Is-J.j  ;  travi'Uud  in 
tho  H|)rin|<  as  ayout  of  Ihu  inissionarv  hoard  in 
the  Wost  and  .South  to  solicit  tiiiids  and  ]iri- 
sent  tho  claims  o£  foreif^n  missions  ;  was  marrifd 
July  Uh  to  AlisH  Saralt  llall,  anil  suili'd  on  tho 
ICith  tor  Calcutta.  Hero  ho  found  Mr,  and  Mrs. 
Wado  and  others,  whom  tho  war  had  ilriven 
from  Hiirmah,  and  learnml  that  Mr.  Judson  and 
Br.  I'rii'o  woro  in  a  iirisou  at  .Vva.  Advised  to 
remain  in  (.'alcutta  till  tho  door  diould  bo  oiiuii 
to  rosumo  mission  work  in  liurmah.  ho  took  up 
his  abode  at  t'hitporu,  four  niilns  from  Cali'uttn, 
and  studied  tho  Itiirnian  lanKua,^o  with  ii  na- 
tive. March  2(ltli,  IK'JT,  ho  embarked  with  his 
family,  reaching  Amhorst  Ajiril  17th.  Ho  was 
soon  settled  at  Moulmcin,  the  new  seat  of  tho 
British  Governmcut,  which  bociinio  tho  scat 
also  of  the  mission  in  liurmah.  Sir  Archibald 
C!im[)boll  offered  Jlr.  Boardman  a  lino  largo 
spot  of  ground  for  a  mission  establishment. 
On  this  ho  built  a  bamboo  house  costing  about 
$U)0.  A  few  weeks  after  his  arrival  ho  was 
cheered,  early  on  .Sabbath  ruoruing,  by  a  visit 
from  eight  rospoctable  Biirmans,  who  inipiircd, 
"  Teaelier,  is  this  your  day  of  worship?  We 
havfl  como  to  boar  you  preach,  we  wish  to  know 
what  this  new  religion  is."  The  members  of 
the  mission  and  the  Board  in  America,  thinking 
that  the  field  of  operations  should  bo  widened 
by  the  establishment  of  now  stations,  Tavoy, 
recently  ceded  to  tho  English  in  tho  treaty  of 
peace,  about  150  miles  from  Moulmein,  was 
selected  as  tho  site  for  the  new  station,  and 
Mr.  Boardman,  by  the  unanimous  choice  of  his 
associates,  was  ai)pointed  to  commence  it.  Ho 
left  Moulmein,  March  2'.)tli,  bS2H,  accompanied 
by  Ko-Thah-Byn,  the  first  Karen  convert,  then 
n  candidate  for  baptism,  a  young  Siamese  lately 
baptized,  and  tour  of  the  boys  from  his  board- 
ing-school at  Moulmein,  and  reached  tho  city 
of  Tavoy,  Ai)ril  IHh.  Ho  was  kindly  receivoil 
by  Captain  Burnoy,  tho  Civil  Commissioner  for 
the  Tavoy  District.  Ho  soon  commenced  i)nb. 
lie  worship  in  Burinan,  and  imjuirers  began  to 
present  themselves.  On  May  lilth  he  baptized 
Ko-Thah-Byu,  tho  Karen  Christian  who  had  ac- 
companied him.  This  remarkablo  man  had 
been  a  robber  and  murderer.  His  natural  tem- 
per was  diabolical.  After  the  Burmese  war, 
while  in  tho  service  of  Mr.  Hough,  in  Biingoon, 
he  gave  evidence  of  true  conversion,  and  became 
remarkaldy  efficient  and  successful  as  a  preacher 
to  his  countrymen.  One  who  knew  him  well 
says  :  "  IIo  was  always  planning  some  new 
preaching  excursion,  and  never  was  so  happy 
as  when  he  found  individuals  to  whom  he  might 
preach  from  morning  till  evening."  Heiscalled 
the  Karen  Apostle.  As  the  result  of  his  inde- 
fatigable labors,  many  of  the  Karens  of  tho 
villages  scattered  over  the  mountains  of  Tavoy 
flookod  in  from  the  distant  jungles  to  see  the 
white  teacher,  who  had  come  from  beyond  the 


sea  and  to  listen  to  the  Irnths  ho  taught.  Mr. 
Boardman  resolved  to  visit  tho  Karens  in  tho 
jungle,  and  on  February  'JHth,  iH.'i,  ho  set  out 
on  his  tirst  tour  accompanieil  liy  Ko-Thah-Byu 
mil  I  another  ICaivn ,  a  professed  believer  in  Christ, 
llo  was  absent  ten  days.  So  much  encouraged 
was  ho  by  tho  readiness  of  the  Jieoplo  to  re- 
ceive him  and  give  attention  to  his  instructions, 
that  he  iletermined  to  iiursno  a  ccmrso  of  itine- 
rary preaching  anioug  their  villages.  In  these 
tours  he  was  geiierKlly  accompanied  by  Ko-Thah- 
Byu  or  some  other  convert  and  some  boys  from 
tho  schools.  Ho  usually  visited  throe  or  four 
villages  a  week,  iireacbing  in  r.ayatu  or  from 
house  to  house,  and  talking  with  those  ho  met 
li.v  tho  way.  Some  of  his  journeys  were  long 
and  dangerous,  and  often  on  foot.  Ho  also 
miido  tours  in  the  mission  bout  on  the  river. 
These  labors  were  continued  for  three  years  in 
great  jihysical  debility,  to  which  he  was  reduced 
by  pulmonary  disease.  Though  unwilling  to 
slacken  his  labors  on  account  of  his  own  health, 
he  was  obliged  by  Mrs.  Boiudman's  very  criti- 
cal illness  to  leave  his  station  and  to  remove  to 
Moulmein  for  seven  months.  Before  leaving 
Tavo,v,  in  -\pril,  he  promised  the  Karens  that, 
if  possible,  ho  would  visit  them  again  on  his  re- 
turn. Soon  after  his  return  many  came  to  seo 
him,  reipiesting  the  promised  visit,  and  saying 
that  many  families  desired  baptism  who  could 
not  come  to  Tavoy.  Mr.  Francis  Mason,  who 
had  been  instructed  by  the  Missionary  Board 
to  repair  to  Tavoy  and  assist  ^It.  Boardman, 
reached  tho  station  .Tanuary  23d,  1831,  only  in 
time  to  accompany  him  in  his  last  tour  among 
the  Karens  and  witness  his  death.  Mr.  Board- 
man  met  Mr.  Mason  at  tho  wharf  and  told  him 
tho  Karens  were  V)uilding  liim  a  iiiyat  near  tho 
foot  of  tho  mountain,  which  he  had  crossed  two 
years  before,  and  were  coming  for  him.  They 
set  out  January  31st,  1.H31,  Jlr.  Boardman  in  a 
cot.bed,  reaching  tho  place  of  destination  on 
the  third  day,  where  they  found  a  bamboo 
chapel  erected  on  a  beautiful  stream  and  a  liun- 
dred  persons  assembled,  more  than  half  of  them 
applicants  for  baiitism.  Having  lost  strength, 
Mrs.  Boardman  advised  him  to  return,  but  he 
replied,  "The  cause  of  (iod  is  of  more  impor- 
tance tlian  my  health,  and  if  I  return  now  our 
whole  object  will  be  defeated.  I  want  to  seo 
the  work  of  the  Lord  go  on."  When,  however, 
it  was  evident  ha  could  not  livo  long,  and  it 
was  thought  best  to  return  without  delay,  he 
consented,  on  condition  that  tho  candidates 
were  baptized  that  evening,  to  return  tho  day 
following.  So  ,iust  before  sunset  ho  was  car- 
ried out  in  his  bed  to  the  water-side,  and  in  his 
)>resenoe  Mr.  JIason  baptized  thirty-four  per- 
sons. On  being  taken  back  to  tho  chapel  he 
desired  to  bo  present  at  tho  evening  meal,  and 
afterward  mado  a  most  touching  address  to  his 
disciples  present,  about  fifty  in  number.  Early 
in  the  morning  the  little  band  started  oa  their 
Journey  homeward,  tho  sufferings  of  which 
were  increased  by  a  severe  storm  of  v\aA  and 
rain.  While  being  conveyed  to  tho  boat  from 
the  comfortless  roof  of  the  heathen  Tavoyer 
which  had  sheltered  them  for  the  night,  he  ex- 
pired, February  11th,  1H31.  Ho  was  buried  on 
tho  mission  promises,  the  funeral  being  attended 
by  all  the  European  gentlemen  and  officers  of 
the  station,  with  many  natives.  Though  but 
thirty  years  of  age  and  but  three  years  in  the 
service,  he  hi>d  accomplished  a  great  work. 
Within  the  last  two  months  of  his  life  57  had 


V 

h 

til 


BOARDMAN,  OZ30ROE  D. 


172 


BOHEMIA 


been  baptizpd,  nil  KnronR,  nml  iit  tlio  liiur  nf 
his  (Iciilli  till' iiiiHsiiiii  clinri'h  at  Tiivny  Imd  7<i 
ihmiiIm'Is, 

BiX'iiN  ilcl  Torn,  II  city  i^n  tin'  IstlnnuM 
of  raumiiii,  I'llniiniM;^  Id  (lie  riiitcil  Statrs  nf 
CuloMiliia,  (III  one  nl'  tli>'  iiitriiiu'cs  tn  the  iimt; 
iiiticciit  Imrlidr  of  <'liirii|iii.  I'liiml.itioii,  \\,WU, 
Mission  Hliitimi  ol  tlin  I'liitnl  MctlioiliNt  I'tvtt 
Ciiuiih  of  lliij^lariil  ;  :t  local  iirciii'lici's,  isl 
tluufhnH'iiilM'rs, 

ll<>riiii<*(>ii,  "'mlt'ric'k,  u  misHionury  of 
tliii  .Moravians  to  (irciiiilaiid  (ITiUi.  A  mini  of 
(,'ri'at  t'ouranii  and  zcal,  his  arrival  at  ii  tinio  of 
pircat  discoiiiaj,'ciiuiit  \vas  most  o|iiiortnno. 
Aftrr  live  yi'iirs  of  |)riviitioii  and  lalior  oiiu 
(irccnlandfr  naiiicil  Kaiarnak  ri'cfivfd  the  (tos- 
jii'l,  and  took  uji  liis  n'sidcnci'  anion^^  tlii>  iiiis- 
sioniirii'H,  He  inducrd  soiuo  twenty  others  to 
t'onie  also.  I'lio  next  your  ho  Wiis  liapti/.nd  with 
his  family,  liiit  hardly  hud  the  iiiissionarii's 
tiiuf  to  rc'joii'i'  over  this  wlicn  a  band  of  mur- 
derers threatened  Kaiarnak  and  his  followers, 
and  they  tie'  to  the  soiilli,  away  from  relij^ious 
inlliieiiees.  riio  year  utter  Mr.  Hoomiseh  mar- 
ried Miss  Anna  Slaeh,  and  not  a  little  interest 
was  ailded  to  the  oeeasion  of  the  Widdiiig  hy 
the  very  nnex|iec'ted  return  of  Kaiarnak,  who 
deelared  his  intention  to  remain  nmonn  them, 
and  [irovi'd  to  the  satisfiiotion  of  the  mis'>ion- 
aries  his  steadfastness  to  tliu  truths  they  had 
taught  him.  It  was  during;  Jlr.  linemiseh's  n  si- 
deneo  here  that  the  lirelhri'ii  adopted  tht^  ehaii^;o 
in  their  instrui'tion  of  the  Oreeiilanders,  wliieli 
awakened  the  hitherto  sleejiin^^  eonseic  iices  of 
these  lieniv;lited  people.  'Plu'y  "  eeased  topreaeh 
tlie  attrilintes  of  (lod,  the  lull  of  man,  and  the 
demands  of  divine  law,"  and  )ir(  ached  instead 
"  Christ  erucilied,"  and  were  tlieiiiselves  aston- 
ished at  the  ])nwer  of  the  Holy  tihost,  as  it 
transformed  tlieir  little  Hock  of  indiiTerent  un- 
lielievers  to  earnest  and  true  followers  of  Jesus. 

BotfOtll,  capital  of  the  republic  of  Colom- 
bia, on  the  river  Masdalena,  (Hill  miles  from 
the  sea.  It  is  a  pleasant  city,  situated  on  a 
])icturesquo  and  fertile  jilatenu  11,(10(1  feet  aliovo 
the  sea.  Climate,  temperate.  Population, 
10(1,0(1(1.  Mission  station  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  (NortlO,  IH'id  ;  2  niissionarics  and 
vives,  1  other  lady,  1  school,  (id  scholars.  Con- 
gregation lartjo  and  enojuraging. 

Bo^^lllll  Version.-  -liountu belongs  to  the 
Melanesian  latiL'uaiies,  anil  is  spoken  in  the 
Solomon  Islands.  A  translation  of  the  (iospel 
of  Slark  into  this  language  was  iniblisbed  in 
1SH7  at  L!)ndon  by  the  Society  for  rromoting 
Christian  Knowledge. 

Bnlieinin,  a  country  of  Central  Europe, 
formerly  an  independent  kingdom,  now  a  con- 
stitutional part  of  the  Anstro-IIungarian  Em- 
pire, the  emperor  assuming  with  his  other  titles 
that  of  King  of  Bohemia.  It  has  a  ])opnlation 
of  nearly  (l.tlOO.OOD,  of  whom  about  two-thirds 
are  Hohemian.s,  the  remainder  being  chiefly 
Germans.  It  sends  52  representatives  to  the 
Eeiohsrnth,  and  has  a  separate  Diet  of  242  mem- 
bers. The  capital  and  chief  city  is  Prague, 
and  it  is  there  that  the  agitations  for  a  distinct 
recognition  of  the  Czechs,  nsof  the  Hungarians, 
have  been  carried  on. 

ifisxinn  iror/.-  is  carried  on  by  the  A.  B.  C.  F. 
M.  nt  Prague  among  the  Koninn  Catholics,  and 
by  the  Scotch  Free  Church  and  the  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  among  the  Jews 


in  different  placcH  where  there  are  Jews  in 
large  niimberH. 

lioiiKMiANs. — The  Doheminnn  or,  nH  they  call 

themselves,  Tchekhs  (or  Czechs),  form  one  of 
the  principal  tribi  s  of  the  Slavic  race.  They 
occupy  the  country  of  linlicmia  in  Austria,  and 
number  about  four  millions  Tiny  are  all 
Catludics  with  the  exception  of  b"iii,'(i(i(l,  who 
belong  to  the  I'rotestant  Ueformed  and  Lutln  r- 
nn  Confession.  The  first  germs  of  Christianity 
were  planted  among  them  by  the  Slavic  ajios. 
lies  SS.  Cyril  and  Methodius  in  tlm  ninth  cen- 
tury, and  the  Jiohemian  I'rinco  Jlorivoi  was 
baptized  by  Methodi\is  in  H7H-71.  Ibit  Ortho- 
dox or  Greek  Clirislianity  was  niiable  to  main- 
tain itself  long  in  Mnliemia,  and  was  soon  siiji- 
jilanted  by  Cathidicism.  Along  with  the  intro- 
duction of  Catliolie  Christianity  liidiemia  came 
under  the  intlueneo  of  German  civilization  and 
fouilalism,  and  gradually  the  German  eh^nuiit 
grew  stronger  and  stronger.  Beginning  with 
the  year  12"i:t  this  (ierman  iiithienc(i  spread 
rapidly,  so  lliat  the  Bohemians  wcri'  in  danger 
of  being  eiitiiely  (briiiaiiized.  The  reign  of 
Cliarles  I.,  known  also  as  Charles  IV.,  I'.mp'  'or 
of  the  Holy  liomali  I'.mpire,  is  considiii d  one 
of  the  brightest  J'eriods  ci  Bohemian  history. 
He  founded  the  Tniversity  of  primuo  in  1:i|n, 
and  thus  helped  to  make  the  cajiital  of  Bohemia 
the  centre  of  n  great  intellectual  and  educa- 
tional movement.  The  most  important  jieriod, 
however,  is  undoubtedly  the  time  of  John  Huss 
and  the  reformatory  movement  which  he  began. 
I'orn  in  IMi'.H  in  an  obscure  village  of  Bohi  luia, 
and  educated  at  the  Vniversity  of  Prague,  Huss 
raised  his  voice  amiinst  the  corruption  and  de- 
pravity of  the  Bomish  Church,  and  demanded 
a  )iurer  form  <if  religion.  Almost  the  whole  of 
Bohemia  joined  his  movement,  and  the  enthu- 
siasm which  his  seimons  and  writings  evoked 
was  very  great.  Beguiled  into  the  Cinncil  of 
Constance,  where  he  was  called  to  be  luard, 
Huss  was  burned  at  the  stake  in  111.")  ;  but  his 
death  was  the  signal  for  thi^  beginning  of  the 
terrible  Hussite  wars,  which  lasted  for  eighteen 
years,  and  the  effects  of  which  were  felt  through 
the  succeeding  generations  until  l(i2(l,  when 
Bohemia  lost  her  jiolitical  inde)iendcnce  and 
Icdl  under  the  dominion  of  the  Hapsburg  dy- 
nasty of  Austria.  The  Hussite  movement  in 
Bohemia  cannot  be  satisfactorily  cxp'ained  by 
merely  regarding  it  as  a  religious  movement. 
To  understand  its  full  bearing,  one  ought  to 
bear  in  mind  that  it  was  also  a  national  move- 
ment  directed  against  the  encroachments  of  Ger- 
manism that  threatened  Bohemia.  'l~lio  relig- 
ious element  of  Hussitcism  did  not  give  all  the 
fruit  that  might  have  been  expecteil  from  it. 
After  the  death  of  Huss  the  party  sjditinto  two, 
the  Taboritcs  and  the  Ptraipiists  or  Calixtins. 
The  former,  which  may  be  considered  as  the 
extreme  party,  carried  the  ])rinciple  of  the  free 
interpretation  of  the  Scriptures  to  its  wildest 
point.  The  T'traquists,  forming  the  so-called 
moderate  party,  were  not  disinclined  to  come 
to  terms  with  the  Catholic  Church.  To  the 
Hussite  movement  was  due  the  formation  of 
the  Society  of  the  Bohemian  Brothers  known 
subsequently  by  the  name  of  Moravian  Brothers, 
distinguished  for  its  ])iety,  its  good  works,  anil 
the  best  writers  it  contributed  to  Bohemian 
literature.  But  though  Huss  and  his  followers 
failed  in  their  attempts  to  reform  the  Church, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  his  writings  and  the 
ideas  he  promulgated   exercised   an  influence 


BOHEMIA 


173 


BOKHARA 


oviir  tliii  iiiinds  of  thinking  people  i:i  Kiiriip,-, 
itiiil  pnipitruil  tbo  way  (i>r  I.dtliur'H  Uufuniiii- 
tioii. 

Willi  the  pnliticnl  ilownfnil  of  liohoniiii  the 
poiiiitry  WHS  Hnl)ji'cteil  tDt^rciit  triiiln  iiiiil  HUlTor- 
iiil^'H.  All  who  dill  ikot  wihIi  ti>  siil)iiilt  to  tliu 
Ciitliolic  ClnirHli  wern  iiinltrciitod  iind  drivon 
out  of  tho  coiilitrv,  mid  both  tint  ^ovcriiiiii'iit 
lUliI  tliii  clorKy  tried  to  oljiiteriito  every  triiee  ot' 
their  niitiiiiiiil  ]>iist  by  perHei^iitiii^  tbo  iiiUioiinl 
idiom  and  destroyiiij,'  all  books  written  in  it. 
For  about  two  hundred  years  tllin^,'s  went  on  in 
this  iiianm^r,  and  tbu  liolieniinns  were  hardly 
known  to  ICuropn  as  a  separate  nationality. 
Ibit  toward  tbo  latter  part  of  tbo  eitibteiiitb 
cmitliry  ii  revival  of  national  life  and  literature 
took  plaee,  wnieli  has  been  Koinj^  on  ever  since, 
and  has  saved  Itohoiuia  nnd  itH  pooplo  from 
utter  oblivion. 

The  Kobeiiiians  bclon^^  to  the  Western  brani'li 
of  the  Slavs,  and  their  la  ij^ua^o  is  one  of  the 
prineilial  dialects  of  tho  Western  branch  of  tlie 
Sla%'i<!  biimuages.  Its  alphabet  is  the  Latin, 
and  it  bears  n  closer  resemblance  to  :ii(i  I'ollsh 
than  to  any  other  Slavic  lant^uai^e,  tin  ';h  it  has. 
felt  the  inlhieiice  of  the  (ternian  botli  in  its 
lexicolof^y  and  its  construction.  Tlie  Kralitzka 
liible  (|>ublished  in  l.'iT'.l  Hil)  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  monuments  of  the  Hohemian,  and 
is  noted  for  the  ])urity  of  its  laiitiuagu  and  the 
beauty  of  its  style. 

ll«»lioiiiiaii  VcrNioii. — The  liohemian 
beloii|L!s  to  the  .Slnvonii;  branch  of  tho  .Viyan 
family  of  lannuaj^es.  It  seems  that  at  the  close 
of  the  fourtet^uth  century  the  liible,  as  a  whole 
or  in  parts,  was  alread,v  extant  in  the  liohemian 
lani^uaj^e,  nnd  a  groat  inruy  manuscripts  of 
KUch  versions  are  found  in  tho  libraries  of 
Europe.  After  tho  invention  of  the  art  of  print- 
ing copies  were  multiplied.  .Vlrcady  in  tho 
year  1  47")  tho  New  Testament  was  jiublished  at 
Pilsen,  and  the  first  Bible  was  issued  at  I'rn^^uo 
in  1  tHS.  In  1  IS'.l  a  seconil  edition  and  in  ]")l)i! 
1*  third  followed.  Jiesides  thi'so  liibles,  ^«e^■/ 
Testa:Monts,  too,  were  published  in  14!iH,  !.")l;l, 
nnd  I.'IO.  On  tho  title  pa^jo  of  tlie  latter  wo 
read  "  cum,  iintli'l  tt  privili-jin  rertrfiKllsshni  ijen- 
ernl'.-i  in  CD-dine."  'I'liis  is  tho  iilitin  priiicf/i.s- of 
the  New  Testament  published  by  tho  United  or 
Sloravinn  lirethren. 

The  fourth  edition  of  tho  liohemian  liiblo 
was  published  at  Prnnuo  in  1")2'.>,  the  fifth  in 
ir);i7,  the  sixth  in  l"i-10  at  Nureniberi,',  the  sev- 
enth at  rra},'ue  in  l")4',i,  the  eif^hth  in  l"ir>(!-."i7, 
the  ninth  in  l.'Cl,  the  tenth  (dedicated  to  tlio 
Emperor  Maximilian)  in  l.")70,  the  eleventh  in 
1577,  dedicated  to  the  Emperor  Kudolph.  All 
these  liibles  nnd  Now  Testaments  wore  preiinred 
by  private  men  in  i.ccordnnco  with  the  niateriiils 
they  had  then  at  hand.  .\s  a  matter  of  course, 
all  these  versions  were  more  or  less  defective. 
Tho  most  complete  translation  of  tho  entire 
liiblo  was  execute  1  between  l.")79-',);{  at  Kralit?, 
in  Moravia.  This  liiblo  is  known  as  the  Kralitz 
Bible,  also  ea'led  Se.ilkliln'i,  because  it  consisted 
of  six  volumes.  The  translators,  nil  members 
of  the  C(uii,'rpj,'ation  of  tho  United  Brethren, 
were  .\lbort  Mikulas,  Eukas  Holic,  .Tohann  En- 
eas, Isaias  CoeiJoUa,  Goorg  Streyc  alias  Vettor, 
•Tohann  Efraim,  Paul  Josonsky,  and  .b)hann 
Kapito.  This  splendid  Bible,"  in  which  tho 
chapters  and  verses  are  numbered  for  tho  first 
time,  was  executed  nt  the  expense  of  Baron 
Johnnn  Zerotinus.     The  linguistio  part  in  this 


tiaiislalioii,  fts  well  ns  the  notes  ac-onipanyini^ 
the  Hanie,  were  so  well  execute<l  that  Professor 
.Sehafnriek,  one  of  the  best  Slavic  scholars,  re- 
marked that  "  they  contain  a  great  deal  of  that 
which,  two  hundred  years  later,  thi^  learned 
coryidinei  of  exegesis  exhibited  to  the  world  as 
their  own  profound  discoveries."  A  second 
edition  of  this  liii.lo  was  publi:me<l  in  ].")'.»(>,  and 
the  third  anil  last,  whicli  the  Moravians  pub- 
lished, in  li'd:).  In  tho  sairo  year  nn  eilitinii 
was  also  imblislied  at  Prague.  In  17'2"J  an  edi- 
tion was  published  at  Halle,  and  again  in  17 IT 
and  17<:<'i.  .\t  Berlin  this  Itiblo  was  |iublisheil 
in  |s()7,  lHl:t,  and  IS'JI.  In  ]s(is  an  editinn  of 
tho  Bible  canfully  printed  from  the  text  <if  l.V.i.l 
was  published  by  Professor  <  it  org  Palkovic,  of 
Hungary.  When  aliout  one  hundred  roi)ies  had 
liien  circulatid  of  this  edition,  the  iJritish  anil 
I'oreign  liiblo  Societ.v,  in  Hl'J  bought  the  re- 
mninder  fnr  disttibniion.  Since  that  time  this 
societ.v  issued  iimii.v  editions  in  Uoman  and 
(iothii^  '.vpo.  In  tho  year  Issl  a  revision  of 
the  Brethren's  Bibb)  was  iiiidertakeii.  Tho  tt  xt 
of  the  Kralil/  edition  ot  llll;l  was  to  be  rcMsed 
by  a  cotifereiico  of  pnstors,  uniUr  tbo  superin- 
tendeiice  of  the  licv.  l)r.  11.  von  Tardy,  Kcde- 
siastical  Councillor  of  Vienna.  .Ml  (ternianisms 
and  archi'isms  weru  to  be  rpplaced  by  Bohe- 
mian words  now  in  general  uso  ;  certain  mis- 
translations also  were  to  bo  reititied.  This 
edition  was  editeil,  in  is.ss,  by  l)r.  von  Tardy 
and  tho  Biv.  Pastor  Kaiatiat,  of  Velki  .Shofa, 
in  Latin  type,  Up  to  March  Hist,  Iss'.i,  tho 
IJritish  and  Poreign  Biblo  Society  disposed  of 
i;(i."),,S!M)  portions  of  the  Scriptures,  either  ns  a 
wholo  or  in  portions. 

(Specimen  verse.     John  3  :  Iti.) 

Sltbo  taf.  Buf)  niiloroal  froct,  it  Syna  frocho  aebno- 

rojenf()0  bal.  nbi)  faibij,  tbo!  tri'fl  lu  nitjo.  ncjahi;nu(, 

ale  met  jimot  icccni;. 

1l«>lllnil,  a  district  ot  Eastern  Turkey,  ^ust 
north  of  tho  Tigris  before  it  turns  to  the  south. 
It  is  inhabited  chiell,v  by  Kurds.  Armenians, 
and  Nestorians.  It  includes  the  towns  or  cities  of 
Sert,  Iledwan.  and  Til.  It  is  a  wild  region,  both 
in  its  physical  aspects  and  the  character  of  tho 
people.  Mission  work  is  carried  lui  chieily  by 
the  .\.  B.  I".  P.  M.,  thoiigb  som<  times  lireacliers 
from  the  Nestorian  mission  of  tiio  Presbyterian 
Church  (North)  come  among  the  Syriao-speaking 
Nestorians. 

Bltkliai'il,  a  Kussian  vassal  State  in  Cen. 
tral  .\sia,  lying  between  north  latitude -11  and 
Ii7  and  between  east  longituile  112  and  72  , 
bounded  on  tho  north  by  the  Kussian  province 
of  Turkestan,  on  tlu'  east  by  tht>  I'nmir,  on  tho 
south  by  Afghanistan,  and  on  the  west  by  tho 
Kara  Kum  Desert. 

Tho  modern  State  wns  founded  by  tho  I'sbegs 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  after  tho  power  of  tho 
Golden  Horde  hail  been  destroyed  l\v  Tamer- 
lane. Tho  dynasty  of  tho  Manguts.  to  which 
the  present  ruler  belongs,  dates  back  to  tho  be- 
ginning ot  the  last  century.  Mir  Miuaffared- 
din  in  isiKI  proclaimed  a  holy  war  against  the 
Russians,  who  thereupon  invaded  his  dominions 
nnd  forced  him  to  sign  a  treaty  ceding  tho  tor- 
ritory  now  forming  tho  itiissinn  district  of  Syr 
Dnria,  to  consent  to  n  war  indemnitv,  nnd  to 
]>eriuit  Kussian  trade.  In  1S73  n  further  trenty 
wns  signed,  in  virtue  of  which  no  foreigner  wns 
to  bo  ndmitted  without  n  Eussinn  jinssport,  nnd 


BOKHARA  174 


BCMBAT 


tlu>  Stitto  1)61^1110  iirnotically  n  ItiiHHiiin  dcpon- 
ili'iioy. 

Art'rt,  ll'J.ddti  Kijuuro  luili'H.  ro|iulitti«ii,  •.'."idd,- 
0(K)(.').  I'liiff  town,  Dokliiini  ;  iioimliitiim, 
70, (HH).     ]U'li|;ioii,  Moliiuiiiiu'ilitii. 

Tilt)  ICiiHsiiiii  'rriiiis  ('iis|iinii  Uikihvuy  now 
rittis  thrnti^li  lluklium  froiii  ('liiir){ui  (in  tint 
(>\UH  ti>  a  Htiitioll  witllili  Ik  few  liiili'H  of  tlif 
rii|iitiil,  uiiil  thi-iu'L'  to  Siiiiiiirkhiiiiil.  No  liiisHiuii 
WDik. 

D4»U>ll|ii,  It  town  on  tint  ('on){o,  Atrion, 
MiKsmn  stiition  «f  tlio  Aiuciiciin  Kaptist  MIh- 
siouary  riiion  ;  recently  <i|iiiu'(l  ;  3  miMHiouiirius. 

Boliviii,  Ki*|>lil»ll<>  of,  ono  of  tliti  Month 
Anu'riiMU  ri'i>nl)lK'.-i,  lu:s  jur^t  norlli  of  Chili  luul 
tho  Ar^cntinti  UepnliUc.  Its  cimstitiitiim  was 
iiiloptoil  Aut^UHt  '^'ilU,  IxIKl,  ami  1ms  iiiidiTf^otKi 
HUi'cBssivo  niodilU'iitious,  tho  hist  lioin^j  in  l«Mi). 
Thi'  ^<ovi>rnnu'ut  ih  luodellcd  r, 'tcr  that  of  tho 
Unitoil  States  of  America,  with  a  I'rosidiiit  who 
holds  oHii:e  for  tour  yours  and  n  Con^ircss,  Imth 
eleotml  l>y  nnivorsal  Kutfriine.  ]{y  tint  troiity  of 
peace  with  I'hili,  in  IHSO,  all  tho  coast  territory 
was  lost,  and  thoro  are  now  einht  provinoos  witli 
a  total  artia  of  77i,">lH  8<iuaro  niilos.  Inoliidinn 
l,(Kl(),(HH»  Indians  thuj)opnlation  unndiorsli,;tiKI,. 
tMH»,  of  whom  5iHl,(MH)  are  Mi'sli/.oos,  mixed  race, 
and  r>iK»,oiH»  whites.  Sncro,  tho  i)resenl  capi- 
tal, has  lo.IU.'i  inhabitants,  and  La  I'az,  tho 
former  capital,  (io.tHKt.  Education  is  at  a  low 
el)b.  Tho  nominal  religion  is  Human  Catholic, 
but  the  matis  of  the  Inliaus  are  pagans.  Silver 
is  the  principal  iiroduct,  though  indigo,  cin- 
chona, and  cocoa  are  exported.  There  are  no 
railways  in  Uolivia.  Xj  mission  work  is  at- 
temi)te(l. 

Bnlobo,  a  city  in  Congn,  West  Africa,  "idO 
miles  northeast  from  its  mouth.  Climate,  trojii- 
cal.  Population,  'iO,0(M).  Kaei',  ISantu.  Lan- 
guage, Kibangi.  Moral  condition,  low,  owing 
to  belief  in  witchcraft  and  the  great  sacritico  of 
human  life.  Government,  Congo  Free  State. 
Sovereign,  lioopold  II.,  King  of  Belgium.  I'o- 
litical  condition  steadily  imiiroving.  Mission 
station  of  the  ISaptist  Missionary  Society  (IHHH)  ; 
3  ordained  missionaries,  1  unordainod,  '2  mis- 
sionaries' wives,  1  other  lady,  1  preaching 
place,  12.1  average  attendance,  1  school,  Il.l 
scholars.  This  station  is  tho  headijuart-^rs  of 
tli.3  mission  Hteamer  "  Peace." 

Boillbll)',  the  capital  of  the  presidency  ot 
the  same  name,  and  tho  chief  seaport  in  India. 
It  is  situated  on  tho  Indian  Ocean,  at  tho  soutli- 
erii  enil  of  tho  island  of  Salsotto,  which  stretches 
along  the  shore  of  tho  continent  from  north  to 
south  for  a  distance  of  over  twenty  miles.  At 
its  southern  extremity  there  was  formerly  a 
group  of  <[uito  small  islands,  separated  from 
each  other  and  from  the  larger  island  by  narrow 
channels.  Upon  these  ISombav  has  been  gra<l. 
ually  built  up  ;  and  now,  by  filling  in  the  chan- 
nels between  the  separate  islands,  these  have 
nil  been  con.solidatod  with  ono  another  ami  with 
the  larger  i.sland  of  Salsette  itself.  Tho  harbor, 
which  is  the  safest  and  most  spacious  in  all 
India,  and  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  lies 
Vietween  the  city  and  the  mainland.  In  ItilU 
the  Portuguese,  whoso  sway  was  then  undis- 
puted all  along  the  western  coast  of  India, 
ceded  the  island  of  Uombay  to  England  as  a 
part  of  the  dowry  of  the  Portuguese  princess, 
Catherine,  who  became  her  queen.  Tlie  popii- 
latioa  was  then  supposed  to  be  10,000,     Soon 


after  Charles  II.  gave  it  over  to  tho  j'ast  India 
Company  fur  iin  annual  rental  of  L'l<*.  In  1'i7:i 
its  populatiitn  was  reported  as  t:o,(Miu  "  a  mix- 
ture of  most  ot  the  iii'ighboring  countries, 
mostly  rogues  and  vagabonds."  The  iiiixturo 
of  raci-s  then  presented  by  its  ]iopuliili<in  has 
continued  to  bo  a  fi'ature  of  its  lite  ever  since. 
In  17IIM  the  possessions  of  the  KiiNt  India  Com- 
pany had  developed  into  tlil'ce  Indliin  ' '  luesi- 
dcucies'"-- Itengal,  liombay,  ninl  .Madnis  i  iich 
ruled  by  a  governor  and  council,  all  indcpi'ii- 
dont  of  each  other.  In  I77il  ItombL.y  became 
subject  to  the  tiovernor-deiieral  of  India,  whcise 
capital  was  lit  Calcutta,  where  it  has  continued 
to  be  over  since,  tliough  tlitt  local  iiresidiiicy 
government  was  still  irtailuil.  Tint  growth  of 
the  city  has  been  rapid  and  continuous.  Its 
magnitlci'iit  harbor  has  attracted  the  commi  ri'o 
of  tho  worlil,  and  merchants  and  tradeis  from 
all  parts  of  the  I'.iist  have  lloi'kcd  to  its  biiziiars. 
.\  scries  of  wise  iiiid  far  seeing  statesnu  n  have 
guiiled  its  destinies,  under  whoso  direction  the 
city  has  been  adi>r.ied  with  tine  buildings,  ctn- 
nected  first  by  w.igon  roads  and  since  IHoO  by 
rail  with  all  parts  of  the  Indian  Kiiiiiire,  fur- 
nisheil  with  (locks,  and  raised  to  a  ]>ositi(in  of 
undisputed  prtt-einincnco  as  tho  chief  p(U't  of 
entry  and  ciuumercial  centre  for  all  India. 
Steamers  sailing  daily  bring  the  city  into  close 
connection  with  Liverpool,  London,  and  the 
^lediterranean  jxirts.  Tho  weekly  mails  be- 
tween India  and  Europe  arrive  at  and  depart 
from  l!omba,v.  Steamers  sail  hence  to  all  jmrts 
ot  the  East,  and  sailing  ships  seek  its  harbor 
from  all  ovia-  the  world.  It  i)reHont8  more  of 
the  apiiearaiico  of  a  European  city  to  the  travel- 
ler than  almost  any  otlier  city  of  tiio  East. 
Hero  tho  jiroverbial  conservatism  and  leih.ncly 
slowness  of  Orientals  seem  to  have  given  ]ilace 
to  tho  (piicker  and  more  energetic  motions  of 
■Western  nations. 

In  poiiulation  liombay  ranks  first  of  all  Ind- 
ian cities,  and  among  those  belonging  to  tho 
liritish  Emiiire  is  exceeded  only  by  London 
itself.  Tho  census  of  IMKl  gave  a  population 
of  77H,1'.M)  souls  -liuddhists  and  Jains.  17,;W7  ; 
Hindus  (of  all  castes  and  races),  r)()2,H51  ;  Mo- 
hammedans, MS, 713  ;  I'arsis,  4H,5',I7  ;  Jews, 
3,321  :  Christians  (native,  Portuguese,  and 
European),  42,327.  The  European  population 
b.v  itself,  which  is  mostly  liritish,  numbered 
nearly  l(l,r)(IO.  This  classilication  by  religion 
is  comparatively  simple,  but  that  by  race  and 
language  is  vastly  more  ccunidex.  It  is  said 
that  liombay  probably  contains  among  its  jiopn- 
lation  repntsentatives  from  a  larger  number  of 
nationalities  than  any  other  city.  It  is  easy  to 
believo  that  this  is  so.  Nearly  every  Asiatic 
race  has  contributed  its  ((uota  to  tho  census  ; 
tho  diversity  of  race  and  language  among  tho 
inl.,  .)itaut8  of  India  alone  is  very  great,  and 
among  the  dwellers  iu  liombay  are  individuals 
from  all  parts  of  India,  speaking  all  of  the  prin- 
oipal  tongues  which  are  used  anywhere  within 
tho  limits  of  India.  Africans  of  many  tribes, 
representatives  from  nearly  every  European 
country,  from  .Vmerica,  from  (.'hina,  and  from 
widely  separated  islands  of  the  sea,  go  to  swell 
the  divei-sity  of  the  liombay  population.  The 
number  of  languages  actually  used  in  liombay 
is  very  great — doubtless  a  hundred,  more  or 
less.  For  the  most  part,  however,  the  Moham- 
medans speak  the  Hindustani  ;  Hindus  are 
divided  chietty  between  the  Marathi  and  tho 
Gujarathi  ;  the  Parsis  use  a  dialect  of  the  latter 


i 


1 1 


1  : 

1 

BOMBA7 


176 


BOMBAY 


tongue  ;  while  Ilimlnstani,  overstepping  the 
limits  of  Moliamiiiedan  coniniunication,  hiis  Ije- 
couii)  in  ]k)inl)iiy,  as  largely  thrnughont  India, 
a  Ihiijiiii  friiiicn,  in  low  and  colloi|uial  forms  of 
whi(!U,  Hindus  of  different  races  lieconiu  intel- 
ligililo  to  oacli  otlior,  and  to  tln'  Europeans 
wlioiii  some  of  them  Herve  in  divers  capacities, 
and  who  often  learn  no  other  niitive  language. 
For  purposes  of  education  and  liusiuess,  Kng- 
lish  its.  !C  is  making  rapid  progress  among  all 
classes.  It  is  now  not  only  jiossihle,  b<it  easy 
for  a  Kuropean  to  live  in  Jiombay,  to  employ 
servants,  deal  with  tradesmen,  purchase  arti- 
cles in  the  bazaars,  engage  in  business,  and  con- 
verse on  all  subjects  with  intelligent  natives, 
Hindu,  Mohammedan,  or  I'arsi,  without  know- 
ing a  single  word  of  any  other  language  than 
English. 

Tlie  character  of  Bombay  is  dotermined  by 
its  geographical  and  commercial  relations.  It 
is  first  and  chietly  a  business  centre.  It  is  not 
the  capital  of  a  native  dynasty  and  the  centre 
of  the  life  and  energies  of  a  race,  as  the  ad- 
jacent city  of  Poona  was  long  the  capital  of  the 
JLiratha  dynasty  and  peojde.  It  is  not  a  great 
political  centre,  though  it  is  the  ca[)ital  of  the 
Bombay  Presidency  and  tlie  seat  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  for  much  of  the  y£ar  the  residence  of 
the  governor.  It  is  certainly  not  a  centre  of 
intellectual  life,  though  it  contains  teveral  in- 
stitutions of  learning,  and  many  newspapers, 
English  and  vernacular,  are  printed  there.  In 
the  matter  of  intellectual  activity  it  is  easily 
outranked  by  Calcutta  ;  nor  is  it,  like  Uenares, 
the  chief  point  of  a  vast  religious  development. 
Its  life  is  commercial,  and  the  intensity  of  its 
business  energy  somewhat  detracts  from  the 
vigor  which  otherwise  its  people  might  throw 
into  religious  or  intellectual  matters. 

Bombay  has  been  the  scene  of  Christian  mis- 
sions ever  since  1H13,  in  which  year  llessrs. 
Gordon  Hall  and  iSamuol  Nott  (.ioinod  soon 
afterward  by  Samuel  Newell)  began  the  first 
permanent  mission  in  that  city,  and  also  the 
Urst  mission  of  the  American  Board  of  Comuiis- 
sionors  for  Foreign  ilissions.  The  Church 
Missionary  Society  began  work  in  18'20,  the 
Scottish  Alissiouary  Society  in  IS'ili  ;  but  in  iHIJ.j 
the  work  of  this  organization  was  transferred  to 
the  Established  Church  of  Scotland.  In  lW4;i, 
just  after  the  disruption,  the  missionaries  ff 
the  Scotch  Establishment  threw  in  their  lot 
with  tho  new  Free  Church,  leaving  the  mission 
property  in  tlio  hands  of  the  old  Church.  From 
that  time  there  have  been  two  Scotch  missions 
in  the  cit.v.  \Tho  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  tho  ftospcl  began  in  lK,"iO,  and  the  .\merican 
Jlethodists  in  1S71,  though  their  work  has  been 
chieflv  among  Europeans  and  Eurasians  (per- 
sons of  mixed  European  and  Indian  parentage, 
of  whom  there  are  many  in  Bombay).  The 
Bombay  auxiliary  to  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society  was  founded  in  ISi:!,  and  tho 
BomI)ay  Tract  and  l?ook  Society  in  1M27.  Both 
of  these  societies  have  rendered  inestimable  aid 
to  the  cause  of  evangelism.  The  two  Scotch 
missions  have  from  the  first  devoted  their 
strength  to  educational  efforts.  Each  of  these 
missions  has  long  sustained  a  collegiate  institu- 
tion ;  hundreds  of  Hindu,  I'arsi,  and  Moham- 
medan young  men  have  received  within  the 
walls  of  these  colleges  a  good  secular  education 
combined  with  biblical  and  religious  training. 
The  Church  Missionary  Society  maintains  still 
another  school  of  similar  character.     The  Ameri- 


can Mission  has  no  college  at  Bombay,  but  does 
maintain  a  high  school  especially  for  native 
Christian  children.  Day  schools  of  lower  grade 
are  also  supported,  especially  by  the  American 
Mission.  The  American  Mission,  the  Church 
Missionary  Society,  the  Free  Church  Mission, 
and  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gos- 
pel have  ea(di  a  church  building,  and  a  regular 
congregation  of  communicants  and  other  ad- 
herents, cared  for  (usually)  by  an  ordained 
native  jiastor.  Missionaries  of  nearly  all  these 
sonieties,  with  their  native  helpers,  are  con- 
tinually i)reaching  the  Gospel  in  the  churches 
and  chapels  built  for  that  purpose,  as  well  as 
in  the  streets  and  bazaars.  Marathi,  Hindustani, 
Gujarathi,  and  sometimes  English  are  the  lan- 
guages generally  used  by  these  jinachers.  Some 
of  the  missions  also  inainfain  medical  depart- 
ments, especiall.v  for  women  and  children,  and 
at  one  time  there  was  a  medical  mission  in  the 
city  conducted  by  a  Scotch  physician.  .\  zenana 
mission  is  doing  effective  work  in  native  homes, 
and  also  maintains  a  sclioul  for  the  training  of 
Christian  girls.  The  American  Mission  at  one 
time  gave  much  attention  to  publishing  work, 
and  conducted  a  press  for  many  years.  The 
English  dejiartment  of  the  press  was  abandoned 
in  180.5,  and  the  vernacular  department  not 
long  after  ;  but  it  still  employs  othev  presses 
from  time  to  time  as  occasion  may  demand, 
and  its  membeiM  have  always  been  active  in  the 
management  of  the  Bible  and  tract  societies. 
With  all  these  agencies  at  work  progress  in 
Bombay  has  been  slow  and  small — a  fact  which 
will  not  astonish  those  who  will  consider  the 
secular  character  of  the  city,  as  explained  in  ft 
pri'ce  ling  paragraph. 

Besides  tho  missionary  institutions  just  no- 
ticed, the  government  supports  in  Bombay  a 
college  (known  as  the  Elphinstone  College),  a 
medical  college,  a  school  of  art,  a  higli  school, 
and  many  schools  of  lower  grade.  The  Bombay 
I'niversity,  existing  not  for  the  purpose  of  in 
struction,  but  merel,v  for  that  of  examination 
and  the  conferring  of  degrees,  is  accommodated 
in  two  elegant  buildings  on  the  esplanade,  closo 
to  the  imposing  array  of  structures  which  ,^ive 
a  homo  to  other  departments  of  governmental 
activity.  Colleges  and  high  schools  all  over  the 
presidency  are  affiliated  to  the  university,  and 
send  up  hosts  of  students  every  year  io  pass  the 
examinations  prescribed  by  it  and  to  receive 
the  academic  distinction  of  its  degrees. 

Hospitals  for  Europeans,  for  untive  jiatients, 
and  for  incurables  have  been  built  either  by 
private  munificence  or  jiublic  funds.  A  si.ilor's 
liomo  near  the  principal  landing  dock  affords 
accommodation  to  mariners.  A  Young  Slen's 
Christian  Association  pursues  tho  activities 
usual  to  organizations  of  that  name.  The  city 
has  a  number  of  European  churches  connected 
with  tho  Church  of  England,  the  chief  of  which 
is  St.  Thomas'  Cathedral,  and  several  owned  by 
the  Established  Church  of  Scotland,  the  Free 
Church,  tho  American  Methodists,  and  the 
Baptists.  The  Jews  ha^e  several  synagogue.?. 
Tho  Koman  Catholics  besides  their  churches 
have  two  large  schools  for  native  youth  in 
charge  of  Jesuit  missionaiies. 

■loiiihtiy  Prv)ii<U'ii«;y  (British  India), 
one  of  the  three  chief  administrative  divisions 
of  British  India,  of  which  the  capital  is  the  city 
of  Bombay.  Its  territory  lies  in  the  western 
part  of  India,  between  13°  53'  and  28'  45'  north 


BOMBAY 


170 


BOMBAT 


latitude,  and  60  40'  and  76'  30'  east  lonsitnde. 
It^  bounilarijs  are,  on  tbe  northnest,  Uiliicljis- 
tan  and  Kholat  :  oq  the  north,  the  Pnnj.ib  ;  on 
the  northeast,  the  native  Sutes  of  linji  ntuna  ; 
on  the  east,  the  native  States  of  Central  India, 
tho  Central  Provinces,  West  Berar.  and  the 
domiuioas  of  tlie  Ni/ani  ot  Haidaraba<l  ;  on  the 
south,  tlie  Presidency  of  Madnu  and  the  native 
State  of  Mysore,  and  on  the  west  the  Indian 
Ocean.  It  includes  an  area  of  r24,l'23  s(}Uiire 
miles,  with  a  papulation  (in  Is-M)  of  1»'.,489,- 
271  ;  within  tho  territorial  limits  of  the  presi- 
dency are  a  number  of  native  States  nnder  the 
general  supervision  of  the  Bombay  Government. 
'ihoso  include  an  additional  area  of  73,7j3 
square  miles  (estimate),  with  a  population  of 
0,1)11, 21',),  thus  makinj?  the  entire  are;i  of  the 
presidency,  under  both  British  and  native  rule, 
1'J7,870  scjuare  miles,  and  the  aggregate  popu- 
lation 23,l;f(),r)2:i.  The  native  State  of  Baro<la 
likewise  lies  within  tho  boundaries  of  the  presi- 
dency, but  as  its  political  relations  are  wholly 
with  tho  supreme  Government  of  India,  it  is 
not  included  in  the  above  aggregate  The  snr 
face  of  the  presidency  presents  three  well- 
mavkod  ty[)es  of  physical  appearance.  In  the 
northern  part  the  regions  of  Gnjeratand  Sindh, 
witli  tho  peninsulas  ot  Kathiawar  and  Cnfch, 
are  for  tho  most  part  flat,  and  in  their  northern 
and  Wbnlern  portions  merge  into  sandy  and  arid 
deserts.  South  o£  the  Xarbada  Kiver,  and  for 
tho  most  part  about  thirty  miles  from  the  sea, 
stretches  the  range  of  mountains  known  as  the 
Western  (Ih.its.  Between  them  and  the  sea  the 
narrow  strip  of  land  is  known  as  the  Konkan, 
and  consists  largely  of  detached  ranges  of  hills, 
with  fertile  valleys  between,  through  which  flow 
numerous  tidal  creeks.  East  of  tho  mountains 
is  tho  groat  upland  of  the  Deccan,  nearly  2,iHH) 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  at  its  western 
edge,  where  it  is  buttresseil  by  the  Ghats,  and 
sloi)ing  thence  gradually  toward  the  Bay  of 
Bengal  on  the  east. 

The  population  of  tho  presidency  is  T.irions. 
Hindus,  of  course,  preponderate,  showing  a 
total  in  tho  districts  under  direct  British  rule, 
according  to  tho  census  of  IMXl.  of  r2,3<»-S,5»2  ; 
Mussulmans  number  3,021,131  ;  Asiaticj>  from 
beyond  the  frontiers  of  India  (ISatncbis,  Per- 
sians, -Vrabs,  etc.),  73,2.j2,  mostly  in  Sind, 
though  there  aro  many  such  in  Itouibay  and 
some  in  the  other  large  cities  :  Parsi.s,  72, 'Hlo, 
mostly  in  Bombay  ami  Surat  ;  Christian.s,  138,- 
317,  the  latter  being  largely  In  do- Portuguese  ; 
Jews,  7,'.*'>2  ;  aborigines,  .")02.078. 

Several  noted  rivers  take  their  rise  in  the 
Bombay  Presidency  and  flow  for  a  part  or  tho 
whole  of  their  course  through  its  territory.  The 
Narbada  and  the  Tapti  rise  in  the  highlands  ot 
Central  India,  and  flowing  west  enter  the  Indian 
Ocean  between  north  latitude  21  and  22  .  Tho 
Godavori  rises  in  the  Western  Ghats  near  Xasik, 
and  runs  eastward,  passing  out  ot  the  Bombay 
territory  soon  after  leaving  its  sources.  In  the 
southern  part  of  tho  presidency,  the  Krishna 
Kiver,  starting  from  its  source  near  Mahabalesh. 
war,  in  the  Western  Ghats,  and  receiving  sev- 
eral tributaries,  also  flows  toward  the  Biiv  of 
Bengal,  describing  but  a  comparntiTely  small 
part  of  its  course  with  this  presidency.  Both 
tho  Godaveri  in  the  north  and  the  Krishna  in 
the  south  are  among  the  famous  sapped  rivers 
of  India,  ranking  in  the  esteem  of  devout  Hin- 
dus only  second  to  the  Ganges.  None  of  these 
rivers  afford  facilities  tor  narigation.     In  the 


rainy  season  they  are  raging  torrents  ;  in  thd 
dry  season  the  water  is  insutlicient. 

The  chief  cities  of  tho  Bombay  Presidency 
(each  of  which  is  treated  more  fully  under  ita 
own  name)  with  tho  ]>opulation,  in  1881,  are  aa 
follows:  Bombay,  773,11)0;  Poona,  12"J,7.J1,; 
-Vhmadabad,  127.(121  ;  Surat,  101),811  ;  Karachi. 
73,501)  ;  Sholupnr,  01,281  ;  Haidarabad,  48,l.j3  ; 
Shikari)ur,  42,41)0  ;  Ahmadnagiir,  37,41)2  ; 
Broach,  37,281  ;  Ilubli,  3(1,077  ;  Satara,  2'J,()28  ; 
Dharwar,  27,11)1  ;  lielgaum,  23,llu. 

Information  respecting  tho  several  languages 
current  among  tho  population  of  the  presidency, 
as  well  as  concerning  the  religious  which  they 
profess,  must  be  sought  under  their  respective 
titles  ;  here  it  is  euoufih  to  say,  in  general,  that 
the  principal  languages  used  are  tlu  JIaiathi, 
spoken  by  47.11  per  cent  of  the  population  ; 
the  tiujarathi,  by  18.80  jier  cent  ;  tho  Kauarese, 
by  12.77  per  cent  ;  tho  Siudhi,  by  12.47  per 
cent,  and  tho  Hindustani  or  Urdu,  common 
among  Mussulmans  and  theroforo  often  called 
Mussulmani,  used  by  5.3  per  cent  of  the  jico- 
ple.  Keligiously,  tho  various  sects  of  Hindus 
include  74. D  of  tho  population  ;  Mohanuiiedans, 
18.30  i)er  cent  ;  tho  aboriginal  tribes,  about  3 
per  cent  ;  Jains,  1.31  per  cent  ;  Christians, 
().8'i  per  cent  ;  while  Sikhs,  Parsis,  and  Jew.s 
ar.i  found  in  still  smaller  proportions.  Of  the 
l!,308,r,82  Hindus,  004,411  belong  to  tho  Brah- 
n  in  caste,  190,1)00  to  tho  Bajputs,  9,100,1)33  to 
c.stes  of  good  social  standing,  though  inferior 
to  either  of  those  just  named,  and  2,340.332  are 
numbered  among  the  inferior  castes — Mahars, 
Mangs,  etc. 

The  missionary  societies  carrying  on  ojjera- 
tions  within  tho  borders  of  this  i)residency  are 
the  following,  named  in  chronological  order, 
for  fuller  information  regarding  wldch  reference 
should  bo  had  to  tho  articles  headed  by  the 
names  of  these  societies,  or  by  tho  names  of  the 
sttitions  which  they  occupy  :  American  Board 
ot  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  (18131, 
Bombay,  .\hmadnagar,  Satara,  Sholapur,  >Sirur  ; 
Loudon  Missionary  Society  (1820\  Belgaum  ; 
Church  ilissionary  Society  (1820),  Bondmy, 
Karachi,  Haidarabad,  Nasik,  Malegaum  ;  the 
Established  Church  of  Scotland  (1825),  Bom- 
bay ;  tho  Baslo  (lerman  Missionary  Evangelical 
Society  (1837).  Dharwar,  Hubli,  Kaladgi  ;  tho 
Free  Church  ot  Scotland  (1843),  Bombay,  Poona  ; 
the  Society  for  tho  Propagation  ot  tho  Gospel, 
Bomba}'  (1825),  KoUiapur  (1870),  Ahmadnagar 
(1870),  ' Poona  (1871);  the  Irish  Presbyterian 
Mi.ssiou  (1842),  llajkot,  Porbandar,  Gogo,  Surat, 
Borsad,  .\hmadabad,  .\nand  ;  the  American 
Presbyterian  Board  (1870),  Kolhapur  ;  the 
American  Methodist  Episcopal  Mission  (1872), 
Bombav,  Poona,  Abmadabad  ;  thi  Indian  Fe- 
male Normal  School  and  Instruction  Society, 
Bombay,  Nasik,  Poona,  Thnna,  Ahmadnagar, 
Sholapur.  There  is  a  tract  and  book  so^nety 
with  its  headipiartors  at  Bomba,v,  which  issues 
books  and  tracts  in  tho  vernaculars  as  well  as 
in  English  ;  a  religious  tract  society  working 
chiefly  in  tho  Guiarathi  language  exists  in  con- 
'  nection  with  tho  ti'ish  Jlissi on  in  Gujarat.  An 
auxiliary  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  So- 
ciety, at  Bombay,  prints  Bibles  in  tho  vernacu- 
lar languages,  and  maintains  a  depot  for  tho 
supply  of  Bibles  in  all  the  languages  spoken 
within  the  presidency  ;  and  tho  Christian  Ver- 
nacular Education  Society  maintains  a  normal 
school  at  -Vlimadnagar,  working  in  connection 
with  the  missionary  societies  in  tho  presidency, 


BOMBAT 


177 


BOONE,  WILLIAM  J. 


several  of  which  nvnil  themselves  of  the  facil- 
ities which  its  itistitiitioii  ntfords  for  the  triiiii- 
inj4  of  uiitive  teiichcts.  Tliis  society  iilso  jmh- 
lishes  school  books,  iitid  to  ii  small  extent  tracts 
on  subjects  connected  with  Christianity  i.ud 
morality. 

Boill|»l'lll<M»k,  a  town  of  Sierra  I-eone, 
AVest  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Sherbr.)  country, 
cppnsite  Sherbro  Island,  south  of  MannU, 
Mission  station  of  the  United  lirethren  in 
Christ  (T.  S.  A.) 

Boildei  Version.— The  IJondei,  which 
belongs  to  the  liantii  family  of  African  lun 
gnages,  is  spoken  south  of  Mombasa,  north  of 
Zanzibar,  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  Uni- 
versities' mission  lield.  Archdeacon  Farlcr,  by 
tue  help  of  his  native  liondei  reader,  made  the 
translation  of  the  (h)spel  of  .Matthew,  following 
the  Greek  text  of  the  Kevised  Version.  At  the 
reijuest  of  the  ruiversities'  Mission,  the  liritish 
and  Foreign  IJiblo  Society  publisheil  an  edition 
of  5(111  copies,  the  typo  having  been  set  up  at 
the  Zanzibar  mission  press.  This  part  of  the 
New  Testament,  being  the  first  jiortion  of  the 
Scriptures  in  this  language,  was  published  in 
l>^xi.  Mr.  Farlcr  has  also  translated  the  tSos- 
pel  of  Luke,  which  is  being  edited  by  the  Kev. 
il.  Geldart. 

Boil«i<>,  a  city  of  Java,  East  India,  near 
Mergaredja.  Mission  station  of  the  Jlennonite 
Missionary  Society  of  Holland. 

B«tllliey,  §Ullllit>l  W,,  b.  ntXew  Canaan, 
Conn.,  [I.  S.  A.,  March  hth,  lfSl5  :  studieil  at 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  at 
Lane  Seminary,  graduating  in  Isll.  Was  ap- 
pointed  a  missionary  of  the  A.  1$.  C.  F.  M.,  but 
ft  teacher  being  wanted  temporarily  at  Hong- 
Kong  in  a  school  of  the  Morrison  Education 
Society,  ho  was  released  from  his  engagement 
to  the  lioard  to  take  that  position,  ancl  arrived 
at  IIongKong,  March  10th,  IMrj.  .Mr.  Macy 
having  come  to  take  his  place,  ho  was  reap- 
l)ointed  as  a  missionary  of  the  Board  in  China. 
The  report  of  the  Hoard  for  1><47  states:  "A 
year  ago  ho  had  visited  every  house  in  twenty- 
four  street.s,  numbering  about  seven  hundred 
dwellings  and  shops,  and  distributed  many 
books  and  tracts.  His  connection  with  the 
Canton  Mission  continued  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  and  he  did  much  in  the  way  of  visiting 
Chinese  villages  around  the  city,  and,  as  oppor- 
tunity was  given  in  later  j'ears,  making  more 
extensive  tours."  In  1H5-1  he  visited  his  native 
land,  was  ordained,  married,  and  sailed  in  1850 
to  rejoin  his  mission.     Died  at  Canton,  1H04. 

Bonny,  a  town  on  the  Guinea  Coast,  West 
Africa,  in  the  valley  of  the  Lower  Niger,  on  ono 
of  the  outlets  of  the  Niger.  Climate,  very  nn- 
healthy,  duo  to  the  surrounding  country  being 
so  tiat  and  swampy.  Population.  I'i. 000.  Race 
and  language,  Ibo,  Idz.o.  and  Kwa.  Mission 
station  of  the  C.  >[.  S.  (1865)  ;  2  ordained  mis- 
sionaries, 3  unordnined,  3  missionaries'  wives, 
1  nativo  worker,  "2  churches,  205  church-mem- 
bers. 

BonlllC,  a  town  on  Sherbro  Lslanil,  off  the 
West  (.'oast  of  .Vfrica.  Mission  station  of  the 
United  lirethren  in  Christ  of  America  ;  1  mis- 
sionary, seveml  schools. 

Book  mid  Tract  Society  of  China. 

— Ueadiiuurtcrs,  Glasgow,  Scotland.     Secretary, 


Alexander  A.   Cuthbert,    14    Newton   Terrace, 
Glasgow,  Scotland. 

The  IJook  and  Tract  Society  of  China  was 
founded  in  INHt,  to  co-operate  with  a  Society 
for  Circulating  Christian  Literature  throughout 
China,  which  had  been  formed  in  Shanghai  in 
1877.  Co-oiteration,  as  at  first  thought  of,  was 
found,  on  account  of  the  distance,  to  bo  im- 
practicable ;  therefore,  in  1880,  all  printing  and 
publishing  work  was  transferred  to  the  society 
in  China,  which  took  the  name  of  "The  So- 
ciety for  the  Uilfusinn  of  Christian  and  (Jcneral 
Knowledge  among  tho  Chinese,"  while  the  ISook 
and  Tract  Society  continued  to  raise  funds  to 
aid  in  tho  support  of  tliis  and  other  societies 
engageil  in  siiiiilar  work.  The  amount  of 
money  raised  in  lf^.s8  was  nearly  i'l,(lOO.  Dur- 
ing this  year  111,000  copies  of  the  publications 
of  the  society  in  Cliiiia  were  issued.  Of  these 
large  nundjers  were  sold  at  tho  depot  in  Shang- 
hai, ilany  copies  of  tho  (iospels,  Scripture 
cards,  etc.,  were  given  to  missionaries  for  dis- 
tribution and  sent  by  merchants  tiading  at 
Shanghai  far  into  tho  interior,  where  mi.ssion- 
ary  or  colporteur  lias  not  yet  penetrated.  Two 
thousand  copies  of  a  work  on  natural  theology 
wore  presented  to  the  students  at  Pekiu,  Nank- 
in;r-Moukden  in  Manchuria,  Hangchow,  and 
Tsinanfoo  in  Shantung. 

Bo«>nc,  Wllliiiin  j4»ncM,  b.  in  South 
Carolina,  July  1st,  1805  ;  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  South  Carolina  ;  studied  law  under 
Chancellor  do  Saus.sure  ;  pursued  a  theological 
course  at  the  Seminary  of  tho  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church  at  Alexandria,  Va. ,  and  having 
studied  medicine  with  retereuco  to  tho  mission- 
ary field,  offered  himself  to  tho  Board  of  Jlis- 
sions  ;  was  appointed  and  sailed  July  8tli,  1837, 
reaching  Batavia,  October  22d.  IIerohoKtU(lied 
the  Chinese  language,  held  an  English  service, 
distributed  tracts,  established  schools,  and 
found  his  medical  knowledge  of  great  use. 
His  health  having  failed,  ho  went,  in  Sejitem- 
ber,  IHIO,  to  Macao,  thence,  in  1842,  to  Amoy, 
where  ho  settled  with  his  family  on  tho  island 
of  Kulongsu,  opposite  Amoy,  Hero  ho  jireached 
on  Sunday  to  a  stated  congregation  of  sixty  or 
seventy  Chinese,  besides  having  an  English  ser- 
vice for  the  troops.  Mrs.  Boone  died,  .Vugust; 
20th,  1842,  her  dying  declaration  being:  "If 
there  is  a  mercy  in  life  for  which  I  feel  thank- 
ful, it  is  that  God  has  condescended  to  call  ma 
to  bo  a  mis.sionary. "  In  18-43  Mr.  Boone  re- 
turned homo  with  his  children.  Tho  interest 
in  the  China  mission  was  greatly  increased  by 
his  visit.  In  October,  1844,  ho  was  consecrated 
missionary  bishop  to  China,  and  having  again 
married,  sailed  December  14th  with  a  re-enforce- 
ment, reaching  Hong  Kong,  April,  1845.  Shang- 
hai was  selected  as  tho  most  eligible  place  for 
the  mission,  and  hither  the  mission  families  re- 
moved. In  1840  Bishop  Boone  began  the  trans- 
lation of  .the  Prayer-Book,  and  engaged  in  tho 
revision  of  tho  Now  Testament.  In  1847  he 
was  chosen  one  of  the  committee  of  delegates 
from  tho  several  missions  to  revise  the  trans- 
lation of  the  Bible.  His  ability  as  n  scholar  was 
highly  appreciated.  His  attention  was  early 
called  to  the  controversy  respecting  tho  proper 
word  to  be  used  for  rendering  God  in  Chineso, 
and  ho  expressed  the  strong  conviction  that 
Shin  was  tho  true  word  i-ather  than  Shnihj  te. 
Ho  devoted  several  months  to  tho  subject,  and 
published  a  treatise  tipon  it.     This  was  reviewed 


M 


i 


BOONE,  WILLIAM  J.  178 


BOWEN,  OEOROE 


i 


in  is.'iO  l)y  Dr.  lledhurst,  Sir  George  Stnnton, 
mid  Dr.  Lcgge.  In  this  year  HiHliop  lioone 
liiipli/oil  H\\  iiorsons,  nnil  in  l^.j!  the  onlinn- 
ti.m  of  tlio  tirst  t'hineso  dcafon,  Chi-AVong, 
tniik  (;liu'D.  Ill  ls');i  Disliop  Uoone  rovisittnl 
the  I'liitfd  Stiites,  and  ii^iiin  in  l.s.")7  prn.striited 
in  lii'iiltli,  liut  retnrniid  to  riiinii  in  Is.'jll,  imd 
diod  ill  Slmiij^liai,  -luly  ITtli,  iNtil. 

Itl>i';{il,  a  town  and  Liitlioran  l)isho]rs  soe 
in  tlio  province  of  Nylaml,  Finland,  situated 
on  tlio  llulf  of  Finland,  near  tliu  month  of  the 
Bor^a  or  Vorga  lUver.  Population,  l,ll(i,  It 
has  a  lino  cathodral  and  some  t,'ood  public  liuilil- 
ings,  among  tlieui  a  gymnasium.  It  has  alsa 
several  mills  and  ronsideralile  trade  by  sea. 
Mission  station  of  the  !S\,vedish  Mission  I'uion. 

I|4>I*IIC<»,  an  island  in  the  Fast  Indian  Archi- 
pelago, situated  directly  on  tlie  Fcpnitor,  Area, 
■272,H'JO  scpiare  miles,  divided  as  follows  :  1. 
Under  Hritish  rule,  North  Borneo,  31,10()  ; 
Brunei,  n,IK(0  ;  Sarawak,  ;!.">. imi'.i  :  total,  G'.i.KKi 
Sfpiare  miles.  2.  Under  Dutch  rule.  West  Coast, 
5H,;i2(i  ;  South  and  East  distrii'ts,  lll.T.SH  : 
total,  '20:). 714  scpinro  miles.  I'opulation  :  1. 
British.  17r>.()l)()  ;  2.  Dutch,  l,07:i2H',i  :  total, 
1,0  is.  2'i'.).  ( )f  this  about  ono-half — that  covering 
the  South  and  Fast  districts — is  mere  conjecture. 
Climate,  remarkabl.v  health.v  for  an  ecpiatnrial 
island.  Surface  mountainous  and  well  irrigated 
by  rivers.  Mineral  wealth  very  great.  Inhabi- 
tants of  North  Hnrneo  are  chietly  Mohammedan 
settlers  ;  of  Sarawak  and  the  I)ut(di  jiossessions, 
Malay,  Javanese,  and  Chinese  settlers,  and 
aboriginal  tribes,  mostly  D.vaks,  of  the  Malay 
race,  The  Portuguese  gained  a  tem])orary  foot- 
hold in  the  sixteenth  century,  but  were  super- 
sede<l  by  the  Dutch,  who  have  held  permanent 
control. 

Hrilisli  Xdrlh  Barneo  is  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  British  North  Borneo  Company,  being 
held  under  a  grant  from  the  Sultans  of  Brunei 
and  Sulu.  The  session  was  confirmed  by  royal 
charter  in  IHSl,  and  the  territory  is  adminis- 
tered by  a  governor  in  Borneo  and  a  Board  of 
Directors  in  London.  In  IHSS  the  neighboring 
territories  of  Brunei  and  Sarawak  were  formally 
placed  under  British  protection. 

D'tir.h  liorneo  was  a<l ministered  by  the  Dutch 
East  India  Company  until  its  dissolution  in 
171'H,  since  which  time  it  is  governed  b,v  a  rep- 
resentative of  the  home  Oovernment.  Mission 
work  is  carried  on  in  British  B  initio  by  the 
S.  P.  (t.,  in  Dutch  Borneo  by  the  Bhenish  Mis 
sionary  Society. 

BorMiKl,  a  town  in  Gujarat,  Bombay,  India. 
MissioTu;tationof  the  Irish  Presbyterian  Church; 
1  ordained  missionary,  2  f<'nialo  nussionaries,  1 
native  pastor,  (1  day  schools,  2  preaching  places. 

BolsoliabclOtatovvn  of  Transvaal,  .\frica, 
northeast  of  I'retoria,  southwest  of  Levdens- 
burg.  Mission  station  of  the  Berlin  Evangeli- 
cal Lntlua'an  Society  (1S(),>)  ;  7  native  workers, 
1,71'.)  church-meinl)ers.  l(i  schools.  107  scholars. 
A  printing  establishment  and  a  seminary,  which 
in  ISHIt  sent  out  ■")  native  ])reachers. 

nnllieillll,  a  town  of  Brazil,  South  Ameri- 
ca, 100  miles  northwest  of  Sao  Paulo.  Cli- 
mate, excellent.  Population,  lO.OCO— Enro- 
poans,  .\mericans,  negroes,  Indians,  Lan- 
guage, Pcu-tuguese.  Mission  station  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  (North)  ;  1  missionary, 
6  out-stations,  3  organized  churches.  Con 
tributions,  $l,li7. 


BoM'eil,  a  town  in  North  (Queensland,  Aus- 
tralia, on  the  extreme  northeast  coast  southeast 
of  Capo  York.  Mission  station  of  the  S.  P.  tr. 
(1SH7)  ;  1  missionary. 

llou'eil,  Gcort^C,  b.  at  Middlelmr.v,  Vt., 
April  :iOth,  islC)  ;  d.  in  Bombay.  February  oth, 
ISHH.  Ono  of  the  most  remarkablu  missionaries 
of  modern  times.  His  early  life  was  spent  in 
the  city  of  New  Vork,  whore  his  father  was  a 
merchant,  lieared  in  a  home  of  atlluence  and 
retinement.  yet  without  positive  religious  in- 
tluences,  ho  grew  uj)  to  young  manhood  in  en- 
tiro  and,  as  ho  deemed,  intelligent  disbelief  in 
Cliristianity.  Though  without  a  college  edu- 
cation, his  tastes  were  literary  and  his  attain- 
ments much  above  the  average.  Ho  became 
familiar  with  the  language,  literature,  and 
j>hilosophy  of  Germany,  France,  and  Italy,  and 
spent  several  years  in  travel  and  stuil.v  in 
Europe.  Iteturning  to  his  native  country,  busi- 
ness reverses  of  his  father  led  him  to  a  some- 
what secluded  life,  and  he  devoted  himself  to 
literature  and  philosophy.  He  was  also  fond 
of  music  and  prolieient  in  it.  But  literature 
and  art  failed  to  satisfy  the  cravings  of  his 
soul.  The  death  of  a  lady  to  whom  he  was 
warmly  attached,  and  who  was  brought  to  the 
knowledge  of  Christ  on  her  sickbed,  deeply 
affected  him,  and  for  her  sake  ho  was  led  to 
the  stud.v  of  the  Bible  which  she  be(iueathed 
him.  Groping  blindly  after  God,  ho  was  led  at 
length  to  say,  "  If  there  is  a  God  who  notices 
the  desires  of  men,  I  only  wish  that  He  would 
make  known  to  me  His  will,  and  i  should  feel 
it  my  highest  privilege  to  do  it  at  whatever 
cost."  Opening  a  cojiy  of  Paley's  Evhknces  of 
Clirisliiiiiiti/,  which  he  had  taken  homo  from  the 
public  library  by  mistake  for  another  book,  his 
attention  was  arrested  by  the  argument,  and  he 
was  led  on  to  a  course  of  study  which  ended  in 
the  conviction  that  the  Bible  was  the  AVord  of 
God.  To  the  diligent  study  of  the  Bible  he 
now  turned  with  an  intense  desire  to  know  and 
an  earnest  purpose  to  follow  its  teachings.  At 
this  critical  juncture  there  came  across  his  path 
a  friend  of  former  year.s,  who  since  their  earlier 
acquaintance  had  become  a  follower  of  Jesus 
and  was  of  service  in  loading  Bowen  to  the 
truth.  The  light  of  the  Sun  of  Itighteousness 
shone  into  his  soul.  Like  Saul  of  Tarsus,  he 
accepted  the  Saviour  whom  ho  had  hitherto  re- 
jected, and  he  gave  himself  to  His  service  with 
a  surrender  of  the  will  and  devotion  of  the  life 
akin  to  that  of  the  apostle.  He  made  ]irofes- 
sion  of  his  faith  in  the  Mercer  Street  Presbyte- 
rian Church  of  New  York,  under  the  ))astoral 
care  of  the  Bev.  Thonuis  II.  Skinner.  D.D.,  and 
soon  had  the  jo.v  of  seeing  his  now  ageil  ]iartnlH 
and  two  sisters  united  with  him  in  the  faith 
ami  service  of  Christ. 

His  conversion  occurred  in  the  spring  of 
IHl-l.  The  May  anniversaries  of  the  great  mis- 
sionary societies  ,iust  at  the  time  introduced 
liim,  as  it  were,  into  a  new  world  of  Christian 
enterprise.  Ho  at  once  devoted  his  life  to  this 
missionarv  work.  For  three  years  he  pursued 
his  studies  in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
of  New  Vork,  where  he  exerted  a  marked  influ- 
ence upon  his  fellow-students,  spending  his 
vacations  in  labor  in  destitute  parts  of  the 
country  and  among  the  poor  of  the  city.  He 
was  ordained  as  a  minister  by  the  Presbytery, 
July  ith,  1M17,  and  sailed  soon  after  for  India, 
imdor  appointment  of  the  American  Board  of 


iil> 


BOWEN,  OEOROE 


179 


BRAZIL 


Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions.  In  Jan- 
uary, 1818,  lie  urrivfil  in  lioniljii)',  wliicli  wiis 
tlie  SL'fUu  of  bis  future  Liliors,  )ininterriii)tcil 
siivo  by  occiisiouiil  tours  of  missioniiry  service 
in  other  parts  of  Indiii. 

lie  was  uuiuurried,  apparently  frail  in  body, 
slight  in  form,  with  a  natural  dillidenee  which 
gave  to  luMi  au  aii))taraiico  of  reserve,  and  yet 
with  a  simplicity  and  gentleness  of  manner 
that  won  tlioso  who  came  in  eontaet  with  him. 
His  faculty  for  ae<]uiring  lanj,'uayes  enabled 
him  to  begin  preaching  in  Mahrathi  within  a 
year  of  his  arrival.  In  view  of  the  wide  social 
gap  that  separated  the  natives  from  the  mis- 
sionaries, ho  soon  fi.'lt  it  his  duty  to  decline  any 
salary  from  the  Jioard,  and,  sui)iiorting  himself, 
to  live  in  a  simple  way  among  the  natives.  He 
beeamo  secretary  of  the  Jiiimltay  Tract  Society 
and  e.litor  of  a  weekly  journal,  the  Bombay 
(Ji(i(rdiiiii,  accjuiriug  wide  inlluenco  by  the  emi- 
nent ability  and  spirituality  of  his  writings, 
selections  from  which  have  been  published  in 
America  and  Great  liritain  in  three  volumes 
severally  entitled,  Diiily  Mf'liliitiiin.'i,  Lore  lie- 
I'e  i/'i/,  anil  the  Aniens  of  I'hrist.  l!ut  it  was  by 
bis  personal  ministrj'  that  he  became  known 
nnd  at  first  despised  and  ridiculed,  and  then 
esteemed  among  the  people  of  India.  In  the 
bazaar,  on  the  sea-shore,  in  the  meanest  hovel, 
wherever  be  could  get  access,  be  unweariedly 
proclaimed  the  Gospel  of  the  grace  of  God. 
Money  given  to  him  by  friends,  who  after  a 
time  were  attracted  by  his  wonderful  devotion, 
be  refused  unless  permitted  to  use  it  for  the 
advancement  of  the  cause.  Even  the  heathen 
natives  came  to  regard  him  with  singular  rever- 
ence. Otlicial.s  of  the  government  learned  to 
admire  bis  zeal  while  they  respected  bis  talents. 
"iVhen  in  1872  Rev.  AVilliam  Taylor,  afterward 
Bishop  Taylor,  an  American  Methodist  mis- 
sionary, came  to  Bombay  and  commenced  a 
work  among  a  class  not  reached  by  existing 
agencies  -  the  English-si)eaking  descendants  of 
foreign  parentage — Mr.  Bowen  entered  at  once 
into  his  plans  and  united  himself  with  the 
Methodist  body,  remaining  in  this  connection 
until  his  death.  His  religious  experience,  so 
marked  at  the  beginning,  advanced  to  the  close 
of  his  course.  He  seemed  to  have  attained  to 
a  knowledge  of  divine  tilings  rarely  reached  in 
these  latter  days.  Living  a  life  of  habitual  self- 
abnegation,  he  was  singularly  free  from  the 
spirit  of  asceticism.  Meek,  gentle,  loving, 
though  uncompromising  in  his  views  of  sin  and 
of  the  high  calling  of  the  Christian,  he  was  wel- 
comed into  the  homes  alike  of  the  high  and  the 
low.  After  a  brief  illness,  early  on  a  Sabbath 
morning,  apparently  while  peacefully  sleeping, 
be  was  not,  for  God  took  him.  Hiu  death  pro- 
duced a  deep  sensation  in  Bombay  and  West- 
ern India.  Those  most  competent  to  form  a 
judgment  concur  in  the  estimate  of  him  ex- 
pressed by  Dr.  "William  Ilanna,  of  Scotland, 
that  bo  was  "  one  who  exhibited  a  degree  of 
self-sacriticiug  devotion  to  which  there  is  per- 
haps no  existing  parallel  in  the  whole  Held  of 
missionary  labor." 

Bi'iKlley,  Dim  Bearli,  b.  at  Marcellus, 
N.  Y.,  July  18tb,  1801  ;  graduated  from  a  medi- 
cal college  in  the  city  of  New  York,  lH3;t  ;  sailed 
July  '2d,  ISIM,  a  medical  missionary  of  the 
A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  for  Siani  ;  arrived  at  ".Vmherst, 
British  Burma,  December  0th,  IhHI.  Singa- 
pore, January  12th,  1835,  and  at  Bangkok,  Siam, 


July  18tb,  183.J  ;  was  ordained  by  the  members 
of  the  mission  in  Siaiii,  November  5tb,  1838. 
In  conseipienco  of  more  bol  eful  cr.Us  elsewhere 
it  was  decided  by  the  Board,  in  l^Ki,  to  with- 
draw its  mission  in  Siam.  Dr.  Bradley  and 
Itev.  Jesse  (.'aswell,  unwilling  to  give  up  the 
work  in  which  they  bad  engaged,  sought  maiu- 
tonance  elsewhere.  Dr.  Bradley  returned  to 
the  I'nited  States  in  1817,  and  was  r(leased 
from  the  service  of  the  Board,  December  lltb 
the  same  year.  He  was  for  a  time  sustained 
by  the  American  Missionary  Association,  and 
went  out  i.i  I8t',)  in  connection  with  that  so- 
ciety. He  was  the  liist  educated  physician  and 
surgeon  who  had  visited  Siam,  and  his  f-kill  in 
the  healing  art  seemed  to  the  natives  little  less 
than  miraculous,  and  ojiened  the  way  fir  the 
entrance  of  the  trospel.  Later  on,  when  other 
medical  assistance  was  within  reacdi,  he  gave 
hiiuiiLlf  wholly  to  the  preaching  of  the  Gosjiel, 
the  translation  of  the  .Scriptures,  the  prejiara- 
tioii  and  printing  of  tracts.  From  1857  onward 
bo  was  not  chargeable  to  the  society  for  any 
l)ortion  of  his  sui)port,  but  maintained  himself 
by  means  of  the  printiugiiress,  and  by  bis 
skill  in  translating  State  pajiers  for  the  govern- 
ment and  for  the  consulates.  None  of  these 
things,  however,  were  allowed  to  turn  him 
aside  from  what  he  always  considered  his  chief 
and  only  bnsiness,  the  preaching  of  (,'brist. 
His  published  writings,  both  in  English  and 
Siamese,  were  voluminous.  Tliose  relating  to 
Siaiuand  the  Siamese,  jjublished  in  the  Bangkok 
('(tleuitdr  for  successive  years,  form  the  iiiiuo 
whence  much  of  the  material  of  more  recent 
books  and  articles  upon  Siam  has  been  ex- 
tracted. His  mastery  of  that  difticult  language 
was  surprisingly  accurate.  His  translations  of 
the  Scriptures,  though  by  him  considered  as 
tentative,  have  not  been,  it  is  thought,  greatly 
improved  by  later  bands.  Ho  found  the  conn- 
try  imperviously  closed  to  all  Western  ideas 
and  peoples.  Before  bis  death,  and,  in  no 
small  degree  through  bis  efforts,  its  princes  and 
peojilo  were  eagerly  seeking  to  introduce  what- 
ever good  thing  they  could  find  in  AVesteru 
civilization.  He  died  at  Bangkok,  June  23d, 
1873.  He  was  twice  married.  His  widow  and 
his  youngest  child  are  still  living  in  his  old 
liomo  in  Bangkok,  and  are  carrying  on  the 
l)riuting  business. 

BriiliiiiiiiiMiii.— (See  Hinduism.) 

BrtlNM,  a  district  of  Lower  Guinea,  "West 
Coast  of  .\.f  rica.  Mission  station  of  the  C.  M.  S. ; 
1  missionary,  1  native  j)reacber,  2  churches,  202 
church-members,  1  school,  107  scholars. 

Brazil.— The  United  States  of  Brazil  lie 
between  the  4th  degree  of  north  and  the  33d  of 
south  latitude,  and  the  35th  and  72d  west  longi- 
tude, including  within  thi'ir  bounds  about  two- 
litths  of  the  whole  South  American  ('ontinent. 
This,  youngest  born  of  the  American  republics, 
measures  from  north  to  south  2,000  miles,  and 
from  east  to  west  2,500  luiles,  thus  covering  an 
area  of  about  3.200,(HiO  square  miles,  but  little 
less  than  the  whole  Continent  of  Europe,  which 
embraces  3,5h4.841.  It  borders  upon  all  the 
South  American  countries  except  Chili,  and 
from  the  vast  extent  of  its  territory  and  the 
immense  value  of  its  undeveloped  natural  re- 
sources, now  that  it  is  freed  from  the  trammels 
of  slavery  ami  monarchy,  is  bound  to  jilay  an 
important  part  iu  the  history  of  the  New  World. 


si 


i  ■ 


BRAZUi 


180 


BRAZII. 


(    ■! 


Fhysicnl    Features,  — T^rMW    may    Vio 

roiic^Uly  ilivideil  into  three  great  basins— one  iit 
tho  north,  formcil  l)y  the  Aiun/.on  unil  its  trilin- 
tnries  ;  anothiir  iit  the  south,  formed  liy  tho 
streams  whicli  united  produce  tho  Parana,  one 
of  tlie  iiriuidpal  l)ranches  of  tho  Uio  de  la  Plata, 
and,  lyint,'  bi'tween  the  two,  tho  section  drained 
by  tho  Sfio  Francisco,  tho  third  river  in  size  in 
South  Aiuoricft. 

Tlie  territory  included  in  tho  Amazon  water- 
shed, ombraciiic;  jiorhaps  one-third  of  Brazil,  is 
almost  entirely  unexplored,  and  contains  very 
few  towns  of  any  importance.  In  fact,  tho 
physical  chai'acteristics  of  tho  country  alonj; 
tha  Aiua/  )u  proper  are  such  as  will  probably 
prevent  it  from  ever  l)ecominj^  a  cenlroof  popu- 
lation. Tliero  is  so  little  fall  in  the  rivor  that 
at  Tabitin^'a,  where  tlio  Amazon  enters  IJraz'.l, 
more  than  l,.")ili)  milfs  in  a  direct  lino  from  the 
ocean,  ii  is  only  '250  feet  above  tho  sea-level. 
At  tho  close  of  the  rainy  season  tlio  immense 
volume  of  water  fnuu  the  vast  territory  drained 
by  its  tributaries  collects  in  tlio  basin  of  tlio 
Amazon,  causing!  it  to  rise  often  40  feet  above 
tho  low-wuter  level,  and  to  i/iundate  tho  land 
for  miles  on  either  side.  The  exhalations  from 
the  decaying  vegetable  matter  left  by  these 
Hooils  is  pestifei'ous  in  the  extreme,  causing 
fever.H  which  are  fatal  to  any  but  tho  native  born 
inhabitants.  Tho  rubber  groves,  which  abound 
in  these  lowlands,  are  visited  for  only  a  few 
months  each  ,yeav,  and  even  tho  hardened  na- 
tives, while  engaged  in  the  work  of  collecting 
the  rubber,  are  obliged  to  sleep  in  huts  raised 
up  on  liigh  jiosts  to  avoid  somewhat  the  heavy 
pestilential  vapors. 

From  Bahia  southward,  parallel  with  tho 
coast,  and  at  a  distance  of  from  ten  to  thirty 
luiles.  the  land  rises  abruptly  to  the  height  of 
from  two  to  three  thousand  feet  above  the  sea- 
level,  and  then  slopes  otf  gradually  toward  the 
interior.  A  great  many  of  the  important  towns 
of  Brazil,  including  nearly  all  the  mission  sta- 
tions and  the  greater  part  of  the  native  Protes- 
tant churches,  aro  upon  these  plateaus,  where 
the  elements  of  prosperity  are  found  in  fertile 
soils  and  abundant  water- courses.  In  all  this 
southern  basin  the  streams  start  at  about  fifty 
or  sixty  miles  from  the  sea  and  flow  toward  tho 
interior  ;  they  are  consequently  little  used  as 
highways  of  travel,  and  havo  not  aided  in  tho 
development  of  the  country  as  they  would  have 
done  had  they  run  from  the  centre  to  the  sea 
coast,  as  in  most  countries.  Tho  transporta- 
tion from  the  interior  to  the  seaboard  is  all 
done  by  railroads,  of  which  there  are  a  number, 
with  wide-reaching  ramifications,  but  which, 
from  tho  peculiar  conformation  of  tho  ground, 
were  very  expensive  to  build  and  operate. 

Tho  surface  of  the  country  is  broken  up  into 
hills  of  all  sizes,  some  of  them  rising  to  tho  dig- 
nity of  mountains,  while  there  are  larpe  sec- 
tions which  can  never  be  brought  under  culti- 
vation, owing  to  the  fact  that  the  hill-sides  are 
too  steep  to  admit  of  the  use  of  the  plough. 
The  variety  of  soils  is  great,  ranging  from  tho 
white  sands  by  the  sea-side,  and  in  what  seem 
to  be  the  bottoms  of  huge  in'  rior  lakes,  to  tho 
extremely  fertile  ferruginous  clays,  constituting 
the  famed  Urra  ro.ra,  on  which  the  best  coffee 
plantations  aro  found.  In  travelling  through 
some  parts  of  the  country  one  passes  over  caiii- 
pos  of  vast  extent,  covered  with  short  grass 
suitable  only  for  pasture  ;  then  will  come  miles 
and  miles  of  coarse  fern  or  brake,  of  no  use  to 


man  or  beast,  where  heavy  fires  once  devastated 
the  country,  and  seem  to  havo  scorched  all  the 
life  out  of  tho  soil.  One  very  noticeable  feat- 
ure of  tho  landscajie,  as  seen  from  the  cars,  is 
tht?  vast  extent  of  countrv  covered  with  brush 
and  second  growth  of  ditl'erent  sizes,  resulting 
from  tho  Brazilian  system  of  cultivation,  by 
burning  off  a  tract  of  land  and  i)lanting  it  with, 
out  ploughing,  as  long  as  tho  weeds  and  gni^s 
do  not  interfere  with  tho  growth  of  tho  jilants, 
and  then  letting  it  go  back  to  woods  again. 
Tho  greater  jiart  of  tho  country  near  the  rail- 
roads has  been  gone  over  in  this  way,  and  it  is 
usually  necessary  to  go  back  some  distance 
from  the  centres  of  civilization  to  find  the  typi- 
cal virgin  forests,  where  tho  lofty  and  wide- 
spreading  trees,  covered  with  brilliant  orchids 
and  parasites,  are  woven  together  and  festooned 
with  a  complicated  and  impenetrable  mass  of 
vines  and  climbing  plants,  and  the  gi'ft<'eful 
bamboo,  in  a  great  variety  of  forms  of  delicate 
foliage,  fills  up  the  interstices  and  seems  to 
drai)o  tho  whole  As  no  ono  thinks  of  using 
fertilizers  in  Brazil,  many  tracts  of  country 
which  were  once  tilled  have  gone  out  of  culti- 
vation, among  them  many  coft'eo  plantations  in 
the  older  coft'eo  districts,  whore  through  tho 
exhaustion  of  tho  soil  coffee  cultivation  barely 
paid  expenses  when  carried  on  by  slave  labor, 
and  became  utterly  impracticable  when  it  be- 
came necessary  to  employ  paid  help. 

I'roilncl.i. — Of  these  coffee  is  undoubtedly 
king,  as  more  capital  is  employed  in  its  cultiva- 
tion than  in  anything  else,  and  it  is  the  prin- 
cipal source  of  revenue  to  the  country.  Next 
in  importance  come  rubber,  sugar,  tobacco,  cot- 
ton, Indian  corn,  cacao,  from  which  chocolate 
is  made,  rice,  beans,  mate  or  South  American 
tea,  tapioca,  and  other  preparations  of  tho 
mandioca  or  cassava  plant.  From  some  of  tho 
northern  jiorts  there  are  considerable  exports 
of  deer  and  goat  skins. 

Fruits  abound,  not  only  the  well-known 
orange,  lemon,  linio,  banana,  pineapple,  guava, 
custard  apple,  mango,  watermelons  and  musk- 
melons,  but  many  other  fruits  peculiar  to  the 
country,  such  as  bread  fruit,  jabodacabas,  mar- 
acuja,  or  passion  flower  fruit,  and  various  pod- 
fruits  and  nuts.  Among  the  temperate  fruit? 
quinces  do  very  well,  tho  peach-trees  bear  heavy 
crops,  but  they  ore  nearly  all  ungrafted  fruit, 
and  usually  so  wormy  as  to  be  of  little  account. 
Apples  are  found  in  tho  extreme  south,  pears 
and  cherries  do  not  grow  at  all  in  Brazil.  The 
small  seed  fruits,  such  as  strawberries,  rasp- 
berries,  and  blackberries  are  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens in  the  latitude  of  Sao  Paulo,  and  bear  a 
fruit  which  serves  to  remind  one  of  the  home 
fruits,  but  scarcely  more.  Sweet  potatoes  aro 
found  in  great  variety  and  are  very  fine,  white 
potatoes  only  require  ruifficiont  manure  to  pro- 
duce well,  and  all  our  home  vegetables,  with 
care  and  abundant  watering,  can  bo  grown  in 
almost  any  j)art  of  the  country,  though  they 
are  never  so  tino  as  the  home  vegetables,  and  if 
bought  in  the  markets  aro  very  expensive. 
Poultry,  eggs,  mutton,  pork,  are  also  very  dear, 
though  beef  ii:  much  cheaper  than  in  the  United 
States  in  all  the  southern  part  of  Brazil. 

Animals. — .\s  a  compai-atively  small  part  of 
the  country  is  under  cultivation,  there  is  abun- 
dance of  room  for  all  kinds  of  wild  animals  to 
breed  and  range.  They  are  so  abundant,  in 
fact,  in  many  parts  of  tho  country  as  to  cause 
heavy  losses  each  year  through  their  encroach- 


I 

I 


to 


m 


o 


to 


°^ 


•^ 


a> 


CO 


ro 


BRAZII. 


HI 


BRAZIL 


iiM'titM  iipnn  tlin  crops  nnd  tlock^,  Any  one 
will)  is  HO  iiiflinml  ciiti  uhviiVH  ^l't  u  ){oiic|  iIiiv'h 
liiiiitiii;^  liy  K  >iiiv(  out  on  llii'  nirs  t»ii  or  tliri'n 
htatlniiH  from  luiy  of  tint  liir^n  I'ltii'H.  Siiiull 
^;iiiu>,  Niicli  iix  hiiri's,  Kc|iiirrc'ls,  opoMHiiiiis, 
iij^.mlis,  piirtriilKi'H,  iIucUh,  owls,  lu'i-ons,  piirrotH 
cull  III!  ti>nnil  iilmiiHt  iitiywht'rn  ;  llii'  liirf{)'r 
(<iiiiiii,  us  ilcMT,  tapirs,  pnnms,  wiM  cuts,  wiM 
li  i^s,  iititiMiti'rs,  iiioiikcys,  etc  ,  iiro  now  lllr^,'l'ly 
('  miliii''l  to  llu)  morn  tliicUly  wooilud  diMtrii'ts 
ulnii><  tlui  rircrH. 

'riiiTo  ani  siiiilioH  of  itll  sizes  iitnl  colors,  koiiu> 
of  wliicli  iiro  cxccciliiif^ly  vciioiiioiis  iiinl  ciiusii 
iiriiiy  (Ii'iillis  ciii'li  yi'iir,  tliou^li  tlicrc  iiro  Hcvcnil 
Well  Ijii  iwii  iintidolos  wliicli  cmi  \m  fotitid  in 
nliiiost  liny  (vinntry  lioiisi".  Insect  pustH  urc 
niinier.uis  :  iMxdtroiiclics,  wliicli  are  very  ilcstrnc- 
tivi)  to  liooks,  cspei^iiilly  those  in  clotli  liitiilin^s  : 
ticks,  jiiji^ers,  Killlil  tlics,  iiiosiiuitoes,  while 
lints,  which  destroy  tlic  limliers  of  houses,  iiiid 
cut  tluMii^'h  I'verythiii'^  wlii(di  coiiics  in  their 
way,  lie  it  cl  ithes,  li  loks,  or  iinythin^,'  else!  ; 
iiti  1  worst  of  all,  most  persistent  aiifl  iiivincihle 
of  all,  lleas.  TIh^  iminenso  variety  of  lieaiitifiil 
iMltterllies  and  laietles  only  serve  to  tuiitali/.e 
the  missionary,  who  can  scarcely  Ik  Ip  c.ivetinj^ 
theiii  for  his  collection,  hut  has  no  time  to  stop 
t  )  catch  tliciii,  or  to  preiiaro  an  1  care  for  tluiii 
afterivard. 

All  the  doinostin  animals  are  found  in  ISra/il  — 
li ;)rses,  cows,  pi|,'s,  Mheep,  dou's,  cats  thou^^li 
(,'en(inilly  much  deteriorated  hy  the  clVccts  of 
tlie  climate  and  want  of  care  in  hreeilin^'. 

Till-  iiiiiiifiil  r'',s()i(;'c',v  of  till!  c.iiiiitry  arc  ini- 
nionsu  and  almost  entirely  undeveloped.  Thero 
are  wholo  niountains  of  the  very  licst  (piality  of 
iron  ore  ;  coal  of  fair  ipiality  has  heeii  workcil 
in  tliren  States,  and  is  .sujiiioscd  to  exist  in 
three  more,  the  principal  reason  why  it  has 
not  come  into  use  lieiiit^  the  lack  of  facilities 
i'or  traiisportatirm,  and  these  will  (lo.ihlless  ho 
provided  as  hooii  as  tlio  traiKpiillit.v  of  the  new 
f,'r)verniiieiit  is  assured  and  forcit,'u  capital  lie- 
Hins  to  How  in,  as  it  hooii  must  do,  to  ko  invit- 
inj^a  tiold.  itra/ilian  diamonds  iiro  well  known, 
(t  )ld  is  found  in  many  parts,  tmd  is  hein^ 
luiriod  Kui'cpssfully  hy  two  companies,  wliilo 
then)  are  nnnicrous  ahandoned  workini^s  which 
only  recpiiro  tlio  lixpemlitiiro  of  a  inodcrato 
ftmouiit  of  capital  in  hydraulic  arraiiHunieuts  to 
hocomo  iii;ain  very  remunerative.  fSilvor,  tin, 
zinc,  mercury  have  been  discovernd  in  many 
jilacos,  uud  only  await  onterpriHin^'  men  to  do- 
veloi)  them. 

('liiH'ite. — lu  so  vast  a  lerritury,  with  such 
^reat  ditfeionces  of  altitude,  there  iiro,  of  course, 
mimy  vnriotios  of  climate.  On  the  whole,  liow- 
ever  with  the  exception  of  some  of  flu!  towns 
iiloui;  the  sea-coast  and  the  valley  of  tho.Vma/.ou 
the  country  in  general  is  sjiluhrious  ;  even  in  the 
sea  hoard  towns  the  mortality  is  not  ahovo, 
rather  below  tl.  at  of  the  large  cities  of  Europe. 
In  the  greater  p  irtot  the  country  the  hot  season 
is  also  the  rainy  season,  which  lasts  for  three 
or  fcuir  moutht',  when,  although  the  days  of 
continuous  rain  are  few,  the  afternoon  showers 
fall  with  Rreat  vegularity,  lastint;  from  ten  niin. 
utos  to  an  hour  or  two,  and  thus  lowering  the 
temperature  and  refreshing  the  air,  insure  cool 
nights.  In  tlio  greater  part  of  the  c.iuntry  the 
weather  for  eight  montlis  in  the  year  is  delight- 
ful ;  for  the  other  four  months  it  is  rather  too  hot 
for  comfort  in  the  middle  of  the  day,  though 
the  great  amount  of  moisture  in  the  air  or  some 
other  reason  prevents  it  from  ever  becoming  so 


oiipr^iMlvely  lio»  within  dnorn  as  it  tifton  is  in 
the  I'nited  Htiites  in  Niinimer  time.  .Mong  the 
coast,  too,  the  allernalliig  land  and  sea  lirc<'/<>s 
lend  to  niodcrati'  the  heat.  I'or  the  gieater 
part  of  the  year  spring  overcoats  and  wraps  are 
neiMled  if  one  goes  out  ill  llie  evening,  Illid  tiall- 
nels  should   be  worn,  while  there  are  times  in 

the   colilest   season    when   a    heavy   ovei at   in 

very  aeceiitable,  at  least  to  the  south  and  weHt 
of  ICio  lie  ilaiieiro. 

As  a  rule  the  llra/.ilians  ilress  well,  in  I'.iiro. 
pcaii  style,  and  in  proportion  to  their  iiH'oiiie 
more  ex]iensively  than  in  the  I'niteil  Stalls,  so 
that  tliete  is  no  rciisoii  why  niissionariis  com- 
ing to  Kra/.il  hIioiiIiI  leave  behind  them  any  of 
the  clothing  which  they  have  been  accustomed 
to  Wear,  unless  they  arc  going  to  some  of  fhn 
most  norlherly  ]>orts.  The  furnituie  made  in 
lira/.il  from  tlm  native  woods  is  very  «'\pensive, 
heavy,  and  unsatisfactory  to  one  going  from 
this  country,  so  that,  nolivithstanding  the  heavy 
custom  house  duties,  which  often  amount  to 
more  tliiin  the  original  cost  of  the  goods  and 
freight,  it  will  usually  jiay  the  new  missionary 
to  take  out  with  him  all  the  furniture  and  luuiso- 
hold  gooils  which  lie  would  be  likely  to  need 
for  the  lirst  few  years,  down  to  a  kitchen  stove 
and  cooking  uleiisils.  lie  should  bear  in  mind, 
however,  lliiit  stulledand  upholstered  goods  arc 
Very  uiisuitiible  to  the  country,  owing  to  Iho 
heat  and  the  refuge  they  give  to  insect  pests, 
while  the  light  rullun  nr  betilwood  fiirnilure  is 
not  only  better  lldnpted  to  the  climate,  but  Jiays 
prop  utionally  less  duly  in  the  custom  house. 

At  I'ara,  the  hottest  jdaco  in  the  country,  and 
right  under  the  Ivpcitor,  the  nieun  temperature 
for  six  years  was  H(l  ,  the  maximum  ll.")  ,  the 
minimum  r.")  .  .\t  Itio  do  •laiieiro  the  mean 
was  7")  ,  minimum  (I")  .  Tim  jirospectus  of  a 
sanutarium  in  S:'io  I'aulo  contains  the  following 
statement  :  "  'I'lm  climate  of  the  highlands  of 
Itra/il  is  an  inland  continental  climate,  recuper- 
ative and  exhilarating,  oven  on  days  of  the 
most  daz/ling  sunshine,  to  which  nil  travi  Hers 
testify.  There  are  about  'i:to  days  of  brilliillit 
sunshine  per  annum,  pretty  enually  distiibuted 
throughout  the  year.  The  nverugo  maximum 
teiiiperature  in  tlm  hottest  month  (January)  is 
HO  in  the  shade,  in  the  coldest  month  (July), 
7'i\  The  average  minimum  night  temperature 
out  of  doors  is  (il  in  January  and  J'.t  in  July. 
Out  of  nn  average  of  KiJ  rainy  days  ]ier  annum, 
on  only  :!'2  did  rain  fall  in  the  morning,  and  on 
only  20  did  it  rain  all  day." 

The  most  ]irevalent  disea.ses  are  pulmonary 
consumption,  intermittent  fevers,  and  rheuma- 
tism. Iiei)iosy  and  goitre  are  common.  ICpi- 
demies  of  yellow  fever  occur  only  at  intervals 
in  some  of  the  sea.coast  towns.  The  fatal  dis- 
ease resembling  yellow  fever  which  has  raged 
in  Campinas,  an  interior  town  of  the  State  of 
Sao  I'aulo,  for  u  year  or  two  |)ast,  originated 
with  purely  local  causes,  whicli  will  jirohably 
be  removed  xvith  the  introduction  of  water  and 
sowers. 

Ilisfori/.—lirnvM  was  discovered  about  A.n. 
lolMi,  and  was  soon  after  taken  j)ossossion  of 
by  the  Portuguese,  and  continued  to  be  a  colony 
of  I'ortugal  till  1M22,  when  its  independence 
was  proclaimed  by  the  son  of  the  King  of  Por- 
tugal, wdio  was  acting  as  iirince-i-egeut.  He  as- 
sumed the  title  of  Pedro  I.,  Emperor  of  Brazil, 
and  in  1M24  gave  the  country  a  constitution 
which  in  its  main  features  was  considered  lib- 
eral.    In  1H3I  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  Lis  sou. 


/•v 


m 


I 


BRAZIL  IS  J 

tl>i>  liilK  l).>m  I'cilrn  11  ,  will"  wiiM  111  tlmt  linni 
olilv  live  U'\\\  i  iilil.  riii>  i;o\iiiilii>'lit  «iis  liy 
rc^i'lits  Irulii  tliiit  >liit('  till  IMll,  w  lii'ii  llio  I'lii. 
In'inr  s  iiiiiiorilv  \Mis  iM'.xliiiiiii'il,  iilllioimli  lui 
Wiis  lull  IniiiliTil  Viiils  of  ii'^i'  l>ci|ii  I'lilrn  11,, 
Hlli'i'  Imvuij;  iiciMi|ni>il  lliii  tlinuu'  lor  ii  Imll  I'l'ii 
tiU'V,  li'ss  mm  vi'iii',  uiis  ili'|>i>itiMl  111  Niivi'iiilii-f 
of  ISS',1,  \\  licii  llu'  rii|uililii'  WHS  iiiiirliiiiiu'il. 
'I'lu'  lu'vv  iir.liT  i>t'  iilViiii'H  WHS  <iiiu'tl\  in-oi'|iti'il 
liv  tlio  |n'ii|ili>.  aitil  111  llu'  I'vpinilKiii  o(  ii  vi'iir 
Ncoiiis  111  Kivii  ovi'iy  iiviili'iii'ii  (if  sliil'ilily  iilul 
linniiHiU'iu'ii.  'riu>  (•oiislituliiiii  iiilii|i|i'il  inii 
visiiMuill.v  I'lilliivts  lliiil  ot'  tlii>  t'liili'il  Stall's  III 
iiliiinst  I'Vi'iy  |iiiiliiMiliii,  llioiii^li  nf  cinirKo  il  is 
Niiliii'il  111  iiioililii'iiliiiii  l>v  llu'  ('i)iisliliiliiviml 
AsM'iiilily,  wliirli  IS  siMiii  I,.  iiHiviiiin. 

Ihtiii'.;  Ill  lliii  illilitil'iil  pollrv  wlurli  rii|'tii)^;iil 
]iillHiii'.l  linviuil  111!'  I'oliiiiirs.  lini/il  wiis,  iliiiiiif^ 
Ilciillv  tlui  wliolii  111'  lu'l'  ruliiliiiil  liislii|\.  iillimst 
ivs  I'lti'i'limllv  shut  dill  I'liMii  iiih  Ti'iMiisii  willi 
ollirr  liiilliilis  IIS  Wi'in  I'liiiui  iiiiil  .lii|iiiii  iliirill^ 
till'  siiiiio  iii-riiiil  All  liiul.'  \Mis  |iiiiIiiiih1\  Ki'pl 
ill   llio   liitiiils  i>l°  till'   iiiiitlii'i-  I'liiiuliy,  mill    iint 

lllllll    till'   SI'llI    Hi'    I'.llMrilllU'llI    WHS     tlllllsI'l'llClt    In 

liiii  llu  liiiii'lrii,  iii'iir  till'  lii'^iiiiiiii);  III'  llii'  |ii'i's 
I'lil  I'i'liliiiy.  Willi  lii'i  pntls  iiiU'iK'il  111  till'  lllllll' 
of  olU i'r  imliniis, 

l.uiif/iiaur.  As  Ik  iiiiliiiiil  ri'siilt  of  its  liis- 
tmy  till'  liiiif^iiii'.;!'  of  llio  cinilitiy  is  rnituKiicsi', 
iiUiii  111  Mm  S|>iiiiisli,  lull   ilistiiii't    from  il,  liiiv 


BRAZIL 


liiiiiil.'.,  slightly  liiiilt  friiiiiii,  UiTvoitH  ttiiil  liiliouii 
lriii|ii'niiiii'iil.  Iiloiiillcss  mill  siillow  i'oiii|ili'\ioii, 
mill  II  ^I'lit'i'iilly  nil. I  iiim  iiinl  w  nrii-oiil  looL,  ivi 
ilriilly    wmiliii|<    III   tliii  slK'ii^lli  mill   ciiii^n   I.> 
iii|ii'  Willi  tlm  ililVii'iiltii's  111  111'  ciu'oiiiilcii'il  III 
ili'M'loiHii^;  II   iirw   iiiiiiitiy.      'I'lm  riuii  us  il  o\ 
isis   to  iliiy    is    oviili'iilly    llu'    iisiilt    ol    ii   I'oiii- 
liiiiatioii   of   w  iilcly   iliviiso   I'lliniriil   ilinju'iils, 
nioiiMi'il   ill  11  ^jii'iil   ili'(;ri'(i  liy  ci'i'li'siiiMlu'iil  in 
lllli'lii-is.       lllsloiy  Irlirt  us  Unit   Ilio  oll(',iliiil  sit- 
tills  of  liiii/li  wrio  tiioslly    InoKiii  ilnwii  I'l'ilu- 
Kiit'sc  m'lilliiiu'ii  mill  lulviiiliiiiTs,  coimnn  with- 
out    fmiiiliis,  fur  tlm  soli'  iiiir|iosii  of  n  |miii  iii|! 
Ilii'ir  wiisti'il  fi'i'tiiiiis,  mill,  liiiii|;iii^  Willi  lllllll 
till'  nisy  nionility  of  thr  iimlliit  roiiiitiy,  iriulily 
iiiimlnmriiltil,    1'iisl    with    th<'   iiliiiii|;iiiiil    imis, 
mill  uftiTwuiil  «itli  till'   im(;iin's  wliuli  tlu'y  i.ii 
imrli'il,  m\  iiij;    us  llu'  I'oiiiiiioii  ]u'o|ilo  of    lliii/il 
us  wo  fiiiil  thi'iii    to  iliiy 

'I'liii  i;i'iii  rill  li'osr  iih'iis  ill  ^l'^lll'll  to  llui  mm'- 
i'iii^;o  I'l'luliHii,  lii);rlhi'i'  Willi  tlui  uiuvi'isully  iiii 
iiioiul  liM's  I'Vcti  of  llm  luii'sts.  hu\i'  liml  llio 
|il'iii'lii'ul  ilfi'i't  of  I'M'usiu^;  mill  iiluiii.sl  smu'- 
llHIillit;  till'  liiwlrss  ^liiliriruliiui  of  ii|ilii'tltii, 
thus  liliilrriiilliiu^  lliii  I'liNsii'iil  liriilth  of  tlii> 
lH'iipli',  w  liilo  NOW  ilit;  till'  SI  Ills  of  illM  iiso  w  hirh 
iiiiUi' mill  luovii  iiii'iniiuilutn  tlii'iii  lor  lliii  Wi'ilv 
yi't  III  liii  iliillc  ill  ili'Vrlii|iill^  till'  llllllli'llsii  lii- 
Houfi'i's  of  this  iimmiillriiiit  i-ouuliy. 


UlKIl 

:l.   Iiilillfi-ludl.-     Till'    iriMlit    liliioilli'ss   ri'Vi 


llu 


iii>^  iiiiiiiy  liiiius  uiiil    iilioiiis    |ii'i'iiliur  til   ilsi'lf,      lion    in    Itru/il,    liv    wliii-h   u   I'miiitty    iirmly  us 


tlliiU''ll    llx 


il'liiiiri'   IS  MilVn'iiiif  til  I'liulil 


lUl'L 


th. 


I  lioh'  of    l''.iiri 


|ii'    |iussr 


il    from  II 


a  S|i,iiiiiiril  mill  rnrtiitjiirsi'   In  rmivrrsii  w  It lioiil       moiimrliii'iil   In   a   ii'|uililii'uii    form    of    niivi'ni- 


llttlilMlIU 


Il  IS  :\  lii'iiuliflll     lllll^llll;^ 


■  iii|i>u'l,      iiii'iil,  with  no    iiili'rrii|ilioii  of   llu'  (uiiitioiiM  ot 
nitory      mivi'Viiiiu'Ul,  im   lujiiiy  to  its  comiiu'ri'i',  no  iii- 


'\|iri'ssivii,  tli'\ili|t',  uiiil  wi'll  uila|i|i'il  II 
il    lili'iiliiii'.       Tliii    lili'tutiirn    IS    |inini|iHlly      tfrfori'iuo   with   lliii  rrnulur  mmrli  of  liusimss. 


rii'li   ill    ll.'tinii   mill 


WlUivS 

l''r(i|irli. 


lirlll; 


IHii'tiy,    tlm    Imv    sruiitilii'       no  mo 


iiiosllv      trmiKliitioiis     from     tin 


I's  or  liv;htii 


iiK' 


nrtmii   I'riii 


1- 


iuritii's  of  lira/iliuu  iliurui'lir  w  liicli  iiirrif  iiltcii 


ri'iu'li   is  I'.iiisii 


hri'il  a  II 


I'l'i'ssiirr      liiui  I 


11     111! 


II    of    till 


Jiurl  of  u  lilii'i'ul    I'lliii'ullnii,  mill    is   Vfiy    siiiiilur       ill  mishioii 


lull' 


so  who  i'\|iii'l  to    rli^il^o 


to  till'  I'lirtiiKiinsii,  nil  tlui  priifi'sMiiiiul  iiu'ii 


ir  umoti^  llirm. 


il 


till 


I'li'iiuiit    of    liiii/ilimi    ihuiiiilir. 


ih 


it,  aiiil  >!i'iii>rulU    111 


thmi    liulf    till'   lionU: 


tlii'ir  slii'lvi's  mn  ill  that  Iuiil;iiii 


wliihi  I'ri'iii 


i|iii'slioiiiilily  liuil  11  ^',ri'>il  iloiil  to  ilo  with  tlui 


iiii't  iiilvi'iit  of   th< 


I'l'ii 


I'll 


tl 


11'   |iri'vu 


li'iit 


liiivi'ls  iif  nil  S'lrls  fonii    Iho   stujilii  lili'rury  ilu'l       iiitiilli'i'tiiiil  slu^;^;isliiii'ss,  wliuli    iiiilis|iosi's    thr 


if  Ihr  l.i.il 


if  111. 


lllllll' 


lllhilhitiilltn,      'I'lii'    last    ollii'ial    t'i'iisiis  of 


|i.'ii|ili'   III   (4 


•luriil   111  tuko  tlm  Iroiililo   to  Ihiiili 


It  mill  iliTiili'  miv  iiiiitli  r  for  the 


,'lVi 


III 


Iha/il     thill 


I.ST.:  7;i 


Kiiv 


',t.'.i:i(l.l7S,  iliviil.'il  as  follows  :   ,".,  |-j;l,si;',l  imili's 


|iii|iiiliiliiiti  ol      Hill  ^ri'ut    muiiirity  of  i'uni'h  tlm  ii'iiiliiu'ss  w  illi 


ihii'li   llu'v   irmisf.'rri'il    tlu'ir 


llll(l^lull^l 


from 


■l,:!'.Ml,'J:tl    fi'iiiulcs.      Whili's,    M,7'S7,'JS',1  ;  lilurks,  oiin   novi'iliiiu'lit    to    miiillur   was    not  so   iiiiirh 

l.'.'.M.  t"i.i  ;  iiiiM'il,    ;l,S(i'_'.7S'J  ;   liiiliuiis,  ;lsi;,',i:iri.  wuntnf    tiilillty    In   llioir  imliliral   (■oiivirlious. 

This  iloi'S  not   iiirliiili'  III"   iiiili'|ii'iiilriit    siiva^ii  iih   In   thi'    lotut    ulisriii'i'    of    I'oiivii'tiniis  lui  tlm 

trilii's.  w  liii'li,   ui'i'onliii'.'.    Ill   (ii'iii'iul   ('onto  ili'  siilijiii-l.      It  was  not  mi  luiu'li  tlmt  lluy  wrro  iml 


Miii;;illi.'ii'S,  niiiulii 


lliun 


urn  iiiillinn. 


\      trim  111  III 


I'lr    iHUIIlnlls, 


lis   thai    tlii'V    liuil  lU'M 


vi'ry   iiio'iTulii   I'stiiiiuli'   of  llio   natiirul  ^;rii\\lh      tuUi'ii  llii'  (rniililn  In  liiivi' inuiiioiis. 


of  tliii  |ii  iiiilulinn,  mill  iiii-ri'iisn  from  I'mii^rutinii 


'I'lm   liiMi'r  t'lussrs  liuM'  liii'ii  ai'i'iistniiu' 


,1  for 


ill  till'  si'Vi  •il.mii    vi'iirswhii'li   havr  iiili  rviiuil,       sn  maliv  iililimi'H  In  loavilif;  tlu'ir    roiisiiiiui  s 


wniilil     liritii;     tlii'    iirosi'iit     iniinihili 

|:i. Ill  III. Ill  III 

I'l  liSilN  VI 


II     Up     In 

•m'      'I'lu. 
Itru/ilimi   |ii'iipli<  ail'  ill  ^^iiurul  linspitulih',  ^ni 
crous,   I'hmiliilili',    (; 


I'll  \i;  Ml  I'iunHis. 


till'  huiiils  of  tlii'ir  prii'sis,  miil  yirhliiu;  tluiii 
a  I'liiiil,  uiu'i'iisoiiMi^  ohi'ilii'iii'i',  tliiil    till'  liiil'il 
of  liliiiilly  folh  winn  thi'ir  liiulrrs   liiis  luroiiu'  a 
I'niiil   iiiituri'  In  lllllll,  mill   w  lioii   lIu' iipiililio 


tlVl 


ijiiii'l' 

iVlltit 


ul 


I'nurliiniis,   rnmmuiiii'ii        rmiin  Ihoy   simply   ilul   what   was   iiinsi  iialiin 


I'rptril  it,  lii'i-aiisii  lliosi'  wlmm  llu'y  hinl  lii'iii 
lUsliUiiril  to  fnllow  ai'ii'pli'il  it. 
I'.vi'ii  umniin  till'  I'lliiratiil  rlassi's  tliori'  is  mi 
lull    with    a    rniiiurKiililn    suuvily    mul    a    iiulivn      iiitilli  rliiiil   apathy    wliiili   shows    itsilf    in    iil 


rallii'r   fmul  of  sh.iH-, 
iiiiniis   aiiil   prniiil.    ratlu'r   ii 


lillril    til    liiiik    ilnw  II    upnu    luiinr   llllil    111 


pnlili'iiiiss  whii'li   is  us  ^'I'lurul   in  llu'  Inwrsl 


I'piirtiiii  n 


IH     of       lllll'llrillllll      Ul'tivilN         Sl'il'IU'l', 


So   liiu;lmst  rlussiis        riiiiii^;li   nut    us   I'M'itiilihi      philnsnpliy,   ]iiililirs,  ami   ii'lii;ion     miil    this  ii* 


IIS  tlm  Spanish,  tl 


IS  still   a  strong  I'liiiu'iit       iinthin^   iiinro    than    llio    iiutiiriit    rosiill    if    llm 


if  ji'iilmisy  ill  thi'ir  ilispnsition,  mill  II  ti'iuli'iiry  poliry    pi'rsisti'iitly   piirsiioil    hy   llio  Chiiiih   nf 

In    viiulirlivi'iii'ss    wliifli    ^ivl's    riso    In    mmiy  liniim,  In   ri'iuoss   nil   spi'i'iilatmii    mul    ori^inal 

liniiiii'iili's  in  llm  rniiisi' nf  II  yrar,  lliiiiii'h  rrinu'S  tliniiKlif,  ami  allow  to  its  votarli's  froo  oxi'mso 

iiyaiiist   priipi'ity   aro  nnii'li   fowor  than  in  mnsl  nf  tlu'ir  inli'lh'iiuul  pnwors  only  alon^  twn  lims 


Kuvi 


pi'un  I'liiintriiis. 


Ill  IlillVllV, 


nicy  making  mul  miiiisi'iiunl.'' 


'I.  I'liysh-illi/  tUi\  lypiral    llru/llimi   is  hiiuiU  of  A    llioilKlitfiil   mul   suruiiis  iiiimhil    Ura/iliaii, 

Htiitnro,    with    iilogaiitly    iliiiiiiiiilivo    fnut   mul      whoi'luims  to  lio  a  riisiti\  ist,  rroi'iilly   suiil  ti 


BRAZIL 


1h;i 


BHAZIL 


llio  wiitiT  in  H  <Hsi'i>\iri\fji'il  touii  timl  tln'io 
wi'lii    vi'i'_v    fi'Vv    liiii/iliiiiis  villi  wmilil    liiKolliii 

tlMlllllc  I'Vl'll  111  111'  I'llllSlsll'Ilt  I'uMllVislH,  mill 
lllitt   llli'V  llMlf.lu'il  III    llll_V  I'llli  \\lll>    lUi'lillcll'il  111 

hiivo  a  ili'l'liuln  hi'lii'iiiti  of  lil'i'  mill  to  hvo  up  In 
it.  l.iUo  sliijis  williiiiit  liiilliist,  iiii'Im'iI  iiliinit  liy 
(iVi'iy  slultlii);  «iiiil,  liny  iiti'  ivisily  ovi'ilimiiil 
liv  till'  llrst.  lu'in.v  I'.nlo  llml  slnlus  tlu'iii 

111  vii'w  111'  llicKo  iiiti'lloi'liiiil  I'Kiiililioiis  dl'  tliii 
rising  ^I'lU'riilinlt  in  ISm/il,  tlin  |.;l'i'itt  llii|iii|' 
liitifiMil'i'ilii.iitiimiil  \MiiU  IIh'Ii'  lii'i'iuui'si'Viili'iit. 
WhiUi  ruiili'ssi'illy  iiti  iiiiliri'i't  i'Vini);rli/iii^ 
ii;;i>iu'y,  il  ii  inrliiipn  I'lii'  nl  Ilio  mnsl  iiii|iiiiliiiil 
III  tliii  ini'Hiiil  I'lisis.      I'lii'iii  \n  iiliiinst  III!  (insi 

IIVli  li|i|iilNlllnll     111     tllO     (ills|iil.    Il     Is    !illll|i|y    1^ 

iiKi'i'il  liy  iiiiiiiy  v\  111!  iiiliiiit  lliiit  11  is  ii  \i'n  k>'<'<I 
tliiii)^,  l>iil  uliii  nil'  iiiiM  illiii',;  111  iiiiilvi'  till'  iiili'l 
li'i'lilitl  I'lfiill.  Iii'ri'ssiiiy  111  iiivisli^iitii  lis  rlmiiiH, 
mill  lliiiiU  llm  iimlirr  mil   loi'  llu'iiisrlvis, 

'I'lm  rlmiiiH  uf  |.;ii\i'niiiuiil,  I'y  llirnw  ilij;  ii|ioii 
till'  liiinlili'  llm  iimimi^i'liu'Iil  I'l  lln  ir  nwii  iilViiMs, 
will  llri'i'HMiiiily  lii'i'iili  ii|>  tills  ililrllrrhiiil  iii'iilliy, 
mill  fiiirii  tlii'iu  III  lliiiiU  for  tluiiisi'Ui  s  .  mul 
tlii'lii  is  I'Vi'iy  I'l'iisoii  111  liopi'  llmt  tills  will  Im 
I'nllow  ml  liy  it  iiiov  iiiii'lit  nil  iiloii^  t'.ii'  luir,  mi 
liili'Ui'i'liml  llWllUl'lllll^;  III  nil  ilr|iiiiliiu'lils,  Hri 
I'lilllir,  |iliilosii|iliii'.  mill  ii'li^ioiis,  It  is  III  llm 
tint  iiii|iiuimiri',  tlu'ri'loii'.  llml.  liicnsiii'i's  Im 
liiUi'ii  III  Kiii'ii  111  turn  llii' iii'wiy  iiwnlo'iii'il  iiitcl 
li'i'luiil  ni'livity  ill  Ilio  rij;lil  iliiri'lnui,  ns  urll  ns 
iimUii  iii'i'i'ssililii  to  till'  iii'o|ili'  till'  iiiiili'i'inU  for 
II  ri(^hl  |iiil|;iiii'iit  m  Mi'ii'iirn  niul  ii'llKioii.  Tins 
it  IS  |iio|iosi'il  to  ilo  liy  till'  I'sliiMisliiiii'liI  of  nil 
iiiisi'i'lniimi  riinr.l  mil  oolli'i;i'  in  llm  rily  of  SAo 
r;iiilii,  II  riiiisiili'i'nlili'  ]Miil  of  llii'  iiioin'y  for 
wlili'li  Ims  iilii'iiil,\  I'i'i'li  inisi'il,  mill  Hoiim  of  its 
inofi'ssors  nm  nlromly  on  llm  (jioiiinl 

Allii'il  til  tins  iiili'lli'i'liml  iipnlliy  is  llui  iiionI 
iilisoliito  iiiililTi'roiiiii  on  Ilio  |iml  of  tin'  iiinioi 
ily  of  llm  pi'o|ilii  to  nil  |iolilirs  iiiul  polilii'iil 
liii'iisiiri's.  Soiim  ycnis  ii^o  Ilio  pooplo  wiio 
I'lilli'il  upon  lo  vol"  upon  llm  liiiiiliition  of  llm 
NillVnif^i',  wliii'li  hml  tlii'i'i'tofori'  Iutii  iiiiivorsiil. 
liiit  wliii'li  It  WHS  proposi'il  lo  rcstiii-l  to  lliosn 
wlioi'oiilil  riMiil  mill  Willi'  mill  possi'ssoil  ii  lii\ 
iililii  ini'oiiiii  of  Iwii  liiiiiilrril  iloUnrs  ii  ynir. 
'I'liis  iiii'iisiiiii  woiilil  ri'iliiro  llio  voli-rs  to  iil'oiil 
oiiK  lUlli  of  till'  previous  iiiiiiiliri,  luul  full  no 
tii'ii  WHS  j;ivrii  llml  on  n  ri'itnin  iliiy  llio  ninlli'r 
WOllliI  111'  siiIhiiiIIimI  |o  tlio  pnpllliil'  Volo  'I'llrni 
WHS,  liowi'vi'r,  vory  lilllo  ilisi'iissmn  of  llio  siili. 
ji'i't  ill  till'  piipi'i's,  no  muss  iiii'ilin^s  to  slir  llm 
pi'oplo  lip  lo  ili'li'iiil  n  tiiiii'  li  olio  nil  ni;lil,  w  liirli 
tlii'y  w  I'ro  lliii-nli'iii'il  w  illi  losiii'/,  not  llio  slii;lil 
I'sf  I'Ni'ili'iiii'iil,  III  fiii'l.  mill  wlirii  III!'  iliiN  nr 
rivi',1  till'  iiiiillrv  wi'iil  liy  ilifniill,  nol  oiionuli 
of  llio  I'liiNS  tlii'i'iili'iii'il  with  ilisriifi'mii'liisi'mcnt 
pri'si'iilllii;  llii'iiisolvi'M  nl  till'  polls  to  I'linstiliilii 
II  lospi'i'tnlilii  iniiiority  II  is  ipiito  possiMo 
thill  tliii  Itoiiiisli  triirliiiu;  of  llio  siiporior  ini- 
porlmii'o  of  llm  spiritiinl  In  llio  tiiiipornl  at- 
li'i;iiini'o  limy  Imvo  ronfiisiil  llio  iiiimls  of  llm 
pi'opln  on  llio  siiliji'i'l.  :uiil  Imlpiil  lo  proilin'o 
tills  stnlo  of  iilTiiirs, 


I.    I/m 


,1/ 


Tim  proniliii'iil  iiioial  I'liiinii'loris. 
Iio  of  llio  liiii.'ilinii  pi'oplr  is  n  vny  niriil  lurk 
of  iMIisoii'iitioiisiii'SS,  mi  iilliiiml  I'oiiiplclo  illi- 
sniisii  of  llio  fi'i'liii);  tlinl  I'vorylliiiii,'  iiiiisl  i^ivo 
Wiiy  11)  riv;lil  mul  ililly.  'I'lio  vosiilt  of  lliis  Ims 
lii'i'ii  rofi'iri'il  lo  III  Hponliiiii;  of  llnii  pliysioiil 
rliiuiii'lorislii's.  lis  soi'inl  nspi  ris  will  Im  con- 
siiliiri'il  lii'low  II  Ims  nlso  lu'oii  pioiiiini'iit  in 
tlinir  politiral  liistmy.  Oim  of  llio  llrst.  minis 
nil's  of  ri'piililii'iin  |4ovi>riiiiniit  wns  11  noiioriil 
ili'i'ri'o  llmf  nil   ollli-i'liiililirH  who  ^nvn  in  thoir 


iiillii'Mioii  II)  tlio  Ui'W  mivoniiiii'iil  willuii  II  I'ir- 
liiliitlliio  wolllil  lio  conliiiiiril  III  olliro,  w  hilo 
Ihosi'wlio  rrfiisi'tl  to  ilii  ho  Wolllil  I'o  iiiinii'ili. 
nloly  siilisliliiliil  liy  ollnis.  llio  risiill.  of  Ihls 
nii'iisiivo  wns  II  w  lioh'snlo  oont  tiiniin^,  wlimli 
woiilil  liiivo  I'l'i  II  iiiiiiisiii);  liiiil  it  not  lii'i'ii  Ml 
siiil  mi  iliilirnlion  of  llio  iilli  r  liirU  of  pniii'iplo 
on  tin-  pill  I  of  hii  lmi;o  n  portion  of  llm  lio.-.l  rili 
.'I'lis.  Allhoiiuli  ninny  luul  jiisl  lioforo  Istii 
ni'ili'iil  iiioiiiiii'liisls,  mill  lirmly  nil  liinl  Noloil 
for  till'  iiioiiiiii'liii'iil  omiiliilnlo  in  llio  rii'i'iit 
I'li'i'lioiis.  not  oiii'  ill  11  liiiiiilri'il  ili'i'liiii  il  lo  III' 
I'rpt  111!'  ollrri'il  I'Oliilllmiis,  mill  llii'  Sliilo  iiiiil 
niiiiiii'ipnl  iiiiii'liiliury  nuoiil  on  willioiii  tim 
^ll^,llll•sl    hitili. 

riio  polii'o  ill  liiii/il  llio  n  iiiililiiiy  oiKiini/ii- 
tion,  Worn'  solilicr  s  nniloiiu,  rmiy  p.iiiis,  niiil  in 
tlii'ir  oiiliimry  piilrol  woiU  iiso  nwonl  luiyoiiits. 
As  soon  IIS  IhiMi  wolilirr  polioo,  sriiltori'il  nil 
ovor  Iho  I'oiiiiliy.  roooivi'il  onloVH  fioiii  lliiir 
Miipirior  olUi'ors  In  in'oriil  Iho  ripiiMu',  tlioy 
torn  llio  orowiis  fioni  llii'ir  rnps  iiinl  pioi'lniiiiiil 

II  rhiiligo  iif  140M  iniliont.  Oillsiilo  of  llio  liiVKO 
I'llns  Iho  niiiulii'r  of  IIkko  polno  ni^oiils  wns 
iilli'ily  iiisu;iiil\i'iint,  mill  liny  omilil  Imvo  lui  11 
insily  ovirpow  ori'il,  luil  own  Iho  most  miloiil. 
moimriliisls   wlim   lliov    foiilul   tlnniM'lvoK  fiioo 

III  fiiro  with  Iho  niililmy,  mul  oiilliil  upon  to 
risk  soiiio  pi'i'Hoiinl  iniiiry  lor  ihohiiKool  tlnir 
po'.iliinl  opinions,  lnulo'il  ilowii  nl  onio.  It 
wns  not  cow  nnliiT,  for  tin-  llrii.'ilmiis  nro  nol  11 
I'oHiiiilly  pi'oplo,  hill  simply  llio  foiling  Hint  i|. 
w  lis  not  w  ortli  w  hilo  In  risU  miylhllii;  for  11  tiirio 
opinion.  'llio  prii'slhooil,  tho  wliolo  olliil. 
of  whoso  |ini'liin^;s  for  I'liit linos  Ims  Iniii  to 
oMiloriilo  Iho  inlnri'iil  ilisliiiotion  liolwiili 
ii^liI  mill  wvoiiv;,  mill  I'oiifiiso  Iho  iiiiiiiIh  of  llio 
pi'oplo  on  Iho  liiniliiiiiriiliil  prniiipli's  of  othirN, 
is  withoiil  iloiihl  fliiolly  risponsil'li'  for  this 
nnlioniil  iliniornli'/iilion. 

If  IS  no  woiiilor.  linn,  Hint  in  llus  hIiiIo  of 
nlViiirs  tho  ripiililionn  loiulors,  who  wiro  nun 
Willi  posilivo  iili'iis,  liml  Iho  ooiirii|;ii  of  tlinr 
I'oiivii'lions.  mill  111  tho  fiii'ii  of  opposilion  hml 
ili'foiiilril  llii'ir  pi  iiii'ipli's  for  ninny  ,\  oms,  nIioiiIiI 
Imvo  onrrioil  nil  hiforo  tinlii,  liulriil.  tho  (;ri'iit 
i;iinriiiilio  of  llio  slnlnlily  of  tho  lopiihln'  is  to 
111'  loiiiiil  in  jiisl  this  fni'l,  tlint  lis  inlvoi'iitrs  iiro 
null  of  inisiliM'  I'onviolions,  who  mo  ilisintor 
osliillv  sri'lviiij^  tho  i;ooil  ol  I  lioir  roiinli  v ,  mul 
nro  willing!  lo  Niii'iiln'o  soniilhin^;  for  it,  ninl 
risK  somi'lliini;  for  tho  snKo  of  prmoiplo. 

"1.  Ill  rt  it'iirr  luf  /riii/i/roii,  -Tho  superior  W  is- 
iloiii  of  "Iho  I'lilhris''  mill  Iho  in  orssity  of  110- 
riptiiif^  ns  linnl  llnir  iilriis  mul  |iiil)'.iiii'nls  in 
nil  iimlli  rs  of  fiiitli  iiinl  ilin'trino  Imviiii;  hoi  11 
ilrilh'il  mill  Ihi'iii  from  tlnir  onrlnst  iiifiiiioy. 
for  niniiy  siii'oossivn  m'noriilions,  llm  Imlul  of 
looKiii|.;  liiiiKwiiril  sioiiis  lo  liiivo  licoonm  in 
^rniiioil  inlii  tho  lini/ilmn  imliiro,  mul  loinls 
llii'in  to  liohl  on  with  iin  nliiiost  ri'li);ioiis  por 
liliiii'ity  I'l  ohi  fiisliioinsl  Inisiiii'ss  iin'tlnuls, 
nnli'pinli'il  nioih  s  of  Iriinsportiilii'ii  iiinl  fiiriii 
iii^  (soliil  wlii'ili'il  o\  I'lirts  mill  piiiU  niiilis  ooni 
pnlo  with  tho  riiilioinls  in  hoiho  purls  of  tho 
oonntry,  mul  not  0110  fniiin'r  in  n  Ihoiismnl  hns 
over  si'iii  Ik  ploiinhl.  ninl  llm  most.  iinlili)^;ii  iiio 
wiiys  of  liviiii^  mill  onlin^;.  'I'lio  nnpiiinlhli'il 
iirojjross  of  llm  I'liitoil  Slntin  is  ilonhlliss 
Im'ijoly  ovviiu^'  to  llm  fiiol  Hint  ovoiy  iiimi  sioKs 
lo  impriiM'  upon  llm  imllmils  of  Ins  fntlirr,  nml 
nlHirly  I'Vpi'riiin'iilM  nny  propoNiil  ihiiiu;o  wliii'h 
proinisiiH  to  lio  nil  iniprovi'iiii'iil,  'I'lio  nvorn^'o 
Hni/ilinn,  hovvovtir,  roniirils  niiy  iiiiioviilion 
with  HiiH|iii<i()ii,  Niiiiply  Iu'i'iuiho  it  in  nu  iuiiovu- 


|f»  ' 


BRAZIL 


! 


I  i 


M-i  - 


lion,  !\nil  is  very  npt  to  receivo  siigf^estcd  im- 
provi'iiioiits  with  ii  smile  of  Imlf. scornful  sii- 
ln'riority,  iiuil  to  siiy  :  ' '  Your  iniplonients  uiul 
iiu'tlKxls  :iro  very  t^ooil  for  you  luul  your 
country,  but  the  ways  of  our  ifttLora,  who  have 
lic'cn  workinfj;  here  for  centuries,  iiro  donlitless 
best  for  us  in  this  country."  This  ditt'erencp 
o£  nientiil  iittitudo  is  of  itself  enough  to  largely 
iiccount  for  the  ditfereuce  between  the  two 
countries,  and  for  it  the  Church  of  Konio  is 
largely,  if  not  wholly  reKi)onsil)le. 

(I.  TliP  ihibbj  Vi'mijsJ'iir  slinif  (unl  ctl'icl  is  also 
a  i)rouiinent  lirazilian  characteristic.  "  I'ara 
Inglez  ver,"  for  the  Englisli  to  see,  is  an  ex- 
pression ai)j)Hc(l  originally  to  iiarlianieiitary 
measures  which  it  was  known  at  the  time  would 
Lave  no  practical  result,  but  which  it  was  lioped 
would  luivo  a  good  effect  upon  outsiders,  espe 
cially  uixm  investors  in  that  land  wliose  ready 
money  has  done  so  much  to  develoj)  the  re- 
sources of  this  country,  but  which  has  passed 
into  a  proverbial  jiliraso  to  indicate  whatever  is 
done  for  show  or  effect.  The  tendency  which 
this  phrase  characterizes,  and  of  wliich  the  hitt! 
emperor  was  thought  to  V)o  an  illustrious  exam- 
ple, is  evident  in  all  deiiartments  of  their  so- 
cial, political,  and  business  life.  Their  style 
of  dressing  and  building,  their  business  and 
professional  methods,  their  school  system  and 
news|)nper  articles,  jiublic  speeches  and  jirivate 
entertain'.uents,  all  retlect  tlie  so\illess  exteriial- 
itv  which  is  cliaracteristic  of  their  religions  life. 

Soci.u,  .\xi>  roLiTK  AL  CoNiiiiuixs,  —  Notwith- 
standing the  fact  that  several  of  the  principal 
cities  of  lirazil  were  foiinded  one  hundred  years 
bet  )re  the"  M.iyllowor"  toucliC(l  at  I'lymouth 
J!  ick,  and  that  sixty  years  before  the  lirst 
Knickerbocker  set  foot  upon  Manhattan  Island 
tlie  twelve  ca|)itanias,  or  colonies,  embracing 
the  territory  now  covered  by  lira.dl,  were  con- 
si'idatel  into  a  gi'iieral  government  with  the 
capital  at  ISahia,  we  iind  today  that,  witli  less 
than  one  tenth  of  the  population  of  the  United 
States,  Urazil  is  fully  half  a  century  bi.liiiul  her 
in  general  civilization. 

(If  the  sparse  population  not  more  than  one 
in  seven  can  read  and  write,  while  the  manu- ' 
facturing  industry  is  in  its  infaiu'y.  the  immense 
mineral  wealtli  of  the  country  is  almost  entirely 
undeveloped,  the  most  j>rimitive  agricultural 
methods  still  jirevail,  the  railroads  are  largely 
ovvned  hy  foreign  capitalists  and  managed  by 
foreign  superinti'iideiits,  the  immense  import- 
ing and  exporting  business  is  almost  entirely  in 
the  hands  of  those  of  other  nationalities.  Yet 
there  are  churches  and  monasteries  two  hun- 
dred and  lifty  years  old,  and  when  IVnn  re- 
ceived the  grant  of  the  lands  bi'armg  his  name 
there  was  already  an  arch  bishopric  in  IJrazil, 
with  several  subordinate  bishoprics.  There  is 
scarce  a  hill  without  its  church,  scarce  a  street 
without  its  priests. 

Some  claim  that  there  is  a  vital  and  neoessani' 
connection  between  the  evident  signs  of  priestly 
predominance  and  the  undeveloped  'condition 
o£  the  peoplo  and  country.  Othtr  explanations 
are  offered  by  those  who  are  unwilling  to  cast 
80  heavy  a  responsibility  upon  the  Church 
which  they  believe  to  lu  the  only  true  one.  It 
i.s  said  that  a  difference  in  climate  accounts  for 
the  difference  in  development  and  ])ro8perity, 
yet  a  considerable  part  of  lirazil  is  in  the  toui- 
porate  zone  or  bordering  upon  it,  while  experi- 
ence has  showii  that,  owing  to  the  varying  alti- 
tudes, prevailing  winds,  dews,  rains,  and  other 


IM  BRAZIL 

modifying  influences,  the  temperature  of  the 
remaining  jiortion  is  not  such  us  to  interfere, 
to  any  considerai.io  extent,  with  mental  or  phys- 
ical activit.v.  Neither  will  it  suffice  to  say  that 
the  country  has  '  ibored  under  the  disadvantage' 
of  a  monarchical  form  of  government,  and  un- 
til sixty  xears  ago  was  a  I'ortngucse  colony, 
treated  by  the  mother  country  with  the  most 
KUiipressive  rigor,  for  the  United  States  also, 
at  the  bo.;inning  of  its  career,  was  the  colony  of 
a  monarchical  government,  but  soon,  resenting 
the  indilTereiice  with  whn  li  its  interests  were 
treated,  successfully  rebelled  against  it,  and  the 
ipiestion  still  remains  why  lirazil  did  not  cen- 
turies ago  do  the  same 

The  most  plausible  explanation  is  that  the 
fortunes  of  the  countries  were  contided  to  races 
widely  differing  in  their  j  hysical  and  mental 
characti^ristics,  and  that  therefore  it  was  im- 
po.ssible  that  similar  results  should  follow.  A 
reference  to  history,  however,  shows  that  at  the 
epoch  when  I'razil  was  discovered  the  I'cu'tu-, 
guese  were  among  the  most  advanced  and  civil- 
i/.ed  Kuropeaii  jjcoples,  and  many  of  the  works 
of  the  lirst  settlers,  which  still  exist,  Jirove 
their  energy  and  enterprise.  In  so  far  as  the 
race  (piestion  enters  into  the  problem  it  has  to 
do  almost  exclusively  with  the  modification  of 
the  original  settling  race  by  causes  alread}' 
noticed. 

I'hc  true  explanation  undoubtedlj-  is,  that  the 
struggle  between  the  competing  elements  of 
civilization  to  which  Guizot  ascribes  the  rajiid 
juogress  of  develoiuneut  in  Euroi)ean  countries 
has  from  the  beginning  been  entirely  wanting 
in  r.razil,  while  ecclesiasficism,  unrestrained 
and  unmodilied  by  any  opj)osing  influence,  for 
over  three  centuries  has  worked  out  a  form  of 
civilization  which  may  be  fairly' considered  ft 
true  exponent  of  its  inherent  nature  and  juin- 
ciides. 

The  extiiit  to  which  the  ecclesiastical  influ- 
ence has  been  the  iiredominating  one  in  mould- 
ing the  civilization  of  the  country  is  indicated 
by  the  fact  that  the  political  organization  of  the 
country  is  based  upon  the  ecclesiastical.  Tlio 
lowest  political  subdivision  is  the  jiarish.  The 
liuhlic  registers,  births,  deaths,  and  marriages 
are  kept  bv  the  jiarisli  priests.  The  elections 
are  all  held  in  the  parisli  (hurches,  and,  as 
would  be  naturally  inferred,  often  give  rise  to 
scenes  very  much  at  variance  with  the  sujiposed 
saiu  tify  of  the  place. 

It  is  suggestive  that  even  the  roads  through 
the  country  are  only  cared  for  as  they  have  to 
do  with  tlie  parish  churches.  Once  a  year, 
ujion  an  npiiointcd  day,  all  landowners  are  re- 
ciuired  to  jircsent  themselves  at  their  res]iectivo 
liarish  churches,  carrying  hoes,  brush-hooks, 
or  axes.  Then  all  start  t<igetlier  for  their  homes, 
clearing  and  repairing  the  roads  as  they  go  ; 
dividing  as  they  successively  reach  the  turning 
leading  to  their  own  houses,  thus  leaving  a 
wide  cleared  road  from  each  house  to  the  parish 
church.  These  roads  were  formerly  called  sac 
ramiiildl  roads,  as,  in  order  to  incite  to  the 
promjit  and  faithful  jierformanco  of  this  task, 
the  priests  used  to  refuse  to  carry  the  sacra- 
ment to  the  dying  excejit  over  a  well-jirejiared 
road  of  the  regulation  width.  There  are  no 
road  insiiectors  and  no  provision  made  for  the 
care  of  cross-roads,  even  though  leading  to  a 
railroad  station.  So  all  over  the  country  there 
has  been  a  constant  effort  to  make  everything 
centre  in  the  cLuroh,     Of  course,  now  that  with 


BRAZIL 


185 


BRAZIL 


the  iidvftnt  of  the  republic  the  spparntion  of 
Cliurch  uikI  Stati;  liiis  liecii  docri.'i'il,  wc  hiivo 
rwison  to  expoot  that  uU  this  will  so.jii  l>t' 
chiiuniMl. 

h/lantlhm. — Ai'0()r(lin<^  to  the  census  oitfiil 
ntmvi',  in  a  pupulution  of  ',l,'.t:lO,  170,  M.;ii;r),',l',l7 
c;in  ni'ither  roiid  nor  writi',  ami  of  the  l,',ili'2.J"iJ 
cliiHren  of  a  school  iij^e,  only  :i'21,ll'.t  were  en- 
r  )llcil  in  tho  various  schools,  pulilic  and  private. 
'I'lu)  provincu  of  ISahia,  the  hnuio  of  the  nrch- 
bisliop  and  tho  rtdi^,'ious  metropolis  of  the 
cnuntrv,  with  a  population  of  1,Iim),(III0  had 
y(i'2,72l)  uii'iliilidhelds,  unable  to  read  or  write, 
and  only  one  school  for  each  ^,'J71  of  the  jiopu- 
lution. 

Sicalled  relii^ious  instruction  occupies  the 
principal  plac(>  in  the  i)iil)lic  schools,  hours 
l)piuj,'  spent  in  learning;  by  heart  the  prayers 
and  liturf^ios  of  tho  Church  in  an  unknown 
toni^ue,  and  another  considerable  part  of  the 
time  in  meiuorizinjj  theCatechisiu,  whitdi,  bei7i^' 
learned  parrot  like,  without  explanation,  is  al- 
most e((ually  unintelli^ibln  to  the  pu])ils.  As  a 
result  it  is  mt  at  all  unusual  to  lind  Jirazilian 
children  who  have  b(>en  at  the  jiublic  schoids 
for  two  or  three  years,  but  can  barely  spell 
throuf^h  a  sentence,  and  aro  ij^norant  of  tho 
simplest  rules  of  arithmetic.  In  the  rural  dis- 
tricts one  often  comes  across  children  who, 
from  havin;^  learneil  out  of  books  copied  out  by 
tho  teacher,  are  (piito  familiar  with  hand writ- 
in;.,',  but  cannot  read  print  at  all. 

Following  the  system  of  rote  teaching,  which 
is  the  onl.v  one  admissible  in  their  reli^^ious  iii- 
slruetion,  tho  sole  aim  of  the  teachers,  even  in 
the  higher  schocds.  seems  to  be  to  store  the 
memory  ;  no  attempt  is  mailo  to  develop  the 
reasoning  powers  or  to  encourage  original 
thought  or  investigation.  The  child's  head  is 
stuffed  with  lists  of  names,  numbers  and  rules, 
witliout  any  attempt  to  explain  principles  or 
verify  or  apply  them  in  practice.  Mathematics 
are  taught  mostsuiierticially,  while  the  generally 
received  test  of  an  educated  person  is  tlu' ability 
to  speak  a  number  of  languages,  like  the  late  em- 
peror. As  a  C(Uiseiiuencc,  though  linguists  aro 
common,  scientists  aro  very  few  indeed.  About 
tho  only  thing  that  is  tolerably  well  taught  is 
Latin,  and  that  only  because  it  is  an  essential 
part  of  tho  i)riestly  education. 

It  should  bo  noted,  however,  that,  owing  to 
the  efforts  of  the  younger  legislators,  who  aro 
largily  emancipated  from  priestly  control,  a 
fichool  system  has  recently  been  adopted  which 
compares  favorably  with  that  of  any  other  coun- 
try, and  which,  while  providing  for  free  schools 
at  all  points  where  th(>re  aro  a  sutHoieut  num- 
ber of  children,  includes  many  desirable  feat- 
ures, such  as  a  free  normal  school  course,  jieu- 
Rions  of  three  ipiarters  pay  to  those  who  have 
been  engaged  twenty- five  years  in  teaching, 
■with  proportional  amount  for  less  years  of  ser- 
vice under  certain  circumstances.  This  beanti- 
fully  organized  plan,  however,  under  the  mon- 
archy boeaino  utterly  inelfectivo  in  practice 
through  tho  appointment  by  tho  State  of  tlio 
Inspectors  of  Public  Instruction,  who  were  con- 
secpiently  in  sympathy  with  the  religion  of  tho 
State  and  tho  policy  which  that  religion  Las 
ever  found  most  conducive  to  its  interests — i.e., 
leaving  tho  mass  of  tho  people  in  ignorance. 
As  showing  tho  way  in  which  these  insiiectors 
attended  to  their  duties,  it  is  sulHcient  to  men- 
tion that  when  the  educational  reform  laws 
were  put  into  execution  lately,   a  number  of 


teachers  in  different  provinces  were  stricktn 
from  the  roll  as  (iii'dpli'iht-lcs;  unable  to  either 
read  (U'  write.  They  had  jirobably  slippe<l  in 
as  lem|iorarv  substitut  -s  for  tiachers  who  were 
absent  or  sick,  and  then  thnuigh  the  careks.s- 
uess  or  ignorance  of  the  inspectors,  or  perhajis 
through  favoritism,  had  been  allow  ed  to  remain 
and  draw  their  salaries  as  regular  teachers. 

Not  only  do  the  people  fail  to  receive  a  proper 
eilucation  from  the  ("hurch.  but  it  is  ahimst  ini- 
p!)ssible  for  them  to  cditain  it  from  any  other 
source,  as  tho  convent  and  monastery  schools 
and  others  in  whicdi  instruction  is  given  by 
priests  aTid  nuns  are  able  to  i)Ut  tho  price  of 
instruction  and  other  ex[ienses  so  low  that  no 
private  enterprise  can  compete  with  them.  It 
is  for  this  reason  that  many  of  tho  mission 
schools,  notwithstanding  the  large  number  of 
pupils  reported,  continue  to  call  for  funds  from 
home  to  keep  them  up  to  the  desired  jioint  of 
etliciency. 

The  most  important  Protestant  educational 
institution  in  Itrazil.  at  tho  jireseut  time,  is  the 
Collegio  Americano,  or  American  school,  in  Sao 
Taulo,  under  the  charge  of  the  I'resbx  terian 
Church  (North).  This  school  was  opened  with 
ten  members  by  the  Eev.  G.  W.  Chamberlain 
in  1870,  and  was  carried  on  under  the  joint 
directorship  of  Kevs.  (i.  W.  Chamberlain  and 
J.  I!.  Howell  from  1H7.'>  to  18H5.  at  which  time 
the  attendance  had  reached  100.  In  lSfS.')-8() 
Dr.  H.  M.  Lane  assumed  tho  directorship,  giv- 
ing himself  up  entirely  to  tho  school  work  ;  since 
that  time  the  school  has  rapidly  grown,  and 
numbered  at  the  beginning  of  IS'.tO,  -i'l'.)  pu|uls. 
The  school  includes  kindergarten,  primary, 
grammar,  and  normal  school  departments,  and 
a  beginning  has  been  made  in  industrial  woik  ; 
it  draws  fi-om  all  classes  of  society,  the  majorit}' 
of  the  children  being  from  (^atholic  families. 
Since  187S  a  boarding  department  for  gii-ls  has 
been  attached  to  this  school,  and  in  IKS;')  board- 
ing accommodations  for  boys  were  opened  in 
ciuinection  with  the  training  department.  A 
substantial  building  belonging  to  the  pres- 
b.tery,  situated  in  an  excellent  Iticality,  fur- 
nishes school  rooms  for  the  day  schools,  and 
])reseiits  accommodation  for  the  girls'  board- 
ing department.  The  boarding  department  for 
boys  and  candidates  for  the  ministry  is  built 
on  ground  donated  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Chamber- 
lain in  a  growing  suburb  of  the  city.  Of  tho 
necessary  funds  for  its  erection,  !»;10,000  were 
given  by  ladies  in  tho  United  States,  and  5,000 
milreis — about  J;'2,5()0 — were  spontaneously  of- 
fered by  (loneral  ('onto  Jlagalh.'ies,  a  distin- 
guished official  of  the  Hvazilian  army,  resident 
in  Smo  Paulo. 

The  missioii  of  Uo  Presbyterian  Chi..  1. 
(South)  has  iiijiii.'r  i.'s  ca  j  at  Campinas,  in  t'' .• 
State  of  Sao  1  r  ilo,  a  da.  and  bor.rding  schu,  1 
for  boys  and  gi;'ls,  with  spuciou  .  grounds  and 
buiMings  specially  erectei!  for  tlu^  jmriiose, 
founded  by  the  Revs,  (l  .V.  Morton  and  K.  Lane 
about  1871?.  The  attendance  at  these  schools 
at  one  time  was  over  two  hundred,  but  for  rea. 
sons  connected  with  tho  internal  management 
has  declined,  until  it  does  not  at  present  exceed 
half  that  number. 

The  Metliodist  Episcopal  ( 'hurch  (South)  hag 
a  nourishing  boarding  school  for  girls  at  Piraci- 
eabn,  founded  by  the  lU'v.  J.  liansome  and  5Iiss 
^Vatt  in  the  year  1H81.  This  embraces  a  kinder 
garten,  primary  and  grammar  Bcliool  dejiart- 
mcnts,  with  beautiful  and  appropriate  buildings, 


•w 


\' 


w 


BRAZIL 


18G 


LKJxZa^ 


tho  fuuils  for  which  were  contribntwl  \>v  the 
liiilies'  societies  of  their  chiirch  iu  the  I'niietl 
States.  Tills  seliool  lias  lieeu  |>utruiiize<l  liy 
Hoiuii  of  tho  woiilihiest  and  iui>st  iuiportaut 
t'luiiilies  iu  the  country,  ami  has  nt  |ir<rMrnt  a 
liU'f^e  utteuchincc. 

i'lie  saiiio  chiu'di  lius  a  siiuihir  Hcbool.  with 
beautiful  liiiihliir^s,  dilighttiiUy  >itUiUe<l  in  iiue 
of  the  suburbs  of  Kio  tie  Janeiro,  foiui<le<l  by- 
Miss  liruct!  iu  IMS."). 

I'here  are  uiinnrous  day  schools  connected 
witli  tlie  dilfii'eut  nii:>Bi.iiis  at  niituy  different 
Iioiiils  tliiMUj^lioiit  the  country,  but  a.s  theM-  are 
desij^ued  |>nuci|)ally  fur  the  eilrication  of  the 
chiKlifU  of  believers,  ftr  the  prejiaration  of 
youiij4  luou  for  (iospel  work,  we  deeui  it  tin- 
necossiiry  to  euuiiiurate  theui  here. 

Tiie  J'lus.i.  —  With  [nrhaps  one  or  two  unsuc- 
cessful atteiui)ts,  there  was  no  printiugjiress 
e.stabli-ihud  lu  the  couutry  till  after  l"**'-*.  when 
ft  .suiall  one  was  set  up  under  court  control.  Of 
late  years  a  t,'reat  adviinca  has  be«u  uiiule  in  this 
respect,  especially  iu  the  publication  of  news- 
papers iu  all  parts  of  the  country.  Consider- 
able original  literary  and  scientitic  work  is  be- 
iug  duiie  bytherisiui;  generation  of  yonnj;  men, 
many  of  whom  have  been  edncated  aliroad. 
The  i)ress  is  absolutely  free  ;  paiupLIets  and 
books  of  every  desciiption  can  be  pnblisheil 
without  any  previous  liceii.se.  Nearly  all  the 
daii.v  papers  will  publish  religious  and  even 
conirovei'sial  articles  at  the  ordinary  rates  ;  this 
is  not,  however,  a  special  favor  to  the  Protes- 
tants, as  they  accor<l  the  same  liberty  to  I'osi- 
tivists.  Spiritualists,  sceptics,  or  any  one  else 
wlio  choses  to  pay  for  it.  These  jiablications 
through  the  dailj*  papers  offer  a  very  easy  and 
etKiuent  lueatis  of  dis.seminating  the  tmtfa, 
which  has  been  greatly  blessed,  and  wonid  Lave 
been  more  utilized  hud  the  funds  been  forth- 
comiug. 

Tho  evr.ngelical  literature  of  the  country  is 
nt  present  exceedingly  limited,  consisting  prin- 
cipally of  works  on  the  differences  between  Ito- 
manism  and  Protestantism,  a  few  derotioual 
books,  volumes  of  sermons,  a  church  history, 
Sunday-school  books,  catechisms,  and  tracts. 
Both  the  Presbyterian  and  Methodist  bodies 
havo  published  brief  coiupendinms  of  theology, 
and  there  is  a  Portuguese  tran.slation  of  the 
Episcopal  Prayer-lJook,  besicles  several  collec- 
tions of  hymns,  some  of  them  with  mnsic,  for 
the  use  of  the  different  churches.  There  are, 
ns  yet,  no  commentaries  on  any  part  of  the 
Scripture,  no  l?ible  dictionary,  no  coneonlance, 
alm.ist  no  helps  to  the  study  of  tho  Bible  except 
a  liible  index. 

lirazil  has  at  present  six  Prote.stant  news- 
papers ;  the  liitprrnsn  Ernnijeliift,  weekly.  Pres- 
byterian, fouiKled  iu  ls»i4  ;  Ecnmjtli.sUi,  three 
times  a  mouth,  Presbyterian  ;  AfKJfjisUi  <1it\s- 
iilo,  weekly  ;  Rrposilnr  I'liriM'iK,  fortnightly  ; 
Ar<mU),  monthly,  Presbyterian  ;  I'-ilpito  Evin- 
ijelicn,  monthly,  undenominational. 

Lollnies. — liottery  selling  in  Brazil  has  be- 
come a  regular  business.  In  every  city  there 
are  shops  ilevoted  exclusively  to  the  sale  of  lot- 
tery tickets,  besides  l^insks  on  the  street  comers, 
stands  at  the  railway  stations,  etc.,  perambu- 
lating sellers  walking  the  streets  and  moiuit«<l 
ones  scouring  the  conntry.  So  nnmerons  are 
the  lotteries  that  not  a  week,  and  hardly  a  day, 
passes  without  a  drawing  in  .some  part  of  the 
country,  and  the  tickets  of  all  arc  scattere<l  far 
and  wide. 


The  Minister  of  I'inanco,  in  his  report  for  ISS", 
Ktntts  that  during  that  year  S2,'jr)tl,(l()0  were 
.•<piiit  by  the  piciple  of  that  C(Uiiitry  upon  lot- 
tery .ickets.  When  it  is  remombeied  that,  in 
.ublition  to  the  regular  price  of  the  tickets,  tho 
various  agents  lU'  sellers  charge  a  percentage, 
the  cost  to  the  country  of  the  lotteries  might 
rightly  bo  put  thnvu  as  at  hast  $:l, (100,000  a. 
year. 

-V  very  large  proportion  -uiiie  tenths  at  least— 
of  the  liitti  riis  are  orgaiii/ed  for  tho  saki'  of 
raising  funds  for  buiKling,  enlarging,  or  rejiair- 
ing  <hur<-hes,  while  ol  '.he  remainder  nearly  all 
are  f.)r  hospitals,  asylums,  or  other  institutions 
under  ecclesiastical  care  or  control.  There  is 
at  jiresent  building  in  the  cit,v  of  Sao  I'aulo  a 
grand  cathedral  to  cost  $1,000,000,  all  the  funds 
for  which  are  being  raided  by  lotteries. 

This  facility  of  nivosling  their  earnings  in  a 
way  that  may  possibly  bring  in  a  tliousaml  fold 
in  a  few  days  iiroduces  the  inevitable  etfect  of 
iuterfeiing  with  the  formation  of  habits  of 
thrift  and  ec<)Uoni,v  on  the  jiart  of  the  laboring 
classes,  while  tending  to  indispose  men  iu  all 
walks  of  life  to  the  slow  and  sure  methods  of 
doing  business.  The  rule  that  the  iiuuiber  of  I 
savings  banks  in  any  country  is  in  inverse  ratio^ 
to  the  number  of  lotteries  holds  good  in  Brazil. 
Indeed,  .savings  banks  are  here  practically  un- 
known, being  represented  by  a  single  govern- 
ment institution  with  several  branches,  iu  which 
not  more  than  !i25  can  be  deposited  at  one 
time,  and  so  managed  that  making  a  deposit  in- 
volves the  loss  of  half  a  day  to  the  depositor. 

Meitdiainri/. — The  Brazilian  idea  of  tho  charity 
which  covers  a  multitude  of  sins  is  promiscu- 
ous giving,  without  investigation  and  without 
thought,  to  every  applicant  who  jireseuts  him- 
self. .\s  a  result,  in  Bra/il  poor-houses  and 
poor-rates  are  unknown,  neither  is  there  any 
call  for  them,  ])rivate  charity  )iroviding  an  am- 
ple support  f(U'  the  class  which  in  othi.-r  coun- 
tries is  dependent  upon  the  State.  Begging 
seems  to  be  recognized  as  a  legitimate  mode  of 
obtaining  a  livelihood,  and  in  some  cities  beg- 
gars are  regularly  licensed,  and  wear  a  numbered 
badge,  like  policemen.  Beggars  on  horseback, 
too,  are  here  not  an  uncommon  sight  ;  as  many 
as  half  a  dozen  at  a  time  may  be  counted  on 
the  streets  of  certain  towns.  It  should  be  said, 
however,  that  these  nro  lepers,  so  crippled  by 
disease  that  they  could  go  about  in  no  other 
way. 

In  most  cities,  however,  this  class  aro  con- 
fined within  tho  walls  of  the  lazarettos  main- 
tained for  their  especial  benotit.  As  a  rule,  too, 
beggars  aro  only  allowed  to  solicit  alms  on  one 
day  in  the  week,  and  on  that  day  tho  streets  aro 
full  of  them.  They  aro  satistied  with  very  lit- 
tle, one  or  two  cents  being  the  usual  donation, 
but  as  they  go  regularly  along  a  street,  from 
house  to  house  and  store  to  store,  and  aro 
almost  never  refused,  they  readily  take  enough 
in  a  day  to  support  them  a  week.  Indeed,  many 
of  them  buy  houses  and  lay  up  money.  This 
is  well  known  ;  but  as  tho  motive  for  giving  is 
not  so  much  to  relieve  distress  as  to  nccjuiro 
merit,  or,  perhaps,  in  some  cases  to  rid  them- 
selves in  the  easiest  way  of  a.  bore,  that  makes 
no  difference  in  the  contributions.  In  many 
of  the  business  houses  they  havo  tho  matter  of 
giving  nicely  systematized.  The  pennies  which 
they  expect  to  give  during  the  day  are  spread 
out  upon  a  dry-goods  box  near  the  door,  and  ns 
the  beggars  preseut  themselves  they  aro  pointed 


BRAZIL 


187 


BRAZIL 


to  tbern,  iiiiil  eaoh  ouo,  with  tbo  oiilinary  riR- 
lunr  )lu  oi'  timnk-i,  ijuietly  iiioks  up  his  coin  and 
biisii'iis  on  to  tho  next  place.  It  is  cousiilured 
exc'jodingly  rmlo  and  uui^^ntlemaiily  to  refuso 
nil  ahin  wlion  solicited,  and  if  for  any  reason 
one  is  iinalile  to  i^ive,  he  is  expected  to  say 
"  exc\iso  un;''  or  "  pardon  me." 

Tho  same  prin<^iplo  runs  all  through  .society  ; 
all  tho  wealthier  families  have  lar^o  numbers  of 
haa^jers  on,  who  look  to  them  directly  or  imli- 
rectly  for  their  support.  It  is  very  common  for 
women  who  are  no  relation  to  be  received  into 
a  house,  boarded,  clothed,  and  treated  in  all 
respects  as  one  of  the  famdy  in  return  for  any 
littio  services  which  they  may  choose  to  render. 

It  does  not  require  a  political  economist  to 
geo  that  the  eneourai^ement  of  mendicancy  and 
the  removing;  of  motives  for  exertion  promote 
idleness  and  shiftlessness,  and  directly  reduc- 
ing; tho  working  force  of  the  country,  dimiui.sh 
its  prosperity. 

I['i'iiliii/!i. — There  is  a  very  considerable  waste 
of  wiirkinj^  time,  duo  to  tho  freijueiitly  recurrinfj 
saints'  days.  As  those  days  arc  not  observed 
relij^iously  by  tho  mass  of  the  people,  but  as 
tini  's  of  recreation  and  dissi|)atiou,  tho  t^reater 
part  of  the  following  day  is  usually  nec^essarj-  to 
recover  from  them.  It  is  very  unusual  to  And 
tho  printing  otHces  and  worksliops  with  more 
than  half  a  working  force  on  Mondays  or  the 
days  following  tho  saint.s'  days.  An  English- 
man who  had  taken  charge  of  a  large  coffee 
plantation  which  had  come  into  tho  possession 
of  tho  Englisli  ISank  through  tho  foreclosure  of 
a  m  )rtgagi',  and  tho  slaves  having  been  liberated, 
was  obliged  to  carry  on  tho  \\ork  by  free  labor, 
finally  throw  up  the  job  in  disgust,  saying  that 
with  their  saints'   days,  tho  time  taken  tip  in 

i)repariug  for  them  and  recovering  from  them, 
le  could  not  count  on  an  average  of  more  than 
two  humlred  days'  work  a  year  from  each  work- 
man, and  that  it  was  impossible  to  manage  a 
plantation  successfully  under  such  disadvan- 
tages. Since  tho  advent  of  tho  republic  things 
have  been  worse  than  before  in  this  respect, 
as  tho  gDvernment,  when  it  (b^creed  the  separa- 
tion of  tho  Church  and  State,  abolished  all  tin; 
old  relit^ious  holiilays,  and  appointeil  half  a 
dozju  new  ones.  The  workmen  ])ersist  in  keep- 
ing tho  old  holidays,  as  it  was  understood  that 
they  should  have  th  )so  days  free  when  they 
contracted  their  servicer,  and  will  not  work  on 
tho  new  holidays,  becansi!  tho  law  gives  them  a 
right  to  them.  This  will,  however,  jirobably 
soo!i  right  itself,  and  the  old  saints'  day.s  bo 
entirely  abandoned. 
Mission    Work, 

EviiLV  ArrKMPTs  .\t  Evaxoelizatmn-. — It  is  r. 
very  deeply  interesting  fact  that  tho  verv  first 
eff  )i't  of  tho  Christian  Church  after  the  Refor- 
miili'>n  to  engage  in  foreign  missions  was  that 
of  the  church  at  Geneva  to  send  tho  Gospel  to 
the  inhabitants  of  Itrazil.  Coligny,  the  great 
French  Huguenot,  and  other  friends  of  the  truth 
coiureivod  tho  idea  of  establishing  a  Protestant 
colony  in  South  .Vmericaas  a  place  of  refuge  for 
their  persecuted  brethren,  who  were  the  vic- 
tinn  nf  ])a|)al  fury  in  Europe. 

In  !.").").■)  an  expedition,  consisting  of  three 
small  vessel.'i,  under  tho  connnand  of  one  Vil- 
legagnon,  ,i  distingui.shod  Frcm-h  naval  olHcer, 
sailed  from  Havre  de  Grace  to  what  is  now  the 
harbor  of  Uio  de  Janeiro,  where  they  estab- 
lishoil  themselves  on  an  island,  called  tj  this 
day  Villegagnoa,  iu  honor  of  tho  leader  and,  as 


ho  afterwaid  proved  to  be,  treacherous  de- 
stroyer of  this  i'xpedition.  Their  joyous  re- 
ception by  tho  natives,  who  were  at  war  with 
the  I'or'uguese,  and  other  circumstances  seemed 
to  warrant  high  hopes  of  success. 

On  the  return  of  tho  vessels  to  Europe  great 
interest  was  awakened  for  tho  establishment  of 
the  reformed  religion  iu  those  remote  jiarts  ; 
and  the  church  at  Geneva,  under  Calvin  and 
his  colleagues,  sent  two  ministers  ami  fourteen 
students  to  accompany  tho  secuncl  expediticm. 
Soon,  however,  after  these  new  colonists  reached 
their  ilestination,  tho  real  and  villainous  char- 
acter of  Vill(!gagnon  revealed  itself  in  a  series 
of  annoyances  and  i)ersecutions  against  the 
faithful  Huguenots,  who,  having  gone  thither 
with  tho  hope  of  enjoying  full  liberty  of  cou- 
scienco,  found  their  condition  worse  than  be- 
fore. The  premature  ruin  of  tho  colony  was 
soon  consummated.  Many  of  the  colonists  re- 
turned to  Europe.  Of  those  who  remained 
three  wero  put  to  death  by  their  infamous  jier- 
secutor,  and  others  lied  to  tho  Indians  and 
Portuguese.  Among  tho  latti'r  was  one  named 
John  iSoles,  who  is  noted,  even  in  the  annals 
of  tho  Jesuits,  as  a  man  of  considerable  learn- 
ing, being  well  versed  in  both  Greek  and  He- 
brew. Escaping  frtuu  Villegagnon,  J<ihn  liole.s 
went  to  .St.  Vinconte,  near  the  prt^seiit  site  of 
Santos,  the  chief  seaport  of  tho  province  of  Sao 
Paulo,  the  earliest  Portuguese  settlement  in 
that  iiart  of  tho  country,  and  whore  the  Jesuits 
hail  a  colony  of  Indians  catechized  according  to 
their  mode.  According  to  the  Jesuit  chroniclers 
themselves,  the  Huguenot  minister  preached 
with  such  boldness,  elo([uence,  and  erudition 
that  ho  was  lik(dy  to  iiervert,  as  they  term  it, 
great  numbers  of  their  adepts.  I'nabU  to  with- 
stand him  by  arguments,  they  caused  him  to  bo 
arrested,  with  several  of  his  companions.  .John 
Holes  was  taken  to  Bidiia,  about  a  thousand 
miles  distant,  where  he  lay  iu  prison  eight 
years.  When,  iu  lot!?,  tho  Portuguese  finally 
succeeded  iu  expelling  tho  I'rench  from  that 
I)art  of  their  dominions,  the  governor,  Mem  do 
Sa,  sent  for  the  Huguenot  prisoner  and  hi.d 
him  put  to  death  on  tho  present  site  of  tho  city 
of  Uio  do  Janeiro,  in  onler,  it  was  said,  to  ter- 
rify his  countrymen,  if  any  of  them  should  be 
lurking  in  those  parts.  The  Jesuits  boast  that 
Anchii'ta,  their  great  apostle  in  IJrazil,  suc- 
ceeded in  winning  tho  heretic-,  to  the  ])a|)al  faith 
on  the  eve  of  his  execution,  and  tlun  helped 
the  hangman  to  disi)atcli  him  as  iiuickly  as  pos- 
sible, so  as  to  hurry  him  off  to  glory  before  ho 
could  have  time  to  recant.  This  is,  doubtless, 
a  Krave  injustice  to  that  heroic  witness  for  tho 
truth,  invented  for  tlio  double  imrpose  of  stain- 
ing his  memory  and  shielding  and  exalting  their 
own  order. 

Tho  blood  of  J.)hii  ]!oles  and  his  faithful 
fellow-servants,   who  were   there  slain   for  tho 


testimony   of  Jesus,    has  been  cr>ing   to 


id 


from  those  shores  for  over  three  huniired 
years  ;  crying,  not  for  vengeance  on  their  jier- 
secutors,  but  for  mercy  to  their  descendants  ; 
that  cry  comes  still  to  day  to  the  descendants 
of  the  Huguenots  in  this  land,  and  to  all  who, 
by  the  grace  of  God,  have  obtained  a  like  pre- 
cious faith,  beseeching  them  to  carry  the  light 
of  tho  Gospel  to  that  beautiful  land,  oviir  which 
tho  darkness  of  Uomanism  has  hung  like  tho 
shadow  of  death  for  ,hree  centuries.  Would  to 
Go  1  a  double  portion  of  that  lonely  martyr's 
spirit  might  fall  oa  many  who  cull  themselves 


)  M 


BRAZIL 


188 


BRAZIL 


Hervftnts  of  the  sumo  Jesna  for  whose  sake  John 
Holes  (vmiitinl  not  hi.s  lifc'deiir  unto  him. 

Tlu,'  blood  of  tlid  nmrtjTH  is  the  seeil  of  the 
Church  ;  and  the  seed  thus  sown,  iiiiiid  tho 
stoniis  of  luiin's  suvat;e  wiiitli,  in  the  rank  wilds 
of  South  Auieriea,  though  it  lay  lonj;  hidden, 
or  was  ovon  trodden  down,  was  not  lost.  We 
have  Seen  it  hud  and  hriu^  forth  fruit.  .\  rich 
harvest  of  ^raiid  results  awaits  the  wateriuj^ 
and  the  ini^athering. 

Tho  Dutch  atteiaptod  to  er.tahlish  themselves 
at  dilVcrcnt  jxiints  in  tlie  northern  part  of  the 
c  luntry,  from  liahia  to  Maranhao,  during  morn 
or  less  of  tho  second  quarter  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  Godly  i)astors  ftccomjianied  their  ex- 
peditions and  preached  a  pure  (iospel  in  their 
settlements.  IJut  this  can  hardly  lie  classed  as 
missionary  effort  for  the  permanent  dwellers  of 
the  land  ;  and  all  trace  of  their  labors  seems  to 
have  passed  away  with  the  language  and  au- 
thority of  the  hold  invaders,  except  the  men- 
tion h_\  Siuthey,  in  his  Histor;)  nf  Unizil,  that 
they  had  prepared  a  catechism  in  the  language 
of  the  Imlian.s,  whom  they  catechised,  and  other 
hooks  of  an  evangelical  character  iu  Tortu 
guese. 

liECEST  Ev.vNOEi.isTic  Effokts.  — To  the  lleth- 
odist  E|piscopal  (Jhurcli  of  the  United  States 
liel  ings  the  honor  of  tho  first  attempt  to  plant 
the  (rospel  in  ]>ra/il  in  modern  times.  In  1S3(! 
the  liev.  Mr.  S|iaulding  went  to  Kio  de  Janeiro 
as  a  missionary  of  that  Church,  The  Kov. 
D.  P.  Kidder  joined  him  in  islis.  The  death 
of  his  wife  compelled  l>r.  Kiihkr  to  return 
home  in  IHIO.  Tho  linaiioial  pressure  of  those 
times  led  to  tho  abandonment  of  the  mission, 
and  Mr.  Spauldiiig  returned  in  1N12.  Their 
labors  seem  to  have  been  earnest  and  abundant 
for  the  American  and  English  residents  in  Kio 
de  Janeiro  ami  the  seamen  visiting  the  harbor, 
while  engdged  iu  studying  the  language,  but  it 
is  not  known  that  they  ever  estaldished  a  regu- 
lar service  of  worship  and  iireaching  in  the 
Portuguese  tongue.  J)r.  Kidder,  who  with  Dr. 
Flotciier  afterward  i)ublished  lintzil  (iml  Ike 
lirdziUans,  travelled  extensively,  and  aided  in 
putting  into  circulation  many  copies  of  tho 
Scriptures.  Even  before  that  time  agents  of 
the  -Vmerican  and  Uritish  and  Foreign  liible  soci- 
eties had  visited  most  of  the  important  points, 
and  had  widely  scattered  tho  good  seed.  These 
societies  have  continued  their  efforts,  with 
some  interruptions,  during  subse(pient  years, 
and  still  offer  tho  most  generous  cooperation 
in  the  great  work  in  that  land. 

Tuo  Kev.  J.  <'.  Fletcher,  a  Presbyterian  min- 
ister, labored  for  a  time  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  un- 
der the  auspices  of  tho  American  ami  Foreign 
Christian  Union  and  the  Seanmn's  Friend  So- 
ciety about  1851-511.  The  data  are  not  at  hand 
for  an  accurate  statement  of  date  and  duration 
of  his  labors,  or  their  npture  and  results. 

Dr.  Kalley,  a  pious  Scotch  jihysician,  well 
known  through  his  successful  labors  in  Madeira, 
in  1.S12  to  IMiri,  wont  to  lUo  do  Janeiro  about 
1854  or  1855,  and  for  many  ye  .rs  preached  and 
labored  there  at  his  owti  exjionse.  Mo  has  had 
a  church  at  Kio  de  Janeiro  since  1S58  and  some 
preaching  stations  in  the  suburbs,  and  in  lx7U 
he  organized  a  church  in  Peruambuco.  Dr. 
Kalley,  who  had  no  ecclesiastical  relations  with 
any  branch  of  the  Church,  retired  from  Krazil 
in  187(').  The  Rev.  J.  JI.  (J.  Santos,  a  native  of 
Brazil,  has  since  that  time  been  pastor  of  the 
churcli  in  liio  de  Jauciio.     Rev.  James  Fau- 


stone,  nn  Englishman,  is  at  present  pastor  of 
the  church  iu  t'ernamlmco. 

The  Kev.  A.  G,  Simonton,  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  (North),  lauded  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  in 
August,  185',),  and  was  joined  by  the  Kev.  A.  D. 
Dhiekford  in  July,  1^(1(1.  Mr.  Simout(Ui  opened 
a  place  for  prea(diing  in  May,  l8(il,  in  u  small 
room  in  tho  third  story  of  a  house  in  one  of  the 
narrow  central  streets  of  the  city.  Jlis  first 
audience  consisted  of  two  men  to  w  hom  he  had 
been  giving  instruction  in  English,  who  at- 
tended as  ail  act  of  courtesy  to  tlu'ir  teacher. 
They  were  interested,  and  at  tho  next  meeting 
brought  a  companion  with  them.  At  a  third 
meeting  half  u  dozen  were  present,  and  so  grad- 
milly  increasing,  the  work  has  gone  en  from 
that  day  to  this. 

In  18(12  Mr.  Simonton  organized  n  chuich 
with  two  members  ;  one  of  them  was  one  of  the 
two  attendants  at  the  tirst  Portuguese  service, 
the  other  an  American  from  New  York,  whose 
conversion  was  the  result  of  Mr.  Simonton's 
labors.  Up  to  the  end  of  1885  more  than  three 
hundred  and  twenty  persons  had  been  received 
on  profession  of  their  faith  to  membership  iu 
the  church  of  Kio  do  Janeiro,  nearly  all  of  theki 
being  converts  from  Romanism  or  tho  infidelity 
and  indifference  into  which  Romanism  drives 
tliinking  men.  This  church,  which  is  now  self- 
supporting,  is  at  present  under  the  care  of  tho 
Rev.  .V.  Trojano. 

In  October,  18(;3,  Sao  Paulo  was  occujiied  as 
a  mission  station  by  the  Rev.  A.  I,,  lilackford, 
who  was  succeeded  in  ls(i('i-(17  by  the  Rev. 
G.  \V.  Chamberlain,  who  is  still  laboring  tlu^e. 
.V  church  was  organized  there  in  18(;5,  and  of 
those  who  at  that  time  professed  their  faith 
lour  iiave  entered  the  ministry  and  done  noble 
service  for  tho  Muster.  .Vbout  two  hundred 
have  protesscnl  their  faith  in  that  church  since 
the  beginning,  and  its  members,  more  than  those 
of  any  other  church,  have  >)een  scattered  far  and 
wide  over  flit'  country,  carrying  a  blessing  with 
them.  Sfio  Paulo  has  been  selected  by  t)\e 
Presbyterian  Mission  as  the  seat  of  their  Traim- 
ing  School  for  Native  Teachers  and  Ministers. 
It  possesses  an  extremclj'  healthful  climate,  is 
tho  railroad  centre  of  the  most  progressive  Statu 
in  tho  republic,  and  is  also  tho  seat  of  the  old- 
est law  school  on  the  western  hemis])here,  at- 
tended by  u  very  largo  number  of  lirazilian 
youth,  and  the  Alma  JIater  of  the  majority 
of  lirazilian  statesmen  ;  for  these  reasons  it  has 
also  been  selected  as  the  site  of  the  Protestant 
college  for  which  funds  are  now  being  raised. 

During  1801)  and  18(11  a  few  tracts  and  books, 
and  a  very  few  copies  of  the  Scriptures,  had  been 
circulated  by  tho  Rov.  J.  M.  da  Conceu.-.'io,  a 
former  vicar  of  the  parish,  in  the  district  of 
lirotas,  an  agricultural  neigliborhood  170  miles 
fnun  tho  capital.  After  repeated  and  urgiut 
calls  to  go  and  preach  to  them,  they  were  vis- 
ited in  February  and  again  about  Ajiril,  18()5. 
It  was  then  a  tedious  and  labori(ms  journey  ou 
horse  or  mulebaclr,  over  rough  roads  and  some- 
times through  mere  bridle  paths.  The  mode  of 
work  was  to  go  from  house  to  house,  preaching, 
reailing,  and  expounding  the  Kible.  The  Spirit 
of  God  had  been  there  preparing  tho  way,  and 
was  present  to  seal  Ilis  Word  on  the  hearts  of 
men.  The;  truth  took  deep  hold  on  those  rus- 
tic but  intelligent  minds.  Desperadoes,  who 
had  been  tl'c  terror  of  their  neigjiborhoods,  sat 
meekly  at  ihe  feet  of  Jesus  ;  men  and  families 
who  littd  sunk  very  low  in  iguoraace  and  oor- 


BRAZIL 


189 


BRAZIL 


rni)tion  wpro  snvod  and  lifted  np.  In  Novoin- 
licr  of  tlio  siiuio  year,  IHd.j,  h  oliuii'h  wiis  orf,'iiii- 
izimI  thero  cousistin)^  of  eUivt-u  cDUvcris  froui 
liniiio.  Tho  Uuv.  K,  Luiiniii'^tou  weutto  IJrotas 
to  rt'sido  in  ISflH,  and  roiimintMl  there  till  1H72. 
From  this  ccntro  tho  work  1ms  spreiul  in  every 
direction  through  all  that  seotion  of  country, 
niitil  WIS  are  now  alile  to  count  nine  neighbor- 
iiif;  churchoM,  the  lineal  descemlants  of  tlii!  old 
lirntiis  phiiroh.  The  Kevs,  Traiano,  Miranda, 
and  linij^a,  and  the  nussionaries  J.  F.  l)af,'ania 
and  •!.  15.  llowcll,  have  resided  in  this  field  and 
labored  there  for  varyinj^  periods.  Tlie  llevs. 
Daviaiua  and  IJraga  are  still  on  tho  <;rounil, 

Many  of  those  who   had  eiabraciMl  the  (lospel 
around    Urotas  had   removed   thitlier  from  tho 
iieighborinf^  provinc^e  of  Minas  Creraes,  a  distanee 
of  from  one  to  two  hundred  miles.     Throuffh 
them    tho   truth    was    carrii'd    thenee   to    their 
friends   and    families    who   remained    behind  ; 
an  1   there   we   liave   to-day  liilf   a  <lozen  more 
<nL;ani/ations,  traeinj^  their  origin   to  tho  seeil 
lirst  s  )wn   in  lirntas.     Tlio  members  in  all  of 
these  ehu'ohes  now  number  more  than  a  thou 
sand.     Tho  Minas  ehurehes  havt;  been   minis 
tered   to  for  many   years  by  the  Kev.    M.    (i 
Torres,    and    moro    recently    by   the   Kev.    (". 
Nogueira. 

A  similar  spreading  i)roee.ss  took  jilace  from 
Soroeaba  as  a  eeutre.  This  town,  (10  miles  west 
from  Sao  Paulo,  was  tirst  oeeuiiiiil  by  tho  Kev.  .\. 
v.  deC.  Leitoabout  ln71.  and  there  are  now  lying 
to  the  iiortli  and  west  of  it  four  other  ehurehes, 
offshoots  from  the  i)arent  cliundi.  This  lield  is 
at  iiresent  under  tho  care  of  the  Kev.  Zacarias 
Miranda. 

In  IHHi  a  ehuix'h  was  organized  in  Campanha, 
in  the  southwest  part  of  Minas  (ioraes,  l)y  the 
Kev.  E.  0.  I'ereira,  tho  present  pastor  of  the 
ehureh  in  Sao  I'aulo.  The  ("ampanha  chureli 
and  the  neighboring  lield  are  at  present  under 
;he  earo  of  tho  Kev.  Kenodicto  do  Campos. 

Kaliia  was  occui)ied  as  a  mission  station  by 
the  Kev.  F.  J.  C  Schneider  in  1H71.  He  was 
succeeded  by  tho  Kev.  R.  Lennington  in  1W77, 
and  he  by  "tho  Kev.  A.  L.  Klackford  in  IHSl, 
who  was  joined  by  the  Kev.  ,1.  ]!.  Kolb  in  1**<1. 

Caehoeira,  distant  ■!•")  miles  fnuii  Kahia,  wa.s 
occupied  as  a  mission  station  by  tho  Kev.  J.  T. 
Houston  in  1875,  and  a  church  was  organized 
there  tho  same  year.  Mr.  Houston  was  trans- 
ferred to  Kio  in  1877,  and  the  church  and  work 
at  Cachoeira  havo  ever  since  been  under  the 
care  of  the  missionaries  residing  in  liahia.  X 
large  number  of  towns  aro  accessible  from  liahia 
by  steamers  and  railroads,  where  tho  way  is 
fully  open  f(U'  preaching  tho  (rospel. 

.Vbout  1S7()  a  prominent  merchant  in  ono  of 
tho  ])riuoipal  towns  of  the  i)rovinco  of  Kergipe 
became  interested  in  tho  (rospel,  through  in- 
ttiienco3  emanating  from  Kio  do  Janeiro,  and 
mainly  through  his  prudent  and  unremitting 
efforts  an  unwonted  interest  in  the  truth  sprang 
up  throughout  a  consideralde  part  of  tho  prov- 
ince. .Vfter  several  visits  by  missionaries  and 
native  helpers  a  churcli  was  organized  in  the 
town  of  Larangeiras  in  1881.  This  jioint  was 
occupied  as  a  mission  station  in  188(1-87  by  the 
Kev.  J.  H.  Kolb,  who  is  still  laboring  there. 

In  1881  the  Kev.  K.  Lennington  made  an  ex- 
tensive tour  through  the  province  of  rarana, 
next  south  of  Sao  Paulo.  Tho  population  of 
Parana  is  sparse,  and  it  was  necessary  to  make 
long  iourneys  on  horseback  in  order  to  reach 
the  various  towns  and  settlements  where  an  in- 


terest in  tho  Crospel  was  known  to  exist.  Tho 
result  was  most  eiiciuu'iging  ;  a  number  of  per- 
sons were  found  who  gave  every  evidence  of 
being  truo  believers,  though  they  never  before 
had  heiird  the  ttospil  preached,  and  two 
chiu'ches  were  organized  th(!  latter  jiart  of  issi 
at  points  far  in  the  interior,  whither  the  seed 
hail  bec'li  carriid  from  the  church  at  Soroeaba. 
Upon  Mr.  Leiinington's  withdrawal  from  tho 
work  the  Kev.  (J.  A.  Landes  took  charge  of  it. 
Tho  growth  of  the  church  in  that  province  has 
been  phenomenal,  and  tlu^  demands  of  the  work 
and  tho  calls  lor  preaching  at  new  places  tax  to 
tho  utmost  the  powers  of  the  three  laborers 
now  on  tho  lield,  the  Kevs.  Landes,  Porter,  and 
M.  P.  J>.  do  ('arvall)osa. 

Tho  Ki!v.  K.  Vaiiorden,  who  from  ls72  to  ]K7fl 
lal)ored  in  connection  with  the  Presbyterian 
lioanl.  in  1^77  commenced  an  indeiKiideut 
work  in  the  city  of  Kio  (irande  do  Sul  at  his 
own  expense,  and  after  some  y(,'ars  (uganized  a 
church  at  that  jioint  which  was  afterward  ad- 
mitted into  tlio  Presbytery  of  Sao  I'aulo,  and  is 
at  present  being  ministered  to  by  the  Kev.  M.  .V. 
Jleneses. 

In  iMd'.t  the  Kevs.  K.  Lane  and  G.  N.  Morton, 
of  tho  Southern  Presbyterian  Church,  ociupieil 
Campinas,  in  tin.'  province  of  S.'io  I'aulo,  and 
about  seventy  miles  northwest  of  tho  capital,  as 
a  mission  station.  They  devoted  themselves  at 
first  to  educational  woik,  and  established  at 
that  point  a  very  flourishing  day  and  boarding 
school  for  boys,  which  was  soon  followed  by  a 
similar  one  for  girls,  which  are  still  in  opera- 
tion, and  whose  intluence  has  been  felt  nil  over 
the  jirovinco,  I'riuii  Campinas  as  a  centre  tho 
work  has  spread  in  every  direction  along  the 
railroads,  and  a  number  of  churches  have  been 
organized  in  tho  neighboring  regions.  In  tho 
year  isst  the  Kev,  .Ii>hn  Koyle,  of  the  sauio 
mission,  made  a  tour  of  several  hundred  miles 
into  the  far  interior,  and  Laving  found  great  in- 
terest in  tho  Crospel  in  the  western  part  of 
Minas  and  tho  province  of  (royaz,  established  a 
mission  station  in  Kagagem,  near  the  boun- 
daries of  the  j)rovince  of  Cioyaz,  and  evangel- 
izing from  that  point  as  a  centre,  has  succeeded 
in  gathering  together  several  nuclei  of  believers 
and  some  organized  churches. 

The  city  of  I'ernanibuco  was  occupied  as  a 
mission  station  by  tho  Kev.  J.  K.  Smith,  of  the 
Southern  Presbyterian  Mission,  in  ls7;i,  and  a 
church  was  organized  by  him  at  that  ]ioint  in 
]s7s.  The  (iospel  influences  emanating  from 
the  cit,v  of  Pernambuco  resu'ted  in  tho  organ- 
iziiiL'  of  various  churches  in  the  same  province 
and  the  neighboring  province  of  Parahvba. 

In  IMS-J  or  ISH'3  the  Rev.  De  I.acy  Wardlaw 
opened  a  new  station  in  the  province  of  Ceani, 
and  about  the  same  time  the  province  of  5Iar- 
anhfio  was  occupied  b.y  the  Rev,  (r.  W,  Kutler, 
JI.l).,  and  the  province  of  Alagoas  by  the  Rev. 
J,  H,  (lauss. 

In  response  to  a  deep  and  widely  spread  feel- 
ing on  the  iiart  of  tho  missionaries  and  native 
ministers  connected  with  the  Presbyterian  mis- 
sions north  and  south,  it  was  resolved,  with 
the  consent  of  their  res]iective  (leneral  Assem- 
blies, to  eonibino  the  Presbyterian  torches  in 
Brazil  by  the  organization  of  a  synod  which 
shoulil  include  all  tho  ministers  and  churches 
formerly  connected  with  the  two  missions. 
This  was  effected  in  .Vugust,  18S8,  by  the  union 
of  the  three  presbyteries  of  Pernambuco,  Cam- 
l)iuas  and  West  of  Minas,  and  Kio  de  Jauuiro 


BRAZIL 


100 


I' 


.    ■ 


into  tlio  Synoil  of  lirnzil,  of  w  liich  tlio  Itov.  .V.  L. 
liliic'ivford,  tlio  iiionopr  liilsHiDlmry,  was  lU'ctod 
the  lirst  iiiodfriitor.  'I'liif  licld  « :i.-i  rt'diHtrilmtt'd 
into  four  prusliyterios,  as  follows  :  IVrnandmco, 
lUo  do  Jiiiu'iro,  Sao  I'ludo,  nnd  Jlinas.  'I'lio 
statistics  of  tlio  clmrclios  conii)osinj^  these  pres- 
byteries, with  dato  of  or^'anization,  present 
nieinliershiii,  etc.,  will  he  found  in  the  tiihles 
ftt  the  end  of  tho  hop    id  volume. 

In  1H7I1  tho  J'  odist  I'.iiiscoiiul  {'liureh 
(South)  of  the  I'niv  .  States  iaaiij^iirated  mis 
Hion  work  in  ISrazil  \>y  sending,'  out  the  Jtev.  .1. 
Iiansome,  who  was  soon  followed  hy  other  mis- 
sionaries, i.y  whom  oliurehes  were  or^^auized  in 
Uio  de  Janeiro,  Sao  I'aulo,  Piracicnha,  .luiz  do 
I'ora,  etc. 

The  Siiuthern  liajitist  ]?oard  liegan  a  mission 
in  lirazil  in  ISHl,  and  now  have  cliurelu  s  in 
lialiia,  Mnceio,  lUo  de  Janeiro,  and  Santa 
liarharii. 

The  Episcopal  Church  of  tho  I'nited  States 
sent  out  the  Itev,  Itichard  Holden  as  a  mission- 
ftry  in  Isdil.  A  Heotehnian  hy  liirth,  he  had 
learned  l'ortu(<uesG  while  engaj^ed  in  Imsiness 
in  IJrazil,  but  afterward  studied  theology  nt 
Grtnibier,  O.,  and  was  ordained  hy  Ifishop 
McFlvaine.  IIo  labored  for  n  year  in  I'ara,  then 
removed  to  lialiia,  but  owing  to  a  misunder- 
standing with  his  committee  in  Now  York,  ho 
left  the  Episcopal  Church  and  withdrew  from 
Hai  I  in  li^fit.  Ho  afterward  became  associate 
pastor  with  Dr.  Kalley  in  Kio  de  Janeiro,  and 
nt  the  same  time  direc^ted  tho  work  of  the  lirit- 
ish  and  Foreign  liiblo  .Society  in  Hrazil.  Fjion 
the  withdrawal  of  Mr.  Holden  the  mission  of 
tho  Episcopal  Church  in  tho  United  States  was 
nbamloiu'd  until  the  year  Imkii,  when  the  Kevs. 
Kingsolving  and  Morris,  having  been  sent  out 
by  that  church,  opened  a  jireaching  jdace  in 
I'orto  Alegre,  tho  capital  of  the  province  of  Kio 
Grande  do  Sul. 

The  South  American  Missionary  Society,  un- 
der the  care  of  tho  ISishop  of  tho  Falkland 
Islands,  has  maintained  chai)lains  nt  dirt'erent 
points,  but  as  these  conrtne  their  labors  almost 
exclusively  to  the  Englisliai)eaking  po|iulation 
in  the  cities,  and  rarely  even  lor.rn  to  sjieak  the 
Portuguese,  they  can  scarcely  be  counted  as 
forming  jiart  of  tho  missionary  force. 

The  llev.  Justus  Nelson,  of  Para,  represents 
the  "  Taylor  Self-supporting  Mission"  in 
Brazil.  This  gentleman  has  held  on  for  yenrs 
w'*h  a  ]>Iuck  and  constancy  vorthy  of  nil  com- 
mendation through  privations  nnd  hnrdships 
which,  it  would  seem,  he  might  have  been 
spared.  His  work  has  been  crowned  with  suc- 
cess, nnd  he  has  now  under  his  CRre  a  flourish- 
ing church  nnd  school.  There  are  nlso  at  other 
points  some  laymen  connected  with  this  mis- 
sion, who  in  the  intervals  of  their  Inhors  for 
their  own  support  conduct  prnyer-meetings  nnd 
do  other  re'igious  work. 

Mention  should  nlso  be  mndo  of  n  number  of 
German  colonies  in  various  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, in  which,  on  nn  average,  perhaps  one-half 
of  the  colonists  are  Protestants.  In  many,  per- 
haps most,  of  tho  more  important  colonies 
there  nro  Protestant  jiastors,  usually  paid  in 
part  by  the  government.  A  j)ortion  of  these 
pastors  are,  in  many  cases,  only  nominally  Prot- 
estants :  some  are  even  infidels.  The  j>eoplo 
generally  say  that  they  want  n  i)nstor  to  baptize 
th(  ir  children,  to  confirm,  mnrry,  nnd  bury 
them,  and  perlinps  tench  n  school,  nnd  for  tho 
rest  to  leave  them  alone  ;  nnd  apparently  many 


of  thei 
once  o 

foiUK' 

the  ' 


BREATH,  EDWARD 

♦  n-q  aspire  to  little  more.     The  prcs. 

I  Proti  Slants  in  a  jihice  is  usually 

.lerioiis  hindrance  to  work  ann)ng 


».ilic  of  Prazil  nitords  a  field  for  niis- 
'  tort  of  great  promise,  but  of  peculiar 

y,  I'nder  tho  new  i;overnment  tluio  is 
.I'y  full  legal  toleration  of  all  forms  of 
t  ..t^elistic  elTort  and  legal  recognition  of 
churches  and  ministers,  but  also  certainty  of 
protection  in  tho  work,  while  the  removal  of 
various  disabilities  an<l  legal  annoyances,  which 
before  deterred  some  from  listening  to  the 
truth,  will  doubtless  give  tho  <iospel  n  more 
ready  accei)tanco  among  classes  which  have 
heretofore  held  aloof. 

In  addition  to  the  obstacles  everywhere  en- 
countered in  the  dejiravity  of  tho  human  heart, 
i-lnvery  to  evil  liabit.  and  love  of  ease,  I'rotes- 
tant  missions  in  lirazil  have  to  contend  with 
the  scepticism  and  indifference,  ignorance,  sti- 
jierstition,  nnd  even  idolatry  engendered  by 
familiarity  with  n  c(uuiterfoit  Christianity. 
Positivism,  mnterinlism,  and  spiritualism  have 
their  votaries,  but  tho  greater  juirt  of  the  ]ieo- 
ple  are  engulfed  in  a  sea  of  worldliuess  wliich 
effectually  excludes  all  serious  thoughts  and 
feelings. 

ISrazil  needs  the  Gospel  not  only  for  her  own 
unevangelized  niultitiKles  of  the  i>resent  day, 
but  in  view  of  her  jirobable  destiny  in  the  nenr 
futuri'.  Much  of  tiie  snfety  of  tho  whole  .\meri- 
can  Continent  may  deiiend  upon  t)ie  missi  uiary 
work  which  shall  be  done  there  in  tho  next  few 
years,  as  that  will  determine  to  a  "reater  or  less 
extent  the  form  which  civiliza(ii>ii  will  assume 
in  that  country  during  tho  comiu^-  century. 

Ilreillll,  K«l\*'lird,  b.  in  New  .,'ork,  Jan- 
uary '2'.id,  IHds.  Highly  recomnien<le(l  as  a 
Christian  and  "  an  accurate,  neat,  ingenious, 
and  every  way  eonipetent  jirinter,"  ho  was  np- 
pointed  by  tho  A.  P.  C.  V.  M.,  nnd  sailed  July 
•21st,  ISKH"  for  Oroomiah,  Persia.  In  ls-17  he 
visited  the  I'nited  States,  was  married,  and  re- 
embarked,  lNl'.t.  Gf  his  labors,  diameter,  and 
influence  as  a  missionary  Dr.  I'erkins  wrote  : 
"  He  has  labored  indetatigably  at  Oroomiah  ns 
r:  jirinter  and  nn  editor.  With  wonderful  tnct 
and  talent  he  has  cut  nnd  constructed  our 
beautiful  fonts  of  Syriae  typo  on  the  spot  from 
year  to  year,  with  a  hand  before  unpractised  in 
that  art,  but  which  has  astonished  us  by  his 
rare  and  C(Uiipleto  success.  He  has  thus  saved 
thoufnnds  of  dollars  to  the  .Vmericnn  Board. 
Through  his  press  he  has  issued  more  than 
H(),(HI()  volumes,  including  severnl  editions  of 
the  Scri|)tures  in  modern  .Syriac,  thus  giving  to 
the  people  about  10.0(10,(1(10  pages  in  n  Inn- 
gungo  never  before  jirinted.  Mr.  Brcnth's  finely 
bnlanced  nnd  richly  stored  mind  nnd  warm 
Christian  henrt  have  rendered  his  services  most 
invaluable  in  I'ersia  in  many  other  ways  besides 
tho  department  of  the  press.  The  nieiiibeis  of 
our  mission  proposed  to  him  many  yenrs  ago  to 
receive  ordination  a'ld  Jireach  the  fiospel  as  n 
minister.  Ho  modestly  declined  the  proposnl, 
but  he  has  in  mnnifold  ways,  in  faith  nnd  pa- 
tience, by  ]irayer,  teiiching,  and  informal  preach- 
ifig,  and  especially  by  nn  humble,  uniform  walk 
witli  God,  well  fulfilled  the  work  of  nn  evnn- 
gelist." 

The  cholern  in  October,  ISfil,  made  its  ap- 
pearance in  Oroomiah.  Tho  missionaries  re- 
tired to  their  health  retreat  nt  Seir,     But  their 


BREATH,  EDWARD 


101 


BREKLUM  MISS.  800. 


work  rpf|nirfi(l  tlifin  to  visit  tlio  city  frorpii'iitly, 
tlioiif^h  thoy  ^(piicnilly  rctuniiMl  ti>  tlio  iiioniitiiin 
for  till)  iiiglit.  Mr.  lirciitli  waw  (lotiiiiiiil  dim 
nit^lit  I'lidcavoriii^' to  rcscm^  ii  ^loor^^irl  who  lm<l 
bi'Hli  vioK'tilly  Kfizcil  iiiii)  curried  nil'  \ty  ii  ^^^ls- 
sulmiiii.  Oil  Siitiiriliiy  lio  ri'turiicd  to  Scir  as 
wull  HH  usual,  and  on  Sunday  iittcnddd  rclij^'ious 
Hervico.  SaMiatli  cvi'iiini^  at  7  o'clock  lie  was 
nttackid,  and  liy  Monday  morning  tin,'  cholera 
had  doiKi  its  fearful  work.  He  lay  in  a  stati!  of 
colhipsu  throuyU  tho  day,  and  at  six  o'clock  in 
the  eviiniiiK  In*  ceased  to  breathe.  Mr.  (.'oau 
remarks  :  "  Wo  nil  looked  to  him  for  counsel, 
find  reposed  throat  contidcnco  in  his  wisdom  and 
judf^menl.  ills  great  modesty  and  dillidenco 
forhaile  his  ever  olitrudin^!  liiiuselt  or  his  opin- 
ions on  others.  His  ricli  Christian  exijcricnce, 
his  ai)tn<'ss  and  ori(.;inality  of  thought,  and  liis 
Bound  nnd  scriptural  views  on  the  great  doc- 
trines ot  our  holy  religion  had  suggest<'d  to  us 
that  ho  might  lie  called  of  God  to  preacdi  more 
fully  tho  (rospel  to  tho  Nestorians,  liut  ho  re- 
fused to  entertain  the  suhject,"  ila  died  lit 
Oroomiah,  November  IMth,  IHOl. 

Brckliiiii  Missioiiarj  Soriely  (The 
KviiiiKvlii'iil  Liilliei-aii  ;niN<«ioiiHr) 
Society     of     KelileHU'itf-llolNieiii).  — 

HeaiUpiarters,  Lreklum,  province  Scbleswig, 
Germany. 

'I'he  establishment  of  n  Boparato  foreign  mis. 
Kionary  society  in  Schleswig-llolstein  was  the 
work  of  Pastor  Jensen  ;  he  had  for  some  years 
edited  SotDitii'/shliittfiii-'.t  Il'ins,  and  had  in  IHO'J 
proposed  sucli  an  organization  to  several  of  the 
clergy  of  the  province,  but  little  favor  was  met 
with,  and  nothing  could  then  Im!  done.  In  IsTi) 
tlie  editor  moved  to  lireklum,  a  small  town  only 
a  little  distance  from  the  west  coast  of  Schleswig. 
lu  1H75  ho  again  suggested  tho  iiinttor,  this  time 
in  connection  with  tho  propriety  of  erecting  a 
house  for  headipiarters  for  tho  uiaga/ine  and 
various  interests  ccaitring  in  it,  chief  of  which 
would  bo  the  mission  enteriirise.  Kveii  at  this 
time  there  was  not  sutlicient  interest  awakened 
to  lead  to  the  undertaking  ot  the  matter  by  the 
churches,  but  .Jensen  went  forward  with  it  on 
his  own  account.  In  February,  ls7('i,  he  bought 
for  iri.dOO  marks  the  ground  necessary  ioY  a  mis- 
sion institute,  and  i)roceeded  with  the  reipiisite 
alterations  of  the  buildings  upon  it.  I'ntil  the 
summer  of  the  same  year  no  organization  was 
etTocted  ;  in  Spj)teiuber  a  mission  festival  was 
celetirated  in  Breklum,  and  fifty  re])rosentatives 
of  the  churches  throughout  the  province  as- 
sembled on  the  I'.lth  of  tho  month  to  consider 
the  matter.  'I'he  result  was  that  they  decided 
uiion  the  organization  of  a  missionary  f-ociety, 
ntiil  the  establishment  of  an  institute  belonging 
to  the  Lutheran  Church  and  based  on  its  con- 
fessions ;  anil  a  cnmniittio  of  four,  of  whom 
Pastor  .lensen  was  one,  was  elected  to  elfect  an 
organization.  The  board  of  directors  was  to 
consist  of  twelve  i)ersons,  clergymen  and  lay- 
men in  eijual  numbers.  Among  the  nund)er 
were  two  firmer  missionaries  to  India.  In  con- 
nection with  this  supervising  niamigement  a 
snialler  boanl  of  managers  was  selected,  con- 
sisting of  fov.r,  to  execute  the  plans  and  directly 
attend  to  tho  details  of  tho  institute,  .\fter 
some  delay  Pastor  Ib'ibcr  was  chosen  as  inspec- 
tor. A  second  teacher  aided  him  in  instruction 
in  the  school,  at  wliicli  at  tho  beginning  twelve 
candidates  presented  themselves.  Of  these, 
Iiowever,  only  three  wore  actunlly  sent  out  to 


tho  field.  At  first  tho  course  of  instruction  was 
fixed  Ht  four,  but  since  then  it  has  been  length- 
ened to  six  ,vears.  April  Idth,  1«77,  the  Jlissioii 
House  was  dedicated. 

Inspector  lluber  died  in  ls7'.t  ;  his  assistant. 
Candidate  (tniniiing,  succeeded  him,  and  held 
tho  ollico  till  l^'^'-),  when  ho  resigned  his  post 
to  go  to  the  mission  field  as  teacher.  He  was 
followed  by  the  jin  sent  insiiector,  I'ieiisch, 
who  has  two  assistunts  in  the  school  work. 

The  work  of  the  sociity  among  the  heme 
churches,  and  that  of  the  cliurches  in  behalf  ot 
the  society,  is  not  yet  fully  systematized.  The 
already  existing  relations  of  the  churches  of  the 
jirovince  to  the  other  mission  societies  in  (br- 
many  were  not  distiirbr<l,  and  their  contribu- 
tions art!  thus  necessarily  divided  •  moreover, 
the  northern  sections  are  very  conservative  in 
regard  to  aiding  the  new  society,  but  a  chango 
liere  also  is  grjulually  taking  place.  I'ew  aux- 
iliaries have  as  yet  been  formed.  .Agents  of  tho 
society  are  not  yet  numerous  enough.  Lately, 
at  tho  instance!  of  the  managers,  a  numbi  r  of 
synods  have  chosen  reporters  for  tho  whole  mis- 
sion field,  while  some  of  them  have  undertaken 
the  indepeiiileiit  sU]>port  of  n  native  helper.  A 
canvass  of  the  province  was  begun  in  ISM'.t  by 
direction  of  the  Consistory.  Of  great  value  to 
fh(!  society  is  the  i)resent  active  and  hearty  co- 
operation ot  tlio  church  authorities.  Candi- 
dates f<ir  tho  institute  aro  to  be  1h-'.>()  years  of 
age,  with  good  health,  but  nei'd  not  have  further 
education  than  that  furnished  by  a  good  Jiublic 
school.  The  nuiid,er  of  desirable  applicants 
has  as  yet  been  small,  as  the  institute  is  not 
widely  known  beyond  the  limits  of  the  jirov- 
ince. 

The  contributions  hav(>  been  as  follows  :  In 
1.H77,  ;tl,.".li()  marks  ;  in  1H7N,  i»;t,(MMi  ;  in  ]x7'.i, 
'i:i,<ll)(l  ;  from  that  time  they  have  risen,  though 
somewhat  irregularly,  to  4l,0(l(»  in  \>^W. 

The  (U'gaii  of  the  society  is  the  S-lilcsiri,i-  Ifn!- 
stiltil.irhcs  Missliiiish/iitl ;  this  apjieared  first  in 
lH7ii,  was  up  to  A]  ril,  1hm7,  a  supplement  to 
the  SiiiDtlitijslilKlt  fiir's  Ihttis,  mentioned  above, 
but  since  that  date  has  been  an  in<lepeiident 
monthly,  published  at  the  Mission  House  at 
lireklum.  A  few  other  imblications  are  also 
issued  at  tho  same  place. 

The  first  missionaries  were  sent  out  from  the 
institute  in  tho  winter  of  Ins'J  ;  two  went  in 
the  service  of  tlu^  I )iilch  Mission  Society,  anil 
two  under  the  auspices  ot  the  new  organizn- 
tinn.  The  field  to  be  oecujii'd  was  suggested 
by  11  missionary  of  anollu  i-  society — viz  .  tho 
kingdoni  of  IJnstar.  in  tho  Central  i'rovincf  s  of 
India.  I'astnr  is  an  inland  couutry,  and  two 
jilans  of  operation  were  suggested  :  one  wns  to 
begin  from  the  coast  and  establish  successively 
stations  that  should  form  a  chain,  reaching  ulti- 
mately into  liastar  :  the  other  was  to  settle  at 
once  in  the  heart  of  tho  enemy's  countrv'.  This 
latter  was  chosen,  perhaps  injudiciously.  In 
Ajiril  the  mission  company  reached  the  caj  itnl 
of  tho  kingdom  ;  were  tliere  long  kept  idle, 
awaiting  the  king's  jdeasiire,  and  this  proved 
to  be  that  they  should  loan  him  2.iHM)  rupees  ! 
I'nwilling  and  indeed  unable  to  accommodate 
him,  they  were  oliliged  to  retreat.  Serious  ill- 
ness delayed  them  on  their  way.  They  tried  at 
one  point  and  another  to  make  a  stand,  but 
wore  unable,  and  finally  reached  th',  const  again. 
Thus,  after  more  than  n  year  of  delay,  they  en- 
tered ujion  what  is  practically  the  first  of  the 
two   courses   suggested   above — viz.,    to    begin 


u 


!!-■ 


BRBKLUM  MISS.  SOO.  103 

thuir  woik  iu  iiliices  less  i;xi)nHeil  to  tlio  hostility 
of  ungovoruod  iiivtivt's,  uml  i)ri'ss  I'lirtlicr  mid 
fiirtliur  into  thy  iiiturior,  oiu'h  stiitioii  in  turn 
Hupijorteil  Ijy  tlioso  iilroiuly  establisliuil.  In 
pnrsuiinco  of  this  policy  thoy  rotrnceil  thi)  ronto 
of  tlunr  rotrout  tlin  your  hofore.  Thoy  tirst  on- 
torccl  tlio  uortliorn  piirt  of  tho  Vi/.uj,'iiiiiitiim  I)is- 
triot.  In  otluT  soctions  othor  mission  sooiotios 
were  ftlromly  iicflvo,  Imt  tlio  nortlioiii  piirt  wuh 
as  yot  (lustitnto.  In  this  ilistriot  tin?  snoioty 
has  two  stiitions,  hut  tlio  ohiof  work  is  in  tlio 
Joypur  torritory,  whoro  thiro  nro  now  four 
Htiitinns. 

Tlio  tirst  station  founileil  wns  Salur  ;  this 
post  is  important  booauso  of  its  looation  upon 
the  groat  road,  completed  in  lsHr>,  tlmt  loads 
from  tho  coast  to  Joypur.  This  puhlio  work  is 
rapidly  enlarging  tho  city,  and  railway  ontor- 
priscs  are  oxpectod  still  moro  to  honotit  it.  It 
has  I'i.ODi)  inhabitants,  n.'ituriiUy  inchidiiig  many 
traders  engaged  in  tho  groat  inland  trade. 
Ground  for  tho  mission  was  scoured  on  tho 
high  road  outside  tho  city,  a  location  chosen 
for  sanitary  as  well  as  for  other  reasons.  Keacli- 
ing  the  place  in  February,  ISHI,  tho  tirst  year 
was  devoted  chiolly  to  learning  the  langungo, 
and  erecting  lirst  a  temporary,  then  a  iiorma- 
nont  house.  Religious  instruction  was  begun 
in  tho  fall  of  IHS,")  ;  December  KUh  fifteen  per- 
sons wero  bajitized,  seven  of  them  adults — four 
men  and  three  women  ;  but  almost  all  of  these 
wore  soon  lost  to  tho  mission  on  account  of 
caste  prejudice.  Excursions  into  tho  outlying 
districts  wero  undertaken,  but  were  carried  on 
at  groat  disadvantage  from  lack  of  missionaries, 
Tintil  ISHU,  when  a  second  cateiduser  was  em- 
ployed. Small  result  has  as  yet  come  from 
these  .iourneys.  Tho  stationing  of  native  assist- 
ants at  outposts  is  seemingly  tho  only  feasible 
way  to  extend  the  work.  Another  branch  of 
mission  activity  is  the  school  instruction.  A 
school  was  opened  in  1885  in  tho  middle  of  the 
city  in  a  hired  house,  and  was  soon  attended 
by  twenty  pupils  ;  from  this  number  it  grow  to 
more  than  forty,  tho  scholars  ranging  from  seven 
to  sixteen  years  of  age.  In  188G  lirahmin  op- 
position reduced  the  number  to  four,  but  tho 
lost  ground  was  soon  regained.  It  also,  after  tho 
necessary  inspection  by  the  school  authorities 
of  the  district,  secured  government  aid.  In 
1887  a  new  two-roomed  school-house  was  opened, 
and  the  school  is  now  very  prosperous.  In  (Sep- 
tember, 18S(),  a  church  building  was  begun  in 
the  centre  of  the  city.  Though  hindereil  often 
by  the  enmity  of  Brahmins,  the  construction 
went  forward,  and  was  completed  in  February, 
1800.  Another  activity  of  the  mission  is  the 
education  of  orphans.  Entered  upon  at  tirst 
quite  accidentally,  so  far  as  iiremeditation  was 
concerned,  it  developed  so  that  a  boarding 
house  was  erected  in  1887.  Several  boys  are 
being  trained  for  helpers. 

The  second  station  in  this  district  is  Parvati- 
pur.  This  place  had  long  boon  occupied  by  the 
London  Missionary  Society,  but  with  little  suc- 
cess, from  lack  of  funds  and  other  causes.  They 
ceded  it  to  the  new  society  at  the  time  of  their 
giving  up  their  work  in  the  whole  district.  As 
this  occurred  only  so  recently  as  1880,  of  re- 
sults little  can  yet  bo  said.  The  buildings  of 
the  former  mission  are  occupied,  and  provision 
is  made  for  an  additional  mission  house.  Two 
of  the  helpers  of  the  London  Society  remain, 
one  at  least  of  tliem  permanently.  Since  the 
beginning  of  1800  about  ten  have  been  baptized. 


BRETON  BVAN.  MI93. 


Tho  mission  society  has  not  for  an  instant  lost 
sight  of  tho  original  purpose  to  roach  ISastar. 
To  this  end  they  have  recently  pressed  farther 
into  the  interior,  into  the  Joypur  District.  Tho 
tirst  station  established  was  Koriiput,  in  tho 
winter  of  18HI-H5.  liuilding  was  at  onco  bo- 
gun,  but  severe  attacks  of  fivir  liindered  tlio 
missionaries  in  this  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of 
tho  work.  Moreover,  one  of  tho  two  men  sent 
out  l)ooaiiio  discouraged,  left  his  fiUow  seriously 
ill,  anil  returned  to  (lermany.  Not  until  1887 
was  llio  lious(i  <lone.  Hofore  service  coiild  bo 
belli  in  the  native  language  an  English  sorvico 
was  started  for  tho  numerous  inhabitants — 
olHclals  and  others  who  speak  that  language. 
F.arnestness  was  shown  by  tho  attendants,  al- 
though their  number  was  small.  Work  in  the 
surrounding  country  has  also  boon  hindered  by 
sickness  and  liy  lack  of  heliiers  iicipiaintcd  with 
tho  language.  In  December,  18S7,  tho  first 
preaching  tour  was  begun  in  tho  northeast  ter- 
ritory. In  IM'.IO  tho  missionaries  traversed  the 
southern  half.  .V  school  was  established  in 
18H8,  which  nourished  for  a  time,  then  suffered 
by  the  removal  of  numerous  oliicials'  families, 
ami  in  tho  fall  of  18M',)  was  given  up  for  the 
time  being.  It  has  finally  been  decided  to  con- 
vert tliis  station  into  a  branch  of  tho  Joypur 
station,  which  liegins  under  moro  favorable 
conditions. 

Next  in  order  of  establishment  was  Kotajiad, 
It.')  miles  northwest  of  tho  above  station,  and 
close  on  the  liorders  of  Dastar.  This  had  bet  n 
nominally  an  out-station  of  the  liaptist  Mis- 
sionary Society,  but  there  had  been  little  work 
done  tliero,  and  tlie  place  was  praotically  aban- 
doned. Missionaries  wero  ordered  there  in  the 
summer  of  l8S.j  ;  reached  there  and  had  a  tem- 
porary house  ready  in  the  spring  of  IHSO,  while 
a  i>erman<!nt  house  was  completed  in  1888. 
Public  worsliip  was  inaugurated  in  tho  summer 
of  1887.  A  littlo  later  preaching  in  tho  market- 
j)laco  was  begun  first  on  tho  Sabbath,  then  also, 
since  1880,  on  Wednesday.  The  distribution 
of  medicine  has  been  found  an  efficient  aid  in 
reaching  the  natives. 

Naturally  the  most  important  location  for  a 
station  is  tho  capital,  Joypur,  but  its  occupation 
was  delayed  because  of  political  complications 
until  the  si)ring  of  18S7.  A  house  wns  finished 
in  the  spring  of  18HS  ;  preaching  and  other 
lines  of  work  have  been  entered  upon,  but  re- 
sults are  not  so  early  to  be  expected. 

Forces  were  ready  to  enter  Bastarland,  but 
the  time  was  still  unfavorable,  so  it  was  re- 
solved to  open  a  station  at  Nowrangapur,  north 
of  the  previously  mentioned  places.  IMission- 
aries  arrived  there  in  September,  1880,  and 
aggressive  work  has  already  begun. 

The  work  from  now  on  will  be,  not  the  estali- 
lishment  of  new  independent  stations,  but  opet- 
ating  from  those  already  established,  until  way 
shall  bo  opened  to  enter  Bastar. 

The  number  of  missionaries  in  the  field  is 
(August,  18N0)  11,  located  in  C  stations.  The 
authorities  nl  hand  furnish  no  statistics  of  con- 
verts. 

Breton  Evui.<i;elicul  Mission.— Secre- 
tary, Mr.  Joseph  Wates,  •!  Princess  Road,  Lewis- 
ham,  London,  S.  E. 

There  is  scarcely  any  part  of  Europe  so  deeply 
sunk  in  darkness  and  error  as  Brittany.  T'p  to 
tho  fifteenth  century  it  was  a  jiagan  country 
When  It  fell  to  France,  in  1405,  the  Church  of 


BRETON  EVAN.  MISS. 


193 


BRIDOMAN,  E.  O. 


Uniiio  f^riittod  tlifi  ancient  i>aKiinistii  on  her  own 
(•orrii|it  system  nmUin^;  its  rclij,'ioii  n  niixtiiro  of 
Uoumuisia  ml  Druidisni.  I'lii!  jiooiilo  iird  rc- 
iIuoimI  to  londition  nl  ubjcot  iHiicniiiu'f  nnd 
HiipiTstitioi.  vliicli  liiul  liecn  oiili;^htiiit'i1  liy 
Mi'iirot^Iy  II  t,'loam  of  tnio  Christiiinity  until  tho 
Itiiptist  llissioniiry  Society  sunt  u  inissiouiiry 
tlii'i'u  iilmnt  IX 10.  A  fiw  yours  hincn  this  soi'iuty 
witli.liew  froi.i  tbu  woik,  '.vlii'^h  wiis  tiikiii  up 
by  It  f(!W  fnonils  in  Kni^liind,  mid  is  oiin'it'd  on 
lis  tlie  Itrtton  Hvant^t'liitiil  Missi,iii,  of  wliicli  tliii 
I'ontio  is  tlio  town  of  Tri'uiil,  J'oiiiiitniont  of  tho 
Cutos  dil  Xold. 

Soiiiu  yours  ii^o  ii  lireton  Now  Tostaiuent 
found  its  way  into  a  niisoralde  lint  at  Tromil  ; 
only  ono  of  its  inmates  oouhl  road,  Imt  otliors, 
hiiiViii^,'  lior  n^ad,  with  hor  liolicvod  in  (  lirist. 
Tho  hut  is  now  rojdacod  l)y  tlio  oliaiiol,  liosiiital, 
and  soliools  of  tho  mission,  while  tlio  wholo 
liihlo.  translalod  hy  ono  who  was  a  child  in  that 
hut,  will  siion  l>c)  found  in  many  a  ISreton  oot- 
tiij^o  ;  the  I'lhjfiin's  /'iv.i/c.v.v  has  alsolioen  tiiiliH- 
latud  and  hymns,  which  havo  hcon  adapted  t;) 
the  ancient  lireton  tunes. 

Tho  work,  which  is  carried  on  hy  native  con 
verts,  I'astour  and  Madame  Locoiir,  with  the 
aid  of  a  small  hainl  of  v.orkors,  radiates  from 
TrcMiil  to  other  towns  and  villai^es  ;  an  impor- 
tant and  interestinj^  branch  of  tlie  work  has  re- 
cently been  commenced  amoii^  tho  Bretons  o£ 
the  isles  of  Jersey  and  (Inernsey. 

Breton  VitkIoh.— Tho  Droton,  which 
bel(Uij;s  to  tho  Celtic  branch  of  the  .\ryan  family 
of  lanf,'ua^5os,  is  spoken  in  Lower  lirittany  by 
about  1, '200,0(11)  people.  To  distinguish  them 
from  tho  rronch  speaking  peojile  of  Upper 
Brittany  they  are  called  lirelans  linttinnunts. 

Tho  liistory  of  tho  publication  of  the  Scrip- 
tures in  Breton  can  betraced  back  to  the  time  of 
the  DiiiOioss  Anne,  at  whoso  order  tho  Bildo  was 
tran-ilatod,  but  tho  Bretons  of  Wales  took  posses- 
sion of  this  translation,  and  had  it  printed  in 
Lmdon.  Ilonry  VIII.  is  said  to  have  done  his 
utmost  to  burn  every  copy.  According  to  the 
llev.  Tore  Grogoiro,  who  states  that  he  had  it  in 
his  hands,  "  it  was  without  any  alteration,  con- 
taining all  tho  canonical  books,  and  printed  in 
London  at  the  beginning  of  tho  sixteenth  cen- 
tury" ([)!cl.  hYinii'dis  ('I'lliqne,  llennes,  173"2i. 

A  version  of  the  New  Testament  into  Breton 
was  prepared  by  Mr.  Jean  Le  Gonidec  {\>.  Sep- 
tember 1th,  ITTo),  a  Breton  of  considerable 
learning,  and  published  at  Angoulcmo  in  IH'iT. 
The  edition  consisted  of  1,000  copies.  Having 
been  recommended  to  tho  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society,  Mr.  Lo  Gonidec  also  translated 
the  Old  Testament  from  tho  Vulgate,  but  the 
Bible  Society  was  unwilling  to  circulate  thi.s 
translation,  the  style  being  above  the  under- 
standing of  tho  common  people.  In  1S17  the 
first  edition  of  the  "Testament  Novez,"  pre- 
pared under  tho  auspices  of  the  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society,  was  published  at  Brest. 
The  Breton  text  of  Lo  Gonidec  was  taken  as  tho 
basis  of  this  edition  and  revised  by  tho  llev. 
John  Jenkins,  pastor  at  Mrirlaix.  An  edition 
of  tho  Psalms,  based  on  Le  Gonidec' s  transla- 
tion and  prepared  and  edited  by  tho  Eev.  J. 
Williams,  formerly  mi.ssionary  nt  Guimper,  was 
published  in  1873.  In  1885  tho  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society  published  a  revised 
edition  of  Jenkins'  New  Testament.  Tho  work 
was  begun  in  1SS3  by  the  Rev.  -Mfred  LI.  Jen- 
kins, son  of  John,  and  pastor  at  Morlaix.  as- 


sisted by  tho  Breton  scholars,  .Messrs.  Luxel, 
Uohan,  and  lioiihon.  In  iMSi;  a  diglott  edition 
(Breton  jitid  French)  was  also  published  by  tho 
Kami  Kociety. 

Besides  tho  Bible  Society's  edition,  in  1H.")3 
tho  Tregorois  version  of  Uio  New  Testament 
appeared  at  Guingamp,  with  an  cpiscopid  up. 
probation  dated  •liino  'J'.itli,  isl'.i.  The  aiithur, 
an  abbe,  was  more  fortunate  in  that  respect 
than  Lo  Gonidec,  for  in  IN'JT  tho  Bishop  of 
Guimp  >r  refused  him  his  approbutiun.  This 
Guingamp  Testami  nt  was  iiresc^nted  as  a  liomago 
to  tho  Virgin  JIary,  and  the  author  btgs  her 
"  to  intercede  for  him,  if  in  writing  it  be  had 
committoil  any  fault  agiiinst  tho  I'uith  iind  tho 
holy  belief  of  the  .Vpostolicund  Komun  Chureh." 
i  ho  whole  Bible  by  Lo  Goniibe  appeured  at 
last  at  St,  Brieux  in'lhCti  { llihtr  Smtil,  'J  vols.). 

In  IHSlt  the  Triniiarian  Bible  Society  pub- 
lislud  the  "  Testament  Nevez"  of  Jl,  (i.  do 
Choat.  Written  in  the  Tregorois  dialect,  this 
version  is  distinguithed  from  others  in  thai,  by 
means  of  referenecM  at  the  loot  of  the  pages, 
the  reader  may  liml  the  terms  used  in  Cnrn- 
wall,  Leon,  and  Vannes,  for  Breton  lireseiits 
four  kinds  of  diiilectic  dilTerenees.  The  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society  disposed  of  '27,OH(» 
liortions  of  tho  Scriptures  up  to  March  3lHt, 
1889. 

(.S^ieciiiied  Verse,    John  3  :  16.) 

■Rag  evel-flo  co  en  dcus  Uouo  caret  ar  bed, 
ma  en  deus  rood  e  Vab  uuik-ganet,  ovit  na 
vezo  ket  collet  pioubcnag  a  gred  ennan, .  mea 
ma  en  devezo  ar  vuoz  ctcrncl. 

Brewcrvillo,  a  city  of  Liberia,  Africa, 
near  (Jlay  .Ashland.  Mission  station  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  (North),  IKSO  ;  2  mission- 
aries. 

BrUlKiiiiill,    Fli|iili     C'oliiiitii,    b.    at 

Belchertown,  Mass.,  April  2'2d.  1801,  of  Puri- 
tan ancestry.  Was  converted  in  a  revival  be- 
fore he  was  twelve  years  of  age.  Through  tho 
reading  of  the  J'<tnojiHst,  Bushni  llcrnrihr,  anil 
other  religious  jjajers,  .i  desire  was  awakened 
in  him  to  study  for  the  ministry.  Ilo  graduated 
at  Amherst  College,  1H2(1,  and  at  Andover  The- 
ological Seminary,  1821),  and  resolved  that  if 
God  opened  the  way  he  would  go  and  preach 
the  Gospel  to  the  heathen.  Tho  .\mencan 
15oard,  having  had  its  attention  called  to  China 
as  fi  missionary  field  by  the  tirgent  rejircscnta- 
tions  of  Dr.  Bobert  Morrison,  proposed  to  Jlr. 
Bridgman,  then  in  tho  seminary,  that  he  go  to 
China  as  its  missionary.  He  acceded  to  tho 
proposal,  was  ordained  at  his  native  place, 
October  f.th,  18211,  sailed  on  the  1-ltli,  and 
reached  Canton,  February  2nth,  1830.  Ho  re- 
ceived a  warm  welcome  from  Dr.  Morrison,  and 
valuable  advice  in  reference  to  his  future  work. 
This  year  ho  devoted  almost  exclusively  to  tlio 
study  of  the  language.  Toward  its  close  ho 
with  Dr.  Jlorrison,  Mr.  Abeel,  and  a  few  other 
pious  Englishmen  :ind  Americans  foniied  the 
"Christian  Union"  at  Canton,  whoso  object 
was  to  diffuse  Christian  knowledge  ond  piety. 
Mr.  Bridgman  had  at  this  time  five  boys  under 
hi;i  instruction,  one  of  whom  was  -Vtili,  son  of 
Leang-.\fa,  who  desired  that  he  might  learn 
English,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  in  order  to  become 
a  coni])etent  translator  of  the  Scriptures. 

In  May,  1832,  at  Dr.  Morrison's  suggestion 
the  (Villi fsr  Eepositnry,  a  monthly  magazine,  wa.s 
commenced,  whoso  leading  object  was  to  diffuse 


ii 


I 


I 


BRUX^MAN,  E.  O. 


104 


BR.  AND  FOR.  BIBLE  BOO. 


Hiiioii)^  itll  ri'itilerH  of  the  En((liiili  Inngnni^o  line- 
fill  in.iiriiiittiiiii  concirninK'  ('liiim.     Mr.  liri(l^'- 

lllilQ  WIH  cliimt'U  I'llltor,  llllii  I'Olitlllilril  to  edit 
it  for  lu'.irly  twiiitv  \cnrn,  wlnri  lie  tniiiKfcrrid 
it  to  l>r.  S.  W.  WilliiiiuH.  Ill  IMtl  the  iiiiHsion 
Hiiflcrt'il  |ii'rHi'>'iitiun,  itinl  Mr.  linil^niiui'MNcliool 
was  lirokrii  up.  In  l^'.V.t  tliu  nn  h.siii-ch  laUiii 
liv  till"  CliiiK'Hf  to  NU|i|>r(ss  till)  oiiimii  trjilVu'  re 
Niilii-d  ill  till)  wiir  \vitii  I'jii{liin<1,  whicli  inttT- 
rilpti'd  llix  oiitnitioDH  of  the  Ijiissinli  lit  (alitiili. 
Ill  IMJ  llio  war  toriiiiiialti),  aiiil  liv  tin'  triat.v 
of  Nanking  live  jiorts  wotd  olMlirtl,  ainl  lliiiit{ 
Kiiii^  I't'ileii  to  tli)>  Lii^IihIi.  Hillirr  Mr.  liriilK- 
uiiiii  was  niiiovoil.  In  InU  lie  rtctivcd  tlu- 
(U'tfri'ti  of  D.I),  frniii  tlir  rnivtisily  of  tlio 
City  of  Ni'W  Vork.  .\liout  tlii.s  tiiuo  hi'  jirr 
pand  tli«  <'Ai/i(M'  CliristiniiKthii,  a  Voliiliii'  of 
7;iO  pilars.  In  \KH  he  was  Hicrt'tiiiy  of  le- 
gation t.i  Mr.  ('llsllin^^.  who  wan  Hi'Ut  liy  llii.' 
I'nitcd  StiktoH  (lovi'rniiit'Ut  on  ii  Kprcial  iiiissioii 
to  t'hiiiii,  and  of  his  HiTvicei*  Mr.  (liishinn  siiokn 
in  hi^h  torins.  In  1h4.")  he  wiis  iiiarried  to  Miss 
(rillctt,  of  the  .ViiuTioaii  KpiKiiojial  Mission. 
Dr.  l(rid){nian's  tiiiit;  was  now  divided  between 
the  Hfiitisiliiii/,  the  revision  of  the  Sirrijitiins, 
the  |ireaehin^  of  the  Word  at  the  hospital,  and 
the  instriu'tion  of  an  interesting  Kihh'  elass. 
In  1H47  he  renio»ed  to  Shanghai  to  aid  in  the 
revision  of  the  Seriiitures.  Karly  in  IH.VJ,  after 
nn  aliseiiee  of  twenty-three  years,  he  visited  the 
United  .States  for  liis  health,  (ireatly  heiieliteil 
by  the  voyanu  and  a  four  months'  rest,  lie  re- 
embarked  in  Oetober  for  China.  In  Is.'il 
tliroii|.^h  him  ii  new  iiiisHion  was  coiniiieiieed  in 
Shaiii^liai,  of  whieh  he  was  the  seiiinr  ineiiiber 
till  his  death  in  IMJl.  .\t  San  I'ranciseo  on  his 
way  out  he  assisted  in  the  dedieation  of  a 
church  for  the  Chinese  residents.  On  his  ar- 
rival at  Shanghai  Lia  brethren  Haid  to  him  : 
"  Pnweed  with  the  work  of  the  translation  ; 
the  Chinese  need  the  whole  Hible."  He  con- 
tinued the  work  faithfully  with  Mr.  Culbertsoii, 
of  the  I'resbyterian  Hoanl,  till  in  IhiU)  he  coulil 
say,  "  If  life,  health,  and  opportunity  be  con- 
tinued, wo  trust  we  shall  erelong  see  the  whole 
Bible  issued  from  the  i)ress  in  Shanj,'liai  under 
our  joint  care,  in  various  forms  and  sizes  of 
type,  sucdi  as  will  meet  the  wants  of  all  classes 
of  this  nunierous  people."  ]!\U  this  hope  was 
not  reali/.ed,  for  a  year  later  he  was  called  away, 
leaving  Mr.  Culbertson  to  finish  the  work. 

Thoiif^l!  his  ^r.^iit  work  was  that  of  transla- 
tion, other  important  work  was  iierformed.  In 
the  streets  and  villages  he  distributed  tracts 
and  relitjions  books,  and  preached  to  indi- 
viduals or  companies  where  he  could  t,'ather 
them.  The  Sabbath  was  given  to  the  work  of 
preaching  iu  Kuglish  or  t'hinese,  in  hospital  or 
in  chapel  He  left  ft  native  church  of  more 
than  twenty  niembers.  He  was  interested  also 
in  whatever  could  in  any  way  promote  the  wel- 
fare of  China,  and  was  always  ready  to  perform 
his  part  for  that  object.  He  was  jiresident  of 
the  "  Shanghai  Liten\ry  and  Scientitic  .Society," 
and  contributed  to  its  journal.  To  the  day  of 
his  death  he  wius  president  of  the  Morrison 
Education  Society.  He  was  an  active  member 
and  officer  of  the  North  China  brandi  of  the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society.  When  the  plenijioten- 
tiaries  of  the  four  great  treaty  powers -Eng- 
land, Fiance,  Russia,  and  the  United  States  — 
were  con.iucting  their  negotiations  which  re- 
sulted in  the  Tientsin  Treaty  of  1h5k,  he  was 
consulted  by  them,  and  frequently  translated 
official  documenta  for  them.     The  Hon.  Will- 


iam Reed,  Uniti  d  States  repicsi  niativi',  ox- 
pressed  to  the  (ioverniiii  nt  his  higli  eslimale 
of  the  value  of  l>r.  Jlridgli. all's  Herviccs,  hi 
his  thirty  two  years  in  China  he  was  more  inti- 
mately connected  with  and  known  by  the  for> 
I'ign  eommiinity  at  Shanghai  and  Cuiitoii  tliitii 
any  other  missionary,  nnd  by  all  was  hlKhly 
esteemed.  With  great  rare  lie  had  for  thirty- 
two  years  enjoyed  a  good  degree  <if  hi  iilth,  but 
his  useful  life  was  hllddelily  termilialed.  Ill 
November,  l>^(■r^,  he  said  to  his  wife,  "  I  should 
like  to  see  threescore  and  ten  if  it  would  Im 
for  (iod's  glory,  there  are  so  few  laborers,  and 
the  Work  is  so  great,  liiit  (tod's  will  is  In  st  ; 
we  do  not  know  what  is  best."  .\ftiT  lying  for 
some  time  with  his  eyes  closed,  he  asked, 
"Will  the  churchis  come  n\>  to  the  work  V" 
I>r,  S.  Urown,  of  the  Reformed  Church.  I'.ishop 
Hooiie  and  Mr.  Keith,  of  the  Ami  rieaii  I'lds- 
(•o]Md  Church,  and  J)r.  McCarty,  of  the  I'res- 
byteriaii  lioard.  were  much  with  him.  minister- 
ing  to  his  comfort  in  his  lust  days.  Dr.  Itrowii, 
at  Dr.  Hridgman'sreiiuest,  enndiicted  the  fumral 
servioe,  which  was  attended  by  a  large  number 
of  foreign  residents  and  Chinese.  Itishop 
liooiie,  who  knew  him  long  and  well,  says, 
"The  amount  of  good  ho  vvas  able  to  do  was 
owing  to  his  sluijleufss  of  iihn.  His  intluilieo 
was  cumulative.  Ho  was  always  humisiiiri  its 
sum  by  his  gentle,  consistent,  Christian  deport- 
ment, and  never  did  he  by  one  unkind  or  fool- 
ish  word  or  deed  ili'lrmt  from  the  already  ac- 
cumulated amount."  The  Rev.  Mr.  Jluirliead, 
of  the  London  Missionary  Society,  says,  "  His 
gentleness  made  him  great  in  our  estimation. 
His  kindness  of  manner,  love  to  the  brethren, 
devotedness  to  the  missionary  work,  and  long- 
continued  labors  in  the  field  endeared  him  to 
us  all." 

Bri<l$;t>to\vil,  n  town  on  the  southwest 
coast  of  the  island  of  liarbadoes.  West  Indies, 
on  a  large  ojan  roadstead,  Carlisle  Hay.  I'op- 
ulati  in,  •20,(Miil,  among  whom  are  many  white 
people.  Mission  station  of  the  Moravians 
(IHJ'.i)  ;  1  missionary  and  wife.  The  Codring- 
ton  College,  from  which  many  missionaries 
have  gone  forth  to  the  West  Indies  and  West 
.\frica,  was  founded  in  171-t  and  burned  down 
iu  1HS,5. 

BritiKli  aii«l  For<>lKii  Bil»li>  So«'it>iy. 

— Ifeaihiuarters,  Riblo  House,  1  111  (^ueeii  Vic- 
toria Street,  lilackfriars,  I,ondon,  E.  C,  Eng- 
land. 

Ifixtorf/. --'i'he  Rritish  and  Foreign  Rible 
Society  was  one  of  the  fruits  of  the  leviviil  of 
evangelical  piety  which  took  idacn  toward  the 
middle  of  the  last  century.  In  that  revival  in- 
terest was  aroused  in  the  various  means  which 
Christian  jieople  might  use  for  the  promotion 
of  religious  knowledge  both  at  home  aiid 
abroad.  The  idea  of  a  society  for  the  universal 
diffusion  of  the  Scriptures  was  slowly  devel- 
oped, and,  in  fact,  the  suggestion  was  seemingly 
accidental,  but  it  was  none  the  less  n  neeessary 
historical  development.  Several  societies  had 
been  formed  which  made  Bible  distribution  one 
l)art  of  their  aim,  or  their  solo  object  within 
restricted  bounds.  There  was  the  Society  for 
tho  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Wales,  estab- 
lished about  lCfl'2  ;  Society  for  Promoting  Chris- 
tian Knowledge,  1098  ;  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,  1701  ; 
Society  for  Sending  Missionaries  to  India  (Den- 
mark), 1705  ;  Society  for  Promoting  Christian 


BRITISH  AND  FOREION 


106 


BIBLB  800IETT 


■dlt- 
liito 
mils 

ill!-,'- 
irios 
West 
lowu 


•1). 

Vic 

r.iit!" 

iMe 
lot 
tlie 
in- 
ich 
tiim 
(Hid 
I'snl 
vel- 

sary 
had 
ono 
tliiu 
for 
tali- 
iris- 
oim- 
01  ; 
)en- 
tian 


Knowlni1({n  in  the  Ili^lilitii'lK  and  IslaiidH  of 
Hf  Ulikiiil  (I'Miriliur^hi.  ITo'i  ;  ('iiMslcin  Itililo 
liislitiitiDiii  llallni.  I7lil  ;  .Mciritviaii  MixHiDiiitry 
Six'idty,  17:tJ  ;  Himk  Sni'inty  fur  I'roiiKiiiii^j 
CliriHtiaii  Kiiiiwleil^'ii  aiiiiiM^' tlin  I'lmr  (l.iiiidnin, 
17"iO  ;  Ui'li.;iiMH 'I'nii't,  Sucicty  (Ijoridniii,  177'.»  ; 
tliH  Hililii  Sipcii'ty,  17^11,  wlinno  laliors  were, 
LortKVnr,  ro><ti'U'ti)d  t  >  HdldiiTs  and  HiMiiiicn,  and 
it  witM  afttirwar.l  callid  tlm  Naval  and  Military 
H,>c'ii'ty  ;  S.xdoty  for  tlio  Supiiirt  and  lliu'imr 
n.;i.'iui'tit  of  Sunday  HoliDols,  \'>^'i  ;  I'Vi'iicli  liildo 
S  ii'iijty  (IiDudiiii),  17'.t2,  fi>r  (•ir(Mllatin^{  tlic  liiMo 
niuimj{  tlin  Catholics  i)t  ^'ratu•^^  'I'lio  l''ri'n('L 
Jtuvohuioii  ('lilting  {ilT  ('oiiiiiiunicatidn  l>c>twHun 
tijo  two  (■  iiintriiNH,  tlu'  funds  wcni  turi.rd  to  tlio 
distrilmtiiiii  nf  llio  Scriptures  amruiK  "  jioor 
C'ath  >lio.'<  and  iillu'is  in  tlio  I'nited  Kin^^iliuii  of 
(keat  llritaiii  and  Irelund,"  and  tlm  l)ul>hii  As 
oiioiatiiui,  17'.''J.  N'ono  of  tliesn  sucietios  eon- 
templatrtd  uniivrsKl  distriliiition  of  the  S('rip 
tares,  nor  iriileed  eontciii|]latod  or  admitted  tho 
co-oiieratiou  of  the  diU'erelit  parties  and  see- 
timis  of  evant;i'lieal  ChriHteiidoiu.  'I'lie  ohjeet 
of  tliu  ISritisli  and  I'urei^^ii  Itihle  Society  Was  to 
gi.e  all  frituids  of  the  llible,  in  every  part  of 
tUo  cUiristian  Cliureh,  the  opportunity  of  co- 
operating in  its  distriliution  "  without  note  or 
comiueiit"  tlirou',,diout  the  world. 

As  early  as  17H7  complaints  were  lieard  of  tho 
dearth  of  Welsh  Scriptures  in  tho  I'rineipality. 
Tlio  Society  for  I'rniuotint^  Christian  lvnowled|;o 
furnished  about  livu  hundred  (copies  for  dis- 
triliution at  that  time,  and  in  17'.)'.)  an  edition 
of  lil.dtHI  copies  and  2,01)1)  extr.i  New  Tosta- 
niciits  was  (lut  into  circulation.  This  supply, 
however,  only  served  to  stimulate  a  iiuire  gen- 
eral desire  for  tho  Scriptures,  and  iiiado  tho 
ftctual  e.\tent  of  tho  destitution  manifest.  Tho 
society  was  asktul  for  20,000  copies  nioro,  which 
reipiost  was  at  that  time  ih'clined.  Various 
jilans  wero  projected  to  supply  the  need,  Imt  in 
vain.  In  this  emerf^oiiey  U.v.  Thomas  Charles, 
of  IS.ila,  visited  London  in  Deceralier,  1H02,  and 
met  the  cominittoo  of  thci  Keligious  Tract  So- 
ciety. In  several  nieetinos  the  matter  was  dis- 
cussed, and  ill  thoso  discussions  it  was  su^,'- 
gestoil  that  jierhaps  Wales  was  not  the  only  jiart 
of  tho  empire  recpiirin^  assistancu  in  this  re- 
spect ;  that  evoa  (treat  I^ritain  lierself  was  not 
tho  only  part  of  (Uiristendoiu  needing  ti  bo 
supplied  with  tho  liihie  ;  and  the  Kev.  Joseph 
Hu.;hes  su^'gostod  tho  desirability  of  forming  a 
society  which,  vhilo  meeting  the  demands  of 
Wales  and  of  Oreat  Britain,  should  bo  compre- 
hensive onougli  in  its  scope  to  eiiihraco  tho  entire 
world.  Hy  reciuest  he  embodied  his  views  in  a 
pamphlet  entitled  Tin'  Krretli'iirt/  of  the  UnUj 
S''r I (lUtves,  which  was  widely  circulated  ;  Will- 
iaia  Wilberforco  and  Charles  Grant  made  valu- 
iible  suggestions  ;  Kev.  O.  V.  ,V.  Steinkoptf,  of 
the  (reriuan  Lutheran  Church  in  Savoy,  making 
n  jo'irney  in  Europe,  directed  imiuiries  as  to 
the  need  of  (ho  IJible  on  tho  continent  ;  an  out- 
line plan  wr.s  prepared  by  Samuel  Mills  ;  a  cir- 
cular address  was  forwarded  to  such  as  were 
likely  to  favor  the  undertaking  or  at  least  give 
it  an  impartial  hearing,  and  on  Wednesday, 
March  7th,  1H04,  ii  meeting  was  convened  at 
tho  London  Tavern.  About  three  Iiundred 
persons,  representing  different  denominations, 
were  present.  Granville  Sharji  was  elected  chair- 
man, and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Owen  (afterward  clerical 
secretaiyK  deeply  moved  by  the  altogether  novel 
spectacle  .if  different  denominations  met  in 
nuiuu  to  proiuute  quo  glorious  cause,   moved 


the  roHolutionfl  embodying  the  name  and  gen- 
eral form  and  constitution  of  the  Hociely. 
TJiesn  Were  "  alopteil  with  iinaiiimoiis  demon- 
Ktrafions  of  I'ordiality  and  joy."  .More  than 
L'70o  was  immeiliately  Hiibscribed,  and  an  im- 
portant e|i  >ch  in  religious  jiistory  was  inaugii. 
rated.  'I'h<t  committee  appointed  at  this  meet- 
ing aflorwanl  proi'ii'ded  to  adjust  the  machinery 
of  the  society,  lii'v,  Josiali  I'ratt,  Secretary  of 
the  C.  M.  ,S.,  to  represent  tho  Church  of  Kng- 
land,  Kev.  .1.  Ilughis,  the  Ihsseiilers,  iinil  KeV. 
.Mr.  SteinkoplT,  afterward  repla(!ed  by  Kev.  .1. 
Owen,  tho  foreign  Christian  churches,  wire 
chosen  Hecretarii  s.  Certain  alterations  wero 
made  in  the  resolution  (si|g  delhiing  the  cim- 
stitutioii  of  the  comuiittie,  ami  a  giiieral  iiieit- 
ing  was  called  (Wediii'sday,  May  2il,  at  thu  I.on. 
don  'I'averii)  whicdi  unanimously  ajiproved  tho 
aiiieiidi'il  regulations.  .V  iirnspectus  was  then 
\)repared  ami  widely  distributed.  Lord  'i'eign- 
mouth  became  the  tlrst  jiresident.  Among  the 
lir^  t  vice  presidents  were  tho  bishojis  of  Lou- 
don,  Durham,  and  Kxeter,  and  William  Wilbcr. 
force. 

Tho  new  society  thus  launched  was  heartily 
received.  Individuals  and  associations  si'iit  as- 
Huranees  of  support.  The  I'resbytery  of  Glas- 
gow, and  afterwiird  the  Synod  of  Glasgow  and 
.\yr,  and  other  ee(  lesiastical  bodies  directed 
contributions  to  bo  rcceiveil  for  the  society 
from  all  the  (diurehes  and  (diapels  within  the 
bounds.  Wales,  stimulated  by  Mr.  Chailes,  of 
Hala,  sent  ft  contribution  the  lirU  year  of  about 
!j;l),.")00,  niostly  fro!n  the  jionrer  classes.  Ger- 
many, Switzerland,  and  other  European  conn, 
tries  hailed  tho  society  with  delight.  Nurem- 
berg was  tho  Heat  of  the  Ihst  foreign  branch 
society. 

<)r{/4inization.—\<noui;  the  laws  and 
regulations  of  tho  society  are  the  following  : 

1.  The  designation  of  this  society  shall  be  tho 
Kritish  and  Foreign  Itiblo  Society,  of  which  tho 
solo  object  shall  lie  to  encourage  u  wider  cir- 
culation of  tho  Holy  Si'riptures,  without  note 
or  comment  ;  the  only  copies  in  tho  languag(^s 
of  the  United  King.lom  to  bo  circulated  by  tho 
society  shall  be  the  Authorized  Version. 

2.  This  society  shall  add  its  endeavors  to 
thoso  employed  by  other  societies  for  circu- 
lating the  Scriptures  through  the  Kritish  do- 
minions ;  and  shall  also,  according  to  its  ability, 
extend  its  inllueuce  to  other  countries,  w  hether 
Christian,  Mohammedan,  or  pagan. 

;i.  Each  subscriber  of  one  guinea  annually 
shall  bo  ft  member. 

•1.  ]".a(di  suhsciiber  of  10  guineas  at  ono  time 
shall  be  a  member  for  life. 

,").  Each  subscriber  of  ",  guineas  annually 
shall  bo  a  governor. 

(i.  Each  subscriber  of  &)  at  ono  time,  or  who 
shall,  by  one  additional  jiayinent,  increase  his 
original  subscription  to  I'oO,  shall  bo  a  governor 
for  life. 

7.  Governors  shall  bo  entitled  to  attend  ftnd 
vote  at  all  meetings  of  tho  committee. 

8.  ,\n  executor  jiaying  a  bpipiest  of  .foO  shall 
1)0  ft  member  for  life,  or  of  tloO  ft  governor  for 
life. 

9.  A  committee  shall  be  appointed  to  conduct 
the  business  of  the  society  consisting  of  thirty- 
six  laymen,  six  of  wdioin  shall  bo  foreigners  resi- 
dent in  London  or  its  vicinity  ;  half  tho  remain- 
der  shall  be  members  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  other  half  members  of  other  de- 
nominations of  Christians,     Twenty-seven  o£ 


til' 


BRITISH  AND  FORBION 

thi)   ftbovo   numbor,    who  shall  huvo   mist  fro 
iiuoutly  uttoadi'il,  slmll  bo  uli^;iblo  for  ro-oleo- 
tioii  for  tUii  eiisiiiug  Vfiir. 

Till!  coimiiittoo  sUiiU  appoint  all  olVu'cis  ox- 
0(!|)t  tho  trfiisiu'or,  iiinl  cull  spiicial  nein'iiil  iiu'et- 
iuj^s,  mill  slmll  bn  ohiirgoil  with  iinnMiring  for 
thu  sdL'ioty  siiitiible  pcitrouago,  both  JSritish  uiul 
foriMt^n. 

1'2.   Tho  prosiilfiit,  vice-prosideiitH,  nmltroiisu 
ror  Hh:ill   bo   consiilorcil,   ix-iirfli-in,  nu'iiibors  of 
tho  I'oiiiiiiittoi'. 

lit    Kvory    (.•Icrt^yiimii   or   (lissciiliii^;   niiiiistrr 
who  is  II  iiuMuhcr  of  tlio  soi'icty  slmll  lu>  ontitleil 
t>)  iilti'iiil  mill  votu  ut  all  uioutiiigs  of  tho  coin 
luittuo. 

11.  Tho  secrotarios  for  tho  tiiiio  ln-ini^  shall 
bo  oDiisidoroil  as  iiioinbfrs  of  tho  (Miiiiiiittio, 
but  no  otlior  p<  rsoii  ilorivinj^  any  oiuoliiiuont 
frciiu  tho  sooii'ty  shall  havo  that  jiriviK'no. 

17.  I'liB  ooiiHuitteo  shall  havo  tho  |)oW(r  of 
iiniiiinatiiif^  siioli  porsons  as  havo  roiulorod  os- 
soutial  sorviooH  to  tho  sooioty,  oithor  as  luom- 
bors  for  lifo  or  novornor.s  for  lifo. 

IS.  Tho  o  )Miiiiittoo  shall  also  havo  tho  )iower 
of  noininatin^i  honorary  nionibors  from  anion^^ 
for^ii^^nors  who  havo  promoted  tho  objoits  of 
tho  society. 

Fi>r  tho  sake  of  convenicnco  this  articlo  will 
deal  tirst  with  tho  history  of  tho  homo  -ipera- 
tioiH  and  thoriaftor  with  tlif  foreign. 

I).-i'i!tofnnt'nf  of  llomi-  Worh.-M 
onoj  stops  woro  taken  to  obtain  largo  suiiplies 
of  tho  Welsh  Sonptures,  and  subsoipiontly  tho 
Iri,--'.',  (r.iolio,  Manx,  and,  for  the  C'hanntl 
islands,  the  I'ronch.  Stirootypo  printing  had 
just  come  into  iiso,  niiil  as  that  process  prom- 
ised economy,  exiiodition,  and  a  regular  and 
IK'rmanont  supplv,  the  committee  decideil  to 
ouatouanco  it,  and  ordered  stereotype  [ilates  in 
several  languages.  \t  tho  same  time  (Se|)toiii- 
bor  ;ld,  isdl)  an  order  was  given  for  'Jll.ddl) 
Welsh  liiblos  and  ."i.oilil  Testaments. 

In  the  same  year  the  foundation  of  the  So- 
ciety's library  was  laid  in  a  valuable  gitt  by 
tiranviUo  Sharp  of  thirty  nine  copies  or  por- 
tions of  tho  Scri|)turos  in  various  languages. 
Tiio  Society  was  early  subjected  I  )  attack  and 
aniiiyanco.  Its  tirst  trial  arose  from  tho  cir- 
ouinHtaiico  that  it  countenanced  tho  slightly  re- 
vised Wi'lsh  lUlilo  |)ropared  by  Kev.  Mr.  Charles. 
To  avoid  further  controversy,  tho  revision  was 
rejocti'd  and  tho  edition  sanctioned  by  the 
Cliristiaii  Knowlodgo  Society  was  adopted. 
Tho  Siicioty  was  also  attackeil  us  a  source  of 
danger  to  tho  Establishoil  Church,  but  its  epis- 
cojial  patrons,  conveuod  liy  tho  ]hsho|)  of  l,on- 
ilou,  having  hoard  full  explanations,  ch'terminod 
to  continue  their  siipporW  I'he  tirst  New  Testa, 
ment  printed  expressly  for  tho  Society  was 
brought  out  in  Soptenilier,  IKiio.  It  was  in 
Knglish,  and  was  printe<l  from  stereotype  jilates, 
tho  lirst  instance  of  the  usi>  of  that  process  in 
tho  printing  of  tho  Scriptures,  .attention  was 
turned  to  tho  neisls  of  Ireland  and  the  work 
vigorously  prostu'uted  there,  resulting  soon  in 
tho  ostablishiiii  at  of  the  Dublin  (afterward 
called  tho  Hibernian)  Jiible  Society.  In  tho 
Highlands  of  Scotland  few  persons  were  found 
to  possu.ss  a  complete  co|iy  of  tho  iJible,  and 
not  nioro  than  one  in  forty  a  partial  copy. 
.Viaong  lo,(MI()  people  in  tho  inland  of  Skye, 
scarcely  one  (Jaolic  Hible  was  to  bo  found. 
Tho  i)ricB  also — about  $ii  for  a  complete  copy 
was  beyond  the  ability  of  tho  poor  people.  To 
uupply  tho  uoed,  aa  oditiuu  of  2U,UU0  (iaelio 


I'.lii 


BtBLB  SOOIBT7 


Itiblos  was  i)rinted  Editions  in  Spanisli  aiid 
French  were  printed  for  tho  ;H),(iiHi  priscjiiers  of 
war  at  that  time  in  tho  country,  and  other 
editions  for  resident  foreigners,  notably  tiir 
laans.  I'oUowiag  tho  action  in  March,  JMlo,  of 
tho  (ilasgow  I'resbytery,  aluady  nuntioned, 
camo  similar  action  by  the  Kdinburgh  I'ri  s- 
bytery  In  .Vpril,  isoti,  an  a.>^sociatioa  (cr  tho 
collection  of  funds  was  fornu'd  in  Ihriiiiiigliam, 
with  •lolin  .\ngcll  .lames  as  one  I'f  its  liist  sicre- 
tariff,  wliile  in  the  previous  year  such  an  asso- 
ciation had  been  formed  in  London. 

The  tirst  edition  of  the  Society's  stereotype 
Welsh  New  'I'l^tamcnt  \\as  brought  otit  iluly, 
ISdi;,  and  was  bought  up  with  ]iiitiietic  eager- 
ness by  tho  Welsh  iieasants.  The  price  of  ICng 
lish  eilitions  of  the  Ihble  was  now  reduced  2") 
,/er  cent  to  suliscribers,  and  libtual  terms  wero 
madi' with  agencies  and  with  la  nevoleiit  asso. 
ciations.  D.inations  were  made  for  use  of  juis- 
oiiers,  the  sick,  and  the  \h»m:  In  IStiT  n  brief 
but  sharp  controversy  arose  over  tlu'  Sociity's 
attempt  to  distribute  the  Scriptures  in  IJiitish 
liiilia.  "  Inlinito  concern  an<l  alarm"  were  i  x. 
pressed  at  the  "  i)roceedings,"  which  shownl 
"  a  strong  ilisjiosilion  to  interfere  in  tlu^  relig 
ious  opinions  of  the  natives."  Tlu'  course  if 
the  Society  was  d<  fended  and  the  storm  Jiassed 
(H'er. 

.Vuxiliary  socii'tics  commenced  to  be  formed 
in  ISO',).  Tho  lirst  was  at  Keading,  and  they 
rapidl.v  spread  throughout  tho  kingdom.  These 
auxiliaries,  assimilated  to  the  jiarent  society, 
proceeded  upon  precisely  the  same  lines  of 
policy.  They  secured  the  recognition  nf  the  Soci 
ety  and  a  develoiiment  of  interest  in  it  throiigh 
out  tho  districts  when'  they  wc  re  formed  ; 
bocame  a  source  of  i>ermanent  revenue  ;  fur- 
nished an  occasion  for  the  growth  of  the  spirit 
of  Christian  love  among  tho  vatimis  demuu illa- 
tions, and  i>rovided  the  means  for  thotlUcicut 
homo  distribution  of  the  Serijitures. 

In  iHll  a  series  of  attacks  was  made  upon 
tho  Society.  Tin'  tirst  was  by  Pr.  Wordsworth, 
who  contended  that  it  Mould  '  impede  and  cur- 
tail tho  inestimalile  interests  of  Iiiety,  jieace, 
and  true  religion,"  by  interfering  with  and  dam- 
aging tho  Christian  Knowledge  Society.  Thi.-j 
was  followed  by  a  similar  attaik  b.v  I>r.  Marsh, 
Margaret  I'rofessor  of  Divinity  at  Cambridge, 
who  hold  that  the  society,  in  giving  no  loefer- 
enco  to  tho  Kstablished  Church,  might  con- 
tribute to  its  dissolution.  In  .January,  1N12, 
Dr.  Marsh  brought  out  a  moii^  elaborate  work 
against  tho  Society  on  the  grouml  that  the  I'rayer- 
Hook  should  bo  given  with  tho  liible.  Tho 
next  attack  during  tho  same  year  (IHl'i)  was  led 
by  Dr.  Maltby,  afterward  liishop  of  Durham, 
who  objected  that  too  much  of  the  liible  was 
given.  Ho  contended  that  not  more  than  seven 
of  the  Old  Testament  books  and  eleven  of  tho 
New  were  comprehensible  to  the  unlearned,  and 
that  tho  Uiblo  Society  should  not  give  the  v.  hnlo 
to  the  jieople.  Tho  result  of  all  these  attacks 
was  to  advertise  thoroughly  and  expound  and 
thus  justify  the  principles  and  idiji cts  of  tho 
society.  Many  noble  sentiments  were  popular- 
ized— ('.;/., ' '  If  wo  cannot  reconcile  all  opinions, 
let  us  endeavor  to  unite  all  hearts  ;"  "I  cannot 
eoiUH'ivo  of  a  revelation  from  heaven  that  must 
not  be  trusted  alone  ;'  "  If  the  revelation  of 
(iiul  was  intended  in  its  entirety  for  all,  no 
man  can  havo  tho  right,  by  his  interference,  to 
render  it  inaccessible  to  any."  .Vnd  thus  tho 
way  was  prepared  by  the  settlement  and  procla- 


BRITISH  AND  FOREIGN 


107 


BIBIiE  SOCIETY 


laiUion  of  these  princiiilcs  for  moro  uniteil,  con- 
li.tnit,  iiiul  olToctivn  work. 

l>uniiK  tliis  viMir  the  ilumiiiid  for  Kiiglish 
SL'iii>tiiri>H  bc'cniiui  so  (^rciit  tlmt  the  two  uiii 
v.rsilios  (Oxford  iiiul  C'llml)rill^;l')  mlclcil  to  the 
iLiiiiilx'r  of  tluiir  jircsscs,  und  his  .Miijcstv's 
printers  wcro  iiidiu'iid  to  i'nt^iif,'t'  iu  the  work  us 
their  imti'iit  [leriiiittod.  It  is  from  these  three 
(the  oidy  iiuthori/.iid)  sources  thut  the  siipjily  of 
Eii^dish  .Scriptures  is  olitaiiied  hv  the  Society, 
liivestiniition  broiij^ht  out  the  I'liet  of  dephiratde 
destitution.  One  hidf  ot  the  hilMU'iii^;  popuhi 
tiou  of  London  was  entirely  \vitli(Uit  the  Jtilile, 
and  a  siniihir  statu  of  all'airs  was  found  elso- 
where.  Calls  ciiuie  from  many  nuarters,  both 
at  home  and  abroad  ;  juvenile  and  lenude  Hil)lo 
societies  iu  connection  with  the  jiareut  society 
were  formed,  the  lirst  example  of  the  latter 
licint?  that  of  Westminster,  formed  in  Isll. 
There  had  heen,  without  knowledt,'!'  of  the  ex- 
istouco  of  the  Uritish  and  l'orei^;n  Jiihle  So 
ciety,  a  juvenile  society  formed  at  Shellield  in 
ISll."),  and  iu  Isil'.)  the"  .Uierdeen  I'l'male  Ser- 
vants' Society  had  lieen  formed.  'I'ho  credit 
ot  lirst  utiliziii).;  the  faith  and  eiier^'V  of  the 
woiueii  in  a  systenuitic  way  for  the  work  of 
Jiihle  ilistriliution  seems  ilue  to  Mr.  ('.  S.  Hud- 
ley,  who  had  road,  in  Pastor  Olierliii's  corre 
Kpondeuco,  of  the  labors  of  the  feuuiles  of  his 
Hock. 

The  roostnblishinent  of  peaci'  on  tlu^  conti 
neiit  and  the  visit  .?  the  allied  soverei(.;iis,  the 
I'.Miperor  of  Russia  and  the  Kiii^;  of  i'russia,  to 
I,  iiidon  in  1^1  I,  i^'ave  the  Society  the  oppor 
I  unity  of  iirepariii^!  for  ii  lar^^e  e\ti'lision  of  its 
foreign  work.  Deputations  waited  upon  the 
Kin^;  of  I'russia  ,who  was  the  hrst  iiionarch  to 
Hive  direct  eiuv,)ura(,'eiiient  and  palroiiai^e  to  the 
society)  and  the  Kmi)itror  Ahxaiider,  and  were 
cor  liiilly  received.  J,art,'e  distribution  of  Hibles 
und  Testaments  was  made  uiuon^;  the  returniii'^ 
Holdiers.  A^,'ents  were  a^'ain  d  lulched  to  the 
continent.  In  isl.";  the  Society  look  possession 
of  its  premises  on  I'.arl  Street.  Nolwithstund- 
ili;4  the  turbulent  limes  liible  lueetin^^s  Were  ex 
teiisively  hi-ld,  and  when  an  "  .\ct  ''or  the  sup- 
Jiressioii  of  seditious  )iieetint;s"  wi  ,  proposed, 
"  any  nu'etiiii;  or  socie^ly  for  purposes  of  a  re- 
ligious und  eharituble  clmnicler  only"  wi're,  lUi 
representations  of  a  depulaliiui  from  tin-  Urit- 
ish and  l"orei|.;n  Ihlile  Society,  exempted.  In 
Isls  the  "  Merchant  Seunieii's  Auxiliary"  was 
formed.  This  movement  concent  ruled  und 
nmdo  wore  elTi'ctivo  etVorts  already  haviiif;  the 
nieivhant  seamen  in  view,  .\liout  rJoiioo  ju 
this  service  were  found  to  be  without  the  liible. 
Th(^  navy  was  provided  for  by  the  Naval  und 
.Military  liible  S  n-iety.  In  |S17  beg.m  to  be 
issued  a  |>eri  )dical  ^;lvirl^,'  news  of  the  society's 
operations  and  entitled,  MidiIIiIi/  Erlnnin  frmn 
the  Ciirresihuiiliiiiv  It/  till-  llritixh  iiml  Fnni<iii  Hlhlf 
S'ciili/,  A  circular  letter  drawn  up  in  IX'iO 
Hives  the  followiiii,'  statistics:  Oclcdicr,  Isl'.l, 
there  wi're  ilj'.l  auxiliariis  in  liritain  ;  more 
than  1,1100  district  and  |iarocliial  associations  ; 
more  than  •J,.")r.i(,lMil»  copies  of  the  Scriptures 
had  been  issued  from  the  Society's  d(>posltoiv  ; 
;i|o,(H)ll  copies  had  been  purchased  and  dis 
Iributed  at  its  charj^e  in  various  parts  of  I'.u 
rope;  the  S  xuety  expended  in  its  first  year 
£Wl  und  in  its  last  L'I'J;!,nI7,  ami  in  the  whole 
lifti^en  years  a  sum  total  of  .t'MdH.CiMT  ;  lan^,'lla^,'es 
und  dialects  (all  the  I'.uropean,  many  Asiatic, 
Honio  AfricNin  and  .Vmerii'au,  and  one  of  th.e  So. 
ciety   Isluudtf),    12:S.     Add  to   Ihia   distribution 


800,(1(11)  copios  by  other  Hocietics,  and  tho  total 
distribution  ot  all  the  societies  up  to  ISl'J 
amounted  to  ;I,(;nO,0(IO  copies.  I  ]i  to  iN'Jl!  the 
secreiaries  had  lab(Ut'd  f^rutuitously  ;  iit  thut 
time  suluries  were  ultuidicd  to  the  olVices.  To 
meet  tlu^  greut  destitution  in  the  Siuith  and 
West  of  Irelund  it  was  decidi  il  ti>  print  tho  in- 
tire  liible  in  the  Irish  (duirucler  us  well  us  luli- 
t;uuj^e,  which  was  ilone  in  1S1>."),  To  the  ciedit 
of  the  South  of  Si'otlund  it  is  recorded  thut  in 
(lla.sj^ow,  with  a  population  of  U;o,(ii;(i,  oidy  two 
native  familii'S  were  found  without  tlu'  liible. 
In  lS'J.")-'J(i  occurred  the  '  .\)iocrypha"  coiitro- 
ver.sy.  The  .Vpocryidiu  hud  lui'i^i'ly  fulleii  into 
disuse  in  lirituin,  and  was  reimdiateil  by  all  the 
ilissenting  bodies,  who  followed  the  I'lirituns  in 
that  ri'^urd,  and  no  edition  of  tho  Kn^lish 
Scrii)tures  iidopted  and  issued  by  tin'  society 
ever  contained  those  books.  It  was  ditl'erent 
in  other  countries,  however,  and  the  Society's 
rule  was  to  K'*'"  *<'  dillennt  reli^;iiuis  boilies 
their  own  aecreilited  versions.  The  .Society 
attempted  at  lirst  to  secure  the  luiiissiou  of  tho 
.\)H)cryphu  <ui  the  part  of  the  ciudiiontul  so- 
cieties, but  in  vuin,  and  so  it  came  alauit  that 
Hibles  in  forei^tn  laiif^ua^jes  were  issijeil  con- 
taining those  books,  sometimes  aniiexi  d  to  tho 
eunon,  und  in  other  cuses  inieriuiiij^led.  Gb 
jections  were  mude,  und  the  mutter  wiis  brought 
under  discussion.  Many  atteiupts  were  made 
to  reconcile  the  conllietin^;  views  und  secure 
the  adoption  of  a  conciliatory  course.  The 
I'.dinbutnh  Society  withdrew  its  ccuilidelice 
from  the  committee,  protestinu  noainst  iiny 
reeo^;niti(Ui  of  the  .\poerypha  ;  from  the  I'ni- 
versity  of  Cambrid^'e,  on  the  other  hand,  cunio 
u  protest  against  the  step  which  would  exeludo 
the  Apocrypha,  as  in  some  <|Uurters  the  only  way 
in  w  hicli  uny  ]iart  ot  the  liible  could  be  circulated, 
and  in  other  ipiarters  the  oidy  wuy  iu  which 
the  Old  und  New  Ti'stanunts  coidd  be  eiicu- 
lated  to),'ether,  was  by  mtuns  of  editions  con- 
taining^ the  .Vpoeryidia,  The  linul  resolution 
ot  the  Society  (November  'Jlst.  Is'joi  entirely 
excluded  the  ciri'ulutioii  of  the  .\|iocry|ihal 
books.  Kveii  this  step,  however,  failed  to  re- 
store the  contidc  nee  of  the  I'.dinbiirj^h  Com- 
mitli'e,  which  held  that  a  disiiosition  hud  bet  n 
manifested  to  "  tumper  with  the  canon  of  in- 
spired Scripture."  The  auxiliary  soeietiis  in 
Scotland,  therefore,  with  fi\v  exceptions  with- 
drew from  the  ])un'nt  society,  und  the  Nulicuiid 
Ivible  .Soi'iety  of  Scotland  was  f(uiiied.  In  tho 
.\pocrypha  discussi(Ui  certain  chaij^es  were 
mude  anuinst  business  nuthods  of  the  c(Uii- 
niittee,  which  induced  the  I'ommiltee,  having 
vindii'uted  its  aj.'ents,  thereafter  to  publish  a 
fuller  balance  sheet  than  had  been  customary. 
In  .lune,  |M'J7,  the  Welsh,  nulivi'  Irish,  Mohawk, 
Calniuc,  Chinese,  Turkish,  and  lietij^alee  ver- 
sions cinuilateil  by  tli(>  soi'iety  were  attui'ked  in 
the  ({ihirlrrlij  litritini\t  inaccurate.  A  reply  by 
T.  r>.  I'lutt  (honorary  libiurian)  showed  thut  the 
critic  was  uninformed  on  most  if  not  ull  of  tho 
points  he  toiudied  upiMi.  In  |s:iO  and  ls:il  iin 
attempt  wus  mude  to  secure  the  opeliinjj  of 
meetin^;s  with  prayer,  and  to  impose  a  frinita- 
liali  test  for  membership.  The  composite  char- 
ucter  of  the  membership  and  the  uiiiis  of  the 
society  forbadtt  either,  and  i>n  lieeeinber  7th, 
ls:!l,  a  public,  meeting;  was  held  in  Kxeter  Hull, 
I.cuidon,  und  a  "  TrinUiiriati  liible  Society' '  was 
formed.  Though  some  x\ftrm  friemls  of  the  So- 
ciety at  that  time  withdrew,  yet  tin.  vast  body 
of  its  cuuutiluuutti  uud  supiiortors  held  on  their 


BRITISH  AND  FOREI3N 


193 


BIBLE  SOCIETY 


i' 


i 


prosperous  way.  At  the  annual  meeting  in 
XH.i'Z  the  t«'o  brothers  Noel  stood  together  on 
the  plattorni  and  candidly  retracted  the  mis- 
takes they  had  fallen  into  in  the  j)romiuent  part 
they  had  taken  against  the  Society  in  the  matter 
o£  the  'IVinitarian  controversy.  In  ISLtl  Lord 
Teigumouth,  the  first  president  of  the  society, 
died,  and  Lord  JJexley  succeeded  him.  The  re- 
port for  that  year  tells  of  the  Scriptures  pre- 
pared and  printed  in  l-)7  languages  ;  total 
copies  is.siied,  8,5-l'J,3iJ(i  ;  total  receipts,  .€2,050,- 
•Jod. 

la  connection  with  the  abolition  of  slavery 
throughout  the  IJritish  colonies  (.Vugust  1st, 
183.'i),  a  special  fund  of  i;ili,24',t  o.v.  <.hl.  was  raised 
amid  great  enthusiasm  to  put  a  copy  of  the 
New  Testament  into  the  hanils  of  every  freed- 
mau  who  could  rend  or  was  the  head  of  a  fam- 
il,v.  This  measure  was  ultimately  accomplished, 
August  1st,  IHSi),  when  100,(1(10  copies  were  thus 
disposed  of.  In  IsiiO  tlio  (juestion  of  aid  to 
Baptist  ■versions  in  which  "  bapti/.o"  was  trans- 
lated by  wonls  exclusively  signifying  "  im- 
merse" was  brouglit  up  by  a  reipiest  for  aid 
ma  lo  by  the  IJaptist  missionaries  at  Serampore. 
The  decision  of  the  coniuiittee  on  that  and  sub- 
seciuent  occasions  was  that,  inasmuch  as  widely 
dilferoat  views  on  that  subject  Were  represented 
in  the  constituency  of  the  Society,  they  could 
aid  onlj'  8uch  translations  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment as  followed  the  English  version  in  trans- 
literating the  Greek  word,  orsucli  as  translated  it 
by  som-.'  neutral  term.  The  ri'sult  was  that  in 
184')  the  Baptist  body  formed  a  new  society  un- 
der the  title  of  the  JJiblo  Translation  Society, 
though  individuals  from  that  denomination 
continued  to  support  tlio  parent  society.  In 
1837  Scriptures  began  to  be  printed,  by  means 
of  raised  letters,  fur  the  bliml.  In  i^'VJ  the  ex- 
clu-iive  right  of  the  king  s  printer  to  print  the 
Bible  in  Scotland  ceased,  and  the  monopoly 
being  abolished,  the  prices  greatly  di'creased. 
Thereupon  an  agitation  was  cotumenced  in  Eng- 
land, the  result  of  which  was  to  induce  the 
uni.-ersities  and  the  king's  j)rinter  to  bring  out 
numerous  editions  at  greatly  reduced  prices. 
Bin  ling,  with  which  the  printers  had  nothing 
to  ilo,  was  also  improved  in  <piality  and  style, 
tog  'ther  with  a  redu(^tion  in  jirice,  it  being  un- 
derstooil,  however,  that  books  in  superior  and 
ornamental  styles  of  binding  should  not  be  Hold 
lin  ler  cost. 

.Vl)Out  this  time  Queen  A'ictoria  became  pa- 
troness of  the  Ladies'  Windsor  Bible  Society, 
and  the  I'rinco  Consort  by  a  direct  and  liberal 
contribution  became  a  life  governor.  In  1k4;) 
the  King  of  Prussia  donated  tlOO,  and  became 
n  sul)sc'(pient  yearly  subscriber  of  .t'lio.  In  the 
fortieth  annual  report  (IHU)  reference  is  made 
to  the  bitter  c intriversies  of  the  time,  which 
were  such  as  to  have  rendered  the  formation  of 
such  a  society  then  impossible,  and  to  the  ])rovi- 
dence  that  had  c.vlU  d  out  societies  years  before 
to  distribute  the  B  )ok,  wliich  must  in  these 
controversies  bo  the  final  standard  of  appeal. 
In  IHl.")  the  Southwark.Vuxiliary  adoi)ted  a  plan 
of  Christmas  and  New  Vear's  offerings,  and  put 
into  the  hands  of  collectors— mostly  juvenile — 
cards  with  two  engravings  at  the  top.  One  rep- 
resented the  time  (1510)  when  six  Biblef*  were 
chained  in  St.  Paul's,  that  the  people  of  Lon- 
don might  read  the  Scriptures  ;  the  other  showed 
the  open  Bible,  free  and  unchained,  of  the  year 
1844,  which  year  (II  1,00()  copies  had  issue  1  from 
the  depositories  of  the  Society,     la  the  same 


year  (1845)  the  system  of  colportage,  which  had 
already  been  in  use  in  foreign  countries,  was 
commenced  in  the  I'nited  Kingdom. 

This  year  proved  most  remarkable  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Society  in  the  call  for  Scriptures. 
In  one  district — Liincashire — the  issues  of  the 
auxiliary  sprung  from  1."),(I00  (the  largest  num- 
ber issued  by  any  auxiliary  hitherto)  in  1S14  to 
nearly  100,000  in  ls45.  The  revolutionary 
movenicnts  in  Euroi)o  in  1848  opened  wide 
doors  for  the  Society's  operations  abroad,  and 
in  answer  to  an  appeal  a  special  fund  of  JL>^,'.I51 
was  placed  at  the  disporial  of  the  Society  for  its 
work  on  the  continent.  In  ls4',)  the  <iuestion 
of  opening  the  meetings  of  the  Society  with 
prayer  was  again  brouglit  up,  and  it  was  de- 
cided thereafter  to  ojieu  all  such  meetings  by 
reading  a  portion  of  Scripture.  The  matter  was 
thus  disposed  of  until  is.-jS,  when  prayer  was 
introduced  into  both  the  committee  meetings 
and  the  j>ublic  meetings.  The  large  and  con- 
tinued giants  of  Scriptures  to  Ireland  showed 
fruit  in  the  remarkable  religious  movement 
which  commenced  in  IHI'J.  In  ls51  Lord 
Bexley  died  and  I.,ord  .\shley  (afterward  Lord 
Shaftesbury)  became  president.  The  great  in- 
dustrial exhibition  of  that  year  furnished  an 
opportunity  which  the  Society  took  full  advan- 
tage of. 

On  March  7th,  ls5.'l,  the  Society  entered  upon 
its  jubilee.  .Ml  clergymen  throughout  the  em- 
pire were  requested  to  present  the  Society  to 
their  people  on  the  l:tth  (Sun  lay).  (Ireat  en- 
thusiasm was  aroused  ;  auxiliaries  met  in  the 
towns  and  cities  of  the  various  colonies.  In 
Constantinople  and  in  various  places  in  India, 
China,  and  Africa  notable  celebrations  were 
held.  -Vn  appeal  for  l.ooo.ooo  eojiies  of  the 
New  Testament  for  China  was  presented,  and 
not  only  was  this  appeal  promptly  met,  but  a 
su' plus  fund  for  China  was  collected.  The  gen- 
eral jubilee  fund  and  the  China  special  amounted 
to  i,".lit,"22:t,  .Vrrangements  were  made  to  sup- 
j)ly  the  soldiers  in  the  Crimean  War,  and  a 
wonderful  impulse  was  imparted  to  the  work  of 
the  Society. 

In  1><M  a  ''  penny"  Testament  was  published 
in  English  and  was  fiiund  to  suit  a  long-felt 
want.  In  18s.')  a  similar  e<lition  was  published 
in  Welsh.  October  InI.  1s,s5,  Lord  Shaftesbury 
dieil.  The  Earl  of  llan-owby  was  iipjiointed 
his  successor.  .Vimrt  from  the  Society's  iillili- 
ate<l  associations  various  forms  of  acti^'ity  in 
the  matter  of  Scrii)turo  distribution  have  been 
stiliiulaterl  and  aided  by  the  society.  The 
local  societies  in  England  and  AVales  number 
1.1  l)t  auxiliaries,  410  blanches,  and  ;t,S."iH  asso- 
ciati(Uis  ;  in  Europe  and  the  colonies  are  128 
auxiliaries  and  1,100  branches.  The  rec<  ipts 
from  the  home  iiixiliaries  were,  in  Isss,  f  17, 412 
7s.  5i(.  in  free  eontnbiitinns  and  .t,'2:i,:i7.>  'is. 
~i\.  f(U'  the  purchase  of  Scriptures  ;  from  Scot- 
land and  the  colonies,  l'7,'.is2  in  contributions 
and  l.".t,ip(il  on  purchase  account.  The  home 
circulation  by  colporteurs  employed  directly  by 
the  parent  soiuety  unKumted,  in  1x88,  to  ,')0,000 
copies.  The  income  of  the  .Society  (apart  from 
that  realized  from  sales)  amounted,  in  1HK8,  to 
€11:1,870  l"*.  4i/. ;  return  from  Seri|)tures  sold, 
t'.l8,(!77  18.«.  Ibf.  The  number  of  issues,  iu 
18(is,  wiis  8l,l.-.7;  1828,  4:tO,8!t5  ;  1H|S,  1,127,- 
Oi)7  ;  IHOS,  2,4O0,7"0  ;  1H88,  4,20(l,o;t2.  Total 
issues  from  beginnin;?  to  1888.  120,i;tt!,78:i. 
(The  issues  of  fresh  ci.j.i'"  now  amount  to 
about  4,000,000  copies  a  year.)     To  this  may  ba 


its 
12 
li. 
it- 

lie 
by 
DO 
lu 
to 


III 
:t. 

ti> 

10 


BRITISH  AND  FORBION  109 

fidiled  7H,1-J8,;)2S  copios  issued  li.v  fifty-oi^-ht 
Kiiri)i)(,'iiii  iiud  tivo  Aiufriomi  sooiotus,  which 
Liivi:  befu  iissistod  by  the  JJritihh  mid  Foreij^ii 
liihlo  Society.  The  Society  hiis  inoinoted  the 
traiisliitioii,  printiiit,',  iind  distrilmtiou  of  thi? 
Bilil'.i  or  iiortiniis  in  'll')  hin^^migi'S  and  diiilects 
directly,  niid  in  (i")  indirectly. 

'I'hu  Society's  iinniial  expcadittires  havo  in- 
creased as  follows:  isill,  ti'.'.ll  lo.s.  2'/.;  IHOS, 
fit,.-,*;.-,  i;iv.  7(/.;  IX'is,  fliii.i:i2  C.v.  1!./.;  IxlH 
fin,-), 1142  ]'.».<.  1(/.;  IKCS,  ,f2(«l,s7'.l  h.s.  s,/. ;  Inhs, 
,t224,H2:!  'Js.  !M.;  total  from  lir.st,  i;i(»,7<'i(l,:n.j 
V2s.  1-/. 

hi'i'cloinitent  of  Foi-cif/u  fl'ork.~1ui- 
nie.llately  on  the  formiilion  ot  tlio  Society  cor- 
res|M)ndonco  was  coninienccd  throii^jh  ii  siib- 
coiiiiiiitteo  with  foreign  lands,  witli  a  view  to 
learn  both  the  needs  and  the  best  methods  of 
work  in  those  lands.  The  lirst  grant  made  was 
oue  ot  flOl)  to  encourage  the  I'oniiation  of  a 
society  in  Xuromberg.  This  was  AFay,  l.Mll. 
One  ot  the  earliest  foreign  corresiidiidcnts  was 
a  1!  mian  Catholic  cb^rgymau  in  Swiibia,  to  whom 
1,11  III  (rermaii  Xew  T'estaments  were  granted  for 
distribution.  The  tir.st  foreign  edition  of  the 
Scriiitiires  iiriuted  by  the  .Society  was  John's 
(lospel  ('2,0110  copies)  in  Moliawk  and  English. 
The  translator  had  prefixed  a  brief  adilress 
which,  howeser,  the  Society,  according  to  its 
rules,  ordered  exscinded.  In  ISO')  enlightened 
It  itiian  Catholics  at  Katisboii,  incitiMl  thereto 
liy  Ik  desire  to  emulate  the  I'rotestaut  work  at 
Niuiiiiberg,  formed  ii  ISible  society  and  ilis- 
tributed  Schwarzel's  translation  of  the  Now 
Testament  among  the  Catliolic  poor.  This  so- 
ciety for  many  years  did  a  grand  work  in  Hible 
distribution.  The  liritish  and  Foreign  liiblo 
Soeiety  derived  valuable  iiiforiiiatinii  and  assist- 
ance from  the  Canst»in  liible  Institution  at 
Halle,  which  had  been  in  operation  nearly  one 
hundred  yearH  when  the  liritisli  Society  was 
formed. 

S.ioii  the  lieiiibiuarters  for  distribution  in 
fiermany  wi;re  transferred  from  Nuremberg  to 
Baslo.  Various  grants  were  made  to  encourage 
the  printing  of  new  editions  of  the  Scriptures 
and  for  the  establishment  of  auxiliary  societies. 
A  French  edition  was  distribute.!  in  the  south 
of  France.  In  1M12  a  liible  committee  was 
formed  in  I'aris.  .Viixiliarics  were  formeil  in 
Zurich  ilsl2i,  St.  (lall  (lsl:(i,  Wurtemlierg 
(1H13),  Frankfort  and  other  plaices  (  |h|2i,  I'res- 
burg  in  Hungary  (1hI2).  Leimdcr  Van  Kss,  a 
Catholic  priest  and  professor  in  the  University 
of  Marburg,  made  a  translation  of  the  Xew 
Testament;  £200  was  granted  him  to  ».nable 
him  distribute  It. 000  copies,  ile  had  added 
notes,  but  these  were  struck  out.  Other  grunts 
were  also  made  him,  ami  his  connection  with 
the  Siciety  was  liapjiy  and  most  beiulicial. 
The  lierlin  Auxiliary  was  formed  in  IMO.'),  ami 
Kcion  printed  20,(HlO  copies  of  the  Scriptures  in 
the  liohemian  and  I'olish  tongues.  The  French 
invasion  caused  its  suspension  in  isilii,  but  it 
soon  rallied.  In  Northern  Kurojie  the  ilestitu- 
tion  was  f.iund  to  be  great.  In  Iceland  nearly 
everybo  ly  could  read,  but  not  more  than  ol) 
cnpii's  of  the  Si^riptiires  were  tob(>  found  in  tlio 
.islan.l.  In  lsii7  means  were  taken  to  sujijily 
the  tieeil,  and  in  lH2:t  it  was  reported  that  not 
a  family  remained  without  the  Si'riptures.  An 
auxiliary  was  founded  in  Copenhagen  in  isil. 
Impiiries  in  Fsthonia,  Karnss  (on  theCaspiani, 
Astrachan,  and  elsewhere  in  Itussia  b -ought 
out  tbe  faut  of  grent  deatitutioa  iu  that  empire. 


BIBLE  SOCIBTT 


"  It  was  generally  known  Km  versts  off  wliere  a 
liiblo  was  to  be  had."     In   IsiKj  provision  was 
made  for  the  translation  of  the  Scriptures  into 
Turkish  by  Mr.  lirunton,  a  missionary  at  Kara.ss. 
(irauts  were  also   made  to  supply  the   (iermaii 
colonies  on  the    Volga,  and  for  the  traiislatiou 
of   the  liible  into  the  Calmuc  tongue,  and  the 
supply  of  Livonia  ami  I^sthonia.     In  1.^12,  with 
the  approbation  and  assistance  of  the  Czar,  an 
auxiliary  was  estublislie.l  at  Abo  for  the  sirfiiy 
of   Scriptures   to   Finland.     While  the   French 
were  approaching  to  the  destruction  of  Moscow 
in  1SI2,  .Mr.  I'iukerton,  nn  agent  of  the  Society, 
and  Mr.  I'atterson,  formerly  missionary  of  the 
Scotch    Missionary    Society    in    Karass,    were 
conferring   together    within    the   doomed    city 
about  tilt!  establishment  of  a  society  for  Itns^ia. 
Their  purjioso  was  accomplished  at  St.  I'eters- 
burg   on   .lanuary   Mth,    lsl:t,  thrcuigh   I'rinco 
(iftlitzin,  who  became  its  first  president.     Mem- 
bers of  the  Uussian  Oreek,  the  Armenian,   the 
Catholic,    the   Lutheran,   and   other  Protestant 
churches  were  jiresent  at  the  inauguration  of 
the  work.     The  Czar  donated  2."),u(iO  roubles,  and 
became  an  annual  subscriber  to  the  amount  of 
10,0(10.     .Vuxiliarie.s  were  formed,  various  trans- 
lations made,  anil  a  great  imjiulse  given  to  Jbblo 
distribution  and   study.     Nearly  one  hundrid 
editions  in  thirty  languagis  were  imblished,  and 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  Scriptures  distributed. 
.Vlexander's  successor,  Nicholas,  suppressed  the 
society  in  ]N2ri,  but  iiermitted   the  formation  of 
a  I'rotestant  society  for  suiiplyiiig  I'rotestants 
with   the    liible.     In   ISO'.)   an   association    was 
formed   in   Stockhol"     through  which   Laidand 
also  was   reached,     'llu.    association,    in   IsM^ 
became  merged  in  the  .Swedish  liiblo  Society. 
In   |sl4  the  Nethi'rlauds  liiblo   Society  was  in 
stitute.l    at    Amsterdam.       It    was   found    that 
while  the  majority  of  the  adherents  of  the  Ite- 
formed  Church  had  liibles,  the  Lutherans  gen- 
erally were  unprovided,  and  the  Catholics  liad 
very  few  copies  among  them.      Societies   were 
rapidly  multiplied  to  siippl.v  the  need,  and  gen- 
erous grants  were  macle  to  tliem.     Kfforls  made 
by  till'  ]iope  to  check  the  work  in  Poland  and 
Kussia  failed.     .Vustria  refused  to  permit  the 
work  in  her  borders,  and  the  llungariiin  liible 
Society  was   supjiressed  ;   and    yet  many   emi. 
nent  Komaii  Catholics  hearlily  assisted  the  So- 
ciety in  its  work.      In   islS  a   i'rotestant  liiblo 
Society   was   formed   at  Paris,   which    by    l.s22 
found    itself    supported    by   ;!(i    auxiliaries,    2S 
branches,  and  I'.l  associations,     A  Polish  slave 
brought  up  lis  a  Mohammedan  in  Constantino- 
ple triinslated    the    iJible   into   Turkish   about 
KiC.d.     This  version  was  revised  and  printecl  in 
Paris   by   J'rofessor    KielTer  (who   had    learned 
Turkish  during  seven  years'  imprisonment  in 
Constantinople),  for  some  years  an  agent  of  tho 
Society.      .\n   .Vriiieiiian   version   of    the   New 
T'estametit  in  the  modern  tongue  and  one  of  tho 
Syriiio  and  Carshun  were  also  printed  there  in 
1H2(;.      I'p  to  ls2('i  it  had  been  tho  aim  of  tho 
society  to  eiicourago  foreign  countries  to  insti- 
tute societies  ot  their  own,  on  its  principle  of 
circulating  tbe  Scriptures  without  note  or  com- 
ment.    This   aim   was    remarkably   successful. 
Holland,  frermaiiy.  Poland,  Hussia,  Switzerland, 
France,   Hungary,   Henmark,  Sweden,   Norway, 
Iceland  were  aroused  in  a  remarkable  degree  to 
]irovide   the   people    with   the    liible.      In   tho 
Lutheran  and   Iteformed   ohurches  the  various 
Protestant  translations  were  distributed,  while 
among  the  Homau  Catholius,  versions  of  their 


m 


BRITISH  AND  FOREIGN 


soo 


BIBLE   SOCIETT 


own,  but  without  note  or  comiuent,  were  adopted 
for  distribution  by  the  society.  On  acconut  of 
the  positiou  taken  in  regard  to  the  Apocrrjjha, 
as  wo  have  seen  above  in  1S2I),  must  of  the  con 
tiuental  societies  withdrew,  and  thereafter  the 
liritisli  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  has  carried 
forward  its  work  in  Europe  by  means  of  agen- 
cies under  its  own  immediate  control. 

Statement  of  the  Agencies. 

France. — Professor  Kieffer  became  agent,  a 
depot  was  opened  in  Paris  in  ib'Jf),  and  the 
distribution  soon  amounted  to  1 7, OUU  copies  per 
year.  Small  depots  were  opened  in  different 
directions.  In  1831  the  is.sue8  were  17C,13y. 
Colporteurs  went  from  house  to  hoa.se,  to  pris- 
ons, and  among  the  poor.  Professor  Kieffer 
died  in  1832,  and  next  year  M.  de  Pressensc  was 
appointed  agent.  I'p  to  the  jubilee  year.  Is5l, 
the  colporteurs  in  connection  with  the  French 
agency  had  distributed  about  l,7l-K».<»U(J  copies. 
Seven-eighths  of  which  were  of  the  I>e  Sacy  ver- 
sion. Total  volumes  from  1h33  to  l>o4,  •2.*i71,- 
7(l'.i,  and  of  these  1,'.)13,°27°J  went  into  the  hands 
of  I'reneh  lloniau  Catholics.  I'p  to  1'>3h  col- 
jtortenrs  had  this  work  in  connection  with  some 
other  business.  Now  torty.fonr  arc  eniploye<l 
by  the  Society  itself.  These  colportearx  had 
much  inrtuenco  in  starting  evangelical  move- 
ments. M.  du  Prcssensi'  died  in  It'o,  and  was 
suoceeded  hy  .M.  <rustav!  Monod,  the  present 
agent.  Political  revolution.s,  the  secnlanzation 
of  education,  the  spread  of  infidelity  and  indif- 
fi'retitism  have,  of  course,  atfected  the  work  of 
liilile  ilistril)Ution.  .\bout  fifty  col|>ort«nrs 
are  now  t'm[)luyed,  and  this  agency  Las  l>een 
lavgoly  instrumental  in  increasing  the  Dnml>er 
of  evangelical  churches  from  l.>i)  at  the  bejpn- 
nlng  of  the  century  to  (!(m(  at  the  present  time. 
The  total  distribution  of  the  Paris  agency  np  to 
18H1)  am  Minted  to  nearly  ,s.imm>.(kh»  of  copies. 

liKi.iiiiM.— In  IxK")  >ir.  \V.  Pascoe  Tiddy  was 
male  ag<  iit  tor  IJelgiuni.  < 'nlportinrs  were  at 
oiice  employed.  The  Scriptures  were  verj- 
scarce  before  that  time.  One  ISihle  was  shown 
the  agent  which  a  dozen  persons  had  clubbed 
together  to  purchase  and  had  obtained  from 
H  illand,  where  it  cost  4'i  francs.  The  oppo- 
sition was  bitter,  colporteurs  being  even  in 
danger  of  death  at  the  hands  of  fanatical  peo- 
ple. The  issues  ami/unted.  in  1H37,  to  •*t>,ii**. 
The  ISelgiaii  and  Foreign  ISible  Society  was  re- 
vived and  other  associations  formed,  .\nother 
result  was  the  formation  of  the  lielgic  Evan- 
gelical Society  far  training  and  sending  forth 
evangelists.  In  seven  years  Hi2.H4tP  rolnmes 
had  b"en  issued  from  the  Society's  depot.  In 
ls7()  the  staff  of  colporteurs  was  increased  to 
eight.  There  are  about  2"i.imi(I  profes>>e-d  Prot- 
estauts  in  the  kingd.im.  The  clerical  party  has 
always  been  hostile  to  the  work  of  the  society. 
The  anti-(derical  or  liberal  element  has  shown 
a  tenilency  to  reject  all  religion.  There  are 
four  depots  ia  Antwerp,  ti.-e  in  Bms-sels,  and 
one  in  Charleroi  The  total  issues  amounted. 
in  IKHi),  to  over  KdlliMHt  copies. 

Holland.— The  Netherlands  Hible  Society, 
foriii'Ml  in  ISH,  imd  up  to  lH-13  issae<l  about 
3iMl,(Mli>  copies  and  hail  NO  ast-ociations  con- 
nected with  it.  In  1N13  .Mr.  Tiddy.  as  agent  of 
the  liritish  and  Foreign  Dible  Society,  com- 
nien<'ed  the  colportagc  system  in  Holland,  and 
in  ten  years  3.")1,  I'M  copies  had  been  distribute*!. 
The  bitter  oppusitiou  of  Catliolics,  the  inipos- 


Kibilit,v  of  getting  out  editions  fast  enough  to 
supply  the  demand,  and  the  greatly  increased 
activity  of  the  Netherlands  liible  Society  ac- 
count for  the  fact  that  tho  sales  were  not  very 
much  larger.  In  1817  a  depot  was  ojiened  at 
Cologne,  whence  were  issued  uji  to  18,11,  S',ii)..'i(;8 
volumes.  Tho  figures  given  do  not  include 
copies  issued  to  other  agencies.  Total  issues 
from  the  Aiiihterdiim  ageniy  amounted  in  ISHlt, 
to  1,303, 21111  copies.  It  is  regarded  that  tlie 
Society's  work  is  well-nigh  accomplished  in 
Holland,  and  that  tho  time  is  near  for  a  with- 
drawal from  that  land,  leaving  tho  future  sujiply 
of  Scriptures  to  tho  care  of  the  native  society. 

(lEiiMANV.  —  .\n  agency  was  estaljlished  at 
Frankfort  by  Dr.  Pinkerton  in  1m3(i.  New 
editions  in  seven  different  languages  were 
printed  at  once.  Annual  issues  ranged  between 
3o,(KM(and  ',t",t,-13(l.  Total  issues  from  1831)  till 
the  jubilee,  i,3-l"i,lir).  .Vn  arrangement  was 
made  for  supidying  tho  Prussian  troops  ;  the 
king  charged  the  jirivy  purse  with  one  cpiarter 
the  Jirice  of  each  bocdc,  the  soldier  furnished 
one  «piarter,  and  the  Society  jirovided  the  re- 
maining niiiiity.  In  that  way  ;'(']O,0(J()  copies 
were  Jirovided  to  the  army  up  to  18.")-l.  Hotels 
and  watering  places  near  the  Khiiie  were  fur- 
nished with  copies  to  i)lace  in  the  rooms.  The 
ijolitical  occurrences  of  18-lH  ojiened  the  way 
for  open  colportage,  and  at  once  fifteen  men 
were  thus  employed. 

The  extent  and  operations  of  this  agency  were 
affected  by  the  struggle  with  Denmark  in  18(;4, 
with  .\ustria  in  l8(l('i,  and  with  Franco  in  1^7(1, 
and  the  subseiiueiit  consolidation  of  the  tier- 
man  States.  In  ls71  tho  issues  were  l,(i2l,23(). 
In  IM'.!)  the  German  districts  for  distribution 
had  been  aiiialgaiiiatcd  and  thi^  principal  agency 
fixed  at  lieilin.  The  distvikutimi,  in  1N8H,  was 
3<'k3(I'.i1  ;  total  from  the  first,  13,.s2(i.Mil.  The 
Cierman  societies  are  taking  an  increasingly 
prominent  juirl  in  the  work  of  supplying  the 
population  vith  the  Word,  While  the  work  of 
other  societies  fell  oil  in  Isss-Ml,  that  of  the 
German  societies  increased  to  tho  extent  of 
1S,(HI(I  copies  over  the  previous  year. 

SwnZKHI.ANll    AND    NdltTHlUiN    ItAI.V. — III    IMo 

Mr.  Graydon  hegan  to  go  from  town  to  town  in 
Switzerland,  attending  fairs,  etc,  and  had  great 
success  in  selling  Scrijitures.  The  jiolitical 
agitations  of  1S17-48  Hciiiiewhat  interfered,  but 
the  work  kipt  on.  In  ISIH  ^Ir.  (iiaydon  en 
tered  Italy,  visited  Milan,  Turin.  Genoa,  Nice, 
etc.,  and  met  with  encouraging  success,  but 
toward  the  close  of  the  year  bitter  opjiosition 
was  encountered.  In  is  tit  Pope  Pius  IX.  re- 
iterated his  condemnation  of  tho  liible  societies. 
The  issues  through  Mr.  (iraydon  for  Switzerland 
up  to  IH.U  amounted  to  r.7,S''i3  co|iies,  and  for 
Haly,  3."),imKi,  Several  depots  were  opened  in 
Switzerland,  and  tlie  liible  work  well  organized. 
In  18^7  a  liible  union  was  constituted,  uniting 
all  the  cantonal  societies.  Tho  liritisli  and 
Foreign  liible  Si>ciety  is  a  member  of  the 
union,  but  has  no  se]>arate  agency  in  Switzer- 
land. The  average  distribution  during  the  past 
five  years  in  the  ctuintry  has  been  .Is.iKMl 
coities. 

AisTKiA-HrNOAiiv.-  In  1834  Pev.  Mr.  Wini 
mer.  under  l>r.  Pinkcrton's  direction,  and  as- 
sisted by  about  two  hundred  Protestant  jiastors 
in  Hungary,  succeeded  in  making  a  large  ilis- 
trilintion,  until  1848,  when  he  was  driven  :!>to 
exile  on  suspicion  of  being  implicated  in  the 
political  disturbances  of  tho  time.     lie  had  dis 


BRITISH   AND  FOR£ION 


201 


BIBLB    SOOISTT 


tributed  137,90(5  copie.s.  After  the  war  another 
ft^elit,  Mr.  Milliird,  j,'ot  access  to  nungary  and 
Austria,  and  distriljiited  in  eighteen  uiontLs 
3ii,32H  \olauios,  when  the  Hovernmeut  interfered 
and  the  depots  wore  closed  by  the  Jiolice,  and 
tlie  bnoks  sent  ont  of  the  country.  Mr.  Millard 
received  tlie  books  at  IJre.shiu.  There  he  met 
vith  reumrkablo  success.  The  Austrian  agency 
was  re-establislied  in  lxii4,  and  a  depot  opened 
at  Vienun.  A  depot  hail  already  been  opened 
for  Huu^'ary  in  I'esth.  The  Austria-Hungarian 
a;iency  includes  within  its  8i)here  ot  ojieratious 
liiissiun  Poland,  liosuia.  Servia,  and  liouuiaDia. 
There  are  now  ten  depots.  About  sixty  coljior- 
teursareeiiiplnyecl.  who,  in  1hhh-s!i,  distributed 
wore  than  IIO.OIIU  c<ipies.  Total  distribution 
from  the  first,  :(,  J'.il,'.il'.i. 

Italy, —  The  Society  commenced  to  print  the 
Italian  .Scrii'tures  in  Ihiih.  Some  distribution 
was  ma  ]e,  with  the  approval  of  the  clergy  and 
others,  iu  Sicily  and  Malta.  During  the  politi- 
cal convulsion  of  Ifils,  and  while  the  Jir)pe  was 
a  fugitive,  some  progress  was  maile.  On  his 
return,  however,  the  w.iik  was  KUpjircssed. 
The  total  number  of  Italian  Scriptures  jirinted 
by  the  .Society  u])  to  ls.",4  was  'J 7'J. •")>*'.>. 

Elf  )rts  for  Italy  were  never  completely  inter- 
mitted. .V  footing  was  gained  in  Sardinia,  and 
gradually  other  districts  were  reached.  In  IxT'i 
Itnue  itsilf  became  open  to  the  liible.  In  Ix's'i 
an  editor  in  Milan  began  i.ssuing  in  weekly 
parts  at  one  cent  each  an  edition  of  the  whole 
liible.  The  weekly  issues  amounted  to  l",.50t) 
co|iies.  He  clio.se  the  Konian  t'atholic  version 
of  Martini.  .Vnother  house  began  an  edition 
of  20,11(111  co])ics  of  the  New  Testament,  with 
Gustave  Dorr's  illustrations,  at  ten  cents  per 
copy.  In  I'lOme  also  Signor  lionghi  began  is- 
suing in  parts  a  life  ot  ,Tesus.  Tlie  Sficiety  Jias 
ten  depots  in  Italy.  Nearly  forty  colj)orteurs 
distributed,  in  1.hxn-s;i,  IH.oD!  copies.  Total 
Issues  for  the  year,  l;i7,13o  ;  total  from  the  be- 
ginning, l,.'i7.'),0',U. 

.Spain.  — The  lirst  effort  of  theSociety  for  the 
Spanish  peopl,:  wa<  the  distribution  made 
among  the  Spanish  prisoners  in  England  in 
l""'!--!.  The  (lilHi'ulties  in  the  way  of  work  in 
Spain  Were  very  great.  In  iH-^l  a  committee 
was  formed  at  (tibraltar.  In  lH:t2  a  Catalonian 
version  was  lirinteil.  In  ls:t7  the  work  was 
stopped  by  severe  government  measures.  I'p 
to  is.jl  the  total  issues  by  the  Society  in  Span- 
ish Were  about  277,0(10,  but  most  of  these  Were 
for  Spanish  speaking  people  outside  of  Sjiain. 
Not  till  isi'iS  was  tli(!  .S  iciety  permitted  to  re- 
sume operations.  The  field  lias  proved  a  diffi- 
cult one.  The  ignorance  of  the  people,  fanati- 
cal opposition  of  the  priesthood,  and  in  later 
years  the  growth  of  infidelity  are  the  chief  dif- 
ficulties. There  are  four  depots  Harcelona. 
Gibraltar,  Madrid,  and  ,Seville.  .\bout  thirty 
colp.nrteurs  are  at  work,  who  distributed,  in 
Isss-H'.i,  27,:H7  copies.  Total  issues  from  the 
first,  1.2.Jl,:iu;i. 

I'oinrdAL.— In  Portugal,  though  legal  im- 
jiediments  were  not  so  great,  yet  the  people 
were  apathetic  and  the  work  met  with  little 
sncress.  More  success  was  met  with  for  a  time 
in  Madeira  and  the  .\zores,  bnt  subsequent 
hostility  checked  the  work.  Whole  number  of 
copies  printed  in  Portuguese  till  18.">1,  «0,(NN». 
In  iHi'i.j  it  was  found  that,  though  the  Scrip- 
tures could  not  bo  imported  into  Portugal,  they 
might  be  printed  in  the  country.  Steps  were 
at  ouce  taken  to  that  end.     The  work,  as  iu 


Spain,  has  passed  through  many  vicissitudes. 
TUere  are  depots  at  Lisbon,  (Jjiorto,  Madeira, 
and  Azores.  Ten  colporteurs  are  employed. 
The  circulation  in  IWss  was  •l,'JH(i  coi)ies  ;  total 
from  the  beginning,  l(i.'>,l.S('i, 

Dkxmahk. — Though  direct  co-operation  be- 
tween the  iiareiit  societ.v  and  the  societies  in 
Denmark  (D.mish  Society  at  Copenhagen,  and 
Sleswickllolstein  .Society)  ceased  with  tho 
Apocrypha  controversy,  yet  frieiKlly  relations 
were  continued.  Grants  were  made  to  indi- 
vidual workers,  and  an  agency  was  sustained  in 
.Sleswick.  A  depot  was  opened  in  Copenhagen 
in  iH.j.j.  Nine  colporteurs  are  sustained  in  the 
country.  The  av..:"ge  annual  circulation 
through  the  dejot  and  by  the  colporteurs  has 
been  m.-i'S-i  during  tho  past  six  years.  The 
Danish  IJible  Society's  average  for  twenty  years 
had  been  about  l,0(i(i,  but  iu  l.SSH  the  distribu- 
tion  ro.se  to  10,1:).').  The  iiopulation  is  almost 
exclusively  I.utheran  Protestant. 

NoiiWAY.  -In  ls:tl  the  liible  work  in  Norway 
was  very  much  at  a  stainlstill.  In  that  year 
arrangements  were  made  for  jirintiiig  the  Scrip- 
tures in  the  country  ami  for  opening  agenciis 
for  distribution,  and  up  to  l^"il  there  were 
'I'l.HM'i  copies  distributed.  The  Norwegian 
liible  Society  was  stirred  to  new  activity.  Its 
distribution  from  I'^lCi  to  IS.'Jl  amounted  to 
5:t,.'<0(l  copies,  making  a  total  for  Norway  up  to 
the  .jubilee  year  of  lO'.i.iiiili,  or  about  one  copy 
for  every  thirteen  of  the  population,  which  is 
almost  exclusively  I..utlieran  I'rotestant.  Since 
then  the  work  of  l{il)lo  distribution  has  been 
accomplished  with  a  completeness  seldom  found 
elsewhere.  The  cottage  without  a  Dible  is  an 
exception.  There  are  six  depots.  Issues  in 
IHUH,  H.fiitO  ;  from  the  first,  7Sl,'.t20. 

SwEDKN. — .^geiicv  established  in  ls:)l  at 
Stockholm.  Thi-  Swedish  liible  .Society  was  iu 
vigorous  operation,  but  this  agency  was  heartily 
welcomed  both  by  that  society  and  by  the 
bishops  of  the  dioceses.  Among  the  poor  largo 
grants  were  made.  This  agency  extended  its 
operations  into  rinlaiid.  In  1^1'i  the  colpor- 
tage  system  was  adopted.  The  report  jire- 
sented  in  1h.")1  .states  that  from  the  lieforiuation 
till  iHll  not  more  than  lol.CiOO  copies  of  the 
liiblo  were  circulated  in  Sweden — one  copy  for 
each  eighty  one  of  the  population,  Detween 
1812  and  i'^'iO  the  Swedish  liible  Socii  ty  and 
ISritish  and  Foreign  Dible  Society  agency  issued 
l,220.(HMl  copies.  The  liiitisli  and  Foreign 
liible  .Society  agenc.v  was  continued  until  IssJ^ 
when  it  was  thought  best  to  leave  the  liible 
work  cntinly  in  the  hands  of  the  native  so- 
cieties. The  is.sues  for  flint  year  amounted  to 
r.l.ltSH  copies  ;  total  from  the  first.  2,',Mi4..").".0. 
The  distribution  by  native  agencies  in  lss7  was 
as  follows  :  Swedish  liible  Society,  l;t.71.-i 
cipi(8  ;  National  Evangelical  Society,  93,-ltiH  ; 
traile  channels,  .-il.r.dO  :  total,  l.')H.7l;i. 

llrssiA. — The  Protestant  liible  Society  and  its 
auxiliaries  by  ix'ii  bad  issued  'ioO.OdO  cojiies. 
The  British  and  Foreign  agency  was  opeiit  d  in 
St.  Petersburg  in  1X2H  by  Itev.  Jlr.  Knill. 
Great  interest  was  created.  Few  copies  were 
given  free  of  cliarge,  but  the  larger  number 
Were  sold  at  reduced  jirice.  Depots  were 
established  at  Harass,  Tifiis,  Shushi,  etc.  ,\ 
Mongolian  version  %vas  prepared  for  the  Sibe- 
rian Mission.  Jews,  Turks,  Tartars,  Arme- 
nians, Georgians,  and  many  other  races  were 
reached.  In  IHiA  J[r.  Melville  was  ma<le  agent 
at  Odessa  tot  Suuthcru  liussia.     Total  itisues 


1 


mu 


Ill' 


BRITISH  AND   FOREION 


i; 


t  '; 


by  tho  ftgencit'!*  in  Uussin  ni>  to  ls33,  32'J,oy'J 
ia  twenty  lani^ua^;es.  Since  that  (lute  tliirteen 
IftUguiiges  Imve  heen  ucIiUmI  to  the  list.  Tln' 
Centres  for  ilistriltiUion  in  Unssiaiire  St.  IVtirs- 
biu'i;  for  Xnithern  Kiissiii,  (Messa  £i>r  Soutliern, 
anil  Tillis,  opene.l  as  an  agency  in  1nIi!S,  for 
Uu-isiii  in  Asia.  In  Xortli  Itnssia  anil  Siberia 
27  (•  )l[).)rteiir.s  anil  '21  hanljers  <listributeil 
^:^,'.)'ll\  c.iiiics  in  lsss-,H'.»  ;  in  Southern  ainl  Asiatic 
llussia  JS  ei>l[),)rtenrs  distribnted  n:1,.j(I'.i  coi)ies. 
Total  ilistribution  in  the  lirst  ilivision  for  Isxs- 
8!l.  'JitH.-J.")?  eoiiies  ;  in  the  see^nul  division,  14."),- 
(>it2  o>|)ios.  Total  from  tho  tirst  m  the  Uussian 
Eaipire,  fi,',M'i:l,iisil  eopies,  of  wiiicU  nuuilier 
O.OiJ:),  170  e  ipies  Wi-re  issued  by  the  St.  I'eters- 
burji  ai^eney,  and  1, '.•:!(•, olll  by  tho  ai,'eneies  at 
Odessa  and  Tillis. 

CtitEEcK.  TiKKEV,  KTc. — \n  edition  in  modern 
Greek,  from  the  edition  imiilislied  at  Halle  ia 
1710,  was  printed  by  the  society  in  bs|t).  t'yril, 
tEeuuienieal  I'atriareh  at  Constantinople,  ap- 
proved tho  work.  -V  board  of  eorrespondeaco 
was  formed  in  ilalt.i,  and  Valetta,  tlio  capital, 
became  the  seat  of  the  central  depot.  .V  Biblo 
Society  was  formed  in  Malta  in  l>ii7.  Informa- 
tion was  gathered  respecting  tho  condition  of 
Asia  Minor,  .Vrmenia,  Kgy|it,  Syria,  etc  ,  and 
means  were  a  lopted  to  siqiply  the  need  of  all 
these  countries.  The  Armenians  manifested 
great  desire  for  the  Scriptures.  Two  distiiet 
agents,  Messrs.  llirker  and  Lowndes,  were  ap- 
pointed. Tho  former,  with  Sniyrnii  as  centre, 
superintended  tho  distribution  in  Asia  ilinor, 
Armenia,  Oroomiah,  .Vdrianople,  Salonica,  .Ser- 
via,  Hulgaria,  Uoumnnia.  Multa  was  tho  centre 
for  Northern  Africa,  Egypt.  Syria,  (Sreeci',  etc. 
The  Smyrna  agency  was  afterward  removed  to 
Constantinople.  In  1H."):J  an  auxiliary  society 
was  formed  in  Constautino|)le,  whicli  city  is 
now  the  central  agency  for  tiio  Society's  opera- 
tions in  Turkey  and  (rreece.  This  lield  is  also 
largely  occupied,  tUou'.,'h  in  distinct  section-,  by 
the  .Vmorican  Bible  Society.  In  Hulgaria,  Tur- 
key, and  Greece  rifteen  de))ots  are  occupied.  In 
IHSS,  11  colporteurs  distributed  'J:!. (!2:i  copies  , 
total  for  the  year,  liS.sH— viz.,  3(),',i'J8  iu  Turkey 
nnd  lO.rillt  in  (ireece. 

India. — The  Baptist  missionaries  at  Seram- 
pore  hail  already  commenced  translating  the 
Bible  into  the  native  languages.  Correspond- 
ence was  commenced  in  iMil  by  the  Society 
■\\'ith  the  promoters  of  Bible  translation  in 
India.  Grants  were  made  to  aid  the  work.  The 
Mar'piis  of  Wellesley  encouraged  the  work,  but 
succeeding  governors-general  opposed  all  at- 
tempts to  evangeli/e  the  Hindus,  Thus  tie 
work  was  for  a  time  left  to  the  Seraniiiore  mis- 
sionaries,  who  were  beyoml  the  British  India 
Company  s  jurisdiction.  In  ISUI  the  Biblio- 
theca  liiblica — having  the  two  departments  of  a 
Bible  repository  and  a  trans'ation  library — was 
established  and  placed  under  the  auspices  of 
the  i-ociety.  In  February,  1sll,tlie  Calcutta 
Bible  Society  was  formed.  Henry  Mnrtyn,  hav- 
ing completed  his  Hindustani  Kew  Testament, 
took  a  journey  to  Persia  and  Arabia  in  order  to 
effect  a  translation  into  those  languages.  Ho 
nccomplisbfcd  the  former,  but  died  in  Tokat, 
Turkey,  in  IHli.  .Vuxiliaiy  soeietiis  were 
formed  at  Colombo  (18i2i,  Boinbav  (lSi:t>,  Mad- 
ras (IX'20),  Jaffna  (Ih;!.-,),  Agra  (ls4.-,),  etc.  Edi- 
tions of  the  Scrii)tures  were  prepared  for  (be 
Malays,  Armenians,  and  other  races  in  India. 
In  1H27  exception  was  taken  to  the  Serampore 
'  missioDariea'  rendering  of  "  baptizo,"  and  from 


202  BIBIiS   SOCIETY* 

that  time  versions  containing  tho  objectionable 
renderings  ceased  to  bo  aided  by  tho  Society. 
Colportage  was  early  introduced  and  extensively 
cariied  fiu'ward.  I'p  to  the  year  IS'it  tho  vari- 
ous auxiliaries  and  agencies  had  ilistributed  in 
India  'J,2.'!lt,7iio  copies  of  Bibles,  Testaments, 
an  1  portions  in  man,v  ditVereiit  languages  and 
dialects.  In  all  the  Society  has  translated  and 
printed  the  Scriptures  in  'JD  languages  and  dia- 
lects of  India.  It  has  established  M  auxiliarii  s, 
with'J'i  branch  societies,  which  all  belong  to  tho 
Madras  auxiliary.  There  are  178  colporleurji 
emidoyed.  In  lss:t  a  system  was  adopteil  '.or 
the  employment  oi  Biblewomeii  under  the 
sui)erintendence  of  various  iiii^si(Uiary  soci- 
eties. I'nder  ;>'2  societies  li'Ji'i  such  Biblewoiiun 
were  employed  in  Isss.  I'he  distrdjution  by 
the  auxiliaries  in  British  India  amounts  from 
tho  lirst  to  M,.",:M,.-,:t3. 

.Vi'incv.  —  In  ixilii  the  Society's  tirst  grant  was 
made  for  the  beiielit  of  British  settlers  at  tho 
Caiie.  Ert'orts  were  made  to  reach  the  Hotten- 
tots, as  Well  as  the  Duti'h  and  Eiencb  and  Eng- 
lish. In  lsl'2  an  auxiliary  was  formed  at  Mauri- 
tius, aii.l  in  lNl;J  at  St.  Helena.  In  IMK  tho 
".South  -Vfricaii  .Vuxiliary  Bible  Sjciety"  was 
forme  1  at  ('ape  Town.  Translations  were  made 
into  the  Naiiia.iua,  Zulu,  and  otlur  lani;uages. 
.\  grant  was  made  to  aid  Dr.  Motl'iUs  transla- 
tion of  Euke  into  Scchuana.  In  ls4i!  Mr. 
Bourne,  an  agent,  was  sent  out.  He  stimulated 
the  interest,  reorganized  already  formed  aux- 
iliaries, formed  others,  and  jirovided  for  more 
extended  and  thoroughly  organized  work.  In 
IM.S  a  "^raiit  of  itoo  Testaments  was  made  for 
West  .\frica— Sierra  Leone  ami  (roree.  In  1S15 
Matthew  was  translated  into  the  Bulhmi  dia- 
lect. In  l8l(»  an  auxiliary  was  formed  for 
Sierra  Leone.  In  iHltl;  the  tribes  on  the  (tain- 
liia  were  reai'hed.  The  Mandingans,  Ashantis, 
Eoulahs.  Vorubas,  Isubus,  and  others  came 
within  the  Society's  opjrations.  ilore  than 
'Jd.iliMl  copies  in  various  languages  were  dis- 
tributeil  by  tho  Sierra  Leone  auxiliary  ui)  to 
IH.'il.  In  isr.i  an  editicui  of  the  .\mliaric  for 
.\byssinia  was  jirocured  by  the  Society.  Egypt 
and  the  North  African  States  were  reaciud 
tlirom;h  the  Malta  agency,  whence  were  dis- 
tributed editions  in  Cojitic,  J^tbiopic,  .Viabic, 
and  Berber.  Efforts  in  North  .Vfrica  were  cir- 
cumscribed, but  not  altooether  without  liopi-ful 
features.  In  KM  the  New  Testament  in  .Mal- 
agasy was  compb'ted  The  printing  was  dona 
in  the  island.  In  ls:U  part  of  the  (^Id  Testa- 
ment was  ]irinted.  Several  thousaiul  copies  of 
the  Scriptures  were  issued  win  n  the  work  was 
interrupted  by  the  proscription  of  Christianity. 
In  Isill  -Madagascar  was  once  mure  open  to  tho 
oi.erations  of  tho  Society.  Tho  whole  Bible  was 
soon  i)rinted. '  In  ISSH  the  Keviseil  A'orsion  of 
the  Malai,'asy  Bibie  was  issued.  Tho  popula- 
tion of  Ma.b'igascar  is  3,ollil,(Ml(i.  Tho  distribu- 
ti  in  of  Scrijiturcs  varies  gi'eat!,v  according  to 
conditions.  In  ISi'.'J  tho  sabs  amounted  to 
1,117  copies,  the  grants  to  101  ;  in  \x~H  sales 
amounted  to  K.('iJ7  copies  ;  in  ISHl  sales  were 
7,"i'i")  copies  and  grants  were  1.").  I'.'-'i;  1H8S, 
.t.iliW  copies  Were  snld  and  4,134  given  away. 
In  M.iuritius  is  a  branch  society,  wbieb  is  aided 
by  a  grant  from  the  jiarent  society.  Six  col- 
porteurs are  empioyeil.  and  in  tho  Seychelles 
three  Biblewomen.  "  The  distribution  in"l888-89 
amounteil  to  3,4  ">7  vol  units. 

riio  .Society  has  five  crdporteurs  in  .Mgeria 
and    luuis,     I'Le  sales  lu  1888  amounted  to 


BRITISH  AND  POREiaN 


203 


BIBIiB   SOCIETY 


■1,1'iK)  eoi)ies  nml  tlio  freo  m'imts  to  Tii:)  copit's. 
In  Moroi'crt  thri'ii  I'olporti.'urs  iiru  iit  wuik,  Tlio 
(listrilmtiim  wiis  7m:!  copies  in  IHsT  Ms,  iwul 
■J.'iM")  i'o|)it>s  in  IMSH-SK.  Tho  Ei,'\ptiiiii  iij^'i-m-y 
Liis  its  luiiilnuiwtt'rs  now  at  AlL-xiiuilriii,  and  i:i- 
clu.k'S  witliiii  its  splu-re  i>f  opfiations  Arabia, 
S.vria,  and  i'alcstino  as  well  iis  Iv^vj)!.  It  lias 
ilf[iits  at  Alexandria,  (aim,  Tort  Said,  Ucvrniit, 
l),iiuast^iis,  JatVa,  Jcriisaleiii,  Aden,  Massawa  (in 
Alivssiuiai.  Till!  sales  in  ISNM-.S'.I  were  12,:ilH) 
e  )pies,  tlio  freo  grants  U,m27.  Nine  colporteurs 
ftro  employed. 

In  West  Africa  tho  dejxits  aro  situated  ftt 
Sierra  I.eone,  I'liristiiinslmrL!,  Laj^os,  aUil  An- 
gola. Tho  work  lias  liitherto  been  largely  that 
of  translation  and  printing.  The  liililo  in 
whole  or  in  part  has  been  translated  into  seven- 
teen languages  of  West  .\frica  by  the  Society. 
Threo  auxiliaries  ^liathurst  [river  Ctanibia), 
Sierra  Leone,  and  Lagos)  have  been  established. 
In  South  -Vfric.i  the  auxiliaries  nio:  South 
African,  at  Cajm  Town,  with  loi'>  branelies  and 
agencies  ;  Port  Elizabeth,  with  m  brancht.s  ; 
(^iieenstown,  (i  branches  ;  (irahaiiistown,  1 
branch;  Kast  Ijondon  ;  liiitish  Katfrarian,  nt 
King  WiUiiviiistown  ;  Alarit/bnrg  (Xalal),  ;< 
branches:  Durban  (Natali,  1  branch;  Oraiigo 
Tree  Statu  (at  IMoeiiilontein),  17  branches  , 
Siutli  .\frican  Itei)ublii!(at  rretoria),  o  branches. 
Total  sales  in  iss",  l,s,i;:t:i  copies.  Six  trans- 
lations hiui)  been  prepari'il  and  printed  by  tho 
Society.  In  East  Africa  ten  translations  have 
been  made. 

The  auxiliaries  in  South  .Vfricii  remitted  to 
the  treasury  of  the  parent  socict,v  in  IHMM-h',) 
.t'l, '.'-■")  on  iMirchasc  account,  and  a  free  con- 
tribution  (after    deducting   local    expenses)   of 

£■):■<. 

I'uitsn.  — Up  to  issi)  little  had  yet  been  done 
to  ociiupy  iliis  tield.  Many  difficulties  were 
luet  with.  lu  1MS:1  Dr.  liriiee,  acting  as  agent 
of  the  Society,  had  seven  colporteurs  in  the 
field  wli.i  distributed  o,  IV'.I  copies,  while  the 
Rales  from  d.'pots  aiuountecl  in  that  year  to 
l,:iHi,  anil  tho  freo  distribution  to  :i.")'2  copits. 
Since  that  year  there  has  b»i'n  a  falling  off  ia 
the  work,  which,  however,  in  IssS  began  to  re- 
c  iver  itself.  Th  )  depots  ore  at  Julfa,  Bagdad, 
and  Hnshiro  Dr.  liruce's  lieadipiarters  are  at 
Isp  ihitn.  Six  c  dporteiirs  are  now  employed. 
The  principal  languages,  arranged  according  to 
the  niiiiilnr  of  books  sdd  in  each  in  ISSM,  are 
IL'lirow,  Arabic,  IVrsian,  Armenian,  Azerbijan 
Turkish. 

t'HIN'A    .\ND    THE    ClIIXKSE    .\l:rIIirELA(lo.  -  The 

Biiptist  missionaries  at  Scramporo  were  the 
first  L'rotestants  to  siiccesstiilly  prepare  a 
Chinese  translation  of  (ho  Scriptures.  Their 
New  I'estament  was  put  to  press  in  ImK).  Tho 
Society  made  a  grant  inaid  for  th.;  preparation 
of  this  editi'.in.  It  likow'se  assisted  Dr.  Morri- 
son t>  get  out  his  translation  in  isll.  Tho 
distribuli.in  was  commenced  by  .Mr.  Milne,  Dr. 
M  irris  in'.s  associate.  In  iMlt  an  auxiliary  was 
f'aaied  at  llatavia  (Java).  In  IMl.")  ono  was 
formed  at  .Vmboyna  (Moluccas)  Others  also 
followed.  A  general  dep.it  was  establisheil  at 
Sin..;:ipori'.  In  1"<:I'1  Mr.  Lay  was  appointed 
special  agent  f,)r  tlioriiineso  .\rchipelago.  Tho 
w.ir  with  Cliin.v  interru]>teil  operations,  wbi<-h 
were  resume  1  in  1H12.  The  increased  circula- 
tion in  >Ialavsia  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  2Jrll 
copies  were  distributed  in  1X82  ;  1  1,111  in  IHH-l  ; 
30.17")  in  issc,  ;  ;t:i,(;7t  in  Isss.  There  are 
depotti  al  ISiagapore,  Feaaug,  Perak,  Malacca, 


and  Java.  Twenty-two  colporteurs  are  ei:i- 
jiloyed  The  pnnciiial  languages  in  order  of 
greatest  sales  are  the  Chiiuse,  Malay  (Arabici, 
Tamil,  Javantse,  Malay  ( llomani,  English. 

In  China  proper  are  three  agencies — Xorth, 
Miildle,  ami  South.  In  the  N(Uth  China  agency 
:il  colporteurs  ariM'ni|)l<ncd  ;  in  Mid-China,  H(t. 
and  in  S-iulh  China,  I'i.  Total  sales  by  col- 
porteurs during  tho  year,  'J'.fll.:il)7  copies. 

J.M'AN.  I'lr  a  few  years  a  corresponding 
coiiimitteo  at  Tokio  promoteil  tin'  Iliiti^hand 
I'oreigii  liible  Society's  work  in  .latum,  and  it 
was  felt  that  the  condition  and  promise  of  tho 
coiiiiliy  called  for  iv  more  c(Uiiliiehensive  plan 
and  more  exti  nd>  d  tll'in'tH.  TIh^  Xational  l>ibk> 
Society  of  Scotlaml  and  the  .\merican  liib'o 
Siciety  had  each  a  much  hirger  share  in  JUblo 
distribution  than  tho  15riti.sU  and  Eonign, 
though  this  soeiet,v  hiiarcd  equally  in  providing 
funds  for  the  Biblo  translations  ami  printing. 
Kev.  Isaac  -J.  Taylor  Mas  nipointid,  in  iMSii, 
the  first  agent  of  tlio  society  in  •lainiii.  In  that 
year  ho  eiii])loyed  livo  ccdpiutcurs,  whose  salts 
nmounti  d  to  ■J,^">l:t  copies  ;  the  total  circulation 
was  •1.70(;.  In  issii  tho  total  was  (;,.".Jl;in 
1SM7,  lil.M-i-i,  and  in  Ihns,  :t7,7o:!.  In  ]Hs7  the 
completed  .T.iiiaiieso  Dible  was  given  to  tho  na- 
tion, .V  .Scrii>tiiro  rniiJii  was  formed  in  tho 
same  year.  It  started  from  tho  efforts  of  a 
member  of  the  Scripture-lieading  I'nion  of 
England.  In  a  few  nuuiths  it  bail  i>,lHIO  nieiii- 
liers.  The  membership  grows  rapidly,  nnd  ft 
great  impulse  is  thus  given  to  the  stady  of  the 
liible.  In  issM  forty  colporteurs  weri!  employed 
for  a  longer  or  shorter  perital  of  time. 

West  IxniKS  \si>  ISnrnsH  (Iri.vxA.  — Tho  first 
grants  were  made  through  a  Erieml  residing  at 
St.  .(ohns,  .Viitigua,  .md  through  Mora\ian 
missionaries  in  Imhs  (iratifying  results  wern 
found  from  these  nnd  subseipieiit  grants.  In 
iHpi  an  auxiliary  societ.v  was  formed  among  tho 
negro<s  at  Jamaica.  Large  contributions  to 
the  home  society  were  made  by  the  jilanters 
ami  others.  In  IhI.";  mi  auxiliary  was  formed 
at  -Vntigua  and  another  at  Jieibice.  Erench 
Scriptures  were  supplied  for  ffayti.  In  many 
islands  auxiliariis  were  foimed,  and  the  negro 
I'opulation  showed  a  great  desire  for  the  15ible. 
An  auxiliary  fcr  the  wh(de  island  of  Jamaicii 
was  formed  in  l'<;il  in  a  meeting  called  for  tho 
l)urpose,  where  ;i,.-)il(l  ijcrsons  were  present.  Ia 
this  same  year  Kev.  .Tames  Tiiompson  was  ap- 
pointed agent  for  tho  West  India  Islands. 
Many  associations  were  formed  among  slaves. 
Augi'ist  1st,  ls34,MI(l,ll(M»  negroes  were  liberated 
in  the  IJritiKh  dominiuns.  In  cc.niuctinn  with 
that  occasion  imi.iliM)  copies  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment and  I'salms  weio  distributed  amid  great 
enthusiasm  to  the  negroes  of  the  West  Indies. 
In  iHpi  a  dejiitwas  established  at  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  and  that  year  tho  ilemand  was  unex- 
ampled. In  iMls  u  period  of  great  depression 
set  in,  and  the  agent  was  recalled  and  the  aux- 
iliariiM  brought  into  direct  correspondence  with 
the  home  society.  The  principal  depots  are  at 
St.  J.)hns,  .Vntigua,  Kingston,  Jamaica  ;  I'ort- 
au  I'rince,  Ilayti.  and  on  tho  islaml  of  St. 
Lucca.  I'here  are  in  all  twenty-seven  aux- 
iliaries, and  several  branch  societies.  C)pera- 
tions  cover  Uritisli  Guiana  (Denieriira  and  lier- 
biee),  Dutch  Guiana  (Surinam),  liritish  lion, 
dnriis  (Holize),  the  Panama  (filial,  the  Lesser 
Antilles  (Triniilad,  liarbadoes,  Antigua,  St. 
Thomas),  the  Greater  Antilles  (Ilayti,  .Iaimiica\ 
and  the  Bahamas.     The  freo  cuutributions  to 


I 


BRITISH   AND   FOREION 


,i 


11 


thu  iJiirent  soeioty,  in  lUSM-lsK,  ninounteil  to 
il'Jij  l"),v.  111/.;  roniittanees  on  imrclmsii  ao- 
count,  f'.iJ"  I'is.  Il(/. ;  ixpomlituro  (by  the  paicut 
Hin;iety)  tor  a^^eiit,  colporteurs,  reuta  of  di'pot, 
eicv,  i::ilfi  H.v.  i\,i, 

S(jrTii  A.MKiiKA  AND  Mexico. — Commencing 
with  isilii,  till'  work  has  lii'on  carrieil  on  with 
great  dillicnilty  on  account  of  tho  hittiT  oppo- 
Kiti.in  of  tliii  Catholio  clcri^y.  Occasional  open- 
iu>,'s  oiciirred  ami  wero  promi)tly  improvid. 
In  ISJii  an  auxiliary  was  formed  nt  Jiuunos 
Ayros.  In  Isjl  tho  liihlu  was  translati'd  into 
tho  ancient  I'eruvian.  In  that  year  u  National 
JUlilu  Sjciety  was  formed  in  lio^;ota,  Colomhin. 
fSaiue  success  was  met  with  in  Mexico.  In 
1»2S  strict  prohihitions  impeded  the  work  and 
liut  littlo  could  ho  ai'complished,  though  ear- 
ucst  ert'orts  wero  continued.  ()|)erutions  ai'o 
now  carried  on  in  1.  Chili  and  I'eru.  Tho  Vnl- 
jiaraiso  liihlo  S,)ciety  was  estahlishud  in  IMil. 
Its  distribution  amounted,  in  1HK8-8'.(,  to  -J.^fi;! 
ojii.'S  ;  from  tho  beginning  tho  sales  have  been 
Til.  U7  1  o[iies,  of  wliieh  N'.i  per  oait  were  Span- 
isli  Siriptures,  only  7  per  cent  being  jiortions. 
Contributions  to  tho  parent  society  during 
lHsS-s:i  on  purchase  aci'ount,  £i'M'i  I'.l.s.  lil.; 
aid  granted  by  the  jjarent  society  for  coI])or- 
tago,  tolls  '.Is.  Ill,  •!.  The  .Vrgentino  Kepublic. 
In  1IS88  tho  depot  was  transferred  from  Itueiios 
Ayros  to  U  )sario.  Six  colporteurs  are  em- 
l)ioyed,  who  dislriliuted  in  IfS.S.S  Ml  over-l.oiMI 
coiiios.  Tho  exi)i'nditure  for  depot,  agent,  col- 
))oiteurs,  etc.,  was  t'771,  and  tho  receipts  on 
]iurcliaso  account  A.'l"io.  H.  lira/il  is  shared  by 
llie  liritish  and  Foreign  with  the  American 
liiblo  Society.  Tho  former  employs  seven  col- 
porteurs, and  expends  for  depot:),  agent,  coIi)or- 
tage,  etc.,  about  l.'I.7(M>. 

Ali.sritAi,i.\. — The  lirst  giant  was  nuido  for  tho 
"settlers"  in  Van  IHemeii's  Land  in  1W07. 
Occasional  grants  were  made  until  1H17,  when 
the  Auxiliary  liible  Society  of  New  South 
Wales  was  formed.  It  was  found  that  about 
three  fifths  of  tho  inhabitants  of  Sydney  who 
c.iulil  real  wero  witliout  the  Scriptures.  Other 
associations  were  formed,  and  gratifying  con- 
tributions inado  to  tho  funds  of  the  Lome  so- 
ciety. In  ^K.y.^  a  iiortioii  of  tho  Scriptures  was 
])rinted  at  Sydney  in  the  native  language  of  the 
Now  Zealanders.  In  ls.")0  tlu'  .Vdelaido  aux- 
iliary began  to  employ  a  colporteur,  and  other 
auxiliaries  followed  the  example.  Theiti  are 
now  two  agencies  in  .Viistrnlla,  the  Kastern  and 
the  Western,  Tho  former  includes  (Queensland 
and  New  South  Wales,  the  latter,  Victoria, 
Southern  and  Western  .Vustralia.  and  Tasmania. 
Thirty  thi'ee  auxiliaries  with  lll'.l  branch  soci- 
eties forwarded  to  tho  home  society  in  1M8S-81I 
.t'it.ii'io  in  free  contributimis,  and  i."2,7o'.'  on 
juirchase  account,  while  tho  grants  made  by 
the  home  society  for  salaries  of  agents,  coljior- 
tage,  printing  Stfrii)turos,  etc.,  amounted  to 
X'J.ll:).  Tho  iiopulation  of  Australia  is '2,8(1(1,- 
8S(i,  of  which  ").j,00()  are  aborigines  and  ;t(i,(MlO 
Chinese. 

SoiTii  Sea  Islands,  including  New  Zealand. — 
Tlio  missionaries  of  the  L.  JI.  S.  having  made 
translations  into  Tahitian,  the  society  made  a 
grant-in  aid  for  the  printing  in  1817.  Other 
grants  followed  from  time  to  time.  In  18;tri 
giants  were  made  for  printing  in  the  Tonga 
language.  In  1840  it  was  found  that  six  of  the 
languages  of  the  South  Sea  Islanils  bad  trans- 
lations of  the  Scriptures  or  portions.  Notwith- 
standing the  expulsion  of  the  Protestant  uiis- 


204  BIBLE   SOCIET7 

sionarios  from  Tahiti  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment in  18-1 1,  the  liiblo  work  continued.  Tho 
natives  there  and  elsewhere  showeil  a  gnat  de- 
sire for  tho  Scriptures,  and  made  great  sacrifices 
to  obtain  them.  .\n  auxiliary  was  formed  in 
Auckland,  New  /ealand,  in  l81('i,  one  at  Well- 
ington in  1818.  ,\  revised  edition  of  the  Sa- 
moan  New  Testament  was  jirinted  in  18."jO,  mul 
an  edition  of  tho  Tijian  in  tho  same  year.  In 
18.">:t  an  auxiliary  wiis  forme<l  in  tho  New 
Hebrides.  Tho  Society's  work  in  these  islands 
is  suiierintonded  by  tho  agent  for  Eastern  Aus- 
tralia. In  New  Zealand  are  \'l  auxiliaries  with 
'27  branch  societies.  These,  with  tho  New 
ll<d)rides  mixiliary,  fiu'warded  in  1888-8',)  to  the 
home  society  I'lCpo  in  free  contributions  and 
CM  1(1  on  purchase  account.  The  Society  has 
furnished  tho  Scriptures,  in  whole  or  in  part,  iu 
•2(1  languages  or  diidects,  to  the  inhabitaiits  of 
these  islands  the  entire  liible  in  Maori  for  the 
New  Zealanders  :  Lifii,  for  tho  Loyalty  Islands  ; 
.\neityum.  for  the  island  so  named  ;  l'i,ii  ;  Tonga, 
for  the  Frieiidl.v  Islands  ;  Samoan,  Navigator's 
Islands  :  Karatoiiga,  Hervey  or  Cooks  Islands, 
and  Tahiti,  Society  Islands  ;  tho  New  Testa- 
ment in  Mare,  Loyalty  Islands  ;  laiaii  or  I'vea, 
Loyalty  Islands  ;  Fate,  New  Hebrides,  and 
Iiotiima.  Jlaiiy  of  the  other  translations  are 
far  advaiu'ed,  while  a  f»w  cover  only  one  or  two 
of  the  (tos]){ds  as  yet,  and  one,  consisting  of 
.lohii  l-(i,  into  Wiasisi,  is  tentative. 

NoKTii  .\mkm(  A.  December  l'2th.  1.s(a8,  tho 
I'liiladilphia  Bible  Society  was  formed  after  the 
example  and  as  a  result  of  tho  etforts  of  tho 
Hritish  and  Foreign  I'lblo  Society.  The  jiarent 
society  immediately  voted  f2(l(l  to  this  aux- 
iliary. In  isio  societies  were  formed  in  Con- 
necticut, Slassachusetts,  New  Jersey,  -.lid  New 
York.  Next  year  still  others  followed,  and  sev- 
eral were  assisted  by  grants  fnuii  iho  liritish 
Society.  In  the  Uritish  Society's  first  com- 
munication to  tho  rhilpdtl|iliia  Society,  in  18()'.t, 
the  suggestion  of  a  national  orgiiiii/ation  was 
made,  but  difliculties  in  the  way  deferred  its 
adoption,  'the  ]ilaii  was,  however,  at  last  car- 
ried through,  and  i.n  the  formation  of  the  Ameri. 
can  Bible  Society,  the  British  Societ.v  exiu'esscd 
its  good  will  in  a  diuiation  of  .todO  and  a  dupli- 
cate! set  of  stereotyjio  plates  for  the  Frincli 
Bible,  Tho  donation  was  continued  until  182(l. 
(Seo  .\meric'n  liiblo  Siciety.) 

In  Britisii  North  Amerii'a  tho  Society's  first 
work  Was  the  piinting.  in  1801,  of  the  (iospel 
of  .St.  John  in  the  Mohawk  language,  (liiints 
were  made  also  to  settlers  in  ('anada.  On  No- 
vember '2:!d,  lsl:i,  the  Bible  .^ociet.v  of  Nova 
Scotia  and  Dependencies  was  fcu-im-d  at  Hali- 
fax, with  the  lieuleiiant-governor  of  tho  ]irov. 
ince  as  jnesident.  Its  tirst  donation  to  the 
parent  societ.v,  amounting  to  iJ2(l(l,  was  made 
two  weeks  id'ter  its  formation.  Societies  were 
formed  in  181',(  in  New  Brunswick  ;  18'2(l,  in 
Montreal  ;  1821,  Hudson's  Bay  Territ(U-y.  In 
I'l)])er  Canada  and  in  Frince  Edward's  Island 
societies  had  been  formed,  IJev.  Mr.  Smart,  of 
Brockville,  was  appointed  first  agent  for  I'lijier 
Conaila  in  18;t0.  Auxiliaries  wtre  formed  among 
tho  Indian  converts.  Colporteurs  were  em- 
jiloyed  among  the  Frencli  Canadians.  I'p  to 
1841,  24(1  tributary  societies  had  been  formed  in 
British  North  America.  The  Upper  Canada 
-Vuxiliary  at  Toronto  in  1854  had  115  branches. 
Its  total  issues  from  the  first  amounted  to  187,- 
Oil!  copies,  and  its  receipts  to  .t'20,".ir)0. 

Operationu  wero  also  carried  ou  throuyh  the 


BR.   AND  FOR.   BIBLB   SOO. 


205 


BROWN,   J. 


mils 

Xo- 

^ova 

liili- 

IdV- 

the 

mile 

vere 

in 

In 

|au<l 

of 

III- 
1)  to 

Iliu 
ladii 

lies. 
■•".- 

I  the 


Moravinn  missionaries  in  Labrtidor  iinil  Green- 

liina. 

Tliero  nro  now  in  Uritish  North  Aniericii  17 
auxiliiiries  with  nearly  l.iiiio  branch  sooit'ties. 
Their  roiuittances  in  1HS8-N'.I  aiiionuteil  to 
t:i,ii:U  in  frcn  contributions  and  ,t':t,(l.s!l  on  j)\ir- 
chase  account,  \vliil«  the  lionio  society  t;rantiMl 
C2.i'i  toward  expenses  of  travcllint^  a^^ents  and 
colporteurs,  wlio  nro  employed  chietly  in  tho 
liinian  Catholic  province  of  t^uebec  and  in  tho 
sparsely  settled  districts  of  the  northwest. 

BriliMli  $!)Of'it>ty  lor  the  l*ro|>HKH- 
lloii  of  (lie  <ii4>«|iol  aiii«»iiK  iliv  J(!w<i. 

—  Headnuarters,  '.Ml  Ureat  liiisatiU  Street,  Lon- 
don, W.  (". 

The  British  Society  for  the  I'mpaj^'ation  of 
tho  (jospel  auioiin  tho  .lews,  wliich  invites  tho 
cooperation  of  all  evangelical  Christians,  was 
founded  on  November  7tli,  1H41.',  under  tho 
auspices  of  the  Kevs.  Itobert  M.  McCheyne, 
liidley  Merschell,  Dr.  Hurdes,  Dr.  James  Handl- 
ton,  Dr.  Joseph  Fletcher,  Dr.  K.  Henderson, 
Mr.  (teorKO  Vount;,  and  other  eminent  Christian 
men.  It  was  lon^  ])resi(led  over  by  the  beloved 
ami  honored  Sir  ('uUint,'  Kardley,  iiart. 

Its  solo  object  is  the  spiritiial  welfare  of  the 
Jens.  This  it  seeks  by  the  circulation  of  the 
Wonl  of  (toil  and  Christian  publications,  and 
by  the  ministrations  of  well-instructed  mission- 
aries who  labor  amid  large  jiopulations  of  Jews 
in  various  parts  of  the  world.  .Several  of  the 
missionaries  ro^^ularl.v  itinerate,  while  others 
make  occasional  visits  to  places  where  the  way 
is  not  open  for  permanent  residence. 

The  Society  has  principal  stations  in  London, 
Leeds,  Cardiff,  Manchester,  Bir;iiin^;ham,  Bris- 
tol, Nottin^'ham,  Edinburgh,  Leitli,  Dundee, 
Glasgow,  and  (ireenock.  In  connection  with 
many  of  these  stations  are  dispensaries  and 
reading-rooms. 

In  (lermany  there  arc  stations  established  nt 
Konigsberg,  Hamburg,  Breslau,  Dresden,  and 
Stuttgart.  .Vt  Vienna,  .\ustri,i,  there  is  most 
encouraging  work  carried  on.  Russia,  Turkey, 
and  the  Holy  Land  have  each  a  mission. 

Tho  Society  employs,  IhM'.t,  :tl  missionaries  ; 
these  are  assisted  by  more  than  W)  voluntary 
workers,  a  number  exceeding  that  of  any  previ- 
ous year. 

Br«tiieli,  a  city  in  Bombay,  West  India, 
2n:|  miles  north  of  Bombay  City.  Healthy. 
Population,  iriil.tHHl — Hindus,  Moslems,  I'a- -'  . 
Language,  (rujarathi.  Mission  station  of  :  i 
Irish  I'rt^sbvterian  Church  (l!SS7(  ;  1  mission- 
ary, i  native  helpers.  1  out-station,  8  church- 
members,  Kt  school  attendants. 

BrftlKlloill',  a  station  of  the  Moravians  in 
Jamaica,  West  Indies,  situated  in  a  valley  about 
1(J  miles  east  of  liethabara,  of  which  it  was 
formerly  an  out  station.  Like  many  of  tho 
more  recently  established  stations,  it  began 
with  a  dav  scIumI  and  occasional  preaching  ser- 
vices.    It  became  a  separate   congregation    in 

ISN-j. 

Krodlii'iid,  .\litfllMtii«i,  b.  at  Milford, 
r^i.,  May  littli,  \>>M  ;  gratluated  at  I'nioii  Col- 
Iige,  Is.")."),  and  rrinceton  Theological  Semi- 
nary, 1H")K  ;  ordained  May  Ith  same  year  ; 
sailed  for  India,  November  7tli,  as  a  missionary 
of  the  Presbyterian  Hoard,  reaching  Calcutta, 
.\pril  4th,  IH.'i'.t.  .Vt  Myuponrie  and  Futtegurh 
he  spent  nearly  twelve  years.     In  1M72  he  wua 


transferred  to  Allahabad.  Dr.  Brodhead  took 
a  prominent  ])art  in  the  theological  training 
school  of  the  Hynod  of  India,  wrote  and  pub- 
lished valuable  treatises  in  sacred  and  church 
history,  eilited  the  mission  magazine  published 
for  tho  use  of  the  native  Christians,  and  assisleil 
in  preparing'  a  hymn  book  for  the  church  and 
Sunday  school,  for  which  he  wroti;  and  trans- 
lated several  hymns,  took  an  active  part  in  tha 
North  Indian  Bible  an  1  Tract  .Societies,  and  the 
Christian  Vernacular  K<Iucation  Society.  "  Hi* 
knowledge  of  affairs,  his  calm  and  inipartial 
judgment,  his  warm  and  kindly  heart,  liis  «x- 
teiisive  missionary  experience,  c<imbined  to  give 
him  great  influence,  not  only  in  his  own  but 
also  in  tho  missions  of  other  churches."  A 
succession  of  severe  attacks  of  illness  com])elled 
him  to  return  home.  He  was  settled  as  pastor 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  at  Bridgeton, 
N.  J.,  in  IMHI  ;  died,  August,  ]Hh7. 

Br4»kie,  a  town  in  the  Mussoorie  District, 
Bengal,  East  India.  Mission  station  nt  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (North)  ;  1  mis- 
sionary, 2  single  ladies,  7o  church-members,  5 
schools,  2.10  scholars, 

BroOHll,  n  city  of  Bithynia,  Asia  Minor, 
about  <>0  miles  from  Constantinople.  Popula- 
tion, (III, (100 — Turks,  Armenians,  (ireeks,  etc. 
It  is  tinely  located  at  tho  base  of  the  Bithyniau 
Olympus  and  above  the  plain.  Has  seme  min- 
eral springs  and  is  ahealtli  resort  friuii  Constan- 
tinople. It  was  the  capital  of  the  first  Siiltann 
of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  and  the  tombs  built  in 
their  honor  are  well  worthy  of  a  visit.  It  is  tha 
most  important  city  of  the  region,  and  the  centra 
of  a  large  silk  industry,  having  given  its  name 
to  a  certain  style  of  silk  goods  extensively  sold 
in  Constantinople. 

Jlission  station  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M  ;  1  mis- 
sionary and  wife,  2  female  missionaries,  a  larga 
boarding  school  for  girls,  and  a  large,  self-sup- 
porting church.  It  is  the  centre  al.so  for  an  im- 
portant work  in  the  surrounding  cities  and 
towns. 

BrottiN,  a  city  of  Brazil,  South  America,  170 
miles  northwest  of  Sao  Paulo.  Population,  Por- 
tuguese, negroes,  and  a  mixture  of  both  with 
Indians.  Language.  Portuguese.  Mission  sta- 
tion of  the  Presliyterian  Church  (North),  IHt'iS  ;  1 
missionary  and  wife,  2  native  lielpers,  12  out- 
stations,  It  churches.  ;t20  members,  4  schools,  110 
scholars.  Contributions,  $.")07.  Tho  missionary 
effort  at  this  place  began  with  the  conversion 
of  a  Koman  Catholic  priest,  who  for  some  years 
had  held  anti  pai>isti<'al  ideas  and  had  instructed 
his  people,  by  whom  he  was  very  much  be- 
loved, in  tho  fundamental  truths  of  the  (Jospel. 
One  of  the  chief  features  in  connection  with 
the  present  work  at  Brotas  is  a  farm  school, 
where  many  iialivi^  youths  are  being  taught, 
while  the.v  work  on  the  farm  to  contribute 
toward  their  support. 

Br«»U'll,  J.,  missionary  of  the  English 
Wesleyaii  Metlioilist  Missionar.v  Sncietv,  sent 
to  St.  D.imingo,  IslC,  Caiitain  Beyiiolds,  n 
member  of  the  society,  had  informed  them  tliat 
missionaries  sent  to  this  jvlace  would  be  well 
received,  especially  by  the  government.  On 
their  arrival  both  were  ill,  but  soon  recovered. 
They  were  informed  by  the  Secretary  of  Slate 
that  they  were  at  lil>erty  to  begin  tlieir  work. 
Their  congregation  increased  rajiidly.  ond  a 
society  was  formed  which  soon  proved  by  tho 


■is.  m. 


BROWN,   J. 


200 


BROWN,  S.  R. 


roforiimtinn  o(  ilo  niembprn  tbe  vnlup  of  tUe 
trutliH  tlii-y  were  receiving;.  Tlio  uext  year  Mr. 
liroMii  iiimU!  II  tour  into  tluMiinUDtiiiiiK.  Aliciut 
eiglity  [xrHoiis  catiie  to  li.itfii  to  liis  iirendiiii^;. 
lu  Muy  ho  Went  ii^iiiii  to  thu  hitfht'st  of  all  tliu 
inoiiiilaiiis,  Moriu"  la  Sfllt>.  His  roiiti'  lay 
t)ironj,'h  a  "  jierffct  imrailiso"  till  lie  naclHil 
La  (liaiiil  liiviirt',  wueiu  ho  incaclifil  with 
gi'i'iit  aci'r|ilau('e  ti)  many  iifojih',  who  t'liiiii' 
from  hiii^^  (listani'fs  to  licar  him.  Anions  Ihi'ir 
c. inverts  wiTO  sonu^  Itoiuish  iiricsts  who  liad 
read  tlio  SL-riiituns  ami  spoke  ojieiily  in  favor 
of  the  I'rotestants,  anil  soon  the  iiiisHionaries 
began  to  foel  that  evil  intlnences  were  at  work 
on  ai'imutit  of  this  t)  drivi'  them  away  from  the 
i-ilaiul.  They  were  assaileil  while  eiij^ageil  in 
divine  w.irsliip,  their  jiersonal  safety  was  thn  at 
eneil,  and  they  were  ohliged  to  seek  proteetion 
from  tlio  eivil  authorities.  The  president  of 
the  island  finally  advised  the  missionaries  to 
move,  while  ho  expressed  liimself  in  a  eourteous 
li'tter  to  the  committee  of  the  J^ondon  Soeiely 
us  friendly  to  the  missionaries  themselves  and 
tlie  eause  they  represented.  A  contriliufion  to 
the  siH'iety  of  £'i(M  aeeonipnnied  this  letter. 

Mr,  lirown  says  :  "  Our  removal  from  Port 
ftul'rince,  the  seene  of  two  years'  labor  and 
the  object  of  our  hopes  and  wishes,  has  cost 
ma  many  tears,  yet  not  nil  is  lost.  Wo  left  in 
the  sieiety  30  approved  members,  IH  f>n  trial, 
under  two  young  nun,  the  fruit  of  this  mis. 
siou,  ono  of  whom  has  ]>romising  talents  ns  an 
cxhiirter.  We  gave  them  ])hins  for  meeting  in 
classes,  holding  prajtrnieetings,  and  meetings 
for  reading  and  repeating  the  catechisn;,  so 
that  there  exists  still  in  tlie  rejiublio  of  Ilayti 
u  regularly  organized  society  proceeding  accord- 
ing to  the  Methodist  plan." 

Brown,  IVatliuii,  b.  atNewIjiswich,  N.  H,, 
U.  S.  A..  June  2>i\,  1N07  :  graduated  at  Will- 
iams C.iUege,  1S-J7.  While  in  college  he  composed 
the  beautiful  ])oem,  "The  Missionary's  fall," 
commencing,  "  My  soul  is  not  at  rest."  After 
graduation  he  taught  three  years,  and  in  18:tl 
was  editor  of  the  Vermont  Telegnqih.  After 
studying  theology  in  Newton  Seminary  he  was 
ordained  at,  Uiitland,  and  embarked  for  liurniah, 
December  •i'id,  1X32,  under  appointment  by  the 
Baptist  Triennial  Convention.  Having  spent 
two  years  in  IJurmah,  be  was  appointed  by  his 
brethren  to  commenco  with  Mr.  ('utter  a  new 
mission  in  Assam,  tho  most  northeastern  jirov- 
ince  of  liritish  India.  His  station  was  at  Sadi- 
ya,  on  the  UrahmapiUra,  near  tho  borders  of 
China,  100  miles  north  of  Avn.  After  a  four 
months'  jierilous  journey  through  the  Hoogly, 
Ganges,  and  l>rahniaputra  they  reached  Sadiya, 
n  tdwn  tar  from  any  missionary  or  civilizing 
intluences.  Here  among  savage  tribes  he  began 
to  learn  tho  language  without  grammar  or  dic- 
tionary. He  soon  commenced  the  work  of  trans- 
lation, tracts  and  books  were  distributed, 
schools  were  established,  and  -'ii/uls  built, 
whero  tlie  (iospel  was  p/eached  by  the  wayside. 
In  ls3'.l  Siuliya  was  attacked  by  the  natives,  and 
many  of  the  people  .ind  soldiery  were  mas- 
sacred. ])r.  lirown  and  his  wife  tied  in  a  canoe 
in  tho  darkness  of  the  night  with  their  t\\o  in- 
fant children,  and  iit  daybreak  found  jirotec- 
tion  in  the  stockade,  still  in  j«issession  of  the 
Britisli  troops.  Many  natives  of  Sadiya  having 
been  killed  or  disjiersed,  the  mission  was  re- 
moved  to  .Teyiiur,  and  in  lXi\  to  the  densely 
populated  district  of  tSibsagar.      Here  tho  mis- 


sionaries bad  great  snccenH,  l{e -enforcements 
arriving,  new  stations  wero  established  and 
churches  orgaiii/ed,  Itut  Dr.  ISrowu's  great 
work  was  tlie  translation  of  tlm  Scriptures.  In 
IKIH  lie  completed  tile  Assamese  version  of  tho 
New  Testament.  In  1H,")0  he  received  from 
Williams  College  the  degree  of  I). I).  In  l>*."i."), 
with  health  greatly  impaired  by  twenty  two 
years  of  toil  and  sutTerings,  he  returned  to  his 
native  land.  After  a  partial  restoration  to 
health  from  two  years'  rest,  he  became  editor 
of  the  .\iniii<ini  Jlniiti.it.      In  1^71  his  wife  died. 

In  view  of  the  wonderful  openings  in  Japan 
and  the  urgent  calls  for  missionaries.  Dr.  Ifrowii 
felt  strongly  drawn  to  that  empire  as  a  field  for 
his  personal  labors,  and  in  1^72,  under  tlie  ap- 
jiointi-ient  of  tho  American  Kaptist  Missionary 
Cnion,  ho  set  i-ail  for  Japan  with  his  second 
wife,  reaching  Yokohama,  February,  1H73. 
Though  sixty-live  years  of  age,  he  entered  upon 
the  study  of  the  language  with  ardor,  and  in 
lH7'.t  the  translation  of  the  New  Testament  in 
Vernacular  Japaiieso  was  Jirinted.  He  strongly 
recommended  th('ado|itioii  of  the  Itoman  nlldia- 
bet  in  place  of  the  Chinese  characters  in  writ- 
ing the  Ja])iiiiese  language,  a  reform  which  has 
since  been  zealously  urged,  not  only  by  all  tlio 
missionaries,  but  by  tho  first  scholars  ot  Japan. 
During  his  six  years'  resilience  in  Japan  Dr. 
lirown  received  17!l  to  his  church  at  Yokohama, 
was  jiermitted  to  welcome  other  laborers,  and 
to  see  seven  churches  established  containing  be- 
tween 300  and  400  niembers. 

Dr.  Urowir  was  not  only  a  translator  ot  the 
Scriptures  and  a  jireaeher  to  the  natives,  he 
war,  also  the  author  and  translator  of  hymns  in 
the  languages  of  liurmah,  .\ssam,  and  Japan. 
These  are  great  favorites  among  native  Chris- 
tians. His  last  work  was  the  Japanese  hymn- 
book.  When  no  longer  able  to  use  the  pen  ho 
dictated  n»  ho  lay  on  his  bed  to  his  native 
preacher.  He  closed  his  useful  and  industrious 
life  January  1st,  IHSC,  in  the  seventy-ninth 
year  ot  his  age. 

His  funeral  was  attended  by  a  largo  number 
of  jieople  from  Tokio  and  Yokohama,  "  The 
Missionary's  Call"  was  chanted  at  the  funeral 
service,  and  the  coffin  was  borne  to  tlu^  grave 
by  Japanese  converts. 

Dr.  Brown's  published  works  nro  :  Transla- 
tion of  the  New  Testament  in  Assamese  ;  Por- 
tions ot  the  Old  Testament  in  Assamese  and 
Shan  ;  Grammar  of  the  Assamese  Language  ; 
Catechism  in  the  .\ssanicse  and  Shan  Languages  ; 
-Vrithmetic  in  Burnian  and  Assamese  ;  Hymns 
in  Barman  and  .Vssamese  ;  comparative  vocabu- 
lary of  some  fifty  Indian  languages  and  dialect.s, 
and  the  Oi-"nnihi'i,  an  illustrated  Assamese 
monthly  magazine,  from  IH-It!  to  1H,")4. 

Brown,  Kllllllicl  B.,  b.  at  East  Windsor, 
Conn.,  U.S.A.,  June  liltli,  imo  ;  removed  to 
Mnnson  in  early  childhood  ;  graduated  at  Yale 
College,  ls3'2  .  sailed  as  a  missionary  of  the  .\.  B. 
C.  F,  M.  for  China  in  1S3H.  The  lioard  not  hav- 
ing funds  to  conduct  the  mission,  he  was  re- 
leased from  his  engagement  to  take  charge  of  the 
Jlorrison  School  at  Canton,  the  first  Christian 
school  in  China.  Being  obliged  on  account  of 
his  wife's  health  to  return  to  the  I'nited  Stales 
in  1S47,  he  was  detained  at  home  till  IH.V.l, 
when  he  resumed  missionary  service  in  Japan 
in  connection  with  the  Reformed  (Dutch) 
(Miurcli.  His  great  work  has  been  education 
and  translation.     Ho  it  was  who  first  induced 


BROWN,  S.  R. 


807 


BUDDHISM 


Chinese  youth  to  cnmo  to  the  United  States  for 
uii  i-iliiciitii)H.  ViiiiK  WiiiR  iiiid  tilt'  Chiiieso 
aiiilmssiidor  to  tho  I'uitfil  Stiitt-s  iiiul  otliers 
Wfiu  sunt  liy  iJr.  Jlrown  to  the  homo  of  his 
mother  in  Muiisdii,  iiikI  liiuulreds  of  youn^  mou 
from  Chiim  -somj  from  tlio  lM;^hi'st  liimiHcs  of 
tho  cmiiiri'  — Imvc  foiiiul  holms  in  towns  iiml 
cities  of  thu  Cniteil  States.  On  ^oin^  to  Jupaii 
in  iHo'.t  he  imliieeil  the  ^overnmont  to  send 
some  of  its  ptmees  to  Americii  lor  ediientioii, 
and  lie  wits  iiclivu  in  seeiirin^  Christian  liomes 
for  them.  His  last  services  were  in  connection 
with  the  tmushition  of  tlio  New  Testament  into 
Japaneso,  a  lulmr  of  n;iiuy  rears,  in  wliich  lie 
was  associated  witli  a  committm  from  several 
denominations  of  Christians  from  America  iiow 
l»\)orinK  in  .lajian.  This  jjreat  work  was  just 
completed  at  the  time  of  liis  death.  He  re- 
turned home  in  1^7.1  ami  died,  June  2iith,  Immi, 
in  Miiiison.  Mass.,  the  homo  of  his  youth, 
where  his  mother,  tlie  author  of  the  boantifill 
hymn,  "  I  love  to  steal  awlulo  away,"  trained 
htm  to  liu  a  missionary.  He  receiveil  tho  de- 
gree of  I). I),  in  IMm  from  tho  University  of  the 
City  of  New  York. 

Bri^  Vfl'sUm.  —The  Uruj,  which  belongs 
to  the  Indie  liriiuch  of  the  Aryan  family  of  hiii- 
gnages,  is  a  dialect  spoken  in  the  province  of 
Aj^ni.  .V  translation  of  the  New  Testament 
into  this  dialect  was  made  hy  the  llev.  John 
Chamherlain,  and  puhlished  at  Serampore  in 
1832.     The  version  has  never  lieen  rejirinted. 

Brillllllllil,  a  town  on  Mt.  LiOianon,  Syria. 
a  few  miles  east  of  Jievrout.  Station  of  the 
Friends'  Missi^in  to  .Syria and  Palestine.  There 
is  ft  lioys'  trainiiifi  home  ami  an  important 
medical  work.  One  missionary  and  wife,  1 
medical    missionary,    'J,     female    missionaries, 

1  native  preacher. 

Blivllllliail.— 1.  A  city  of  Liberia,  Africa, 
in  tho  (ireat  Jtassii  District  southeast  of  Kdina. 
Jlission  station  of  tho  Methodist  Episcojial 
Church  (North)  ;  '.h  church-members. 

2.  A  t  iwn  in  KatTraria,  South  Africa.  Mis- 
Fion  station  ot  the  United  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Scotland  ;  1  missionary,  3  native  helpers, 
lUl  chnreh-meinbers. 

nil«*lliire<«f,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Roiimania.  although  (Oriental  in  exti-rnal  ii]i- 
penriince,  in  other  respi  cts  is  assuming  more 
and  more  the  aspect  of  u  European  cit.v.  I'opu- 
Itttion  (IS(',7),  Ml,".")!.  Mission  station  of  tin' 
London  Society  for  Proimgiiting  tho  (rosi)el 
among  the  Jews  ;  H  missionaries. 

BiiclH|>e<it,  or  I'l'Nlli,  ofti>itftl  of  Hungary, 
on  the  Danube  llivor,  in  east  central  ])art  of 
country.  Population,  2.>"),;t2o  —  Hungarians, 
Yamans,  .Slavonians.  Jews,  etc  ,  each  race 
speaking  its  own  language.  IJeligion.  Poman 
and  (Ireek  Catholic.  Peformed  Church,  and 
Lutheran.  Mission  station  of  tho  Ureo  Church 
of  Scotland  Jewish  Mission  (IsHi  ;  1  mission- 
ary and  wife.  :l  helpers.  1  church.  IIIO  members, 

2  schools,  I'.Ht  scholars. 

Bll«l«lliUm. — In  discussing  liuddhism  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  many  systems 
known  by  that  name  have  appearecl  in  ditfereiit 
ages  and  in  ditferent  lands.  No  other  faith  orjihi- 
losophy  has  nmlergone  so  many  and  so  preat 
changes  in  the  course  ot  its  d<'Velopment.  The 
widely  ditferent  opinions,  therefore,  which  huvo 


been  expressed  ns  to  its  teachings,  may  each 
have  found  a  degree  of  HUp|>ort  in  some  piilticu- 
lar  phase  or  stage  of  the  manifold  system. 

Another  jMiiiit  to  be  hettleil  is  its  relation  to 
Hinduism.  AVas  it  a  new  and  distinct  system 
setting  out  in  tho  lirst  instance  as  a  jirotest 
against  the  ttachingsof  tho  Jtrahmans,  or  was  it 
a  later  development  iti  the  mind  of  (iailtamil 
occurring  after  six  years  of  ascetic  life  -  u 
discovery  or  conclusion  iimdly  reached  as  ho 
sat  under  tho  lio-treeV  Professor  lieall  is  un- 
doubtedly correct  in  the  opinion  that  Jiiiddliism 
was  an  afterthought  ami  not  an  original  aim 
when  (iaiitama  left  his  palace.  He  broke  with 
Jiridimanisu  on  its  religious  side  ;  most  of  its 
philosophy  lie  retained.  He  pioteste;!  against 
the  outrageous  assumptions  of  tho  itrahmans, 
their  intense  sncordotalism  and  imposture, 
their  exaggerated  doctrine  of  sacrifice,  and  their 
rigorous  tystcm  of  caste.  He  repudiated  tho 
absolute  authority  of  the  Vedas  and  the  super- 
stition, or  ultra-religiousness,  (if  the  whole 
lirahmauical  cult.  He  even  llew  to  the  ojipo- 
site  extreme  of  atheism  cr,  at  least,  a  ]iro. 
iiounced  agnosticism. 

Yet,  at  the  same  time,  ho  cherished  ft  sort  of 
reverence  fcu'  the  high  llrahmans  or  risliis.  Ha 
tacitly  maintained  many  of  tho  speculations  of 
the  Ujjanishails.  He  cherisued,  with  unabated 
ardor,  the  old  Prahmanical  theory  that  the  con- 
nection of  soul  with  matter  is  the  source  of  all 
evil,  and  that  self-mortiticatioti,  through  a 
series  of  transmigrations,  can  alone  secure  de- 
liverance, of  tlie  nature  of  the  soul  he  held 
peculiar  views,  as  w  ill  apl)eiir  furtlier  (ii.  These 
views  have  been  more  or  Itss  modified  in  sue. 
ceeding  ages. 

A  clear  distinction  must  bo  made  at  the  (.tit- 
sot  between  the  credible  history  of  (iautama 
and  tho  extravagant  legends  which  sprang  up 
in  various  lauds  long  after  his  death.  It  has 
virtually  been  settled  bv  tho  concensus  of  tho 
best  scholars  that  those  accounts  which  nre  tho 
oldt  st.  which  were  authorized  by  the  earliest 
councils,  which  have  the  concurrent  testimony  of 
both  the  Northern  and  the  Southern  liti  latures, 
and  which  are  credible  in  themselves  shall  bo 
accepted  as  the  pndiable  history  of  (iautama. 

IJriefiy,  the  facts  thus  recogni/ed  are  these  : 
(Iautama,  otherwise  known  in  his  youth  as 
Siddartha.  was  the  son  ot  Suddhodana,  a  rajah 
of  tho  .\ryan  tribe  of  Sakyas,  occupying  a  tract 
of  country  north  by  northwest  of  ]><  nares. 

He  was  biun  at  Kapilavastu  probably  about 
fiOii  11. c,  and  WHS  lift  motherlet-s  by  thed(ath 
of  the  Ivani  Maya  De\i  shortly  after  she  had 
given  him  birth.  The  (iirliest  a(^counts  repre- 
sent him  as  having  been  born  by  natuial  gener- 
ation, and  without  the  miraculous  incidents  o£ 
the  later  legends. 

There  are  iijiparent  evidences  of  a  melancholy 
and  more  or  less  morbid  turn  of  mind  even  iu 
his  youth,  and  of  painstaking  tITorts  on  the 
]tatt  of  his  father  to  cheer  his  desjiondeucy  by 
the  allurements  of  a  voluptuous  Oriental  court. 

In  spite  of  all  this,  satiety  was  an  early  result, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty-nine,  and  ,iust  after  the 
birth  ot  an  only  son  and  heir,  he  left  his  palace 
and  his  inheritance,  and,  like  many  other  jirinces 
in  various  lands,  he  sought  rest  of  soul  in  asceti- 
cism. The  iileft  which  has  been  so  skilfully  re- 
proclucinl  by  Sir  Edwin  Arnold,  that  Gautama 
then  and  there  set  out  to  becor  e  a  saviour  of 
men,  has  no  foundation  in  fact  It  is  rendered 
impossible   by   the    early   triiditicta  i    he    was 


ri 


i 


BUDDHISM 


908 


BUDDHISM 


I   t 


I        !* 


Himpty  tliH'inf;  from  sorrow  nnil  ilistresH.  nnil 
neekiii^  Moiin>  way  of  piNicp. 

L>'jiviiiK  his  imliioK  l>y  nitjlit,  ntttmdiMl  liy  n 
fititlidil  sfrvikiit.  111-  biittfiKMl  to  tilt)  open  cntin 
try,  wli.'Uri)  he  Heiit  lnu'k  his  hornc,  and  t<x- 
chikii^in){  Kiiriiioat.i  w  ilh  <\  peitsikiit.  Ui<  proi'ccdud 
on  fi)(it  t  >  u  forest  ri-trt'iit,  whtre  hu  entered 
tipon  a  life  of  Helf  uiortitii'iition. 

l>issiiliHt\u.|  with  his  t  'iiehers,  h«  hiinsi'lf  he- 
ennie  tlio  lieud  of  it  fraternity,  aixl  with  live  or 
Kix  followers  lie  n  in><Lt  even  ^;rt  liter  iHoliition 
iiud  greater  iiusterilies  for  iihoiit  six  years. 

ill-  had  at  lenk{th  fathomed  the  eaiptiness  of 
till'  llrahiiiauical  religion.  He  had  ^iven  i'  n 
p.ttient  and  even  heroic  trial,  and  hud  found  it 
vanity.  Self-mnrtitiention  eonld  ^o  iid  [iirllur 
without  aliHolute  Hiiieiile.  Ho  was  so  weak 
from  fastin'.;  that  he  fainteil  and  fell  to  the 
ground,  Tlin  crisis  of  his  life  ha<l  i'  uiie.  Ho 
ahiindotie  I  his  %-nili  stril^^les,  and  partook  of 
needful  food. 

TniM  step  oost  him  the  loss  of  all  his  intlu- 
enee  ;  his  diseiples  forsook  liim  as  an  apostate 
and  a  failure  ;  he  was  in  extreme  perplexity  and 
distress.  Sh,>uld  ho  return  to  his  family  and 
his  inheritance,  and  appease  his  wounded  pride 
by  proclaimin',{  that  all  religion  was  a  sham  ? 
The  temptatiiMi  was  stronj;,  yet  neither  hiul  Lin 
former  possessions  ^iven  him  peace. 

Very  real  an  I  very  (;reat  Were  his  teinjita- 
tions.  Fierce  were  his  stni«ules  with  the  world, 
on  the  one  hand,  and  with  conviction  and  pride 
on  the  other,  as  ho  sat  alono  under  the  shade 
of  the  P.otree. 

.\11  candid  men  ninRt  ncknowled^e  that  the 
decision  which  (iauinma  reaeheil,  and  the  vic- 
tory over  self  which  he  won.  were  sublime. 
Greater  self-control  has  seldom  if  ever  been 
nttaiii-1  by  men.  although  the  jiower  of  the 
bumitn  will  has  sometimes  found  reniarkahlo 
exemiiliflcations. 

John  F.ister,  in  his  esgay  on  Decision  of  Char- 
acter, cites  the  case  of  a  Hpendthrift  who,  after 
Laving  exhausted  a  splendid  fortune,  had  j{one 
to  the  seashore  with  the  purpose  of  destroying 
his  life.  Hut  after  a  lonn  period  of  reflection 
he  spran.{  to  his  feet  with  an  all  absorbini;  re- 
solve to  retrieve  his  fortune,  walked  rapidly 
back  to  the  city,  euRaRed  at  once  in  the  huni- 
Idest  oecupatiins.  and  as  a  persistent  miser 
nctua'ly  accomplished  his  end. 

With  eipial  force  of  w-.U.  and  in  a  far  nobler 
cause,  Ciuutanii  rose  nj)  from  his  reveries  to 
become  one  of  the  most  p  nverful  leaders  of 
luanklnl.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  at  this 
time  al)out  thirfy-tive  years  of  aj^e.  The  pas- 
sions of  youth  were  nut  dead  within  him, 
worldly  iiml>ition  may  be  supposed  to  Imvo 
been  still  in  force,  but  he  chose  the  ]mrt  of  a 
missionary  to  his  fellow-men,  and  there  is  no 
evidence  that  he  ever  swerved  from  his  jiur- 
pise.  He  ha  I  won  a  ureat  victory  over  himself, 
and  that  fact  cinstituted  a  secret  of  jiower. 

He  lieR'in  at  once  the  career  which  he  had 
n-.arke  I  out.  Ho  soimht.  tirst  of  alt.  thf  ilis- 
Btfected  disciples  who  had  aliiindimed  him.  and 
wli3  doubtless  had  proclaimed  his  fall.  It  is  a 
Btron;»  evidence  of  the  piiwer  of  his  own  con- 
vietians  that  he  speedily  succeeded  in  winninj.; 
them  to  his  new  standard. 

It  was  just  here  that  Buddhism  began  its 
career.  It  had  still  an  ascetic  element  ;  it 
aimeil  to  keep  the  bady  nnder  for  the  sake  of 
purity  and  power,  but  not  as  a  matter  of  merit. 
In   the   place    of   idleness   and    repression  for 


its  own  nake  it  Riibatitntcd  a  life  of  honetl- 

cence. 

Ituddhism  was  a  missionary  religion  from 
the  outset  ;  more  agi-^ressively  ko  in  that  eatly 
ago  than  in  the  later  centuries,  when  it  hud 
lapsed  into  the  monastic  spirit  of  the  original 
llrahmaiiism. 

(iaiitamii  soon  Rathere<l  a  hand  of  about 
sixty  fnllowers,  whom,  after  live  ni'iulhs  of  in- 
Ktruclion,  ho  sent  out  to  proclaim  the  "  Law." 
Ho  himself  jireiudied  eontinuoiiHly  for  forty- 
live  years,  ainl  lonn  before  his  death  he  whs 
surrounded  by  a  numerous  order  of  nuiuli- 
eiints,  who  received  his  Word  as  law,  and  to 
whom  he  stood  in  the  place  of  (ioil.  The  gen- 
tleness of  his  bearing  and  the  consistency  of 
liis  life,  as  well  as  precepts,  won  men  of  high 
aiul  of  low  decree  with  ri'iiiarkable  power. 

During  the  more  favorable  seasmis  it  was  hii4 
custom  to  preach  as  an  itinerant  wherever  he 
foutid  the  most  favorable  opi  niiiRs,  but  in  tho 
hot  and  rainy  months  he  gathered  hi.,  mendi- 
cants about  iiiiii  in  some  shady  grove  or  on  a 
bree/.y  mountain  summit  like  tlu'  "  Vulture's 
Peak."  He  died  at  the  advanced  agi' of  fmir- 
score  years  from  an  aciiti'  attack  of  indigestion. 

Tho  account  given  of  his  last  hours  in  tho 
'»'l<i|(  Ikruisi^  is  full  of  pathos.  He  passed 
away  like  Socrates  in  tho  full  use  of  his  facul- 
ties, and  discoursing  tenderly  with  his  disciples 
to  the  end. 

If  now  wo  turn  from  credible  history  to  the 
later  legends  of  the  Ihiddha.  wo  enter  upon  a 
story  of  the  wildest  extravagance. 

Tlie  legends  divide  his  life  into  three  periods  ; 
(l)that  of  his  pre-existent  slates  through  sev. 
eral  hundred  transmigrations  ;  cJ)  that  of  his 
earthly  life  before  attaining  lluiblhaship,  and 
i^t)  that  of  his  ministry  after  he  had  become 
"  enlightened."  The  pre  existent  states  are 
set  forth  in  tho  Jatakas  or  "birth  stories"  of 
("eylon,  which  rejiresent  him  as  having  bem 
horn  .'ilKl  times  after  he  became  a  Uodisat  (a 
predestined  liuddha). 

.\s  a  specimen  of  liis  varied  experience  while 
becoming  fitted  for  Ibiddhaship,  we  read  that 
he  was  born  Ki  times  as  an  ascetic,  ."iH  as  a  mon- 
arch,  i'.\  as  a  deva,  'J4  as  a  IJruhman,  H  as  an 
ape  ;  as  a  deer  In,  an  elejihant  il,  a  lion  l",  and 
at  least  once  each  as  a  thief,  a  gambler,  a  frog,  iv 
hare,  a  snipe.  He  was  also  embodied  in  a  tree. 
Hut  as  a  Uodisat  he  could  not  be  born  in  hell, 
nor  as  vermin,  nor  as  a  woman  !  Ho  could  de- 
sceiul  no  lower  than  a  snipe. 

The  legends  represent  the  liuddha  as  having 
"incarnated"  for  the  jnirpose  of  bringing  re- 
lief to  a  distressed  world.  He  was  miracu- 
lously oonceived,  entering  his  mother's  siile  in 
the  form  of  a  white  eleidiant,  .Ml  nature  mani- 
fested its  joy  on  tho  occasion.  The  ocean 
bloomed  with  tlowers,  all  beings  frniii  many 
worlds  showed  their  wondir  and  svmiiathy. 
Many  miracles  were  wrought  even  during  his 
chihlhood,  and  every  part  of  his  career  was 
filled  with  marvels. 

.\t  his  temptation  un<ler  the  Hotree  Mam 
(Satan)  <  ame  to  him  mounted  on  mi  clefihant 
sixteen  miles  high  and  surrounded  by  an  encir- 
cling army  of  demons  eleven  miles  dee|>.  Find- 
ing liim  proof  against  his  blandishments,  ho 
hurled  mountains  of  rocks  against  him  aiul  as- 
sailed him  with  tire  and  smoke  and  ashes  and 
tilth,  all  of  which  became  as  zephyrs  upon  his 
cheek  or  as  presents  of  fragrant  flowers.  Last 
of  all,  he  sent  his  three  daughters  to  seduce  him. 


BUDDHISM 


300 


BUDDHISM 


In  thfl  Northern  lliuMliiHt  litpriitnro,  euppoinlly 
in  llix  hililii  \'isliirii  i>(  Ni'pitiil,  iiiniiv  iticiileiits 
o(  llildilliiiM  clillilliiMiil  nri'  i^ivMi  wliicli  hIiow  ii 
reinirUiil'l"  imiiiu'IiIciu-h  witli  lln'  lite  uf  Cliiist. 
It  in  clitiiiii'il  tliiit  hiH  liiitli  wiiN  lirriilili'il  li.v 
nnni'lii'  liDStM,  tlmt  an  iiniil  su^^o  rt'Cfivfil  Ijini 
into  liis  ariiiH  mnl  IiIi'hhciI  Iiiiii,  tliiit  ln'  \mis 
titkiri  to  tliii  li'iii|>lu  foi'  ('(iiiHciriitidii,  tijiit  u 
jciilniiH  ruli-r  Koii(^lit  to  (IcHtrny  linn,  tlial  Im 
ilispnttMl  with  h'ariii'il  (hH-torn  ;  in'  was  Impti/i  il, 
tciii|ito.l,  triiiiMt\^!uri(l,  aiiil  tiiiiiMhilnl.  'I'hi'Kft 
siM'iiiin^  paralli'ls  will  In'  iiotici'il  fiirthci'  on. 

Till-  UtfrntinuH  uf  Itinltl/ii/iin.  Tiin 
tPacliMii^x  of  Ctautaiiiii  wen'  ^allirnil  up  l>y  his 
ilisi'ipli's  ill  till)  fnrm  "f  liriif  aphcirisniH  or 
hiUr.is,  anil  wmi  orally  traiisii.itttMl  for  Hivrivil 
Kt'ni'ratiniiit  lic'tm-n  ln>iii|^  cniMiiiitlril  to  wrilinn. 
Thfy  hail  varioin  claKsillcations,  like  the  follow 
in:^  :  (1)  Thi'  Fnnr  VVu.'/iv,  (lisrnvcriMl  whih'  Hit- 
tint!  iiiiil'T  thi>  Hotn^c — viz.,  tho  fait  of  noirow, 
th(>  puiisn  of  Horr.iw.  tho  rcninval  of  Horiow,  iiiiil 
thu  iiii'ans  liy  which  this  is  to  lie  ilinir.  Tho 
fourth  was  raiiiilli'il  into  tint  ci^htfohl  path. 
('2l  VVic  MUlille  l''illi.  as  lictwi'cii  tho  iloiiiiiiioii  of 
passion,  on  thu  onu  hainl,  ami  thi<  liootliSM  v\- 
treiiii's  of  iisci'ticisin  on  tho  otlirr.  (ili  7'//i'  Vi/t 
/■(■//•■If -viz.,  ('(I  iirliision  of  Si'If.  |/))  lioulit, 
('■I  Di'pciiilnnco  on  Kites,  (iD  Sviisualily,  (») 
liatrml,  [f)  Lovo  of  Lifo  on  Karth,  (;/)  ]>fsiri< 
for  Life  in  Hcavi  o  (/ol'riile,  (ii  Self  rinhteiuis- 
ntMs,  {))  Ignorance.  (1)  Tin'  Tm  I'li'liiliilUmi, 
tioiui'times  calleil  tho  Ten  ('oninianiliiii'iits. 
():iu  sliouhl  not  kill,  shouhl  not  steal,  shoiihl 
mt  lio,  nor  not  ilrnnk,  nor  oonnnit  lulultcry. 
Theso  tho  woro  for  all  men.  Tive  others  were 
fi>r  tho  rolinious  orilers.  They  shouhl  not  vio. 
late  certain  strict  rules  relating  to  food,  nor 
wear  ornaments,  nor  use  perfmnes,  nor  sleep 
on  a  soft  lipil,  nor  imlulgn  in  anniHeiiients,  nor 
possess  silver  anil  ^ohl. 

Tlie.se  prohiliitions  have  often  been  oonipared 
with  the  Mosaiii  I)ecalo^;ue,  hnt  it  will  lie  r>li. 
Rerveil  that  all  the  (iodward  jirecepts  of  the 
latter  are  wanting,'  in  tho  Unddhist  code  :  even 
the  |)areiital  ndiilion  is  unnoticed,  and  the  ref- 
erence til  tho  deeper  jirincipU^  of  covetousness 
in  tin  Ili-lirew  Kecaloyiio  is  also  wiiiitiii(;.  Only 
the  outward  \iolation  of  tho  most  olivious  rules 
of  coiiiiuon  life  IS  forhidden  in  the  laity,  and 
five  frifolons  injunctions  are  added  lor  tho 
relinii^  .s  order. 

It  IS  fair  to  say.  however,  that  reverence  for 
jiarents  was  inculcated  in  other  sutras  asciilied 
to  the  jiiiddha  :  that  tho  restriction  and  ahiiso 
heaped  upon  woman  hy  tho  laws  of  Mann  were 
niitij,'iiteil,  and  that  in  ^'oneral,  lieiievolenco 
toward    all   men   and   all  living  things  was  en- 

j.iued 

In  the  teachini^s  of  toiutama  and  his  iiiime- 
ili;ite  disciples  lire  found  many  pn  cepis  which 
compare  favoraldy  with  those  of  the  NewTista- 
nient.  They  are,  however,  purely  ethical,  iiiid 
can  scarcely  bo  said  to  havo  a  relij^ioiis  iiu- 
p  irt. 

Of  the  colleotionn  of  Hudilhist  literature  there 
are  two  yreat  divisioi'.s.  Known  as  tho  Liltlo 
Vehicle  i  HinayaniU  of  Cev  Ion  and  other  southern 
lands,  and  tlie  (ireat  Vehicle  (Mahaytina)  of 
Nepaul,  Cashmere,  and  Tihet.  China  and 
■Tapari  received  trunslalions  from  hotli,  though 
principally  fruii  the  (iieat  Veliicle  of  tho 
North,  'ihe  Tali  text  of  tho  Little  Vehicle  was 
adopted  hy  the  council  called  l.y  Kiiin  .\slioka 
nhnut  'J.'iO  M.c,  and  was  known  as  the  Tri]iilaka 
(Three  liaskets).     This,  as  being  the  oldest  and 


ninst  nutbpntie  body  of  history  ami  doctrine, 
is  jiiHtly  conHidered  the  Iluddhist  canon. 

It  is  a  strong  point  in  favor  of  the  aiitheutio- 
ity  of  tho  Tripilaka,  that  it  was  borne  into 
Ceylon  by  .Midiinda.  a  Hon  of  .Xshoka,  soon 
Hfler  the  Council  of  I'atlia.  lie  was  rtceived 
hy  TisHii,  King  of  Ceylon,  with  great  favor,  and 
the  faith,  as  It  was  preserved  in  his  nii  iiiory 
and  that  of  his  iiioiikH,  whs  implicitly  nceiviil 
inCiylon.  Mahinda  soon  after  transhiti  d  tho 
Tripitaka  from  the  Tali  into  the  Siiihahso  hin. 
giiage,  and  from  tlmt  time  to  Ihe  |iresi  lit  day 
the  two  Versions   have  corroborated   each  other. 

Later  teachings  hold  the  Hiuiie  relation  to  thu 
Tripitaka  that  the  traditions  and  deerei  s  of  tho 
ICiiiiian  Ciithidic  Church  hold  to  the  Canon  of 
the  New  Testanient. 

The  Mahayana,  or  (in  at  Vehicle,  consists  of 
nine  books,  of  which  the  two  most  important 
are  the  hililu  I'islnyii  and  the  l.iiliis  I'l'  lln'  Tint 
l,iiir,  Tho  former  of  these  is  a  life  of  (tautaiiia 
down  to  the  time  of  his  enlightenment.  It  was 
written  partly  in  jiottry  and  partly  in  ]  rose, 
and  evidently  at  different  timis.  As  above 
slati'd,  it  is  in  this  ]ioetie  and  4'Miggerated  bi- 
ography that  those  legends  are  ehielly  found 
wliicli  resemlilo  the  life  of  Christ. 

In  the  course  of  centuries  important  liuddhist 
works  of  greater  or  less  merit  iippeareil  in  tho 
Southern  literature,  mostly  conim<  iitnries  on 
tho  alleged  tiaidiings  of  llie  "Kxidted  One." 
Of  these  the  most  important  are  the  lilcniniiii. 
jiHilii,  the  Ni((/<(  yijiiilo.  the  Unnt  Dirmsi ,  etc, 
Tho  D'liiiiniiiijHiihi,  or  "  I'alh  of  Holiness,"  wiis 
writleii  by  I!uildhagiislia,  an  Indian  uionk.  who 
went  to  ('e\lon  about  4'Mi  a.h. 

'Ihe  book  is  a  Koit  <'f  <  iiciiclopn'dift  iind  coni- 
nientiiry  combinid.  It  is  n  compt  nd  in  I'idi  of 
all  Ihe  coninieiitaties  which  till  his  time  had 
been  preserved  in  Sinhalese  only.  The  Itlnnn- 
vmi'iiihi  contains  the  best  things  of  Ituddhisni, 
as  the  Hhagavad  (lita  sums  up  the  choicest 
teachings  of  Ilindnism.  How  far  it  represents 
tilt!  veritable  words  of  (iaiitama  and  how  far  it 
embodies  the  sentiments  of  his  followers  can 
never  be  known  as  it  was  written  seven  cen- 
turies after  tho  adoption  of  the  canon. 

Tin-  liovtrinvs  of'  J t inhl hit> in. —TWm 
nro  ill  its  peculiar cenceiilion  of  the  soul  ;  (2) 
its  doctrine  of  Trishna  and  I'liadana  ;  (It)  its 
theory  of  Karma  ;  |4)  the  doctrine  of  Niivana. 

T/ip  .soil/  is  Kind  to  consist  of  live  skandnn, 
These  in  their  interaction  constitute  what  all 
others  than  liuihlhists  regard  as  the  soul.  They 
are  in)  material  properties,  i/o  the  senses,  (i)  ab- 
stract ideas,  (i/i  tendencies,  (i)  mental  jiowers. 
The  soul  is  the  result  of  the  combined  actirn  of 
these,  as  the  tla'.lie  of  a  candle  iiroceeds  frrin 
the  cimbustion  of  its  constituent  elcnitiits. 
Tho  tlame  is  never  the  same  for  two  consecutno 
moments.  It  seems  to  have  a  lierpituated 
identity,  but  that  is  only  an  illusion,  end  the 
,ame  unreality  iiertains  to  the  soul  ;  it  is  only 
ft  succession  <  1  thoughts,  emotions,  and  con- 
scious experiences.  We  are  not  the  same  tliat 
wo  Were  an  hour  ago.  In  fact,  there  is  no  such 
thing  as  being,  there  is  only  ft  constant  becom- 
ing. We  are  ever  passing  from  one  point  to 
another  throughout  our  life,  and  this  is  true  c£ 
all  beings  and  all  things  in  the  universe.  How 
it  is  that  the  succession  of  experiences  is  treas- 
nred  up  in  memory  is  not  made  dear. 

This  is  a  most  subtle  doctrine,  and  it  has 
many  jioints  of  contact  with  various  specula- 
tions of  modern  times.     It  has  also  a  pknisildo 


Ft 


BUDDHISM 


21(( 


BUDDHISM 


,   I 


Bido  when  viewi^l  in  tho  lij^'it  of  cxiipricnco, 
but  its  ^iips  iiiiil  iiii'oiisisteiicifs  lire  t'litiil,  us 
must  1(0  seen  wlii'U  it  is  tlmroiiglily  fxiiiiiiniil. 

Tiislinii  is  tho  rtociiiid  of  tlifso  ciirililml  iIdc- 
trinos.  Trisliiiu  is  tliiit  inborn  olouieiit  of  do- 
Hirt!  whoso  ti-uiloni'y  is  to  liinl  nun  into  evil. 
So  fiir  it  is  II  luistortuno,  or  h  torin  of  ori;,'inal 
sin.  Whiitcvt-r  it  luiiy  bii"  f  thf  naliirr  of 
f^iiilt  Imiif^s  upon  tlio  i'  previous  life. 

L'lmiliinu  IS  only  u  fur'  ii  tlic  hiiiiie  de- 

velopment. It  is  'I'rishi  .  ,.^..od  into  intenso 
cnivin^;  by  our  own  idioico  iind  our  own  action. 
It  then  beeonies  ineoiitrollalile,  and  is  clearly  ii 
matter  of  Kuilt.  Now  tint  momentum  of  this 
Upa  Ian  I  is  such  that  it  cannot  be  arrested  by 
death.  Liko  thu  demons  of  (tacbira.  it  must 
iij^aiu  become  incarnate,  even  though  it  should 
enter  the  body  of  a  bruto. 

K'irni'i. — This  transitional  Hoinethint;,  this 
restless  iimral  or  immoral  fori^o  which  must  work 
out  its  nitural  results  somehow  and  SiUiiewhere, 
iind  that  in  embodiuil  form,  projects  into  future 
IilUUj^  a  residuum  which  is  known  as  Karma. 
Literally  it  moans  tho  "  iloin^;, "  It  is  a  man's 
record,  involving  tho  conse<iueuoes  and  luibili- 
ties  of  hi.s  acts.  It  is  a  »oore  which  must  be 
settled. 

A  ipiBstion  naturally  HrlseH  Low  tho  record  of 
n  soul  can  survive  when  the  houI  itself  has  been 
"  blown  out."  Tho  illustration  of  the  candle 
d;>es  not  unit  meet  the  caso.  If  the  Hame  were 
Himething  which,  when  blown  out,  immediately 
Heized  upon  some  other  substanco  in  which  tho 
work  of  combustion  proceeded,  it  would  come 
no  iror  to  a  parallel.  One  candle  may  light  an- 
other befor.i  itself  is  extinguished,  but  it  does 
not  d.)  it  by  an  inherent  necessity.  Hut  this 
rt  uu'j  of  tho  Houl.  this  Karma,  must  enter  some 
other  body  of  god,  or  man,  or  beast,  or  inani- 
mate thing. 

.\gain  tho  i[uestion  comes.  How  can  responsi- 
bility bo  transferred  from  one  to  another  i* 
How  can  tho  heavy  loail  of  a  man's  sin  be  laid 
upon  soiiirt  now-born  infant,  while  the  depart- 
ing sinner  himself  has  no  further  concern  in 
his  evil  Karma,  but  Kinks  into  non-existence 
the  nnment  his  "  conformations"  aro  touched 
with  dissolution ':'  liuddhism  acknowledges  a 
uiystory  hero  ;  n  >  real  ex|ilanation  can  be  given, 
an  i  none  seems  to  hava  been  ittlempted  by 
Huddhist  writers.  T)  bo  consistent  (inutamn, 
in  (K-nyiiig  tha  existenco  of  (lod  and  of  the  soul 
as  an  entity,  should  have  taught  the  material- 
istic d.ictrine  of  annihilation.  This,  however, 
he  eoul  I  nit  ilo  in  tho  face  of  that  deep  rooted 
idea  of  transmigration  which  had  taken  entire 
pr)ss.i<slon  of  tho  Hindu  mind.  Ho  was  com- 
])idled,  therefore,  to  liridgo  a  most  illogical 
ch  isin  as  best  ho  could.  Karma  without  a  soul 
to  clini!  to  is  a  H  Miiothing  in  tho  air.  It  alights 
like  Home  winded  kci^I  uinui  ii  new. born  set  of 
slcan  las  with  its  luckless  boon  of  ill  desert,  ami 
it  involves  the  fatal  inconsistency  of  investing 
with  )ieriiianent  character  that  which  is  itself 
imoermanent. 

Hut  the  (|uestian  may  bo  aHked,  Do  wo  not 
n  liiiit  a  similar  ]>rinciplo  when  wo  speak  of  a 
min's  intluenco  as  something  that  survives  liim  ? 
We  answer,  "  No."  Intluence  is  a  simple  radi- 
ntlon  of  impressions.  .V  man  may  Icive  nn  in- 
tluenco whictli  men  are  free  to  accept  or  not, 
but  it  is  iiuite  a  <litfi'rent  thing  if  he  leaves  upon 
a  successor  the  moral  liabilities  nf  a  bankrupt 
character.  (laulaiim's  own  Karma,  for  exam, 
pie,  ceased  to  exist  upon  Lia  entering  Nirvana  ; 


(here  was  no  re-birth,  luit  his  intluenco  lives 
forever,  and  has  extended  to  millions  of  hia 
fellow  -men. 

Tho  injustice  involved  in  tho  doctrine  of 
Kainia  is  startling.  Tlu'  new  born  8oul  that 
iiilierils  its  unsettled  score  has  no  memory  or 
c  uiscioiisness  that  connects  it  with  himself  ;  it 
is  not  heredity,  it  is  not  his  father's  chaiacter 
that  invests  him.  This  Karma  may  have  crossed 
the  ocean  from  the  deathbed  of  solium  unknowu 
man  of  another  lace.  The  doctrine  is  the  luoro 
iistoiiishing  when  we  consider  that  im  Supreme 
lieiiig  is  recognized  as  claiming  this  retribution. 
There  is  no  (toil  ;  it  is  a  vague  law  tf  eternal 
justice,  a  law  without  a  lawgiver  or  a  judge. 
There  can  therefore  be  no  jiardon,  no  commu- 
tation of  sentence,  no  huch  thing  as  divine  ]iily 
or  help.  Tho  only  way  in  which  luie  can  dis- 
entangle himself  is  by  breaking  the  e  •nnectiou 
between  sjiirit  and  matter  whiidi  binds  him 
with  the  shackles  of  conscious  being. 

Tlif  I ): irl ri la-  ut'  \ iiciiiiu.  -  No  doctrine  of 
Huddhisiu  has  been  so  much  in  disimte  as  this, 
ll)  It  ha.s  been  widely  maintained  that  Nirvana 
means  extinction.  (21  Professor  Ithys  Davids 
and  others  have  held  that  it  is  the  destruction 
of  passion,  malu'e,  and  delusion,  and  that  it 
may  be  attained  in  this  life— that  (iautama 
reached  Nirvana  forty-live  yean  before  his 
death.  They  claim,  liowever,  that  inasmuch 
as  it  cuts  off  Karma  an  rebirth,  it  inv<dves 
extincticui  111  ""  '''"  dissolution  rf  tho  body. 
(il)  It  is  held  by  others  that  Nirvana  is  u  return 
to  the  original  and  all  pervading  Itoddhi  es- 
sence. This  theory.  whi(  h  is  really  a  conces- 
siiui  to  the  lirahmaiiical  iloetrine  of  absoriition 
into  the  intinlto  lirahm,  has  a  wiile  following 
among  modern  Itiiddhists  in  China  and  Japan. 
It  is  a  form  of  Ibiddhist  ]>antlieism. 

.\s  to  the  teachings  ot  (iautama  on  this  sub- 
j 'ct  I'rofi'ssot  -Max  Miilbr,  while  admitting 
tli;il  the  metapl)  .  sieians  who  followed  the  great 
teacher  jilainly  .aught  that  the  entire  jiersonal 
entity  of  an  arahat  (,u"  enlightened  one)  would 
become  extinct  upon  the  di'ath  of  the  body,  yet 
reasmis  in  his  lecture  on  "  lluddliistie  Nihilism" 
that  the  Ibuldha  biiiisi  If  could  not  have  taught 
a  doctrine  so  disheartening.  At  the  Kanie  time 
ho  ipiotes  the  learned  and  judicial  Dishdp 
Ihgandet  as  declaring,  after  years  of  study  and 
observation  in  Ihirmah,  that  such  is  the  doc 
trine  aserilieil  to  the  great  teacher  by  his  cwn 
disciples,  (iautama  himself  isipiot'-il  its  dos- 
ing  one  of  his  sermons  in  these  words,  "  Mendi- 
cants, that  which  binilii  the  teacher  to  i  xisteijce 
is  cut  otr,  liut  his  Imily  still  remniiis.  While 
his  body  shall  remain  he  shall  be  sei  n  by  goi'.s 
and  men  ;  but  after  tho  termination  i>f  lite.  u]iou 
tho  di.ssolution  of  the  body,  neither  gods  nor 
men  shall  see  him  " 

T.  W.  liliys  Davids  exju'isses  the  doctrine 
tersely  when  ho  says,  '  I'tter  death  with  no  new 
liti^  t'l  follow  is  then  n  resiiU  of,  but  it  is  not, 
Nirvana  " 

I'rofessor  Oldeiiberg  suggests  with  much 
]ilausibility  that  the  Itiiddha  was  more  reticent 
in  regard  to  the  doctrine  of  tinal  extinction  in 
tho  later  periods  of  his  life  ;  that  the  lUpresHing 
doctrine  hail  been  foiimla  stumbling  block,  and 
he  came  to  assume  an  agnostic  (losition  on  the 
(piestion  whether  tho  ego  should  jiermancntly 
survive. 

The  ipiestion.  What  is  Nirvana?  has  been  the 
object  of  a  larger  impiiry  than  its  importance 
demands.     Tractioallv  the  millions  of  liiiildhiHtu 


BUDDHISM 


911 


BUDDHISM 


are  not  concerned  in  tlie  qiifistion.  TLoy  find 
no  nttriiction  in  t^itlior  view.  They  desiru 
neitlicr  t.-xtinction  nor  uiiconsoioiis  alisorptioii 
into  ^lu■  lixldlii  eHscni'i'  (or  ISruluin.  Wlmt 
tliey  iintii'iiiate  is  uii  iiujirov-ed  ti'iiiisiiii({ration, 
n  better  liirtli.  Tlie  more  devout  may  iudiil^'e 
tlie  lioj)ii  tliat  their  luxt  lit'e  will  l)e  Ki)ent  in 
one  of  the  Hilddhist  lieavens.  (Jth.Ts  may 
aspire  to  he  men  of  hij,'h  (losition  and  intliience 
A  iiiun  of  h>w  tastt'H  may  foreoist  liis  next  life 
in  aceonliinci  with  thoi'e  tastes.  The  ISiiddliist 
holds  even  m  >re  strictly  than  the  Cliristian 
tliiit  everv  man  shall  reap  as  he  lias  sown,  for 
in  his  view  no  interposing  t^iaee  eaii  ( liantje 
the  result.  It  is  wholly  erroneous,  then,  to 
represent  the  system  as  ]iresentiiin  nothinj.! 
ni or-  attractive  to  men  than  the  iirosjiect  of  ex- 
tinction. IIoweviT  metaiphysieiaiis  and  Orien- 
talists may  settle  the  (luestion  of  the  la-.t  estate 
of  those  who  hecmmts  "enlightened,"  the  mul- 
titudes care  little  for  a  ^oal  which,  ai^cordiiij,'  to 
Bii  1  Ihist  tradition,  less  than  a  dn/en  followers 
of  CiiiiilaMia  have  ever  reached.  "  Though  lay- 
men could  attain  Nirvana,"  says  I'rofussor  Ithys 
Davids,  "  we  are  told  of  only  one  or  two  in- 
Htances  of  their  having;  done  so  ;  and  though  it 
was  more  p.issib'e  for  niemhers  of  the  ]!ud<lliist 
order  of  mendicants,  we  only  hear  after  the 
time  of  (tautauia  of  one  nr  two  who  did  so.  No 
one  now  hears  of  such  an  occurrence  "  It  is 
safe,  therefore,  to  conclude  that  the  liojie  of 
Nirvana  has  ]iractically  no  influence  on  Kiuldh 
ist  mill  Is  It  lies  at  an  intinite  distance  and 
is  shadowy  at  host,  while  real  existence  lies 
between.  That  is  the  j^oal  of  liope  and  aspira- 
tion. 

Tin'  MiiiratioHn  of  Itmldhimii.—li  is 
coaiiiion  to  sjieak  of  Itiildhisni  as  a  "  mission- 
nry  religion,"  ami  such  it  was  in  its  earlier 
career.  Irautama  from  tlio  first  an  I  both  by 
precept  and  exani])le  taiij^ht  the  duty  of  ]iro- 
olaimiim  "  the  Law."  T'lie  fact  that  a  son  and 
a  d.iUf^hter  of  Kin>,' Ashoka  became  missionaries 
in  Ceylon  must  be  accepteil  as  evidence  of  the 
earnestness  of  the  missi-^'riry  spirit  of  their 
time.  Other  inlluences  In  :,ied  the  movement, 
however.  .Vshoka  made  Ituddhisui  the  religion 
of  the  State,  and,  as  \\r  have  seen,  the  political 
treilies  tormed  between  the  Lamas  of  Tibet 
and  the  Chinese  emperors  extended  the  system 
even  to  M  >ii}i(dia.  In  many  instances  Chinese 
travellers  in  India  carried  home  with  them  the 
Hu  1  lliist  system  atnl  became  its  advocates, 
fi  It  for  sev'eral  eenturii's  riMil  missionaries  or 
volunteer  teachers  visited  otlirr  lands  for  the 
])roiiiul;.;ation  of  the  Law.  Itiiddhism  was 
tiansmitted  to  Ceylon  about  "J:!!!  lie  ,  to  (^ish- 
men.'  at  the  bei^innin^;  of  the  Christian  era,  to 
Cliini  ab  lUt  I'lT  a.i>,  to  Ibirniah  in  the  tlfth 
ceiiiury,  to  Jaiiaii  in  ."I'l'J,  and  to  Siam  an  I  Cam- 
b  idia  in  the  seventh  century. 

TriE  l)i:vi:i,oi'MKST  oK  Nori  mkun  1!ii>|)II1sm.- 
In  Ceylon,  Iturmah,  and  Siam  thi're  has  been 
little  chantio  from  the  time  hcuiored  iloctrino  ot 
the  Pitakas,  but  in  Ne))aul.  Tibi  t.  ami  nmont; 
nil  brandies  of  the  Monf{oliau  race  there  linvo 
been  wide  variations. 

Closely  connected  with  the  le^^endary  teach 
ifl^;s  which  at  leni^lli  came  to  be  associated  with 
the  history  of  (Jautama  was  the  theory  that 
Hueeassive  Huddlias  have  visiti'il  the  world,  and 
nt  intervals  of  o.ikmi  years  w  ill  continue  to  ap 
pear.  When  (lautania  dii'd,  those  wdio  had 
iearneil  to  look  upon  him  with  a  sort  of  worship 
felt   the  loss  of  a  divine  sympathy  and  help. 


The  Iluddhn  Was  dead,  and  nccordint?  to  Lis 
own  teachiiii^s  there  was  "  nothing  left  ot 
which  it  could  be  said  I  am."  liiil  the  next 
Itudclha  wiis  in  course  of  [preparation  in  some 
of  the  Inavtns,  and  jierhaps  could  evm  now 
hear  the  voice  of  human  prayer.  Thus  the 
Itoilliisat  "  Miiitreyeh"  (future  lUiddha  of  kiiid- 
iiessi  came  to  be  reeonni/cd  even  in  Ceylon  hh 
u  hopeful  resource  iiiul  a  hearer  of  prayer. 

Jlut  it  was  in  the  Northern  Jiuddhism  particu- 
larly that  the  tvolutioii  of  a  sort  of  semi  theism 
advanced  from  feneration  to  generation. 

I'rofessor  Ith\s  Davids  maintains  that  the 
"  key  note  '  of  the  Mahayana  ((ireat  Vehielt) 
was  iis  change  from  the  idea  and  aim  of  Arahat- 
ship,  as  taught  in  the  south,  to  that  of  Dodisat- 
shil).  In  other  words,  a  living  liiiddha  to  come 
was  thought  to  be  of  mure  practical  value  to 
mankinil  than  a  dead  liiiddha  of  the  past,  how- 
ever wise  and  saintly. 

There  was  tliat  felt  demand  of  humanity,  wit- 
nessed in  all  ages  and  races,  for  a  divine  helper. 

Hy  the  lourtli  century  there  were  wor.shippeil 
ill  Nepaul  two  jjodisats  named  Man,iu  sti  and 
Avobikitesvara,  The  hrst  was  the  persoiiilica- 
tionof  wisdom  ;  llie  second  represented  power, 
and  was  the  merciful  jprotcctor  <if  the  xvorld. 
These  m,vthical  personages  were  [presented  in 
the  L'lliis  iif  the  Ti  iie  J/tir,  one  ppf  the  nine  brpoks 
<pf  the  (ireat  Vehicle.  At  a  somewhat  later 
jieriod  these  two  had  become  three,  with  a  some- 
what  uKPilitied  distribution  of  functions. 

Vajrapaiii  represented  jpower  ;  XIanjusri,  the 
personiticati on  of  w isdoni  :  while  Avolokitesvaia 
was  the  spirit  of  the  Ibiddhas  every wherti  jprts- 
ent  in  the  church.  This  is  wonderfully  sugges- 
tive of  a  possible  borrowing  from  the  Christian 
Trinity,  and  the  date  of  its  ilevelopmeiit  would 
ri'iiiler  smdi  a  result  |i(pssible, 

Scuuetime  siibsecjuent  to  the  seventh  century 
there  weri'  recognized  tive  trinities — one  for 
each  of  tiw  world  systems.  In  eaidi  trinity  the 
first  person  was  known  as  a  ilhyana  or  I'eleslial 
Itudilha  ;  till'  sec(pnd  wiis  the  sipirit  of  Ihlddlnis 
in  the  churidi,  and  tin-  third  was  the  incainate 
Ihiddha  on  earth.  The  trinity  for  our  world 
cipiisisted  of  the  dhyana  Amitaba,  whom  wo 
shall  notice  farthir  on  ;  Avolokitesvara,  who  rdso 
becomes  important,  anil  (tautiima,  who  was  our 
incarnate  Itinblha. 

In  the  tenth  <'entury  the  'I'ibetans  ailvanced 
ji  step  further,  ami  ]iroclainied  the  Su|preme  or 
Alii  It'iililli'i.  TriPiii  him,  the  Oni'  and  Absolute, 
all  the  Dhyana  Ituddhns  emanated,  while  fripiu 
them  sjirang  the  Hodisatwas,  and  from  each 
liodisatwa  was  evolved  a  kipsnios  <pr  material 
world.  Thus  Iluildhism  had  become  OHsentially 
polytheistic. 

Meanwhile  the  system  hail  become  exceed- 
ingl,v  i'orrupt  through  a  union  w  ith  the  Hindu 
doctrine  ot  Saktism,  or  the  wori-hip  of  the 
female  principle  of  Siva,  and  eviii  in  'libet 
the  hideous  idols  representing  the  gods  and 
goddesses  of  Hinduism  were  everywhere  pres- 
eiit.  liy  a  subseipient  reformation  the  Ihiddli- 
ism  of  Tibet  was  restored  lueuHurably  to  its 
(priginal  purity. 

Lamaism  oh  Lamism  -  The  available  functions 
of  .Vvolokitesvara  had  rendered  him  exceed- 
ingly  i)o)iular.  To  htm  all  real  supplications 
Were  olTered.  The  chief  abbot  <pf  Tibet,  who 
was  also  temporal  ruler,  solidified  and  estab- 
lished his  power  by  claiming  to  be  an  incarna- 
tion of  this  all  pervading  llodJHat.  .\t  his  death 
the  iadwilliiii^  one  immediately  becanio  incur- 


BUDDHISM 


212 


BUDDHISM 


mite  iu  s(ime  newly  liorn  infnnt  who  shoiiM 
suoiieed  to  the  tlu'ocriitic  throne.  To  the  tjreiit 
iiilviiiitiige  of  this  sopposeil  ihvinity  was  iictdcd 
till  iiUiiiaoe  with  Kublai  Khitii  and  other  Chiiicso 
emperors,  by  which,  in  exehauge  for  polilieal 
feally  to  tho  ChiueHO  Empire,  the  (iraiid  Lainii 
of  Tiliet  was  eonstitutocl  the  hi^'h  priest  of 
Ihiddhism  over  China  and  Mongolia.  Subse- 
quently a  dispuliil  title  to  thi-  Lamaship  was 
settled  by  the  inauguration  of  two  Lamas,  and 
for  tliis  purpose  another  indwelling  Kodisat 
was  f  "uiid— viz.,  .Vmitaba. 

The  Woiisiiii"  UK  QiAN  Yis. — In  China  aditTir- 
ent  use  was  maile  of  the  ever  available  and 
papular  limlisat  Avolokitesvara.  He  beeaiiio 
inipeisonatfd  in  'j  m/i  Vin,  the  will  known 
goddess  of  nieroy.  That  t^uan  Vin  was  re- 
gatile.l  as  a  rciici/c  finds  its  explanation  in  the 
inlliienei'  of  the  Indian  fSaktism,  whieh  had  not 
b-n'oiue  ipiite  eMinet  evt-n  in  Tibet.  Some  of 
the  abbesses  in  tho  Tibetan  monasteries  wiTe 
regarded  as  inearnations  of  the  wives  of  Siva. 
Q  lan  Vin  on  the  same  prineiple  was  an  imper- 
sonation of  .Vvolokitesvara  on  the  female  side 
of  his  nature.  M  ireovt-r  in  this,  as  iu  some 
forms  of  historic  I'bristianity,  the  notion  that 
woman's  sympathy  and  eompassion  are  most 
tender  had  ])erlia|)s  some  weight.  In  both 
China  and  Japan  (^uan  Vin  is  one  of  tlu!  most 
popular,  because  the  most  mercifid  of  deities. 
She  is  representfil  as  having  attained  Nirvana, 
but  as  having  voluntarily  submitted  to  re  birth 
in  heaven  that  she  might  compassionate  man- 
kind. 

Tlif  Iiiiilllii.ll  Dnrlrine  I'f  SthaHoii  hy  Fiiilh.— 
We  have  st-en  that  the  eelestial  or  Phyana 
Huldha  of  our  world  system  was  Amitaba. 
This  mystical  being  has  bi-eome  in  the  Vodo 
and  the  Shin  sects  of  >Tiipan  a  complete  saviour. 
Uy  tho  great  merit  which  he  has  stored  up 
through  millions  of  ages  he  is  able  to  save, 
vicariously  ami  to  the  uttermost,  all  who  in 
true  faith  call  upon  his  name.  Hy  the  Shin 
sect  the  doctrine  is  mo.-*  fully  ilevcloped.  They 
claim  that  a  single  act  of  faith  and  trust  in 
.\mitaba  will  save  tho  soul  forever.  There  is  a 
complete  substitution  or  transfer  of  righteous- 
ness from  the  saviour  to  the  sinner.  There  is 
an  abandonment  of  the  notion  of  self  merit  and 
self-help.  Kndless  transmigration  gives  phici' 
to  au  immediate  and  lasting  enjoyment  of 
heaven  beyoml  the  setting  sun.  .Vsceticism  is 
rejeeteil  as  useless,  and  one's  own  merit  is  "as 
superfluous  as  furs  in  summer."  Vet  this  faith 
is  said  to  w.irk  by  love,  and  good  deeds  are  per- 
formed out  of  gratituile  to  .\mitaba. 

It  is  very  ri'iiiarkable  that  Jiuildhism,  begin- 
ning in  sheet'  atheism,  should  tilially  have 
reached  the  very  threshold  of  Christianity — 
xcilliniil  the  I'lirist.  There  has  never  appeared  a 
more  clever  and  complete  counterfeit.  No 
other  false  system  has  cvir  Jiaid  so  marked  a 
tribute,  though  involuntary,  to  the  fundamental 
doctrines  of  Christianity. 

Thk  I'ltKsF.NT  lirmiiiisMs  — Wo  liavo  seen  how 
thi'  system  has  b.in  ileveloped  in  ilitTereiit 
lands.  In  t'eylon  ami  Kiirmah  it  is  still  a  mere 
ethical  cult,  while  the  religious  aspirations  of 
men  are  largely  met  by  the  worship  of  spirits. 
In  Siaiii  it  is  buttressed  by  an  intimate  relation 
to  the  government  of  tho  State.  In  India  it 
has  been  virtually  extinct  since  the  ninth  century 
A.D.  In  Tibet,  as  has  already  been  shown,  it 
is  a  virtual  theoi-raey  under  the  name  of  La- 
luism.     In  China  there  are  thirteen  lluildhist 


sects,  but  tho  RVRtcni  ns  a  whole  Las  become  a 
constituent  of  the  triangular  system  known  as 
the  .SVmAiiio,  or  "  The  'I'hree  Iteligions,  '  Con- 
fucianism, Taoiiisni,  and  Ituddhism,  They  are 
so  united  that  eudi  supplements  the  otlnr. 
The  (  hineso  liuddhism  has  borrowed  from  Con- 
fucianism its  reverence  for  ancestors  and  fi  r 
the  State,  and  fnuii  'I'aouism  its  demigods  uinl 
its  geomantic  su)>erstitions.  The  Chinese  are 
in  turn  Confueianisis,  Jiuddhists,  or  Taouists, 
as  exigencies  may  arise. 

The  liuddhism  of  Mongolia  has  borrowed 
largely  the  Tibetan  tyj)!',  though  it  has  niulti- 
)ilied  its  Lamas  aliiii'st  indelinitely.  .\ny  dis- 
tinguished Ihiddlust  niordi  may  come  to  be  re- 
gardeil  as  all  incjirnation  of  some  holy  Uiiddha, 
and  through  this  open  i>athway  of  ambitious 
saintship,  fraud  and  corruption  have  entered. 
The  Mongolian  liuddhism  is  of  ev(  n  a  darker 
and  more  gloomy  type  tli.iii  that  of  other  lands. 

The  liuddiiism  of  .bipan  has  been  griatly  in- 
fluencocl  by  a  union  villi  Sintoism.  1(  has  em- 
braced many  of  its  liojuilar  superstitions,  and 
as  from  Taouism  in  China  so  from  Sintoism  in 
Japan  it  has  adopted  the  national  heroes  and 
demigods  and  enshrined  th<  m  in  its  temjiles. 
For  n  thousand  years  there  was  a  mutual  agne- 
menl  that  Sintoo  priests  slioiild  solemni/e  all 
marriages  and  liuddhist  jiriests  otViciate  at  all 
funerals.  This  relation  was  finally  abolished 
by  imperial  eclicf. 

The  Allifieil  Coiiichletiveit  hettvten 
thv  Lift'  iif  Gautama  ami  that  i>f 
t/lfisf,.  We  have  alrcaily  alluded  to  the  in- 
cidents of  Ituddha's  birth  and  early  life,  as  set 
forth  iu  the  hgtiids,  particularlj'  in  the  Lnli'n 
Vistura  of  Nepaul.  (ireat  use  has  been  made 
of  these  by  the  apologists  of  liuddhism.  The 
inference  which  is  generally  drawn  from  thein 
is  that  tho  (tosj  el  narrative  is  largely  borrowed 
from  the  earlier  life  of  ( iaiitama.  .\bunilant 
refutations  of  this  assiim|)tion  liave  been  pre- 
sented by  Kitel,  Kucneu,  Kellogg,  Rhys  Davids, 
and  others. 

1.  "  There  is,"  says  Pavids,  •'  no  evidence 
whatever  of  any  actual  an<l  direct  communica- 
tion of  these  ideas  common  to  Ituddhism  an  1 
Christianity  from  the  Last  to  the  West.' 

'i.  Many  of  the  coincidences  are  merely  acci. 
dental.  The  events  in  both  casts  are  those 
which  might  naturally  occur  indepemlently  of 
any  connection  ;  such  as  the  fact  that  both  in- 
fanta were  widcomed  with  joy  by  friends  as  well 
as  kindred,  or  tluit  they  went  b<ptb  consecrated 
in  ts'inples,  or  that  both  were  ttnipte,!  to  turn 
aside  from  their  great  missions,  or  that  both 
were  crediteil  with  pri'cocious  wisdom. 

'.'.  The  fact  has  already  been  shown  that  the 
ImUIh  Visliirn,  whi<di  gives  mi  st  of  these  leLieliils 
of  (iautama's  childhodd,  cannot  be  proven  to 
have  existed  earlier  than  the  sixth  century  A.n, 
I'.veii  if  it  was  composed  at  an  earlier  diiy  it 
cannot  claim  to  be  historically  authentic,  as  all 
Huddhist  traditions  were  for  centuries  trans- 
mitted not  in  writing,  but  by  word  of  mouth. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  (iospel  narratives  were 
written  by  eye  witnesses  aiKl  under  lire  of  jeal- 
ous criticism. 

\.  It  is  intrinsically  improbable,  not  to  Kay 
imiiossible,  that  a  cinde  of  discijdes  which  eiii- 
brac'ed  tho  mother  and  brethren  of  Jesus  shioibl 
have  undertaken  to  palm  off  a  false  or  lairrowed 
history. 

*i.  It  is  Hiill  more  improbable  that  tho  diR- 
ciples,    whose   whole    aim    was   to   show    that 


BUDDHISM 


818 


BUDDHISM 


t'brist's  advent  was  a  fulfilment  of  Jewisli 
prophefv  anil  vitiilly  conui'ctetl  with  the  Old 
i'l'stiiiui'iit  Church,  shouM  have  olnuisily  copied 
ii  muss  of  lieuthfii  li'Ht'iiils.  Cousiduriug  tho 
Jewish  horror  of  heathetUHiii,  no  policy  could 
havi'  liccii  luoro  fatal. 

II.  The  ilisciplcs  of  Christ  tnuHht  a  jiurc  the- 
isiM,  ill  which  supernatural  ek'iut'nts  appeared 
in  an  intense  and  sj)ecial  powiir.  Would  tluy 
liisi'  the  story  of  one  claiming  to  liu  tho  Son  of 
(i.iil  on  the  liio;,'raphy  of  a  (ientile  atheist  ? 

7.  Many  of  tho  coincidences  are  rather  con- 
trasts. Christ's  preexistenco  was  that  of  a 
divine  Heing,  Ifuddha's  was  merely  a  stries  of 
tninsmiiirations.  Christ  had  shared  the  eipial 
j,'lory  of  the  Father,  Jiuddha  had  lieeii  a  soldier, 
a  thief,  an  elephant,  a  tiger,  iv  sni|.e,  a  frog, 
Christ's  haplisni  was  a  religi.uis  rite,  that  of 
(iuutama  a  hath  in  a  river.  Christ's  miracles 
were  seiisihle  and  useful,  those  of  Ifuddha  ob- 
jectless, ihililish,  groti'sipie. 

The  Allt'di'd  Jlimnntitif  of  ISmldli- 
inni  OS  t'oniitared  with  i'hiistiaiiitff. 
-  There  has  heeii  i^reat  etldrt  on  the  part  of 
opims(!rs  of  the  Christian  faith  to  exalt  liuddli- 
ism  as  a  superior  system.  It  has  heeii  espc 
cially  urj^ed  that  the  ■Lit^litof  .\sia"  was  the 
teaciier  of  a  gospel  of  peace,  sliaiigely  contrast- 
ing with  the  lielligerent  doctrines  and  history 
of  tlie  <  hristian  Church.  In  reply  to  this  claim 
it  should  he  said,  in  the  outset,  that  in  all  com- 
parisons hetweeli  .Vsiatic  faiths  and  those  of 
Kurnpe  dilTereni'es  of  climate  and  race  eharai'- 
teristies  should  he  home  in  mind.  JSetwefii 
the  soft  and  puuy  trilies  of  Southern  India  or 
Ceylon  and  the  Norsemen  of  tlie  lialtie  there 
are  physical  contrasts  wliicli  n.)  faith  could 
wholly  efface.  l!ut  considering  that  Scandi- 
navians, once  the  terrors  of  Kiirope,  are  now 
till-  most  peaceful  of  men,  we  may  ipoint  to  tlie 
inlluences  which  Christianity  has  exerted  iijion 
tleiu  as  am.ing  the  highest  triumphs  of  any  re- 
ligions faith.  .Mcucover,  Northern  races  of 
Itiiddhists  are  hy  no  means  distinguished  for  a 
gentle  and  pacific  spirit. 

Tlero  is  scarcely  any  country  in  which  the 
life  of  a  stranger  is  more  imiierilled  than  in 
Mongolia.  The  famous  coni|uer,)r,  Khuhlai 
Khan,  was  converted  to  Buddhism,  hut,  as 
r.lirard  lias  well  shown,  no  change  was  wrought 
in  his  nature  or  his  amhitious  plans.  'I'he 
•laiianese,  though  liiiddhists  for  tliirteen  cen- 
turies, have  heeii  a  warlike  race,  and  their  tem- 
ples are  offi-n  crowded  with  the  images  of 
liloodthirsty  heroes 

It  is  adiiiitteil  that  Ctiiutama  discountenanced 
the  destruction  of  life,  whether  of  man  or  of 
heast.  Kveii  insects  Were  simred  with  punc- 
tilious care.  Kut  this  was  no  new  jirecept. 
liralimans  liail  long  hefore  taught  the  same,  and 
the  sect  known  as  the  .lains  are  most  al>surdl,v 
scrupulous  of  all.  This  sacredness  of  life  is 
Imseil  on  the  doclrilif  of  transmigration,  which 
is  comm  »n  to  all  nations  of  Southern  .Vsia.  'I'he 
meaiii'st  heast  or  reptile  may  he  an  incarnation 
of  a  human  spirit.  Hut  tho  nal  humanities  of 
Uuddhism  aro  inllnitidy  inferior  to  those  of 
Christianity.  Ostentatious  care  of  hrules  is 
often  seen  side  hy  side  witli  utter  disregard  of 
human  siifTiTing,  In  Canton  one  may  see  a 
sacred  asylum  for  Kwine,  hut  ho  would  look  iu 
vain  for  a  home  for  the  orphan  or  tho  Idind. 
Within  a  decade  a  niisHionary  hoard  hus  lieen 
asked  to  provide  some  place  in  lianftkok  f.ir  tho 
insane,    liecauso    a    demeuted    foreigner    was 


ohiiged  to  be   lodged   in   jail  for  want  of   an 
asylum. 

The  alleged  instances  of  henevolence  in  the  his- 
tory of  (iautama  are  cliietly  found,  not  like  those 
of  Christ,  in  his  earthly  life,  hut  in  the  biith 
stories  of  his  former  existences,  (ince  as  a  hare 
he  gave  himself  for  a  dinner  to  a  hungry  tigreiss. 
In  another  of  his  lives  he  gave  his  two  childrm 
to  a  demon  who  ihsired  to  eat  them,  and  as 
their  hlood  streamed  fnuu  the  monster's  nuuith 
ho  simply  said,  "  l!y  the  merit  of  this  deed 
may  rays  of  liglit  <'iiianate  from  me." 

Tho  attitude  of  Uuddhism  toward  woman  has 
heeii  greatly  emphasized  in  recent  years  by  its 
Hjiecial  advocates  in  Christian  lands.  That  it 
mitigated  many  of  tho  wrongs  which  had  been 
visited  upon  tlio  female  sex  by  the  Ilrahmans 
will  be  conceded. 

It  was  a  great  and  important  step  when  the 
liuddha,  not  on  his  own  impulse,  but  by  tho 
jieisuasions  of  his  kinsman  and  disciple,  Anan- 
da,  .'idmitted  women  to  the  privileges  of  the 
Sam^;lla  or  holy  order.  The  principle  involveil 
carried  with  it  ninny  sia'ial  iiiuelioratiolis.  Vet 
the  position  of  (iautama  and  the  whole  leaven 
of  his  inlluemc  in  this  respect  was  far  below 
the  standards  of  Uo.  .S.w  Testament.  In  the 
outset  his  example  in  for^aking  his  wile  and 
child  to  become  a  recluse  cannot  be  commended. 
I'aul  taught  that  a  man  miglit  riiKniii  single  fi  r 
tho  sake  of  tho  kingd(uii,  liut  to  break  away  from 
the  most  sacred  of  obligations,  and  that  stealthily 
and  without  consent,  must  be  adjudged  a  crime. 
The  baneful  inllueiice  of  this  example,  like 
that  of  Mohammed's  immorality,  has  brought 
forth  its  evil  fruit  abundantly.  In  liiiruiah  any 
man  desiring  to  be  nd  of  his  wile  has  only  to 
enter  a  monaster.v  and  remain  a  year  or  even 
a  niontii,  after  which  he  is  fieo  to  leave  his 
■sanctities  behind  him  and  niiiiry  another  wife. 

Logically  liuddhism  is  ii]ip(ised  to  nil  mar- 
riage, to  all  love  for  wife  or  children.  The  prin- 
ciple that  human  relatioiisliijis  are  fraught  with 
pain,  and  that  to  get  rid  of  ]>ain  one  I'liist  attain 
an  ei|uipoiso  which  is  tanlanieiiiit  to  absoliitu 
inditfereiice.  would  break  up  all  society.  This 
leiiilency  was  jiointed  out  to  ( iautamii,  and  ho 
accordingly  divided  his  followers  into  two 
classes,  till!  monks  and  the  laity.  It  was  an 
illogical  but  necessary  concessiiiii. 

Huddhist  monasticism  rests  upon  a  much 
more  radical  princiiile  than  that  of  tho  Konian 
and  (ireek  churches.  Thesi-,  while  maintain- 
ing that  celibacy  is  coiulucive  to  the  liighest 
Kiinctity,  nevertheless  honor  marriage,  and  luako 
it  a  sacrament  for  tlu'  masses  of  men.  Not  so 
with  Ituddhism.  It  puts  n<i  lionor  upon  tliu 
relation;  it  ngards  it  as  an  evil.  Many  utter- 
ances are  ipiotecl  from  Ihiddha  which  cast  re- 
proach upon  woman  as  woman. 

Thus  in  tho  hhininniLltd  .^iiHn,  "  A  vise  man 
should  avoid  married  life  as  if  it  w»re  a  burning 
pit  of  live  coals."  Again,  "That  whii'h  is 
nameil  wcuuan  is  sin."  Ou  another  occasion 
Ihiddhii  said,  "  Any  woman  whatever,  if  she 
liavi'  a  proper  opportunity  and  can  do  it  in 
secret,  and  if  she  be  enticed  thereto,  will  do 
that  which  is  wrong,  liow ever  ugly  the  para- 
mour may  be."  No  foul  slander  iu  tho  Laws  vt 
Mann  can  exceed  this. 

Two  gmeral  jirecepts  of  Ttuddhisni  will  snf. 
ftce  to  show  the  discount  which  it  puts  upon 
woman.  I'irst,  (iautama  taught  that,  although 
she  o<uild  enter  li|>on  a  holy  life  as  a  nun,  she 
cuuU  uot  utlaiu  Nirvuuu   without   Urst  being 


! 


BUDDHISM 


214 


BUDDHISM 


•■1 


li.irii  MS  n  iiinn  ;  ftinl,  8t•o^nc^,  it  was  beM  that 
iiUlioii^U  II  Itoilisiit  ill  Ills  ]irr>f xiMriit  livrs 
iiii^lit  1)0  u  wolf,  Ik  Millie,  i>r  a  (rou,  be  roiiM 
iit^vi-r  l-.fc'oiiu'  II  vvoiiimi.  (^r.ite  in  accoul  »ilb 
tlicsu  ideas,  tin'  ffiiiiilf  sex  Ims  reiuaiur<l  in  geli- 
t'l'iil  ili'^'i'inlatiiin  in  all  l>iiil>llii>t  lantLi. 

TIk!  tact  that  ii  Imv  yra.lf  of  uioralitr  exiijs 
in  I'liiiiiti'it's  wliiilly  uii'li  r  the  intlii>-Di:<^  ot  tiji« 
svsieiii,  that  pioili^ai y  is  iiiiiirt<Ur<I  in  Mi>n- 
^'  >liu,  tliat  lliiiiisali.is  of  rhihireU  v>r<-  «•!  1  icr 
lUMititiitlDU  in  •lapaii,  that  the  vil>-  {■ii<t4>iu  ot 
IKilyaiiilrv  I'li'vaiU  iiiu-hi'i-k.il  in  Tilwt.  will 
(hiillitleHS  ho  Set  i|i>«  ii  ti>  othf  r  c  ir.»>  s  h\  ISmKlli- 
ist  iiiMilo^'isls.  jhit  winii  we  turn  to  the  canon. 
iial  1)  loUs  of  tln>  sysliiu  aii<l  tinJ  jKi-usa^es  at 
vile  tliat  the  tlMlislat us  have  uiit  <lair<l  to  tnins- 
late  them,  ui>  siieh  eveiises  eaii  1«?  a<-t-r|<t<ri). 
The  liisliop  (it  ('ill. mil"),  in  the  ;Vi'<»'""fA  f»/i. 
I'lri)  of  .Inly,  1«SS,  ealle.l  atteiiM.>n  lo  tbe  fact 
that  till)  tlMlislators  ainl  piil>ll>h.rs  of  tbe 
I'llakiis  of  Ceyliin  hail  oiiiitte.l  »>iuo  ]M>rtir>nii 
whieh  were  iilisoliitely  vile.  He  iliil  ni-t  coni- 
iilaiii  that  the  oiiiisiion  bail  Ixt-n  niai1»-.  i>nt 
til  it  III)  nieiitiiiu  Was  iiiailo  of  tbe  fact — Ibat  tbe 
KliLjIish  reililers  of  the  Sier.r/  /A»'t.i '/?/.» />»»f 
Were  lett  to  suppDso  that  the  filled  anil  n|>nr- 
^;ate  I  Version  of  the  Viiiayan;«  thiTo  given  wss  a 
fair  anil  honest  representation  of  nnililbioniak  it 
really  was  ami  is.  I'mfessor  Max  Miiller.  in  bi* 
intMiliietion  t  >  the  tirst  volniue  of  tbe  Si<-r»"/ 
li''iil,-s,  n  volume  relatiii'.,'  to  the  l'piinisba<l«, 
(limits  that  so>iie  thiiii^s  in  Himln  litrmiiire 
were  ennsiilered  until  for  the  Euulisb  tninsla- 
tion,  liiit  sueh  notiee  is  wantin*;  in  l*tofr-«»..r 
t»l  leiilier^'s  translation  of  the  I'itakaN  »bete 
espeeially  sneh  omissions  shoulil  l>«  eX|>laine.1, 
Bince  liiuMhism  ji'ir  <'.r<<'v,..v  is  paraileJ  as  a 
iiioilel  of  purity.  I.e^t  we  niav  s.  riu  to  «lo  in- 
justice to  tlio  liuililhist  sacreil  c.inon  <•<  Ceylon. 
it  shoiiM  he  saiil  that  the  oiiiitte<l  |  ii«isj(t:e«  aie 
not  jiositive  recommenihitinnsof  vies — <|n<telbe 
reverse  ;  Imt  the  very  probihitions  defile  tbe 
iiiin  1, 

The  aim  seems  to  have  been  to  <ln>v  ont  tbe 
opinion  of  "  The  lUesseil  One"  in  reipiril  totTery 
vice  anil  crime  that  the  basest  imAt;inalion  conlil 
conceive  of.  Cases  were  Htitteil  tberctote  in 
which  iiiDiiks  hml  fallen  into  every  H|>ecin(  of 
Kin.  T'he  niinutiie,  the  sickenint;  drtaiU,  tbe 
linirieiit  particularity  of  the  reoitaU  were  »ncb 
that  the  Itish  ip  of  ('iiloiiiln)  concludes  tbat  tbe 
autlinrs  must  have  transi  endeil  tbe  prvMiliilities 
of  ai'tu  il  sin,  iitnl  in  Kome  instances  ilm»n  n|>ou 
mlepravel  iiiiai,'inatio!i  in  order  to  illn<itrate  tbe 
vvis.lom  of  the  lliiililha. 

fniilr-ists  ir'ilh  (  7,ii,v/i.(yii7i/.  -  There  is  Qot  <i]>a;>p 
for  even  a  hrief  iillusion  to  the  nduiistnres  of 
Umldhism  with  lower  forms  of  Hnpervtiti-tn 
which  it  has  encountered  and  itbsorWJ  in  nianr 
hinds,  such  lis  the  widespread  spirit-worship, 
Kcrpent  worship,  and  even  feticbisiu.  Itat  • 
few  of  the  many  points  of  contnwt  Wtwetn 
ItiidilhiHiii  and  <'hristiiiuity  iiiay  In*  pres«nte«l. 
We  have  iidmitte  I  the  prohidile  Mincerity  of 
(iantama  as  ii  reformer  and  tbe  great  Tirtorr 
which  h(»  i^ainod  over  his  own  evil  propensities. 
aNo  the  j^eneral  tone  of  lieneTolence  wbicb  ap- 
peare  1  in  his  tenchinL;s  ;  but  tbe  fiysleni  mntX 
lie  jud(,'e.l  lis  n  whole  and  in  the  broad  perK|>*-c- 
five  of  its  intluenne.  It  is  tbnii  tbat  (°hrii»ti> 
unity  is  Jiidned. 

I.  Kiiddhism  dintrnsts  with  <'hnsti<initjr  in 
respect  to  (tod.  The  one,  at  least  in  lt«  orig- 
inal form,  is  agnostic  if  not  atbeistic.  and  tbere- 
furo  derivuH  no  uiotiTen  of  action  from  anT 


bibber  source  than  inau  himself  or  soim-  Mind 
law  of  moial  cause  itlnl  ttfect.  The  other  niake.S 
<  iod  real,  personal,  and  suiireme — the  source  of 
all  hi^hct  iliMpiiation  ainl  help,  the  .Viitlur  of 
every  lilessiiij^  present  or  future,  the  .Vrhiter  (  f 
the  human  coliscielice,  aliil  the  Ifewaiili  r  of  all 
who  ~(ek  Him. 

'J.  Tlicre  IS  II  imtrked  contrast  with  res]iect  lo 
tbe  soul,  lludilhism  recoeni/es  no  jurmaneut 
eiitit.v  or  »;/o.  There  is  only  a  tiaiisieiit  inter- 
action  of  idiysical  properties  ami  menial  jiowers. 
At  leatli  only  the  Karma,  or  the  j^iiod  or  evil 
desert  remains.  Christianity  ncoj^ni/i  s  the 
soul  as  created  in  the  iliiajie  of  (ioil,  as  enn- 
si'i.ius  and  spiritual,  ii  distinct  lunl  pi  riiianelit 
hein'4,  destined  to  live  lieri  iitti  r,  and  capalde  of 
1  >viu>;  Hod  and  eiiioyino  Him  foii  ver. 

■i.  Willie  (  hristii-nity  repn  siiits  hIii  as  nn 
otfence  a^'aiiist  (led  and  CI  Hires  in  Ilim  the 
liniid  of  all  moral  <ililiv;atii.ii,  liuddliisni  nee* 
otily  II  1"  rsoiial  iiicoiivenieiice,  nn  .iccumulatii  ll 
of  i-diiseiiuoiiceH.  The  motive  evi  n  in  litiievi - 
lent  action  is  utteily  seltish,  as  it  aims  lit  merit. 
Thus  when  the  (ire  existi  nt  lluddha  ^ave  Lis 
rhildrt  n  to  he  devoured  hy  a  demon,  us  htatnl 
nlmve.  he  thoiitjht  not  of  their  sut^eriIl^;  dv  of 
bis  wr.iiii,'  towaid  them,  Init  only  of  his  own 
^reat  meat.  All  laws  of  inoial  rij;l:t  and  wrong 
seem  distoited  by  such  n  ciinceplion. 

i.  Iiuddliisin  has  no  Saviour.  When  Sir  Kd- 
win  .Vrnold  represciits  him  as  cnmin^,'  to  save 
the  world,  he  siiiip!y  reads  ii.lo  lliuldhisiii  hi* 
own  coiice|itioiis  liorroued  from  the  Xew  Testa- 
ment and  his  Christian  training'.  Ituddha  re- 
lied wholly  on  tiiniself,  and  lie  taught  all  nun 
t  1  do  the  same.  In  later  ii^,'es  liiiddliists  in 
Miri  lus  lands  have  expressed  a  felt  want  of  liii. 
inanity  by  adopting!  various  typi  s  of  (/"r/.s/  the- 
ism, and  have  conceived  of  KUperiiatiual  heinm 
as  divine  helpers,  hut  they  have  so  fur  di  parted 
from  rial  r>uililliisiii.  The  term  Kiilviitioii  ix 
wholly  out  of  place  in  kucIi  i»  system,  while,  tii 
tbe  other  hand.  Christianity  is  in  its  whole  iiini 
and  its  whole  mituie  a  sysleiii  of  divine  redemp- 
tion from  sin  and  death, 

.">.  liuddhism  has  hIiowii  itself  incaiaiMe  i,f 
reneneratiiiK  society.  It  was  fouinled  l.y  one 
wbo  ha  I  tilitied  his  hack  on  all  social  lifr.  It 
wan  very  natural  that  the  system  should  dis- 
count woman  and  the  home,  for  its  antlmr  was 
an  ascetic,  and  the  monastic  spirit  pervades  all 
bis  teachings.  Honielessness,  mendicancy, 
suppression  of  all  social  and  deniestic  instincts, 
destruction  of  love  and  desire,  even  the  desire 
of  future  life,  silence  as  of  "  ii  hrokeii  fjont.'," 
and  ••  solitude  as  of  a  rhinoceros" — these  Were 
tbe  goal  of  the  true  liiiddhist. 

0.  liiiddhisni  is  a  system  of  iiessimism, 
Christianity  a  revelation  of  cheerful  and  im- 
mortal hope,  (iautaiiia  aiiiiid  at"  the  death  if 
deaths."  Christ  hrnut^ht  life  and  immortality 
to  life, 

Tbe  whole  nssumption  upon  which  the 
"  (ireat  Henunciation"  was  niado  to  rest  is  llmt 
tbe  universe  is  out  of  order,  that  all  life  is  n 
burden,  that  thiTc  is  no  benevolent  cri'atorship, 
no  kind  providence,  and  no  Hiilvation.  Win-- 
ever  may  have  been  respoiisilile  for  suidi  it  woild, 
it  IS  one  of  universal  misery  and  distress,  Man 
ami  beast  make  common  cause  auninst  il,  and 
Ltiiddba  is  the  one  i^'reat  sympathi/er.  When 
be  preached  at  Knpilavastu  before  his  father's 
court  the  whole  animal  creation  was  there, 

■•  rmi-liiiiL'  Ilie  o|ii'iilii|!  of  hit  lipH  lo  Irnrii 
Tliul  »liUuiu  wUii'li  bulb  uiadu  uur  AkIii  mild." 


BUDDHISM 


21"> 


BULaARIA 


It  nppRiirs  ti  have  )ie<-n  a  granil  imliunittion 
iner'iiit{  >>t'  man  and  l>eUHt,  the  Atttt  ami  lirniirl 
est  <>t  ('<)iiiiiiutiist  )4atlieriugs.  at  whirh  Itixldha 
Toieeil  thi>  i-oiuTiion  j)riit(;st  a^atUHt  tlif  (iril<-r  of 
oatiirc,  and  pointed  out  the  way  of  escaiiH  fnim 
the  had  ucxiis  of  uxistenoe.     All 

"  tiMik  Ilin  pniiiii-oof  Ills  piti'niio  rpierli. 
So  tUiit  ili'ir  livi  »,  prisont-'il  ia  iIii;rIib|»- of  a[>e, 
TiL'ir  iir  ili-'-r.  -hiig^'i'd  Ipiar.  juukal  or  «<ilf. 
Foul  foidiiiu'  kite,  iHiirli  il  ilovudr  |ii-HCork  ;{emiii<.tl. 
Squat  toiicl  or  rpirkl-il  »cj'p<'iil.  lizard,  l>at, 
Yi'ii,  or  DhIi  raiininu  tliH  rivir  wavm, 
,  Laiiiichfil  nieikly  iit  tlu'  nkirtu  of  liriitlicrli»o<l. 
With  111  i»  "li'i  liatli  Ii-i4  tiinoriiice  lliiiii  tin  •!•  : 
Aii'l  ill  "lilt''  u'lailiifis  knew  ilusr  I>oiiiIiil''-  liMk" 
VVhil-t  lliiclclliar|iol>eIlie»ellil'  j,'"  I'efun-  Die  kin;;." 

There  was  nu  mention  of  sin,  but  only  of  uui- 
v<  isil  misfortuno  ! 

In  contrast  with  the  deep  shadows  ot  a  l>roo<l. 
inn  and  all  emliracint;  pessiniiHiu  like  this,  wo 
Di  i-d  (inly  to  hint  at  that  ^'!n\v  of  hope  and  j.>y 
with  whiidi  the  Sun  ot  l;itiliteo\isne-.s  h.is 
flooded  the  world,  th«'  fatherly  love  and  com- 
piission  with  which  the  Old  Testament  and  the 
New  aril  replete,  the  divine  |  Ian  of  re<leniption, 
the  ^reat  sacntiee,  the  siiperulionnilinK  urace, 
the  lirotlierhood  of  ni:in,  and  the  eternal  fellow- 
tihip  'vitii  (iod. 

Ilili'ii4»<i  Ajrt'jt,  capital  of  the  .Vri{entino 

lEepiiMie,  on  the  Uio  du  la  I'lala,  ls<'l  miles 
from  tilt!  sea.  Ne.\t  to  Uio  deJaiieiro,  in  almost 
nil  respects,  the  most  im))ortiint  city  in  South 
America,  it  ditfers  littl.i  in  its  character  from 
American  and  Kuropean  sealioard  cities.  Popu- 
lation, 177.7X7  i.'i,  c  niposed  largely  of  Kuro. 
peans.  Mission  station  of  the  Methodist  Epis 
copal  <'hiireh  (North I,  I'.  S.  .\.;  'J  missionaries, 
I'M)  chiiri'h  i.iemliers,  7  schools,  .")•"')  scliolurs. 

Blltfjli  Vt'rwioil.  In  the  lart;o  island  of 
f'ehdies  various  diahcts  prevail,  of  which  the 
ItiiL^hi,  helon^in^!  to  the  .Malaysimi  lan^iia^es.  is 
spoken  thu  most.  In  ixio  the  l!ev.  Dr.  B.  1". 
Mattiies,  of  the  .Mission  H  iilsi!  at  It otterdam, 
was  sent  to  Celelies,  and  after  havin;>  stuilied 
the  lani{iiav;e  of  the  people,  Ik;  translated  thu 
Hook  of  (leliesis,  the  ( ii.>|i,]s,  iind  the  .Vets  of 
the  .\poslles,  which  were  puMished  l.v  the 
Netherlands  lUhlo  .Society  lietween  \si',.i-'')  ul 
Amsterd.im. 

Bililcnxorv,  a  station  of  the  I>utch  Mis- 

KMniry   Society    in    Western    -Javii,    amoni;    the 
S^indanese,  founded  in  l><i'.'.t. 

Bllltfiirill,  a  I'oiintry  of  the  Iialkan  Penin- 
sula, .Soutlieiislern  Kiirope,  houudeil  on  the 
nnrth  hy  U  luiuania,  on  the  east  hy  the  Itlack 
Sea,  on  the  south  l>y  Kuropean  Turkey,  imd  on 
the  west  hy  Servia.  It  is  divideil  hy  the  Kalkan 
Mountains  into  two  parts  :  Ihil^aria  lYoper  on 
the  north  and  .South  Hiil^jaria  or  Kastern  Hon- 
uielia  on  the  south  of  that  rani^o.  Area  of  the 
while,  :i7.Hi;(l  sijiiiiro  miles. 

I'ln/Hiraf  C/iararferiitfirn,  Kxr«'pt 
nlon^!  the  Iialkan  Mount.iins.  which  traverse 
the  whole  prini'ipality  from  east  to  west,  the 
country  is  a  vast  plain.  That  on  the  north  np 
to  the  horder  of  the  J)anulie  is  rather  low.  while 
Eastern  lioumelia  is  hi^h.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
producing  lino  wheat,  which  is  exported  in 
larue  ipmntities.  There  are  numerons  vine- 
yards, where  a  f^ood  ipialtly  of  wine  is  liiade. 
and  toliaoco  and  silk  are  also  cultivated.  South 
Idiluaria  is  famous  for  its  attar  of  roses,  which 
is  made  there  in  lar^e  ipianlities. 

The  climate  in  temperate.      The  plaiu:i  are 


hot  in  snmiuer,  nnd  along  the  Dannhe  there  is 
a  ({ood  (leal  of  malaria,  hut  the  hi^ldands  are 
very  healthy.  The  higher  iiiniiiilains  have 
snow  o!i  their  peaks  the  greater  part  of  the  year. 

i'o/Hihititm.—'l'hf  census  of  l^h.s  givisa 
total  of  U.l.Vl  :t7.".,  <if  which  2.;t',ir,.'J.-,o  are  liiil 
h'arians.  (■,o7.:ir.»   Turks.  r.H,:t:;x   (iiciks,   ^.t.riUi 
Jeivs,  .'.O.^i'JI  j,'.\psies,  l.dtlil  ItUHHlnns,  4,tl'.i'.l  Ser- 
vians and  other  Slavs. 

I'or  s])ecial  statements  sto  articles  ori  these 
different  races.  It  is  siilhcient  to  say  hire  that 
the  Turks  are  only  to  a  very  liiiiiti:d  exLeiit  if 
the  Turkish  or  Ottoman  race.  In  the  n  giuu  if 
\  arna  and  liorderiiin  on  the  Dohrudja  (the  sec- 
tion of  Itoumantii  l>etween  the  Ilaniiln-  and  the 
Itlack  .Sea)  there  aro  a  numlier  of  Tartars  of  the 
Xogai  trihe,  hut  those  classed  us  Turks  are  id- 
liiost  entirely  Slavs  in  race,  who  have  aecipled 
Mohaniinedanism.  Tho  Turks  projier  have 
almost  entirely  disa]ipeared  from  J>ul|;iiria.  and 
are  rapidly  leaviu'^  European  Turkey  altoKilher. 

The  Uulnarians  are  a  thiik  set,  sturdy  race, 
manifesting  very  jd.iinly  the  general  clmnicter- 
istics  of  the  Slavs.  They  are  agricultural  rather 
than  nietcalitile  in  their  taste  and  hahits,  are 
charaeteri/«-d  less  hy  htilliancy  than  hy  n  i(iiiet, 
steady  persistence  that  holds  its  own  way  re- 
(^ardle.ss  of  dtlHciilty  and  opposition,  nnd  a  piao- 
tical  common  sense  that  often  is  more  effective 
than  the  shrewdest  diplomatic  mtiiRiuvres.  It 
is  this  ipiality  that  has  eiiaMed  them  to  with- 
stand the  iiitluences  hrou'.dit  to  hear  liy  Kussia 
and  even  the  other  Euroiaaii  powers,  and  has 
made  them  a  very  potent  element  in  the  East- 
ern (Question. 

tlisfortf  o/'tlir  liulgorioits.—'V\\o  liul- 
(jarians  are  the  descendants  of  the  Sla's,  who 
inhaliited  the  Kalkan  I'eninsii'a  in  the  sevtiith 
celitur.v.  It  is  not  precisely  known  at  vluit 
time  these  .Slii\s  settled  themselves  in  these  re- 
gions, htit  their  inimi^;ratioiis  were  slow  and 
^'radiial,  and  must  have  lasted  for  a  conslder- 
ahle  time.  .Vccordinn  to  the  evidence  furnished 
hy  Hxzaiitine  historians  these  immi^'rations  go 
hack  to  tho  third  or  fourth  century,  and  the 
influx  of  the  Slavs  was  so  great  that  their  settle- 
nil  nt.s  extended  from  the  ])aiiulie  far  down  into 
.Vlhania,  Epirus,  Thessaly,  nnd  even  (ireece. 
(ieographieal  names  of  nioniitains,  rivers,  lakes, 
villages,  etc.,  still  testify  to  this  fact.  In  the 
year  <i7'.»  k.\>.  a  horde  of  liulgars  or  Itulgariaus, 
coming  from  the  horders  of  the  river  Volga  in 
IJussia,  <Tossed  over  the  Dnnuhe,  coiuiuered 
the  Shivii-  trihes  or  communities  in  the  ancient 
.Ahisia  (the  modern  Itohrud.jai,  in  (he  northeast- 
ern corner  of  the  Iialkan  Peninsula,  and  laid 
the  f  lUinlntionH  of  a  Ihilgarian  kingdom.  Thef^u 
Ihilgars  were  a  non. Slavic  race  ;  according  to 
some  they  were  of  riniiish  or  Turanian  oriL'in. 
Though  Hiunll  in  iiumher  they  were  warlike  in 
spirit,  nnd  they  easily  and  ipiickly  exIeinUd 
their  dominion  over  the  remaining  Slavic  coni- 
mni,itieH  of  the  I'eniiisula.  which  were  prolmhly 
independent  orKenii  iiiileiiendent  of  each  other, 
nnd  merging  with  these  Slavs,  they  were  soon 
nmalganiated  with  them,  ceasing  thu.s  to  exist 
ns  a  separiili-  nation,  hut  leaving  their  name  as 
the  national  appellation  of  those  whom  they 
had  cini|uered. 

So,  while  the  modern  Ihilgarinn  hears  the 
name  of  a  nonSlnvic  race,  |u>  is  a  Slav  hy  Mood. 
.\  |>nrallel  case  in  history  wo  find  in  I'rancp, 
where  the  Franks,  a  Teutonic  trihe,  snhdiied  tho 
ponntry,  left  their  naiiu!  ujmn  their  siihjects, 
bnt  diHappeurc-d  aa  a  nation.     The  history  of 


BULOARIA 


216 


BUIiOARXA 


tho  Uulgnrintis  up  to  the  second  Imlf  of  the 
niuth  century  is  utailber  very  certain  nor  very 
interesting'  ;  it  is  ii  history  of  constiint  wurt'iire 
with  ISyisiiuliiim  for  the  extension  of  territory, 
or  for  repelling!  iittueks  ihreeted  iiKuinst  thi'  in- 
dependence of  the  ntnvly  established  kin^ihxu. 
In  the  second  half  ot  tlie  ninth  century  (HiiO-dJi 
Ctiristiauity  was  introduced  in  liul^aria,  and 
with  it  an  aljthahet  was  formed  and  the  Scrip- 
tures were  translated. 

Tills  was  duo  to  SS.  ("yril  and  Methodius, 
who  arc  honored  even  to  this  day  as  patron 
Haints  by  the  llul^ariau  Churcli.  (See  arlichi 
Slavs  )  11  is  hardly  to  be  supposed  that  tile 
Jiiil^^irians  liecaiuo  all  of  a  sudduu  a  thoroughly 
Christian  nation,  and  entirely  forsook  their 
hi'ittheiush  aiiil  idohilrous  notions  and  customs  ; 
but  the  introduction  of  (.'liristianity  and  the 
formation  of  an  alplialtet  optiieil  the  way  to 
literature  and  pro^^ress  aiiion^,'  theiii.  The  ni^^n 
of  King  Simeon  (aS8-'.fJTl.  rfiinniiid  as  it  is  f.ir 
tho  material  and  territorial  a^^randizelnl^llt  of 
tho  Hulg.irian  Kingdom,  is  still  more  so  tor  tho 
literary  ii'Jtivity  by  which  it  was  charactcn/ocd. 
While  tho  other  Slavic  nations  were  still  linger- 
ing in  darkuess  and  barbarism,  the  JSulgarians 
developed  a  literature  which  j-assed  from  them 
niuong  the  other  Slavs,  and  served  as  the  foun- 
dation of  their  literatures.  The  various  ancient 
manuscripts  found  in  Uussia.  Servia,  and  other 
Slavic  countries  l)ear  witness  to  the  prevailing 
and  educating  intluence  of  tho  ancient  liul- 
garian  literature. 

This  literature  bore  almost  exclusively  a  re- 
ligious, i)ious,  and  ecclesiastical  character,  ac- 
cording to  tho  exigencies  of  the  circumslances, 
and  according  to  the  cliaractiT  of  the  Ity/aiitine 
literature  at  that  time,  which  the  JSulgariaiis 
had  for  their  nicxlel  and  which  they  assidu- 
ously and  aliaofit  blindly  translated  or  imitated. 
The  preilominatiiig  works,  aside  from  the  Scrip- 
tures and  tho  liturgical  books,  were  lives  i>f 
saints,  discourses  or  homilies  of  some  ot  the 
F.ithers  of  the  Eastern  Church,  chronicles,  ro- 
mances, s(!mi mythological  histories  of  fiiuious 
men  liko  .Vlexandcr  the  (Ireat,  Solomon,  etc. 
Side  by  side  with  this  literature,  however,  there 
arose  in  the  tirst  half  of  the  t  nth  century  an- 
other literature  called  apocryphal  or  false,  which 
Heoius  to  have  taken  a  lirmer  and  deeper  hold 
of  the  minds  ot  the  newly  converted  Hulgarians, 
nn.l  the  originators  of  which  wore  the  liogomils. 
The  IS  )gomils  were  a  sect  half  MaiiicliH  an  and 
halt  .Missalianin  their  tenets,  who  held  to  the 
dualistic  i)rinciplo  ot  light  and  darkness,  or 
{jooil  and  evil.  They  rejocteil  almost  the  whole 
ot  tho  Old  Testament  as  being  the  work  ot  tho 
evil  one,  recognized  no  ecclesiastical  hierarchy, 
condemnod  tho  worship  of  images,  explained 
in  a  fanciful  and  symbalical  manner  the  iiicar 
nation,  tho  life,  tho  sufferings,  tho  death,  and 
tho  resurrection  of  Christ,  and  drew  their  no- 
tions and  tenets  mo.stly  from  the  apocryphal 
gos|)els  and  other  npurious  and  uncanonical 
writings  ot  tho  \ew  Testaiuont.  While  it  is  n 
matter  of  pure  speculation  and  conjecture  as  to 
how  much  of  the  former  heathenish  notions  of 
the  Hulgarians  has  entered  into  and  been  em- 
bodied with  this  sect,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  many  of  tho  current  beliefs,  halt  Christian 
and  half  pagan,  which  ntill  subsist  among  the 
common  mass  of  the  liulgarian  people  of  to  day, 
are  to  bo  traced  to  this  sect,  thus  showing  its 
wide  extent  and  the  deep  root  it  had  taken  in  tho 
popular  miod.    Itsi  iutiueuce,  however,  was  not 

T 


limited  to  Dnlgaria  and  the  Hulgarians,  but  it 
sjiread  also  into  liosnia,  ilerzogoMiia,  Servia, 
Ity/antiiim,  and  even  into  France,  where  it  gave 
rise  to  tho  sect  of  the  ('ullmrs  or  .{lli'nifitse.i. 

The  reign  ot  Simeon,  which  had  raiseil  Bul- 
garia to  military  and  literary  glory,  was  followed 
by  a  jioriod  of  decline.  I'luler  his  son  and  suc- 
cessor, l'eter(',l27-lihi,  the  kingdom  politically  as 
well  as  literarily  began  to  sink,  and  it  was  during 
this  jieriod  that  nionasticism  was  introduced  into 
lliilgaria.  St.  .iohn  ot  Kilo,  to  vhose  memory 
tho  Well  known  Kilo  monastery  in  Knlgaria  is 
dedicated,  being  the  tirst  Kulgarian  who  took 
tho  monastic  vows  and  devoted  himself  to  a 
lite  of  asceticism.  In  1018  tho  Kulgarian  King- 
dom tell  under  the  dominion  of  Kyzantiiim,  anil 
remained  a  jirovinci'  of  the  Ity/antilu^  Kiiijiiro 
till  llSl),  when  it  regained  its  inih'pendeiu'c. 
This  second  kingdom  lasteil  until  Kl'.is,  whi'ii  it 
was  overthrown  by  the  Turks  and  Kulgana  be- 
caiiii'  a  Turkish  ]irovinci'.  In  losing  their  po- 
litical indepi'iiileiici^  t'lo  Kiilgarians  lost  also 
their  ecclesiastical  bieiarcliy  by  tint  ab.ilition  ot 
their  ]iatriarcliate  and  the  incorporation  ot  its 
dioceses  with  the  (ireek  I'alrian'hate  of  Con- 
stantinople. In  the  second  half  of  the  eigh- 
teenth <'eiilury  I  \'i'>~)  the  remaining  archbishop- 
ric ct  Ochricla,  in  Macedonia,  was  likewise 
abolishcil,  and  thus  the  whole  Kulgarian  nation 
was  jiut  under  the  spiritual  jurisdiction  of  tho 
tireek  Patriarch  and  his  bishops. 

The  perioil  of  tlot  Turkish  riili^  in  Kulgaria  is 
completely  dark,  as  all  literary  activity  and 
national  development  ceased.  Oppressed  po- 
litically by  the  Turks  and  spiritually  by  the 
(ireek  bishops,  who  sought  to  llelhni/e  tho 
Hulgarians  by  )iroseribiiig  the  Slavic  language 
from  tho  chnrclus  and  the  Jtulgarian  from  the 
schools,  the  Kulgarian  nation  seemed  destined 
to  oblivion.  Hut  in  the  beginning  of  the  pres- 
ent century  a  national  movement  tor  the  awaken- 
ing of  the  people  was  set  on  foot,  whli'h  reacheil 
its  culminating  point  in  tho  so-called  "  Kul- 
garian Church  (Question."  This  ijuestion,  bo- 
gun  in  1S.">.H,  related  to  the  re-estalilishment  of 
a  Ihilgarian  national  church  with  a  national 
hierarchy,  which  was  at  length  granted  under 
tlie  name  of  "  Kulgarian  I'.xarchate"  by  im  im- 
perial lirnian  (decree)  in  Is'll.  Tlio  clauses  of 
this  tirmaii  have  not  vc  t  been  fully  executed, 
so  that  Macedcuiia,  where  tho  Kulgarian  ele- 
ment forms  the  bulk  of  the  Christian  ])opula- 
tion,  is  still  de|iriv«d  of  Kulgarian  bishops. 
|{y  the  lalo  Kiisso-Tiirkish  War  ^1h77-7K)  a  Kul- 
garian iiriiieipality  was  tormod  and  Ranctione(l 
by  the  Treaty  of  Kerliii  (IH'S).  consisting  of 
the  Kulgaria  Krojier  of  the  maps,  between  tho 
Kalkaii  Mountains  and  the  Danube.  Kiit  in 
lss.">  the  autonomous  |lro^inco  creati'd  by  the 
above-montioned  treaty  south  ot  the  Kalkans, 
under  tho  fictitious  name  ot  "  Kastern  Itou- 
luelia,"  was  united  to  the  i)rincipality. 

The  total  niinilM  r  ot  the  Hulgarians  probably 
does  not  surpass  fiinr  millions,  and  they  form 
the  bulk  of  the  population  in  tho  princjiiality 
of  Kulgaria,  in  tho  remaining  possessions  of 
Turkey  in  Thrace,  and  in  Mace<lonia.  Kul- 
garian colonies  are  found  also  in  Itoiimania  an<l 
especially  in  Kes.sarabia.  According  to  tho  cen- 
sus for  ISMH  the  total  jiopelation  of  the  Kulga- 
rian principality  numbered  !l,l."il,H7"i  inhabi- 
tants, distributed  as  follows  :  Hulgarians,  2,it"2t!,- 
301!  ;  Turks,  Il(i7,;t7*  ;  Greeks,  r,H,:Vi-i  ;  .\riiio. 
nians,  .Tews,  gypsies,  etc.,  l(i'2.;)7:t.  Out  of 
1,UU0,3J'J  men  in  all,  1,3U1,4C3  are  put  down  as 


BULOARIA 


217 


BUIiLOM 


"  VUifi-ulp,"  wliilo  out  of  l.rilf.KHCi  WDiiicn  only 
().'), 777   nro   iimrkcil    'liUnili'."     Tlic   t.'StiiMisli- 

llli'lltdt   HI'IiO.iIm  IIIkI    IIk'   Kl>rull(l   of  lllllClltinll,    HO 

••ii;^irly  imisiHil  itt  tlu'  jirfstiit  iiiormnt  l>y  Ixitli 

till'     ^DVl'inilKait    HI'.ll    tllc    |IIMI|llo    of     l!iil|^unii, 

will,  li  iwi'vcr,  roiuL'ily  in  tlio  iii'ur  future  tliiH 
laiiii'iitiililii  fuel. 

I'lif  liiilt,Mriniis  lii'loii^;  to  tllc  ( »rlliiiil()x  or 
ICiHlcTii  liriiiicli  <if  tliii  t'liristiuii  Cliurcli.  Their 
spirit  mil  lieiiil  in  (lie  K\areli,  who  resides  in 
Ci>iistantino]>li!  und  hiis  the  jurisiHetioli  over 
the  live  iirchliishniiriis  into  which  Ihilt^iiriii  is 
iliviilml.  Theri)  iwc  iiliout  "lO.ddll  (;iilhiilic  liiil. 
f^iiriiiiis  known  under  the  niiiiie  of  /'ki/iAi/o/.v 
or  I'liiiliciiins,  ri.din)  or  iiioro  I'rotesl.mts,  und 
iiliout  ',^1111,(1110  .Mussuliniin  liul^^ariimH  culled 
I'liiiciLs,  who  siieak  the  Itult^iiriaii  lan'^uii^o  und 
'  have  retained  a  ureut  many  of  the  jp.iimlur  huh- 

its  and  customs  of  the  Kiilpirians.  The  Ian- 
^ua:^e  used  in  tho  church  Hervice  is  the  so- 
cullcil  "  ('hurcli  Slavonic,"  which  is  almost 
whnlly  iinintelli^ihle  to  the  coinmon  niass  of 
till)  jn'iiple.  The  cler^iy,  us  a  rule,  are  ij^no- 
ranl,  and  their  ediieution  does  not  extend  much 
hey, in  1  a  perfunctory  reading  of  the  services 
an  I  prayers  in  the  church.  T»'o  seminiiri<'S 
have  lieeii  estahlislieil  for  the  eilucation  und 
uptiuililin^;  of  ii  clergy,  Imt  so  fur  their  inllii- 
<'nce  has  not  been  reiiiarkahle.  It  is  not  to  ho 
Wimdered  at,  then,  that  tlm  relij;ious  comlition 
of  the  people  is  not  very  hi^;li,  and  that  for  tho 
Kre  it  muss  of  them  relit^ioii  c  insists  in  the  out- 
ward ohservance  of  rites  and  (MTeiuonies  and 
in  tho  iiiixtiiro  of  piety  und  Mu|ierstitiiin. 

Tho  modern  l>ul',Mrian  lan^ua^'e  has  reoeded 
more  than  any  other  Slavic  dialect  from  the 
iiU'ieiit  Sldveiiic  iir  the  ancient  l!ulv;arian. 
Wliile  the  laltir  liel.in^;s  tn  the  sijutlnlif  class  of 
laiii^iiij^es  and  is  rich  in  cases  und  other  t;ram- 
milical  forms,  the  iinMlcrn  liul^arian  has  lost 
mist  of  these  forms  and  has  lieeniiu!  an  ninili/tif 
hiiij^iia(,'e,  expressiiiLl  the  relations  of  cases  liy 
prepositions,  as  in  i'.ii^^lish.  The  use  of  the 
article,  which  is  jilaced  after  and  not  heforo 
the  word,  chii^lly  distinmiishes  it  from  the  an- 
cient lan^;uat^o  unci  from  its  cij^'iiuti'  ,Slavic  ilia 
h'cls.  .Many  forei(,'u  words  'I'lirkisli,  (ireik, 
etc, — have  eutereil  into  tho  com|iosition  of 
m  >dern  Ituli^ariaii  ;  hut  in  its  popular  ]ii'oduc- 
tion.s,  especially  jMipular  Kon^js,  it  has  retained 
a  threat  many  of  the  ancient  K'n'ouiatical  forms. 
)I  idern  liul^^arian  literature  is  still  m  its  in- 
fancy,  and  ulthmi^ili  ft  few  proiliictions  of  indo- 
peiiileiit  rcst'ari'h  und  literury  activity  have  ap- 
peiir.'d,  most  of  the  literature  consists  of  trans- 
latimis  from  f.ireij^ii  liti-rutiirus,  or  imiUitions 
of  firei^jn  works. 

.Uisniuii  ir«/7>'.-The  first  missionary  so. 
eiely  to  (ii't^ani/.o  special  work  for  the  l!iil(,'a- 
riaiis  was  that  of  the  Methodist  Kpiscopul  ('hiireh 
(N>rlh).  V.  S.  .V.  (n-V. ),  which  sent  out  its  tirst 
missi.inaries  in  1h.",7  to  occupy  the  territory 
north  of  the  JSalkans.  'J'his  "has  from  that 
tiiiiii  liceii  worked  liy  that  society,  with  itH 
stations  at  Sliumlu,  Vuriia,  Tirnova  (the  old 
capital  of  Jtulgaria^  Uustohuk,  Sistot,  und 
Loftcha. 

The  .V.  ]{.  ('.  !■'.  XI.  (([.v.),  from  it.t  stutions 
nl  Constantinoph)  und  Adrianople,  had  lookeil 
toward  the  same  work,  snon  after  eommeiicod 
it,  und  liave  carried  it  on  with  stations  at 
S  iphia  (tlm  present  capital)  und  Sanmkov,  in 
liulnaria  I'ropi'r,  Kskiza^ra  and  riiilipjiopolls, 
in  South  lliilKariu  or  Eisturn  Itounuliii,  and 
Aluunstir  in  MaceLlonia. 


Of  luto  years  there  has  lioen  formed  n  ]'...l 
piriali  JCvuiih'elical  Alliance,  which  carries  on 
the  work  in  Sophia  and  some  other  stullons.  in 
cordiul  Hyiii]ialliy  and  co  nperation  with  the 
midsionaries,  hut  with  the  ultort  to  doveliji  tho 
aneressive  Christian  sjiirit  anionic  the  Jiulxariau 
churches.  .\t  l'liilip[iopolis  there  Is  also  a 
sctiiiiil  carried  on  liy  an  American  lady,  Jlrs. 
Muiiiford,  iiidejiendently  of  the  iiiissinn. 

llihlu  work  IS  carried  on  hy  the  Hritish  nnil 
Foreinu  liilile  Sneiely  north  of  the  Jialkaiis  and 
tilt)  Amuricuu  liihlo  Society  Houth. 

lllllKlirillll  Vcroloil.  The  Authorized 
VirsKin  of  the  JJiMe  for  the  whole  Slavonio 
race  is  the  JJihle  translated  liy  Cyrillus  and 
Methodius  in  the  middle  of  the  ninth  century, 
und   written   in  the  so  culled   ecclesiasticul    or 

ancient    liul^'uriaii.     In    i lern    l^ul^^ariaii    a 

traiislHtion  of  the  (iiispi  I  of  Matthew,  jirepared 
liy  the  archimandrite  Theoilosius,  was  puhlisheti 
in  1H-J2  at  St.  ^etersl)llr^^.  A  tiaiislntion  of  the 
New  Testament  made  hy  SapouiKdT,  under  the 
caro  of  Mr.  Itarker,  unent  of  tho  liritish  and 
l'"orei(;n  liililo  Society,  was  ]iulilisheil  at  Smyrna 
in  IHKi.  Aliimt,  the  same  time  .Mr.  Constantine 
I'hiiliiiiitT.  who  hail  translated  tho  did  Testu- 
ment,  died  just  as  lie  was  aliout  to  revise  it 
with  I)r.  E.  lilies,  of  the  American  Itoiird. 
The  lannuam'  itself,  imwever,  (^raduiiUy  umli  r- 
welit  ft  consideralile  diunj^e.  The  need  of  a 
revision  lucume  more  iip|iaienf,  and  l>r.  Ki)^(,'s, 
aided  liy  two  liul;.;ariiin  scholars  and  the  J!ev. 
I'r.  .\.  I,.  ]-on^',  of  the  American  Methodist  Mis- 
sion, lietnok  himself  to  the  revision,  ami  the  en- 
tire liilile  was  issued  at  Constantinople  in  IMI'.l. 
Tlie  N'eiv  Testament,  liaviiif^  formerly  lui  n  niiule 
in  the  Western  diMlect,  was  issued  liy  Messrs. 
Iti^jj^s  uiiil  Jjonj,',  in  lM;."i,  in  the  Eastern  dia- 
lect, in  two  editions,  one  nf  lii,(i(io  copies  (il'Jmo), 
at  the  joint  exiMiise  of  the  liiitish  and  l''iireij.'a 
and  .\iiierican  liHile  societies,  and  another,  with 
refeiences,  of  ."i.diid  I'upies  (llinini,  at  the  solo 
expense  of  the  Itiitish  Socii  ty.  In  ls7l  a  new 
slightly  nviseil  edition  of  the  liulgariaii  liiMe, 
in  one  volume,  under  the  editorHlii|i  of  ]>r. 
l;lg^;^^  was  jmlilished  at  Constantinople.  Tho 
eornctioiis  introduceil  were  mudu  with  a\iew 
of  making  the  whole  Work  uniform  in  style  and 
phiaseoldgy. 

This  has  lieeii  followed  liy  still  nnother  edi- 
tion (pocket)  now  ilH'.td)  going  through  tho 
]iress  at  Constantinople  under  the  aiisiiici  s  of 
the  .\'Uiricun  Itihie  Society.  That  society  has 
also  is-.iied  editions  of  the  Slavic  and  I'lulgariau 
New  Testiiments  in  parallel  pages  for  uso  in  tho 
churches. 

(Sjiiriiiien  veist,     John  3  :  10.) 
HiTIUOTO  fJon  TO.IK03b  Bi:iJio6ii  CUtTl- 

TB,  luoTO  4040  Cuiia  cBoera  e4iinopo4nn- 
ro,  3a  4a  no  noruiio  bchkoH  koHto  Btpy- 
Ba  Bi  iiero,  iiu  4a  una  xiiBort  Btieui. 

BiilUnn   Vcrttloii.— TLo    Bnllom,  which 

lieloiigs  to  the  negro  group  of  Africnn  lan- 
guages, is  spoken  aliout  Sierru  Eeone,  on  the 
Western  Coast  of  Africa,  A  translation  ot  the 
(ios|)el  ot  Matthew  into  this  dialect  wus  made 
liy  tho  Itev.  (i.  It.  Nyliinder,  of  tho  ('hur>'li 
Xlissiomiry  Society,  und  puhlished  by  the  llrit- 
ish  ftud  Eoreiyu  Jjihlu  Society  at  Luuduu  iu 
181". 


BUIXOM 


21« 


BURMA 


91 


(Specimen  verse.     Matt,  5  :  16.) 
Nlunky  knndlrr  no  trc  ko  niil(ih  eboll,  leh 
ngha  iigha'kuh  ni]niiit  no  nkplpng,  nu  kuUuh 
papah  no,  woniio  clu-h  kg  kij  foy. 

nniMla.  or  IVIhiiiula,  or  Ki.^biiii«lii. 

-  Tins  uiiiiii'  IS  v;ivrii  t'l  till-  liiiiKUiini^  111'  III!  1111 
civili/.i'il  tril)!'  in  tin:  |iroviiici'  of  AiiKolii,  West 
Al'ricii,  for  wliom  a  |iorli(iii  of  tlic  New  rcstii- 
luciit  1ms  l)ocri  niiiitly  iniimnd  iiiulfr  tin' 
iuis|iui's  of  the  Itritisii  iiii.l  I'orci'^n  ISiliK* 
SjoL'iity. 

Biiii»ill»«»ii«iar,  Ik  town  on  t\\,i  i-iistirn 
pliUi'iiu  of  Smiirttrii,  Kiist  liidiis.  A  mission 
Htiitinii  of  tlio  lUunisli  Missionmy  Sofitty.  In 
18H1,  I'Jtt  >rolimiiiiuiliins  wirn  lm|iti/.iMl  on  (ino 
ility,  Dno  missionary  anil  wife,  i\'i  fommuni- 
cants. 

BlirllUII|llir,  Nimar,  C  'ntral  I'rovinoo, 
]<ritisli  India,  lias  an  indt'pt'niliiit mission  sinci) 
l«s:!  ou  tho  Tajiti. 

Uiirlior,  oi-  llarlit't*,  a  town  in  tlic  .Talml- 
]mr  District,  Ci'Utral  I'rovincfs,  India.  Mission 
btaliua  of  tlio  Gii.iKUer  MisHiouiiry  Society. 

Bliriat,  a  diali-ot  of  tlio  Mon^jolian  (ij.v.). 

Ilnrkiijaiina,  on  tlio  \\tst  coast  of  York 
riiiinsiila.  South  Australia.  \  prosperous 
HcniKinnsbnri'  station,  fomidccl  in  1H(;."i. 

Burma. — Within  tin- jiast  seventy  t\vo  years 
the  political  map  of  •Southeastern  .\sia,  ami 
ospeeially  of  that  part  of  it  lyinn  lietweeii 
Tiliet  and  Yunnau  on  tho  north  ami  the  Itay 
of  Heuual  on  the  south,  eastern  ]ieii(^al  on  the 
west  and  tho  Mekouf-  lliver  on  tho  fast,  has 
het'U  iiinturially  cliaiiv;od  threo  times.  In  IN'JO, 
tho  emperor  of  Iturnia,  who  st.\led  hliuself 
"  Lord  of  the  White  Khphanl"  and  a  variety 
of  other  titles,  claimed  dominion  over  all  tho 
tribes  of  ISuriiia  I'r<ii>er  as  well  as  overChit- 
tanoii^,  Arnkaii,  and  the  'reiiasHerini  provinces, 
ineludiiii^  a  lar^,'o  part  of  the  Malayan  rtnin- 
Kula.  His  sway  over  many  of  the  independent 
hill  trihes  was  liardly  more  than  iiMininal,  liiit 
over  tlie  Huriuans.  the  Karens  of  Lower  iJnriua, 
and  the  tribes  of  Arakati  and  Chittagon);,  it  was 
cruel  and  despoti<^  in  the  extreme.  In  his  nr. 
roj^aiico  ho  demanded  tliiit  the  Kast  India  (iov- 
crnmeiit  should  ^ivo  up  Kiistern  Iten^al  to  him, 
nnd  that  all  Kuropeans  sliouhl  leave  the  coun- 
try. Tliis  led  to  tho  war  ot  IH'JI  ■>l\,  in  which 
the  itritish  army  advanced  to  Vandaho,  on  tho 
Irawadi,  within  10  miles  of  his  cai)ital,  and  he 
was  h'i"1  •»  niako  peace  by  tho  payment  of 
jl."). (1(10,000  iiideinnity  and  tho  cession  of  ("hit- 
tnnoiij^,  .\rakan,  and  the  TenasKcrim  provinces, 
including  the  tine  jiort  of  Moulmein.  This  re- 
duced the  Iturman  Km|iiro  to  Itiirma  rmper, 
nnd  left  it  with  one  ^reat  seaport  auii  the  val- 
leys of  tho  Irawadi,  Sitaiij,',  and  Salwen  in  its 
possession.  This  was  still  a  laruo  territorv, 
iiud,  if  well  governed,  mij,'ht  have  been  a 
powerful  kingdom  ;  but  the  Jiurman  kiii^s 
were  boastful,  blood.v,  and  brutal  tyrants,  and 
repudiating  former  trc'Uies,  they  comiiiilttil 
such  c.utrams  that,  in  Ix.l'J,  a  second  war  was 
inevitable,  and,  indeed,  was  )>roclaiiiieiI  by 
them.  In  this  war,  which  lasted  about  six 
months,  tho  larue,  wealthy  province  of  Penn 
jmBsed  into  Hritish  i)OKsession.  It  incduded 
the  lino  Beaport  of  ltani;oon,  tho  laruo  towim  of 
Hasnein,  l'e(^u,  Ileuzada,  Tcmiih;oo.  and  rrome 
(Bee  Heutiuuii  on  liuriuuu  uud  Kureu  misHiouM 


in  history  of  the  American  liajitist  Missionuty 
I'nioni,  as  Well  as  many  smaller  towns,  !Uid 
was  much  the  most  fertile  portion  of  the  conn- 
try.  .\K'ain  the  map  changed,  !'.d  while  Anikan 
alid  Chlttanoni^  had  been  oinalil/.ed  lis  l!rili>h 
piovin.-es.  I'euu,  the  lenasserim  iirovinci  s,  and 
all  of  Lower  riurnia  as  far  muth  as  the  tiOlh 
dek;ree  of  north  latitude  became  Itritish  liiirma. 
The  lliirmati  kin^s  had  now  left  less  than  half 
of  their  ori'^inal  territory,  and  tin  ir  reveniuH 
Were  uri'ally  dimiiiisli.il;  but  they  were  as  ar- 
roniilit  and  bloodthirsty  as  before,  and  on  tho 
accession  of  Thibaw  in"  IhTM,  thiTo  were  new 
complii'iitiiiiis,  Thibaw  wiis  a  nionstt  r  in 
human  form,  and,  disliking  tho  I'.iii^lish,  he  de- 
Note  1  what  intelltct  he  possessed  to  proynkin(< 
them  to  a  third  war  by  every  means  in  his 
power.  In  this,  after  si'ven  years,  he  timilly 
KUceeedcil.  Oil  NoVeliilier  7th,  l^N").  ThibaW 
issued  a  proclamation  anuininciii^  his  intention 
ot  imniediatidy  marching  forth  with  his  armies 
to  efface  these  heretic  barbarians  (tlie  Klij^llslO, 
and  to  compier  and  annex  their  country.  On 
the  Moth  of  the  same  month  he  was  a  prisoner 
in  the  hands  of  the  Kn^lish  army  ;  was  sent  to 
Liiwlaiiil,  and  a  few  weeks  later  the  Kiiipire  of 
Hiiriiia  was  aiiiiextd  to  liritish  India,  and  tho 
lliirmese  rule  had  ceased.  There  wcro  lor 
about  two  years  some  jiorti  i  of  the  I'ountry 
infested  by  ihirnil.s  or  brij^aiuls,  but  in  IM'O  tho 
whole  of  the  original  Ibirma,  iiicludiii|^  liuriiia 
Proper,  the  Tcliasserim  jirovinces,  Arakan, 
Chittau'onn,  and  .Shanland  on  the  east  had  been 
consoliilated  into  one  jiresideuc.N  uiuli  r  KiiKlish 
rule.  At  present,  and  for  missionary  i)iirposes, 
liiiriiia  may  lio  considered  as  composed  of 
I'liper  and  Lower  liurma,  I'pper  Iturma  com- 
lirisitiK  the  late  kinndcuii  or  eiiiidre  of  JJurina, 
and  Lower  Iturnia  all  that  portion  of  the  coun- 
try below  tho  'iotli  deeree  of  north  latitude,  as 
Well  as  tho  Tt  nasserim  provinci  s  and  the  jires- 
eiit  mission  stalioiiH  in  Arakan  mid  .shnii  land 
in  the  Kast.  Tho  mission  work  in  Aiakaii  will 
lio  treated  under  that  title,  thon^h  it  is  uow  a 
part   of  the  presidency  of  Hurma. 

To/tftffrtiphff'aiKl  f.>'*>f/*f»/>/*//.— Hurma 
is  drained  by  threo  fjreat  rivers  and  their  nu- 
merous atlluents  :  tholr.iwadi,  with  a  ^reat  and 
increasini^  commerce,  about  l.loo  miUs  in 
length  from  its  sources  in  ono  or  more  of  tho 
Hreat  lakes  in  the  lofty  Himalayas,  and  navi- 
gable for  1.(100  miles  or  more  by  hn>;e  steaiiiers  ; 
tho  Sitanv:,  of  inferior  length,  and  having, 
at  certain  seasons  of  tide  ami  southwest  w  inds, 
a  hni;'  at  its  mouth,  which  renders  tho  en- 
trance  very  difficult  ;  it  bears  on  its  bosiuii 
a  constantl.v  increasing  commerce,  steamers  ply- 
in^;  between  ItaiiKooli,  Moulmein,  Thayet  iiiyo, 
and  Toiinnoo  ;  the  Sahven,  n  lon^  and  na\i(;- 
able  river,  rising;  in  tho  mountains  of  Yunnan, 
Chinii,  and  pursuing  a  course  almost  luirallel 
to  that  of  till*  Irawadi.  These  rivers  are  sepa- 
rated in  their  upper  enurscH  by  talipes  <d'  mo-in- 
tains  varyiie^  from  I. (100  to  (VOOO  feet  in  heiKlit, 
hut  as  Ihi'V  approach  the  l!ay  of  lieii^ul  or  tho 
Oiilf  ot  Martab.iii  these  mountains  subside  into 
broad  and  fertile  jdains,  and  the  rivers  enter 
the  bay  or  the  f,'ulf  by  many  mouths  (the 
Irawadi  1ms  ten),  forming  rich  nnd  extensive 
deltas,  with  a  very  rich  soil,  but  often  covered 
with  a  dense  jungle  which  makes  the  clinmto 
sickly.  The  valleys  of  these  rivors  are  of  con- 
sidernble  brendth,  and  beinn  well  watered  by 
their  Hiimller  affluents,  are  jiroductive.  '1  he 
priiiciiail  productionH  u(  liurua  are  rice,  grown 


BT7RMA 


210 


BURMA 


mil 
uill 

)\V   11 


Ulna 
nii- 
iitid 
in 
tlio 

iiiivi- 

11  rs  ; 

■ii'k', 

llllls, 

t  II- 

sum 

ply. 

iiivo, 

iiivig- 

iiiiii, 

iilhl 

sf'im- 

lOMIl- 

pinl't. 
ir  llio 

into 
[■liter 

(tlie 
iisivo 

ereil 
iiinte 

con- 
(l    l.v 

'Hie 
rown 


everywhoro  nnil  Inrnfly  cxportoil  ;  wliciit  ainl 
milli't  in  the  hinlicr  liiuils  ;  Iniitsdf  iiiuiiy  kiiiiln 
ami  iif  \iTfi\i  t'XciiUtMU'o  ;  timlmr  of  tlin  lui-t 
iiuiilitifs,  tlmt  (>t  tho  tciik  liriiin  tin-  luKt  Kliip 
tiiiilHir  known  ;  ln'triilium  ml  iiinl  iirroidim 
Htiiiii'H  in  t^rciit  viiriity,  tlm  ruliy  uiid  fiiu'ruM 
beiii;^  spt'ciiilly  viiliuilik'. 

'I'liii  lii'iistM  of  prey  iiri"  i>f  (.;ri'iit  «i/.ii  uinl  fo 
rnrily.  Tlin  ilfplmiits  of  liiiriiiii  uttiiin  ii  urciitcr 
Hj/.ii  thiiii  lliiiHi'  of  liny  otlii'i'  iMiimtiy  in  tln' 
worlil.  Till'  lion,  ti);rr,  lco|iiiiil,  of  srvniil 
spfriiis,  mill  rliinocfiiis  iiri'  nil  vitv  ilL'struc 
tivf.  TliK  liiitTiilo  uml  tlu'  liniliniini'i'  liiill  uru 
traint'il,  as  am  mmiy  of  tin'  ilipliunls.  as  Ix'usts 
of  Imrdiii.  llorHi'H  an-  few  aiiil  ai'i'  nirrly  imt'il 
for  ilraii^lit  imrposi's,  tln^  I'X.  or  Imllal  >  takini^ 
tlii.'ir  plarii.  The  nnlont  tnlu'S  exist  in  lar^i' 
niniilii-rs  uml  aru  uniit  |MstH,  ofliii  lll■stroyin^,' 
till)  rice  eroi>  in  liirm>  ilistrii-ts.  Tliey  aro  t-iitrn 
liy  tho  pDorbr  rlasscs  in  times  of  faniine. 
I'ythons,  liims,  ami  othiT  Herpeiits,  am!  espe- 
cially venomous  snakes,  likii  tho  f'lini  ilr  i-ijul 
Id,  arn  iihumliint.  lii/atils  of  all  kimis  are 
fnutnl  everywhere,  ami,  destroying,'  many  inserts 
an  1  vermin,  are  aii'imntid  friends  of  man. 
The  liirds  are  numerous  and  many  of  thoni 
beautiful.  The  insect  triln'H  are  annoyinj^  and 
many  of  them  dann''l'ous. 

In  a  coiinlry  live  Hixths  of  whieh  is  in  the 
torrid  zone  and  so  almndantly  wateiid  the 
vit,'itation  is,  of  emirHe,  iirofuse.  and  muih  of  it 
of  wonderful  beauty.  Thi!  tlowers  are  nnsiir 
passed  in  elenanco  and  f  ran  ranee.  The  forest 
trees  are  of  threat  value.  Many  of  tho  fruit 
trees  yield  delicious  fruits  and  others  possess 
excellent  medicinal  iiualities,  while  the  palms, 
Lanihons,  and  climbing  slinibs  have  their  mani- 
fold uses.  Tho  tinny  tribes  and  shell  fish  aro 
of  excellent  (piality,  and  furnish  lar^^e  supplies 
of  food  to  the  inhabitants  aloiit;  the  coiists  and 
rivers.  Soiii.'  of  their  iiriparations  of  these 
would  harilly  be  ]iiilatable  to  us.  Amon^  these  is 
the  Hi/'i  />»(,  a  compound  of  prawns,  lish,  fry, 
and  tish  refuse  pounded  mi  after  decomposition 
has  commenceil,  with  chillies,  garlic,  and  other 
pondiinents,  which  every  Hiiriiiese  iMiisiders  in- 
dispeiisablH  to  a  ^ood  diniii'r,  and  which  is 
lari^'cly  prejiared  for  the  lunrkets.  Its  odor  is 
in  lescribabl\  otfi-usive  to  those  whoso  tastes 
have  not  been  cultivated  to  its  use. 

Hiiriiia  has  an  area  of  "i"'.!,!!""  sipii.re  miles 
(about  eipial  to  that  of  t lie  New  riij^l.iiid,  Mid 
die  States,  and  Ohio,  Iniliami,  and  Illiiioisi. 
Its  population  is  variously  estimated  at  from 
H,liilil.iHi()  to  l.'i.iMMi. 1)0(1.  lixccpt  in  l.owir  (late 
liritish)  Huriiia  there  has  never  been  a  census 
taken,  and  even  innv  an  enumeration  of  the 
hill  tribes,  approximating;  to  accuracy,  wouhl 
be  impossible.  The  population  of  liritish 
Iturmit,  in  IXNl,  was  ;t,T;!'i,77I,  and  has  been 
lari^ily  increased  since  by  iniiiiiviration  from 
India  and  China.  Perhaps  lO.ooii.iMHi  is  not  an 
overestimate  of  the  present  J^opulation  of 
ISuriiia  Proper.  There  are  said  to  be  forly-two 
ditlerent  races  in  llurma.  but  they  are  mainly 
divisible  into  four  distinct  peo|>les.  Tliese 
are  :  1.  Tho  Hurmans.  under  which  j^eneral 
name  aro  included  the  Hurmans  jiroper,  the 
ruling  race,  and  the  .\rakanose.  "J.  Tlio  Ta- 
lainKs,  Tali^us  or  Penuans,  once  the  li.rds  of  the 
eimntry,  but  now  (•really  iliminiHhed  in  iium 
bers.  ;t.  The  Khans,  a  generally  nomadic  race, 
but  of  difFerent  alKnities,  as  Chinese,  Siamese, 
and  liuriuan  Shans.  'I'heir  national  name  is 
Tai,     They  occupy  the  eastern  re-^ion  of  Jturnia, 


and  extend  into  N'orthern  Siam  and  .S.mth- 
westiin  China.  The  writers  who  ate  In  st  m  • 
ipiaiiitid  with  them  say  that  tin  re  are  ,"i,iMiii  ii(ii» 
.ir  (,,11(111,(1110  of  them.  They  are  indepiliihlit, 
thou^ii  they  nominally  acknouledui'  tin  kini; 
of  tiiirma  as  their  Mi/.eri<in.  These  time  rauea 
are  all  Iliidilhists,  and  though  ditTerin;{  in  lan- 
HUa};e  and  physical  eharaeterislics,  are  nil  ile- 
voted  to  the  worship  of  (iaiitama.  The  fourth 
liice  are  the  Karens,  of  wlmm  tliiro  are  more 
than  thirty  tribes,  diHerinu  in  many  respects 
from  each  other  in  lannua^^e,  form,  and  haliits, 
but  all  worshippers  of  nats  or  spirits,  and  iirob- 
ably  remotely  of  Aryan  ori(^in.  The  Karens  of 
Lower  Ibirma  (the  lowland  tribes)  are  ai^ricul- 
ttirists,  tishermin,  and  laborers  ;  some  ol  them 
have  been  peons  or  slaves  of  the  IJuriiians  ; 
they  are  of  u  gentle  iind  soiieVNliat  timid  dis- 
position, though  personally  brave  ;  they  readily 
received  tho  (iospil,  and  those  of  them  who 
were  under  l>iirmese  rule  bore  coiirat^eouHly 
bitter  and  ctikI  persecution  from  the  Iturmaus 
for  its  sake.  The  Snau  iindI'«o  tribes,  which 
occupied  Penu  and  the  Tenasserim  provinces, 
have  been  larncly  converted  to  ChristiHiiity,  and 
have  formed  many  Christian  villai.;es.  The 
llik;hliind  tribi's  of  Central  liurnia,  the  ltt;liais, 
Pakus,  (teeko,  Toiint.'thil'',  and  lied  Karens 
became  converts  at  a  later  date,  and  also 
orvjani/ed  villa^^es.  Of  all  tlii'so  there  ara 
liviii;^'  about  'JH, 2(1(1  communicants,  and  an  ad- 
herent population  of  2(1(1,(1110.  Tlit  ir  laiij^iianes 
differ  so  much,  though  trom  the  same  r>iot,  that 
tho  missionaries  have  the  Scriptures  and  all 
other  books  translated  for  each. 

lieyond  these  are  the  hill  or  mountain  tribes, 
the  Karenneis,  the  Kastern  and  Western  triboH 
I  the  Kastein  the  wildest  and  physically  tho 
linest  men  I.  The  Tounnthiis,  the  .Set  lit  has, 
and  the  Kemmeesdo  nit  seem  to  Inloni,'  with  tho 
Karen  tribes,  but  iiia,v  be  allied  to  the  .\rakaii- 
ese.  Physically  they  resemble  tlie  Talainns  ; 
their  lanj,'uanes  are  written,  and  have  many  Pali 
words.  They  are  t^eiierally  liiiddliists  isee 
Piuddhism),  but  with  some  traces  of  nat  or 
demon  worship.  The  Hapli^t  missionaries  and 
the  nativi.'  Karen  jinaidu  is  Iiiim-  bestowed  some 
labor  on  the  TouiCrithiis  and  Keniniees,  and 
with  niodirate  success. 

( ither  tribes  having  few  allinities  with  tlii'  Ka- 
rens, y«  t,  like  them,  worshippiiit,'  nats  or  demon» 
from  molivis  of  fear,  are  found  in  Northern 
Ibirma  and  uIoiik  the  Arakan  border,  and  since 
the  w  hole  of  Itiiriua  lias  come  iinibr  liritish  con- 
trol are  moviie^  down  the  liawadi,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Mandaliiy,  and  below  and  toward  Sandoway 
in  Arakan.  I'lie  larnist  and  best  known  of  these 
tribes  are  the  Chins  and  the  Kach'ins.  Tho 
latter  are  said  to  be  the  lii-rci  st  and  most  war- 
like tribe  in  Ibirmii.  No  Iturmaii  soldier  darea 
to  set  foot  in  one  of  their  villa(,'es,  which  are 
always  Hituated  at  the  summit  of  hi^li  hills. 
They  aro  Kiipposi-d  to  bo  identical  with  the  Sin^j- 
phos  or  Sinj;paus  of  .V.ssam.  Yet  these  rou^jh 
and  tierce  iiitii  are  yielding  in  considerable  num- 
bers to  the  powerof  the  (lospel,  and  the  Itaptist 
missionaries  and  their  etlicieiit  assistants  have 
gathered  several  churches  of  each  tribe. 

While  the  Iturnnse  kiu^s  were  in  power, 
these  mountain  tribes  and  the  Shans  also, 
tliou;^di  nominally  acknowled^in^^  their  sn/.e- 
rainty,  only  Jiaid  tribute  when  it  suited  their 
purpose  to  do  so.  As  a^^ainst  the  Chinese  they 
professed  to  be  subiect  to  the  kio^s  of  liurina  ; 
but  whenever  any  largo  tribute  cr  uuy  levy  of 


BURMA  890 

troops  wiiH  <1<>iuitn(1o(1  they  rpfiiso'l  it  nnd  rv- 
tiri.i  to  thfir  iiioimtiiiii  fiisliifsHis,  wliiTe  tlir 
liiiniiiiii  Hi>l<li,)rH  iliiri'il  mil  tollow  thtiii.  Willi 
Hi'Vt'Mil  of  tlirsc  tnlii's  will' wiiH  tht'ir  iioiinul  (mii 
(litiiiii,  mill  111  (li'fiiiilt  ii[  any  utliii'.'i  to  tH;lit, 
tlio  hill  trilii'H  mill  tii«  ShmiM  fought  with  ciirli 
otlmr. 

It  wiis  to  Hurh  It  country,  with  ho  iiiiiuy  ii.l 
vmitiini'H  of  cliiiiati',  «i)il,  mill  proiliirtivuue.ss, 
ruliil  oviT  hy  tin;  iuo.it  ilcs|>otii'  of  kiiiK«.  '" 
tolrraiit  iiml  cnit'l  Itmlilhisls,  iiml  with  iiiorx 
tliiin  forty  triln's  of  every  ilei^ree  of  Hiivui^ery 
within  Its  lioiimhirieH,  nioHt  of  theui  hoHtile  to 
lliulilhiriiii  mill  ^'iveii  to  ileliion  wor.ship,  that 
I'roteHlaiit  ('hri.sliiinity  cniiio  in  thu  lirst  two 
ilocuiles  (if  the  present  century. 

MlMHIONM    IN    KUHMA. 

1.  I'rolfstiiut  Missions. — Tho  lirKt  nttenijit  to 
plant  a  I'rotestaut  iiiisHioii  in  Ihiriuii  was  iiiiide 
at  UaiiKOiiii,  in  1H(I7,  by  .Messrs.  Chiiter  iilul 
JIariliin,  Eiiylish  Haptisls.  Kelix  Carey,  the 
elih'st  son  of  Dr.  Willimn  Ciirey  of  Seraiiiiiore, 
joiiu'il  them  s  11111  after,  but  -Mr.  Manlon  left  in 
II  few  niiinths,  auil  .Mr.  ('hater  iit  tlie  elul  of 
four  years.  The  Lonilou  Missionary  Soeiefy 
sent  tAo  missionaries,  M.'ssrs.  I'ritihelt  mid 
Uiain,  to  Umijjoon  in  IHii.s,  but  the  former  ilied 
soon  after  his  arrival,  ami  the  latter  reiiioveil  in 
a  year  to  \i/inapatani.  Mr.  ('hater  during!  his 
four  years'  stay  traiislateil  Matthew's  (iospel 
into  Ihirmese,  wliieh  was  jirinted  at  Seranipure. 
Mr.  Carey  reiuaiiieil  till  IM  1,  ami  then,  having 
received  an  a|ipiiintnieiit  mid  title  frmii  tlit) 
Uuni.iese  emperor,  he  went  to  .Vva,  then  the 
Jhllliian  capital,  to  reside.  'I'liero  had  been  no 
attempt  at  niissionaiy  work  e\ce|it  this  trans 
latioi)  of  Matthew,  and  no  Ihiriiimi  had  heard 
that  there  was  an  eternal  ( iml.  .Mr.  Carey's  mis. 
Klnn  house  was  about  two  miles  out  ot  the  city. 
Uan^oiii  was  at  that  time  a  miserable,  dirty 
town  with  K,(H)(I  or  Iii.iniii  inhabitants,  thV' 
houses  bi'in^  built  with  bamboo  and  teak 
planks,  with  thatche  1  mofs  ;  it  was  almost 
without  drainaHB.  mid  intersected  by  muddy 
creeks,  throui^li  whiili  the  tide  tlowed  at  lii^;ii 
water.*  Its  only  importance  lay  in  the  fact 
that  it  Was  tho  ca|>itat  of  ii  rich  and  extensive 
jirovince,  governed  by  a  viceroy,  u  \voon^,'yee  or 
orticial  of  the  hij^hest  rank,  who  was  a  f,'reiit 
fnvorito  of  tho  enipt<riir,  lihodau  I'hra,  the  most 
bloodthirsty  and  brutal  tyrant  and  the  most 
liit,'iited  Hiiddhist  who  had  yet  sat  on  the  l!ur- 
maii  throne.  Tho  viooroy  nt  Uaiigoon  was  al- 
most as  brutal,  but  his  chief  wife  was  an  anii- 
nble  woniiin,  well  disposed  toward  foreiu'tiers, 
and  pnssessini,'  great  iutlueuce  over  her  hus- 
band. 

Ou  July  1.1th,  1813,  Uev.  Adoniram  Judson 
nnd  wife  arrivid  at  Uaugoon  to  open  a  I'rotes- 
tftiit  Haptist  mission  there.  For  the  oircuni- 
sta;  •  »  which  led  them  to  engai^'e  in  missionary 
work  at  this  time  and  in  this  placo  see  .Viiieri- 
can  Hiiptist  Missionary  I'liion,  and  for  tho  per- 
sonal experiences.  sutf«rin<;s,  and  persecutions 
endured  by  this  apostolic  missionary  and  his 
devoted  wives,  see,  in  bio^jriqihieal  sketches  of 
the  Judsons,  .Tiidson.  Uev.  Adoniram,  .ludson, 
Ann  Hftsseltiiip,  and  .Indson.  Sarah  Iloardman. 

In  1H1()  Mr.  .ludson  was  able  to  converse  and 


BURMA 


•  RaiiKdon  U  iiiiw  n  heaiitiriit  city.  After  two  honihnrd. 
mciits  iln  l(fi!i  and  in  1HV2)  It  Iiiih  lieen  thiiriiiinlilv  reliiillt 
til  Htoim.  Ip  well  iliaiiieil.  isilie  romnicrr!  :l  miiliil  of  the 
country,  aud  Ims  a  pu|iulaliuii  uf  about  l.'W.UUO. 


road  in  Duriuoso,  and  hail  prepared  a  small 

uramniar  and  dictionary  of  the  lanmiage,  had 
written  and  printed  a  tract  or  two  on  the  ChiiH- 
timi  reli^^illn,  and  hail  revised  Chator's  trans- 
lation of  the  (iospel  of  .Matthew  into  ItiiriiioHU, 
lliit  It  was  not  until  I'^l'.t  that  he  was  able  to 
pn  acli  and  ti'iich  relit;ion  in  his  z'li/iit  ami  re- 
ceive inipiin  rs  lucre.  .Iiilie  "JTlh.  Ihl'.l,  he  bap- 
tized the  tiist  Uuriiiaii  convert  to  Christianity, 
.Moling'  Nail.  In  this  year  lihodau  I'hra,  the 
lliiriiicse  empirnr,  died,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  urmidson,  I'liaj^yi  dau,  a  ruler  eipially  iirro- 
j^Hiit,  brutal,  mid  liloodthirsty  with  his  (grand- 
father, but  with  iiiueh  less  ability.  His  arro- 
gance and  tyranny  brought  on  the  first  Iliirman 
War  ot  iHJ.I'Jti,  and  led  to  tho  diHiiiomberment 
of  his  empire.  The  eouipurors  did  not,  as 
they  should  have  done,  reijuiro  tho  cession  of 
Kaiigoon,  and  this  remained  in  the  possession 
of  I'hagyi  dau,  but  he  ceded  the  Teiiasserim 
jirovinces,  Arakan,  and  Chittanong.  In  1n.j2, 
the  second  war  witli  (ireat  liritain  took  place, 
and  Itangoon,  I'egu,  and  all  Southern  liiirma 
became  lirilish  territory.  In  ^x'lA  Itmigoon 
became  again  a  station  of  the  .\uiericau  Hap- 
tist .Missionary  rnion,  and  a  very  extensive 
missionary  work  is  now  carried  mi  from  this 
centre.  (Seo  .\iiiericmi  Itaptisl  .Missionary 
Inion.) 

'I'lie  lEonian  Catholic  Mission  to  llurnia  com 
iiieiu'ed  in  Uangoon  in  IMl.l,  but  its  largest  ac- 
ci'ssions  have  been  from  the  I'wds  of  Hassein. 
(.See  Uoniali  Catholic  Missions  in  the  Kast.) 
llangoon  was  also  the  lirst  station  (istablisheil 
1M,")'.I)  of  the  Hnrma  mission  cnndueteil  by  tho 
Society  for  the  I'ropneatloii  of  the  (idsjiel. 
'I'llc^  liishop  of  Ualigiinn  IKiw  presides  over  n 
widely  extended  diocese,  including  the  I'itit  s  of 
.Mandalay,  Toungoo.  et.'.  fpper  liurma  was 
''iitered  by  this  society  in  IsdM.  (See  Society 
for  I'loimgatinii  of  the  (iospil.i  The  Lu- 
therans liavo  also  a  church  at  Itangnoii,  but 
]irosi'eute  no  other  mis-iionary  wiirk  inliiiriiia. 
.Moulmein.  which  in  isJ"  had  ■Jd.ood  inhaliit- 
aiits,  is  now  a  beautiful  city  witli  a  population 
of  about  liMi.ddil.  It  lias  a  tine  harbor  and 
a  large  commerce.  r<u-  its  missionary  history 
see  .Vnierican  liaptist  Missionary  I'tiion,  and 
the  biographical  sketches  of  .ludson,  lioard- 
luaii.  Wade,  ami  r>iiiiiiy.  Tavoy  has  about 
l:l,(HM)  inhabitants.  It  is  noteworthy  as  tho 
jilace  where  the  tirst  Karen  mission  was 
started.  Tho  Kann  church  has  now  nearly 
1,0(M)  members,  and  there  is  also  a  nuriiian 
church  with  a  small  membership,  liassein, 
on  the  Itassein,  or  west  delta  branch  of  the 
Irawadi.  iias  a  capacious  and  safe  harbor,  and 
a  large  and  increasing  trade  in  rice.  It  is  tho 
capital  and  commercial  I'eiitre  of  the  district  of 
Itassein.  which  is  the  most  fertih'  in  Itiitnia, 
and  has  a  [lopulation  of  over  -|iHl,(iO().  It  is  a 
region  of  especial  interest  to  tho  friemls  of  mis- 
sions, from  the  fact  that  in  this  district  hns 
been  witnessed  the  greatest  and  most  rapid 
progress  of  tho  Karens  toward  Christian  civili- 
zntiiin. 

In  what  was  known  as  IJritish  liurnm  before 
IMHIi  are  grouped  a  considerable  number  of  im- 
]iortiint  villages  and  towns,  .\mong  the  most 
important  are  Shwcgyin,  on  theSitaiig,  a  )ir<inii- 
neiit  Karen  station  ;  Tliongze,  on  tin'  Tronie 
and  Haiigoon  Itailroad,  an  important  Kuriiian 
station,  third  after  Kangoon  and  I'ronie  ;  Thar- 
rawaddy.  chief  town  of  its  district,  farther  north 
ou  the  rrome  Itailroad,  with  ttourishing  Karen 


.1 

li- 


BURMA  2'21 

work,  which  hits  iihHOibed  the  Karen  ohiirchrK 

of  /i({(>ii  and  Sitkiiii. 

IYdiiii',  (in  the  Iriiwikcli,  thii  trriniiiiix  of  tho 
rikili'Kitil,  iM  II  ^rowiii^  town  i<t  ;lli,(Mlil  inhaliitiiiiU, 
with  hirgu  tntitu  itml  ni<iniifiii'tiiri'N.  It  vsiis  t\rHt 
0('iMi|ii(Hl  as  It  iiiissKHi  Htiitiou  in  1hi'>|,  und 
lii'liin^s  to  the  liiiriiiun  MisNioii.  .Miiithin, 
a  new  lint  thrivini.',  tnwn  aliont  niilwiiy  lie 
twi'eti  Itiin^oiiii  unil  Itasst'in,  in  a  I'wo  Kuriii 
Hliitiini,  ami  has  lo  cluiri-hcs  and  I'J  uativo 
prcai'liiTM.  I'hatoni',  thi'  ancicut  capital  (if  tlni 
Tiiiin^thno  kin;{d(ini,  atmut  :tO  niih-s  nurthwcst 
fniiM  Mniiliiii'in,  wax  tirst  nccuiiicd  ax  a  Ktation 
for  Slums  and 'I'liunntlidiis  in  Ihnh.  I'cun,  tho 
forui'r  cajiital  of  tho  kin^doni  of  I'cKn,  ix  an 
iiiijiortant  city  ahoiit  to  niih'x  north(^nNt  of 
it.in^iion  on  Ihci  railroad  to  Mi>ndaluy.  Tho 
inhidiitants  am  niontly  Talainp^s  or  I'ci^nniu.. 
Tlic  Amttrican  Itaptist  MisHionary  I  iiinn  1ms  at 
jircsHnt  two  I'hurilu's  there. 

Ili'ii/.tda  is  lin  important  and  ^I'owin'.^  city, 
and  tltii  capital  of  tho  fcrtihi  and  ]>opiilous  dis- 
trict of  that  name.  It  has  a  population  of 
2(i,iiilli  and  a  lar^o  ri(^o  trade.  .Mission  work 
in  lli'ii/ida  was  not  cominenci d  until  iH.'i't, 
after  it  came  under  llritish  coiitrol,  and  the 
pro.{rcHS  amon^^  tho  Karens  has  lieiii  \vond(  r 
ful.  Tho  liiirman  church  liuru  is  Hundl  and  not 
yet  Hclf-supportiuK. 

Timneoo  IS  an  important  connuprcial  city.  It 
was  at  one  linio  thu  capital  of  Uuniia.  It  has  its 
laiv  trade  in  timher,  petroleum  oil.Nalt,  rice, and 
lacipier  Work,  reckoned  the  liest  in  liiiinia,  and 
Las  a  favoralihi  location,  which  attracts  in  larno 
numliers  tho  northern  tril>es,  and  ^;ives  it  access 
not  only  to  tho  capital,  but  to  Southwest  China 
by  caravans.  It  is  situated  on  the  Sitan^; 
Iliver,  and  is  connocted  with  lEan^oon  ami 
Mandalay  by  railroad. 

Since  Is."):!,  'roun^'oo  has  been  nn  important 
Btiition  of  tho  \.  15.  M.  v.,  the  S.  1'.  (i.,  and 
the  Itoinan  Catholic  Mission.  Tho  tirst  named 
has  'Z  associations,  1  bl  churclits,  and  o,17(t 
ineiubors  in  the  district — tho  others  not  ho 
many.  (.See  Tounuoo,  in  article  Aniurii  an  Haii- 
tist  Missionary  I'nion.) 

Tliay  ot-myo  is  an  im|i(^rtant  town  on  the 
West  bank  of  tho  Irawadi,  almost  due  wext  of 
Toun^^oo.  It  was  occupied  as  a  mission  station 
of  tho  .\.  IJ.  M.  r  since  1HS7,  on  account  of  its 
accessibility  to  tlie  Ch'ins.  .\bove  Thay-et  liiyo, 
on  tho  Irawadi,  are  several  important  towns. 
Auionj?  these  are  .Minhla,  I'ataiiay,  Mimbco. 
Maew(!y,  and  Yay  nan  ^;yniIl^;.  Tho  last  named 
is  tho  southern  limit  of  the  petroleum  oil  re 
Kion.  The  oil  wells  wcie  foriuorly  a  (govern- 
ment monopoly  and  were  badly  managed,  but 
sini^o  thu  annexation  they  liavo  passed  into 
liritish  hands  and  will  probably  bo  developed  in 
nccordanco  with  western  ideas.  Sillay  and 
Ny-oiinf; oo  aid  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  the 
Ihirnian  lacipiered  ware  which  is  of  hi^'h  repu- 
tation.     I'.iKan  is  one  of   the  ancient  capitals  of 

Ibirnia,  and  in  f  inner  times  was  the  M( a  of 

Hiiddhism.  \u  area  of  sixteen  Hipiare  miles  — 
el^'ht  luilcH  aloiiu  tho  river  and  of  an  average 
width  of  two  miles  inland — is  completely  cov- 
ered with  pa^jodas  and  sacred  buildings  the 
Uiiriiians  say  there  are  l(),(M)i)  of  them  -  in  every 
style  of  architecture,  of  every  size,  and  in  every 
Btai^e  of  decay,  some  of  them  newly  restored, 
regilded,  and  briKhtened  with  their  bojewelled 
litirn  or  unibrellns,  some  crumbling  masses  of 
sun-dried  brick.  The  town  is  practically  de- 
serted except  for  a  few  hundred  pagoda  slaves, 


BURMA 


an    outcast    class  condemne(1   to   lifi  long   and 
hereditary  service  about  the  hiieiiil  Imildings. 

.\b(ive  I'agan  the  chief  towns  are  Kooiiyuft 
and  .Mying  Van,  the  latter  a  station  of  the 
American  liaptist  Missionary  I'liiou.  liitweea 
it  anil  Mandalay,  a  distance  of  about  lUii  miles, 
are  three  more  former  capitals  of  liiirmii, 
.Vmar.ip'iiiiand  .\va,  now  in  ruins,  iiml  .Sagaing, 
a  populous  town  and  one  of  the  suliiirbs  of 
Mandalay.  It  is  a  station  of  the  .Vliieiican  Itap- 
tist  .Missionary  I'nion.  Ni  ar  .\va,  at  (tiiiig. 
pen  la.  which  is  an  out  station,  a  misKiott 
cliapel,  ealh  il  the  .Vnn  II.  .ludson  memorial,  is 
in  process  of  erection.  This  was  the  hite  of  tho 
jirisoii  where  I>r.  and  Mrs.  .ludson  siillerid  m) 
much. 

.Mandalay,  tho  capital  of  Vpper  liiirnia  sincn 
is.")?,  iind  since  tho  annexation  the  ca|>ital  of 
all  liuriiin,  is  situated  on  tho  i  list  bank  of  thu 
Irawadi,  the  walleil  city  being  two  nilles  buck 
from  the  river.  It  has  many  pagodas,  and  itx 
palaces  and  otlur  public  buildings  are  sur- 
rounded  with  large  gard(  ns  ;  since  the  iiniiexn 
tion  it  has  grown  ra|>idly,  and  has  now  a  popii. 
lation  of  nearly  'Jlin.iiihl.  about  ( i|ually  divided 
between  the  intramurid  and  extramural  inliabi. 
tiints.  No  I  itiental  city  has  so  niaiiy  miticiial- 
ities  among  its  ]io]iulalion  as  Maiidaliiy  :  repre- 
sentatives of  the  forty  two  trilasof  lliiiiim,  of 
the  clans  of  India.  Siam,  Malacca,  and  ToiH|uin, 
thousands  of  Chinese,  Manchiirians,  .hipaiKse, 
and  indeed  from  every  country  of  .\sia  and 
.S'orthern  .\friea  ;  islaiKlers  from  Melanesia  and 
I'olynesia,  l!iirop(  ans,  Kurnsians,  and  .Viiori- 
cans,  ar(^  all  to  be  found  in  its  slre(ts,  which 
are  fortiinati  ly  wide  and  set  with  line  trees; 
but  the  roadways  are  horrible,  and  the  vebicleB 
as  bad  as  possible. 

The  cosnioiiolitan  character  of  tlie  jiopulntlon 
makes  tho  city  a  most  deiirable  tiehl  for  mis- 
sionary effort.  Inder  th(^  rule  of  the  infamously 
cruel  and  brutal  Thibaw  it  was  not  safe  to  start 
a  mission  theie,  thcuigh  under  Lis  j>redecessor, 
the  Mcng-don  Meiig,  the  S.  1'.  (',.  had  schools 
and  some  congregations  |)ieie,  and  that  miin- 
andi,  though  hi<  had  been  a  Huddhist  mnnk 
before  ascending  tho  throne,  did  not  forbid  their 
establishment  ;  but  nothing  in  tho  missionary 
line  was  permitted  by  King  Thibaw.  Tho  uncle 
of  Thibaw,  known  as  the  War  rrince,  a  /ealous 
liiiddhist,  who  had  procured  a  revision  of  tho 
Tripitaka.  "  tho  three  baskets  of  the  Law"  (the 
Ituddhist  Scripture- 1.  by  the  most  learned  sehol. 
ars  of  the  realm,  caused  this  revised  text  to  be 
inseribed  on  l'iv(>  marble  slabs  as  an  net  of 
merit,  and  placeit  them  around  tlie  great  and  tho 
smaller  shrines  of  "  the  Incomparable  ragoda" 
within  the  walls.  These  are  carefully  preserved 
since  the  aniuxafion  as  containing  tho  best 
version  of  the  Ituddhist  sacred  books.  When 
the  lirilish  ac(piireil  possession  ot  the  capital 
the  way  was  open  at  once  for  tlie  occupancy  of 
this  important  field  for  a  mission  station,  and 
in  IHSI!  tho  .\merican  Haptist  Missionary  I'nion 
established  a  mission  there,  nt  first  for  the 
Hurmans,  but  soon  to  bo  supplemented  by  one 
for  the  Karens,  of  whom  there  are  many,  by  nn 
English  church  after  the  pattern  of  that  in 
Kangoon,  and  special  elTorts  for  the  Shaiis,  tho 
Clrins,  Kach'ins.  Karennees,  and  other  hill 
tribes.  The  Uritish  CommisKioiier  has  given 
a  tine  tract  of  land  to  the  missionaries  in  tho 
city,  nnd  a  "  .ludson  Centennial  Memoiial  ("nap- 
el"  (tho  money  for  which  has  been  raised  in  the 
Tnited  States)  is  to  be  erected  there  forthwith. 


HI 


BURMA 


■Hi 


BURKS,  W.  O. 


i  ■■) 


Tho  railwny  from  Mimilaluy  to  ToniiKoo  nml 
IlniiKooii,  "''w  i-'Miipli'tiMl,  trikVctsoM  till'  SiiiiiiK 
viklli-y  ttlioiit  iiiiil»iiy  lii'tM'i'ou  till'  Irawiuli  iiinl 
the  Siilwi'ii,  iitiil  iHiMti's  iifitr  NiniTiil  iiii|iiirtittit 
towns  iiu  (lut  ii'ljiu't'iit  IiiIIh      due  nt  tlic  litrunst 

o(    tlll'SII   ullilVIt    roilUXKO  14  Vl'lllrtlli'll,   wliiiMi  in 

to  lii<  It  ntilroii.l  oi'iitrit  iiii>l  tlio  ri'sidciu'r  of  tho 
RHHiHliiiit  I-  MiiiiiisMintK'r  iiiicl  other  otlli'iitU.  'I'ln' 
Am>'rii'iin  ItiijiliHt  MiNsionarv  I'liioii  cHtiililiHlicil 
a  iiiiHsioii  ht-ri>  iii  I'^H'.t  for  llnriuntiH,  tiiul  proh- 
nhly  ovuiitiiiilly  for  Kikn-ns,  Kuri'iiiu'rH,  aiul 
Kh.tiks.  Othi'i'  iinportaiit  pliici's  on  or  nmr  (hiH 
ntilw.ty  lire  Mciktiln,  r.viiiiiiiiiiu,  Kyouksi',  "  the 
gruiiury  of  rpiiiT  llnrnia.  '  iitnl  I'yiiulnvi',  it 
rupiilly  i;r  >wiii^  town.  In  soni«  of  them  mis 
Bioniiry  work  li.n  just  Ix'miii. 

Al>oVi'   Miiiiihthiy   th.Tf  iini  fi>w  towns  of  ini 
port  tni'o    until    tho   hccotuI    dctlli'   ih   rriti'hcd. 
"rht-  Min'^<>lin  rii){ocla,  li'o  fi'ct  sipmrr,  hut  rent 
liy  iiu  t'iirth<iiiiiki<  hctoro  it  was  i'>iiii|i|i't<'cl.  is  1(1 
or    I'J    iiiili-H    ithovo    Miiiiihtlity  :  in-iir  it   is  th« 

111  iiistiT  hfll.  the  litrK'fst  III  lliiriiiii.  itiiil  H 111(1 

only  to  tliiit  ill  .Moscow,  Is  feet  in  luti^ht.  17  in 
lirt-it  Ith.  itu  I  IS  iurliRK  thii-k.  It  wtM^hs  over 
!Mi  tins,  hut  is  too  heavy  for  its  Niipports,  lunl 
o  mn  >t  in*  runi".  AIiovh  this  tln<  principal  towns 
nrc  M  ihiy.  Shiiipa^ah,  Kutliah,  Sliway  );<io, 
lii'iiih.t.  aii.l  Sal>auiiu>>,  lioiiu  of  tlixiii  iiiipor 
taut.  Khaiii  >,  thu  hcail  of  st«<itiii  navi^alion 
ou  the  Iraw.iili,  ix  |xo  miles  ahovo  Maiidahiy 
iiiiil  only  40  miles  from  the  Chinese  frontier  in 
Yunnan.  It  is  an  important  city  (or  the  ChiiieHt) 
trade,  and  us  a  miiMioiiary  station  ^iies  ai'cess 
to  .Siiiithwest  China.  Tho  .\meriran  liaptist 
Missiouarv  Cnioii  have  had  a  station  lu're  since 
ls77,  and  their  luiMHimiaries,  six  in  iiumliir, 
liiiVH  Iteeii  lali  <rini;  anions  the  Kach'ins  and  the 
Shans.  A  considerahio  church  of  the  former 
has  l)et>n  gathered.  The  China  Inland  Mission 
have  also  a  station  lieru.  (See  China  Iiihind 
MiHMioa.) 

Blirillt><iv  Vt'miMll.  The  Ihirmese,  which 
is  spoken  throughout  the  Iturmese  Kmpire  niii] 
Arakan.  l)eloin>s  to  the  Tiheto  lliirman  nr""!' 
of  non-.Vrvan  lannuanes.  The  lirst  jtart  of  the 
Scriptures  which  was  )>ulilishpd  into  this  Ian- 
({u  iii>'  was  translated  hy  Felix  Carey  (son  ol  Dr. 
W  C.ireyi  and  Mr.  Chatir,  and  was  issued — 
vi/..,  the  (J,)spel  of  Matthew  in  iNl.")  at  |{an 
gn.in.  at  the  expense  of  the  Itritish  and  Foreign 
Ihhle  Society.  An  edition  of  the  New  Testament 
was  piihtished  at  Seraiupon>  in  l^'Jii.  The  work 
coiiiiiienceil  hy  Carey  and  Clutter  was  continued 
hy  Ailoniraiii  .ludson,  who  in  isl.")  had  arrived 
at  Hurm.t  under  the  auspices  of  the  .\merican 
lliptist  Triennial  Conviiition.  Tlio  I'irst  edi 
ti  Ml  of  his  New  Testaiiu'iit  translation,  consist- 
ini"  of  :ioiHI  copies,  was  issui'd  in  Iiccemher, 
]m:|'2.  an  I  a  second  ami  much  improved  edition 
Wii-s  puhlishe  I  liy  th«'  Atnerican  liaptist  mis- 
Hionaries  stationed  at  Moiilmein  in  IH;l7.  In 
\H'\{  Dr.  -Ill  I  son  ompleted  his  translation  of 
th'iOld  Testament,  and  a  second  edition  of  his 
Jlihle  was  puhllshed  in  .'i.tKHI  copies  in  1H|0. 
TIlis  was  followcil  in  Ihsii,  Imh.",,  Ihhc,  and  1HH7 
by  other  editions  of  .">,(MM  copies  eaih  and  hy 
fre'|Ui-nt  eilitiiUis  of  the  New  Testament.  In 
1HC.:1  and  several  suhseipiont  years,  tho  Hritish 
and  Foreiv;n  Itihle  ,Society  iKsued  the  hooks  of 
Genesis  and  Exodus,  and  in  1HK7  I)r.  Stracliaii, 
liisliop  of  KanKoon.  was  authori/ed  hy  the  saiiie 
Rooiety  to  hring  out,  through  the  Ituriiia  llihle 
mill  Tract  Society,  portions  of  an  edition  of  Jnd- 
Bon's  New  Testament.     Thus  far  tho  same  «  >- 


oioty    has    dinpniietl   of    'il,(K)«>    enpum   of   the 
Serijttures,  either  as  a  whole  or  in  partH.     ^Svo 
aUo  Karen,  Shan  and  Taluilig  versions.) 
(."^pfcimf/t  ffrse.    John  U  :  Itl.) 

T30^a)30<^'»ajo5j)<fyf!o^qtfr^<?iip>>^>^3jcoafaj§33 
jOTo1t<»S!ccooa>i:con^fil^oJ«<>35»^aoSc^dc-tt3iSew»i^ 

liiiriio,  Wllliaiii  4'.,  h.  >u  tUo  pariMh  of 
Dun,  Scotland,  .Vpril  Ist,  IkI'i.  Having  studied 
awhile  at  Al>erdeeli.  he  Ixgall,  in  1h;||,  the 
study  of  law.  \  few  niontliH  after,  he  was  ciii 
verted,  decideil  to  eiitiT  the  ministry,  ami  in 
l!s;t2  returned  to  .Mierih'eii,  He  giitilmited  in 
IXill  with  honorahle  ili:>tincti>>n,  and  in  a  few 
months  wi'iit  to  the  I  niversity  of  (ilasgow  to 
pill'sue  his  stuilles  for  the  ministry,  lie  he- 
came  an  active  and  leading  iiiemher  of  the 
Students'  Missionary  Society,  and  coming  in 
contact  with  missionaries  and  missionary  hooks, 
he  was  led  to  devote  himself  to  the  foreign 
uork.  In  |s:i'.l  he  was  licensed  to  preach,  and 
there  lieiiig  lio  Vacancy  in  the  mission  lU'ld  of 
the  Church,  he  enter«'d  upon  evangelistic  work 
at  II. line,  taking  charge  of  Mr.  .McCIh'VIic'h 
church  at  llundee,  dunng  his  ahseiice  in  rales- 
tine.  His  ministry  there  was  wonderfully 
hiessed,  ami  also  ut  Kilsyth,  his  native  parish. 
On  Mr.  .MeCheviii's  ri'turn  he  was  led  to  accejit 
invitations  to  similar  lahors  in  .Mierdeen,  Kdiii- 
hiirgli,  and  otln  r  purts  of  Scotlaml,  \>hero  liis 
ministry  was  atteiideil  with  great  results.  In 
1H|:|  he  Went  ti>  Ireland  and  Camilla.  In  hoth 
jilaces  he  met  violent  ojiposition  and  persecu 
tion.  In  Canada  his  lahors  were  extensi\e  and 
successful.  He  applied  hiiiiHelf  to  the  Htiidy  of 
French,  ami  was  soon  ahle  to  preach  to  the 
French  Canadians.  He  hiui  no  stated  income, 
l)ut  depended  on  the  fn'o will  oflferingn  of  the 
peo))le.  and  if  more  was  given  than  his  wants 
rei|Mired  he  gave  the  execHS  to  the|>oor  or  some 
Cliristi.in  ohject.  He  returned  to  Scotland, 
Si'ptemher  I'lth,  iHHi,  accepted  all  invitation 
from  the  eiunmittee  of  tlie  Knglish  I'reshyterian 
Synod  to  go  to  China  as  the  liisl  missionary  of 
that  Church  ;  was  ordained  in  |s|7,  and  sailed 
June  hlh  of  that  vcjir.  On  the  voyage  he  liegan 
the  study  of  Chinese  with  the  only  hook  found 
in  London.  Williams's  Fnglish  and  Chinese  vo- 
caliiilary  and  a  volume  of  .Matthew's  (iospil. 
His  lirst  station  for  fourteen  months  was  Hong 
Kong.  liut  desiring  to  he  in  the  towns  and 
villages  in  the  interior,  he  set  out  in  1>>I'.I  on  the 
first  of  his  missionary  t  xirs,  taking  little  or 
nothing  with  him  hut  tracts  and  hooks,  and 
trusting  to  the  hospitality  of  the  jjcople  for 
food  and  shelter.  The  rainy  season  and  the 
hostility  of  the  people  led  hiiii  to  return  to 
Hong  Kong,  where  he  remaiiieil  the  next  eight 
nionths,  perlecting  himself  in  Chinese,  lahoring 
among  the  sick  and  sutTeriiig  at  the  hospital  of 
the  \,.  M.  S.  In  Noveinher  he  resumed  his 
evangelistic  lahors  on  the  mainland,  returning 
rohhed  and  Htri|>ped  of  everything  Imt  the 
clothes  he  wore.  In  Fehruaiy.  Is.ld,  leaving 
Hong  Kong,  he  accompanied  l»r.  Young  to  Can- 
ton. Finding  it  dillieiilt  to  ohtain  a  house,  and 
tho  prospects  (or  lalxu'  discouraging,  he  h'ft 
Canton  in  June,  iSol,  for  Anioy.  Here  he 
locali'd  himself  among  the  native  jiopiilation  in 
an  upper  cliamher  ahove  the  school,  and  hegan 
tho   btudy   of   the   Auioy   dialect,     Iiu  croRsed 


BURNS,   W.   O. 


9M 


BUTLER,    E. 


iivtr  til  till'  iimitiljiticl,  mill  in  Hov»n  iliiyM  |)r(-it('li»*i1 
thu  (iitHjii'l  111  tliirtv  villtiMi'H  In  Aiimv  unit  itt 
ni-iKlilMirliiiiiil  Ills  liiliorH  irMiilti-il  lint  onlv  in 
eiirni^Ht  in<|iiiry,  l>iit  in  imt  u  (ow  I'linvirNiniis, 
unil  in  sHVcriil  iiIucim  tlii<  funimtiiiii  i>l'  niitivn 
i'iin^i'i'){iitioiiH.  ill-  tliiiNliiil  wliili'  ii<*ri),  in 
l*t.'i:i,  till!  liiMt  nviHiiin  of  lliiiivan's  y'i/./i/m  ■. 
/'(•.../)•■  v.v  (|mrt  (Irsii  in  t'liilu'sr,  ami  iilsn  filitiil 
all  ("liliiinot  livniiiH  fi>i'('liiiirHi'  \\iirMlii|>,  wliirli 
ft'iiiii  llin  lirHl  \sim  ii  ^'rciil  fiiVuritr,  aliil  imr<  Hini'ii 
u|i|iiim'i<il  in  iiii|>ii>vi'('.  iinil  riilar^i'il  I'llilions. 
In  1H.')|  liii  iiiailii  11  lii'i' f  vHJt  til  Si'iilliiiiil.  On 
llin  li'llirn  tlii>  fi>lli)wili;^  Vnir  Im  iniirrcilfd  tn 
till!  liiirtii  vitli  tliK  vii'W  ot'  iilti'iii|>nii);  to  nacli 
tliK  linaiUinartiTM  ut  tlii>  'I'ai  I'lri^  ri'ln  U.  'I'lin 
nuxt  Ki\  iiinntlis  Slian^liai  wan  tin;  rintri*  t'l'niii 
whicli  liii  niinlii  iixti'iisivc  iiiul  •.rciim  nt  tours 
liiii  iiii;  lliu  tii^Mis  anil  villa^^uH  iiri>iiiiil,  liMii^' 
for  tliii  must  |>art  in  liis  lioat,  iiml  fnltnwin^  thu 
c'oiirsii  lit  tlid  niiiiii-rniis  canals  anil  rivt'iM, 
Lnivinn  II  liulil  (irrii|iii(l  l>y  r)llii  T  niisMionntn  s, 
liu  wi'iit  to  Hniitliir  anil  distuiit  jiart  of  tln' 
OMintry,  iicconiiilisiiiti^,'  in  Kwutnw  ii  «ri'ut  iinil 
litstili^  work  iiiiiiiii<„'  tliM  rural  |Mi|iulittiiiii.  ami 
forming  Cliiistiun  (•clll^;r^■^^atil)ns.  In  l^.'.s  |m 
nturni.l  tn  Amny,  wlnrti  ^^rnit  ]iriinii  ns  liiwl 
lioeii  maili',  iiinl  tin'  niimln  r  ot  convt-rtH  ami  in 
•  ininirs  rapnlly  iniTcascil.  Tim  nr\t  \rar  Im 
.H|ii'nt  in  Foorliow,  ilniilin^;  liis  lahors  lictwri  n 
tii'iMi'liin^  ill  Kii^lisli  unit  Htmlyin^'  ami  (iriarli- 
llli{  ill  Clillii'si'.  Tint  Saliliiitlis  Ini  N|ii'nt  ut  tini 
"  I'dH'i'la  Aliclinriini","  twilvc  miles  li»>l  w  thu 
city,  |ir<'iii'liin;{  to  tint  miilors  on  Nlii|>liiiui'i1,  nml 
f  ho  \venk  iliiys  ho  itrriicheil  at  I'ooi'how  two  'Veil- 
ings II  Week  to  the  tinfoil  lieiiters.  Without 
opening;  a  new  misNion  hu  iiiileil  tint  thren  niis- 
Niiins  iilreuily  t'stitlilisheil.  With  the  aiil  ot  na- 
tive preachers  he  prepiiriil  sonnt  of  the  hymns 
iiHed  ut  .Viiioy  uinl  Swutow  in  thHH)>oketi  ilial  ct 
of  Fooclmw.  'I'hesit  he  first  piinteil  in  shoi't 
form,  anil  iiseil  then  in  street  iiinl  eliapul 
preai'liin^,  ami  then  ]iiililisheil  tlniii  in  hook 
form.  In  I'^Hit  Im  nturned  to  Amoy  uml  Swr.- 
tow.  In  that  yeiir  tins  Christians  wero  violently 
I)or«oi!Uteil.  ami  on  their  applying  to  him  for 
ailvici,'  he  reprttsf  nteil  tli  ir  wrongs  to  tlio  ISri'- 
isli  Consul  with  ^reat  ener'^y  ami  loinph  to  hmc- 
coss,  uii'l  ufterwanl  jiroceeileil  to  I'lkin;;  on  a 
Hptteiul  messam'  to  tho  hupremo  uiithorities  for 
llie  piirposi)  of  seenrinH  ^!uaruIltees  oj^uinst  the 
repetition  of  similur  ontian«s.  Jle  remained 
three  years  in  IVkin^;.  Ho  jirepared  there  u 
voluimi  of  tlfty  hymns  in  the  Mamlann  diiilect, 
t'hietly  triiiislations  of  home  hymns,  or  hymns 
used  in  the  south  of  China.  Next  he  ]iut  in  the 
dialect  of  I'ekilc,.'  the  rili/rim's  /'/n./nvv  com- 
plete in  two  volumos.  Somii  copic  s  were  illus- 
trated with  woodcuts.  A  translation  of  the 
I'salms  from  Hehrett  was  piililished  in  \'^>'n. 
Hut  h'l  never  intermitted  prcachint,'.  In  lMi7 
he  left  I'ekin^,'  ami  went  to  Nieu  cliwan^  to  Hee 
what  could  lie  done  to  estnhlish  11  mission  in 
Manchuria.  Me  was  found  ill  ut  an  inn  in  u 
small  room.  doHliliito  of  every  oomforf.  Iticov- 
prin^;  ho  lienun  his  lahors,  "  preachin',^  with 
up  istolic,  fervor  und  power."  lint  in  July  Im 
took  a  cold  uccompunied  hv  fever.  The  lust 
lotter  ho  wroto  was  to  liis  mother,  sayint?, 
"May  tho  (tod  of  all  consolntion  comfort  you 
when  tho  tidings  of  my  decouso  sliull  roach 
yo'n,  und  throuoh  the  redeeming  Mood  of  Jesus 
niiiy  wo  meet  with  joy  hefore  tho  throne  uhove." 
Ho  died  on  Aprd  Ith.  His  body  was  luid  iu 
the  foreifju  luiryiiiK  uronnd. 
3Ir.  UuiQs's  uethoUs  were  peculiar.    IIo  pre- 


ferred tn  work  uH  an  •  vun^'eliHt,  not  uh  u  puHior 
or  leitcher,  lenvinu  coii\oiis  to  lie  cared  for  hy 
other  iiiiHsionuries.  lie  livid  on  his  joiiimyit 
much  of  the  lime  on  the  iin  rcHt  met  sHiirifM, 
taking  with  hiiii  nothing  which  <'oii|il  ti  mpt 
thii'M'S.  and  accepting  sinh  hospitalllK  s  as  thu 
people  Were  ilispohi  d  to  iller.  Klidurili^  With 
utmost  meekness  Mroii^s  done  to  himself,  hit 
,M't  repeiitedly  exerte  I  himself  toolilain  n  dress 
lor  Ills  (.ntferiiiK  converts.  \\lialcver  would 
hinder  him  he  put  asidu,  decliniiiK  tliiis  tho 
olfer  of  the  post  of  <'haplain  to  u  Scotch  re^i. 
iiieiit,  helievin^  it  Would  cause  11  prejuilico 
U){aiiist  his  message  aH  u  missioiiury.  And  ho 
lissuiind  tlut  dress  of  tho  Cliimse  liecuiisii  hi) 
Would  thus  HVoiil  the  nniioyiii)^  curiosity  of  the 
miliveH  lownrd  foreigners,  uml  the  more  ri  adily 
accomplish  his  Work  amon^  the  people. 

Illiril»lllll,  KuHt  Katrniria,  South  Alricii, 
northwcNt  of  Kiii){  William's  Town.  Min->iou 
station  of  the  I'reu  Church  of  Scotland  ;  J  mis. 
sioiiury,  ]i>  oiit-HtutionH,  li'Jii  (■ommiiniuants, 

nilMlilirll,  Alhi'rt,  h.  at  Komo,  N.  Y., 
I'l  hruaiy  I'.ith,  iHls  ;  ^niduatcd  ut  l.uno  Semi- 
miry  in  1n1;(  ;  ordained  hy  the  Tresliytery  of 
Cincinnati,  O.,  Kovindier  "illi,  Ixllt,  and  eni- 
h/irkeil  for  Africn.  Juiiuury  Isl,  \»^^.  us  ii  mis- 
sionary of  the  A.  I!.  C.  1".  y\.  lie  was  stationfd 
ut  thedalioon.  West  .\frica.  In  IN  Hi  he  returned 
home  (ui  account  of  ill  health.  Tho  French 
llau  Was  then  Waving  over  all  the  JIpoii(,'wo 
towns,  schools  well'  hiokeli  up,  IhM'onnref^atioliN 
dispersed  uml  mi.sHionar,v  opiratioiis  iilmoHt 
entirely  Huspemled.  Ho  suileil  a',<ain  for  .Africa 
in  IHlM,  h'ive  limes  he  visited  the  Inited  States 
in  ill  health,  the  last  in  1^77.  lilt  received  tho 
ili(,'ree  ot  I)  |).  from  Hamilton  Colh'Hit  in  |s7H. 
In  |n7'.i,  though  an  invulid,  ho  volunteered  to 
return  hecaiiso  "  no  youn^'cr  und  stronner  man 
could  he  found  to  n-eiiforco  tho  misHion,"  Ho 
died  ut  Sierra  Leone,  Jlecemher  "Jd,  i^'U.  l)r. 
liushiiell  has  lieeii  called  "  the  patriarch  of 
West    .Vfiican    missions."      A   clussiiiate   ha\  s  : 

"  Tliero  may  Lave  I ii  urciter  men  than  he, 

liut  rarely  do  we  meet  ono  so  lovely  and  so 
lovod.  Ho  loved  Christ  with  extraordinary 
love.  He  loved  tin  souls  of  men  as  few  lovo 
them.  He  loved  the  heathen  with  a  love  that 
often  showed  itself  in  tears,  in  prayers,  ami  iu 
appeals.  Ho  ^.',\\\^^•  his  life  for  .\fricM.  He  liuH 
dono  a  marvollous  work  in  the  land  he  lovi  d  so 
Ktronnly." 

UlllarUliri,one  of  the  (iilhert  Islands,  Mi- 
croln  si.i,  was  idiivi  ited  in  IsM,  and  has  -IK,'} 
clnirch-momlierK.  The  iiihahitants  aro  ft  clever 
and  active  people,  live  in  Inmsi  h  of  two  storieH, 
hiiild  excolleiit  lioats,  have  traced  niajiH  of  tho 
sounds  and  straits  and  seas  in  the  vicinity,  un- 
derstand the  rudiments  of  aslrojioniy,  etc.     Xo 

trace  of  human  sacrilii r  caniiihalism   Uia  mg 

them,  I'ut  whalers  and  traders  have  not  im- 
proved  their  morals,  and  their  numlicr  is  de- 
creasing'. 

Biilirr,  Ellxiir.  h.  at  Norfolk,  Conn., 
tluno  11th,  17'.'l  :  went  as  a  medical  niissionarv 
of  the  A.  1!.  C.  F.  M.  in  IhJii  to  the  Clnrokeo 
Indians,  reachiiit,'  Hrainord,  January  HKli,  IS'il. 
Through  his  lahfirs  and  thoHe  of  his  associateK, 
tho  Indians  diirinj,'  the  subsetpient  nine  years 
made  great  improvomeut.  They  hud  hecnnio 
largely  a  nution  of  fanners  and  nrtisans.  hail 
.irganized,  w  ith  the  advice  of  the  I'nited  StatcH 
Governmeut,  a  regular  and  creditable  govern- 


't 


BUTLBJi,  B. 


8M 


BYINOTON,   T.   L 


iiit'iit,  wero  to  a  cotiHidcrable  cxtout  gupplitnl 
Willi  schools  mill  n-li^iitiis  institutions,  iiiul 
iimiiy  wi'Tf  niiiiiluTS  of  C'liristiau  I'liuri'lius. 

(tiiori^iii  hull  loii)^  I'ovt'ti-il  tho  litmls  of  tho 
Iii'liitns,  iinil  ili'lnniiiiii'il  to  n-iiiuvi.'  tlioiii  from 
till'  Statu.  In  s}iit<!  of  ri'iKMitdl  trt-iitirs  wliioli 
riTi>(;ni/iil  thiiu  as  a  iiatnui,  ami  whirh  with 
iliM'liirnl  to;l»i'  "  liiiulin;^  i>a  tin'  Siatr  of  (itM)rnia, 
her  ^ovi'iiniii'iit  anil  citi/.i-im  forovcr,  "  thu  Ivgis. 
liiliini  ]iassi>il  l.i»s  aliro^atin|4  thu  ChiTokiu 
(iovcrmiH'iit,  aiiniillinK'  its  laws,  ••xlfUiliiin  ovit 
tliii  |>iM>|iU'  thu  ^ovfrniiii'iil  of  (iuor^ia,  unil  ilis- 
iinuiifyin^  thi'iu  from  tustlfvln^  in  any  court  of 
jiiitli'i'.  ('i)iisiili'rin^  tliu  Lii^Ksionarii'S  as  stiiml- 
ili;.;  in  thu  way  of  tho  n-moval  of  thu  (hi-rokics, 
lliu  Irnir-liituiii  ilcturniiiuil  lirst  to  rumovu  them. 
I>r.  liutliT  was  arrt-stuil,  July  7th,  ]s:i|,  anil 
tri'iitf'l  with  ^'I'tiil  iIllli^;Ilily.  Oiio  unil  of  a 
chain  Was  fasli'iuil  l>y  a  |iailli>rk  rouinl  his  iitcli, 
mill  thu  other  to  thu  iiuck  of  a  horse,  hy  the  siilu 
of  which  Im  was  conipilhil  to  walk,  lialilu  at 
oviry  step  of  the  forest  roail  to  fall  ami  hu 
..tran^li'il  liy  thu  chain.  At  ai^ht  ho  wascluiiiicil 
by  thu  anklt)  to  his  liuilstcail.  Thu  Ucxt  day  liu 
vas  ilrivun  :l.'i  miles  with  thu  chain  still  aroiiml 
his  nuck.  At  t'amp  (iilmer  111!  was  ke)>t  eluveii 
days  in  jail.  Kileased  on  a  writ  of  h'lln.i.s  vr- 
}i'is  umler  lioiiils  to  appear  for  trial,  liu  was 
tried  Septeiiilier  l.'ith  and  sentuuced  to  thu 
)>unituniiary  for  four  years  with  hard  lahur. 
After  imprisonment  for  sixteen  and  one  half 
months  hii  was  released  and  returned  to  his 
Htatioii.  Ill  I'eliruary,  l^'ll,  partly  hy  force, 
partly  hy  fraud,  hu  was  driven  fn.m  llaweis, 
aiiil  removed  to  Itrainurd.  In  Sfptemher.  iKIt,"), 
ho  left  llraiiierd.  and  hi^un  a  new  station  at 
llud  Clay.  'J")  miles  eastward,  lie  wan  ordained 
nt  Kingston,  't'eiiii.,  .Vpril  llh,  isils,  and  con 
tinned  his  labors  with  the  ('herokees,  amon^; 
whom  hu  died  in  In.'i".  I'nr  ii  full  account  of 
tho  proceedings  of  the  (ieor^ia  iiuthorities 
toward  the  missioimries  and  tho  Clu'rokuos,  seo 
articlu  on  l!ev.  Samuel  Worcester  ;  also  Missiou 
to  thu  Indians, 

llii)t'r<«,  U'illiiiiii,  b.  Isiil,  nt  Dnnduo, 
Scotland  ;  Hludied  at  thu  .Missionary  Collej^u, 
Itoxtnn  ;  Hailed  .luiiu  l.lth,  |m:I1,  as  n  missionary 
nf  thu  Ii.  M.  S.  for  India  ;  wa.4  Htalioned  at 
Henarus  fro:ii  ixM'J  till  IM(i,  whon  failure  of 
hualtli  ruipiirud  his  retMrii  to  Kn^dand.  lie  re 
ODibarkuil  for  India,  dune.  ls|:|,  ruiichini^'  Iteii 
nrus  in  Suptuiuber.  .\t  thu  clos<>  of  l.sl.'i  he 
BKaiii,  on  account  of  id  hunltli.  left  for  Kii^ 
laud.  The  directors  deemiiii>  it  not  advisable 
to  snnd  him  a^aiii,  he,  luavln^  .Mrs.  ISuyurs  at 
homo,  returned  to  liunares  at  his  own  expense. 
In  March,  1h.')II,  hu  was  reappointed  by  thu  ho 
(duty.  In  l>*."i.i,  jiis  hunltli  failing,  ho  wunt  to 
Almnrah,  and  took  char^^u  of  that  station  from 
Novembur,  lH."i;t.  to  October.  lSf',1,  when  hu  re. 
:  nned  to  liunares.  In  lS(i:t  his  eonnuction 
with  thu  society  ooasnd.  Iludiud  at  rnchadok, 
nuar  .Mlahabad,  Octolier  4th,  1m(;."i.  Mr.  Ihiyeis 
was  an  aldo  missionary,  hi^^hly  esteemed  as  n 
Huliola;  and  worker.  His  publishud  l.fltii-H  on 
Intliri  and  l!eci>ll(ctiiin.t  !•/  ynrlliirn  livliii  nre  very 
vnluab'o. 

Ilii'/.iicotI,  Aaron,  b,  March  4tli,  isiiii, 
nt  Si'uth  Molton,  Devon,  Kn^land  ;  siiidied  at 
Iloxton  .\cailem.v  ;  sailed  as  a  missioiuirv  of 
thu  I,.  M.  S,  March  llltli,  Isj;,  f,,r  thu  South 
St>a»  ;  stationi  d  tirst  at  'raliiti,  aftorward  nt 
linrntoni^n.  On  May  Moth,  \KW,,  hn  and  Mrs. 
liuzuuott  uccoiupanied  u  band  of  uiisHiouaries  to 


Sniuoa,  to  aid  them  in  their  Huttlement,  ntiirn- 
in^  to  KaratoiiKa,  May,  1h;i7.  .Mr.  l>u/.acott 
was  an  accompliKhed  liiii^iiist,  and  much  of  his 
time  was  N|>eiit,  in  ciugiimtioii  with  Messrs. 
Williams  and  I'itman,  in  translating  the  .Scrip- 
tures into  the  language  of  Ifaratonga.  lie  con- 
tributed also  largi  ly  to  the  preparation  of  a  na. 
tivu  literature,  lu  IMl>  he  sailed  for  Kiiglaiid, 
and  whilu  there  he,  at  thu  rcipicst  of  the  liiblo 
Soiiely,  revised  and  suiierinteiiiled  thu  printiiij; 
of  thu  eiitiro  Karatongan  Scriptures.  In  1N.")1 
ho  returned  with  Mrs.  liu/.ucott  to  lianitonga. 
In  lhr>7  failure  of  health  compelled  Lllll  to  tu- 
tiru  Iroiii  active  service.  L.'aviiig  liaratonga  iu 
November  of  that  year,  hu  went  to  Sydney, 
stopping  on  the  way  at  Samoa.  In  duly,  lsf;(i, 
he  was  appointed  thu  agent  of  the  Society  in  tho 
.Australian  I'olonies.  liu  dud  ai  Sydney,  Sep. 
tember  2(llh,  lC((Ji.  Mrs.  Jiu/.acott  died  in  I.un- 
don,  lh77. 

IlyillKl<*ll>  t'jrilw,  b.  at  Stockbridgo, 
Mass.,  March  lllli,  17'.i;t  ;  was  converted  in  a 
revival  In  IM:!  ;  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  tho  bar  in  Iferkshiro  County  in  bsl  I  ;  ro- 
liiiipii'-hed  thu  profession  of  law  in  IMU  ;  <  n- 
tered  .Vndovcr  'I'huological  Seminary,  giadu- 
ating  in  IM'.),  .\fter  acting  as  agent  of  tho 
.\merican  liildu  Society  for  several  months,  he 
went  in  l^'iO  IIS  a  missionary  of  the  .\.  li.  C, 
I'.  M.  to  thu  Choctaw  Indians,  anil  was  sta- 
tioned at  Kliot.  Hu  was  ordained  at  Oxford.  O., 
Oclob-r  'Jlth,  1H'.!7.  Hu  remained  at  Kliot  till 
IS.V.t,  wh.n  tho  Choctaws  by  thu  treaty  of  1^:10 
were  compelled  to  removo  to  tho  Indian  'I'erri- 
(ory.  lie  accompanied  them  thither,  remaining 
at  Stockbridgo,  tho  new  station,  till  IHCCi,  when, 
his  health  fniling,  hu  removed  to  Ohio.  Mr. 
Ilyington  prepared  sevoral  religious  liooks.  for 
thu  Indians,  a  Choctaw  dictionary  iind  gnim- 
miir,  and  translated  portions  of  tho  Itible  into 
their  language.  liu  died  at  lielpre,  O. ,  1  lecem- 
ber  .list,  IM'.H. 

Il)lll|{l<»ll,  'l'll(*(»«l<»rt*  I..,  b.  at  John- 
Koiisbiirg,  N.  .1.,  .March  l.'ith,  \K\\  ;  graib.iated 
at  rnnciton  College,  l^l'.t;  spent  four  years  in 
tliu  study  and  practice  of  law  ;  gradiiatrd  at 
I'nion  'I'lieological  Seminary,  ls."i7  ;  married 
.Margaret  K.  Ilallock  of  riainlield,  .Mass.;  or- 
dainiMl  at  Itloomtield,  N.  .1.,  .luno  llh,  Ih.'iN, 
and  sailed  as  a  missionary  of  Ihe.V.  It.  C.  F.  M. 
for  Turkey  ;  commenced  a  station  at  Kski  /.aghrn, 
Kuropean   Turkey,    in    \>''\\*  ;    returned   to  tho 

I'tiitud  States  in   IHCJ  on  a unt  of  ill  health, 

and  was  ndeased  from  his  connection  with  tho 
Hoard  ;  pastor  in  Nfwlon,  \.  .1,,  seven  years  ; 
reappointed,  1n71  ;  resided  in  Constantinopli' 
till  iHS.'i  ;  relunied  to  tho  rniled  States  in  im- 
paired health  ;  died  in  rhiladelphia,  dune  ]sth, 
IHHH.  Ono  who  was  associated  with  him  in 
Turkey  says  :  "  Independent  in  thought,  lirm 
in  his  convictions,  ardent  in  his  eiiKUioiiK,  ho 
was  IV  leader  in  missionar.v  councils.  .\s  n  de- 
bater, among  the  foremost  in  power,  hu  «as 
always  genial  and  careful  never  to  wound  tho 
feelings  of  ono  from  whom  ho  dilTered,  ready 
to  retract  if  ho  spoke  hastily,  a  seeker  of  trulli 
and  wisdom,  and  not  of  victory  ;  eoiiservativo 
and  cautious  in  tempi'ramunt,  he  ciuild  sou  both 
siilus  of  an  argument  and  weigh  them  cnndidly," 
lie  was  a  pruacher  of  impressivo  earilestlieHH, 
and  excelled  as  an  extenipornneous  speaker, 
though  careful  in  his  preparations.  His  hirgest 
volume  in  liulgarian  was  on  thu  A.'ie/<iu<.s  iif 
('hristinnUij,  wliiidi  has  boon  publishud  also  in 


BYINOTON,   T.  L. 


tilt'  Arniriimn,  iiiul  Iuik  linil  n  wiilo  cirpnlulinii. 
As  rilitor  Inr  Iwiilvn  yi'ars  iif  tin-  witUIv  iiikI 
iiiiilillil.v  /ahiiiIzii,  I'stalilislicil  \i\  Dr.  I.oii^'.  J)r. 
lt\inv;ti>ii  <'(>iitriliut«il  HriMlly  to  llio  tulvuiicc 
iiifut  iif  I'liristiuu  truth  luiioiii;  tlic  ItulKiiriiins, 
Till'  |i.i|ii'r  liiis  iimuy  snliscrilicrs  in  liiilt^'iiriii, 
Itniiiiii'liii,  Mai'itcloniii,  iiiiil  wla'ri'Vi'r  liiil^iiriiiiis 
art)  found,  anil  nmrti  ri'iiih'rs  than  aiiv  otliir 
])uriuilical  in  tlio  Ijin^iiugc.     It  is  probablu  that 


225  CAIRO 

tliis  imjM'r  IniH  <'onlril>«ti'i1  amiiucli  as  any  ntlior 
instniUK  ntality  tnwanl  tlir  ili'\rli>|iniL'nt  uf  tlioMO 
<'liara<'teristirs  that  have  luiri  sn  prominent 
jiiiiiin^  tiw  Itiil^arians  in  tiirir  l<>ii|^  I'lU^^h'  tor 
national  imlciicnih'nfo.  "  Future  uf-  ..;i<ins," 
savs  |)r.  Wiioil,  "will  |,'ivn  this  nai-  r  of  1)t. 
Ityini^ton  a  hi^h  iihu'c  anion^  the  hi'nt'fa(  Iurs 
of  inankinil."  Jlc  ri-ctivtHl  llio  (Upti'u  of  J).JJ, 
from  I'riucctou  Colloyu,  1^78. 


j 


c. 


ltl> 


in 

at 
.1 

IU-- 


a.H 
lio 
l.v 

th 
Vrt 
til 


St 


<'aliriiailK,  one  nf  the  Talnitt  Islamls,  sitn- 
ntiMl  on  tlio  lint5  from  the  iiortlioaKtcrn  pciiin- 
Hulu  of  OehOx's  to  th«  i'liili|>)iiiu-H,  Mast  Inilics. 
Christianity  was  first  introilucerl  licro  liy  tho 
l'ortu^;ui'si',  Imt  utterly  nenleeted  liy  the  Dutch, 
who,  in  11177,  toiik  possi-ssion  of  tlo'  islamls  ;  it 
tiiially  H'>vo  way  to  Mohammedaiiisni.  When 
in  l^'i't  four  evaiiKelieal  missionaries  of  tlu^ 
Kniielo  So<'iety  of  Mollaml  lii'^an  to  work  in 
Cahruann,  they  <lid  so  with  daiii^er  to  their 
livos.  Two  of  these  left  imtileillately,  lint  the 
other  two  reniaineil.  aint  the  islan>l  has  now  7<l 
Christiaiin. 

rilJFrr.— (^co  Kalir. ) 

('a'l'4»,  n  eify  of  r,j4y|it,  siniated  in  ;t(l  fi' 
north  latitude  and  'M  2iV  east  longitude,  almut 
nine  miles  south  oC  tlu^  apex  of  the  delta,  where 
the  Nile  divides  into  the  eastern  or  Damielta 
hlMiieh  ami  the  western  or  Itosetia  liiaiieh. 
The  cit.v  extends  from  the  e(h;e  of  the  desert  at 
till)  liase  of  the  Mokitttam  llillH  on  tin-  east  to 
the  river  on  the  wi-st,  ami  Honthward  until  it 
ioins  Old  Ciiro  Misr  Atika  -on  the  site  of  the 
alieielit  city  I'eslat.  This  was  the  site  of  Nmv 
Itahylon,  said  to  have  lieeli  foiimleil  hy  the 
liahyloniaiiH  after  the  eon(|ue8t  of  F.^ypt  hy 
Caiiihyses,  ahoiit  ii.e.  ii'i't.  Tho  new  eity,  Cairo, 
was  founded  liy  .Icdiiir,  the  [general  of  the  Fati- 
iiiite  Khalif  .Mu'i/./.  It  was  called  .Misr  el 
Kahira  lieeause  it  is  said  that  at  tho  preeise 
time  when  the  foundation  of  the  walls  was 
lieiiin  laiil,  the  ]ilanet  Mars,  which  liy  the 
Aralis  is  tailed  Kahir  /.»'.,  the  victorious - 
cr  issed  the  meridian  of  the  new  city,  ami  .Mu'i//. 
accordinj^ly  namid  it  frmii  this  event.  The 
city  K'tew  rapiilly  liecjiiise  of  its  jiosition  and 
the  facility  with  which  Imihlinu  material  was 
found  in  the  N'lle  muil,  tho  stiuie  of  the  .Mokat- 
taiii  Hills,  and  in  tho  extensive  ruins  of  an- 
ciiiit  :\(eniphis  lui  the  west  of  the  river.  It  has 
lieciuiio  tho  larnest  I'ity  on  tlii'  Continent  of 
Africa,  and  the  second  in  the  Turkish  l''.m|iire, 
Itavinv;  a  popuhitioi      f  trom  I(lii,iiilii  to  .~,ii(i,liilil. 

Kl  Kalora  Cairo  was  made  the  capital  of 
r.}^ypl  in  ll7;l  \ jk.  and  has  continued  to  enjoy 
this  pri  ••miiieiiei^  durill^;  the  many  vicissitudes 
of  '.'17  years. 

From  .lanuary  'JC.tli,  |.'",I7,  when  Dsman  Sul 
Ian  Selim  I.  entei'eil  the  city  in  triumph  until 
.Iilly  'i-Jd,  17'.IM,  when,  after  the  l.attle  of  the 
I'yiiniiids,  Napole.in  I.  enterod  the  I'ity,  nolhinu 
of  siiHicieiit  importance  Rcems  to  have  oi'curred 
to  merit  a  place  in  history.  Ami  it  was  not 
until  after  Ml  lioinet  .\li  was  I'stalilishcd  as 
Vii'croy  of  Kwypl  that  the  city  hcKan  aiow  to 
enjoy  prospi  rily.  Ismail  I'asha  while  Khedive 
made  ^{reat  and  importar'.  improvcnieiitH  in 
and  around  tho  capital,  aiming  wliiidi  were 
wiileiiiiij'  narrow  streetH,  making;  new  ones,  re- 
ipiiriiif,'  uniformity  o(  uruhitL>cturo  tn  cert'iin 


Htrepts,  pxtendinn  the  city  so  as  to  form  tho 
new  part  called  for  him  Ismailivili,  improving 
the  llsliekiyeh  imlilit^  garden,  jilantinj^  trees  in 
and  alioiit  the  city,  anil  uniting  Cairo  with  tho 
western  liaiik  of  the  river  hy  a  nia^'niticciit  iron 
hrid^u. 

.\fter  Ismail  I'asha  was  compelled  to  Imvo 
F.eypt  in  Ih"'.',  his  son,  Tewlik,  continiii  il  to 
make  Cairo  his  resilience  and  the  seat  of  liiM 
1,'iivernment.  During  the  rein  Ilion  in  1SH:> 
Cairo  escaped  the  calamities  of  massacre,  lioiii- 
liiirdment,  rapine,  and  incendiarism  which  lai- 
fell  .\le\andria,  and  when  tho  nhellinn  wa.s 
crushed  liy  the  IJritish  arms  the  Knulish  mil- 
era!  estalilished  his  headipiarters  there,  ami  tho 
F.n^lish  garrison  occupied  tin-  citadel  and  tho 
Kasr  en  Nil  llarracks.  Since'  that  time  the  city 
hiiH  improved,  and  many  hamlsome  hiiildin^x 
have  heen  erected. 

.\nionn  the  olijecls  of  interest  aro  the  lloiihik 
Museum,  now  removed  to  the  (le/a  I'alace,  tho 
lia/aaisand  most  pics.  One  of  the  oldest  of  these 
is  Jama  el  .\/har.  which  was  changed  from  its 
ori<.;iiial  use  to  a  university  by  Khalif  \\/.  Itillah 
on  the  KiiK^chtioii  of  his  vizier,  .Mml  Fara^; 
Ya'kuli,  in  the  year  :t78  of  flic  ile^ira,  and  has 
become  the  most  importi'.iit  Miduinimedan  in- 
stitution of  learning  in  the  wurhi. 

There  is  nothing'  imposing'  in  the  nppearaiico 
of  tho  buildings,  which  have  an  old  and  dilapi- 
dated aspect.  They  occupy  i:  larj/e  piece  of 
^'rouiiil,  and  coiiKist  of  an  open  ciuirt  with 
Uiwaks-  colonnades  f.ii  tho  north  and  south 
sides,  which  are  set  apart  for  students  from 
West  Africa,  Kast  Afric^a,  Syria,  Lower  l.|.'y|it. 
I'pper  I',v;ypt,  the  Soudan,  and  other  jiarls  of 
the  .Mohamniedati  wurld.  On  the  cast  of  tho 
court  is  the  I.iwaii  el  •lama,  or  sanctimry,  whitli 
covers  all  aii'ii  of  about  :t  r.iiii  Mjuare  yards,  has 
a  low  ceilinn  siippi  rtcd  by  :iho  columns  of 
granite  ami  marble,  but  not  uniformly  nr- 
raiiK'ed,  as  if  they  were  not  in  their  orii,iniil 
jilaces.  Here  the  prayi  IS  are  reppiitcd  and  in 
si  ruction  niveii  to  j.;roups  of  studcntH  who  sit 
on  mats  bi'fore  their  tcaidici-H.  It  has  alitii 
rolm.nt  of  from  ll.oiMlto  rj.lilio  stuilents,  who 
are  taut^ht  by  :!JI  SheiKhs  or  professors.  Tho 
prcKideiit  is  called  Sheikh  <  I  .\/har,  ami  reii  ives 
a  salary  of  about  !>:.*ilHi.  The  stmbnts  Npeinl 
from  two  to  six  years  in  the  iinivcrsitv,  while 
some  ciintiniie  lonm  r.  No  fees  nro  |ihid  by 
them,  as  all  expeiiscH  are  met  from  the  endow, 
iiu  nts  of  the  niosipie.  which  are  of  ^reat  valuo. 

"  Tlie  branches  taiiKht  are  syntax  of  the  Arabio 
lanmiai^e,  Mohamim  "in  theology,  called  i'lii  «/ 
Liliiii,  or  relij;ious  science,  and  i'lii  il  IikiIkiK; 
scienco  of  tlie  unity  of  (iod,  which  iieludes 
Ills  exUtcnce  and  some  of  HIh  attributes  ami 
perfections.  This  is  followed  by  ihn  ./  /i7, A  — 
law.  The  sources  of  this  are  tlio  Koran,  tho 
Sunua  cu'  triulitioux,  uud  infi-rvnccH  drawn  by 


\i 


■f 


I, 


il 


ii 


I.  : 


CAIRO 


820 


CAIRO 


llic'ir  |iriiiiliil  liiiiiHi-ir  frciiM  tlio  wtrdH  of  ttm 
Koniii.  Tlirir  Hrinirn  nt  liivv  in  iliviilml  iiiln 
two  HiirtiiiiiK  :  I.  'I'liii  ilirlritiK  of  llm  ('liiij' 
/I'l/ii/iiiin  I  •miiniiiiiliiii  Ills  iif  I'^l  ImIiiiii  vi/.,  («) 
/■,'(  /'(k/i.i./,  or  tliti  ri'' >'i;riilii'n  nl  (hhI'm  unity, 
iiii'l  MdliuiiiiiiKd'H  iiH  lii~i  |irii|ilii<t.  ('<) 'I'lio  N>/ii( 
iiiul  T'llfini,  or  tliii  (liitN  II'  ir|M'iitihi;  lli«  caiiiiii- 
i  III  priiviTM  ill  (■iiiiiir-cliiiii  >villi  tlio  iiliiiiliiiriH. 
(■  )  Tliii  Nii/'i/.'j  mill  /.-if,  lit,  (ir  j;i>  ili^  of  iiIihk  iiiiil 
)>  i.viii'iit  if  a  ri'li^ii'iiiM  l.ix.  c/i'IIhi  Sii/nm,  or 
t  i-<liiii{  iliiriiii;  (liii  iiioiilli  of  liiiiiiiiiliiii.  (>(  TIki 
//"/;,    or  iliity   of    iiirfuniiiii);   ii   |iilnriiiiuno    In 

.M' II.     'J.  'I'lio  ilui'iriiiii  of  Si'iliir   1,'iir,  iivil 

ami  ■riiiiiliiil,  I'ltlicr  as  ixprimsly  laid  iluuii  liy 
till-  Knniii  or  iiH  ili'iliii'ilili'  triiiii  it. 

"  'I'liii  I'  i;.il  lili'riiliiii'  iMa|.;iiiii  ili\  nlnl  inlu  tmi 
rliis^'H,    (Hill   I'liil.riii'inx    hvslriimliii   •'\|iiisiIiiiiih 
of  llm  Ijiw  of  tliii  Kor.iii,  ami  lln    ntlii  r  mriHisI 
ili'.{    of   llm    ili'fiHioiis    ihliri)    ami    o|>iiiinm<    of 
crli'linili'il  jiirisis  in   s|Mriiil  ami    iliDiriili niHis. 

■■  lli'Hiili'i  tlii>.ii  jiailiim  li|,imlii  4  ol  iiihlriir 
li'ill,  iiiiiiii  (i/iit  rl  Miiilil,  I,  llic'lotiii  (i/iii  rl  imi'iim 
ir'il  1111/1111),  tim  iirt  of  |i<ii'lry  (i/iii  iV  iirmlt,  tlm 
|>ro|iiT  iiimln  of  ri'i'ilirr;  llm  Koran  (i///i  </  A  in  n, 
ami  till)  nirrrrl  |iri>iiiiiiriiilion  of  tin'  litlnrH 
(i/iii  if  lij'rriil)  am  also  tiiii^:lit." 

'I'lm  wliulii  Hysti'iii  of  I'lliiriiliiin  is  niniiiiiltini; 
III  iiii'iiiiiry,   wiIIiiimI  i'mtiisih  vlni'li   tniintlii' 
mititl  III  iliMin'rii  llm  tnilli  ami  ili-li  rl  fimr,  alnl 
liMil    III   tlm    fnriiiiii^    of    inili'iii'liili  III   (i|iiniiiti. 
^Iiillmiiialirx  ami  aHlroiioiiiv,  wlmli  «■  rii  html 
it'll    liv   llm   .'iiii'irnl   l'',^y|itiaiiH,   am  not  in   llii' 
riirrii'iiliiiii  of  tliw  iiioilirn  iiiiivirsily  of   InIiiiii. 
iHiii.      Ami   \<l  tliry  am  |iroiii|  of  flu  ir  iiIIuim 
iiH'Tits,  iitnl  Iniik  ilmvn  with  fi'rlincM  altiii  In  ili.s- 
iliiin   ii|<iiii   llm   Hrii'iilitir  anil  ri'li^iniiH  ultaiii 
liii'iil-iof  \Vi".lt'ni  I  liriHliaiiH. 

MinMiinmiuf  tVnrh  in  I'lih'it.  Minn 
Wliiil.ly.  ilamdilir  of  .\iililiislii.|i  Wliiilily. 
o|ii'ni'i|  Hi'liiiiils  fur  llm  inilriirtiiiii  of  (lir  rlii|. 
iln'li  of  l'ii|il'4  iitiil  .MiiliJiiiiiiii'iliiiis.  Sim  roll, 
tiniii'il  tlii.H  Work  fnini  |hi;'|  until  llmyi'iir  |hh'.), 
wlnii  hliii  wa4  ciilli'il  tn  In  r  ri'wiiril.  |)iiriiii; 
Hint  tiiiio  iiiiiny  of  tlm  yoiiili  of  < 'iiirn  ni'iivi'il 
n  riiniiiion  hi'IiohI  <>i|iii'iitiiin  ami  hoiiii'  Knowl 
f'llni'  of  llm  Word  of  I  tod. 

A  fi'W  viiirH  ii|.;ii  llm  Cliiircli  .Mi'^Mimiary  Sn 
cii'ty  of  |';ii(.;|aiiil  Hunt  u  iiii:iMiiiiiary  to  I'liirn, 
Willi  wiiM  iilturwitrd  iissisli'd  l>y  aiiollur  ami  a 
iiH'diral  iiiisHioimry.  It  m  I'iaimrd  tlial  llnir 
work  l-i  I'XiiriiHHly  anions  llm  .MidiiiiniimdaiiH. 
Ill  iH.'il  llm  \KHiii'iatii  Ki-fiiriiii'd  I'ri'sliytrriiiii, 
n'lW  tlm  (Iiiili'd  I'ri'Hliyti'riiin  I'liiinliof  North 
Aiiii'rii'H,  Im«'.;.iii  iiiiHninn  wnrk  in  l''.!;y|it. 
'I'liK  work  was  lii'v;iiii  in  Cairo  and  .Mi  xitmlria 
ami  uflirwanl  in  dilfiri'iit  imrtx  of  thu  ilrllii 
and  r|i|ii'r  t.^ypl  as  fiirKoiitli  as  A-ihohiim.  jty 
dm  aliiiiisl  i;nlii'i'al  I'liliii'lil  of  tlix  I'lirlNlian 
World  lliiiy  liiivii  lii-Kii  in:idii  r<'H|ioiiKilili'  for  tlm 
rvali){i'li/'.iitioii  of  that inlry. 

Ill  I 'iiiro  lliri'ii  iiiissioiiiirli's  witli  tin  ir  wivi'M 
and  four  iiiiinarriid  liidn'i  iim  loriilid,  'I'lm 
Work  IS  I'arrifd  on  frmii  llirci'  dilTiri'iit  i|iiiirtiirH 
of  llm  I'lty.  Ill  llm  Iti'nt  iK  Sakkiiiiii  on  tliii 
rust  liny  liitvn  a  Ihiiihi-,  in  tlm  lower  Hlory  <if 
wliirli  llii'rii  Is  a  day  hiIiooI  for  t;irls  diirini^'  Ilii 
wi'i'k  and  in  llm  iipiiir  Mtory  |iiil>lii'  wo-slii|i  on 
IliK  l.iird'N  day.  In  llm  wist  or  lloiiliik  i|iiiirli  r 
llii'V  liiivii  a  liniiso  In  wliirli  tlii'ii'  is  ii  day 
Hi'liool  fur  ^irlri,  iilid  a  Siiii'lay  irliool  ami  (iiililii! 
worship  on  llio  lioid's  dny  In  tin'  iiiilrn  of 
tlm  I'lty,  in  tin'  Kslii-kiyih  iiniirlrr.  tlii'V  Ihimi  a 
liir^'i'  liiiilditii'  faviiralily  lonilid  ami  will  iii|ii|i|i  d 
fir  llm  varimiH  di'inirtiiii'iits  of  llm  work.  'I'lm 
luHlory  (i(  tLiii  buildiuu  i.s  uh  fnlluwH  :  Win  n 


Said  ruKliii  wns  Viri'roy  of  F.Ryjil,  unions;  liiii 
liiiiiilliri'iil  ^laiil.s  In  I'l'i'taiii  lirmvoliiil  hoci. 
I'lns  wiiH  oiiii  til  tlm  Almririiii  .Mission  of  tlio 
rnili'd  TrrsliN  li-riaii  t'liiiirh.  il  was  a  liir^n 
liiiiisi',  wlinli  liad  Im'I'Ii  iisi  d  as  u  hos|iilid,  hilii. 
all  d  III  ar  tliii  wi'sl  Mid  of  llm  Miiskl.  lo  luiilH 
and  allrrallntiH  wi-m  inadi'  in  it  In  ada|il  II  fur 
hi'lionls,  I'liiiii'li,  anil  dui'lliiiKM  for  tlm  miKKion. 
arii'H.  For  M'Viral  yi  ars  it  w.is  iiKid  for  llii'sn 
piir|ioNi'N,  iiiilil  l.iiiiiil  I'lislia  iiifoiiiiid  tliK  iiiis- 
hioniirii  s  tliiil  tlm  lioiiHii  was  in  llm  way  of  ilii- 
prnvi'tiii'iils  Im  piirjioHi  d  liiakiiit^  in  Unit  loi'iilily, 
iind  ri  ipiiHli  d  llio  liiishioli  In  vanitii  llii'  Imild- 
in;;.  Aftir  loin;  iii'i;oliiilioiis  Im  in;rri'd  In  );i\ii 
in  i'Xi'haii(;ii  tun  lots  nil  vliirli  to  liiiild,  and 
tlm  hiiiii  ol  I  7,l><Hi.  As  il  was  not  prartn  iilili'  to 
lii';^iii  to  Iniild  III  Hull  liiiii',  llm  liioin  y  uiis  in- 
vi'Hird  and  hoiisi  s  \ii  ro  r<  iitid  forlln  woik  of 
llm  mission.  I'lans  wrm  pn  paird  fnra  l>iiildiii|> 
itdiipli'd  In  llm  Woik  and  III  ari  onlniii'i'  '.ulli 
till'  hi \  III  of  ari'lilli  rtiim  n  ipilri  d  hy  llm  I'k.^I'- 
tiaii  <  iiivi  riiiin  III.  'Ilirsii  Willi  I'Miiiiinrd  hy 
tlm  l!niiri|  of  l''oli'i)^;li  MisHinliS  and  hy  llnlll 
approvi'd.  Willi  llm  rnomy  nii  imiI  liom  llm 
ll}<,\ptiaii  ( invi'riinii  III,  inlirist  on  llm  pint  of 
tlm  iiininv  invi'sti'd,  roiitrilnitioiis  from  fiii  lids 
y{  tliii  liii'.'.ion,  toi;illirr  with  a  loan  fri  In  ii 
fund  in  liii'.t,  llm  ''iiildiin;  was  ini'lid.  Ah 
I  lull  part  of  tlm  pri'liiiNi'S  was  roiiipli'tid  il  was 
orriiplisl,  lind    tlilis    llm    nills    of    liollsi'S    Wrl'ii 

Miivi  d.      'I'lm    hiiildini;    iiDords    a nimodiitloii 

for  lliri'o  familns  of  llm  iiilhsionarirH,  'I  ladii's, 
Ml  pupils  in  tlm  hoiirdiiif^  ki'IiooIh,  iihonl  'JO 
hliiiii'iils  of  lliinlncy,  riritatioii  rooiim  for  'J.'iO 
hoys  and  l.'ill  i;irls,  a  hook  Hlmp  and  liiii).;a/iim 
for  honks,  hi'sidi  s  a  liiri;ii  aiiiliinro  room  for 
piihim  Worship.  'I'll  ri  III  Imii'^i  s  for  all  IIunh 
pnrpoHi'H  wniilij  risjniiii  from  $l,iin(i  In  ii-.'.,li(ii( 
annually  iil  hast. 

'I'liii  wnik  in  t'alrn  in  rarrii'd  on  in  tin'  follow. 
ilit<  dipartnii'lils  : 

1.  SiIkiiiIs.  'I'lm  hojs'  day  and  lpoariliii(_; 
Hrliool    in    tlm   I'.shi'kiM  II  i|iiiiili'r,  ill    IhMt    had 

an  avi'ra^'ii  iilli'iidaiii f   'J  10  and  it  lolid  (Mirol 

nii'iil  of  lOH,  of  wlioiii  'J'Ji  \M  rn  Copts,  llM',  MiiH- 
hiiis,  and  'I'.l.li'Ms  and  ollnrH.  This  hi'IiooI  is 
iiiiih  r  llm  iliris't  aiipirvlsi'ii  of  tho  iiiishionarii'M 
III  tlm  Ntatiiin.  lli'sidi'K  lii'iii);  tiiU|.;lil  llm  or 
dinary  hriilirhis  of  a  roniiiioii  ami  hii.di  mIiooI, 
liny  iiTiivii  dully  iiiHlriirlioii  from  thr  Woid  of 
liod,  Hii  thai  Ihiy  am  hroiir.hl  thus  iiiidir  tlm 
i<vant;<'li/iii|{  iiilliniiii'i'S  of  Christianity. 

'I'lm  girls'  day  and  hoardini;  hi'IiooI  in  llm 
Naiim  i|iiarli'r  had  an  av('rai;ii  attriidaiirn  of 
l.'i'.l  ;  Idtal  Mirolimnt,  'J7I,  of  whnin  lOfi  wirn 
Coplu,  |H  .Mnsh  ni  i,  77  .liws  ami  oIIiith. 
'rwi'iity.i'i);hl  ).;irlM  wrm  in  tin'  lioardliii;  di'|iiirt- 
iiiint. 

In    tlm   |.;irls'    hi'IiooI     in    lliri  I   rs    SaKkariii 

till  111  was  an  avi'rai;"  iittiinlai of    117;  litid 

I'lirnlini'iit.  1117,  of  whom  l.'.J  wi'rn  CojiIm,  IsI 
MoslriiiH,  and  I  I  ollii  rs. 

In  tlm  i^irls'  hrlinol  in  lloiilak  lliirn  was  ini 
avi'iiiKi'  atliiidiinrii  of  lo7  ;  tnlal  i  nrolnnnl, 
'J.M,  of  wliniii  Id"  wirii  Ciipis,  \:\1  .Mosli'iiiM,  and 
Vi  othi.rM. 

'riiiiKii  Ihrrii  HrlioolH  aril  iiinlir  thi'  dinrtioii 
of  tlm  iinniarriril  ladiiiH,  wliii  am  aHsiHtid  hy 
liativii  ti'arhi'rs. 

'I'ln'y  hIho  Iiiivii  I'harui'  of  (liai  /I'liana  work .  am! 
visil  llm  wonii'ii  in  llnir  limisi'S.  In  ilii<.  liny 
am  uidr<1  hy  nativrs  who  liiivii  Ih'i'ii  in  Koiim 
iMKaHiim  iraiiird  for  this  Work. 

'J.  Hiiiil.:  Ilhlriliiiliiin  III  llm  diMlrirt  of  Cairn 
tliiirii  Mu  thrtiu  liaok  HhopH— uuu  iu  tlm  inisHinii 


CAIRO  •■i'il 

liiiiMiiit;  in  Ciiirn,  one  in  'I'liila,  iiiiil  iitKitlinr 
111  /ii).;ii/.i^,  ill  I'lic'li  III  wliH'li  tlii'ir  Hikiiiilivn 
<-<iiivi-rl,  uliimi'  iliily  il  i->  t'>  hi'II  IkiiiUh  iiml  cciii 
viirHii  nil  llit>  Miiliji'i'l  iiC  ri'lii^iiiii  with  viHildi'H. 
lli'Hi'li'H  thi'Hd  six  i'<il|iiirliiiirH  ruiivuHH  tlii>  city 
uii'l  s{irr<iiiiiiliii^  (Imliirl. 

I'lin  Hul<iH  III  III"  CiiiiK  ilislrtrt  in  IHHIt  wuri- 
iiK  fiilliiwn  :  SiTi|)tiiriis,  'J.Hll  voliiini'i  fur 
t>|H'.i'il;    rnliMiiiiiM     liiiiiliM,     I.'.MIJ    viiliiiiii's    fur 

;j;.i',HI.7.i  ;   itiliicatiiiliiil,  I'tJiMI  veil h  fcir  lj;l,.'ii;i. 

■{H.      'rnllil,    I  l.-'T'l  Vdlllllliis    fur  JJ  :il  I  77 

:l.    I'l'ililiiml   Hint  l-'.i'iliiiji  I  isl  II-     Willi..       Ill    ilirll 

of  till' lliri'K  i|Mitrli'rM  llH-ni  is  ji  Suliliutli  siIumiI 
f<ir  liiiVH  »ii'l  K>''''*  I'lilili"  uiii'hIii|i  11  Ik  M  hi 
I'lirli  iif  llixiii  ittii^ii  iir  twirii  KVi'iy  lioril'H  ilii.V, 
lii'siili'M  iii);lil  iiK'ntiiii^H  iliiriiii;  tlm  vm'i'U.  'I'Iik 
iiiw^iiiiiiirit'M  visit,  tlio  |>isi|ilii  in  llicir  liinisi's  In 
till'  I'ily,  lili'l  liavii  Mix  iiviirsi);lit  iif  III"  mil 
HliiliiiiiH  ill  llin  fliHtrirt  nnrlli  to  />i:'i>/i|;  hIhI 
iiliiiiil  I'll)  iiiil"><  Huiitli  of  CiiM'ii.  Till'  niiiiilii'r 
iif  riiiiiitiiiniiMiiitx  III  IliM  city  III  hi'i'i'iiilii  r,  Ihh'.i, 

wiiH   I'li'i,  tliK  HMirii|.;ii  iittiiiiiliin ii  tlx'  l.nnl's 

iliiy,    I'lS,  iitiil  III"  iiiiiiii'y  (Mintriliiilisl   fnr  mn 
|{riiv;iklii>iiitl  |iiir|i(mui4  fur  tlm  y"itr  wits  ){ll:it. 

4'|||<'I|||U,  Hill  rii|iiiiil  iif  Itrilisli  linliii.  It 
Nlilll'ls  nil  llin  I'ltsI,  liiink  Iif  til"  llil^ll  Itlvir.  nil" 
iif  III"  "Imniii'ls  lliriMi^li  wlnrh  lli"  (iiiii^i's 
r"ii"li"s  III"  lliiv  nf  Ili'iivV'i  in  III"  |ii'iiviiii'"  of 
ll"H.;iil,  iiliniit  HO  inili'H  frniii  Im  iiiniilli  of  Mm 
riviT,  III  iinrtli  liililiiil"  '11  :tr  anil  in  iiist 
|iiii^;itii'l"  HS  '^r.  Tlm  |iii|iiilikliiin  nf  Hi"  rity 
|irn|i"r  WiiM  ri'liirniid,  in  IhnI,  uh  lilM.'JI'.t  ;  Inil 
if  III"  Niiliiirlis  urn  iiii'liiilml,  wlmli  cxci'iil  fur 
tlm  iliilikilH  nf  iiiiiiiii'i|ml  iiiliiiiiiiHlriilinii  urn 
rii  illy  Ik  |nirl  nf  (/'iilriillu,  tlm  |iii|Militl mil  iiinniinl 
I'll  III  Hint  yiMir  In  Vt'il'i.'i'.'H,  llniiiliiiy  iilnii",  nf 
nil  III"  riliim  of   Imliii.  i'X"""ils  I'lilriiltu  in  hi/" 

Tlm  i'iirli"st   iiiiinliixi   nf  tli"   niii n'l'iirs   in  it 

ri'Viiiiim  ilni'Miiii'iit  nf  nil"  of  tlm  Mn^'iil  "iii|i"r 
nrs,  III  iri'.hi,  wlmri'  Kitlikittii  iKuli  (llntl.  sliriiiii 
of  III"  iv'l'li'ss  K'llii  inilli'itl">l  Ik  Miimll  lli'iii^uli 
villit^"  nil  tlm  sit"  nf  tlm  iiioiIitii  iii"trn|Milis. 
In  HiSi'i  til"  l'<ii.;lisli  iiiiri'liiiiils  "niiniili'l  willi 
III"  IvMt  Imliit  I 'i>iii|iitiiy,  nwiii:;  \i>  iliDii'iillics 
with  III"  Mn^;iil  iiiillinrili"-.,  fminil  it  iiis'i'ssitry 
to  li'jivii  llmir  s"lll"iii"nt  itt  llni'.li,  '2ii  imli's  up 
riviT    friiii    Cili'iillit,    itii'l     siiK    iiiinlliir    sit". 

I'nli'r  .lull  Clmri k.  tlii'ii    llm  prisnli'iit  nf  tlm 

lilll"  Hi'llli'iiiKiit  nr  fiii-lnry.  llii'V  hit  iipmi  this 
hit".  iitr;li"i/iin<  111"  n.iiii"  iiiln  < 'ili'iillu.  Tin. 
piipillitllnli  Hiinll  spl'i'iiil.  Ill"l  III"  ^rnwlll  has 
(MiitiniiiMl  iiliiinst  iiiii'hi'i'Ui  il  In  III"  pri'si'iit 
•lay  :  III"  liaiiili'l  nil  llm  iiitslirii  liank  nf  thii 
lliii^li  has  thus,  ninliT  III"  fnsli-rilii^  ram  of 
I'ln^'llsh  pniviir,  il"Vi'lnp">|  inln  nii"  nf  Ih"  ^'mat 
pnlilii'al  mill  riiiiiiiH'ri'ial  "iiitri'S  nf  Ihi'Miirlil, 
Willi  Ik  viiliiiim  of  trail"  iiiiiniinlini;  niiniially  tn 
Hiiiim  C'iil.nilil.llilil,  iin.l  Willi  Ik  pnpiilatmn'  of 
Viry    iii'itrly    ik     iiiillinn     mini  i.       Thai     purl  inn 

of  tlm  "ily  I ipii'il  liy  tlm  I'.ii^'lish  liis  alniii.; 

th"  riviT  fmnl,  itnil  is  inlnriii'il  willi  palalial 
r"sii|"ii""s,  iiiipnsiii).;  piililm  liiiililini;s,  I'liiirihis 
nf  ililTi'r<iiil.  ili'iiiiininiiMnns,  wistllliy  iiinl  W"ll 
Ml  ii'ki'il  liiminiiss  Imiisi's.  Itai'li  frmii  th"  rivir, 
nnrlli  iinil  "iist  of  llm  Kmjlish  i|iiitrlrrs,  stri'lilii's 
invay  Hi"  iialivn  part  nf  tlm  iily.  a  mass  nf  Inw, 
liii'ali.  iinl  sipiiiliil  lulls,  inliT-n'rliMl  liy  liarrnw 
mill  lilthv  Hiri'i-ls.  s'l  lli.it  llm  Nityini;  has  li" 
"iiiii"  "iirri'iil  Hint  l'ai"iillit  is  a  "ily  nf  pitlaruK 
ill  frnnt  aiiil  It  "ily  of  pi(;ilyis  in  Ih"  ri'iir. 

Vi'itrlv  Iwn  thirils  nf  Ih"  p  ipiilalinn  rnnsiHt 
nf  lliinliis  mill  lii'itrly  mm  tliirl  nf  Mohani- 
iiicilaiis.  .Miiiiit  fniir  piT  runt  iir"  ri'i'iirilisl  its 
riiriHtiikiiH,  itiiil  tbiirn  ix  a  H)iriiikliii){  of  Jliulilb- 


OALCOTTA 


ists,  .fikiiiH,  I'lirHiM,  iTows,  rtc,     Tlm  iiiiiiilirr  ru- 
liirniil    III    111"    niisiis   an    liflnnnint,'    In    tlm  m- 

fur I  I'likHs,  kiinvMi  Its  Hi"  llritliiiin  Siiiiiiij,  wax 

niily    IHN  ;    \"|    lliih"  urn   II    ViTV    «ill  "ilmaliil 
atiil    iliti'lli^i'lil    linily   nf   iiii'li,    wliii   ixnl'i'ls"   mi 

iiilliii'ii lilt  nf  all  pnipnrlinn  In  thnr  iiiinilicr 

riii'iialivi    I'lirislians  in    |Nh|    iiiimlii'ii'il    l,ilnH 
It  illiall    (ilthnllrs    ami    'J, 71  I    nf     Valinlls     rinll'H- 
talit  ilrlinliilliiilinlis.      Tndil,    l,|ll|.      Tlm    I'.iirn 
pi'iili    piipiiliil  lull    nf   I'jili'iillit    III   till    year   linli 
llnlli'il   was  lint  far  frnlii  'J.i,llllll. 

riili'iitlii  has  Im'i'Ii  in  llm  rniilrni  nf  llm  Vm\:- 
llsli  Irniii  tlm  iiiniiiinl  Hint  .lull  rharlinik  iilnl 
Ins  UHMiii'iitli'S  Hi'ltli'il  till  III  III  IliHtl  iinlil  llm 
pri'si  III.  tliii",  with  III"  iM'i'plinii  III  It  f"W 
iiii'iiHiH  in  III"  yiar  I7.ii'i.  In -liiii"  of  tlialyiar 
III"  "ily  was  atlni'kiil  ly  Hi"  Mii-.-.iiliiiiiii  riilir 
nr   Nawitli  nf    Iti'lii^al — Sural  ml    lliiiilit     olm   nf 

tlm  wnrsi   h| iiiii'im  "Mr  knnwn  nf  lliitt.   iliiHit 

(if  linitiil  ihspiits  whii'h  is  pnpiilarly  Kiip- 
pnsi'il  to  lliriv"  in  Hi"  I  Irniit.  .Must  nf  th"  I'.iiK- 
iisli  "onlrivisl  In  I'si'iipii  hy  wiilir,  Iml  Hi"  i^iir- 
rHnii  nf  III"  furl  wtri'  rimipi  Ih'il  In  Miritiiilil'. 
Il  uiis  111  that  lilll"  thill  llm  tia).;"ily  nf  tlio 
fiiiiniis"  lilii'k  lliil"''nr  ('ali'iilla  was  "iiai'li  il. 
Tlm  wri'ti'hi'il  prisniiirs  wir"  thrust  I  HI  in 
niiiiilii'r  iiitn  a  ""II  lianlly  'JH  fii't  Ni|iinr",  viii- 
lilali'il  niily  hy  Iwn  niiniII  wiinlnws.  In  tlii< 
iiiiirnini^'  niily  'l'.\  pi  rsnim  nm  rn  fniiinl  iiliv", 
lali'iilla  WIS  ri'i'itpluri'il  in  •laiiiiiiry,  I7.'i7,  hy 
Niliiiinil  Wiilsnii  ami  l.nnl  itln  ii  < 'nlniii'l  i  I  liV", 
wliii  arriviil  wiHi  it  tliil  niiil  iiiiny  frniii  ,M»il- 
ras  ;  llm  riiliii'il  city  was  hpisilily  rilniilt,  iiml 
siiilalil"  vi'ii^i'iiiii"  was  liiki  n  mi  llm  hiinlliNit 
Nawali.  In  III"  hitiim  yi  iir,  at  llm  liiiHl"  of 
I'liissiv,    llm   N'ltwali's  iiriii,\    was  ilifi'iiliil    hy    » 

lilll"    fnr iiiilir   I'liV".    mill    tlm   i|I|"hIiiiii    nf 

l'',li^lisli  silpri'liiai'V  III  lt"ii|;al  ami  Ihrnii^linill 
lliiliik  was  virtually  silllisl. 

rptnllmM'ur  I7II7  llm  Ktii^lisli  pnNHiiHHionM 
in  r>"iiv;itl  wiT"  (.^ivi'miil  frmii  MiuIiuh,  Iml  in 
thai  yiar  Hi"  limiii'  aiillinriliis  nf  Hi"  Mast 
lliillii  I'liiiipaliy  "I'l'i'li'il  I'ali'illla  inln  a  siparalii 
pri'Mi.liiii'y,  in.li  pi'iiiii'til  nf  Mailias  iiml  I"- 
spnlisilil"  nllly  In   III"    iliri'i'Inrs    in    l.nnilnll.        Ill 

177:1  I'arliuiiii'iil  <  nii"l"il  Ihal  Ih"  rniiiiiil  amt 
liivirimr  at  ralriilla,  liisnh  s  i'niilriilliii|{  tlm 
alTairsnf  Ih"  l^ii^'lish  tirnlnry  in  Itmii'.al,  shmilil 
also  "\iri-is"  a  ^^"lll■nll  siipirviNimi  nvir  llm 
MisliT  pri»sii|"iiiiis  nf  lliiiiiliay  iiiiil  Mailrus,  iiml 
thai  111"  "lili  f  ii|fi"ial  nf  Itini'iil  hhniihl  I  "  slyli  il 
|MiV"rniir  ^H'lii'ial  ;  ami  lliiis  I 'iih'iitia  Ini'itiim  tliH 
piilltl"ul  "iipilal  nf  llrilish  liiilia. 

Tlm  hislnry  nf  iiiissinliitiv  npfrallmis  llil'ut- 
"illla  K'l.'S  li.ii'k  In  llm  liiiihll"  nf  llm  liisl  "ill- 
tiiiy  In  III"  yinr  I7.'iH  jusl  iifli  r  Hi"  nluiilil- 
lilt;  of  rali-iilta  ami  Hi"  tlrim'r  I'Hialillsliim'iit  in 
ltiii('iil  nf  I'.iu;IihIi  p.iwi'r.  In  llial  yiitr  I{"V. 
Mr.  Kiiriiainhr,  it  hmiisli  niissiniiary,  wlmsii 
Hiiri'i'ssfiil  lilmrs  sniilli  nf  Maili'iis,  at  <  inliliiliirti 

mill  vii'inily,  Iiml  I n   iiili'rriipltti   hy   Hi"  Ims- 

lilllii'S  li"l\t"iii  111"  l',ii|.^lisli  mill  I'riiii'h.  who 
wir"  Hull  i'nnl"ni|iii|{  fnr  Hi"  imtsli'ry  In  IihIwi, 
iirrivisl  III  I 'iili'iiltit,  si'i'kinu  It  I'li'lil  tnr  Ihnl  iiiin- 
simiary  iti'livily  prnviilcniially  ciil  shnrl  at  tlm 
sniilli.  Tlm  I'ah'iiltik  <invi'riiiii"iit  "in'iiiraui'il 
hliii.  11"  hiarli'il  It  si'hiinl  iiii'l  I'lilliiriil  'jnO 
pupils  wiHiin  a  yi'iir.  II"  pr"a"li"il  In  tlm 
liallVi'S.  In  III"  l'iirlil|{i|i'S",  III  III"  I'.ii^lish 
Hiililii'rs  Ills  liaptisiiis  iil  tlm  "inl  nf  Hi"  llrst 
yi'iir  nf  wnrk  nunilii'rcil  I  "i  ;  at  Hi"  iinl  nf  t"ti 
yi'itfH  llii'r"  wir"  is'.i  "niiM.rls.  Afli'rwur.l  Im 
liiiilt  Ik  iiiisHinn  "liiiri'h  I'liii'llv  itl  his  nwn  iix- 
P"nH".  Ifi'V,  M.  ,\.  Slit  rrinu's  liistnry  nf  I'rnt- 
fHtnut  luiHHiuiiH  ill  lilll  ilk  HiiiiiH  up  his  work  liy 


OAIiOUTTA 


SilH 


OALOUTTA 


■ 


i 


Huyiii^  Unit  "  thn  iu>i>iU  nf  I'rnic^iaiit  niiiMionM 
III  N'lirllicrii  liiiliii  wiro  lirxt  m>»ii  I>\  liiiii,  hikI 
liy  liiiii  ui'M'  till  iirst  (riiiU  Kalli>-r<'<l  iii.  U<> 
liii|ill/<'i|  liiilnlXHtM  III  riiiivtrtJt  .  Iir  •'«litl)llHli<«l 
ilii|Mii  liiiil  iiiihhHiii  si-Iii»>N  ,  Ik-  {•r-alaiimsl  tli<' 
(iu<|ii  I  III  Dili  |ii'ii|il<',  ImiIIi  l-.iiiiiiM-aii  Mini  nil 
tivi'  ,  III'  liiiill  H  H|iiii'i<iiiH  rliiiri-ii.  Hinl  l>y  IIm'M' 
mill   iillirr  litliorH  |iri>V)Mt    hit  rnni<^lii<  m«  iiii'i 

CIlirlilH'.V." 

Aliiiiil.   tliii    lii>Kllililt^;   ■>(   IIki   prfarlil  i'<  liliirv 

till'  Ii'IkIiII^  llli'll  Ml  llix  I'llllilo}  ••!  Illc  l,*i>l  llilllll 
4'lllll|lllll\  ,    lllllll     III     ll'illli'     UIhI     III     lllflllt,    Ih'i  Hill) 

|ii>iNi'nM'i|    Willi  till'    I'li'it  Unit    llii-    |iniiiiul(;nlli>ll 

■  if     tllll   llilH|ll'l    III    llilllll    Wi    lllll    Im'     •l<-|rillM  llljtl    in 

lIlK  riiiiiiiii'iriiil  liriiNiifriljr  <•(  llic  miiiliiiliv. 
llilllll  will  In  liK  riili'il  Hiiii|>ly  for  lli*-  iM-rnnmn 
lirniil,  III  tliii  riiiii|iiiii,v  .Mii'<i'>iidry  •  |-<Tntii'ii>. 
iiiil^lil  I'xi'ilii  |iri'jiii|ii'i<  u^Miii'<i  till-  I.ii^-IihIi  riili' 
mill  ri'iiiliT  llii' Ulirk  iiii-l  till' •ifu'ii'M- <•■' (;<■<•  in 
liii'iil   iiinrii   i'iihIIv    mill    nmn'   iIiITk-iiII        I  inli-r 

till'  llllllli'lli'K  nf  llll'fl.i  (I'lirH  IIm-  li>>«rnilll<  III  <>l 
lll'llil  i'|i|in.i  i|   In  Hill   lltllinNi   IIk-  U|mI|||)<  <•!   Hill 

liiiHHintiiii  II  "I    within    itri   iMiriliro       llii*   <i|i|ii> 

HItlnll  I'  illhll'li'il  lllllll  l'i>rll:lllt>  lit  r<-ll<-«<'<l  lll« 
rliiirli  r  III   llm  I'^iihI    liiilut  <'nni|..iiit    in  IId- _\>  iir 

|H|:|,     win  II     II     l'lllll<<l'     W.IK     IlliU'flril     III    till'     lull 

iliii-liiiiiiL(  lliiil  "  il  wilt  till'  iliily  •  (  lliii  <-<iiititr> 
tii  |iriiiiiiilii  llii'  iiilrniliii'tinii  iif  nxfiil  kiiowl 
)<il){ii  Mini  nf  ii'lii;iiiifi  mill  iimntl  iiii|>r>i«i'iiM  til 
ill  llilllll,  mill   Hull  liii-iliti>"<  Ik'   i>n'>r<l<'<l  l<y  lii« 

til  |li'r'inllH  iliMII'iills  III  vt'X'lt^  I"  "'I'l  X'llinllilllK 
ill  llilllll,  III  liri'iillllillsll  lll>'u  |M-|M-T<ila  III  ill- 
MiKIIH."  'I'lln  HItllli'  lull  liriiTlilrll  fi>f  nil  lllilinli 
Ill4lln|irir       Willi    mi    liri'llilcili-illl    (nr    mrit  nl    llir 

tliti'i'    |iii'n|i|ilii'ii'n.      It   i-niiif    mill  •  (T#^t   .\|.iil 

mill,  iKi  I. 

Il  WHS  iliiritiK  till''*"  yi'nrt  iif  ••|>|M«uli<in  tlml 
tliii   fiiiiinii-i    l>r.    Williiiiii   lurry   ntxItrl'Mili   tin 
I'HlalilisliiiH'iil    nf    It    iiiitHinii    III    iiulm       II    «itr< 
Willi  l',ri<iil  ililllriilly   tliiit  liK  «itHiilil>-  III  well r« 
|iii'mii){ii  lo  < 'iili-iillii       Kiimlly  li<-   rr*u-li<t|  llii-rn 
III   IT'.i^l  mill  IiiiiiihIi   vihncI       \f|ir  •-»<-•  •iinlcr 
liii4    iii'i'li  liiirililii|i    he  wiiH,   tlir<>iiv:li  llio   •-«•  r 
ll'iiiH  nf    Mr.    I'lliiy,   Ik  luniiH  ••(tiriitl  nf  i-nv  rii 
tiM'iil,   |iliiriiil   III  I'liiirK;!'  of  n  fi«<-tfirr  at   MhIiIh, 
wliiTK    III'    ri'iiiiiiiii'il    live   yi-nrt  iiimI    i>li<-r<'    Ik- 
wiis  lllllll  In  li'iirii  III)'   lli'iiititii  lain: ■••»;•'.  IrmiH 
IhIii    Hill    Ni'W     i'l'iliiiiii'iit,     |>r>'n<-b     aii-l     l>n<-li 
miinii);   tliii    iiiilivi't,    lii'Kiili'H   iiilrrtiliiiK   !■•    lim 

lllllll'l   III    I'lllllll'i'llntl     Mitll   till'   (iW-lliry    of    «ll|i|l 

liK  will  Ml  rliiirK'i'  Iti'lwrrti  ITfT  an-l  I'MKI 
viiriniiH  ili'iiillnrv  I'lTnrH  «i-r«  miwlr  l-y  Ihc 
riirwiimi  Kiiiiwl<'il|.-,i'  SiM-ii-ly  |i>'i|>|H>rt<'»l  I'V 
iiii'iiilii'r'4  nf  Hill  riiiirrli  nf  I'lni'lafKi i  !<•  carry  nil 
till'  liilHilnii  lii'i;i|ii  liv  Kn-rii  iluhr,  vliii  liail  r<'- 
rnlillv  ilii'il  MiU'li  In  l|i  wiis  ^■i«-a  !•>  K«-v.  II. 
Ilrnvfii.  Mr  lliirliaiimi,  mnl  ntlirr*.  «li<>  mvf 
MiTViiii^  l''.iii;lisli  ri'Hiili'iilN  Kt  rlia|ilaiiiii  In 
IT'.l'.i  fniir  iiinri'  l''.ii|(liili  iiii'winiianrtt  amt^nl 
lliiH  lllllll  in  iin  Aiiiirii-aii  M-mrl      Tlii-y  •■fTxIiil 

II  lmiiliii|{  III  fill f   i;n«' rtiiin  iilil  ••|i|H»<iti>iii, 

lull  wiTi'  nlili^;iii|  In  ri'iKiil  In  S<'raiii|><ir<'.  In 
mill's  ii|i  Hill  riviT,  wliii'li  «iM  flirii  III*-  >-a|iiliil 
iif  Ik  siiiiill   liil  nf  ti'tritury   lirlil  liy  IIm-  IihiiinIi 

nnVirnillllllt.  'I'lnl      lllllllsl)     UnTt-mnr      «las      ill 

Hyiii|iiiHiy  Willi  Miiir  «nrk   uii-l  •l><-liii>-<l  In  i;iv« 

till'  IIIISHilllllinril  ll|i  In  till*  I'.llt'lloh  <•  ■lirll 
lliclll.  ll'Ti'  I'lriy  JniiK'il  IIm'iii  aiifl  Hill',  wiiN 
liki'l  llii'  fniiMiliilinii  nf  IIh'  S<  ritiii|><>r>'  lta|ili>il 
Mmsmii  (Mi'ii  SiTiiiHiinr'i  ll^'fi'  IIh-v  rttrru'l  nii 
llii'ir  wiitl<  Willi  till-  iitiiHMl  Tiv'nr.  iriii'i;  nnia- 
mill  ii<.^mii  In  ri'iirli   lint  k,'r>°at  ■-.ipilal  fr<>ni  llnir 

Hllfi'     IlllrrtirllllH  Ills    ,1    lll»    ItitllMll    Willi  IIK'lll. 

Iiiit    Ihnliiii;   llii'iiisi'lvi'H   iiiiiilit)'   III  fil-laiii    aiiv 


ufItT  tliiH  tlinn  tliiit  tlin  iiikrlioHl  Aiiii'ririiii  iiii> 

Hinimririi  ri'iu'lii'it  I'lilnitlii  mnl  I'tirniiiiiiri'il  llin 

hillin  illllirllllli'M  IIM  lllliir  I'.lll'.lliill  liri'lllli  II. 
Ailnllllinil  .IhiIhiiII  IIIhI  SiiIIIIII'I  .SiViU  W  I  ri« 
lil'.'i|l(;    till'    llllllllii'i.        .^1     Hll»     llllir     lllln     riillii' 

til  niy  Miiilyii  ,  Imt  ini  lii<  wiis  ii  rliii|'liiiii  in  llm 
I'JInI  llilllll  I 'niiiiiiiiiy'H  hiTVIi'I'  lijii  inliiilii'  uiih 
linl  ii|i|iniii'i|,  mill  III  Ills  WiilK  wilK  rlili  tl\  i|ii|ii> 
III  ili'ilrii'ts  niiinti'  III. Ill  (  iili'iitlii.  nil  ri  tlniii 
tliiH  nil  IK  iiiniilinn  III  liiM  timiiii  wiiiilil  lii>ri>  Im 
mil  nf  |iliiri< 

A  lii'tlir  iliiy  iliiHiii'il  Willi  IIki  i;t'mitiii^  of  IIik 
tii'W  I'liiiilrr  in   |H|:i.      Tim  lllllll  of  tlii'^niirn 
lllllll    cliiiii^^i'il.       'I'lin    nii'miiiiiiiry    Hniiiliis    nf 
liln'litlnl,    niiihl   nf   lllllll    ^nllll;;   iin  I    I'lifn'r   Willi 
till' I  \|ii  rliilinn   mnl   milm  nl    y milli,  \m  ri'  wiiil 
Mil'    Inr    llli'    ii|irlllll|{    nf    lliii    ilnnr    In    itlli  I     III. 

lilt'  I'liiirrli    Miiiiiiiiiiiiry  Siinily    riiinn  in    |h|,i. 

IIik   l.iinilnli    MlMrilnniiry  Sni'lil\    lillil  HI  III   It   mis- 

Hioiiiiiy  mil  in  IV'iH,  liiii  III'  iiiiiii;lil  lliK  mil  rinr. 
I  III  ir  I  iili'iillii  MixMinii  Willi  lii'iniii  III  l^ili:  III 
I^.I7  lliKir  rnlli)^K   WIIH  lii'inin,  iinw  II   Imvv  mill 

Hliri'KHllflll       Mlhlllllllnll  'IIik       i  lltlli  hI      iliriil 

I  Ifnftii    III    lii'liiilf   nf    fi'iiiiili'   I'lliinilinn    will'    III 
li'ni|iliil     III     IH'JI        \    Hiirii'ly    fnr     |iri<iiH>lMi^: 

II  lllllll'  I'lliiriillnii  Wim  Inriiii  il  III  l^'-l  iiikIiIhI 
I  llirii  nl  HirviKK  'IIik  Sniii'ly  fm  IIik  l'ri>|iii 
|{illinniif  Hiit<inM|"|  lili'lill  n|iKllillii|iH  III  l*<'JII, 
llilllll);  I'lmriV  mi  HiiiI  \i  nr  nl  rii)ilin|i  h  <  nl|i,n-, 
mi  iiisliliilinii  fnr  liit'.lii  r  rlirii'tiiiii  i  iliiiiilinii 
lirnjirli'il  liy  I  Ir.  Mnlillitnii,  lliiil  IiIhIii.|i  of 
I'.ili'iillii.  IIik  r.HliililiHlii  iI  Cliiin  Ii  of  tM-ollmnl 
Ml  I^.IM  III  III  mil  |>r  I'lil),  olio  nf  HiK  iiioht  If- 
iiiiirliiilili'  iiiiHHiniiiii  iKM  nf  miy  jn'rinil  mi  IIik  Iiih- 

|nr\    n(     lIlK    I'llliri'll.         Ills     Klilllllli:     null  I.H  Mil    ITH 

Ml  HiK  liiHlnry  nf  iiiiHHiiiiiiiry  wnrk  iml  imly  in 
I  iilriillii,    lull    lliriiiii;limil     llnliii        IIk     Iliri'W 

llllllHi'lf  Willi  llm  lllllini.l  I  liHilli.liiiilii  inln  IliK 
Wnr\   nf   IIik   lll|.>.lli  r  i  illli'lll  loll  Hirnlli'll   I  III'   nil  ill 

mil  nf  lliK  l':ni:liHli  liin|Miii|;>'  Iin  Hlurliil  a 
Hi'liiinl  Willi  llvK  yniim;  lliiiiln  |iii|iiIh,  wIiii'Ii 
H'lnii  ).;rKW  inln  Ik  Ihi'i'.k  khIIk^m'  w  iHi  liiiiiiln  iIm, 
Ills  Kiii'r^;y  mnl  iliMiImn  ){iivk  mi  iiii|ii'liis  In 
IliK  nii'iMiniimy  h|iirit  in  IIik  Ihhiik  I'lniri  Iiku, 
Wiis    fill    mi    III!    iiii'iHimi    III  Ills    Ml    llilllll,    iiinl 

KH| iiilly   |.;iivii   |imnl    mnl    iIiiki'IiiiIi    In   iilinii 

limnil  I  iTnrls  us  ii  li'|i|||iiiiilii  fniin  m  niiKxintiiiry 
wmli        III    isll,    fiillnwiiit;    iif    ■liMrii|iliiiii    in 

lllit  Srnli'll    I'lllirrll,    I  >r.    IHlIT    mill   llIN  IIHMni'liill'H 

Iliri'W  III  HiKir  Inl  Willi  Ilin  IriK  rlinnli  mnl 
KiirriKil  lliKir  wnrK  nvi  r  inln  llm  IiimiiIh  nf  tlm 
new    linily        'I'll!'  nlil   Idtli,    liiiHi'Vir,   Htiirliil   ii 

IK'W  nilHHIiitl  Ml  I 'lllrllllil,  Willi  It  inlli  y'K  I  f  lis 
iiHii.  In  |Si;,^  IliK  I'  M.  S  fniitnli'il  Ik  <'nll>'^;ii 
kniiwn  lis  IIik  riilliiilriil  <'iillrtv'. 

'Ilins  iHiirly  I'Vi'ry  nii"  nf  lliK^runt  Nncirtii'H 
litlinrini^  III  I'lilriillii  I'liiiiK  in  Iiihk  In  liuvn  iIh 
iiisliliiliiin  nr  I'. ill  i;ii  f"i'  Hik  Ini^liir  I'llniiilinii 
of  niilivK  ymilli,  III  IliK  r,ni.'liHli  liiin'iiii|.'K  mnl 
lllllll  r  IliK  llilllll  IIIK  nf  I 'liristimiily  'I  In  s« 
•■illli'lll miiiil  I  IT'iitx  liiivi'  :iliMirliKil  mill  iln  kIiII 
nliimli  IliK  liMi^i'r  purl  nf  IIik  iiiiMi>iiiiimy  <  in  n(y 
of  llm  <'ii|illiil.  yil  mil  In  Hik  kM'Iumii.ii  of  nllii  r 
litmii'ln-s  nf  i  ITntl  'I'lm  lintnlnii  .Mihsintniry 
S'li'ii'ly  Kiiily  I  Kliklili  liK'l  II  |>ri'Mii,  ulmli  Mini  Ims 
|iiisHKil  inln  llm  liiilnis  of  Hik  IIii|iIi>'I  M.vsnn, 
Hli'l  lias  ilnim  I  xi'kIIkIiI  hi'rvii'i'  'IIik  liillif 
liMHHiiiii  lull  iilsn  III  I'll  fniliiniilK  ill  HI  riiniii.'  mnl 
wisK  Ml  rKliiiiiMii;  llii'  i.irviri  s  of  hi-VkiiiI  litiiinil 
iilnl  Ni'linlikriy  linn  w  Im  liiiVK  ili'Totiil  iiliiinxt  nil 
llii'ir  linin  In  lliK  IriiiiMliiliMii  nf  iliK  Si'ri|iliiri  s, 
Mini  Hill  ri'VlMiiiii  mnl  |iriiilili|{  of  nihti'msIVk 
iililintis  I'rniiiiiiKtil  miiniii!  lliKSK  iiiiiy  lir  ini'li- 
li'iinil    l>r    Villi's   mill    |ir     \VKin.;i'r       'I'lm  ililly 


|ii'niiiilii'iil    lnil|,;iiii'tit    till Tf.      It    «aa    lUiiirtly       n(  Mriiai'iiliir  |iri'iirliiii|;  Imlli  in    llm  ril,v    ilst'K 


CALCUTTA 


■JJ'.t 


CALHOUN,    B.   H. 


I  liii'li 


IIkI 


lllli'M 

I.    I'll.) 

>r  iiiM 

I.. I  II 

|i  r  kh 


lU 


sllll 

rxy 

loilii-r 

>iiiirv 


llnllT 

mill 

rrii'il 

xl  nil 


•  Inly 
IIm)  j( 


aipl  llii'>ii)',li  (III'  Miirroiiii'liiii^  ili-<lrir|ii  lm->  li<<  ii 
liiillihillv  all!  lull  <l  III,  mill  Miinxit;  llm-o'  wlio 
hilVi'  liri'll  I  tlirrliilly  i.IH'i-I'HhIiiI  III  lIllH  lilillli  li 
III  uiiik  iimv  III'  iiii'IiIumii'iI  l»irriii\,  •■in'  ol  tin 
nl'li  hI  iiIhI  iiI'ixI  iIi'ViiIi'iI  iif  llii' l,<iiiiliiii  >«»  |<  ly  t 
rilMini'i.  rii«  \iiii  riraii  MiIIiimIi  <l  I  liiin-li  Ix- 
l^iili  milk  III  I'lilrilllii  III  l^iVJ.  iimli  r  tin  liiitl  of 
|(i-v.  \S  illliiiM  'I'liyliir,  iHiu  iiii'>iii<iii.irt  lii'.lii>|i  iif 
liiH  ■■liiiirli  III  AfriiM      'I'll"  >«iiil>  III  liiit  iiiiiHiiiii 

li.iH  I II   liiri'i'ly   iiiiiiiii^    lLiirii|i<'.iii>t  iiiiii'iii'liril 

liv  llii'    liiliiirH  iif    iilliiT   I'liiiri'liiiH.    lliiiiii^li    in- 

ITl'iiHIII^'l\    il'l     llllM'     llllH     )V>lll'   nil   llllllllll',     llllllV<'H 

iiU>i  Wni'li  liy  uniiH  11  (nr  uihimii  ih  vi^;i>ri>iiHly- 
I'lii  •tn-il  liy  iiivi  III!  <ii;'.>iii/iiliniii  •'\i'(iiiK  lor 
Unit  |iiil|iiMiiv  I'tM)  iiH'lliiiil'i  •  i|Mriiilly  iiri'  ful 
jiiKii'l  Ili'lM  li't  I'lirH  lli'lr  TIli'Hi'  111!',  till'  (UK- 
Hull  <>t  Hi-li>ii>l't  mill  wliirli  i'iil'<  mill  \iiiiiii{ 
uiiiiM-ii  mi'  t;iilli«rril  ;  lln'  oIIh  i  lli.it  nl  Iiimihi-  In 
Imimi'  \i'.iliiliiiii,  liy  Ntlin'li  nn  tliml  initivi'  IhiId-h 
iirii  I'l'in  lii'il  III  llii'  hi'i'lii'.iiiti  Iif  till  ir  /iiKiiion, 
«liii  ■•rii'ii  wiMilil    iml  III'  uillili^;  nr  |insnilily  imt 

lllnWl'l     In     Vl'lltlirit     IMlt    III     nrilrr     In    lllli'llil    II 
Hrlionl         III    lulillllnll    In     |||i<     liiilli'H      inlilli  <  li  <l 

\Mlli  tli«  iiiiHHi'iiiH  iilri'iiily  iilliiili'il  In,  II  riiiiiili)'r 
nl  niliirx  urn    iimiiitiiiiH  <l    liy   Hi'Vi'ml    hiiiiliiit 

■  'kl-illll|{    fnr    lllll    h|iir|lii'    i.lyli'    nf    «>.|li  Tlln 

Snrii'ty  t'lr  ri<iiiiiiliiii;  I'l'iiuilit  I'Min'iitinii  in  llii< 
Kiisl  uu'4  IIh'  llrHl  nil  lllll  i^rniiiiil.  Im'^miiiiiii^; 
Murk  III  I 'iili'iltlii  MX  InlH^  ii^n  ii>i  IH.t.'i  'I  lii> 
lii'limi  N'iriiiiil  Srlinnl  iiinl  r<iiiiil«  liiHlriM'l mii 
^>'M  Illy,  lllll  Aliiirii'iill  Wnliirll'H  rilliill  /•'llilllil 
Mi.ii'iii,  mill  IIm'  llii|iliit  I.iiiIii'h'  .Sni'M  ly  liii%« 
>i|i|i<'iiri'  I  nil  till'  I'll  III  hiiirx  I  lllll  y  I'lir  TIk'  |iiiIi. 
In  .itimi  nf  Iiiu'Im  mill  linnK'i  in  llii'  vi  inin'iiliir 
liini;iiiiK'''*  lii'mi'il  fnr  liy  ii  tim't  Murn'li  .iiixiiinry 
In  till  |{ii|ii;iiitiH  'Iriii'l  Sni'inly  nf  l.ninlnii  .  mIiiI« 
nil  iiiivihiiry  nf  lilt'  llrititli  mnl  l'iiri'i^;ii  lliMn 
Six-ii'ty  |irnvi<|i<M  mi  iiiii|il<'  miijijiIs  nl  r.iMi'i  m 
till'  viiriniM  liiii).niii);i'ii  imi'iI  hi  IIio  iity  iiinl  >  iir 
I'iiimIiii)^;   ri'i^iniiH. 


M  linoJH,  uilli  'Jii.lMiM  linVH  III  iilti'iiiliiini'  ;  mill 
I IJ  u<  rii  l<ir  ('.III  t  mill  /.I'limni  liiilli"<,  u  itli  .1. 1  IH 
|iii|iiU  S«vi  nty  Iniir  prr  r<  nl  nf  llin  |iii|iiU 
uiri'  lliiiiliiH,  17  |i<'r  lllll  I  liri 'Iniii'i,  mnl  n  |ii  r 

■  '•III  MnnKlllnimiH  Tin'  Intlll  ri  jinrli'il  rS|ii'liHii 
III  lliiil  yi'iir  Inr  11111111111111  miih  i  I  II.  Ill,  nf 
mIiii'Ii  hiiin  (.'.nvi'riinii  III  ■'niilriliiitiil  Mil.ii'.iT. 

'lIlK    I'lly     IX  Mill     »ll|i|illlil     Uilll     lin!.|>llal'<    fnr 

Imlli  I  .ilin|ii  nil  <  mill  iiiiIimm,  oiik  nf  lln  ■<•<  In  in){ 
till'  l.'liii   llii.|iiliil    Inr    Wniiii'ii  mill  I  liililn  II, 

Wlinll    M.IH  li|H  III  ll    III     iHHj 

4.'HI<I|I*.  >>    I'llV     >>>     III''    KnIlllll'IIHll  rtl     |ilirl    nf 

Itfii/il,    .Sniilli    Annririi.    nii    tl iiiihI     iinitli   nf 

S,'|n   I'lillln         MlHsmli  i.tiitlnli  nf  tin     I'ri'Hliy  lirillll 

I  liiiri'li  I  Vnrtli),  ilHVili,  I  iniKHiniiiiry,  '^  lllll  ivii 
III  l|>rr»,  ill  I'liiiri'li  ini'iiiliirH. 

4'lll«llt  I'll,  II  I'lMii  in  Mmirnini,  Liliiriii, 
Afrii'ii,  nil  llio  .SI.  rmil'ii  liiv'i  r,  In-iir  it>t  inniitli, 
MlHHinli  HlMtl'Hl  nf  III!'  Mi'IIiimIimI  I  ,|i1'>rn|iii| 
I'li'iri'li  (Niirtlii;  'J  inihKiniim  n'»,  it  IiuIim  jnm 
Inrx.  '.!ll>  rliiiri'li  nii'liilM'rii. 

4'llll'<l<lll,  II  ln»ll  IM  riljii'  <  ninny.  Snillll 
Xfrii'ii  Nnlnl  fnr  iIh  n.iiii'ral  Imlliv  MixHinii 
Hliilinii  iif  till' h    r    <■.,   I    iiiiiiiinnmv 

4°iilh«>iin,  hiiiH-tiii  ll<tuiir«l,  l>    Aiii;ii>.l 

l.lll       I  'III.  ..I     I '..I'. 1 1. II.     Mil      .    ,    I I  MM  I.  1 1    III     Will 

liiliixl     iliti'i      l*^.!'l  .  Iiill|.;lll  III  Njii  iiii^lii  III    Mums., 

mill  Willniiii Ilifi.  Mill  :iii  ,  t.tn. lllll  till  nln).;y 

uilli  lir.  liiillin  mill  lir  Mmk  llii|ikiin'.  nr 
•  ill I  in    \<U,  .   lilt    till'  Iniliil    Mull  11  tin    fill 

|n\klli|;    Snvi'llllii'r   Inr  lllll   l.i'Vlllll.  Il»    MII   ll|;i  III    nf 

tin-  \nii'iii'mi   liililii  Nni  inly  ;  rn'i'lMil  ii|i|ininl 

llnlll    nf  lllll    \      1:     I'     I'.    M.   IIH    II    nilxilnlimy    III 

1^1  I  ;  jniiii'il  ilii'  Sxiniii  niiNxi'iii  in  iHtl  fnr  llin 

|ilir|in'^ii    nf    lilkllll^    i-limt'i'  nl    llin    nilHiiinli   Iti'tii- 

iiiiiry  III  Alii'ili,  nil  Mminl  l.ilinnnn.      'Inlliislin 

■  li'vnh  •!   llin  I'liliri'   lift'.      I'V   liini   Mirn  liiiiniij 


I'alriltlil    I'l    Unix    Hi'i'll    to    Im>    a    •■<  iiirn  nf    liii        llinxt   nf    llin    |ir<  ilrliirH    lilnl     IrarlnlM    nnvv    Kill 


nil  am  iiiiil   nf   rilii'iniix  mnl   inlnlli'i'liiiil 


|ilny<  i|  Hi  till'  Si  nan  liii'ii-inli  nf  llir  rii'Mliyliriall 


liiily        llx  aliniiH|ilii'rii  i.i'i'nM  niiii'li  iiinri'  fiiinr-       llniiril,  Im-hiiIi'S  Hi'Viriil  i  li|^a|'.ril  liy  nilnr  iinrnlnK 


iililii  In  till' ili'V"ln|iliii<lil  nl  ri'll^;iniiN  fiTViir  lliaii        III    Sinn,     I'iiIi'hIiiii', 


mil  I 


W.V|il 


III 


MM'l    tllKll 


lli:il    nf    llx    Kf"!     xIhIiT    I'lly,     llnlnliay         I'lnlir  |i.ltlnr  nf    tlii<  ililirili     nil     Mnlllll     l.i'liminli         llll 

till'  iiilliii'iii'K  nf  llll'  Hi'Vi'nil  ii|.:i'lirii<H  iiImivi'  i'lHi  Mux  llinrnin'lily  ii-rHiil  III  lllll  Aiiiliii'  mill  'link 

iiiirali' I,  It    IH    niiliiriil    lliat   11   hlmiii.;  iiiiil    iiili  I  inh    Imii'iiai^ix,   iiiiil   iimmikIi  il    I  )r    linnijill  in  lill 

luv'iil  lii'l.v  nf   llriH^ali  I  liri'iliiiiis.  Iii'l..np>tnr  In  lirnl  Iran'-liitmn  nf  lln    llilrli' inln  TiiiKihli       lln 

II  ii'i'  |iriini<  liy  iialiirn  In  rili'Mniix  lliiiii|.!li!  iiml  |iri'|>iiri''l  mnl  |iiilili'<lii'il   li  \l  Imiki   in   |>liilnHn- 

ii'lil.;inii'i    /llll,    hIiiiiiIiI    IiiiM'    ^■,riiiin    il|i    in    I 'al  pliv    a-ilrnnnlny,  uml  llirnln|>\         IIk    \|'<iIiiI    llin 

■  iillii.         Tim  inllin  iii'K  nf  tin'  nalivn  I'litixinin  I'liiliil  Sliil<"<   in    I><I7,    riliiriiini;    In   Sum    in 


iillllliunill    nf    llll'    nii'lrn|inli  I    liaxliiili.   axHai        iHl'l 


isi.i;.  ri'l 


iiinini' 


liltiii:V    nn'lrii|inlilan    in    11  >  ili.iriK'ti'r 


M. 


Hi'   r iii'il   llix  ill 


I'll 


|i  |i    III    |Hi,|  In 


lii-ri  nf   lliH  •'ninniMiiilv  Iiiivk  lii'i'ii   liiiinil  III  all 


Willi 


.111 


III'    niiiilii    lux    linal  \  ihil    III 


r.iiikx  111    lifii     atiiniii'  till'   liiuyitx,    iiii-ri'lninl-.,       tin-  I  niliil  .Stnli'.  in    ini|imri'il    Iniillli    111    Ih'i' 


xriliTH,  I'llilnrH,  Hi'linliirx.  mill  iiriiiiliiri  nf  lln' 


lliia.l.lr. 


Ill  till'  1 11  iii'ral  A'.'iriiililv  nil  till'  null 


r  iiinlry.      'I'lny  liavnrHliilili'iln  il  mnl  I'mnlni'li'il       ji.  I  nf  mi',  nniix  u  iin  i^'n  at    imwir 
mill   iiliililv    II   ni'MH|Mi|.ir  iinnliil   in   I'.ni'lixli,      i<\|.ri'Hm'i|     lln'     lin|ii'    llml    Im    i.ln 


n 

lllll 


inii) 


:l>  Ik 


iliinli'.j   i'x|ii>i'ially    1-1   llll'    I I'l 

rliiinli  nf    Iti'lii^al    iiii'l    nf    linlia.    iiinl    III    iniiiiy        I  llli,   |n7 


iitl     I'll 
till-  lialivo        .\liiiiiil   l.i'liiiiinli.   111'   illi'il    in   liiilliiln,    llll  1  inliir 

ll   llin  1'  rliililii  ll    M  I  rn 


MX  liiivii  I'ti'rii'il  an  inlliniii'ii  nii  lln-  ili'vi'l'.|i.      miiIi  Imn.      I>iirini;  Ihh  IiihI  ninnniitH  Im  hiinl  in 


iiii'iil  nf  ('liri'ilimilly  iilinli  liax  l.i'iii  unli'ly  fill 
Till'  n  niaika)i|i<  innvinn  nl  nf  iiliiriili'il  iiall\i 


\llililr 


I 


mil  •'iiiiiili|.;,  I  mil  rninilii;,   "  mnl  linn 


llimi'dil     klniun    lix    llin 


Itlalil 


III   ii|ii-iiiliiiii    liy   lllll   fiininiix    Itmii    Mnliiiii    lliil. 


nil  Sniiiai.       M't       i|iin'ltly.  i'lilnn  i| 


'.ih:Ii»Ii, 
kli 


mil    Wi'mv,    virv    Minry  ;  i'ninn 
iii'kli   " 


|ir    I 'iilliniiii'x   inlliii'iii'i'   in    Svriii    mm   M'IV 


iili'l   rnilinili'il    111    lalir  y    arH   liy  tin*  "lill  limrn       I'fi'al  iiinnli^  nil  iIiimnix        Nnl  niily  I  Ih' Ann  rirnll 


I'liii'iiiH   Ki'hIiiiv   I  liiiiiiliii  Sill    Iiiih  i  VI  r  I'i'iilri'il 


iiiiHiiniiiirii  "   lllll  I'.iikIihIi  mnl  lii'rinmi  rrHnliiilH, 


III  I'.ili'iilla        lllll    mi   ni'i'niiiil   nf    llnx   niHuli       aint  iialivix  nf  ulialrvi'r   rrlu:inn,  ri-M  riil   liini, 


it  III 


li*   Hilll^iIlt    I'lMIIMlnr 


iSti'  lliniliiiHin 


mill    fri'i|iii'iilly    ri'Mirlii 


liiin    fnr 


I'l. 


lliixnli'H  till' i'lliiriiliniial  inxlttiiliniixHii|i|iiirti'il       Willi)- III  inlli  I'l'  111'    uiiH   II   Ki'i|ilii-  iitnl  mi  n|i 
III   till'  niiH'.iniiH  III    I  ali'illlii,    llii'ii'   iiri'    iin    h  ix       |ii»<i  r.  Iml    llin   liiayirM   nf   a   ^nilly  tin  lliil,   M  lin 


llll  11  I  I'livirnnii'iil  rnlli'i'i 


iil'i'i  all   nrl    n.'Iiih.I,       liinl  rmix 


I  mil 


Imn   In  1  'liri'.l.  mnl    In  llii'  ini'i 


nil'  llral   Nl'llnnlh,    I'll 


In  nil  llii'ri'  Mi-ri-,  ilnriiiu 


Hiniinrv  'Aiiik  III  IiIh  l.irlli,  fnllnMi.l  liim,  nn.i  iti 


IMNI,   ',>'.l|  NrlinnU  nf   llll  urmlin,   u  lUi    n    Inlnl  nl         Mill     lin    <AnH    i-niiviirliiil. 


Willi 


i<     i'lil^ll^ril    IIH 


ti'liiliilii'ii  ti(  'iitfiJi.     (If  tlii!iiii    I  lU   wnrii  Imij-ii*      Inlnr  III  <m)II«i(()',"  mi}>i  oiii',  "  Ih' miih  linluil  fnr 


ylJ 


! 


iii 


i 


11 


I 


) 


OALHOUN,   S.  H. 


980 


CANADA  OONO    MISS.  SOC). 


tlic  |ii'i'iiliiir  Hiiii|>lic'it,v  ami  imlor  nt  h\n  jiiut.v, 
iihcl  Icir  lliii  nii'iil  iriMiii'iiri'  wlui'li  in  IIiih  rfs|n)cl 
111' I'Mrlicl  1(11  ilii'  NiiiilrritH."  "  lliH  ili'li^lil  III 
till'  SiTi|i|iiri's,"  sii\s  iiiiiitliir,  "WHS  cxci'ii 
tiiiiml,  iiikI  IiIh  roiiiiirks  on  tlic  tnillis  llii<ri-iti 
ri' VI  nil '.I  WITH  iini-oiiiniDiily  huuhisIiviuiikI  hIiiii 
iilutiii;^;." 

4'lllU'lll,  II  t'it.v  of  Hoiitli  Miiliiliiir.  Miiiiru'i, 
Imlii,  It  Hi'ii|Mirl  tiiun  mi  tin'  linliiiii  (iciiin. 
Cliiiiiili',  tiiiii|ii>riiti'.  rii|iiil.iii<>n,  lii.iHMi.  Hill- 
(Ills,  .Mnsloiim,  I'lir^is,  l''irlti^;iicHi',  !>>  ih-Ii. 
I.illi^ilii|{(',  MiiliiMiliiMi,  'laliill,  llinililsliilii. 
l-'rriK'li,    l',n<^lisli,    I'll'.        Iti'lii^iiiii,    lliiiiliiisiii, 

IhIiIIIIISIII.      Ilnllllllllslll.  Misslllll     Sllltlllll    of     nil 

innliitKij  liiissioii  of  ( 'liiiri'li  of  r,li|4liuiil,  I  hIiiIi 
lishi'il  IHH'J  liy  soiiiii  Clillirli  iif  I'llivllitnil  'ritliill 
('linsiiiiiis  fi'uiii  'riniii'vully  ;  I  iiiiMsjoiinn ,  I 
oill--.latii>ii,  T'i  rliiirrh  iiii'iiilii  is.  I  Nrliiiol,  M) 
Hi'lmliii'rt.  Also  IV  fri'i-  iiilssiuii  I'Hiiililihlii'il  in 
lH|j  mill  now  niiiiiliiriii^  H|'2  tiii'iiilMTH. 

Ilisic   MiHMioimry    S.iru'lv,    M    oriiiiini'il   mis. 
Ni'iiiiirii'H,  I  fi'iimli'  liiisNinnitrv.  1  mitivi'  |>r«iirli 
t'lh,  il.~)  tnu'liuis,  .'i."i."i  rliiiii'li  iiii'iiilii'is. 

(>lllltlll<*H,  or  Iiallllll4'li<i,  li  liriiiii'li  of 
tliK  Mnii^oliiin  niM'  iiiliiiliitini^  u  poi'lion  of 
Asiiilir  liussiii  ami  Cliiiiu.     Si'i'  .Minij^ols. 

<'iiiiliiru4>,  Ik  city  ill  tliiiSiitttiof  Titniiiiill|>i>!4, 
Mi'Mi").  oil  III)' Sun  >limii  ItiviT,  iii'itr  iIh  jiinrlinii 
Willi  till'  l(io<  iriinili'.  I  HI  I  null's  iiortlii'iiHl  nf  Mmi 
tcri'V,  at  till'  lii'iiil  of  Hti'ain  na\  i^iitnili.  I'i>|>il 
liilioii.  ri.iKMi.  Mission  station  of  tli"  .Mitli- 
iiilist  K|iiHi'(i|ml  (!hiirrli  (.Smitlii,  I'.  .S.  A.  ;  I 
iiiiHsiomiry  inutivi'), 

4'|||||Ii«mIIii,  h  kinuilom  of  I'lirlliir  Iinlia, 
liiii|i<r  till'  |>ri>l"i'ti'rali'  of  I'lanri',  mikI  foriiiin^ 
n  iiiirt  of  l-'ri'iirli  Inilo-Cliimi.  Il  Ims  Hoiitlii'iiHt 
of  Siaiii,  aiiil  iiii'liiili'S  |iriiii'i|iiklly  tin-  vallry  ami 
(Ii'lla  of  lliii  < 'aiiilioilia  Itivi'l.  otii'  of  the  most 
fiTtilr  ri'vjions  of  HoiitJii'iisti'iii  Asia.  An-n,  :ij,- 
;t',*0  si|iiiirii  mills.  l'o|iiilation.  l,.Mlii,iiiin  lo 
l.Nll'i. 11(111,  I'liii'lly  Siumi'si'  ami  l.ans,  witli  iilioiit 
.'III.IMMI  Malays  aii'l  IIHI.IMMM  lilni'^i' ii.'iil  Aniiiim. 
iti'H.  Till' rliii'f  tow  IIS  ari' rii'iiii  I'l'iili,  lliii  ('ii|i. 
itiil,  ami  Kaiiijiot,  tli"  only  si'a|iort. 

'i'lii'  I'liily  iiistory  is  olisi'iiri'  Towanl  tin' 
closn  of  till'  Miivi'iiti'i'iitli  I'lTitiiry  It  wiis  ron- 
i|iii'ri''l  liy  till'  .\iiiiaiiiilrs.  ami  tin'  sumIIhtii 
|iortion  si't  apitrt  for  tin'  I'liiiirsi',  who  hail  Itiil 
froMi  tlii'irown  Iioiih'H  for  imliliial  niihons,  ainl 
wiTi'  a  soiiri'ii  of  ilistiirl'iiiiii'  to  llo'  ^ovrrii- 
niriit.  'I'liiH  lii'i'ikiiii'  ( 'oi'hiii.Cliimi.  hi  17^7 
till'  kiii^  of  Coi'liin  I'liina  was  ilillironcil  anil 
u|i|ii'ali'i|  to  Kriktii'i'  for  anl,  Ihroiii^li  l''ri'm'li 
iiiiHsiomirirK  liy  wlimn  lio  liml  ln'i'ii  i;niivi'rli'il 
to  Cliristiaiiity.  Willi  tln'  anl  of  Kriiiiri'  lio 
not  only  I'l'^uini'il  liis  tlimm',  Init  rominiTiiil 
Camlioiiiu  ami  .\nniiiii,  i-oiiiliinint;  all  in  tlm 
•'iiipirii  of  Anmiiii.  Ilr  riii-iii'il  willi  skill, 
fiivori'ij  Clinstiaiiity,  ami  allow nl  tlm  {''ri'iirli 
liiiHsionarii's  many  iirivili'^^i'H.  I'lnli'r  Ms  hih- 
(ii'HSor,  liowi'Vir,  i|iiarrils  iiio-in  witli  Fraiirr, 
wliii  i-a|itiii'i'i|  Coitliin Cliina.  Camlioilia  tlii'ii 
ciiiiiii  iimli'i'  till'  |ioWi  r  of  Siam,  wliirli  was  so 
^allilii^  to  till-  kili^  tliat  III'  Was  williii;;  to  ari'cpt 
aliii'ist  anytliin^  lliat  woiilil  fno  liiiii  from 
Hiiimi'SH  mil'.  'I'liis  t,'avi'  fori'ii;n  inllnrnii'  lui 
ii|iportiinity,  ami  in  |Hi;:t  thn  i-'runrli  I'mtii'- 
torali'  WHS  rrroi^ni/Til 

'I'lii'i-i'  iK  no  rroti'staiit  iiiiHsioiiiiry  work  in 
('amlioilia 

4'linM'r«>ll.  .lllllM'M.  li.  .laiiiiaiy  lilli,  IHIIO, 
at  Littlii  |)iiiiki'lil,  rirlliHliiri',  Siotliinil.  Ap- 
puiutud  \>y  tUu  LdiiiIou  MiHMiouury  Suciuty  to 


Miiilii({iiHi<iir.  Knrnri)  Inuviii^  I'ln^laiiil  ho  Hpnit 
soiiii'  timi'  in  Maiirhi'stiT  in  tlii'  pii'paralioii  of 
ma"liim'ry  lor  tlm  maiiiifarliiro  of  I'olli.ii  in 
.Maila|.;iisriir,  wlili'h  Im  anli'il  in  hiIIiii|4  up  in 
.\iiipiirilii''.  Ho  iiIho  Hi't  up  a  pnntiiH;  pri'SM. 
Ills  si'ivii'i's  wiri'  ronsiili'i'i'il  of  Hiii'li  \aliii.  tit 
till'  ^'ovi'mmi'iit  thai  llii'  missinii  was  loiiliniii'il, 
|HJ',I  ;l.'i,  allhi>iii;h  at  last,  on  a<  rounl  of  llir  iilirl 
ii^iiinsl  t'hrislialiity,  hi'  hit  tin'  ntpllal,  .liiiii' 
Mill,  |h:I,'i,  aii'l  cslalilishril  liinisi'lf  in  Iiii-.iiii'hh 
III  Capi'  Town.  In  |h.">:i,  aii'iimpanyiiiK  .Mr. 
I'.llis  III  till'  roa-^l.  III'  WIIS  itppointi'il  riiliiiiilH. 
.sioii'r  liy  till'  I'liamliiT  of  Commi'rri'  at  .Man- 
I'llins  to  arraiiiV'  u  ilh  thn  Malni^asy  I  ioviTliiui'lil 
fiirlliii  niu'Wal  of  tru'li'.  .Mr.  ('aminin  anlnl 
in  llii  I  ri  I'tioti  of  II  iiH'iiiorial  rhurrli  at 
.Vmliatonakaii^a,  aliil  also  hiiilt  Ihi'  rhililri'li'H 
rhuri'li  at    I'aravohilra.      liis  lili-  in  llii'  liiissioli 

wasoiii'of   I'M linn   iisnfulni'hs  III   survi'yiii^!, 

liiakini^  maps  ami  i'\ploralions,  liiiililitu^  for  tlm 
mission  iiml  for  tlu'  ^'ovi'miiKnt,  lii'siilis  l>i'in){ 
iirlivi'  in  <'liristiaii  work  anions  tin-  people. 
Iliiil  at  Anlanaliarivii,  (  IiIoIh  i  ;1i1.   1h7'"> 

4  iim|»lM'll,  l>ii«l«l  i:ill4>ll,  I',  miir 
Miriersl'iiru,  I'li.,  .liiin'  7lli,  l«J'i  ;  urailiiali'il 
at  .Miirshall  t'olle^i',  .Mireiirslnirt;,  IKir.  ;  thn 
valeilii'loriiin  of  Ills  cluss,  WnKteril  'I'lieolo^n'iil 
Snmiiiary,  .Vllei^lieiiy,  I'a.,  IHI'.I;  onhiiiieil 
'liini',  JH.'iii  ;  saili'il  .Viii^'iisl  Hih  Hikiiii'  yrar  »h  ii 
niissioiiary  of  the  rri'sli\  leriiin  lloanl  of  I'lirei^^il 
.MiHsioiiH  for  lni!ia.  He  Niiirireil  miirh  troiii 
tJDi  I'ommeni'i'mi'iit  of  his  mishimiary  life  from 
hroiii'liitiK,  which  jiri'Viiiiteil  him  from  eiiua^'inn 
III  pulilir  preai'hiii^'.  ami  Im  ilevoliil  liimsi'lf  to 
teai-hiiiv;.  At  till'  hteiikini;  mil  of  tin  miiliiiy, 
he  with  his  wife  ami  two  ehililren,  Mr.  ami 
.Mrs.  I''ri'i'iuaii,  .Mr.  ami  Mrs.  .lohnsoii.  .Mr.  ami 
Mis  .MeMiillin,  siitinhtsiilety  tiy  lr\iiiK  to  reaeli 
Mlalialiail,  a  liritiNli  station  'J.'ilt  miles  lielow  on 
the  (laiiKi's,  lull  Were  all  maile  prisoiii  I'M  ami 
put  III  ileatli  al  Cawiipore  hy  oriler  of  tll«  relicl 
rliief,   NanaSahll.,  .Iiilie  liltli,  \Hr,T, 

4'lllll|»lllltH,  a  eity  of  l!rii/il,  in  the  sli^'ur 
(,'rowinn  ilistiiit,  ."ill  mills  iioith  of  S:iii  I'aiilo. 
ropillatioli,  li.  Kill.  Mission  Htallon  of  Hie  I'reH 
li;  tiriiin  rhuri'h  (South);  I  missionaries  (It 
iiiarrii'il).  'J  fi-male  iiiissionaries.  '2  hi'IiooIh,  127 
s'liolars 

4'llMI|»«»*t,  or  Mini  Mal«ll«l«»r,  H  town  near 
till' southi  list  enlist  of  llni/il,  li'l  miles  leTtli- 
«ast  of  lilo  lie  .laiieiro.  Mission  station  I'reM- 
liyleriaii  ('hunh  iNortln  ;  I  miNsionury,  1  nativo 
paslor,  '.il   I'liiirc.liniemliers. 

4'itllll,  a  Htatioii  of  the  llermansliuri^'  Mis- 
siomuy  Soeii  ly  in  'rransviml,  Soulh  .\trini, 
w  iili  ri:i  I'liiiieh-niemliers. 

4'iiiiiiilii  4'oiitfr4-UHtU>niil  ITIUviiiii.- 
Iir>  M«H'I«'(J.  Seenlary,  lli\.  .lolin  \\ "oil, 
(  Mlawa,  I  aliaila. 

rp  111  the  year  iHlllitliefew  fieliln  eliilielii'M 
of  the  I  'iiiiKr<'k;iitional  onler  in  <  'amnla  slniu'r^leil 
on  u  ithoiit  an.v  itsHisliimi' from  aliroinl  with  tlio 
exeeptioii  of  w  lial  little  help  the.\  ol'taineil  III 
eoiijunetioii  With  their  (  Ameriean !  rreMlivteriiiii 
iiiel  ItaptiHt  lii'i'tlireii  thi<>ii;^li  tlm  Caiiailik 
I'.ilueation  ami  Iloiim  Missionary  Soeiet.v, 
oruani/.eil    in    Montreal    in   IH'J7.        rntoreseeii 

ililVlellltles,  however,  Hooll  ilevilopeil  tlll'IIl. 
Helves  in  the  allempt  to  work  aloii).;  Hiese  iiii- 
ili'iiominatioiial  Iiiixh,  ami  eompelleil  Con^'ri'Kik- 
tionaliHts  to  look  for  assiNlanee  rroni  other  i|iiar- 
ters  ;  yot  the  ehiireliea  in  liaiiville,  Katiili, 
(Irikiiliy,  ikiiil  iilliiir  placiiH  in  tlie  uikHteru  tiiwu- 


CANADA  CONG.  MISS.  SOO.  2:11 

mIu|>m  i>wii  llii'ir  r\i>(lriii'«  liirvvly  t"  lli<i  <ITiirl>4 
(if  tliiit  hiici.  tv.  Ill  |h:ii'>,  liiiwi'vcr,  tin-  llntiHli 
cliiiirlicH,  HtiiiMiliiti'il  l>y  IIm'  iiijrit  i'i'|ir<'Hi^iilii 
liciim  lit  till'  Id'V.  I)i's.  Iti'i'il  mill  .Miitlii'Hiiii  (wlm 
liii'l  visiti'il  lliii  I'liiti'il  Sliiti'H  Mini  I  iilmilu  lwi< 
ji'iirs  iiri'Vi'iiislvi,  iiinl  of  llii'  Iti'V.  (iirtiTwiiril 
]>r.  1 1 1.  II  ry  Willi  IS,  111!  II  III  IMiiilnirnli,  nrLjiiiii/.iil 
till' I  liniiiiil  ,MI>4siiiiiiir,v  Soi'ii'tv,  III  riiiiiK'i'lKiii 
Willi  IliM  < 'I'li^ri'^iilKiiml  I'liiiiii  III  r.ii);li>ii<l  iukI 
Wall  1  ;  mill  Mr.  Wilki-x  i-iiiiik  to  t'ltiiiwlii  iiihI 
Hi'tlli-'l  III  .MmiiIi'i'iiI.  til  urt  IIS  tlirir  in;<'iil  "H'l 
riiri'"<|niiiili'iil,  II  |i'isilliiii  wjiii'li  In'  tillnl  fur 
(iMT  lil'lv  yi'iir'4  til  tliii  i;ri-itt  ai|viiiilii|.;i'  nf  nil 
("III 'iTiii'il.     .\s  tlii'y  Kiiirit'il  Ntriii^lli  iiinl  imli' 

Iiiii  I'lii'i',  till'  iliiirrlii'S  i>i'.',iiiii/i"l  f'lr  Hilf 
i'l|i.  mill  foriiii'il  two  liiiiiH'  iiiisMiiiiiiiry  sih'hIh'h 
(i[  It  ihstiiii'l.ivi'ly  ili'iiiiiiiiiiiilioniil  ilmriM'tir, 
mil' fir  till!  |ilmitiii<;  aii'l  iishisIiiii^  nf  Cnii^rr 
^'iitiMiiiil  I'liiii'i'lii's  ill  l'|i|ii'r  Cmiiiilii.  ill  I'Olt, 
mill  iiii'illii'r  fur  Hiiinl.ir  |iiir|iiiKi'H  in  Iiuucr 
Cum  III.  Il  WHS  NiHiii  fiiiiiiil,  liov  I'ViT,  tliiit 
({ri'iit  iiii'iiiivi'iiii'ti''!-  iifli'M  ui'iisii  friiiii  tlini'  hh 
Cli'tii'S,  Willi  |inirlirillly  fll'l  Hllllin  iilijr.'ts  ill 
vii'H' oin'riil  111'^  III  Hill  Hmnii  tiiM,  mnl  in  Ih.VI 
till' ('■iiiuri'^i'itiiiiml  I'liiniis  (if  rpipir  mill  l.nwir 
C.UM'lii  w'i'rii  iiii'r|.;i<>l  iiitu  tin'  pn  siiit  I  nimi  of 
(iiiliiriii  mnl  Ijiu  liir,  mnl  llii<  Cmunlii  I 'mi^ri'^^ii 
ti  iiiiil  Missniimry  Siiiiii'ly  whs  fninnil  liy  llm 
filslitil  nf  lliii  twn  Hiii;i(ilini<  pri'vimiily  i'XIhIIii^;, 
tliii  ( 'iil'iiiiiil  Missiiitiury  Si-'iily  of  l.iiinloii 
ciir.liiilly  it|i|iriiviii^,  mnl  ii>iii'('iii)^  In  (•(t.<i|ii'riili' 
Villi  Its  riiiiiiiiilti'i'.  At  lirst  111!  ^rmits  tn  mis. 
Niniis  u'l  ri'  iiiitiln  liy  llm  I'miiiilimi  ('otiiiiiilti'r, 
Hiiliji'i'l  to  u|i|iriiviil  l>y  till'  ( 'oiiiiiiJIti'K  HI  l.iiii' 
linn  :  lint  tills  |ilmi  wus  f.iiiinl  ti  iiivnlvn  sinli 
(li'liiys  iiinl  iiinirtiiinty  on  tlm  juirt  nf  tln< 
cliiirrlii's  mnl  tln-ir  (iikHtiirs  tliiit  it  whs  tiiiiilly 
iiliaiiiliiiii'il,  mnl  Ik  I'M'il  Kiiiii  pir  miiiiini  votid 
liy  till'  I'Iiik'UhIi  I 'niiiiiiltti'i',  inrnnllln^  us  Hit' 
W'irk  i-nniiiirinli'il  itsill  Intln'in,  mnl  tlii'ir  fiiinls 
(illiKvi'il.  (..iliir  sliU  tins  |ilmi  whs  iilso  hIhiii- 
ilnn.'il,  mnl  llm  |iri'siiiil  Hrrmi^'i'iiii'iil  sulislitiitcil, 
wliii'li  Is  In  mill  It  ri'riiiiii  iiiT'i'litiiu'i'  tn  all 
iiiniii'ys  riiisiiil  liy  tlm  Cmiinlimi  I'liiirclii'S  fnr 
hmni'  iiiissiniimy  wnrk. 
Till'  iivi-r.n,'''  i'S|ii'inlitiiiM  of  tlm  Kocjcty  fur 

ImiMi'  III issloiM  fill  till'  |iHst  t  wnily  ycurs  liiis  ) li 

iiti'',7  l>^,  mnl  Willi  HI  siiiiill  an  iiiiniiint  availiililn 
f:ir  liniim  nilssioii.iry  wnrlt,  mnl  so  iniiiiy  invil- 
ill',;  I'nlil'.  Hrniiinl  llii'iii  >t  is  -^'iirci'ly  riiir|irisiiit; 
tliiil  lint  littli-  W.I'  iloni'  fnr  moihij  yi'iirs  for 
fnri'ii^ii  iiiinsioiis  "  r.i",'iiiiiiii)4  lit  .IiTiisalt'iii" 
WHS  tlm  |iHrt  of  tlm  )^'ri  at  I'niiili.lsMon  Imst 
iiinli  Tsloo'l.  mnl  tlnni^^lit  to  lic  most  iirivnlly 
prcssiin.^  ii|ioii  til"  iliiirrlii'M.  A  niimlur  of  tlm 
.slrnii'^'i-r  mnl  of  tlnisii  Inrati'il  iii'iiri  rt  tn  tlm 
.ViinTli'itn  linnlir  mi  I  IihvIii'^  iiinst  InliTi-niirKi' 
Willi  till-  I'liiMilns  of  llm  N.w  l',n',;liilii|  StHtts 
ciiiilriliiiti'il  miniially  to  tlm  l.oinjon  MisNimiiiry 
Sormty  or  to  tlm  Viin'rirmi  llimil,  w  Imsii  hci'Ic 
tari'S  or  invnts  ori'iislniially  apiiiarril  nt  llm 
iiniliin^s  of  tlm  ('oiiu'n'K'Htninal  I'liinn,  nr 
|iii'Hi'li('i|  liy  invititlion  in  Mniitri'iil.  Iiilcrist 
wiiK  iilsii  iiiiicli  cxi'itiil  in  tln>  fnri  it^ii  work  liy  a 
vi'it.  in  1H7II,  of  It'v.  Dr.  Mullins,  {■'orrinn 
h-iiri'tiiry  of  tlm  linmloti  Missionary  Socii'ty  ; 
ninl  H'^jHin  in  Ih7I  wli.'ii  tlm  first  fori'l^ii  mis 
Hinimrii'H,  l!"v  Clmrli's  Itroolis  mnl  wifn,  wi  nt 
(lilt,  iiinl"r  Mm  miH|iii'i's  of  tlm  Anii'ricmi  jioaril, 
to  r.in,(m;liini|il.'  Iliil  it  wiis  not  iinlil  \HH\ 
tliHt  tliH  I'l  liiiis  nf  til"  liiiillmii  wnrM  ii|ion  tlm 
('Hiiailimi  rliiiri'liis  wnm  snt'li'ii'iitlv  filt  to  liinl 
In  tin- orL;ii(ii/.Htinn  nf  aCHnaillaii  t'nr 'ii^ii  ,Mis- 
Hiiiniiry  Soi'iiity.  'I'liis  Korii'ty.  wliiln  larKi'ly  in. 
(lebtuil  to  llio  Aini'riciiii  Jlniinl  fnr  ailviiMi  m  ru- 


CANADA  CONO.  MISS.  SOO. 

^ar■l  to  tin'  rlinirii  of  its  tinlil,  iiinl  Working 
iiimiily  lliioii^li  Its  rliaiiiii'ls,  is  vrt  I'litirilN  in 
i|i'|ii'liili  I  t  ot  llm  olilir  siii'icty,  liolillli^  lis  all 
liiial  limi'linu  at  llm  hiiiih'  lllim  ami  jiIhi'i'  as  thii 
('nli^'ni^atioiial  I  nioti  of  lititmin  mnl  l/iii'liii-, 
mnl  III  111^  wliolly  siiliji  rt  In  tlm  roiilinlof  its 
nun  linaril  of  ilirii'torH.  I'nr  tlm  lir.sl  llirrn 
ynars  it  i'oiitril>iilr<l  tliroii^li  tlm  A  K.  I'.  I'.  .M. 
tiiwHi'l  tlm  hii|i|Mirt  of  till'  Cmiiiilimi  fori  i^ii 
liils-.iniiitrii's  iilninly  III  tlm   liilil      \i/..,   Ki-v.   ('. 

II.    I'll ks  ami    wifr,    in    ('nnstiinliiin|ili',    tlm 

Ki'V.  tti'iiri^n  .Ml. 'hill,  in  .lu|>iin.  mnl  Miss 
Mik'hIIiiiii,  in  Smyrna,  lint  in  l^^il  .Mr  W  'I. 
I  'iirrm,  it  (^rnliiHln  of  tlmCoiiv^ri'i^Htinmil  Colli'^o 
of  t'HiiailH,  liavim;a|i|ili<'il  In  it  lor  a|>|>oiiitm<'iit 

tn  forl<l^^n  Hi'rviri',  Im  WHS  II I  it  I'll,  ami  iissi(.;m  i|, 

uinliT  inlvirii  nf  tlm  ViiK'rirmi  lioanl,  tn  a  low 
iiiisNiiiii  stHlinii  in  li.iiliiinlii,  in  Wrst  I'liilrHl 
\frini,  uliiili  was  Iniirrtoilli  to  lif  n  i'iij;lii/t"il 
as  till'  ('Hiiinlimi  .Mission.  .Mr.  Ciirrm  liavin|{ 
lii'i'ii  iliily  onlaiiii'il  mill  m  t  it|iart  In  liis  work, 
mnl  iiiiirrii'il  to  .Miss  I 'laia  Wilkrs,  of  llraiitfoi  .1, 
Out  .  Mtllt'il  witli  Ills  liriili'  for  Afririt  in  .liiim, 
|HM.,  Iiiit  liinl  M'Hiri'ly  rritrlii  il  llm  Hialloli  to 
wliii'li  Im  tiiiil  lii'i  iiii|i|iointi  i|  III  fori'  slm  snki  imil 
anil  ilii'il,  A  nil  iiioriHl  of  Inr  Ims  hiiiri'  liii  li 
nri'i'tril  in  tlm  lonii  of  a  mission  hiIiooI  Iioiisi>, 
know  II  IIS  llm  "Clara  Wilkes  (iiriii'  .Silmol/' 
forwlinli  till'  im''i'K>,ary  fiimls  wrrn  rnlli  rtiil 
l>y  till'  I  miinlimi  Wommi'H  lloiiiil.  .Mr Ciiriin 
lilts  ri'i'i'titly  ('omiiii'imi'il  it  Inv  kIhIIoii  iil  Cliis. 
miiliit  Willi  cMilliiit  |iros|iirls,  mnl  .Mr.  W  il 
linrforri'  l.i'o,  alintlirr  iiliimniis  if  lln'  haiim  inl 
|i'f{i' as  Mr,  Ciirrm,  lias  I'lin  onlHiinil   mnl  m  nt 

(lilt  to  assist    liim   llHH'.l)       Tlm   r ipls   of  llm 

socii'ty  for  tlm  year  Inkii  ',io,  iiii'linlin^  a  Iml- 
Hiii'i'  from  llii'  pri'VioiiH  yciir.  wcrr  iJ'J.II"! .  (•'«. 
r.x|ii  inlitiiri',  ijl.'.i'.l-J  nC. 

Till     CaNUH  ('oM.lll-.llAlloNM.  Wi.MAs's   lloAlill 

or  Ml— .loss  WHsiir),'mii/('il  .liiiir  lotli,  Ihni;,  m  Um 
IniilHi' of  till'   pitHt'ir  (if   tlm   rliilii'li    in   iiiIhwh, 

I  Int.,  w  Inri'. /"•'!■ /'Mii'.v  (111  |ily  intrirstiil  in  mis- 

sinllH       limiill'il       lllrlllHl'lvrs      tn^i'tllir       ill       tlm 

riirimst  mnl  iiniyirfiil   rrsol>i'  to  ilo  wliiil  tlo'V 
roiilil   In  fiirtlnr  tlm  nli|i'rt   limy  liiiil    sii  liillili 
at  liiart.      .\   constiliition  was  in|o|itr'l.  llmMC- 
oinl  artnlii  (if   wliirli    ilii'lans   its   olijirt  In  lio 
"  tlm  riiltiMiti'iii  of  It  misniomiry  Hpiril,  ami  tlm 
raiKiiu;    of    fiiinls  for   rmrviii^   nil    iiiissinniirY 
Work   ill    tlm  limim   ami    fori'i);n    HiIiIh.'        Its 
lii'Kinnin|.;s  witm  snnill,  Imt  in   ri'spoH'^i'  to  nr- 
I'liliirs  'ii'iit  out   liy  llm  pri'siilriit,   Mr-*    Manil 
Inm,  ri'ipii'stiii_'   tlm   rliiiri'lns   |o  fill 'II  iiiiMlla 
rms.  Kiiviriil    i\istiiii;  smii  liis  sint   in  llnii  inl 
lii'sion,  mnl  a  nninlirrof  iiiiMlimiis  ami  ml^>.ion 
linnils  wrri'  iir);mii/i'il.     Tlm  liiiin  nti  il  iliiilli  of 
Mrs.  Ciirrii'   j,'rially  i|iiiikriiril    llm  Kriicriil   in 
t 'P  si   in   llm    mishinn    In    wliirli    slm  liinl  ^ivili 

II  r  lifn,  ami  imarly  mm  llioiismnl  ilollms  wcrn 
proiiiplly  ronlriliiili'il  for  llm  rr.'clioii  of  llm 
Ki'liiKil  In  Inr  iiniiiory  lirforn  rrfrrn  il  In. 
.Miiiost  iivory  rliiirrli  lias  iinw  its  iin\ilimy  or 
iiiisslon  li.inl,  iiiH'iy  of  tlmiii  liiivin^'  Imlli,  ami 
tlm  Itmoiim  for  tlm  yriir  .just  closi  i|  lias  Im  n 
^•J,  JIti.  It  liiis  f  r  Hivi  ml  yi'iirs  Hiipjinrliil  .Mish 
l/ymmi  (liiln  cf  Montreal i  in  llomliay,  Imlia, 
mnl  liiiH  now  iinilirtiikiii  llm  Niipi.orl  of  Miss 
Clarkii  ilittii  lit   (tinlpli,  (Hit  ),  now    on  lier  wii.v 

III  \fnrit.  It  lias  al'ii)  voti'il  u  iiioicly  of  its  iii|. 
il'siiviiileil  fiiinis  if'MUi  to  Imnm  inlsHiniiM, 
a;nl  a  similar  hiiiii  to  fnrci^;)!  iiiisHiniiH.  (Seo 
itrlicli'  Wninmrs  Work  ) 

Till'  follnwin){  iiiissionaries  liavc  also  ^'oim 
from  llm  Ciinitilian  cliurclicM  In  tlm  foreign 
IlitM  ill  inlililiou  to  tlidHn  ntriMidy  nnincid  :  .Minh 


¥ 


h  m 


CANADA  CONO.  MISS.  SOO. 


332 


CANTON 


J   > 


Mc'KiIIk'uii.  i>f  ViiiikliM'k  Hill,  Onl,  ii  trainoil 
iiiirsc,  liiliiiriii^  ill  llii<  lii<H|iitul,  I't-Uiii,  ('liinii  ; 
Miss  lijiitic  'I'uriitir  mid  .Mr.  (ii'orni'  Diilf,  of 
lljiiiiiltiivii,  <iiit.,  in  coiiiuM'tiiiii  witli  tlioCliiiiu 
Inluihl  Missmn  ;  l{,.v.  Ililtnii  rc.ll.y,  ll.A., 
liliil  wifr,  frniii  t'ol),iiir>^,  Out.;  Miss  Miiry  Itinl 
fiinl  !•{  Mi'iili'i'iil,  to  the  Kolii  (iirls'  Si'liciol, 
.lii|iiiii  :  l>r.  WiiliHtcr  (recently  dcri  iisidi  hikI 
Mrs,  WrIisliT,  from  Ui'stiTU  Olilnrio,  to  Itiii. 
liili'lu,  WiHl  Cfiitrjil  Afri'Mi  ;  ami  tlm  Ui'V.  !•'. 
AV.  Miiciilliiiu,  It  A.,  mill  wife,  ami  l>r  Maty 
Mai'alliiiu,  of  Miixvillr,  Out  ,  lirolh.  r  ami  hisfir 
of  Miss  Mai'iiUniii  <if  Smyrna,  in  'I'lirki'y,  nrc 
tliulir  coiMiiiisHion  fur  fon  i|.;n  Kcrvicr,  tin- 
fDriucr  liiiii);  ii]i|)iiintr<1  to  Kr/roiini,  in  KaHtirn 
TiirUfy. 

<'iiiiimIii  «Ic  4*«»llirx,  atonnof  till' Ar^cn 
tiiir  K«'|iiililic,  S.Mith  AiiH'rira,  mar  omi  of  tin 
Vest  liraiii'lics  of  thii  Kio  ilti  la  I'lata.  uortliuitHt 
of  IliiniDK  A)  r.s,  Hiutlicast  of  ('orilolia.  Mission 
Htation  (if  tiic  South  Amorii-an  MisMiounry  So- 
cicly,  alti'iulcil  liy  t'itUcr  tbf  Uomirio  or  Cor- 
dolia  cliaplaili. 

<'iiiiai'4'«t',  orHiiniiilii  Vrrxion.    Tli« 

Ciiuari'sn,  whirli  is  K|iokc'n  liy  aliout  '.t,."i(Ml.(KMI 
))«*n|il(>  Ihroiif^lioiit  till'  iiroviiircs  of  Mysoro  and 
Oiinara,  and  as  far  north  as  Mic  Kislna  ICivcr, 
l)uh>n(<stotlii'  l>ravidiaii  family  of  the  lion  Aryan 
liin^'iianim.  'I'lici  lirst  CanarfKc  New  Tislanii-nt 
was  imlilislH'd  at  Itillarv,  Madras,  in  l^'Jl.  and 
the  (lid  'I'islairii  lit,  tiH  tralislattd  liy  tln'  Iti'Vs. 
llands  and  K.-rVf.  at  Ma  Iran  in  1^:12.  A  flmr- 
oiinlily  revised  edition  ot  the  ISihli',  the  work  of 
(iiirijiaii  and  Kn^lisb  misHioiiaries  ((!.  II. 
Wei^-.l  ami  Moei^linn,  of  the  (ierman  niissimi  , 
I).  Sanderson,  of  the  Weslevan  ;  <'.  Caiiiiiliell 
and  H.  liii'e.  of  the  London  Missioin.  vaspiili 
lishe.l  at  Maii^aloni  in  liliil  l>y  the  Kritisli  and 
l-'oreiyn  Millie  Soc-i  -ty,  which  up  (o  March  Itlst, 
I"<><'.|,  disposed  of  ;is."),riiiii  pnrtioiis  of  the  Si'rip- 
lures  in  parts  or  as  a  whole,  liisides  of  \i,:'iUtt 
portions  of  the  Si'riplures  in  Cmaresn  wiih 
English. 

(Sjivciiiua  virae.     John  U  :  10.) 

(J«d35  B53-i?,  i/o^i3^^  *»ii^  i^tb  dna 

CnildiiWll,  rino  of  the  Tonpa  Islandu, 
Polynesia  Mission  Htation  of  the  Wesleyan 
Missionary  Society,  under  the  care  of  several 
native  pastors. 

4'llllllllll«iri'  ilillllllllllliri.  a  military 
stalioii  in  .Malahar,  Maiira  <,  lielia,  oil  milis 
north- northwest  of  Calicut.  liemarkalile  f(ir 
the  niiiidier  of  its  mosi|ue,.i,  '2  ot  whiidi  are  ot 
i-peeial  fame.  I'opiilation,  2ii.;lMl.  Hindus, 
Miish'tiis,  I  hrislijiiis.  .Mission  station  of  the 
Hash'  Missionary  .Society  :  1  missionaries,  :■ 
niissi.inanes  v,  ives.  :iil  native  helpers,  11.")  com. 
niunicants. 

4'iiii4iJ,  oi  4'aiiiyii4'iilila  1  «-r«>i<»ii.     The 

Canoj  liiTonu;s  t^i  tin'  liidu-  Iiraiich  of  the  .\ryan 
family  of  laiigiin|.;cs,  alul  is  spoken  in  the  Ihiah 
of  the  (iiiiif^es  and  .tiimua.  .\  version  of  the 
\ew  'resfanient  in  the  Canoj  or,  as  it  is  now 
written,  Kanauyi  or  Knnyaku'uji,  was  imhlished 
nt  Sernnipore  in  iN'J'i,  hut  never  reprinted. 


4'llllloil,  tlio  rnpital  fif  Kwann  TiiiiK' I'rov. 
ince,  I'hina,  on  the  north  hank  of  the  I'earl  or 
Canton  river,  '.ni  miles  from  the  Nca,  The 
Chinese  name  for  the  city  is  K»ang  chaii-fu  ; 
the  foreign  name  is  hU]iposed  to  he  acomipliou 
of  Kwan)<  'I'un^!  as  pronounced  hy  the  early  Tor- 
til^^uese  visitors.  It  is  also  calleil  YellliK  ^^heli^, 
the  "City  ot  ICanis,"  hy  the  (  hiliese,  in  refer- 
ein'e  to  u  le^^end  connected  \n  it h  i(s  fnundilii.^ 
'I'lie  city  proper  is  cpiadrilatclal  in  Khape,  tho 
side  nest  to  tin' river  hein^;  a  little  h  ss  than  two 
miles  III  hnnth.  It  is  siirroundrd  hy  a  wall  of 
an  aveia^^e  heiu'ht  of  twi  nty  live  feet,  and  from 
tUleen  to  twenty  feel  tlmk.  in  li  ^;ooil  htate  of 
preservation,  hiiilt  of  lirick  with  stone  I'oiinda- 
tion.  It  is  a  universal  custom  in  Chinese  citiuH 
that  the  carilinal  ]ioints  of  tho  compass  ileter. 
mine  the  location  of  the  f.oir  ]<rincipal  gates, 
la  Canton  these  are  found  to  he  utterly  insiif- 
tlcielit  for  the  needs  of  tralVic,  and  there  are 
eight  other  gates,  some  of  them  as  large  and 
important  in  fact,  though  not  in  name.  Tho 
city  is  diviiled  into  two  (inrts,  the  old  and  tho 
new.  In  the  old  city  iiro  tho  Tartar  garrison, 
their  jiarade  grouiiils,  tho  resiliences  and 
grounds  of  the  (iovermir Oeneraland  ( ioveriior  ; 
tho  exaniinatioii  hall,  with  its  rows  of  low  celU 
for  tho  competing  students,  and  iiiuny  tino 
temples  and  pagodas.  Around  the<ity  iiroper 
are  the  suhurhs,  where  the  husiliess  of  the  fity 
is  carried  on,  especially  on  the  west  side,  whicli 
is  noted  for  its  iiianuhictures.  its  biiKimss,  and 
its  womh  rfiil  stoiis.  Along  the  river  front 
junks  and  Imafs  of  every  description  and  him 
tind  vharfag'i  and  landing  places,  and  the 
vast  carrying  trade  of  the  west  and  north  rivers 
is  condiictt'd.  Tho  streets  are  narrow  and 
closed  li.v  gatis,  which  are  shut  at  nil  «arly 
hour  in  the  evening.  Over  the  gateway  is  in- 
scrdied  the  name  of  the  street,  such  as  "  Street 
of  Iteiievolence  and  Virtue,"  '■  Street  of  lour 
.M'liiorial  .\rches,"  "  Sidt  Shiimp  Market." 
Tile  slures  ale  Usually  low  Iniildiiigs  of  a  story 
in  fruit  and  two  In  hind,  the  vhole  front  of 
the  store  lieiiig  throw  n  open  to  the  street.  Tlu) 
only  liigli  hiiildings,  w  ith  the  exception  of  puh- 
lie  liuildings,  are  the  tine  eating  houses  and 
the  pawn  shojis,  which  servo  also  as  sale- 
deposit  vault-i.  The  streets  are  Well  Jiaved 
with  i.lahs  of  granite,  heiieath  which  is  n 
sewer.  .\-;all  the  night  soil  is  removed  from  tho 
city  to  he  used  on  the  lields,  this  di  thielit 
drainage  does  not  cause  epideiuies.  In  (.ompar- 
ison  v.itli  other  cities  of  thu  Kast,  Canton  in 
clean.  The  houses  are  hiiilt  <if  lirick  <if  a  slato 
color,  and  the  ground  lloor  is  of  tiles  laid  right 
upon  the  ground.  The  watersupply  of  the  city 
is  |iiior.  It  is  derived  either  from  the  river  or 
the  canals  which  pass  through  the  city,  or  from 
wills,  whose  (low  is  alVi  cted  hy  the  tide,  which 
filters  through  the  sandy  soil.  I'lire  sjiring 
water  can  he  ohtained  from  the  hills  to  tho 
north  of  the  city.  The  natives  never  drink  water 
unhoiled,  and  this  custom  has  doiihtless  pre- 
served tho  health  of  the  |ienplo.  The  prin<'ipal 
hiiildings  in  tlin  city  proper  are  :  the  Flowery 
I'agoda,  of  thirteen  stories  ;  tho  I'ive  Story  I'a- 
goda,  on  the  north  v^all  ;  thu  Mohammedan 
mosipie,  erected  in  A.n.  H(l(l  ;  and  the  teniplr  of 
the  tutelary  goil  o(  the  city,  called  also  fho 
Temple  of  Horrors,  for  here  the  ten  lulls  of 
Ihlddhism  are  represented  with  hideous 
realism.  Tii  the  wi'sterii  suhurhs  is  theTeiupln 
of  Five  Hundred  (iods,  containing  the  images 
of  the  discii>lug  of  linddhn,  eight  feet  high, 


1 


CANTON 

tuikilo  of  wiioil  niid  honvily  kIIiIimI.     In  rnnnoc 
tinii   iMtli  thi>  ti'iii|il(i   iH  11  iiiiiiiaHti'ry.     Ni>t  fur 
from  till'  wiiIIm  of  ihc  I'ltv  in  (lii'  tomli   ot   it  hd 
t'lillcil  iiiii'Ui  of  .Miilioiiict,  witli  Ik  .MolmiiiiiiMilaii 
liiirv  iii^^iiiuiiil  and  iiliirn  of  \>i>rslii|i.     t  )|i|iosJti' 

tile  city  IH  till)  ixlllllil  of  lloliulll,  for  II  loU^  tillli' 

tliii  reMiiluiii'ti  of  fori'ii.'iiirM,  win  ii  |ii'riiiiMNii>ii 
to  livtj  oil  tliK  north  hlior>'  \vii-<  (liiiicil  tli<^iii. 

'I'llU    )io|)Ullltioll    IH  I'stllll'ltlll  lit    l..'ilHI,lll)l),  i(s 

iliHtiiii'tivi'  fi'iitiiro  Ih'iii^  till)  lur^i'  iii|iiutio  v\v. 
lii"lil.  It  is  Hiilil  Unit  llirrn  urn  :lilO,IHHI  |i(m)|i1ii 
wliii  livu  ill  li.iiiiH,  run  ly  Kiniiiliii^  u  ni^lit  on 
Hliiini.  TliK  rivir  liunk  iiinl  tlu!  vurintis  runuls 
uri<  liiii'il  witli  li,)uts  of  I  viTy  vuiii'ly  iiinl  »i/r, 
froiii  tliii  litllii  nkilf  to  tliu  lurt.'ii  oriiuiiii  iitu' 
liotiil  liiiut.  'riii'-.o  liimts  fiiriii^ti  to  i\  nrrut 
c*\ti-nt  till'  nii'un'4  of  I'.iiiiiiiiiiiiruiioii,  'I'licrn 
aru  no  liorHrs  iisi'il  f<ir  tliut  |iiir|ioKi'.  iioriiri'  tlm 
atri'i't-i  w  iili'i'iiiiiiK'li  t  I  |i>  rniil.  tlio  ii-^f  ot  tlu'  curt 
ofN'iili  t'liirui.  TliK  H<  iluii  I'liiiir  Ih  tlic  only 
iiii'uiiH  of  I'oiivuyuncK nil  luiiil,  mill  iIh-  fucilitii  s 
ollcri'il  liy  till)  liouts  arc  lui^cly  ulili/rd  l>y  tlin 
iiiissioiiuiii'.-i,  ■vhosi)  rcMiiliru'iH,  willi  few  f\ci-|i- 
Hulls,  uii'  on  tho  rJMr  from.  ()|>|iohiti'  tint 
wi'itcrn  siiliiirliM,  ami  Nc|>uruti'd  from  tluin  Iiy  a 
oiiiiul.  IS  a  forclt;n  hcIIIi  iin  nl  on  ^roiiml  iiiiiiln 
over  a  smull  isluml  liy  Mirroiiinlint^  ii  with  a 
rctuiniii^  uull.  und  tilliii)^  intln^  Kpucit  indoMil. 
Sliuiiiiiin,  us  It  IS  called,  is  un  isliiinl  of  oval 
Hha|ii',  •J,M."iO  fiM't  ill  li'n^;lli  and  '.•■■|(l  at  its  nicut- 
cst  liri'udth,  laid  out  in  line  slri  i  Is  with  over- 
hiiiuiiiH  tri'i'H,  liordcrcd  l>y  liiaiititiil  lawns,  and 
c  ivcri'd  w  it  Ii  I  hi-  line  ri'sidciu'cs  of  tlic  I",nro|ir,iii 
ini-nlhiiitH,  the  foreigners  in  the  i  iii|iloy  of  the 
t'liiiii'si'  Customs  Service,  and  the  coIisiiIh  of  thn 
viirious  nations.  I''u;'in'^  llm  .Macao  I'lisMc^'e, 
the  s  mtlicust  lirec/.es  lihiw  full  iijioii  it,  and  tliti 
liro.el  walk  on  the  tn|i  of  the  relainiiiK'  wall, 
called  the  itiiinl,  is  a  |>leasunt  und  hcultlifnl 
lir.iii.i'iiude.  'I'liii ^rucefiil  spire  of  all  l',|iis(i  |ia' 
church  lowers  iiiikui).!  the  tlavjstalTs  of  the  dilTer- 
I'lit  nations,  and  for  its  si/..'  Sliamieii  is  one  of 
till!  most  lii'iiiitlful  I°.uro|ieun  settleuieiits  in  thn 
Kust. 

Thu  ))fln|ili>  of  Cunton  ure  tho  most  liii^lily 
civili/eil  of  liny  in  t'hina,  and  the  liixiiiy  of  tli'n 
city  is  |iroVcrliial.  'I'hn  shrewdness  an  I  aliilily 
of  the  ('aiiloiii'se  as  nierchanls  has  iirocitred  for 
them  the  nickname  of  tlie  V.mkees  of  China,  and 
Clinton  iiieii,  or  men  from  the  Canton  |iriivincii, 
(•oiii|io-,i,  nearly  the  eiitirn  niimlier  of  the 
iiiimiu'iMnts  to  the  various  jiarls  of  the  world 
where  the  Cliinesi!  are  found.  Food  is  aliiin- 
dani  and  cheap  ;  the  prorliiclsof  the  sea,  of  fresh 
Wall  r.  and  of  the  iilluviid  )daius  which  surround 
it  are  found  h"ri<  in  the  {.'leatest  profusion. 
The  climate  is  more  temperale  than  Ihiit  of  any 
other  city  ill  a  like  latitude.  'I'he  heat  in  sum. 
iiier  averai^es  alpiuit  H"i",  and  the  iiiiiiimum  in 
winter  is  usually  l^"-'.  Ice  rarely  forms,  and 
Hiiow  is  almost  never  seen.  April,  .May,  and 
•luiii  are  the  rainy  season  ;  (ID  inches  is  the  an- 
nual rainfiill,  of  which  ;I0  inches  fell  in  thu 
iiiontli  of  .luiie,  in  iSK.'i.  .iiily,  Aiiniisl,  and  Sep- 
tundier  are  thu  months  for  the  southwest  nioii. 
Nonns,  which,  with  fieipieiit  thunder  showers, 
mitigate  the  licat.  I)iiriiiv!  the  fall  and  w  iiitir 
the  northern  monsoon  Mows,  and  clear  days 
ure  continuous. 

Canton,  iiccordint;  to  native  annuls,  lias  ex- 
Isteil  four  thousand  years,  and  traces  of  its  ex- 
istence have  lieen  found  I'liW)  n.c.  Its  first  in- 
tercourse with  toreij^ners  was  in  the  sixteentli 
century  with  the  Portut'iiese.  and  since  then  the 
hititury  of  Cimtoa  liuu  bcuu  tlio  LUlury  uf  Cliiua, 


Jim  CANTON   OOLIi. 

ns  most  of  the  |irincipal  vvents  in  niodi'rn 
Chinese  history  occurred  at,  or  were  roniiecteil 
Willi,  this  city. 

.MisKion  work  is  curried  on  hy  the  Southern 
|!upli.'<t  ColiVkiilioii  iC.S.  .V.I,  'J  iiiisHioiiiirics 
and  wives,  i  other  ladies,  Ul  native  helpers. 
I  clnirclies,  o.'iO  church  memln  rs  ;  I'rcsliyleriiiii 
l!oard  (North),  I'.  S.  .\.,  I'l  missionaries  il  mar- 
iiedi,  :i  medical  missioiiarii  s  and  wives,  tiotliir 
ladies,  1  lay  assinlaiil,  .1  liativu  |iaslors,  !.'> 
assixlants,  '10  te.icher.i,  H  ehuiclies,  oT'.l  elnirch- 
meiiiliers  ;  London  .Missionary  Society.  1  mis- 
sionary, o  native  preachers,  I'Jii  church  mem- 
lieis  ;  Church  .Missionary  Society  (the  work 
is  in  the  province  rather  than  the  citv  i.  111) 
cliurch-liiemliers  ;  WeslcMili  .Methodist  Society, 
loll  chiircli  iiieiidicrs  ;  Jlcrlin  .MisNionary  Ho- 
ciety,   'J  misHioiiuries,  'Js  communicunts.     It  is 

the  scut  also  of  tiie  ('himse  College,  presided 
over  liy  l)r.  Ilapperof  the  i'resliytenali  .Mission. 

<'iilil«>ii  4'«»ll<M|iiiiil,  ir  l*iiiill  \vr- 
olon.  I  he  tir-'l  par)  i  f  the  Scripluns  which 
was  translated  into  the  Canton  dialed  was  the 
(t.ispil  of  I. like,  liy  .Ml.  I.oiiis,  of  the  lEIicliish 
.Missionary  Society,  and  printid  iit  Jloii|^  Kon^ 
in  iHi;".  Olher  parts  <;f  the  New  'leslameiit, 
prepared  liy  Messrs.  .\.  Krolc/vk  and  J.  Naken, 
of  the  (lernian  Mission,  and  (i.  I'iercy  and  0. 
I'.  I'resliiii,  of  the  .Vim  riciili  Mission,  were  pub- 
lished in  In'.').  In  the  same  year  the  Itook  of 
( ieiicsis,  translated  hy  Ml.  rnrcy,  was  alsoiiuli- 
llslied,  while  the  translation  of  the  Itook  of 
I'sulnis,  liy  the  Itev.  .\  I!.  Iliitchinson.  of  the 
('hurcli  Missioniiry  Soeiety,  was  issued  in  IsTti. 
.Ml  these  parts  were  in  Itomatlcharaeters.  \  new 
edition  of  the  I'salms.  edited  liy  I >r.  (iraves,  waa 
piililished  in  I'*'':!.  'Ihere  exists  also  a  New 
'restameiit  in  Chinese  chaniclrrs,  and  of  this  the 
four  (iohi  Is  Were  npulilished  in  a  revised  form 
under  the  cari  of  the  Canton  l.oial  Coiiiniitteo 
ill  IHHIl,  while  the  Ads  Well'  added  ill  lss7  In 
1nK."i  the  llrilish  and  rorci^jii  Ihlile  Society  also 
piililished  the  (iospel  ot  1, like  for  the  lililiil  in 
Koman  charudcr.  The  version  was  iire|iiire(l 
liy  the  liev.  I'.,  llartiiiiinn,  of  the  I'oiiiidliiij;  lloH- 
pital,  lloii^i  Koni;.  I'lirls  of  the  liilile  were  also 
piililished  liy  tlie  .\iiiiricun  liilde  Societ,v  nt 
.Shaiiuhili  —  vi/.,  the  four  (iospcis  and  .Vets,  iiM 
iruiisluted  tiy  Itevs.  (i.  I'iercy  and  C.  !■'.  Pres- 
ton, ls7'j-T:i  ;  the  i;plstles  in  l"<si'i  ;  (icn- 
isis,  translated  Iiy  Mr.  Noxes,  in  IKn"  ;  I-'.xodiis, 
Leviticus,  and  lleuleronoiiiy  in  lUNM  ;  u  di^^lutt 
c  lition  of  the  (iospel  of  I.iike  in  Knuliali  unci 
I'antoii  colloijuial  in  issc. 

{Siitriinrn  lerxtH,     John  3  :  1(1.) 


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m. 

OAXfTON   OOIX. 


884 


OARBY,   W. 


Roman, 
AV  Itnuh  /an^  hu'  to'  ho'  lo'  tau*  to'  iu',  tui 
khu'  wo-  ■  o'  pa,  no'  lak^  t$ui'   thin,.kuk^  a* 
jM^  ni'. — {Luk«  XV.  18.) 

('ll|l(>  CoilHt.  >^  town  nn>1  fort  n(  tlio  (loM 

roiWt,    West    Afn.'ll.        l'n|Mlllltil.|l.     llPIIIMI.         I  111' 

town  is  rrmiliirly  Imilt    in  ii   well   uucmIciI   l.iil 

IKMirly   u'jitrir.l   ilittrii't,   juhI   Iius  h  iIiiiii|i,    iim 
ic'iiltiiy  I'liniittiv    MisHiiih  Mlaliciii  of  llm  WcnIi'viiii 
M'tlio'li'-ts  ;    I  iiiinHliiiiiirirN,  2   Ni'liiHiU,  H  ti'iirh- 
trs,  l:l.i  •<.'li  il.ir-i,  l,0tl7  i-liiiri'li  lUfiuliorH. 

€'ii|t<*  !1l«»ilill,  II  Htiitidii  ii(  thii  .Viiii-riiNiii 
I'mtiisiiini  K|iim'ci|ml  riiiiri'li  in  I.iluirin,  Wi'hI 
Afrii-ii  ils77)  ;  I  niin'«j..imiy  iiuil  wiU;  •S\  I'lmi- 
niiiiiii'iiiil-t.  \'i'l  hi'lmliux. 

4'a|»o   I'liliiiiii,  It  <'iiy  of  Kilicriii,  Afri>-:i. 

MiMHidll      Ktlltlliti      (if      till'        I'i'otl'slllllt       l',|liMI'll|lill 

ciiMi'i'li.  I'.  S.  A.  !l.is  Mil  i>r|iliiiii  usxiiiiii  mill 
li'>M|iJtiil.  'riii'iii  iirt'  I  |iliic'rs  «lii'it>  |iiililii'  W(ir- 
Hliip  is  liiOil,  V  itii  all  itv>'tii(<i'  iitli'lKliiiicr  •>(  \H7,, 
Till'  niliMliiT  of  (■oiiimillllriilitH  is  I'.is.  il  h  nlsn 
tliii  Iii'ii<l<|ii'trti'n4  f>'r  tliii  ilistriot. 

<'ii|iroii.   M'lllliiiii    Iliiiiflold.  I<.    I  \- 

bl-il^i',  Muss,  \|inl  loth.  I-^'JI  ;  t^rii.iimtiil  iil 
ViiJK  Ciillr^ii,  1n|)!  ;  was  l'i'iii>'i|>iil  of  llo|>kiiis 
(iraiiiiiiiir  .Srliool  fur  hIx  yiars  in  ll.iiifonl. 
rc'si.liiiK  ill  till'  fiiiiiily  of  l>r.  Haw,  s.  In  ls."i2 
lit'  saw  till'  trai't  liy  l>i-.  Si'iiil.lir,  "  Tin'  llarvist 
I'lTisliiii!,'  fur  Want  of  I,aliiiriTs,"  wliirli  ili  i  ply 
iiiipri'Hsi'il  liiiii,  iiliil  111'  llirli  iiiaili'  a  full  coll' 
M'i'i-iili.in  of  liiiiisi'lf  tn  tliH  iiiissi  iiiury  wmk 
Willi  tliiH  |>iii|>iisi'  111'  tiiliT'il  Aiiilovcr  Tlirolun. 
iral  Si'liiiliary,  ^ra  liliitlli:^  in  |H'~>''>,  itlnl  wasap 
lioiiiliil  liy  tl'i.' A  II  CI'.  M,  tollii'  Mailiira  Mi^. 
siiin.  liiilla,  mill  Hailiil  N'mviiuIh'I',  In.'.i;.  ||i> 
lliuli  lialt^i'of  till'  MailiiiaC  ill-Is'  lloarillii^,'  Scliih.l 
four  voiirs,  mill  of  tin'  statmn  at 'ririipiivaiiiiiii 
two  yi'ais.  AftiT  si\t('cn  vrars  of  lif,.  in  linlia 
III)  visjti'il  Aiiici'icii.  Iiiit  in  ■laniiary,  iH't.  Im  was 
iiuain  in  liis  Imlia  lioiiii'.  In  May  hi'  ha. I  an  at- 
tack of  rlii'iiiiiiitisiii.  'I'liii  last  Saliluith  ill  .Srp. 
ti'liilicr  Has  Hpt'lil  in  oiii'of  tlm  vil|jt)^'i<s,  when'  ha 
rcci'ivt'il  thrill)  yniin;{  mm  to  thr  I'hiirch.  Ili' 
foitinUhc  joiiriicy  vt-iyw,  aris  iini'.liiit  ciintiniuiil 
pcrforiiiin^  his  usual  iliitii's  till,  in  Oi'tnlicr, 
palpitation  of  thii  luart  caiuo  on,  whicli  iii'vcr 
lift  liiiii,  anil  I'liilay.  OctolitT  Citli,  iiflrr  a  Jih'as. 
lint  conviTsaiioii  with  |)r.  c'lnstcr,  ho  hail  lliri'c 
HUri'i'ssivi'  fainting  turns,  aii'l  linn  passiil  iiway 
(juii'lly  upon  his  pilloH-  as  it  iish'cp.  An  asso- 
Cliitn  of  .Mr.  ('apron  thus  \\  rilrs  :  "  WliatliK  was 
to  the  mission  it  is  not  easy  to  imikt'  others  iin- 
iliTstaiiil.  In  our  iin'riin^s  for  Imsini'ss  his 
thoroii'.^li.t;oini^  iialiits,  his  luvo  of  cxnclncss,  his 
si'archiii'^  iiivcslinalion  of  ivcry  Hiihjicl,  his 
minute  foriM'iistiin;of  all  ih'tails.  his  soiiii<|  jml'^- 
mcnt,  Ins  fair  niimli'ilni'ss,  hisUimliii'i-s  in  ileal- 
iiiU  with  his  lircthreii,  imuhi  thoMt  of  thirty 
years'  slainlint,'  in  the  I'u  hi  value  his  coiiiiHels 
not  less  than  iliil  his  younger  lirethreii." 

<'aniiiiiiiiiii,  or  Kariiiiiiiniii,  formerly 
a  piovinee  of  Western  I'lnkey,  iiirluilin^  the  city 
of  Koiiieli  (Ii'nniiiiii).  Tiie  term  is  nnw  appli,'il 
generally  to  the  whole  Kcctinii,  incliulin^'  the 
cities  of  Koiiieh,  Anu'ora,  Yil/|.;at,  iiiiil  Casta- 
liioiini,  where  u  iirnminent  element  of  the  popii- 
liilioli  is  of  (Ireek  ilesceiit,  Imt  iisiiin  chioljy  the 
Tiirki<li  lanj^'ini'^'H.  The  name  was  ori^;iiially 
ileriveil  from  a  TnrUisli  Itcy,  who  fiiuiiduil  the 
city  of  jinraiuiin,     Scu  Tnrkoy. 


<'araiiiiiiillja,  the  Tnrki-h  lltn^llll^e  im 
spoken  l>y  the  iiteiks  of  the  interior  ot  Asia 
Minor.     .MiiiiN  of  tin  se,  niuh  r  ihe  l..ire  ot  'lurk 

isli  rule,  lost  the  Use  of  their  o»n  hili^llai'c, 
ii'loptin^  that  of  their  t'onipnrors,  Kctallllll^', 
hoAiver.  the  tireek  lu  Ihiir  church  mtmci  s, 
mill  siiiiiewhal  in  their  M'hools,  Ihiy  ln'came  ill 
Ihe  liiihit  of  \\rltili|4  the  'I'lirkiKh  with  the  1 1  reek 
character.  'Ihe  clliet  was  to  proilme  a  hpnkeii 
lali^na^'e  which  was  in  some  sense  a  /Hilms,  miil 
vhich  leccivcil  Ihi'  mime  Curamaliliia  from  the 
hi'ctioii  of  c.iiinlry  w  In  re  it  w.i-.  larm  l.t  use, I. 
A  Version  of  Ihe  lilMe  has  hecli  plepareil  ami 
priliteil  liy  the  llrilish  ainl  I'lrii^n  liihlcSo- 
<'iety,  lilnl  is  oflrli  hpoki  tl  of  U"  the  tilaco 
'I'lirkish  Version  I'.i., 'I'liikish  »  rillcii  in  (iruvk 
letters. 

Willi  Ihe  extension  of  eililcatioli,  Ihe  (ireeks 
lire  ciimiti'^  to  use  liiori'  ainl  more  their  own 
lali^iia^e,  ami  tile  (liHiippt'iiralice  ol  the  (aia- 
iiiaiiliia  is  only  u  iiiU'stioii  of  time.  See  Tiiik- 
i^li  Virsioiis. 


till' (lospi  I.  In  I  (SI)  he  lacame  piistnr  ot  llui 
Itaplisl  cliiirch  at  .Moulioii,  hiwinn  previously 
jireacheil  lit  I'aiilcrspiiiy,  his  early  home,  ainl 
at  Karlnii.  Ilis  income  In  In^'  ton  small  lor  the 
HUpporl  iif  hu  family,  lie  kept  hihnnl  hy  (lay, 
iiiiele  nr  eiililih'il  hlioi  s  hy  lii'^ht,  ami  prcaeheil 
on  Sun, lay.  At  .M  itilton  Im  v»as  ileiplv  im- 
.....„^...i     ..';>i,     ii...    ;.i....    ..t    ,^^: '.    ti... 


ni-\t-iiii    1.1,-1  .-n  111     |'it|M  1      iiiin,,  II    i<i- 

„ _ iisilf,  Oil  which  hi!  hail  ilniwii  wiili 

a  pell  every  known  country,  with  memormnla  i  f 


iplireil  II  ^'oiiil  amount  of   ^'elleral  useful  klloHl 
ei|',;i'.     lint   his   heart  was  chiilly  si  t  on  ii  mis 
sioii    to    the    heathen,     rroni    liis  ■   ■■  '  ' 
lirelhreii   he  receiviil  no  Hympall 


ministeriMl 
W  lull  at 


ar^;e  the  place  of  tliy  telil"  ( Isa.  .M  :  "J,  ill,  lay 
inn  ilowii  these  two  )iroposition«,  "  Kxpect 
^reat  things  from  (iml  mnl  iitlempt  nri  at 
things  for  (loil."  The  diseoiirsi)  iiroiluceil  n 
({rent  iiiipressioii.  mill  tl 
the  Hpecial 


OARBY,  W. 


835 


Mclri'ir  1  for  it><  llr-l  miHoton,  nnil  lie  w,n  t\\>. 
iioiiiti'l  »iili  N(r.  .Iiiliii  riiiiiiiiiN,  It  siir^cnii,  Willi 
liiil  ri'iiilxl  ill  ll)iiii{al.  iiii'l  ItKoii  ('ii^ii^i'il  III  II. 1'. 
hiiiii  work.      Tlir.v  i'!iili.irkiMl  on  mi  Ij1y4l1-.I1  \■^■^ 

Hil.  Iillt  oil  ili'iMlllil  ol  till'  iili|i'fl|ii|ls  liiailii 
11^'. unit  iiiiixiolMriiM  l>>  till'  I'.'iit  Ih'lia  ('oiiijiiiiiy, 
till.  I'oiiiiiiiuiili'r  III  til"  mIii|i  wiih  liirliiililrii  ti 
tiiU  •  tluiiu,  mill  tli'.v  ri'liiriii'il  to  laiul.  .VftiT 
u  iiliii|{  Ik  fi'W  wi'i'ks  llii'V  Hiiili'il  ill  11  Itmiixli 
vi'HHi'l  iiimiul  frmi  »' iim-iiIihhi  11  ti>  Si'imii|iori', 
Mill  ri'iii-li'il  ('.ili'Miiii  N  .vi'iiiliiT  llili.  IT'.il 
I[iiviii({  siiili'il  ill  u  fiii'ni'.,'!!  vi'ssi  I,  oli'iiii  il  at  11 
tortii^ii  |i<>rt,  III!  taii.li'.l  iiiiolist.rvi'.l.  lU'lifNlii^ 
It  to  lit*  tlui  iliity  iif  11  iiiiHHii'iiary.  iil'tt  r  ii-rriv 
\\\^  siiiiio  lii'l|i  lit  llrst,  to  HM|>|uiit  liiiuM'll',  Mr 
('.ir<>y  so'iii  iiftrr  r>'ai'liiii}4  Iinliii  ri'liiii|iiiili<'  I 
liiH  Hillary,  uiul  In-  mul  liis  f.iinily  Virn  iiilm  nl 
to  HiirioiiH  HtriilH.  I.i'avlii}{  Cati'titla,  ho  walki'il 
titlril,  iiiiloH  ill  tliii  Hilli  i)a-..sliiL;  llivi'ii^li  salt 
rivi-rs  mill  a  lar){0  laki'.  li  tlii>  Siiii'li  vlniinN,  i\ 
"  triii't  s.Miitily  i>.i|iiiliitiil,  mill  iiiitiiriniis  for 
|ii'HtiIi'iii' )  mill  Willi  III  .i.<t%,"  iiili'iiiliii^  til  farm 
tlic  laiiil  an  I  itislni.'t  tlu'  |ii'ii|ili'.  Hi  rr  In'  was 
f' mini  by  Mr.  IMiu'y,  ut  tlm  «'i>iii|iiiii\  s  m  rxiri-, 
It  jiioiiH  until  mil  a  trli'inl  of  iiii-^sioiis,  aim 
ollrriil  liiiii  til. I  :oiiii.riiiti.inli'iiii.  of  liis  in.lji;  1 
f.i't  iry.  VhIii-  «■  ml  I  n.it  only  liavr  a  i'iiiii|ii.|riit 
i«i|i|iiirt  for  liiH  family  aii.l  tiiiii'  l.ir  Ntinly.  Imt 
ilN  1  a  ri'Hllliir  roiij^rr.;  ilimi  of  liallMs  I'lUiInrli'.l 

wllli   tlio   (iti'l'iry.    111'   111 |>li'il  llio   otfrr.      Tin' 

fili'l  iry  WHS  at  M'lilliitliatly,  in  tlio  ilistllrl  ot 
M  il  lit,  mil  llii-i  liii'iiiiiK  llio  iiiissioii  Ntatioii. 
Miiriii.;  tlm  liv.i  yi-ais  Ini  s|ii'iit  lioro  In'  tiiiiii- 
liiti'il  tliii  Ni".v  Ti '.tamriit  info  llnmali,  lirl.l 
(l.illv  ri'll^ioiH  siTvii'i'S  witli  llio  tlioiismnl  work 
liii'ii  in  tiiii  fart  iry.  itincritti'ij  nunlitrly  lliroimli 
til'!  iliilrirt,  twi'iity  mill'.!  sijiiari',  iiinl  runlmn- 
ili^  JilO  villa'^i'i.  ili-.  lir-t  r.iiivi'rt  wa>  l^-iiatiUH 
Ki'iiiiin.li'/.  iif  IVirlii-iui'sj'  ili'M'i'iii.  Il.'liiiiltii 
I'liiii'i'li  in  I"'.'",  jii-'ai'lii  il  an  I  laliorcil  m  itliiiH 
Nimiary  t.i  liit  ili>  itli  in  l^i'i,  !  ■n\  ln>;  all  Iii.h  |iro|i. 
I'Vty  ti  tliii  misxiiiii.  Ill  IV.'.i  tliii  fill  toiy  Mas 
I'liisi'il  in  i-niiHriini'iii'ii  of  mi  iiiiiinliition.  W'liiti' 
jH'r|ili'\i'il  Its  to  what  In'  slioiilil  iTi,  .Mr.  ('any 
lii'aril  tliiit  four  iiiissioniirii'S  liu  I  iirnvt'il  at 
Si'riim|Mirr,  mnl  that  tlio  I'anisli  t^ovi'riior  liiul 
|irii|iiisi'il  that  tlii.y  osl  ililisli  u  luisslun  then', 
lir.imisin^;  his  priitii'lioii,  'I'lii-y  urj^nl  him 
to  li'iiVH  M  ililii.  Mo  iissi'iiti'il,  Hinl  I'l'iiiovi'il 
til  .SiTiimpiiri'.  Ill  I"*"!  tlm  lli'li^'.ali  Iriinsla 
tini  iif  til"  Nrw  Tista'iiriil  was  jirinti  il  liy 
Mr.  \V  ir.l,  inula  r  i|iy  |iri'Sinti'il  In  tlm  .\Iari|iiis 

of     Wl'lll'sll'V,      till'  tlMiTH'r  (il  III  l.ll.        Willi     i\- 

pri'ssi'il  his  ){ri'iit  ^ratilinttioii  at  this  ri'siill 
of  missionary  work  .\li  ml  this  tini"  I'ort 
William  ('olli"^'i'  was  I'stalilislii  i|  at  Cali'iltla, 
itli'l  -Mr.  Cmi'y  was  ii|i|iiiiiiliil  liy  tlm  .Marquis 
I'r  ifi'ssor  of  Siiiskril.  Itiii^ali,  mnl  Miiratlii 
This  |iiisitiiiii  hi'  lirhl  f  >r  thirty  yriirs,  ami 
laiiliht  lliisii  lany,'iiitj;i's.  lln  wroto  iirtii'li'S  on 
tliH  natural  history  mnl  I'otaliy  of  Imlia  for 
till'  Vsiiiti.'  S  ii'ii'ty,  til  v.hii'h  ho  was  i  lirliil  in 
iNl'i.  Tlm  joililii'iiti.iii  of  tlm  riitirt)  Ihlilo  in 
Il'ii;{ii1i  in  livi!  voliiiiiis  was  i"im|ilili.l  in  INd'.i. 
Tli.tt  whii'li  ^^.\Vl•  Carry  his  faiiio  was  tlio  trans- 
lalimi  of  tlm  lllhli'  in  whole  or  in  |iitrt  into 
tivi'iity  fiiiir  lii'lian  I  iii^iiit.;i'M  or  ilialoi'ls.  Tho 
S"r.iiii|i  ii'i'  pri'ss.  itiilrr  his  ilin-.'tioii,  ri'inhrril 
thr  Mililo  iii'rissilili'  t'l  niori' tliiin  lliri'i.  hiiiulri'il 
iiiilliiiiis  of  hiimiin  ln-inns.  Hi'  iiri'|iari'il  also 
mini  ■nms  philolouii'iil  works,  consist  inj,' of  y,'rani 
iiiHr<  mill  ilii'tionarii's  in  tlin  Sitnskrit,  Mariithi. 
lli'ii'.;ali,  I'unialii  itml  ToliiMii  iHali'rls.  (lis 
.Sitnskrit  <li('tioiiitry  was  dostroyt'il  I'V  tiro  in  tlm 
jirintiiiij   t'stiililishnnnt.     Ho   cuiitrilmti'd   aUo 


CAROLINE   ISLANDS 

Ni'Vpnil  |m|)frs  nn  Kritiniiiar  itinl  lOitxt  Iniliaii 
nialti'ts  t'l  till'  .Inn, mil  III'  I  III  1.1...//11/./1.1 .1/  Sii-iilif 
III  l.oiiiloii.  t  any  hiiil  (oryiars soiikIiI  tliroil^li 
l.oril  Willi'sloy  till'  aliolition  of  tin-  Mllti'o.  Ill 
IM'J'.I  it  iiil-i  ali.ill-.hril,  mill  till'  liroi'iiimalliill  iId- 
rliiritl;^  Il  |iilli|slialih'  in  hiuiiii'iili'  \i  as  Milt  to  l)r. 
I'ltriy  111  I.I'  tiaiiNliiti'il  into  lirii^iili.  Ilm  onltr 
rnii'hi'  I  hiiii  IIS  III'  was  |iri'|iariii;4  fi  r  |iiil>liii 
worshiji  on  Siiinlity.  Thriwin^  otT  his  hlark 
I'oal.  hi'  I'M'lainii'il,  "  If  I  iltliiy  an  hour  ti> 
tralislato  iilnl  jiiiIiIikIi  this,  iiiiiliy  it  mhIom  h  lifn 
may  Im  Kiii'nllriil  "  Ki'siniiinn  hl-i  |iiil|.it  t.> 
iiiiiillnr,  liJ  i'i'iii)ilrli'il  with  his  imiiilit  tlm 
trallshitiotl  liy  Hlllisi't. 

hr.  Caroy's  wmk  was  now  tinisln.l.  Aftir 
fi.rly  yi'itrs  of  toil  ho  (.assi  .1  iiw.iv  nl  tin'  11^.'  of 
■.I'w'nlv  thri'i',  ■Inn.,  '.itli,  \'^^^^.  11..  was  Imrieil 
tlm  m At  iiminiiii;  in  tlm  liii'<>ii'n  liiir,\ili^- 
^;rclllll  I. 

11'  wht  w.is  ri.lii'iihil  mill  HUtiri/iil  l.y  Ihn 
w  Illy  Siilmy  .Smith  in  tlm  hl'mli'ii'ili  Hniup  it 
MILS  111  tlm  "  I'l.iisi'i'rati'.l  I'lililijir"  mill 
"  niiini.ii'"  ari'oni|ili''lii  il  a  Mork  lor  wliirli  hit 
is  In  1. 1  mill  will  III'  fiirrvir  h.  Ill  in  hi^h  honor 
as  thu  tniu  frii'inl  mnl  lu'ni'fiii'tnr  of  luiliii. 

<'ill'«>)*l>Mrull,  It  fity  of  Mi.nrovja,  l,ili<<riii, 

\Vi -.1  I  iia-.t  il  Alrira,  imrlli  of  linliirtsvillii, 
K.iiithiasi  iif  Millslmr^  .Misslnii  Htalinn  of  tho 
I'losliv li'iiiin  (  htirrli  iNortlii  ;  I  loissnuiary.  I'l 
I'liiirrh  I  ii'iiilii'rs  ;  also  it  rirriiil  nf  tlm  .Mi'lhoilist 
l'.|iisi'ii|ial  Cliiiri'li  (Niirtlii  ;  'J  missiunarii's,  H! 
iiiiliv."  Iii||ii  rs,   \'<\i  rhiiri'h-iiii'iiilii  rs. 

4'iii'i*lii*«»«ikt',  It  Htiitioii  of  till'  MoritviittiM 
in  .lamiiii'a.  Wist  linlii'S  ;  formi'rly  an  out. 
stittiiili  nf  I'llliiri'k.  with  It  Ki'hi.nl  altai'l.i'il  ;  WiiH 
inlmittril  as  11  full  I'niiKi'.'U'atioii  in  I>>n.'i,  It 
is  sitiialiil  ill  till'  |ian-h  of  St.  I'.ii/alit'tli  in  a 
siiiiii'uhat  hilly  mill  rallirr  |.li'iismit  ).art  of  tho 
ciiiintry. 

4'arilM*3.  — I.  A  station  of  tlm  Moritvimi 
Ihilliii  II  111  Wisti  rn  .Vhiskii,  in'iir  Fort  .Vlcxiiii- 
ilir.  In  iNsi;  thn  first  iiiissioiiarii's  oiitori'il  tliiri 
Ntation.  mill  as  Kimn  as  jiosi-ilihi  ii|ii'ni  il  11  sriiool, 
mill  thus  ri'achril  tlm  iiiliilt  l'.si|iiimiiu\  thnm^'li 
III  '  im|irrssiiins  imnli' ujion  llii'lr  clnhlrrn.  .Vt 
jUi  si'iit  llii'ri'  mo  in  this  statmn  I  iiiihsionury 
mnl  wife,  I  nnm.irrnil  iimn.  mnl  I  sim^li'  linly. 

2.  A  town  in  .l.imnii'a.  Wist  Inlirs,  (iitiiati'il 
on  n  Kiiiall  mount  tnwanl  tlm  ivlri'mity  of  an 
I'Xii'iisivii  vallny,  whosn  rirh  )iastiiri  (;riitiinln 
asi'i'inl  mill  aro  lust  iimoiii^  tlm  liii^li  ""1'  thickly 
woiilcl  hills  wiiirli  hi. mnl  it  On.'  of  thu 
hirui'st  a:.il  nmst  tloiirishin^'  iiiissioii'i  of  thu 
.Miiravimi-^  in  .lamaicn.  opi'iii'il  in  l**-",  with  11 
xtrniin  ihurrh.  iiinhr  tlm  niro  of  11  marricil  iiiis- 
Niiiiiiiry 

<'lir«>lill«>  IvIiIIMIo,  It  ^roiip  of  islainls  in 
till'  I'aiilir.  Iinrlln  in-t  nf  Now  (iililiia  mnl  West 
of  till'  Marshall  ..inl  (lillmrt  nrou|is.  V  fow  of 
llmm  ililVi  r  from  tlm  ^loat  miijorily  of  tho 
islamls  111  that  tiny  mo  of  liasaltii-  form  .lion, 
wlilii'  the  rist  iiru  coial  roifs.  Kiisuii'  mnl 
rnna|ii'  havo  iiiountiiiiis  two  In  tlirio  thousainl 
fi  I't  hli^h,  mill  Kiik,  I'i'li'iv.  mnl  Yap  aro  also  hiuh 
islainls.  Tlm  cliimiti'  is  iicrpi'tmil  Hiimim  r,  tlio 
tliirnmmrtcT  rmiKiiij^  from  7'J  to '.m  .  t  >n  tho 
<•  mil  islatnU  Ihoriiiof  pmilui'ts  mo  tlm  cornanut 
palm,  ofti'ti  itrnwiiin  to  it  Inii^ht  of  no  fcut,  tho 
liriail  fruit  tri'i',  llm  painlmius  trio  or  sorow 
pliii',  lii'annu  a  laru'i'  Imiii'li  of  juii'v  fruit,  anil 
an  I'llililo  root  oalli'il  taro.  <  'n  tlm  hi^'li  islamls, 
I'spi'dally  Knsiiii'  mnl  ri.na|>i'.  tlmro  is  a  iiiui'li 
larger  raiigo  of  proiliicts,  ini'linling  nioru  thuu  u 


^^m 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/ 


/ 


O 


:/ 


O 


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S"  't^n 


Q- 


P. 


1.0     IriaillM 


I.I 


1.25 


1^  m 

I4£ 


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2.0 

1.8 


U    ill  1.6 


V} 


^ 


/a 


7 


7 


//. 


CAROLINE   ISLANDS 


836 


CATALAN 


.:    ., 


I  i. 


i 


IL 


do/.on  kinils  of  bananna.  Various  troiiiciil  fruits 
aro  iiiti'oilufeil,  and  also  some  ilouiestiu  uiiiuials, 
as  \n,j,>i  Hiiil  cliiclit'iis. 

Tlw  iiilial)itauts  lire  of  the  lirowii  Polynesian 
r.iiie,  liaviu^'  sivaiHlit  Lair.  As  no  census  has 
ever  been  takt'ii,  estimates  ot  the  i):ii)ulation 
vary  (,'reatlv.  I'ouape  has  a  iiopulatinn  of  "),()()(), 
the"  Mortl'ocks  and  ]tuk  about  11,000,  Mokil 
and  I'iiigelai)  about  l,:i^^O,  Ya])  about  8,000  to 
10,000. 

Many  of  tho  islands  have  chiefs,  whose 
authority  is  hereditary.  On  ronajie  there  aro 
several  tril)es,  each  havin^^  an  indeijcudent  king 
or  chieftain,  ]5ut  in  1m8.")  Spain  laid  claim  to 
the  whole  uroup,  ns  (lermany  had  done  to  thj 
Marshall  Islands,  and  in  the  summer  of  IKHii 
took  i)ossession  of  Ponape. 

The  houses  consist  of  closed  attic.4  with 
thatched  roofs  raised  a  few  feet  from  the  groiind. 
Tho  people  were  not  so  well  dressed  as  those 
of  neighboring;  islands.  The,v  were  elaborately 
tattooed,  and  knew  no  )iiarriage  rite,  though  tho 
]>airing  of  men  an  I  women  was  respected. 
They  seemed  to  care  for  their  children,  but  liad 
less  regard  for  ohl  people.  Are  greatly  addicted 
to  war,  and  their  feuds  have  resulted  in  a  great 
decrease  of  the  population. 

Spirits  of  ancestors  and  other  spirits  were 
worshipped,  but  no  idols.  The  peo2)le  were  very 
superstitious,  but  liad  no  conception  of  a  .Sii- 
prome  (rod,  and  no  idea  ot  sacritice.  (^ertain 
places  regarded  as  the  abode  of  spirits  wore  not 
crossed.  Somoislmds  hail  i)riests  who  in  times 
nf  sickness  ami  on  special  occasions  practised 
tlieir  incantations,  pretending  to  converse  with 
tiie  dead. 

^[issitin  work  carried  on  since  IHoi  by  the  A. 
li.  ('.  V.  M  ,  with  stations  at  Jvusaio  and  Ponajie, 
with  the  result  that  in  many  of  the  islands  no 
heathenism  remains.  See  A.  13.  C.  F.  JI., 
.Miv-ronesian  ilissions. 

CsilMt'iial,  a  city  of  Honduras,  Central 
America,  not  far  from  Beli/.e.  Mission  station 
of  tho  Wesleyan  Methodist  ]\[issionary  Society  ; 

1  missionary,  It  chapels,  .!  other  ])i'eaehing 
jilaces,  18  nativo  heli)ers,   O'J  church-members, 

2  schooN,  1:!7  scholars. 

('ai'Mlllllli  Vfrsloil.— Tins  is  not  a  trans- 
lation but  a  transcription  of  the  .\rabic  in 
Syriac  characters,  and  is  intended  chielly  for 
Syrian  f'hristians  in  Mesopotamia,  Aleppo,  and 
other  parts  of  Syria.  .There  are  extant  two  edi- 
tions of  tho  Now  Testament  in  the  Carshun, 
one  with  the  Syriac  in  parallel  columns,  jiub. 
lished  by  tho  College  fif  the  Propaganda,  pub- 
lished at  Kome  in  17011  ;  tho  other  in  the 
Carshun  alone,  j)ublished  by  the  British  and 
Foreign  liibin  Society  at  Paris  in  1827.  under 
tho  editorship  of  Quatrenu'ro  and  Do  Sacy.  Vp 
to  .March  ;ilst,  1880,  tho  latter  society  disposed 
of  4,000  copies  ot  tho  Scriptures.     See  Arabic. 

C'liNliiiiir,  a  native  State  in  India,  lying 
among  the  great  mountains  of  tho  Hinmlaya 
range  norlh  of  tho  Pun,iab.  Tibet  touches  it 
on  tho  east,  and  after  passing  the  great  Kiirako- 
rum  range  on  the  north,  oinj  enters  soon  tho 
territories  of  Kashgar,  wholly  outside  tho  limits 
of  India.  The  country  is  for  the  most  part  an 
elevated  valley,  over  r),000  feet  above  tlio  sea, 
surrounded  by  lofty  mountains.  Total  area, 
nearly  81.000  square  miles,  with  a  population  of 
over  a  million  and  a  half.  The  ruler  is  known 
na  the  Maharaja  of  Kasli-(^ishmir,  and,  like  the 
other  native  rulers)  of  India,  he  is  ia  political 


subordination  to  tho  British  Government.  Tho 
chief  attraction  of  Cashniir  consists  in  its  beau- 
tiful scenery  and  its  agreeabh^  clinuite,  which 
render  it  a  favorite  summer  rcisort  for  wealthy 
Europeans  in  India.  Formerly  Eurojjeans  were 
allowed  to  reside  there  only  during  half  tho 
year,  but  for  tho  past  seventeen  or  eighteen 
years  tho  i)rohibition  of  residence  during  tho 
winter  months  has  been  withdrawn.  Tho  pop- 
ulation consists  of  nearly  a  million  Mobammc- 
dans,  about  half  a  million  Hindus,  20, 000  Buddh- 
ists, and  nearly  00,000  unclassihed.  Missions 
have  been  conducted  there  with  the  utmost 
difficulty  until  within  very  recent  times  on  ac- 
count of  tho  hostility  of  tho  native  government 
(the  Mahaia.ia  is  a  devout  and  intense  Hindu), 
and  also  because  the  regulation  debarring  Kuro- 
]ieans  from  permanent  residence  in  the  valley 
compelled  tho  missionaries  to  break  oil  their 
labors  with  tho  close  of  the  season,  and  leave 
the  country  entirely  for  a  large  part  of  each 
year.  In  1851  and  again  in  18(12  explorations 
and  tours  were  made  through  Cashmir  by  luis- 
sionaries  of  the  C.  M.  S.  stationed  in  the  Pun- 
jab, who  made  an  unsuccessfid  attempt  to  es- 
tablish a  permanent  mission  in  ]8(M.  In  1805 
Dr.  KImslie,  n Scotch  medical  missionary  in  tho 
service  of  that  society,  entered  Cashmir,  and,  in 
sinte  of  all  obstacles,  had  made  a  promising  be- 
ginning, when  his  labors  were  terminated  by 
his  death,  in  18"2.  Tho  society,  however,  has 
been  able  to  carry  the  mission  on  since,  and  it 
has  been  of  great  ben<'tit  to  the  jieople,  esjiecially 
during  tho  famine  of  1880  ami  the  distress  fol- 
lowing the  great  earthiinako  in  1881. 

Cii<>liiiiiri,  or  KiiKliiiiiri  Vorsioii.— Tho 

Cashmiri,  which  belongs  to  the  Indic  branch  of 
the  .\ryan  family  of  languages,  is  spoken  in 
Cashmir.  ,V  translation  of  the  New  Teslament 
into  that  language  was  published  at  Seramporo 
in  1820.  At  tho  same  i)lace  were  also  issued 
the  Pentateuch  and  tho  historical  books  of  tho 
Old  Testament.  But  these  jiarts  of  the  Bible 
were  never  reprinted.  Ilecentl.v,  in  1884,  the 
British  and  Foreign  Biblo  Society  issued  a  new 
truiiKlatinn  of  tho  New  Testament,  made  by  the 
Itev.  T.  K.  Wade,  of  the  Church  Missionary  So- 
cietv,  stationed  at  Amritsar.  To  March  Itlst, 
1880,  the  British  Bible  Society  disposed  of  18,(;o() 
portions  of  the  Scriptures. 

4'atlllllll  Version.— The  Catalan  is  a  dia- 
lect of  the  Spanish,  spoken  in  tho  province  ot 
Catalonia,  and  belongs  to  the  (ira'coLatin 
branch  of  tho  .Vryan  family  of  languages  An 
erlition  of  tho  New  Testament,  consisting  of 
1,000  coiiies,  was  printed  in  I,ondon  in  18:12, 
under  the  care  of  the  late  Mr.  Greenfield,  edi- 
torial superintendent  of  tho  Ihitish  and  Foreign 
liiblo  Society.  The  translation  was  made  bv 
]\[r.  J.  M.  Pratt,  a  nativo  of  (,'atalonia,  under 
the  superintendence  ot  tho  Bcv.  A,  Chea]),  of 
Knaresborongh.  A  Hocond  edition  of  2,000 
<ro])ies  was  jiublished  in  London  in  18;!5,  and  a 
third  edition  of  M.OOO  copies  was  brought  out  in 
Barcelona  in  18:17,  under  the  care  of  Licutrnant 
(traydnn,  the  Biblo  Society's  agent.  A  fourth 
edition  ot  2,000  co]>ies,  under  tho  care  of  Mr. 
Beeves  Palmer  and  Senor  Sain,  was  published 
in  188G. 

(Specimen  verse.    John  3  :  10.) 

Pulx  Deu  ha  amat  de  tal  modo  al  mon,  qu« 
ha  donat  sou  unigenlt  Fill,  ft  fi  do  que  tol 
horn  que  crcu  on  ell  no  peresca,  ans  be  tiugi 
la  vida  eterna. 


iiig 


OATOHI 


237 


CAUCASUS 


Catt'lii,    nr    Kiitolii    VrrNioii.  —  The 

Catclii,  whicli  isailiiilect  nt  tho  SiiicHii,  belongs 
to  tlio  Iiiilic!  bi'imch  of  the  Aryan  funiily  of 
lant,'U!igHS,  and  is  spoken  in  the  provim-e  of 
Katoh,  Western  India.  A  translation  of  the 
Gospel  of  Matthew  was  published  at  Seriinipore 
between  IHlTj-'il.  A  new  translation  of  the 
same  Gospi^l  was  projjared  liy  the  Kcv.  James 
Gray,  a  chaplain  at  Jiombny,  and  published 
there  by  the  Jtritish  and  Foreij^n  Bible  Society 
in  Ih:!,").  As  this  edition  was  issned  in  the  IJal- 
borct  character,  with  wliich  the  people  are  iin- 
nccjuaintcd,  it  was  found  of  little  use,  and  the 
above  ]>ible  Society  determined  to  print  an  edi- 
tion of  the  New  Testament  iu  Gujarati,  parts  of 
which  have  been  published  at  IJnmbay  Hiuce 
ISllj. 

Catlieriiae  !>t<»|>ilia,  a  town  in  Surinam, 
So\ith  America.  About  the  year  lh4',t  the  mis- 
sionaries of  the  Moravian  I'hurch  obtained  per- 
mission to  visit  the  i)lantations  on  the  lower 
Saramacca.  A  work  of  itineracy  was  at  once 
commenced,  and  the  labors  of  the  Brethren  were 
ftreatly  blessed.  The  managers  of  the  Catherine 
Sophia  plantation,  which  at  that  time  belonged 
to  the  government,  were  kindly  disposed  toward 
the  missionary,  and  assisted  him  in  every  way. 
In  IH'),)  the  government  offered  to  hand  over  to 
the  Moravian  Church  authorities  achajiel  and  a 
dwelling  house  for  a  missionary,  which  had  been 
built  of  pitch-jiine  in  Holland,  and  brought  out 
to  Surimim  for  the  use  of  emigrants,  most  of 
whom  had  either  departed  this  life  or  left  the 
place.  The  offer  was  thankfullj'  accepted,  and 
to  the  great  delight  of  the  poor  slaves  the 
chapel  was  consecrated  July  '22d,  IKoo.  The 
congregation  here  consists  of  negroes,  Chinese, 
and  East  India  Coolies. 

CuilCHNllN,  a  province  of  southeastern  Kus- 
sia,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  provinces  of 
southern  Kussia  and  Astrakhan,  on  the  east  by 
the  Caspian,  on  the  south  by  Persia  and  Tur- 
key, on  the  west  by  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea 
of  Azof.  It  is  divided  into  two  sections  by  the 
Caucasus  range  of  mountains,  thi4  on  the  north 
beiiig  called  Northern  or  CisCaucasia,  and  that 
south  Trans  tJaiicasia.  Area,  North  Caucasia, 
8(!,(;r,8  ;  Trans-Gaucasia,  115,71(0  ;  total,  182,457 
S(piare  miles. 

Population  (1887),  Northern  Caucasus,  '2.(>73,- 
GOl  ;  Trans  Caucasia,  4,7H4.r>.".0.  Total,  7.4.')H.. 
151.  'fheso  incluile  a  large  variety  of  races  : 
Russians,  1,U15,(!14  ;  Tartars  (including  Turks, 
Turcomans,  Kalm\icks,  etc),  l,284.5(il  ;  Arme- 
nians, 8():!,(i',(i!  ;  (Jeorgians,  31ll,4'.t'.t  ;  Mingre- 
Hans,  2110, 01)2  ;  Imeritians,  3711,141  :  I'ersians 
and  kindred  tribes,  270,l!l',l  ;  Mountaineers 
(Circassuins),  H'.»5,7il2  :  .lews,  5(l,',i'.i2  ;  Gretks, 
i2,5()2  ;  Germans,   2;t  lil:). 

Northern  Caucasus  is  inhabited  chieHy  by  the 
Russian  Circassians  anil  Tartars,  the  ri'Uiaining 
races  Ixiing  found  in  Trans  ('au<'asia.  The 
Armenians  are  scattered  through  the  whole  of 
Trans-Caucasia,  gathering  chiefly  about  the 
cities  of  Krivan,  TiHis,  Shusha,  Sehemachi,  and 
Baku.  The  Georgians.  Mingrelians,  and  Imeri- 
tians occupy  the  section  between  Titlis  and 
the  Black  Sea,  while  the  Persians  are  found 
along  the  Persian  and  Caspian  borders.  The 
Ktirds,  numbering  about  10,(100,  are  chiefly  in 
the  vicinity  of  Kars. 

Within  the  past  few  years  there  has  been  a 
large  emigration  to  Turkey  of  Circassians  and 
Lazes  (Imeritians),      The  Circassians,  Tartars, 


Mingrelians,  and  Imeritians  are  called  Moham- 
medans, but  very  many  of  the  last  two  classes 
are  really  more  pagan  than  Mahommedan.  The 
Georgians  belong  to  the  Kussian  Greek  Church. 
The  Armenians  claim  the  lead  in  the  Armenian 
Church,  as  th  seat  of  the  Primate  (Catholicos) 
of  the  (iregorian,  or  orthodox  church  is  at 
Etchmiadzin,  near  Erivan. 

The  Russians  of  Trans-Caucasia  are  very 
larg3ly  dissenters  of  various  sects.  Among 
them  perha]>s  the  most  interesting  aie  the 
Molokans.  wiio  are  found  in  large  numbers  in 
Tiflis  and  in  the  villages  along  tlie  great  route* 
of  travel.  They  are  I'rotostant  in  their  wor- 
ship, afliliatiug  especially  with  the  (ieriiiaii 
Lutherans,  though  of  late  years  a  number  havo 
become  Baptists.  (See  Molokans.)  The  differ- 
ent races  do  not  mingle  freely,  and  their  mutual 
jealousies  are  kept  in  trheck  only  by  the  strong 
hand  of  the  Russian  Government.  The  most 
turbulent  element  is  the  Mohammedan,  and  it 
is  with  no  unfriendly  eye  that  Russia  has 
watched  the  transference  to  Turkey  of  a  ]ieople 
that  bid  fair  to  increase  disturbances  that  can 
hardly  fail  to  give  her  additional  pretexts  for 
interference  in  the  Eastern  Question. 

The  official  language  is  Russian,  but  Turkish, 
Armenian,  Georgian,  and  G.^rman  are  extensively 
used.  The  Turkish  is  a  dialect  called  the  Azer- 
bijan,  or  Tartar  Turkish,  and  the  Armenian, 
called  the  .\rarat  Armenian,  is  (piite  different 
from  the  language  used  in  Turkey. 

The  government  of  the  Caucasus  is  in  the 
hands  of  a  governor-general,  usually  a  meiiibfr 
of  the  imperial  family,  resident  at  Titlis,  who 
is  a.ssisted  by  a  vice  governor  and  a  council. 
All  the  various  district  officials  report  thvnugh 
the  various  grades  to  these,  and  the  result  is  an 
amount  of  otHcial  red  tape  and  interference  that 
is  oppressive  in  the  extreme. 

There  is  a  large  military  force,  well  organized 
and  well  distributed,  but  not  sufficient  to  secure 
safety  and  order  off  from  the  main  lines  of  travel. 
The  general  condition  of  the  country  is  far  from 
conducive  to  its  prosperity.  The  taxes  are  very 
heavy,  and  the  universal  espionage  and  conse- 
quent suspicion  and  mutual  distrust  render 
large  enterprises  almost  hopeless.  The  moun- 
tains abound  in  mineral  wealth,  the  plains  are 
very  fertile,  the  people  are  shrewd  and  ener- 
getic. Yet  there  is  no  ])iiblic  spirit,  and  even 
undertakings  that  i)romise  large  returns  are 
albnved  to  fall  through.  The  l)etroleum  wtlls 
of  Baku,  on  the  Caspian,  excited  the  wildest 
hopes  of  wealth  and  prosperity,  but  they  were 
miserably  managed,  and  v.iiable  even  in  Persia 
to  dis[)lace  tlu^  .\merican  petroleum,  notwith- 
standing the  great  distance  from  which  the  lat- 
ter was  brought. 

The  greatest  hindrance,  however,  to  even 
the  material  ))rosperity  of  the  Caucasus  is 
the  same  as  that  which  operates  all  through 
Russia — viz.,  the  oppressive  power  of  the  (iov- 
ernment  directed  toward  the  absolute  Russiani- 
zation  of  all  its  subjects.  This  includes  not 
merely  the  obliteration  of  political  distinctions 
between  raises,  but  the  displacement  of  race 
languages  by  the  Russian,  and  the  absorption 
of  all  religions  into  the  State  Church.  AVhile 
there  is  nominal  freedom  of  worship  accorded  to 
dissenting  bodies,  changes  are  not  permitted 
excei>t  to  the  State  church.  Thus  no  Moslem 
can  become  an  Armenian  or  a  Protestant,  no 
.Armenian  can  leave  the  Gregorians  except  as 
he  becomes  a  member  of  the  Greek  Church. 


i 


CAUCASUS 


238 


CELEBES 


'I 
i) 


I    I 


I 


All  edncfttion  is  carefully  superviseil,  (ind  meet- 
ings of  every  kind  are  most  jeulously  watched. 
The  resull  is  a  very  general  hu'k  df  genuine 
force  of  cliaracter,  and  a  \videsi)rea<l  feeling  that 
there  is  no  special  hoj)o  for  the  fntnre  ;  thnt 
whatever  gives  present  success  or  gratification  is 
all  that  it  is  wortli  while  to  strive  for. 

Mission  irorlc  has  been  attempted  at  various 
times  in  Trans-Caucasia  liytheJJaslo  ^Missionary 
.Society  (cj. v.),  the  (rerman  Baptists,  and  the  mis- 
Kionaries  of  the  .V.  1}.  C.  V.  M.  and  rresliyteriau 
Hoard  (Xortli),  whoso  head(|narters  were  in  I'er- 
HJa  and  Turkey.  Since  the  opening  of  gotul 
roads  from  J5atum  and  I'oti  to  Titlis  and  the 
I'crsian  front  r  at  Julfa,  and  the  Caspian  at 
liaku,  the  missionaries  to  I'ersia  have  almost, 
luvarialily  taken  that  routi^  They  have  thus 
come  in  contact  with  a  Xestorian  colony  at 
Titlis,  aiiil  the  Ariueiiians  at  "Titlis,  Erivan. 
Hchemachi,  Shuslia,  and  liaku,  The  liritish 
and  Foreign  and  American  Hible  Societies  also 
have  done  a  good  deal  of  Bilile  work  from  Titlis 
ns  a  centre,  though  the  former  has  withdrawn 
of  late  years  in  favor  of  tlie  latter,  which  has 
now  a  large  depot  in  Titlis  and  is  (piitc  success- 
fill  in  its  sales,  especially  of  .Vrmenian,  (ieorgian, 
and  .Vzerliijar.  Turkish  Scriptures 

Rev.  .\l)raham  Ainirkhaiiiantz,  au  Armenian, 
a  native  of  the  Cvucasus,  educated  at  the  Baslo 
Seminary,  and  employed  as  a  teacher  in  Con- 
stantinople and  a  mi.ssionar,v  in  Tabriz,  Persia, 
lias  been  for  some  years  resident  in  Titlis,  and  in 
charge  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society 
agency.  He  has  conductedn  school  and  ]ircached 
to  a  few  Armenians  who  gathered  at  his  house. 
He  also  engaged  in  tho  prt  par.ation  of  the  Ararat 
Armenian  and  .Vzerbijan  Turkish  versions.  Sud- 
rlenly,  without  any  warning,  he  was  arrested  by 
the  Russian  (Tovernment,  iu]S8('i,  for  propagat- 
ing his  religious  ideas,  and  exiled  with  his  fam- 
ily to  Ekaterineburg,  on  the  border  of  Siberia. 
.Since  that  time  the  government  have  been  even 
more  repressive  than  before,  at  times  repeating 
their  refusal  even  to  allow  missionaries  to  pass 
through  tho  country  on  their  way  to  Persia. 

The  most  interesting  work  has  been  that  con- 
nected with  the  establishments  of  the  evangeli- 
cal community  at  Schemachi  (i].v.),  and  its 
branches  at  Sliusha,  Nucha,  and  Baku.  By  force 
of  personal  chara'^ter  and  the  exercise  of  great 
care  and  shrewdness  their  congregations  have 
held  their  own,  and  promise  to  furnish  the  ele- 
ments of  successful  work  whenever  the  iron 
grasp  of  the  Russian  (rovernmcnt  shall  be  re- 
moved, and  some  freedom  of  thought  and  wor- 
Khip  bo  allowed. 

Ciivalla. — 1.  A  town  of  Liberia,  West.\frica, 
on  the  sea-ciiasf,  near  the  mouth  of  tho  Cavalla 
River.  OccMipied  for  many  years  as  a  jiromi- 
nen(,  station  by  the  mission  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  of  the  V.  S.  A.  .\.  number  of 
buildings  were  erected  and  the  work  was  in  a 
prosperous  condition  when,  in  LSHf!,  a  revolt  of 
the  native  Cavalla  tribe  against  the  Eiberian 
Government  force  1  tho  mission  to  tlee  and  rc- 
ostablish  their  work  near  Capo  Palmas.  The  re- 
volt was  occasioned  hy  tho  old-time  hostility  of 
the  native  tribes  to  the  free  black  men,  who  they 
l)elieve  establislmd  the  Liberian  Government  in 
their  own  interests.  The  jihrase  of  tho  treaties, 
"  under  the  inipremacy  of  the  Ijiberian  (lovern- 
ment,"  was  peculiarly  distasteful  to  them,  and 
tho  idea  wascarefully  fostered  by  the  chiefs  that 
this  was  simply  an  agreement  that    could  be 


broken  or  set  asiue  at  will.  Hence  when  dis. 
turbances  arose  even  some  of  tho  Christian  na- 
tives shared  in  the  hostility  of  tho  chiefs  ti^  an 
intluence  which  the.v  considered  foreign  and 
destined  to  overthrow  their  own  power,  and 
even  to  annihilate  them  in  tho  same  way  as  tho 
whites  were  ilisi)lacing  the  American  Indians. 
.\l)I)eals  Were  even  made  by  the  chiefs  to  tho 
British  (iovernment  at  Sierra  Leone  for  protec- 
tion against  tho  Liberian  tioveinment.  Most 
(f  the  Christians  remained  true  to  their  fealty 
to  the  rt>public,  but  so  bitter  was  the  spirit  of 
the  natives  that  the  missionaries  were  forced  to 
tire  by  night  and  establish  themselves  at  Cape 
P.dmas, 

i.  \  city  of  Eurojiean  Turkey  on  the  .Tigean 
sea,  staport  of  the  important  city  of  Seres. 

CitWIipiir,  a  city  in  Hindustan,  situatr<l  in 
tlie  Xorlhwestem  Provinces,  in  ncuth  latitude 
M  -JfS  ,  eastlongilu<leW)  24.\  It  lies  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  (Janges,  i:i()  miles  above  the  junc- 
tion ot  that  .  tveam  with  the  Jumna,  at  .VUaha- 
bad,  l)istanco  northwest  from  Calcutta,  (i2S 
miles.  In  size  it  is  the  fourth  city  in  'he  North, 
western  Provinces,  with  a  population  of  ].-)l,4'14, 
of  whom  over  1111,(1(10  are  Hindus,  nearly  35,000 
Mohammeilans,  and  over  :i,0(iO  Christians,  The 
city  is  of  (juitc  modern  origin  ;  somewhat  more 
than  a  hundred  years  ago  a  body  of  English 
troops  was  stationed  at  or  near  its  site,  which 
was  then  on  the  frontier  of  the  English  terri- 
tory. Around  the  camp,  as  its  nucleus,  a  city 
sprang  into  being.  It  is  now  of  great,  importance 
both  as  a  trading  centre  and  a  manufacturing 
jilace  ;  leather  and  cotton  goods  -  especially  the 
former — are  j)roduced  here  in  large  <]uantities. 
The  chief  historic  interest  centres  about  the  me- 
morial gardens,  which  occupy  the  silo  of  the  in- 
trenchnunts  within  which  a  body  of  about  1,000 
English  ((Uily400  of  whom  were  capable  of  bear, 
ing  arms)  took  refuge  from  the  native  troops 
under  Nana  Sahib  during  the  mutiny  of  bS.")". 
The  exact  spot  of  theintrtnchments  is  oceujiied 
by  the  memorial  church  ;  and  the  place  of  the 
well  into  which  some  200  bodies  were  thrown, 
mostly  women  and  children — the  victims  of 
Nana  Sahil)'s  massacre  — is  marked  by  a  marble 
angel  and  a  suitable  inscription.  Tho  S.  P. 
G.  maintains  a  mission  here,  established  in 
I'Sll,  making  a  specialty  of  zenana  work  ;  two 
of  the  missionaries  suffered  death  at  the  time 
of  tho  mutiny.  Station  of  the  Slethodist  Epis- 
copal Church  (North),  2  missionaries  and  wives, 
2  female  missionaries,  18  native  preachers,  2"4 
church  members,  1,1)44  Sabbath  scholars,  4n1 
ilay  scholars. 

Coara  (Forlalvxa),  a  town  in  North 
Brazil,  South  America,  situated  on  a  bay  of  the 
Atlantic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ceara  River.  It  is 
tho  capital  of  the  jirovince.  Among  the  pub- 
lic institutions  are  a  Latin  school  and  ahosjutal. 
The  climate  is  dry  and  hot,  but  tem])ei-ed  by 
the  sea  breezes.  Population,  20,000  :  Portu- 
guese, Negroes,  Indians — a  mixture  of  all. 
Language,  Portuguese.  Religion,  Roman  Cath- 
olic. Mission  station  of  tho  Presbyterian 
Church  (South),  18H2  ;  I  missionary  and  wife, 
21  native  helpers,  2  churches,  72  members,  1 
school,  2(i  scholars. 

CelclH'n,  an  island  of  thoJIalay  Archipelago, 
under  the  control  of  tho  Dutch,  situated  east  of 
Borneo,  and,  like  it.  crossed  by  the  ecpiator. 
.\rea,  71.1,"i(t  square  miles.  The  interior  is  ele- 
vated and  generally  mountainous  :  tho  coast  is 


lis 


CELEBES 


239 


CEYLON 


low  nnd  exceedingly  riigged  in  its  outline.  Tho 
isliinil  is  wi'Il  wiitHred  l)y  smiiU  strenms,  iiiiil 
ciiiliuin  seMsnil  liikos.  I'opiiliitinn,  8;iil,:)(il. 
Tliey  iirti  one  of  tho  four  true  Miilay  tribes, 
M  iliiiiiiuieiliins  in  religion,  iinil  speak  tlioBngbi 
au'l  Miiuiis.siir  liingmiges,  for  which  they  have 
two  difforont  ■written  eharacters.  The  IJnghis 
are  wil  I  an. I  savage  in  appearand',  liut  of  a 
tpiiet  a'l'l  jieaoeahlu  disposition  ;  the  aborigines 
of  X  )rth  (Jelehes  are  classed  vith  tho  savage 
Malays,  althmgli  tho  civilizing  intlneneo  of  the 
Diitch  has  greatly  promoted  their  advancement. 
Ttiey  miike  obedient  servants,  are  gentle  and  in- 
dustrious, and  readily  assume  the  manners  and 
li.ibits  of  civilized  life.  Tho  island  was  jjfob- 
al)ly  disc3vered  in  \'y^'>  by  the  Portugnesf.  The 
lirst  intercourse  with  the  Dut<'h  was  in  lUiiT  ; 
they  ex[)elled  the  Portuguese  in  KKKI,  and  held 
the  island  until  driven  out  by  the  liritish  in 
IHll.  Tlieir  i)(>ssessions  were  restored  to  them 
by  treaty  in  ISl.j.  Tho  inhabitants  were  origi- 
nally pagans,  but  in  1.')1'2  their  king,  having  re- 
salved  to  ombruoo  another  religion,  invite:!  to  his 
court  two  Moslem  Mollahs  and  two  Jesuit  priests. 
The  M  )llahs  arrive  1  first,  and  soon  Mohamme- 
danism UMs  tho  established  religion.  Tiie  Dutch 
landed  in  l(!)t')  and  since  li>77  both  the  tribes 
have  been  subject  to  them,  though  the  Bughis, 
by  far  tho  most  cultivated  islanders  ot  the  archi- 
])  jlagj,  have  trecjiieDtly  endeavored  to  throw  off 
the  yoke  of  their  masters. 

Wisi  II)  Work  i-)  carried  on  by  tho  Netherlands 
^Missionary  Society  ('i.v. ),  with  stations  at 
Minalo,  Talawan,  Ajcrmaiididi,  Tanawaiigko, 
.Viniirang,  Kumelembuai,  llatahfin,  Langowan, 
•S  )nder,  T'ondano, 

In  the  north  of  the  island,  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  >v  lirgi  number  of  natives  who  had  not 
embraoi.l  Isla'iiism  were  baptized  by  a  native  of 
Holland.  Tri  i  wirk  was,  however,  not  followed 
up  until  early  in  the  jjresent  century,  when  the 
Xi'lherland-i  Missionary  Society  took  it  up,  and 
has  prosecute  1  it  until  tho  present. 

Ceiilrul  Agency  for  Foreijfii  Itin- 
nlons, — (Special  Funds.)  Headquarters,  51 
Gieshain  Street,  Lindon.  C.  E, 

-Vn  agency  established  in  .bmnary,  Iss:?,  un- 
<l>r  the  patronage  of  the  bishops  of  the  Church 
of  England,  for  tho  receipt  aiii!  transmission  of 
.special  fiind4  for    foreign    missions. 

It  is  not  a  missionary  society,  does  not  inter- 
fere with  anil  is  mt  responsible  for  the  admin- 
istration of  missions,  but  is  intended  to  provide 
the  foUoivin..;  advantages  to  individuals  wishing 
to  contvibuti)  funds  to  the  missions  of  the 
Church  of  England  :  (n)  Money  is  transmitted 
without  trouble  to  contributors  ;  |/()  contribu- 
tors to  several  missionary  jiurposes  can,  by 
11  siTiglepayuii'iit,  ensure  the  proper  clistribution 
of  their  money  ;  and  {<•)  a  permanent  centre  is 
j)ro.'ileI,  to  whicli  all  interested  in  special 
missions  may  be  referred. 

Th:!  total  amount  received  by  the  agency  since 
its  establishment  is  tl'i.  1.'!"  its'  ;i</.  a  considerable 
part  of  whii'h,  b\it  fcu'  the  agency,  would  have 
bec>n  lost  to  the  foreign  field. 

C'l'iilriil  Ciiiiia  Wt'Ml(>}Hii  lAiy  l?li<«- 
fiioil.  Secretary,  llev.  W.  F.  Moultou,  l).l)., 
Cambridge,  England. 

For  a  number  of  years  the  Central  China  Mis- 
sion of  the  \\  Gsleyan  Methodist  Society  was 
favored  with  the  hearty  co  operation  of  a  lay 
missionary,  Mr.  C  W.  Mitchil,  win  since  187."i 
Lua  engaged  iu  the  work  entirely  at  his  own 


cost.  He  1ms  taken  charge  ot  mission  stations, 
has  entered  into  evangelistic  and  itinerant  work, 
has  visited  scores  and  hundreds  of  towns  and 
villages  where  there  was  not  a  s(ml  to  tell  the 
way  of  salvation,  and  has  ju'oclaimed  it  to 
thousands  of  the  jjcojile. 

Thi^  freedom  of  his  work  and  the  usefulness 
of  kindred  workers  in  connection  with  the 
China  Inland  Mission  led  to  tho  establishment 
of  a  separate  committee,  working  in  harmony 
with  and  under  the  general  direction  of  the 
AVesleyan  Methodist  Slissionary  Society,  in  the 
AVuchang  district.  Tho  force  numbers  (Ih'.Kl)  8 
missionaries  (two  married).  They  Lave  i  na- 
tive assistants,  and  till  over  100  preachin,^ 
places. 

C'esJirca,  a  city  of  Central  Asia  Minor,  in 
tho  ancient  province  of  Cap|)adocia.  It  oocu- 
jiies  a  pleasant  position  on  a  high  plateau  at  tho 
base  of  Mount  Argieus,  has  a  mild,  dry  climate, 
which  is  healthy  and  jvleasant.  The  city  is  im- 
portant not  merely  from  its  own  pojmlation — 
about  (10,(10(1  but  as  the  centre  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  thriving  villages.  The  strongest  element 
in  numbers  is  the  Turkish  ;  then  come  the 
Armenians  and  tho  (ireeks.  Those  latter  are 
especially  enterprising  as  business  men,  and 
have  found  their  way  into  foremost  places  in 
Constantinople,  Smyrna,  Adana,  etc.  The 
language  is  entirely  Tiirkish,  even  the  Arme- 
nians and  Cireeks  using  it.    (Sco  Caramania.) 

.\s  a  mission  station  of  the  Western  Turkey 
Missiiui  of  the  A.  li.  C.  F.  il.,  it  is  the  centre  of 
operations  that  cover  an  area  of  -l.'i.dOO  scjuare 
miles,  and  include  the  cities  of  Konieh  (Ico- 
niuiii),  -Vugora,  Xigde,  and  Yiizgat.  ^lission 
work  was  commenced  in  this  field  in  1K2I!  by 
the  visit  of  Uev.  Mr.  Barker,  agent  of  the  Brit- 
ish and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  whose  distribu- 
tion of  Scriptures  sowed  seel  that  has  since 
borne  much  fruit.  Tho  persecutions  of  the  I'rot- 
cstiint  .\rmenians  in  Constantinople  resulted  in 
the  exile,  in  ls:)'.i,  of  one  of  the  preachers, 
Hohannes  Sahagyan,  and  in  lulo  of  still  others, 
all  of  whom  i)reached  earnestly,  and  in  ]H4'.i,  at 
the  earnest  reipiest  of  thejieople,  a,  preacher  was 
sent  from  Aintab.  In  1h.")2  Sahagyan  revisited 
the  city  and  made  such  representations  to  tho 
mission  that  in  IS.j-l  it  was  formallv  occupied 
by  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  by  Kevs.  J.  N.  Ball  and 
W.  .\.  Farnsworth.  The  work  grew  very  rapidly, 
until,  in  ISs'.l,  there  were  :i:t  out-stations,  nearly 
('i.OlliI  communicants,  o  (u-ilained  jiastors  and 
l.">  unordained  i)reachcrs,  (1  organized  (diurches, 
an  averai^'o  attendance  on  Sabb.ith  worship  of 
over  4,IHI(I.  and  an  annual  contribution  from 
the  people  for  jireacliing,  education,  and  (diurch 
building  of  sl.o(M). 

It  was  in  this  ti'ld  that  tho  work  started 
among  the  (ireeks  ot  .\sia  Jlinor,  who  use  the 
Turkish  language.  Medical  w<uk  has  been  an 
important  element  in  the  field,  and  schools  are 
well  attended 

The  present  force  consists  of  li  missionaries 
and  their  wives  and  2  female  missionaries. 

Cojioil. — The  island  ot  Ceylon  lies  between 
•^  .")!  and  '.>  ol'  north  latitude,  and  7'.t  U'  and 
81  ".").■)  east  longitude.  Its  size  is  smaller  than 
Ireland,  being  270  miles  long  and  ltd  wide,  and 
containing  2-"), 712  scpiare  miles.  The  southern 
central  part  is  occupied  by  a  group  of  mountains 
rising  to  the  height  of  over  H.dOO  feet.  .Xdam'.s 
Peak,  the  most  prominent  of  these,  7,:ir)2  feet 
high,  has  uu  its  top  a  mark  said  by  Hindus  to 


■ 


OBYLON 


MO 


OEYI.ON- 


J  i 


be  ft  footprint  of  Siva  ;  by  Buddhists,  of 
BuiliUiii  ;  liy  MolmiuiiituliinH,  of  Adam.  The 
buses  and  summits  of  tho  mountains  are  covered 
by  tlu!  most  beautiful  and  luxuriant  ve(^etatiou, 
while  tho  nii(Mlo  slopes  have  been  oecupied  hy 
Eni^tlish  planters,  tirst  for  cotfee,  and  now,  that 
Laving  almost  entirely  failed  boeause  of  the  rav- 
ages of  a  eotfoe  bug,  for  tea.  Tho  whole  moun- 
tain group  is  possessed  of  wonderful  beauty,  both 
in  its  scenery  and  vegetation. 

The  greater  portion  of  tho  island  consists  of 
great  plains,  for  the  most  jiart  heavily  wooiled. 
They  occupy  tho  northern  half  of  the  islan<l  and 
reach  south  on  each  side  of  the  mountains,  com- 
pletely encinding  them  with  a  plain  of  from  liO 
to  70  miles  in  width.  At  tho  extreme  north  lies 
a  group  of  small  coral  built  islan(is  commonly 
called  the  iioninsula  of  ,Iiitfna,  which  have  an 
importance  as  one  cf  tho  centres  of  population 
and  of  mission  work. 

Ceylon  has  few  rivers  of  importance,  but  along 
its  densely  populated  western  coast  are  lagoon 
canals  improved  during  tho  J)uteh  occujiation 
of  the  island,  and  reaching  from  Kalpitiya  south 
tlirough  Negomho  and  Colombo  to  Kidutara. 
The  only  good  harbor  of  the  island  is  at  Trin- 
comalio,  where  is  one  of  the  linest  in  the  world. 
An  expensive  breakwater  has  made  the  roadstead 
of  Colombo  safe,  and  as  Colombo  is  the  point 
of  call  for  most  eastern  lines  of  steamers,  it  is 
always  full  of  vessels  of  every  commercial  nation 
in  Kurope. 

't'lip  (^■iiiKiteia  very  hot  on  tho  coast,  but  cooler 
in  the  mountain  region.  Owing  to  the  sur- 
rounding sea,  the  temperature  is  extremel,v  uni- 
form, and  the  climate  is  not  considered  un- 
healthful  for  Europeans.  The  seasons  are  a 
wet  and  a  dry,  whose  time  is  governed  by  the 
two  monsoons.  The  northeast  monsoon  blows 
from  October  to  Jlay,  the  southwest  from  May 
to  October.  Tho  rainfall  in  the  north  and 
south  is  small,  but  in  the  mountain  region,  es- 
pecially on  tho  .southwest  slopes,  it  is  large. 

The  Population  of  Ceylon  is  about  2, 7li(», ()()(), 
divided  as  follows  :  Sinhalese,  1,84(1, ()()<)  ; 
Tamils,  GH7,'2-10  ;  Moormen  (Mohamniedans, 
mostly  descendants  of  old  Aral)  traders),  184, 
fiOO  ;  Veddahs,  2,200  ;  European  descendants, 
17.000  ;  Europeans,  4,800,  Tho  great  centres 
of  population  are  :  the  western  coast,  from 
Negoiubo  southward  to  Point  de  Galle  ;  certain 
portions  of  the  mountain  region  ;  and  the 
northern  extremity,  Jaffna. 

Ceylon  is  an  English  crown  colony,  ruled  by 
a  governor,  aided  i)y  executive  and  legislative 
councils,  ifost  of  the  higher  ofHcials  are  Eng- 
lish, but  the  natives  who  are  titled  for  it  are 
admitted  to  otH<^e.  The  civil  service  is  most  ex- 
cellent and  eiticient.  The  government  aims  to 
uplift  and  educate  the  people,  giving  them  all 
the  blessings  of  civilization  in  its  power,  from 
good  roads  to  endowed  colleges,  and  recogniz- 
ing missions  as  tho  greatest  helpers  in  this  work. 

Some  of  the  principal  jiroducts  of  Ceylon  are 
rice,  timber,  the  products  of  the  palm,  tea, 
cinchona,  cacao,  cinnamon,  fruits,  spices,  jilum- 
bago,  i)earls,  and  i)recious  stones. 

History.  —The  Sinhalese  are  said  to  have  em- 
igrated from  Oude  in  r)4;i  ii.c.  A  kingdom  was 
founded,  records  of  which,  as  minute  and  as 
dry  as  the  Saxon  chronicles,  werf  carefully  kept. 
In  8;!8  A.D.  tho  Tamils,  who  had  frp(iuentiy  in- 
vaded Ceylon,  established  a  kingdom  in  Jaffna. 
In  ir)0.5  the  Portuguese  tirst  visited  Ceylon,  and 
in   l.")I8  acquired  possessions    in  it.     In   1<>.>8 


their  territory  pnssed  into  the  hands  of  the 
Dutch.  The  English  gained  possession  of  tho 
island  in  17'.l(i,  ami  in  IMo  the  Kandian  king- 
dom, the  last  vestige  of  native  rule  in  Ceylon, 
fell  into  their  hands. 

Tho  two  principal  races  of  the  island,  Sinha- 
lese anTl  Tamil,  differ  widel.v  from  each  other, 
not  only  in  language  and  religion,  but  in  vigor, 
intelligence,  and  personal  characteristics.  Tho 
Tamil  is  veiy  industrious  and  enterprising,  so 
far  as  that  word  can  be  apidied  to  any  tropical 
race.  Besides  inhabiting  exclusively  the  north- 
ern jiart  of  tho  island,  the  Tamils  form  tho  bulk 
of  tile  laboring  population  in  tho  cities,  while 
the  same  race  from  South  India  siii)i)ly  the  tea. 
estates  of  Central  Ceylon  with  almost  their  entire 
fori'O  of  labor.  Tho  Tamils  of  tho  overcrowded 
peninsula  of  Jaffna  push  into  other  ]>aits  in 
search  of  employnicut.  t)ften  they  have  a  fair 
knowledge  of  English,  and  sometimes  rise  to 
honorablo  positions. 

Tho  Hinduism  of  tho  Tamils  in  Ceylon  differ.'* 
but  little  from  Hinduism  in  South  India.  Liko 
all  tho  Dravidian  races  who  have  adojited  the 
creed  of  Brahmanism,  the  Tamils  retained  much 
of  their  old  worship  of  demons  and  nature. 
Devil  trees  and  devil  temples  are  common,  and 
popular  folklore  consists  largely  of  stories  of  tho 
freaks  of  these  demons.  'Phero  is  less  of  caste  in 
North  Ceylon  than  on  the  continent  of  India, 
though  even  here  it  is  the  most  difficult  thing 
for  Christianity  to  overcome.  The  Brahmins 
have  here  less  influenco  than  in  India.  This 
may  perhaps  bo  because  the  caste  is  less  numer- 
ous and  less  astute  and  clever  than  on  the  con- 
tinent. There  the  Brahmins  everywhere  crowd 
tho  English  schools  and  push  up  to  good  posi. 
tions  in  government  employment  and  in  busi- 
ness. In  Ceylon  few  Brahmins  learn  English, 
and  the  positions  demanding  education  and  giv- 
ing intluence  are  tilled  by  other  castes.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  this  may  be  accounted  for  thus  :  by 
the  laws  of  Hinduism,  a  Brahmin  who  shall 
cross  the  sea  loses  caste.  It  is,  therefore,  very 
likely  that  only  Brahmins  of  inferior  position 
or  lapsed  reputation  woulil  come  to  Ceylon. 
Whatever  the  cause,  the  Brahmin  caste  has 
never  attained  the  power  in  Ceylon  which  it  pos- 
sesses in  India. 

The  Sinhalese,  occupying  the  southern  and 
western  parts  of  the  island,  are  far  less  vigorous 
and  energetic  than  the  Tamils.  Probably  few 
races  on  the  globe  possessed  of  any  degree  of 
civilization  have  greater  listlessness  and  in- 
difference, greater  torpidity  of  intellect  ami 
conscience,  than  the  Sinhalese.  It  would  bo 
difficult  to  trace  all  the  elements  that  linvo 
combined  to  produce  this  character.  But  two 
may  be  named — climate  and  religion.  "  Eor 
them  nature  has  done  so  much  that  man  in 
sluggish  satisfaction  aspires  and  labors  for  no 
more.  Every  want  is  jirovided  for  by  the  gen- 
tleness of  the  climate  and  the  fertility  of  tho 
soil.  Civili/  >ion  has  created  no  artificiid 
wants.  Overpopulation  has  not  interfered 
with  the  gratification  of  those  which  nature 
has  implanted.  Among  the  great  mass  of  tho 
peoi)le  of  Ceylon  there  have  never  been  awak- 
ened those  emotions  of  enterprise,  emulation, 
and  ambition  which  supply  a  stimulus  to  tho 
intellect." 

The  religion  of  the  Sinhalese  is  Buddhism  of 
the  "  Lesser  Vehicle,"  and  more  akin  to  that  of 
Siam  and  Burmah  than  to  that  of  Tibet  and 
Eastern  .\sitt.     It  has  borrowed  from  its  neigh. 


OETLON 


241 


OEYLOI*  I 


bor,  HindniKm,  so  that  temples  to  Hindu  hw\h 
exist  in  Hoiiit)  j)lnpes  by  tlio  siilti  (it  ti'iiipleH  to 
liuddlm.  'I'lio  >Sinhiili!se  hiivti  also,  like  their 
Tamil  ni'i^,'libors,  ri'tiiiut'cl  imu'li  nf  tli(!  lower 
forms  of  suixa'stition  which  Jiiiddhism  iiom 
iniilly  ilispliiffid,  so  tlmt  demon  worshij)  is  still 
jiraotist'd  amonj^  Ihom. 

The  position  of  liiiddliist  jiriesls  in  <'eylon  is 
not  hi|^li,  and  their  education  is  of  th(!  most 
ordinary  kind.  They  must,  by  aj^roement  with 
tlu)  government,  sustain  certain  schools  in 
rotiirn  tor  [(articular  })rivileges,  but  the  instrui'- 
tion  imi)arted  is  of  the  most  nieagro  sort  anil 
very  unsatisfactory.  Tlio  priest.s  often  rely  tor 
intlnence  am,)ng  the  peoplo  on  the  iiractice  of 
medicine  and  astrology. 

Mission  Wor.K.  -('ntholic. — Ceylon  has  been 
mission  ground  for  niMirly  KM)  years,  and  has 
been  made  the  vietini  of  some  ot  the  most  re- 
markable experiments  in  Cliristianizalion  that 
the  world  can  anywhere  show.  Its  jnissionary 
history  may  bo  divided  into  threi^  epochs,  c(u- 
responiling  to  the  governments  which  held  it  : 
the  Portuguese,  the  l)utch  and  the  Knglish. 

S)ou  after  the  arrival  of  the  I'ortugiiese, 
Franciscan  monks  followed,  and  C'olondio  was 
made  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  In  IfStl  St. 
i'rancis  Xavier  preached  among  the  Tamil  Hshcr- 
men  of  Mannar,  in  the  kingdom  of  Jart'nn,  and 
baptized  hetweeu  0(10  and  (KM)  of  them.  The 
Itajah  ot  •latfna  slew  all  these,  but  soon  after  ho 
was  deposed,  and  in  lots  the  Portuguese  acipiired 
Jiilf  na  and  set  vig  irously  to  work  to  Christiani/.o 
the  peninsula.  The  methods  pursued  in  North 
and  South  Ceylou  differed  greatly.  Jaffna,  iso- 
lated by  the  sen  on  one  side  and  trackless  jungles 
on  the  other,  was  completely  under  the  control  of 
the  Portuguese,  and  here  they  could  carry  mat- 
ters with  a  high  hand.  ColomL  >,  on  the  con- 
trary, was  constantly  tlireatoned  by  the  native 
l)rinces.  The  former  jiroviuce  was  mapped  out 
iu  parislies,  and  each  parish  was  provided  with 
a  church  and  ji  priest  ;  and  before  the  close  of 
the  Portuguese  rule  almost  all  the  population, 
even  the  Brahmins  themselves,  had  suhmitted 
to  baptism.  By  far  the  greater  number  dropped 
Catholicism  the  moment  its  government  sujiport 
was  withdrawn,  yet  there  is  still  a  Catholic  com- 
munity in  Jaffna  descended  more  or  less  directly 
from  these  labors.  In  the  south  the  priests 
proceeded  with  greater  caution.  Few  if  any 
churches  were  built  outside  of  the  large  towns, 
but  in  time  largo  numbers  of  Sinhalese, especially 
of  tiie  more  prominent  families,  were  baptized. 

Perhaps  the  chief  means  used  by  tlie  Portu- 
guese ill  t^hristianizing  tlio  Ceylonese  is  hinli'd 
at  by  tl  6  old  historian,  who  i-ays  that  many  be- 
came tUiristians  "  for  the  sake  of  Portuguese 
gold."  It  is  certain  that  baptism  was  ]Mad(>  the 
gate  to  preferment,  and  was  regarded  by  the 
people  as  a  political  rather  than  a  religious  cer- 
emony, while  scenic  performance  largely  took 
the  place  ot  spiritual  instruction.  To  this  day 
Catholic  processions,  which  have  a  suspicious 
resemblance  to  those  of  Hinduism,  are  perpetu- 
ated in  Jaffna. 

With  the  conquest  of  the  Dutch  the  palmy 
days  of  Catholicism  emled.  The  priests  were 
banished.  Catholic  rites  forbidden  on  jiain  of 
death,  and  the  people  were  commanded  to  be- 
come Protestants.  No  unbaptized  i)ers()ii  was 
allowed  to  hold  oftice  or  to  own  land,  while 
Catholics  were  placed  under  greater  disabilities 
than  ]{u<ldhists  or  Hindus.  .Soon  converts  were 
numbered   by   the   hundred   thousand.       Hero 


again  the  Hindus  of  the  north  accepted  the  gov- 
ernment religion  with  more  readiness  than  the 
JUiddhists  of  the  south.  Hut  before  long  it  was 
found  that  the  converts  were  oidy  Christians  in 
name,  and  still  held  the  beliefs  and  practised  the 
rites  ot  their  old  religions.  Indeed,  little  was 
or  could  be  done  for  their  instruction.  This 
statu  of  things  (Milled  forth  the  condemnation  ot 
the  Classis  ot  Amsterdam,  Jiefr.re  the  close  of 
the  Dutch  period,  the  number  of  ('hristiaus  had 
much  (liminislKMl,  and  the  ministers  themselves 
plainly  saw  the  iiselessness  of  the  course  of 
com|iulsiiui  taken  by  their  government.  No 
sooner  hail  they  left  Ceylon  tlian  everywhere, 
except  in  a  few  largo  towns,  their  whole  system 
entirely  collapsed,  temples  were  rebuilt,  and  the 
jteople  gladly  laid  aside  the  last  remnants  of 
"  government  Christianity." 

i')o/(.s-/r/)i/.— The  Knglish  period  has  been  one 
ot  mission  work  in  the  true  spirit  of  the  (iosi;el — 
patient,  laborious,  and  stable. 

Ihe  Knglish  Baptist  Missionary  Society  was 
the  first  Protestant  body  now  lahoiing  iu  Ceylon 
to  enter  the  field.  Jlr.  and  Mrs.  Clutter  arrived 
iu  lsl2,  and  for  '22  years  labored  in  Cokmbo, 
most  of  the  time  alone.  Mr.  Ch. iter  died  (in  Lis 
way  to  Kngland  in  lM'20,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.  Daniel.  He  labored  for  11  years,  the  last 
two  years  in  complete  loneliness  ;  but  so  huc- 
cesstul  was  his  work  that  whin  he  died  his  name 
was  held  in  high  honor  by  alarge  i)ortion  of  the 
Sinhalese.  In  IHol  the  mission  had  reacliid  110 
villages,  besides  the  cities  of  Colombo  and 
Kamly,  while  the  scholars  under  instruction 
numliered  1,100  and  the  communicants  ISIi. 
The  mission  force  was  small,  as  it  always  has 
been,  theie  being  at  that  time  3  nun  willi  ;!J 
native  assistants.  At  present  the  principal  sta- 
tions are  Colombo,  Kandy,  and  liatnapura. 
There  are  5  missionaries,  2U  native  jiieachers, 
',)(!!  communicants,  and  about  2,o()0  children  in 
schools. 

The  Wesleyan  Slissionary  Society  was  tbe  next 
to  enter  the  island.  The  beginning  of  their  mis- 
sions in  Ceylon  and  India  is  one  of  the  tragedies 
of  mission  history.  Dr.  Coke,  a  minister  of  ad- 
\anced  age,  was  so  filled  with  a  tb  sire  to  found 
a  mission  in  the  East  that  not  only  did  he  urge 
it  upon  the  Conference  amid  great  ojiposition, 
but  to  a  large  extent  defrayed  the  expenses  of 
six  missionaries,  and  himself  embarked  with 
them  for  the  field.  On  the  way  out  ho  suddenly 
died,  leaving  the  little  liand  without  a  leader.  In 
1H14  five  men  landed  at  (ralle,  and  soon  settled 
at  Jaffna  and  Batticaloa  for  the  Tamil  work,  and 
at  Maturn  and  (talle  for  the  Sinhalese  work. 
The  governor  had  rt  eeived  tlu  m  with  the  utmost 
kindness,  (entertaining  them  at  the  government 
house,  giving  them  jjersonal  attentions,  and 
offering  subsidies  for  all  schools  tluy  might 
open.  This,  among  a  people  who  take  their 
cue  from  the  government  as  much  as  the  Cey- 
lonese do,  gave  them  at  once  a  position  of  van- 
tuge.  The  people  listened  with  niarked  atten- 
tion, and  it  is  no  wonder  that  the  niissioniirics 
soon  began  to  hope  that  the  coiupiest  of  heathen- 
ism would  bo  speedy  and  complete.  There  were 
some  notable  conversions.  A  Buddhist  priest 
of  great  learning  and  wide  reputation  btcame 
cimvinceil  of  the  truth  of  Christianity,  and  gave 
up  everything  ^o  become  a  Christian.  But  it 
was  soon  found  that  very  few,  even  if  they  liad 
convictions,  were  willing  to  carry  them  to  their 
logical  result.  But  in  spite  of  all  obstacles,  the 
mission  has  had    a  history  of  steady  growth. 


OEYLON 


jMJi 


OEYLON 


I   i 


■'i% 


Their  niissioniirins  have  numberofl  many  fivith- 
fill,  eiirncst  workers,  Hi)ini!  ot  uhom  hiili)  hnii- 
orml  [iliu'i's  us  sliiili'iits  of  till!  ('cvliiii  liiii^!iiiif'f>s 
ami  litt'iiitiin'.  'I'licy  have  biiii  jira  ouiiiK'Htly 
u(;tiv(!  ill  (irt^iiiii/.iiii^ainl  snixTvisin^^  an  einr^i'tic 
ami  I'llic'.iiiUt  imtive  iij,'i'iu'y  ;  m)r  havo  thi-y  Ihh'Ii 
behiml  othcn's  in  tlid  usu  of  i(lncatinn  ami  tlio 
jiress.  In  IS'Jf)  a  stjcuiiiury  was  lugnn,  wliilij 
from  tJK!  tirst  vornainilar  t'ducatinii  lia.l  Iiliu 
carrieil  on.  At  tUn  present  liiiii'  Wesley  College, 
ut  Colniubo,  ami  Kielini mil  College,  at  tialle, 
take  a  ilesurveiUy  high  VM\k  among  the  ediiea- 
tioniil  institutions  of  tlie  island.  Numerous 
high  sehiols  for  hoys  ami  hoarding  Kehools  for 
girls  do  a  m  )ri)  humble  but  not  less  useful  work 
in  various  i>arts  of  the  island.  In  1M12  a  mis- 
Hion  was  begun  among  the  village  Veddahs. 
This  savage  (leoplo  havo  been  little  touehed  by 
civdizing  inlluences,  anil  work  among  them, 
though  of  the  most  primitive  sort,  has  been 
fairly  sneeessful. 

In  M'i\  the  mission  had  20  missionaries  and 
n.ssistants,  13  cateehisls,  ui\  teachers,  l.Tl'.l  (^om- 
munioants,  and  ahoiit  It.ToOseholars.  Atpritsent 
the  South  Ceylon  Mission  is  divided  into  three 
districts  and  the  North  Ceylon  into  two.  A  mis- 
sion has  lately  been  started  in  the  central  part 
of  the  island,  among  a  people  of  great  ignorance 
and  superstition.  In  Colombo  the  "IJ.iok  Itoom," 
including  printing  and  publishing  do2)artments, 
is  a  feature  of  great  importance,  The  only  lady 
medical  missionary  in  Ceylon  is  in  this  mission, 
stationed  at  15atticaloa.  The  general  progress  of 
the  work  is  constant,  and  its  orgatuization  well  in 
baud. 

The  beginning  of  the  A.  11.  C.  F.  M.  mission 
in  Ceylon  was  the  visit  there  of  Mr.  Newell  on 
his  exclusion  from  liombay  in  lsi;i.  As  a  con- 
sequence of  his  appeals,  four  missionaries  sailed 
from  Boston  for  Ceylon  in  the  autumn  of  IHl,"). 
In  the  following  March  they  arrived  in  Ceylon, 
and  before  the  end  of  the  year  were  settled  in 
Jaffna.  In  this  corner  of  the  island,  in  a  tract 
ot  country  not  more  than  :l()  miles  long  by  15 
wide,  and  containing  1(10,(10(1  inhabitant.s,  has 
bjen  (Mrried  on  the  entire  work  of  the  Ameri- 
can Board  in  Ceylon.  This  concentration  of 
labor,  which  few  missions  have  been  able  to  en- 
joy, has  had  special  ailvantages  for  thorough 
work.  The  stations  first  occupied  were  Tilli- 
pally  and  llatticotta,  where  the  use  of  the  old 
Dutch  churches  and  glebes  was  given  by  the 
government.  In  1810  four  men  with  their  wives 
were  added  to  the  mission.  It  was  a  most  op- 
portune re-enforcoment,for  the  healtli  of  the  first 
missionaries  had  begun  to  fail.  In  1H20  (lov- 
ernor  Brownvigg,  who  deserves  to  bo  mentioned 
for  his  kindness  to  all  mission  work,  was  suc- 
ceeded bv  0)vernor  Barnes.  In  1S2().  when  a 
printing-press  nn  1  i)rinter  arrive  1  f.)r  the  mis- 
sion, tlio  new  g  ivernor  banished  the  i)rintcr 
from  the  islanl  and  forbade  the  mission  to  use 
its  press.  For  twelve  years  this  interdict, 
whose  ostensible  reason  was  that  the  mission- 
aries were  Americans,  lay  upon  the  work,  and 
no  reenforcements  coal  1  ho  added.  Thi^  press, 
meantime,  was  lent  to  the  Church  .Mission  and 
used  by  them  until  18;)4,  when  it  was  set  up  in 
Manepy. 

This  mission,  even  more  tlmn  the  other  mis- 
sions of  Ceylon,  has  given  much  attention  to 
education.  In  1820  a  seminary  was  started  at 
Batlicotta,  which  developed  into  the  best 
known  English  school  on  the  islaml.  Its  course 
included  the  sciences  of  Western  civilization. 


For  many  years  the  Rtndents  were  8ni)porteil 
without  fees,  and  the  institution  was  always  a 
heavy  expense  to  the  mission.  In  18,").'),  after 
having  taught  about  1.200  studeiils,  niaily  GOO 
<d'  whom  becaiue  ('hristians,  it  uas  diseniitinued 
in  fin  or  of  a  vernainilar  school  which  should  be 
less  costly  and  designed  only  for  the  framing 
of  mission  helpius.  .\t  present  the  old  semi- 
nary buildings  at  Batlicotta  are  oceiipied  by 
.lallna  College,  begun  in  1H72  with  an  I'.nglish 
eurneulum.  It  is  iinuneially  indejieiident  of 
the  Board,  being  suppnrted  by  fei  s  and  two 
separate  funds,  one  in  America  and  one  in 
Ceylon,  while  its  B.oard  of  Bireidors  comiirises 
missionaries  ot  ditfereiit  bodies,  eivilinns,  and 
native  Christians  The  normal  school,  to  w  liicdi 
is  added  an  iiidustriiil  department,  (ieeu]iies 
new  buildings  at  TiUipally.  There  was  at  first 
a  strong  prejuilieo  against  female  education, 
arising  partly  from  the  fact  that  only  the  im- 
moral women  connected  wilh  the  temple  service 
Were  taught  to  read.  In  1!S20,  however,  a  board- 
iii"  sidiool  for  girls  was  liegun  at  Oodooville, 
which  has  had  a  historv  of  eontinuous  useful- 
ness from  that  day  to  this.  The  mission  was 
blessed  with  a  series  i  f  notable  revivals,  most 
of  which  began  in  the  schools  in  the  ytars 
1M21,  lM2t,  l.s;iO,  and  ls;!i.  The  largo  ;)ri:iting 
establishment  at  Manepy  was  kept  up  for 
twenty  years,  but  in  iMo.j  was  sold  to  natives, 
by  whom  it  is,  in  a  smaller  way,  still  carried 
on.  In  general  the  work  has  been  thrown 
more  upcui  the  natives.  The  Board,  under  the 
jiressiire  of  other  and  larger  fields,  has  been 
constrained  to  urge  self-suiij)ort  on  the  mission, 
and  the  churches  havo  responded  to  the  appeal 
as  well  as  could  bo  expected.  An  imi)ortant 
work  for  many  years  was  that  of  Dr.  (ireen, 
who  did  much  to  introduce  Western  medicine 
amniig  the  people. 

In  18.'il  there  were  8  stations.  21  missionaries 
and  assistant  missionarus,  including  wives,  ISO 
native  preachers  and  catechists,  y.t.j  communi- 
cants, and  •1,212  seholars. 

The  Church  Missionary  Society  entered  Cey- 
lon in  IKIS,  and,  likt^  the  Wesleyan,  immedi- 
ately began  work  among  both  the  Sinhalese  and 
the  Tamils.  It  stationed  workers  at  Nellore, 
near  Jaffna  Town,  at  Calpeiityn,  (iiill(>,  and 
Kandy.  The  last  place  was  at  that  time  the 
capital  of  a  native  kingdom,  and  the  govern- 
ment  could  not  offer  protection  to  the  mission- 
aries. Two  years  later  it  was  subdued,  the  peo- 
ple welcoming  the  British  as  delivereis  from 
Uie  tyranny  of  their  own  king.  The  work 
among  the  Kandyan  Sinhalese  was  at  tirst  more 
slow  and  discouraging  than  in  any  other  part 
ot  the  island.  It  was  the  centre  of  Ceylon 
Buddhism,  and  the  people,  living  in  a  primitive 
and  secluded  way,  were  under  the  ccuiijilete 
control  of  village  chieftains  and  Buddhist 
])riests.  It  is  possible  that  even  "  (Tovernment 
Christianity"  had  done  an  important  work  in 
the  maritime  jirovinces  in  loosening  the  turf- 
bound  soil  ot  stubborn  heathenism.  Schools 
were  slowly  started,  while  it  was  ten  years  be- 
fore a  girls'  school  could  bo  begun.  Even  to 
the  present  day  Christianity  is  nowhere  in  the 
island  so  backward  as  liere. 

The  central  station  for  the  southern  worl:  was 
Citta,  near  (^olonibo.  Hero  was  established  a 
fiidiool  and  a  printing-press,  and  the  place  noon 
became  an  educational  centre. 

(Central  Ceylon  is  the  seat  of  two  interesting 
departments  of  church  mission  work,  theKandy 


i\ 


OEYIiON 


848 


OHAMBA 


itinorncy  and  tho  Tamil  Cooly  minsinn.  They 
cover  iH'urly  flic  Hiiiiin  j^rninnt,  Imt  liihor  iinlf- 
piTiili'iitly.  Tho  itinorncy  Wdrks  iiiudiik  tlni 
Siiilmlfsa  villiif^tis,  eilncatiiif^  and  oviiiigcliziii^,' 
hh  limy  Kt'uni  lit.  The  (Jnoly  Mission  liiis  clmri^i) 
of  tliu  Ciiolics  frimi  Sniitli  Indiii  wIki  liiltor  on 
the  tfiv  estutcs.  TUiH  mission  Ims  for  over 
thirty  yeiirs  l)con  nmiiily  siiiiporli  il  liy  undo- 
noininiilioniil  HuhHoriptions  from  j>'.iiiiters  of  tlio 
island.  Tliu  jioimliition  umon^^  ivhom  it  works 
is  of  necessity  ii  Ihrntint^  one,  c(  nstantly  comint; 
Jind  };:>in)^  from  Indin,  yet  tlio  mission  1ms  ahoiit 
1,7111)  niitive  Christiuiis  ni>  its  lists.  Anotlier 
speciiil  dej  iirtmcnt  worthy  of  mention  is  the 
nntive  eviingelical  societj  of  .fiitYim.  It  works 
in  the  jnni^lcs  t)  the  Honth  of  .Iiitfna,  siipport- 
\i\'^  ciitechists  and  readers  niiicmK  a  scam  and 
needy  poimlatiou.  T'houj^'h  iindc^r  tho  (guidance 
of  missionaries,  it  is,  like  a  Kimilar  society  in 
the  .Viiiericaii  Mission,  controlled  liy  the  natives, 
and  is  one  of  tho  host  lmrliin<^ers  of  future  mis- 
.sion  work  by  the  i>eo[)lo  for  thiiir  own  lirethren. 

The  odncatinnal  work  of  the  mission  is  repre- 
sented by  Trinity  ColleHo  at  Kandy,  and  nu- 
merous schtiols  for  boys  and  girls  ia  both  Sin- 
halese and  Tamil  missions. 

In  1H;)M  the  Society  for  tho  Propagation  of 
tho  Gospel  took  up  work  in  ("eylon.  It  labors 
in  eonne(rtion  with  the  Bishop  of  tho  Church  of 
England  and  his  chaplains,  whoso  work  is  of 
{^reat  value,  especially  among  the  mixed  races 
of  the  towns.  .V  college  in  Colombo,  St.  Tlioni- 
as,  is  under  tho  control  of  this  wing  of  the 
Church,  and  tho  communicants  in  their 
churches,  including  all  races,  number  about 
800. 

In  IHHfi  the  Siilvntion  Army,  under  tho  leader- 
ship of  ;Mr.  Tucker,  formerly  a  civil  service 
otKi'er  in  India,  sent  workers  to  Ceylon.  They 
adopt  tho  native  food  and  tho  dress  of  Hindu 
religious  mendicants,  hoping  by  tlius  assimi 
latiug  with  the  people  to  roach  them  with 
greater  effeotivoness.  It  is  doul)tful,  however, 
if  this  hope  has  been  realized.  Tho  most  use- 
ful service  of  the  Army  has  been  in  the  work 
among  prisoners.  Their  methods  of  labor  are 
still  exi)erimental,  but  they  have  "  barracks"  in 
most  of  the  large  towns  and  a  consiilerable 
number  of  ofKcers,  European  and  native. 

One  of  tlie  chief  features  of  mission  work  in 
Ceylon  has  always  been  the  educational.  Tho 
circumstances  of  the  country  have  seemed  to 
demand  it.  Tho  government  being  English,  a 
knowledge  of  the  English  language  is  desired 
by  ambitious  young  men,  while  the  government 
fosters  and  tlie  people  gladly  receive  primary 
verniicular  education.  Then,  too,  it  has  been 
found  that  by  tar  the  larger  proportion  of  con- 
verts have  come  through  tho  schools.  Esjie- 
cially  is  this  true  of  tho  boarding  scliools,  which 
liave  been  tho  great  feeders  of  tho  ranks  of 
ellicient  Christian  workers. 

Mission  work  has  had  i)3cnliar  diiflcnlties  to 
encounter  in  Ceylon.  In  addition  to  the  abomi- 
nations of  Hinduism  in  the  north,  the  fatality 
of  Buddhism  in  the  south,  and  the  torpidity  of 
the  tropics  in  botli  parts,  there  were  the  false 
impressions  of  nearly  three  centuries  of  "  (iov- 
ernment  Christianity"  to  bo  rooted  out  Ijcfore 
the  seeds  of  a  spiritual  conception  of  Christi 
anity  could  take  root.  This,  however,  has  been 
done.  While  there  is  still  much  to  be  desired 
in  the  churches,  there  are  many  illustrations  of 
pure,  firm  Christian  life.  Though  seldom 
obliged  to  leave  their  homes  and  villages,  as 


often  in  India,  tho  converts  have  endured  tests 
not  less  strong,  in  the  daily  asscx^iation  and  in- 
llui'iicH  of  those  about  them.  That  so  many  of 
the  Christians  have,  under  these  adverse  cir- 
ciim.stances,  held  their  |)rofossion  unspotted,  is 
a  matter  almost  of  wonder. 

\  good  proi>ortion  of  tho  churches  are  self- 
suiiporting.  In  tho  mission  of  tho  American 
Hoard  alone  tho  native  contributions  for  1HH8 
amounted  to  over  !js'2,'2()().  In  Christian  families 
there  is  a  beanliful  custom  of  taking  a  handful 
of  rico  from  that  to  be  i)repared  for  each  meal 
and  setting  it  aside  to  bi'  giviin  to  tlio  Eord  ; 
and  it  is  no  uncommon  thing  for  a  man  to 
pledge  a  month's  salary  for  some  special  object 
in  the  cliurc  h. 

In  comparison  with  either  Ilinduism  or 
B.iddhism,  Christianity  still  appears  very  weak. 
But  its  growth  cannot  bo  counted  by  numbers 
alone.  It  is  confessed,  even  by  those  opposed 
to  Christianity,  that  the  strength  of  tho  native 
religions  is  being  sapped,  and  that  the  ultimate 
triiiiupli  ^^t  Christianity  is  only  a  matter  of 
lime.  The  editor  of  tht^  leading  English  j)ajjer 
of  the  islands  says  ;  "  Tho  progress  of  Chris- 
tianity and  education  among  tho  people  ia 
greater  than  in  an.v  other  Eastern  State,  and 
there  can  be  no  <iuestion  as  to  tho  important 
bearing  of  their  advance  ui)on  tho  vast  conti- 
nent of  India,  upon  Buriuah,  Siam,  and  Cam- 
bodia, and  even  ujion  China.  In  Ceylon  ten 
jier  cent  of  tho  children  of  a  school-going  age 
are  being  I'ducated.  Erom  our  island  Sinhalese 
and  Tamils  are  going  out  as  teacdiers,  magis- 
trates, and  lawyers  to  iladras,  and  some  are 
finding  their  way  to  Singapore  end  on  to  China. 
Most  of  these  young  men  have  been  educated 
ill  mission  schools  under  thi!  influence  of  Chris- 
tianity, I  have  astonished  friends  by  telling 
them  of  villages  in  Ceylon  where  Tamils  and 
Sinhalese  have  their  own  i)astors  of  their  own 
race  and  locally  suppprted,  their  Sunday  schools 
and  day-schools,  I  believe  that  the  progress 
of  Christianity  hero  will  be  not  in  an  arith- 
metical but  a  geometrical  progression  before 
long,  so  that  wo  may  see  Christianity  permeate 
the  whole  island." 

(JmibtlNll,  tho  chief  town  of  Singhbum 
district,  liengal,  India,  It  is  situated  on  the 
Bora  liiver.  Population,  (1,()0('>,  Hindus  and 
Moslems  'chiefly.  A  large  fair  attended  by 
'20, (HID  visitors  is  held  here  annually  at  Christ- 
mas time.  Mission  station  of  tho  (iiissner  Mis- 
sionary Societv,  with  '2M  villages,  9  churches, 
1  preacher,  (!:i'2  members, 

Cllllltliiir  (see  also  Syro-Chaldaic  and 
Chaldean),  a  term  used  in  connection  with  the 
(^haldean  Church  of  Mesopotamia,  to  indicate 
the  form  of  the  Chaldeo  language  used  by  the 
Chaldeans  of  Mesoj)otamia,  It  is  practically 
the  same  as  that  used  by  the  Nestorians  of 
Persia,  though  specifically  it  refers  to  tho  ver- 
sion used  by  the  Iloman  Catholic  Church, 

CliilllllMI,  a  town  in  tho  Punjab,  Xorthern 
India,  at  the  foot  of  the  Himalayas,  I'JO  miles 
northeast  of  Lahore,  Population,  .'>,'21H,  Hin- 
dus, Moslems,  Sikhs,  etc.  Mission  station  of 
the  Established  Church  of  Scotland  ;  It  mission- 
aries, 8  native  helpers,  2  schools,  104  scholars, 
2()  commnnicantc. 

CIlHinba  Version.— Tho  Chamba,  a  dia- 
lect of  the  Punjabi,  belongs  to  tho  Indie  branch 
of  the  Aryan  family  of  languageH,  and  is  spoken 


i 


OHAMBA  241 


CHAU-OHAU 


in  Chiinibn,  nn  inilnpondent  Hill  StatoofPiin- 
jiil),  In  tweeti  Dallioimio  nnil  CuHliincro,  with  a 
|)i>l>i'liiti()ri  of  120,0011  HDuls,  Uniler  tlii^  ciirB 
f>t'  tliii  Ui)V.  J)r.  lliltclii'SDii,  II  luodiciil  iiiis- 
Hioiiiiry  (if  tlin  Cliiircli  of  Sciitliiiul  iit  (Jlmiiiliu. 
till!  Krlti-ili  itiiil  l''>>riM|^'[i  llilihi  Sociiity  |>iililiH)ii<il 
tliK  t,'.)S|)(il:<  of  Miittliiiw  iiiid  Joliii  in  IHHIt,  'I'Ilo 
cImi'KUor  uMiiil  is  calliid  Tlmkuri,  ii  iiioiiiliciition 
(if  tliu  L>t!Viiiia}{iiri.  Tlio  tnuiHliition  was  imuiIm 
\>y  Si)haii  Liil,  [laHtor  of  a  iiativo  I'lmrcli,  liiiii- 
Holf  a  iiativd  of  (!liaiiiliii,  who  traiiHliiti'd  from 
tilt'  lliuli  ti!Xt,  coiniiarinj^  tlid  tniiislntion  witli 
thu  l'iuij:ii>i  anil  lOn'^'linli.  Dr.  iiiit<:h(>s(in.  tlio 
oidy  Kiir  ipoiiti  in  tin)  country  who  rend  tho 
Oliiiinhii  in  this  chiiriu'tcr,  assisted  the  tiiins- 
lator,  whoso  wi)rk  ho  n^visnd  and  ci'itcd.  rp 
to  March  Itlst,  .SSII,  ahout  2,r)12  portions  of 
tho  ScriptuTi'S  '  LTD  disi)ost'd  of. 

C'llilinlterliiill,  .i<»llll,  Kailcil  for  India  ns 
ft  mission. iry  of  llni  lOnf^iisli  iiiij)tiHt  Missionary 
KiHM.^ty  in  May,  1H02,  roachinj^  StTaiiiporti  .Ian- 
uary  27t.li,  IHOU.  JIo  had  j^ri'at  aplitiidu  for 
ai!i[iiiriii};  lau.!iiaj^iis,  and  his  progress  in  Itcii- 
gall  was  si)  rapid  that  in  a  year  hv  could  speak 
it  with  au  aocnracy  ecpial  to  *'  it  of  any  of  thu 
oldiir  missionarioH.  In  January,  iHO-t,  lie  vis- 
ited SailL^jur  Island,  wlicni  thousands  were  gatli- 
erinj{  at  tho  annual  festival  or  kuja.  lie  was 
aociinpanio.l  by  Felix  (;aroy,  Krishnii,  ami  an- 
other convert.  Ho  says  :  "  Words  fail  to  give 
ft  true  desuriptiou  of  tho  seene  Here  an  im- 
uiensely  popidous  city  has  been  raised  in  a  very 
few  days,  full  of  streets,  lanes,  ba/.aats,  etc, 
and  crowds  upon  cr.iwds  of  men,  women,  and 
children,  hij^li  and  hnv,  rich  anil  poor,  nro  sceu 
bftthiuf^  in  the  water  and  worshippin;?  Gungn. 
The  mud  au  I  water  of  this  place  are  esteemed 
very  holy,  and  are  taken  hundreds  of  miles  on 
tho  shoulders  of  men.  Tho  Invest  computation 
of  the  people  here  is  one  lac,  or  100,000,  but 
perhaps  twi  lacs  is  nearer  the  truth."  To 
those  people  ho  and  his  associates  preached  tho 
Gospel  and  gave  books  and  tracts.  In  tha 
sprini^  of  this  year  ho  was  stationed  at  Cutwa, 
75  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  In  reviewing  his 
labors  he  says  :  "  It  is  now  live  years  since 
Providence  fixed  my  lot  here.  Millions  of  the 
he.ithen  have  hearil  the  glorious  report,  either 
from  preaching  or  from  tlio  distribution  of  up- 
ward of  a  hundred  thousand  tracts  and  many 
hundreds  of  tho  Scriptures."  In  addition  to 
this  work  he  had  a  school  of  -10  pupils,  for 
whose  benefit  he  translated  Dr.  Watts'  cate- 
chism and  ft  tew  hymns.  Ho  also  made  sevorftl 
visits  to  IJerhampore,  a  military  station  lo  miles 
from  CiUoutta,  preaching  the  Gospel  to  tho 
soldiers,  among  whom  hu  gathered  a  church  of 
24  members.  On  a'count  of  his  facility  in  ac- 
quiring languages,  his  knowledge  of  tho  original 
Scriptures,  especiall,y  of  Hobrow,  and  his  zeal 
ftnd  experience  in  missionary  work,  ho  was  sent 
in  lHO'.t  to  .\gra  to  establish  a  new  mission.  In 
IHU  he  was  atHicled  in  the  death  of  two 
daughters,  on  of  whom  could  read  and  speak 
three  languages,  and  a  f(!w  months  later  ho  was 
bereaved  of  his  only  remaining  child.  His  health 
having  tailed,  ho  sailed  for  England  in  1H27, 
but  dioil  on  tho  passage. 

Cllilllliral,  ft  town  in  Chili,  South  America. 
Its  iidiabitants  are  ohietly  miners  and  traders. 
Mission  station  of  tho  South  American  Mission- 
ary Society  ;  1  missionary  unordaiued. 

Cliaildbuli,  a  city  in  Orissu,  Bengal,  North- 


cm  India,  200  niilps  Boiithwost  of  Calcntta,  40 
miles  east  of  .leypore,  and  0  miles  from  tho 
sea.     It  has  risen  to  importaiu'e  only  w  itliin  tho 

last  few  years,  and  is  now  tin iitle  of  a  rapidly 

growing  trade.  Healthy,  though  hot,  as  it  is 
tempered  by  sea  breezes.  Population,  It.'jiw;, 
Hindus,  Moslems,  aboriginal  tribes.  Lan- 
guage, Hindustani,  liiiigali,  Oiyia,  'relngu, 
Coiiilition  of  native!  fairly  gooil,  allhough  buck- 
ward  in  edueatiiin  and  slow  to  accept  Weslcin 
civili/ation.  Mission  station  of  the  J'ree  \\  ill 
liiiptists  (IKHCi)  ;  1  missionary  and  wife,  2  others, 
'.I  native  helpers,  1  out  station,  1  church,  2.S 
church-members,  12  schools,  ;t(l7  stdiolars. 

CIlllllllilliHij  It  market-town  in  the  distiict 
of  lioliilkhiind.  Northwestern  Provinces,  India. 
Population.  21,000.  Mis-,ion  out  station  of  tho 
Methoilist  Kpis(M)pal  C'lniri'h  (N(irth)hinco  IN^I  ; 
■i:t  (diureh-membors. 

CiiHiM^liaii,  or  Mwiitow  C'olloqiiliil 
Vcrhloil.  I'ho  (,'hau Chaii  is  a  dialect  of  tho 
(Uiinese,  wdiich  is  spoken  in  tho  neighborhood 
of  Swatow,  in  the  jirovince  of  Canton.  Jtecauso 
Swatow  is  the  port  of  Canton  and  the  cdiief  cen- 
tre of  missionary  work,  this  dialect  is  also 
called  Swatow,  and  into  it  the  Kev.  ^\■illiam 
Dutfus,  of  the  Presbyterian  Missionary  Society 
of  England,  translated  the  (iospel  of  Luke, 
which  ho  carried  through  the  press  in  ]n77  at 
Edinburgh,  in  Honiau  characters,  while  on  a 
visit  to  his  native  country.  Two  n.issionaries 
of  the  .Vmerican  Hoard,  Hev.  William  Ashmoio 
and  Jliss  A.  M.  Fieldo,  translated  the  Book  of 
Genesis,  which  was  jiublislipd  in  lH7'.t. 

[Specimen  verse.    Gen,  1  ;  1.) 


Eoman. 
V&  ai"  khi-sin  lai-khii  ui-pC-ko,  kSng  i  ti", 
Pe  a,  ud.  tit-tsuu-tieh  thi"  kuii  to  lu  mln-tadi". — 
{Luke  XV.  1 8.) 


Ol  \ 


OHARLOTTENBURa 


215 


OHIANa  HOA 


CiiiirlolU-iibiirtf,  n  Ktition  of  tlio  .Morn- 
viiinn  in  Suriimiii,  .South  AiiuTiiMi,  llio  lirst 
|iliuitiitiiin  oi>uiiiul  to  till)  Moiiiviiins  tor  tho 
lirnii'liinn  ot  tlio  (iosiicl,  fifty  jiiirs  uftir  tho 
iiiisHioiiJU'itis  lic^iiii  tlicir  liiljorM  in  Siiriiium. 
It  lii'H  oti  II  iMirvt)  of  the  rivt'r  Ciiiiiiimwyno  iiud 
enjoys  a  )>lriiHiiiit  situittiiih.  ()p|ioNit«  lies  au 
cstatK  ii|i(iii  wliicli  I'licao  ami  haiiuiiaH  ari'  ^rowii. 
'I'he  liankH  of  tho  wlrcam  aro  lini'il  witli  friHh 
Uni'li  woods,  aiiioiin  wliich  Iuto  ami  thutu 
lurtty  ncuro  hanih'ts  may  bo  Huun,  llnats  of 
all  sizes  aro  cnnstaiitly  oil  tho  water,  an>l  I'spii- 
fially  many  ou  Siimlay  mornin^^s,  when  thiy 
l)iinn  (ho  ix'oplu  to  chiireli  ;  ou  weuk  days  they 
arc  often  hideii  with  childreu  i^oiny  to  or  cum. 
iuj4  from  school. 

<'llHII'kia*ktM>,  ft  town  in  tho  iirovinco 
ot  lluian.  Northeast  China,  lietueen  Kaifiini; 
anl  Nankin;;.  Mission  stiition  of  the  China 
Inland  Mission  (IsHti  ;  8  missionaries  (ineliul- 
in^;  nassi.inaries'  wives),  1  native  helper,  1  out- 
Htatlon,  ->'i  ehiuvh-momhers,  'J  ehurehes, 

4'llllVli:.;UClll*rr)',  a  town  in  the  eeiitral 
|i  irt  of  the  peninsula  of  .lallna,  extreme  North- 
ern <'eylon,  east  of  .latfna  City.  Mission  sla- 
tiiin  of  the  .\.  I!.  C.  !•'.  M. ;  1  preacher,  l.Vj 
church  iiiend>ers. 

<^^IU'r4»<».  cliief  Hoaport  town  in  the  province 
of  Sliantiin^,',  Northeast  China.  Mission  station 
of  the  China  Inlaml  Mission  (iHT'.h;  IS  mis- 
sionaries (includin^^  missionaries'  wiv<'S),  1  na- 
tive helper,  1  church,  .'Id  <liurcli  nieml>ers,  'J 
schools,  17  pupils.  l'r(\sl>yterian  Churc^h 
(North),  isdj  ;  ;t  ordained  nnssionanes  and 
their  wives,  one  single  laily,  71  native  heli)ers, 
5  tlieolo^;i(Ml  students,  10  schools,  1(1  chnrclies, 
(12")chuich  meml'crs  (iD-j  added  during  IHSS). 
•S.  I',  (i.  (1H71)  ;  1  missionary. 

dUMItfkll,  a  town  in  tho  province  of  Shcnsi, 
North  China,  ni'ar  IlauchunL;.  Mission  station 
of  the  China  Inland  Jlission  (,1sm7)  ;  1  mission- 
ary and  wife. 

Ciieillll-fll,  the  ca))ital  of  tho  jirovinco  ot 
Siehuen,  China,  Population,  ;il)(),(HI(l.  Mis- 
sion station  of  the  China  Inland  Mission  (ISHl )  ; 
I)  missionaries  and  wives,  2  other  ladies,  7  na- 
tive helpers,  1  station,  2  churches,  i")  mend)ors, 
2  schools,  ;!()  scholars. 

Ciicriboii,  or  mi(>rili«»ii,  Tava,  town  and 
district  on  tln^  n;irth  coast,  12.")  miles  east  south- 
east of  liatavia.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  Dutch 
f^overnor.  A  church  was  foundi^l  there  in  is II. 
It  is  a  place  of«considcral)lc  trade.  I'opuhi- 
tion  of  town,  ll.DiUt;  of  residency,  '.I2'.»,7()il. 
Mission  station  ot  ,  ic  Dutch  Missionary  Society. 

dlCTokcc  Version.— The  Cherokee  Ind- 
ians of  the  Cnited  States,  to  whom  this  lau- 
f^uii^p  is  vernaculai',  hail  tho  (lospclof  Matthew 
printed  in  their  iiliom  in  ls;!2,  followed  by  lUu 
Acts  in  is:i;t.  l{i)th  were  printed  at  New  Echota. 
A  third  edition  of  JIattlunv  appeared  in  IHIO  at 
the  .Vrkunsas  mission  press,  I'ark  Hill,  and  was 
l)ul)lislied  at  the  expense  ot  the  American  Hoard. 
'n  IMli  the  (lospels,  Acts,  and  epistles  to  Tim- 
othy were  printed  at  tho  same  place  in  tho 
Cherokee  character,  and  in  IHIIO  the  entire 
New  Testament  was  completed  and  printed  nn- 
der  the  superintendence  ot  Kevs.  S.  A.  Worces- 
ter and  C.  C'.  Torrey.  Besides  the  New  Testa- 
ment, the  American  Bible  Society  also  pub. 
lished  some  portions  of  tho  Old  Testament. 


(Specimen  verse,    John  3  :  16.) 
Qay$z  ii»iy  QfAwcfA  vh-crny  no.*,  ftO»fl* 
ny   o>Tf»  0°Jt5ir   e(*y   cfc^uAcr   ci'»j\'HJi,   yd 

O'O.T'a. 

C'iK'rril,  ft  district  and  town  in  tho  Khasl 
lliils,  .\ssam,  Inilia.  Mission  station  of  the 
Welsh  I'resbylerians,  with  2  missionaries,  i) 
churches,  11  preachin;;  stations,  IdK  church, 
members,  H'H  adherents  (usiiin  the  teriu  to  de- 
note those  w  ho  have  ^;iven  up  heathen  practices, 
ki'cp  the  .Sabbath,  and  attend  lueans  of  ^;racei, 
727  .Sunday  scholars  and  teachers,  and  M'^  day 
scholars.  Hero  is  also  the  normal  '.ollei;e  lor 
tho  rei^ion. 

4'||<>IIII|{  IVIlli,  a  city  of  Siam  on  the  Maah- 
I'inn  Kiver,  .">i«l  nides  north  of  liannkok.  Mis- 
sion station  of  tho  Presbyterian  Church  (North) 
amonj.;  the  T.aos  ;  -1  iiiissiotuiries  and  wives,  It 
female  missionaries,  11  native  jireachers,  71'l 
(diurch-members. 

dlll4>la-!\'llU|>lir,  one  ot  the  four  i)rov- 
itices  included  within  the  rule  of  the  I.ieliten- 
ant-(lovernor  ot  Helical,  'i'he  other  three  aro 
Denial  I'ro)icr,  liehar,  and  Urissa.  Chhota- 
Nanpur  lies  West  of  jieiieal  Proper;  liehar  ad. 
joins  it  (pii  tho  north  ami  Orissa  on  tho  south, 
east.  Its  Western  boundary  is  tho  native  State 
of  liewa,  and  on  the  southwest  it  tomdu's  the 
Central  Provinces,  Its  area  is  ■l:!,02()  S(|iia!n 
miles,  and  its  liopulation  l,'.Mi;!,'.l',ll .  Of  these 
a  litth?  over  ;t,.S.")(l,(l(MI  are  reckoned  as  Hindus 
and  about  a  <iuarler  <if  a  million  as  M(diam- 
medaiis,  Aborii^inal  tribes  furnish  nearly  8U0,- 
(Ml()  of  tht^  po|)ulation,  but  many  <if  those  in- 
cluded relij^ionsly  under  the  term  "Hindus" 
aro  connected  by  race  with  these  tribes,  tho 
members  of  which  aro  eontinuall,v  ail(iptint{ 
more  and  more  of  Hindu  practice,  ami  mcij^in^ 
by  decrees  into  the  body  of  Hinduism.  The 
tribes  beloiif^  princiiiallv  to  the  Santal  and  K(d 
families.  Tho  successful  work  of  Christian 
missions  in  the  province  is  attested  by  the  ex- 
istence of  over  10,(1110  Christians  (in  IKHl  ;  tho 
number  now  is  much  (greater) ;  tho  Society  tor 
the  Proi)at^ation  of  tho  (iosjul  and  Crossner's 
Jlissionary  Society  aro  the  ]irincipal  missionary- 
bodies  ojieratint,'  within  the  province. 

Chhota  Naj^pnr,  as  delined  above,  includes  in 
its  western  i>orti(>n  a  •^rou])  of  nine  ))etty  States 
or  chieftainships  not  yet  incorjioratecl  into  tho 
Ant^lo-Indian  (lovernmeiit,  thouj^h  supervised 
by  it.  'I he  ]iopulation  consists  ot  tiilics  be- 
lon^jin^!  some  to  tho  Cloud  and  some  to  the  KnI 
famil,v  of  aborigines.  Tlu!  jiopulation  was  re- 
turned, in  issl,  as  (W.OdO  ;  all,  with  tho  ex- 
ception of  a  tew  thousand,  beiuf;  reported  ns 
Hindus,  thouj^h  this  indicates  simply  their  ])res- 
ent  religious  and  not  their  ethical  connection, 
ns  explained  above.  Classified  by  race,  Hindus 
number  a  little  more  than  a  third  and  ab- 
origines about  a  half  of  tho  whole  population. 

Clllailff  Clllu,  ft  city  of  Southeast  China, 
on  tho  Thian  liivor,  2'>  miles  west  of  Amoy. 
Mi.ssiori  station  of  tho  Ij.  M.  S.  (1h(;2)  ;  2  mis- 
sionaries, 1  female  inissionftry,  1)  nntivo  preach- 
ers, 21H  church-members,  lleforniod  (Dutch) 
Church,  U,  S.  A.;  Ill)  church  members. 

Clliaiie  lloa,  ft  city  of  Forinosn.  on  the 
west  coast,  south  of  Tamsni.  Mission  station 
ot    the    Presbyterian    Church   of    England  ;  1 


I/; 


i 


OHIANO  MOA  J 

Btiition  nmont;  tlio  CliinoHi',  1  iuiioii){  tlm  Srk- 

llOllll. 

C'hiclKttV,  II  town  in  llui  N.illllivvtnli'tll  piil't 
of  lliii  |>i'iiviii('ii  of  Oliilili  ( I'iiiHt  Cliliiiii,  wc'ht  cit' 
Ti'licliow,  siiiitliof  I'jio  tin^  III.  Misuoii  Kliktum 
of  tilt)  ii.  M.  S. ;  'J  iiiisKionunes  iiuil  tlioir  wiven, 
li'J  cliurcili  inunilji'r!4, 

<'lli4'»ll<-llill»,  II  town  in  tli<>  'riiiiiiiiilipiis 
district,  DiiHt  Ml'xIco,  ntiii'  riiiii|ii('o.  Misnion 
Htution  uf  tlii3  AsHociiitt'il  lli'ioi'Mit'd  Svnoil 
(Si)utli)  ;  1  niisHioniiry,  II  oiit-stntioiis,  1117  com- 
luiinic'iintH. 

Clllllliullllll, a  city  in  N.ntli  ^[c\il'o,  lU  the 
liiisu  of  tlio  Sicrni  Mudro  Moiuiliiins,  '12'>  Uiilcs 
H.intli  (if  El  I'liso,  'lex  ,  1,(11111  miles  noilliwcst 
of  Mexico  City.  Cliiimtc,  dry,  mild,  licidtliy. 
Topnliition,  'J5,0()li,  Spuniards  and  Indian's. 
IjiinHUii;,'c,  .Siianisli.  Kdinion,  lloman  Catlio- 
lie.  Hociiil  condition,  civili/cd,  Imt  lyinj,',  dis- 
Lonusty,  dninkcnnoss,  and  niicliuHlily  coiiiMion. 
Mission  station  of  tlio  A.  ]!.  ('  V.  M.  (1mn2i; 
1  missionary  and  wife,  I  oilier  lady,  it  nativo 
hclpurs,  'i  ontstations,  2  cliiirclies,  i)J  mem- 
ber), ",2  scliools,  71  selioliirs. 

Cliil<lrvii'N  jlle«li<*al  iniN«i«»iiury  ^i**- 

Cit'lj'. -(.Vuxiliary  to  tlm  Medical  .Missionary 
Association.)  Jlcad(piarters,  Mcilical  .Mission 
House,  lot  rctlicrton  lioad,  London,  W. 

Tlie  Society  was  f.inndcd  in  ]K7.'i  ;  its  ob- 
ject is  twofold  :  (l)to  extend  unions;  children 
n  knowlfcdt^i)  and  lovo  of  niediiMil  niiisiotis  ; 
(■J)  to  help  forward  niediiMil  mission  work  at 
home  and  uliroad.  Hooks,  leaflets,  etc.,  arc  cir 
I'ulalfcd  aiinn^,'  children,  and  branch  societies 
are  formed  whcrcvi^-  piacticablc.  Money  and 
ntlicr  nifts  jilaced  in  its  hands  arc  distrilmtcil 
to  medical  missions  liavini^  nefid  of  such  aid. 
Thii  society  had,  in  IMMS,  \>~i  branclies,  and  snp- 
jiorted  cots  iti  hospitals  in  China,  India,  Syria, 
Kuvpt,  Italy,  and  Kngland.  Income  f  jr  lisss, 
£loO. 

CliildiH'ii'M  S|»e«>iHl  Service  lfli)4>>i<»ii. 

— IIead(piiirters,  Warwick  Lane,  Patirnostir 
Kiivv,  London,  K.  C,  England,  (^rndcnoniina- 
tioiial.) 

The  aim  of  the  Cliddren's  Special  Si-rvico 
Mission,  founded  in  1S(;7,  is  to  use  every  means 
to  lea  1  cliihlrcn  and  yonn^;  peojilc  to  be  Chris- 
tians, and  then  by  its  various  publications,  its 
Scripture  Union,  and  its  rc^;ular  seriices  to  lead 
them  on  in  tlio  Christian  life  and  to  point  out 
to  the:ii  paths  of  Christian  usefulness.  In  IHISW 
services  for  children  wta-e  held  in  11.")  different 
places.  Tho  Children's  Scriiiture  Cnion  now 
number.s  I!,1S(((I  branches  in  Great  Ibitaiu,  and 
has  issued  HO, 0011  Scripture  cards  in  27  different 
liinnua^^i'S.  It.s  monthly  letters  have  an  issue 
of  110,000  per  month,  and  iiro  printed  in  Eng- 
lish, French,  Dutch,  and  Danish. 

The  total  issue  of  translation  of  its  children' .s 
Picture  Leaflets  in  10  different  languages,  for 
the  foreign  field,  is  more  than  «, 000,000. 

Cllili,  Rc|»llbli4^  of,  lies  on  the  western 
const  of  the  southern  portion  of  South  America, 
between  the  crest  of  the  Andes  and  the  ocean, 
from  the  Cmnarones  Kiver  to  t'apo  Horn.  By 
the  treaty  of  IHH'i  it  obtained  Anfofaptasta  prov- 
ince, the  sea-coast  of  J5olivia,  and  tho  province 
of  Tarapaca  from  Peru,  along  with  the  tentative 
possession  of  Tacna,  another  Peruvian  prov- 
ince, which  at  the  end  of  ten  years  is  to  decide 
by  popular  vote  which  republic  it  will  belong 


CHINA 


hoiindary  lino  on  tho  south  wan  detur-  j 
•  the  treaty  with  the  .\rgentllie  Ui.publio  I 
iciuirdilig  to  which  the  Strait  of  Mage'. 


to.      It.s  boil 
iinneil  by 
in  iNMl,  aciu 

Ian  was  made  neutral  territor\  and  the  Wcsli  in 
part  of  Tii^rva  did  I'lieg  >  was  given  to  Chili  ;  hut 
I'atagoiiia  was  ceded  to  the  .\rgeiitine  Keliul). 
lie.  In  1HH7  there  were  22  iirovinces  (divided 
into  *'iH  departnients)  and  2  ti  irili>iics.  TI,o 
popiih'.tii)n  IS  estimated  at  l2,:iN:i,  IMI,  not  in- 
chiilim/  the  Indians,  of  whom  there  are  .'lO, 0110, 
The  foreign  p.i|iulation  is  H7,077,  most  of  them 
from  other  jairts  uf  Smith  .Vmerica,  Tln^  ilido- 
peiideiico  of  tho  republic  Was  declared,  .Septenu 
iier  isfh,  iMlo.  The  Constitution  was  adopteil 
1k;);|,  but  has  undevgoiio  revisiiui  at  varioUH 
times.  The  government  consists  of  a  I'residi  nt, 
electeil  for  a  tiuiii  of  five  years  ;  u  Senate  of  43 
senators  ;  a  Chamber  of  Deputies,  120  in  num- 
ber. There  is  in  addilion.a  Council  of  Slate  of 
1 1  members,  "i  of  whom  are  nann  d  by  the  Presi- 
dent and  the  remainder  by  ( 'ongvess.  The  iirov- 
inces are  governed  by  iiile>iiliiiti.i  appointed  by 
fill'  President,  as  are  also  the  governors  of  the 
departments.  The  religion  is  Itotiian  Catholic, 
though  other  religions  are  tolerated.  I'ublic 
education  is  gratuitous,  and  there  nro  thrco 
grailes  of  schools  ;  jjr''-  y,  necondary,  and 
lirincipal.  There  is  u  university  and  national 
institute  at  Santiago,  with  departments  of  law, 
medicine,  and  the  tine  arts.  In  IHhM  tho  stu- 
dents numbered  1.071.  In  1H87  there  were  87 
superior  and  secondary  schools  (juipils,  ■i,i'}2i 
ami  '.i")0  primary  (pupdls,  ^tl,:i(;2).  .\ccording  to 
the  otlicial  estimate  of  IHiS.j  Santiago,  the  capi- 
tal, had  200.000  inhabitants,  Valpiuais(>,  the 
jirincipal  seajiort,  ]0o,000.  The  iirincipal  w  lalth 
of  the  country  consists  in  its  agricultiiriil  and 
mineral  products  ;  one  and  a  half  million  acrcH 
are  in  cultivation.  Five  lines  of  steamships  do 
business  on  the  coast,  the  principal  being  tho 
I'acitic  Steam  Navigation  Company  of  I'.nghind, 
with  bimonthly  steamers  to  Eiighmd  and 
weekly  ones  to  I'aimma.  IJailroails  are  be  iiig 
built  •  in  bSHK  there  were  :t.(IO(l  miles  of  tele- 
graph lines  and  1,(IIM)  post-otlices.  Tho  climate 
is  iiafurally  good,  most  of  the  country  lying  in 
the  temperate  z me,  with  sea  breezes  iiiiil  high 
mountains  to  modify  the  temperature,  but  tho 
general  lack  of  sanitary  precautions  produces  a 
great  mortality  among  the  children. 

j^fissinn  irork  is  carried  on  by  tho  Pres- 
byterian Church  (N'orth),  11,  .S.  A,  with  stations 
at  Valparaiso,  Santiago,  Concepcion,  and  Copi- 
apo  ;  7  missiimaries  and  wives,  22  native  help- 
ers, rt  churches,  2(i5  members.  Pesidcs  its 
church  work  the  society  has  growing  educational 
and  evangelistic  departmentf,  the  latter  of 
which  inidudes  a  largo  distr'bution  of  tracts. 

South  .Vmerican  Missionary  Society,  with  stn- 
tionsat  Chanariil,  Lota,  (Coronal,  aud.Vraucania  ; 
2  missionaries,  1  missionary's  wife.  Their 
Mork  is  among  tho  Spanish  and  English-sj'cak- 
ing  population  and  tho  Indians  about  Arau- 
cania. 

ChllUl.— r>y  the  name  China  is  designated 
the  possessions  of  the  Chinese  Empire  in  its 
widest  sense,  though  it  is  used  more  correctly 
and  narrowly  to  name  tho  eighteen  provinces 
which  constitute  China  Proper.  The  word 
itself  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  Tsin,  the 
name  of  one  of  tho  minor  kingdoms  into  which 
China  was  divided  in  the  seventh  century  b.c, 
from  which  came  Chin  and  China.  The  conn- 
try  has  been  called  by  the  Latins,  Seres  ;  by  the 


li 


^-'^^<- 


M 


; 


^ 


lififi 


CHINA 


U7 


CHINA 


Persians,  f'lithny  ;  liy  the  otlior  countries  of  Asin, 
Jin,  Sin,  Siii.i',  or  T/.inistii).  Tlie  Cliiiiuse 
tliiiinsi:lv(!s  cull  tlieir  cimntr,v  Tit  u  Hu.  "  \n-. 
ncutli  tlio  sky,"  i.e.,  the  world  ;  Sz  Hai  (all 
withini,  flii^  four  seas  ;  ami  Chuiif;  Kwoh,  Mid- 
din  Kiiit^  1(1111.  In  tlii'ir  isolatinn  ami  ignorance 
tlie,v  ducmnl  that  their  laud  was  all  that  was 
wi.rth  siii'ukiii^^  of,  nut  knowing;  that  many 
other  lands  existed. 

Chhlvsf  lintitirr. — The  form  of  tha  l-.:i- 
jiire  is  likt)  a  rectanf^le.  It  lies  in  the  middle 
anil  on  tlm  soiitlieastern  sIojk!  of  the  continent 
of  .Vsiii,  oxtendiii)^'  fmm  18  ;!IJ'  to  '){\  2j'  north 
latitude,  and  from  74  to  l:i(l^  eist  lonv;itude, 
iiiel(>sin„'  an  estimated  area  of  r),(HK),(ltM)  square 
niilL>s.  lis  f^reatest  breadlh  is  2.1."ll  nilhs. 
The  eireiiit  of  thu  enipiri)  is  14, (HM)  miles-  ovei 
half  the  cireiuiiferenei)  of  the  el,il>,..  On  the 
east  ami  s.Tiitheast  it  is  li.uinded  hy  vaiious 
ar  us  )f  the  I'lvcilie  Deean  — f^ulfs  of  Liautnn'.^ 
and  I'e  heli^  Yell.iw  and  China  Sens,  and  tlie 
(iulf  of  ToiKiuin.  On  the  southwest  it  is 
hounded  liy  (loehin  Cliina  and  liuriiiah,  and  hy 
t'le  Himalaya  Mountains.  On  the  west  it  is 
D.Tiinded  hy  tlie  Kara  lioruiu  Jl.uintains,  and 
the  Kiii^,'doms  or  States  <  t  Ciishniere,  liadak- 
shan,  Kokand,  the  Kirf^his  steppe,  and  Russia. 
On  the  northwest  and  north  it  is  bounded  hy 
liussia,  from  which  it  is  separated  from  west  to 
ea.st  hy  the  Altai  and  Kenteh  Mountains,  and 
the  Amur  and  I'suri  rivers.  Tliis  immense 
country  comprises  one  third  of  Asia,  oin-  tenth 
of  the  inhahit  ilile  t^lohe,  and  is  divided  j;oliti- 
callv  into  Cliiniv  I'mper,  ^lauchuria,  Mongolia, 
Hi,  Kokoiior,  and  Tihet. 

C'liiw  I'ltoi'Kii.  The  Eif^hteen  Provinces,  as 
the  Cliiuese  c  ill  it,  and  usually  one  of  the  prov- 
inces of  Manchuria,  Sliing  Kinj^,  in  addition,  is 
that  part  of  the  empire  which  is  distinctively 
knovvn  as  Clii'ia,  and  is  mhahited  entirely  hy 
Chinese.  It  lies  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
liii^li  tahle  land  of  Central  Asia,  extending  to 
latitude  41  north  and  lon^'itude  S-l'  east.  The 
area  of  China  is  variously  estimated  from 
l,:t4S,H70  to  2,0011,(100  .sipiai-e  miles,  since  its 
western  houndary  is  unsettled.  Its  ^jrtatest 
lenj^th  is  1,474  miles  and  its  breadth  1. :!.")■') 
miles.  "  It  contains  aim  ist  as  much  territory 
as  is  comprised  in  the  States  of  the  American 
Union  lyini^  east  of  the  Mississippi  Itiver,  with 
the  addition  of  Texas,  Arkansas,  Missouri,  and 
Iowa." 

I'lii/.iirid  Fi'ittitrt's. — In  the  northeast  is  a  great 
jilain,  and  the  remainder  of  China  is  divid-d 
into  three  basins,  s'  |iarat"d  by  mountain  rant,'es 
which  run  from  ea^t  to  west,  and  drained  by 
tluee  great  rivers  and  their  tributaries.  In 
general  all  that  jiart  of  the  country  lyiiiL,  west 
of  the  meridian  of  ]l:t  is  mountainous  ;  from 
that  line  dmvii  to  the  coast,  south  of  the  Yaugts/- 
kiiing,  is  found  hilly  country  alternating  with 
the  river  valleys. 

The  (treat  Plain  extends  from  the  Great  Wall 
north  of  Peking  to  the  lunction  of  the  Yangtsz- 
kiang  with  the  Poyang  Lake,  latitude  30'  north 
— 701)  miles  in  length.  It  has  an  average 
breadth  of  200  miles  north  of  latitmle  :!•"•  north, 
and  covers  an  area  of  70,000  square  miles  ; 
while  in  the  parallel  of  tlio  Yellow  Itiver  it  in- 
creasei  in  breailth  to  :!00  miles,  until  it  reaches 
the  Vangtsz  kiang,  where  it  stretches  400  miles 
inlimil,  covering  140,000  scpiai-e  miles  in  this 
southern  iiortion,  making  a  total  of  210,000 
scpiare  miles.  This  basin  supports  a  popula- 
tion of  177,000,000,  and  is  more  densely  Jiopu. 


lated  than  nny  other  part  of  the  world  of  equal 

size. 

llh-ir.'i.  —  Of  the  many  livers  wlii(di  How  from 
west  to  east  across  China  the  priiMijial  (Uies  are 
the  Hwang  Ho  (Yellow  Paver),  the  Yangtsz- 
kiaiig  (Yangtsz  Kiveri,  and  the  Chukiaiig 
ll'earl  Itiver).  The  Yello,v  Piver  rises  in  the 
plain  of  Odontahi  in  latitude  li").',  north,  huigi- 
tii  le  Oi;  east.  Hows  in  a  general  (lirtction  to  tho 
nnrthcast  until  it  reaches  loiigitndi!  110  north 
of  the  (treat  Wall,  where  it  flows  almt.st  directly 
south  between  the  jirovmces  of  Shansi  and 
Shensi  fi>r  about  oiMl  miles,  wlu  ii  it  meets  ils 
greatest  tributary,  the  Wei,  and  tin  n  llows  in  a 
general  westerl.v  direction  to  the  sea.  lis 
course  through  the  (Irtat  Plain  has  been  a  vary- 
ing one  on  accriunt  of  its  rapid  ciareut  and  the 
Ifi.ise  chaiacter  of  the  soil  which  forms  its 
banks,  and  it  Very  often  overHows  its  boun- 
<1aries,  causing  death  and  desolation  to  the  sur- 
riunding  people,  ami  f  irming  a  new  channel 
and  u  new  mouth  for  itself.  The  last  tlood 
t  lok  place  in  the  early  part  of  Isss.  At  that 
time,  after  llowing  along  the  northern  border 
of  Ilonan,  it  crossed  Shantung  in  a  northeast- 
erly direcli.m  and  emptied  into  the  (>ulf  ipf 
IVchf  le  :  after  the  Hood  its  waters  inundated 
over  10,000  scpiaro  miles  of  lowlaml,  part  of  tho 
water  found  ils  way  to  the  Yangtsz  kiang 
through  the  grand  canal,  and  the  remainder 
f.irmed  a  new  mouth  on  (ho  coast  near  the  .'1.1th 
degree,  imt  more  than  80  miles  from  an  ancient 
mouth.  The  whole  area  of  tho  basin  is  esti- 
mated at  47"),000  square  miles.  The  Y'ellow 
Itiver  is  of  very  little  use  for  navigation,  owing 
to  the  great  difference  in  its  depth  during  sum- 
mer and  winter,  ami  on  account  of  its  luibit  of 
overtlnwing  it  has  bepn  justly  called  ''China's 
s.-irrow."  In  a  direct  line  its  distance  from 
source  t)  mouth  is  l,2ilO  miles,  but  its  numir- 
ous  windings  make  its  length  double  that  dis- 
tance. 

The  Yangtszkiang  (/.e/)((/  meaning  liver),  rises 
in  theTangli  Mountains,  in  the  western  j'ortien 
of  Tibet,  ri.i\"s  in  a  southeasterl,v  direction  un- 
til it  reaches  the  southwestern  liart  cf  Sz'chutn, 
where  it  receives  the  Yalung,  and  then  flows  in 
a  general  easterly  directiiui  to  the  sea,  where  it 
discharges  its  waters  by  two  mouths,  in  latitude 
152  north,  l.K'O  miles  from  its  source  in  a  direct 
line,  but  I!. 000  niihs  in  all  its  windings.  This 
river  is  deep  and  alfords  jiassage  for  ocean 
steamers  for  200  miles  frcuii  its  mouth,  and 
with  tho  aid  of  modern  engineering  it  would 
be  ]iossible  fur  steam  vessels  to  ascend  2.000 
miles.  Its  basin  is  estimated  at  048,1)00  s(|uate 
miles,  and  in  the  amount  of  water  it  discharges, 
the  system  of  tributaries  belonging  to  it,  a-nd 
the  means  of  communication  which  it  affords,  it 
ranks  with  the  great  rivers  of  the  wnrl  I. 

The  Chu  kiang  is  formed  at  Canton  by  tho 
imion  of  its  three  branches,  the  North,  (ho 
East,  and  the  West  rivers,  of  which  the  latter 
is  by  far  the  largest.  They  drain  the  south- 
western part  of  China,  an  area  of  PIO.OOO  sipiaro 
miles,  and  being  intersected  by  numerous  tribu- 
taries, form  a  perfect  network  of  si  reams,  which 
afford  the  means  of  co!iimunication  between 
tho  three  southwestern  provinces. 

In  addition  to  these  three  jirincipnl  rivers,  the 
coast  of  China  is  ver,v  thickly  indented  with  the 
mouths  of  rivers  of  various  volume  and  length, 
from  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin  on  the  south  to  the 
Gulf  of  Pecheleon  the  north,  since  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  mountains  causes  the  rivers  to  flow 


3'  ■«!■ 


i    n 


, 


CHINA 


2i8 


CHINA 


in  a  (,'enerftl  ettsterly  direction,  drnining  tho 
mountain  slopes  to  the  east. 

Lukts.  — Tliere  are  few  larj^o  lakes  in  China. 
Tiinj;  Ting  Lalio,  in  Ilunau,  2111)  miles  in  cirouiii- 
ferenoe,  is  the  largest  one.  In  Kian^si  is  found 
the  picturescjuo  I'oyaug  Lake,  '.)()  miles  loii^;, 
and  haviai^  imi)ortant  tishories.  There  are 
smaller  lakes  in  Chihli  and  Shantung  and 
Yunnan,  which  support  atpiatie  populations. 

J'ldviiwes.  -In  tho  division  of  the  nrovinoes 
luado  a  hundred  years  H'^o,  ei^htien  provinees 
were  deHued.  Tho  cities  in  the  ditl'erent  prov- 
inces have  a  suftix  added  to  tho  name  wliicli  de- 
notes the  rank  of  the  city  and  the  grade  of  the 
district  of  which  it  is  the  chief  town.  These 
sufHxes  are  fa,  climr,  and  hitii,  and  in  general 
may  bo  rendered  "  department"  or  prefec- 
ture, "  primary  district,"  and  "secondary  dis- 
trict" respectively. 

Tho  provinces  may  be  grouped  as  fnllov  s  : 
XiHthurn  Provinces — Chihli,  Shantung',  Shansi, 
Houan.  Kastern  -Kiangsu,  N'ganhwui,  Kiangsi, 
Chclikiang,  i'"uhkieii.  Central — llupeh,  Ihiiian. 
.Snutheru— Kwangluiig,  Kwaugsi,  Yunnan,  Kwei- 
chau.  Western — Shciisi,  Kansnli,  Sz'chuen. 
A  hrief  description  of  tho  location,  size,  and 
importance  of  each  of  these  provinces  will  lie 
of  assistance  iu  locating  the  different  mission 
lields 

Chihli,  "Direct  Rule,"  so  called  on  account 
of  its  containing  the  seat  of  g<ivcrnmciit,  is 
bouuiled  on  the  north  by  Inner  Moug.)lia  ;  on 
the  east,  by  the  Gulf  of  I'echelo  ;  on  tlie  south, 
by  Shantung  and  Ilonaii,  and  on  the  west  by 
Shansi,  Its  area  is  5K,',M',(  scpiare  miles,  and  its 
poi)ulation  is  estimated  at  27, (KM), (KM).  It  con- 
tains eleven  prefectures.  Peking  is  the  caj)!- 
tal,  not  only  of  the  province,  but  also  of  tho 
empire,  and  is  the  largest  city  in  China,  with  a 
populi'.tion  estimated  from  l',(MlO.(Ml()  to  ;!,(I(M»,- 
OIM).  it  is  situated  in  the  same  latitude  as 
Philadt^lphia,  and  became  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment in  1111.  Tientsin  is  the  treaty  ])ort,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  the  I'ei  Ho  Kiver  on  tho 
Gulf  of  Pechelo.  Tungchau,  on  tho  Pei  Ho, 
12  miles  from  tho  east  gate  of  tho  city,  is  the 
jinrt  of  Peking.  The  general  aspect  of  the 
])roviuce  is  flat  and  uupleasiiig  ;  jiart  of  it  lying 
in  the  Great  Plain  is  rich  and  well  cultivated, 
th.mgli  the  farmers  are  often  ilistressed  by  fre- 
(pieiit  droughts.  The  i)rineipal  products  are 
millet,  wheat,  sorghum,  maize,  oats,  and  many 
kinds  of  fruits,  such  as  jiears,  apples,  and 
grapes.  Coal,  both  anthracite  and  bituminous, 
is  found,  and  marble,  granite,  lime,  and  iron 
can  be  obtained. 

Shantvno,  "East  of  the  Hills,"  has  a  long 
coast  line.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Chihli  aiiil  tho  gulf  ;  on  the  east  by  the  Yellow 
Sea  ;  on  the  south  by  Kiangsu,  atnl  on  tho 
west  by  Chihli.  It  contains  ten  prefectures. 
Its  area  is  O.j,101  stpiare  miles,  with  n  popula- 
tion of  ;iO,(JUU,()00.  It  is  especially  noted  ns 
being  the  birthplace  of  Confucius  and  Mencins. 
The  capital  is  Tsinan-fu,  a  city  of  about  l()(t,()00 
inhabitants.  Tho  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and 
every  kind  of  grain  and  vegetable  is  raised, 
while  gold,  copper,  galena,  antimony,  silver, 
sulphur,  agates,  and  saltpetre  are  found  in  its 
iiills.  Chefoo  on  the  northeast  coast  is  tho 
treatv  port. 

Shansi,  ••  West  of  the  Hills,"  has  tho  Great 
Wall  and  Mongolia  for  its  northern  boundary, 
Chihli  on  the  east,  Shenso  on  the  west,  and 
Houau  ou  the  south.    It  coutaius  oJ,20S  square 


miles,  about  the  size  of  tho  State  of  Illinois, 
with  ft  population  of  11,0()(),()(M),  and  has  eight 
prefectures.  It  is  the  original  home  of  the 
Chinese  i)eople.  An  elevated  plateau  of  liO.UUO 
sipiare  miles  from  5,U0()  to  (i,()0()  feet  in  height 
is  one  vast  coal  tield.  "  At  the  i)resent  rate  of 
consuniptio;i  the  world  could  be  supplied  for 
thousands  of  years  by  Shansi  alone."  Taiyueii- 
fu  is  tho  capital.  The  land  is  not  very  j)rodiic- 
tive,  food  is  high  in  price,  and  the  peoplo  are, 
as  a  rule,  ])oor. 

HoNAN,  "South  of  tho  lUver,"  is  oiio  of  tho 
most  fertile  jiortions  of  the  Plain.  It  was 
originally  called  Chung  Hwa  Ti,  "  middle  ilow- 
ery  land,"  the  Florida  of  China.  It  hi;<  tho 
Yellow  Kiver  on  the  north,  separating  it  fnun 
Shansi  and  Chihli  ;  Ngunhwui  on  the  east, 
llupeh  on  the  ^outh,  and  Shensi  on  the  west. 
Nine  i)refectHres  are  found  within  its  ('i."),l(l4 
square  miles.  Kaifutig-lu,  not  far  fnmi  tho 
southern  bank  of  the  Yellow  Iiiver,  is  the  ca2>i- 
tal.  The  jxipulation  is  dense,  and  they  jiroduco 
much  more  than  is  necessary  for  their  own  con- 
sumption of  cereals,  cotton,  hemp,  iron,  silk, 
and  coal.  The  building  of  railnvids  will  iu 
crease  the  capidiilities  of  this  province  to  aii 
enormous  degree. 

KiANc.sr,  named  from  the  lirst  syllable  of  its 
capital, Iviaiigningfu, and  the  Su  of  Suchau  (Soo- 
chow),  its  richest  city,  is  about  the  size  of  Penn- 
sylvania, containing  J"), (MK) square  miles.  Shan- 
tung bounds  it  on  the  north,  the  sea  on  the 
oast,  Cludikiang  on  the  south,  and  Xganhwui 
on  the  west.  Through  it  Ibiw  the  two  great 
rivers  of  China,  and  it  is  extraordinarily  fertile. 
Grain,  cotton,  tea,  silk,  and  rice  are  produced 
in  great  abundance,  and  it  is  the  home  of  neaily 
;iS,()0(),(MM)  of  iicople.  The  capital,  known  to 
foreigners  as  Nanking,  on  the  south  shore  of 
the  Yangtsz,  lilt  miles  from  Shanghai,  was  also 
the  capital  rf  China  from  A.i>.  H17-oH2,  and 
again  from  biCiS-l  Jo;!.  It  was  nearly  destio\ed 
by  the  rebels  in  IS.'Wi,  and  has  not  yet  fully  re- 
covered from  their  desolating  ravages.  It  haa 
been  celebrated  in  other  countries  for  its  Porce- 
lain Tower,  which  was  linished  by  tlii^  Kmj)eror 
Yungloh  in  1  biO,  after  nineteen  years  sjieiit  in 
its  construction.  Tho  lebils  destroyed  it  in 
I'^.^d  out  of  superstitious  fear  fif  its  geomantic 
inlluence.  Tho  city  is  renowned  throughout 
<'hina  tor  its  manufactures  of  cotton  cloth,  silk, 
lUepe,  satin,  jiaper,  and  fine  ink,  anil  for  itij 
literary  character.  Sooehow,  on  the  Ta-lm, 
Great  Lake,  lit)  miles  northwest  of  Shanghai, 
is  another  rich  an<l  populous  city.  It  is  noted 
for  its  handsome  (?)  people,  and  the  Chinese 
luoverl)  says,  "  Hai)]iy  is  the  man  who  is  born 
in  Sooehow,  lives  in  Canton,  and  dies  in  Liau- 
chau,"  for  he  will  be  born  hindsome,  have  all 
the  good  things  of  this  life,  an<l  in  the  latter 
place  are  found  the  best  eofhiis.  This  city  is 
celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  position  and 
the  picturesipiencss  of  the  surrounding  country, 
as  well  as  for  its  manufactures  of  silk,  liiun, 
cotton,  and  winks  in  ivory,  wood,  glass,  lac- 
iiuered  ware,  and  horn.  Chin-kiang,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  (trand  Canal  with  the  Yangtsz,  is 
noted  for  its  shipping  trade,  and  is  the  key  of 
the  country  as  regards  trade  between  the  north 
and  the  south.  Shanghai,  tho  leading  treaty 
jiort  in  China,  lies  on  the  north  shore  of  tho 
Wusung  lUvcr,  It  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lati- 
tude :U  10'  north  and  longitude  121  liO'  east. 
It  is  the  outlet  for  the  produce  of  the  region 
drained  by  the  Yangtsz,  and  of  the  cities  on  tho 


CHINA 


219 


CHINA 


Grand  Canal.  Here  we  find  Eastern  civilization 
side  by  side  with  Oriental  Kciuiilor.  In  the 
foreit;ii  settlement  tine  liousos,  elei'trie  lij^lits, 
wide  streets,  and  ^ay  eiiuipaf^es  form  a  striliiny 
(Miitrast  to  the  low  linek  lioiiscs,  oil  li^lits. 
narrow  streets,  and  rude  wheelbarrows  wliicL 
are  to  bo  seen  in  tlio  native  city. 

N'li.vNiiwui  lies  bitwetii  llonau  on  tlie  nortli, 
Kiauj^si  on  the  smith,  Kiant^sii  and  (lulikian^^ 
on  the  east,  and  llupeh  and  llonari  on  the  we.it. 
A  poimlation  of  ;il,l(IH,l)r/,l  inhal)it  its  4s,4<;i 
Kcjiiiie  miles.  It  has  seven  j)rel'et'tiiri's,  and 
Nguikiiij?  on  the  Yanj^tsz  is  its  eajiital.  'J'ho 
land  is  vtiry  fertile,  and  in  the  soulheru  portion 
tea  is  ^rown. 

Ki.\Nosi,  "  West  of  the  Kiver,"has  Hupehnud 
Nganhwui  for  its  northern  boimdary,  C'heh- 
kian^^  and  Fnhkieii  on  the  east,  Kwangtung  on 
the  south,  and  Hunan  on  llio  west.  It  includes 
the  fertile  basin  of  the  Kan-kian^,  supports  a 
po|.ulatinn  of  1',), 01)0, (KID  on  its  72.17<i  scpiare 
miles,  and  has  fourteen  i)refc'etures,  with  its 
capital  Nanehanj.!-fu  on  the  southern  shore  of 
Lake  Poyaii^,'.  In  aildition  to  the  usual  prod- 
ucts of  the  fertile  valleys,  its  mountains  pro- 
duce camphor,  varnish,  oak,  banian,  fir,  and 
pine.  Kiu-kiang,  on  the  Vaugtsz  at  the  outlet 
of  the  lake,  is  the  treaty  port. 

Chkhkiano  is  the  smallest  of  all  the  provinces, 
but  imp  irtaiit  because  of  its  situatiiui  on  the 
coast.  Kiangsu  lies  on  its  nortli,  Fuhkien  on 
the  south,  with  Kiangsi  and  Nganhwui  on  the 
west.  It  cipials  Ohio  with  its  ;!',!, IKIO  square 
miles,  and  has  a  iio[)ulation  of  •Jl.OOd.lllld.  ■'  It 
possesses  within  its  limits  every  recpiisito  for 
the  food  and  clothing  of  its  inhabitants,  while 
the  excellence  of  its  manufactures  insures  it  in 
exchange  a  supply  of  the  luxuries  of  otlier  re- 
gions." It  has  valuable  forest  and  fruit  trees 
on  its  hills.  The  ca|iital.  Ilaiii,'chau  fu,  lies  in 
the  northern  iiart,  and,  e(iually  with  Suchau,  is 
celebrated  for  its  beauty  of  location  in  the 
Chinese  ])roverb,  "  Above  is  paradise  ;  below 
are  Sii  and  Hang."  Niiig[)o-fu.  a  treaty  jiort  at 
the  junction  of  three  stream.s,  on  the  coast,  near 
latitude  ;iO  north,  is  one  of  the  principal  ports 
in  China.  To  the  east  of  it  lies  the  Cliusan 
.\rchi|)elago,  containing  over  a  hundred  islands. 
Uu  Idliist  J)riests  with  their  monasteries  and 
temples  occupy  many  of  the  most  beautiful  of 
these  islands. 

FruKiEN',  another  maritime  province,  is,  ns 
its  name  implies,  "  luippily  established,"  with 
Chehkiang  on  the  north,  Kwangtung  on  the 
southwest,  and  Kiangsi  on  the  west  and  t!io 
northwest,  with  the  channel  of  Formosa  on  the 
east,  !)()  miles  wide,  separating  it  from  the 
Island  of  Formosa  (ij.v.).  In  its  ."):t,  IMO  sipiaro 
miles  it  includi^s  the  rugged,  fertile  region  of 
the  hilly  Xan  Shan  ;  the  rivi>r  Min,  lioo  miles 
long,  draining  the  greater  jiart  of  the  jirovince, 
and  twelve  prefectures,  with  a  )iopulation  of 
14,77-1,410.  Little  rice  is  grown,  but  tea  from 
the  Hohea  hills  is  produced  in  abundance.  Fuh- 
■cliau  fu(Foochow),  the  capital,  is  on  the  Min,  rit 
miles  from  its  mouth.  Aiiioy,  upon  the  Anioy 
Island,  at  tho  ni(Mith  of  the  Lung  Itiver,  in  lati- 
tude 24  40'  north,  is  a  treaty  jiort  and  has  one 
of  the  best  harbors  on  the  coast. 

HuPEH,  "North  of  the  Lakes,"  is  slightly 
larger  than  Now  England,  containing  aliout 
70, ()()()  square  miles.  t)n  the  north  it  is  bounded 
by  Honan,  on  the  oast  by  Nganhwui,  on  the 
south  by  Hunan,  and  on  tae  west  by  S/'chuen 
oud  Shensi.     Watered  by  both  tho  Yangtsz  and 


the  Han  rivers,  this  province  is  remarkably 
fertile  and  its  population  numbers  il7,:t70,0',)H, 
diviiled  politically  into  eleven  i)refectures. 
Wuchang  tii,  the  capital,  is  in  the  southeastern 
jiart  of  the  province  on  the  Yangtsz,  and  near 
it,  on  the  aortlnru  bank  of  the  Vaugti-z,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Han  liiver.  ">!^'-  geographical  miles 
from  Shanghai,  are  the  two  other  large  cities  of 
Hanyang  and  Hankow.  The  lattc  r  is  a  treaty 
]iort,  and  was  opened  to  foreiun  trade  in  18fi]. 
Ichang,  Iti;;!  miles  above  Hankow  on  the  Y'angtsz, 
is  another  important  city  and  treaty  ))ort. 

Hr.sA.N,  "  South  of  th'i  l.akts,"  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Hnpeli,  on  tho  east  by  Kiangsi, 
south  by  Kwangtung  and  Kwaiigsi,  and  west 
by  Kweiehau  and  S/'ehuen.  With  an  area  of 
cH4,i:  s  piare  miles  it  e(iuals  in  extent  the 
Stat^  f  Kaiisa.s.  The  soil  is  not  very  fertile, 
and  i'  is  of  importance  mainly  on  account  of 
its  deposits  of  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal, 
which  are  as  rich  as  those  in  Pennsylvania. 
The  country  is  hilly,  and  the  people  are  segre- 
gated into  small  coiiimuiiities  with  little  com- 
munication with  each  other.  The  estimated 
l>opulation  is  ls,f'i.")J,r)07.  There  are  nine  pre- 
fectures, of  which  Changsha-fu  is  the  capital. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Siaiig  Kiver,  and  above  it, 
at  the  contluenee  of  the  Lien  Ki,  is  Siangtan, 
one  of  the  greatest  tea  marts  in  China,  with  a 
population  of  1,0('0, 0(1(1,  l,\ing  along  the  river 
bank  for  :i  miles,  with  thousands  of  boats  lining 
its  shores.  In  tho  southwest  are  found  abo- 
riginal hill  tribes  who  are  little  bi'tter  than 
bandits, 

Shexsi,  ''Western  Defiles,"  has  the  (ireat 
Wall  for  itsnc  i-thern  boundary,  dividing  it  from 
Inner  Mong(dia  ;  on  the  east  it  is  bounded  by 
Sliansi  and  Honan,  on  the  south  by  Hui)eh  and 
Sz'chuen,  on  the  west  by  Kaiisuh,  Area,  (17, (dO 
scpiare  miles  ;  iiopulation,  ]0, 000, 000.  It  has 
seven  prefectures.  The  capital  is  Singanfu, 
the  most  important  city  of  the  northwest,  next 
in  size  and  importance  to  Peking  itself.  Here 
WHS  found  the  faniiuis  Nestorian  t.ablet  of  a.d. 
7n1,  giving  the  record  of  Nestorian  mission 
work  in  China.  Through  this  jirovince  are  tho 
roads  connecting  China  with  Central  Asia,  many 
of  them  crossing  ravines  and  winding  up  moun- 
tains f),(l(IO  and  7,000  feet  high,  showing  great 
engineering  skill  in  the  work  of  its  builders  of 
the  third  century.  Kice  and  silk  are  not  found 
here  —the  climate  is  too  cold  ;  but  wheat,  millet, 
oats,  maize,  and  cotton  are  raised.  Gold  is 
found  along  the  streams.  Many  horses,  sheep, 
goats,  and  cattle  are  raised. 

Kansvh,  "  Voluntary  Keverence,"  is  tho  larg- 
est of  all  the  provinces.  It  extends  from  the 
Hsassaktu  Khanate  and  Gobi  on  the  north  and 
northeast  to  Shensi  on  the  east,  Sz'chuenon  the 
south,  Kokonor  and  tho  desert  on  the  scuith- 
weit,  and  Cobdo  and  Hi  on  tho  northwest. 
(Williams).  The  greater  ]iart  of  its  immense 
area  of  400,000  sipiaro  miles  is  a  desert  of  sand 
and  snow.  The  jiortion  from  the  end  of  the 
Great  Wall  eastward  is  a  fertile,  well  watered 
country.  The  strip  of  territory  which  projects 
into  the  Tibetan  plateau  is  of  strategic  impor- 
tance as  commanding  the  passage  into  Central 
.\sia.  In  the  fertile  eastern  region  wheat,  oats, 
barley,  and  millet  are  raised.  Flocks  and  herds 
are  reared  by  wandering  Tartars.  Tho  moun- 
tains contain  gold,  silver,  co))))er,  and  jade. 
The  population  numbers  over  1."), 000, 000,  I^an- 
chan  is  the  capital,  on  the  Vellow  IJivor,  at  tho 
point  where  it  turns  to  tho  northeast. 


I- 


CHINA 


250 


CHINA 


S/'ciniEN,  "  Four  Streams,"  namod  from  t\w 
four  nv(  rs  wliicli  run  from  nortli  to  south  into 
the  Vlln^;tsz,  is  oiio  of  tlie  lar^'est  proviiicis, 
witli  im  iircii  o£  •Jdil.dOO  H(iniiri)  miles  and  a 
jiojmlatioii  of  Ito.LKMl.lloo,  'I'lio  four  river  basins 
iMiii|)ri>o  about  bait'  ot  the  area  ;  tlio  rt'inaintlor 
l)(,'loii;^s  to  thn  biL,'li  talile  Vaml  vif  Contral  Asia, 
and  IS  improductivii  and  sparsely  Sfttli'd.  'J'ho 
fertili^  ri'f^ion  produces  rice,  wheat,  potatoeH, 
buckwheat,  and  tobacco.  Itaw  and  woven  silli. 
Halt,  opiiiMi,  tea,  coal,  coiiper,  iron,  and  insect 
wax  aro  other  products.  In  tlio  mountains  are 
fouiiil  various  aljorij^'inal  tribes.  ('h;nf;tu-fu  is 
thu  capital  n£  tlio  littecn  prefi'clures.  It  is  situ- 
nt  id  on  the  ri\er  Mm  in  u  fcrtili  jilnin,  and 
WHS  known  to  Marco  I'olo.  Cliuni^kin^',  on  the 
Yanj^tsz,  7-")  miles  from  Hankow,  is  another 
in;portant  (uty. 

Kw.vNdrfNd,  "  Uroad  Kast."  is  the  province 
which  has  been  known  louf^est  to  foreigners  as 
tie  Canton  jirovince.  It  is  bounded  on  tlie 
n  irtli  by  Kianj^si  and  Hunan,  on  the  east  by 
Fuhkien  and  tiio  oc<an,  on  the  soilth  by  the 
ocean,  and  on  the  west  by  Kwanf^si.  With  a 
coast  line  of  a  thousand  miles,  with  its  tiuii 
rivers  atforilinL;  ample  means  of  communication 
with  the  ])rovincos  beyond,  it  is  onti  of  the 
principal  provinces.  Its  area  is  7'.1,  l")i>  s(|iiare 
miles,  almost  as  larf,'c  as  the  United  Kingdom, 
and  its  population  is  2(1, ()()(). (lOO.  The  thieo 
rivers  which  unite  near  ("anton  drain  a  country 
of  l")!)  ()1K)  sijuare  miles,  and  water  most  feitile 
basins.  Kicc,  Horghum,  and  tea  are  grown  in 
great  quantities.  There  are  nine  i)refectiires 
in  this  (:rovince,  and  its  capital,  Kwangchau-fu, 
(Canton),  is  the  metroimlisof  thesi>uth,  noted  for 
its  business,  its  manufactures,  its  luxuries  of 
food  and  drem,  and  the  commercial  shrewdness 
of  its  people,  who  are  the  Yankees  of  China.  It 
is  on  the  north  bank  of  thi;  Pearl  Kiver,  90  miles 
from  Hong  Kong  at  its  mouth,  and  was  the  first 
city  in  China  which  was  known  to  the  outside 
World,  and  for  a  period  of  one  hundred  years, 
up  to  181:i,  it  monopolized  foreign  trad(>.  lis 
population  is  variously  estimated  from  l,(l(M),(l(li) 
to2,00(),()0(),  Macao,  in  the  Hiangshan  dislru't, 
on  the  coast,  is  a  Portuguese  Hettlement.  Their 
rule  dates  from  1S4',),  and  by  the  treaty  of  ISMH 
its  per|)etual  occnipation  and  governuient  by 
Portugal  was  contirmed  by  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment. It  was  formerly  infamous  on  account  of 
the  onoly  trade  which  was  carried  ou  there  ; 
now  it  is  a  summer  resort  f(U'  the  south  of 
China,  and  is  also  a  Chinese  Monaco.  The 
island  of  Hong  Kong  (latitude  22'  KiJ' north, 
longitude  111^  8j'  east),  ceded  to  the  British  in 
1812,  is  now  one  of  the  most  important  of  Brit- 
ish possessions  in  the  East.  Its  harbor  is  one 
ot  the  linest,  and  British  cai)ital  and  energ.v 
liave  transformed  a  bare  rock  with  a  few  tishiug 
fltations  into  a  beautiful  metropolis,  where  the 
commerce  ot  the  world  is  represented.  Victoria 
Peik  rises  1,825  feet  above  the  sea.  A  British 
garrison  occupies  the  town,  whoso  population 
is  estimated  at  150, 001),  of  which  five-sixths  are 
Chinese,  Eurasians,  Portuguese,  Indians,  and 
Malays.  The  island  of  Khangchuen,  southwest 
ot  Macao  110  miles,  is  the  last  resting-place  of 
Francis  Xavier,  the  apostle  to  the  Chinese. 
The  ocean  districts  of  Sinning  and  Sinhwui, 
together  with  Hiangshan  and  Hoshnn,  are  of 
note  as  being  the  region  from  whence  all 
Chinese  immigrants  come.  This  province  com- 
jjrises  within  its  jurisdiction  the  islaml  ot 
Hainan  ((j.v.). 

KwANQst, "  Broad  West,"  extends  from  Kwnng- 


tnng  to  Yunnan  and  Annam,  with  the  Gulf  of 
Ton(iuin  on  the  Bcuitli  and  Kweichau  and  Hunan 
on  the  north.  Its  ana  is  nearly  as  great  as 
that  of  its  sister  province — 78,250  sijuare  miles 
^but  it  is  less  densely  ]iopulated,  having  in 
round  nund>ers  in\\y  S.dOO.ddO  of  people.  It  is 
well  KU[);dii'd  with  rivers.  1'he  Wist  lliver 
gives  it  communication  \iith  the  east  and  the 
west.  Kweilin  fu,  the  capitid,  lies  on  Iho 
Cassia  Itiver  in  th(<  northeast  part  of  tlu'  jirov- 
ince. In  general  the  people  are  poor,  the  coiin- 
try  nu>untainous,  and  its  princijial  products  are 
cassia  wood  and  oil,  iidi  stones,  and  cabinet 
wood.  Gold  and  silvtr  and  other  metals  are 
fouiul  here.  The  largest  trading  city  is  Wuchau- 
fu  lUi  the  West  Itiver  near  Kwangtung.  In  ihe 
southwest  of  this  province  are  found  some  of 
the  Laos  tribes. 

KwKK  HAT,  "  Noble  Province, "  is,  on  the 
whole,  "  tlii>  jioorest  of  the  eighteen  provinces 
in  the  characler  of  its  inhabitaids,  amount  of  its 
jiroducts,  and  development  of  its  resources." 
The  Miaots/.',  aborigints,  inhabit  the  eastern  dis- 
tricts. It  is  a  mountainous  country  and  has 
much  mmend  wealth.  The  (juicksdver  mines 
are  the  richest  in  the  world.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Sz'chuen,  east  by  Hunan,  Houlh 
by  Kwangsi,  west  by  Vnnnan.  Its  area  is  til, 55^ 
s.|uare  miles  ;  jiopulation,  5,000,000.  Tlio 
capital  is  Kweiyangfu,  the  smallest  of  all  the 
capitals,  situated  among  the  mountains. 

YiNNAK,  "  Cloudy  South,"  is  the  extreme 
southwest  province,  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Sz'chuen,  on  the  east  by  Kweichau,  sinith  by 
Annam,  Laos,  and  Siam,  west  by  Burmah.  It 
is  the  second  largest  provincii  (area,  107, OdS) 
square  miles),  with  a  pojiulaticui  of  5,5(11,1(20. 
The  central  pait  of  the  ])rovince  is  an  exteiisixo 
plateau  5,000  to  C.ddO  feet  in  height.  It  is  of 
importance  as  being  the  trade  route  to  British 
Burundi.  The  capital  is  Yuiimtn  fu,  on  Lake 
Tien.  There  are  twenty  prefectures  in  the 
province.  The  products  are  raw  and  manufac- 
tured silk,  tea,  copper,  (piicksilver,  drugs,  fiuits, 
and  carpets.  The  south  and  west  are  inhabited 
by  hill  tribes  of  various  degrees  of  likeness  and 
unlikeness  to  the  Chinese.  The  mineral  wealth 
of  the  Jirovince  is  great,  and  consists  of  coal, 
copjier,  silver,  gold,  ."alt,  lead,  iron,  tin,  and  zinc. 

Siiin(;kinc.,  in  Manchuria,  is  considered  jiart 
of  China  Proper,  and  since  it  possesses  a  treaty 
jiort  may  well  be  described  in  addition  to  the 
eighteen  jirovinces.  It  is  bounded  on  the  iioith 
by  Mongolia,  on  the  east  by  Kirin,  on  the  soulh 
by  the  Gulf  of  Liautung  and  Korea,  and  on  the 
west  by  Chilili.  Its  area  is  t.T,000  s(piiire  miles, 
and  it  has  two  dejiartmeiits  and  fifteen  dis- 
tricts. The  jiojiulation  is  estimated  id.  12,00(',- 
000.  The  cajiital  is  known  as  Shinyang,  Shin- 
king,  Fungtien,  or  Mukden,  and  lies  on  the  bank 
of  the  Shin,  500  miles  northeast  of  I'ekiiig,  in 
latitude  41  50^'  north  longitude,  12;i  IK)'  cast 
latitude.  The  treaty  of  1858  ojieiied  the  junt 
ot  Niuchwnng,  on  the  river  Liau,  to  foreigners, 
and  (juite  a  large  trade  in  jmlse,  beancake,  and 
oil  is  carried  on  from  it.  The  other  jiroducts 
ot  this  Jirovince  are  wheat,  barley,  oats,  cotton, 
maize,  and  tidiacco. 

diiiiiilf.  —The  eighteen  jirovinces  occujiy  the 
same  relative  jiosition  on  the  continent  of  Asia 
OS  the  United  States  occujiy  on  the  continent 
of  America,  and  the  variations  of  temjierature 
are  similar.  The  average  temjierature  of  China 
is  lower  than  that  of  any  other  counlr.v  in  the 
same  latitude.  "  The  isothermid  line  ot  70' 
F.  as  the  average  for  the  year,  which  passes- 


mm 


CHINA 


251 


CHINA 


Hnutli  of  Clinton,  runs  by  Ciiiro  and  Now  Orlouus, 
8  nortli  of  it  ;  tho  lint!  of  (\i)  I',  iivt^rii^^c  passi'S 
from  Shim^'lmi  to  MiirseiUi's.  Hiilcit,'li,  St.  l-oiiis, 
ituil  iioitli  of  Siiii  I'liiiui.sco  ;  ami  tlio  linn  of 
til)  1'.  iivcra^'t)  |.;oL's  near  I'l'kin;.;,  tlitaicii  on  to 
Viiuiia,  Ddlilin,  I'liilailuljiliia,  ami  l*n;^i't's 
Sound  in  latitnilo  ')'j:  ."  i'lm  Imniiilily,  I'spe- 
lually  in  tlui  south,  is  rclutivi'ly  ^rcaliT  tlian 
(MMintrii'H  in  liUo  latituilos,  and  (Mnst'cjui'iitly 
till'  lu'ut  is  liardi'i'  to  boar.  Coiiiiiniicint^  at  tho 
Jioitli  in  ShiiigUinj^  wo  I'uul  u  healthy  and  mod- 
(irati)  cliiiiatt',  tho  ground  fii-e/inj^  to  tho  iltiitli 
of  thri'o  foot,  in  wintor.  In  I'okinj,',  which  is 
oharac^tcristii!  of  tho  I'liiuato  of  the  (licat  I'laiii, 
tho  theriiiouiftor  r.inm  s  fiom  l(i.">  J',  to  zovo  ; 
tlui  niian  annual  toiuporatuii^  is  "I'J.lt  F.,  and 
tho  moan  wintor  ran^,'o  is  I'J  liolow  trvv/.iw^. 
July  and  August  aro  tho  rainy  months.  ])ust 
and  sand  storms  aro  coiiiiiion  in  tho  siirini,'. 
Droughts  aro  froijuont  and  sot'iu  to  bo  growing 
m:U'o  <H)iiiinon.  'I'ho  autumns  arc  luild  ami 
mmial.  Tlnnij^h  tho  climate  of  the  I'lain,  as  ii 
rule,  is  healthy,  ali)ni^  the  (trund  Canal  bowel 
comiilaiuts  and  aj^uo  aro  common.  .Vround 
Nanking!  tho  moisture  is  oxcessivi!  ami  ^;ives 
rise  to  strant^o  diseases.  Tho  seasido  climatic  is 
ntfoctod  as  tar  north  as  latitude  ;tl  by  th((  mon- 
Koons  or  trade  winds.  Tho  northeast  monsoon 
blows  during;  Oi^tcdier,  November,  and  Doceiii- 
bur,  iind  i.'i  dry,  brauiny,  and  healthy.  Tho 
Kouthwost  monsoon  briiij^'s  showers  in  the  sum- 
mor  iind  cools  the  niyhls.  In  Shaiit;hai  there 
are  rapid  clmns^i^s  in  tho  iiutiimn  and  siu'in^,', 
and  there  are  >^reat  extremes  of  temperature 
froMi  100  to  2t  .  Tho  avera|.;e  temporaturo  in 
Kiimmer  is  from  80'  to  01)  by  day  and  from  (10  ' 
to  7o  by  nif;ht  ;  in  winter,  from  lo  (o  (U)  by 
day  and  from  ;i()  to  i~)'  by  ni^ht.  Nin^,'po  is 
considered  tho  most  unhealthy  station  on  tho 
coast  ;  during;  tho  year  we  (ind  extremes  of  21 
and  107  ,  and  u  chanf,'o  of  20  in  twenty-four 
hours  is  not  uncommon.  Tho  hot  and  the  ccild 
Koason  lasts  for  three  mouths  e"ch.  The  dimiilo 
of  Amoy  is  very  dcli^litfid,  with  a  yearly  ran^'o 
of  from  to'  to  ',)()  .  At  Knhchim  the  extremes 
are  ;W  and  '.».')  ,  with  ah  averaj^i^  of  oO  in  De- 
cember and  M2  in  Anj^ust.  At  Ciiiton  in  ,Tuly 
and  .Vni^ust  tho  iiveratje  is  froui  80  to  HS  ,  and 
in  January  and  February  oO  and  <iO  .  Tho 
rainy  season  is  usually  in  Slay  ami  June,  and 
the  excessive  huiuidity  duriiif^  tho  summer 
months  makes  the  heat  very  debilitating,'.  In 
ISDO  liin  live  months  from  Fel)ruary  were  fjen- 
orally  rainv.  The  dampness  is  so  i^rciit  that 
furniture  swells,  tho  glue  on  books  and  uiiliol- 
story  melts,  and  ii  mould  forms  thickly  on 
overythiiit^.  Theanniiil  rainfall  is  about  sixty 
inches,  and  in  June,  ISS."),  alone,  tho  fall  was 
thirty  inches.  Snow  is  rarely  seen,  and  there 
is  very  little  ice  formed.  Within  the  last  ten 
years  malaria  has  developed,  thouj^h  there  aro 
few  epidemics,  and,  considerint^  its  tropical  posi- 
tion, it  is  remarkably  healthy.  Sfacao  has  a 
Very  salubrious  climate.  The  maximum  is  111)  , 
with  an  averaj^o  summer  heat  of  SI  ;  the  aver 
a^e  winter  weather  is  OS  .  Kwanj,'tnn^{, 
Kwani;si,  and  Yunnan  aro  considered  tho  most 
unhealthy  of  the  provinci's,  thou^'h  in  tho 
table-lanils  of  tho  two  latter  a  temperate  climate 
is  found.  Tho  central  provinces  aro  cool,  and 
are  not  so  liable  to  sudden  changes.  IIupoli  is 
temperatn  and  healthy.  Shensi  is  e((miblo  and 
mihi.  Sz'chuen  and  Kwoichau  are  colder  than 
Fiilikien  and  Chihkiant;;,  owiiij^  to  the  moun 
tains.  Kansuli  is  dam|i,  but  not  very  hot. 
Thunderstorms  occur  in  the  southern  provinces. 


Tho  excessive  heat  causes  tho  prevalence  of 
T'yfoons  diiri'  .;  .Iiily  anil  August  and  Sei>tem- 
bor.  These  a..i  storms  of  cyclonic  nature,  com- 
menciiij;  with  tho  w  Ind  in  the  north,  veering;  to 
tho  easl  and  south,  blowiiij^  with  tremendon.'* 
force,  accompanied  by  heavy  rainlall.  They 
usually  spend  timir  Torcti  at  sea,  but  w  lu  ii  they 
come  inland,  us  in  Sept<'mber,  ls71,  great  loss  of 
life  is  <'ausi'd.  DuiiiiH  that  storm  the  steamer 
"  Alaska,"  of  ;(,."illO  tons,  was  lifted  from  hi  r  an- 
choratje  in  Hoiif^  Kong  harbor  and  driven  in 
shore  to  tlve  feet  of  Water.  Tornadoes  are  un- 
known in  (liiiia  with  the  exception  of  one  in- 
stance in  Canton,  which  mowed  a  swath  half  a 
mile  wide  throu^^li  tho  most  populous  part  of 
tho  city,  destroyint^  thousands  of  houses,  but 
miraculously  sparing;  all  mission  jiro]ierty, 
thouf^h  jiassint^  within  a  few  hundred  leet  of 
several  chapels,  houses,  and  schools.  l{e<'ent 
investi(;atioiis  seem  to  show  that  the  climate  of 
China  is  growing;  gradually  cohb  r.  This  is 
jirovod  by  the  disappearance  of  tho  varnish- 
tree  and  silk  culture  from  tho  northern  jirov- 
inces,  where  hundreds  <if  years  ago  they  wero 
fouml.  The  cultivation  of  rice  iias  also  gono 
southward,  owing  to  this  gradual  refrigeration 
of  tho  northern  juovinces. 

Jfinfofj/. — Chinese  history  may  bo  divided 
into  the  following  j)eriods  :  the  Mythological, 
tho  Legendary,  tho  Ancient,  tho  Med:,ival,  and 
tho  Modern.  1.  Tl.is  period  comprises  all  tho 
time  antecedent  to  the  accession  of  Full  hi,  B.r. 
2802,  and  native  writers  assign  to  it  myriads  of 
years.  I'wanku  is  described  as  having  formed 
the  world  during  this  time.  AVith  chisel  and 
mallet  ho  cut  out  the  earth  :  the  sun,  moon, 
and  stars  are  his  works  ;  his  liiail  becamo 
mountains  ;  his  breath,  wind  and  clouds  ;  his 
voice,  tliutider  ;  from  various  parts  ot  his  body 
came  tields,  rivers,  and  trees,  and  liiially  from 
tho  insects  on  his  body  came  man.  After  this 
Chinese  creator  came  a  trinity  of  jiowers  who 
ruled  for  thousands  of  years,  and  to  them  aro 
ascribed  many  of  the  inventions  of  the  ancient 
time.  2.  The  Legendary  period  ends  with  tho 
accession  of  Yu  in  2200.  Light  monaridis  in 
all  reigned  during  this  time,  and  the  tales  that 
are  related  of  their  ])rowess  resemble  tho  legeiiils 
of  other  ancient  nations.  It  was  during  tliis 
period,  about  the  year  2200  n  c,  that  tho 
Cliineso  settled  around  tho  bend  of  tho  Yellow 
Kiver,  and  from  this  time  on  the  records  aro 
more  or  loss  reliable  ;  but  until  furtlii  r  anti- 
ipiiirian  research  has  brought  further  facts  to 
light  all  that  is  related  of  Fuh-hi  and  the  most 
illustrious  of  his  immcdiato  successors,  Yao  and 
Shun,  must  bo  taken  as  le.^eiid  and  not  history. 
:!.  Fnder  the  division  of  Ancient  history  may 
bo  included  tho  dynasties  commencing  with  the 
Ilia  and  ending  with  the  Eastern  ilan,  221  A.n., 
six  in  all.  Of  these  six  dynasties  the  most  im- 
portant and  the  longest  recorded  in  history  was 
that  of  Cliau,  which  commenced  with  \Vu  AVnng 
in  1122  B.C.  and  lasted  till  2"io  n.c,  with  thirty- 
four  sovereigns  occupying  the  throne  during 
that  jieriod.  China  was  then  a  loose  aggrega- 
tion of  feudal  Slates,  and  the  power  of  the  eiu- 
peror  was  often  merely  nominal.  Tho  origina- 
tor of  the  Tsin  dynasty  gave  the  name  to  China 
by  which  it  was  known  to  tho  ancients,  and 
was  the  Napoleon  of  (^hina.  He  divided  his 
empire  into  thirty. six  jirovinces,  with  governors 
over  each.  He  also  built  tho  (Jreat  Wall,  which 
stiipcnilous  work  was  accomplished  after  fen 
years  of  labor  in  20t  n.c.  It  remains  to-day 
a  nionnment  of  his  greatness,  and,  considering 


r    tn 


CHINA 


CHINA 


tlio  time  in  wliich  it  was  built,  ft  innrvcl  of  cii- 
HiiiDiiriii^;  nkill  Twclvf  hutulrt'il  iiml  lift,v  livn 
inilt's  ill  n  Mtnii^lit  line,  I, 'AM  miles  in  nil  \[h 
wiinliiij,'M,  it  Htruliilirs  iicrciss  tlio  noitlnTU  Immi- 
diiry  of  Cliiiiii  I'luimr  from  tlm  sen  to  lliii  ilcsurt. 
At  tho  prus.'Mt  <Liy  it  is  in  liail  npitir,  Imt  at 
many  places  its  liriKht  of  tliirty  fuct,  liicuiltli  of 
twenty  feet,  with  liiieks  wii^^liin^^  forty  ti)  sixty 
poun  Is,  (  liallcMi^n  tlio  vvoniler  of  the  Ix-hohler. 
It  tlio  Wall  made  this  emperor  famous,  his 
vanity  mailo  him  infamous,  for  bo  wisheil  to  ho 
cunsiilered  the  first  emperor  of  tho  t'liiiu'se, 
anil  ordore.l  tho  destruction  of  all  Imoks  and 
records  which  antedated  his  rei^jn,  anil  slauf^h- 
tered  .JOit  of  tho  lilenill.  Many  of  tho  writings  of 
Confucius  and  Meiieius  were  thus  destroyed, 
and  many  records  wero  lost  which  mij^lit  throw 
more  li^flit  on  tho  l>ast.  Duiiu^  tho  reii^n  of 
tho  I'jUiporor  I'in^  ti,  "  I'eaee,"  was  horn  in 
Nazareth  that  Km^^  who  eamo  to  hrin^;  ynid'c  to 
tho  world.  Tlio  founder  of  the  I  Ian  dynasty 
iustitute<l  tho  system  of  competitive  examina- 
tions, and  under  his  sueiH'ssors  literature,  com- 
luorce,  arts,  and  j,'ood  (^ov(>rnment  nourished. 
4.  Under  Mediavid  history  ma)'  he  placed  tho 
Hevontoeii  dynasties  which  ruled  China  after 
tho  overthrow  of  tho  Han  family  till  tho  ai:eos. 
Bion  of  tho  first  m. march  ot  iht;  Miiij.;  dynasty 
iu  i;i(18  A.  1).  Duriiij^  the  tirst  dynasty  of  this 
period  tho  country  was  divideil  into  three  prin- 
cipalities, anil  the  wars  that  ensued  hetween 
the  various  princes  ^^avo  rise  to  tho  Chineso 
historical  novel,  'I'lif  't'l,rii'  l\  imjihiins,  which 
portrays  tho  conditions  of  soi'iety  at  that  tiiiu!. 
Duriii'^  the  I'.asttu-n  'I'sin  ilynasly,  ;i2)t— ll'.l  a.d., 
Nanking;  was  the  capilal  ;  Huddhism  was  tho 
chief  relij.;ion,  and  the  doctrines  of  (loiifueius 
wero  omin^^  iiilo  universal  favor.  Duriiii^  tho 
Taiij^  dynasty,  (IIH  t  )  '.Mis,  Cliiiia  was  the  imist 
civilized  country  (Ui  the  face  of  tho  j.!lohe.  It 
■was  tho  t^olden  as^e  of  China,  and  to  this  day 
tho  nitives  in  tho  south  call  themselves  'I'aii!.!- 
yin,  men  of  Taiij^,  for  (lurin^^  that  time  they 
werHciviliz'.>d  and  amalgamated  with  tho  Chineso 
race.  .Vrah  travellers  visited  China  during,'  this 
period,  and  to  them  we  owe  nimdi  of  the  infor- 
mation jiossessod  in  roLjiird  to  thoir  civilization. 
Durin;^  the  ri>it,'a  of  tho  Emperor  'I'ai-tsunji 
(G27-1I))  tho  Nestorian  missionaries  presented 
themsolves  at  court  and  were  received  with  nv 
H])ect.  The  Yuen  dynasty,  1'2S(I  to  llilis,  was  a 
Jlonnol  dynasty,  inaut;urated  by  tho  threat 
Kublai   Khan,    whoso   exploits   are   related    by 


Marco  Polo.  Tho  oxpnlsion  of  tlm  Jfonpola 
and  tho  restoration  of  native  rule  l)rin}.^s  us  to 
a  period  which  is  comparatively  modern,  ft. 
Tho  last  native  dynasty  was  called  Min^j  or 
"  hrinht,"  and  lasted  from  KhiK  to  IC.ll,  with 
sixteen  nionarchs  in  all,  The  I'ortUHUese  camo 
to  China durin^^  tho  reign  of  Kiahtsing,  \Wl'l-i\l, 
and  the  Jesuits  gained  an  entrance  in  tho  coun- 
try about  l")H(i.  T'ho  Maiudius  hnally  attacked 
the  imiierial  forces,  and  aided  by  natiro  rebels 
in  various  parts  id'  the  emiiiro,  tinally  overthrew 
the  dynasty,  and  Shunchi  took  tho  throne  in 
It'll  t,  since  wliicdi  time  tho  Ta  Tsing,  "great 
pure,"  dynasty  has  been  in  power,  the  Chineso 
submitting  iieacefully  to  its  rule.  Tho  Manidiu 
coiniuerors  imposed  their  mode  of  wearing  tho 
hair  in  a  (pieiio  n]U)u  the  Chinese,  nud  what 
was  originally  a  niark  of  bondage  is  now  ho 
universally  ailopted  as  to  be  a  national  distinc- 
tion and  a  cause  of  pride.  The  present  em- 
peror is  the  ninth  of  tho  dynasty,  one  of  the 
most  important  dynasties  which  has  held  the 
tlirono  of  China,  as  it  has  been  brought  more 
in  c  intact  with  other  nations  than  any  which 
preceded  it.  Kanglii,  who  reigned  sixty-one 
years  from  Itifi'J,  a  contemporary  of  Louis  XIV., 
was  one  of  tho  ablest  rulers  of  China.  He  or- 
dered ft  survey  of  the  empire  by  the  Itimiish 
missionaries,  and  superintonded  the  publica- 
tion of  a  great  thesaurus,  iu  addition  to  devot- 
ing himself  with  unwearying  care  to  the  solidi- 
fying of  the  country,  the  unif,\  iiig  ot  his  peoido, 
and  tho  encouragement  of  all  that  makes  a  na- 
tiiui  liajipy  and  prosperous.  His  grandson, 
Kieiilung,  was  a  W(U'lliy  descendant  of  tho  great 
em|)eror.  Ho  reigned  sixty  years,  which  were 
characterized  by  the  jieace  and  jirosperity  of 
tho  country.  Embassies  from  the  Dutch,  l!us 
siaiis,  and  English  were  received  l>y  him.  Tho 
Emperor  Taim  Kwang,  l«21-r)l,  was  a  wise, 
able  ruler.  He  wageil  bittc^r  strife  against  the 
tralVic  in  opium,  and  brought  on  tho  war  with 
England  and  the  conseipient  opening  of  his 
country  to  foreign  intercourse,  'i'lio  Tai  I'ing 
relielliiin  broke  out  at  his  death  and  lasted  tho 
greater  part  of  the  life  ot  his  snccessiu',  Hien 
Fung.  T^  e  minority  reign  of  T'ungchi  ended 
just  as  he  .vas  taking  charge  of  the  governnient, 
and  he  was  succeeded  by  the  jireseiit  emperor, 
Kwangsui,  who  attained  his  majority  in  IHHO. 
'I'lie  following  chronological  table  is  taken  from 
Williams's  MitlVe  Kitiijdotn,  and  gives  the  ac- 
cepted dates  in  Chinese  history  : 


ClIINESli  cmtONOLOtiY. 


IlVNASTV. 


Number  of  Sovercljfus  niiil  .\vcrii(?e  Lcnijtli  of  liulyii 


Diirnlinii. 


Ilia   ..    

Shun:; 

clmii  

'tViii     

IIiui 

IVISI    IlMM.... 

After  llim  ... 

'IViii   

I'lLHt  'IVin 

Sim;;  

•|M   

I.iuni; 

Chin  

Sni  

Tans;  ..  .. 
.\fter  I,iiini»  . 
.\ruT  Tang... 
After  IVin.. . 
After  Ilau... 
After  C'liilii.. 

Sunn 

South  Sung.. 

Yuen 

MiiiK 

Taiii); 


Seventeen  ;  averncc,  •Jii  yearn.... 
Twenlj-eitilu  ;  average,  rfH years 
'I'liirty  four  ;  uvuraKU,  23U  years 
T«i)  •  one  :i7  years,  tlie  otli'iT  ;i  years 
Koiirleen  ;  averai;e,  Itii-^yeari* 
'r\vei\e  ;  nveraj;e.  ifi^  yearn. . . 
Two  ;  one  'i  yearn,  Ilie  iillier  41 
Four,       averiijiin;;   IIU  years 
l';ieveii  "  !IU      " 

Kigiit         "        rw    " 

Kive  "  M     " 

Four  ;  one  18  yi'arn  ;  llnee  t 

Five  ;  avera;.'e,  (iL,;j  years 

Tiiree  ;  (am  Hi,  luie'  I',',  (iiio  '.'years 
.Twenty;  uvera;;e.  14)^ yearn 
Two  ;  one  H  yearn,  one  7  yt-ars 
Four  ;  averuKe,  ,S)4  yearn. .. 
Two  ;  on<^  7  yearn,  one  a  years 

Two;  oneH'years 

Tlireu  ;     averane,  3     yearn 

Nine  "      IHJi      •• 

Nine  "      ir        " 

Nine  "       'J%     " 

Sixteen  "      17        " 

Flight  up  to  1S7.'>  :  average.  30  yearn 


CHINA 


203 


CHINA 


EMI'EKoltS  (!!■  TlIK  MINii  AMI  M 

Tii:s. 

■SIN(i  IIYN.VS. 

TlTLK. 

Ili't'iiii 
I"  UcljIII. 

I.i'hutli 

.MlNCI  DVNASTV. 

1.  lIllllL'HIl 

ii,    Kil'llW'llll 

IBtW 

l.'illH 

80 

5 

!!'J 

1 

111 

~'l 

8 

23 

18 

lU 

45 

0 

47 

1 

7 

lU 

18 
111 
13 
iUI 
MT) 

;jo 
11 

'1.  Yiiiitiliili 

1  liW 

4.  Iliiiii;hl 

1 1:;.-) 

1  l-.'ll 

llllll 

7.  Jvini.'tMi 

1  iri7  

H.  Chihtjliwii.   ... 

I4t).1 

II.  IIiiiiKilil... 

I4HH.... 

111.  I'liliittllli 

11.  KhiiilHlhi; 

I'J.  I.iini.'klni,'  

ri.  Wiiiilcih 

irjiiii 

I.-C 

i.">iir 

I."iT:<.... 

14.  'raichaii^ 

1.-),  Ticnki  ..   

KWI 

I(«l  

10.  TsuiiHililii),' 

TsiNo  Dynasty. 

1.  Sliimclil 

:;.  Kiiii;.'lil 

.'i.  Viiii','<'liiii^,'    

lO'JH 

ii;ii  

Illl'pj 

i;-':i 

ir:)(l 

IViili 

IK-Jl 

is.-ii 

IKCp-J 

isr.'i 

n.  Kiiikliic 

(1.  Timkwiiiin  

7.  ilii'iifiiin,' 

H.  'l'ini!,""tii 

11.  Rwiiiii.'Mi  

Opt'iiinf/oft.'w  C'lmntrff  to  Foreif/H' 

crs,  Vnin  the  eitrly  ]iuit  of  tlio  )nesiait  ceii- 
tiiry  Cliiim  wiis  priiotic'all.v  closed  to  fiu'ci^ncrs, 
far  thouj^b  tlie  rortiif^iu'so  liad  uiailo  triidint^ 
vi).v;ij^cs  thcro,  nnd  tbouuli  tlie  Kust  India  ('oni- 
\mi\y  liiid  Hi'iit  out  its  ships  to  Ciintoii,  forcif^u- 
ers  imd  no  tri'iity  rights  until  ufter  the  wins  with 
(iroiit  Uritixin  and  l'"iiini'c.  Thu  tiist  war  with 
Great  liritain  was  what  is  called  thu  opium  war, 
which  was  precipitated  by  tbu  sei/ure  on  tiia 
part  of  till)  r'liineso  (joverninent  of  2il,(MlO  chests 
of  opium,  which  they  clainieil  were  being 
sningj^led  into  tho  onipiro.  'I'lie  war  coninipnced 
with  tlio  boMibardnient  of  Tiiij^lnii  on  July  Cth, 
iHll,  and  cintinueil  till  the  ratiticatinn  of  the 
Nanking  'I'reaty  on  Sei)tem\)er  ITitb,  iNl'i.  Cun- 
t(in,  AniDV,  Tinghai,  Shanghai,  Xingi)o,  Chin- 
kiang  wero  captured  by  liritish  urnis,  and  Nan- 
king was  invested  aiij  would  liavo  been  destroy- 
e  1  uidess  the  Chineso  had  cnusenteil  to  pay  tho 
$;), (1011,(1(10  demanded  for  its  ransom.  ]{y  this 
tiiuo  tho  commissioners  frmu  tho  o:iii)ernr  Were 
willing  to  Huo  for  jieaeo.  a:id  agreed   to  tho  fol- 

I  iwmg  terms  of  tho  famous  Treaty  of  Nanking  ; 
Lasting  peaco  between  tho  two  nations  ;  the 
opening  of  tho  five  ports,  Canton,  Amoy,  Fuh- 
chau,  Ningpo,  and  Shanghai,  to  Britisli  trade 
ai;d   residenco  ;    the   ceding   of    tho    island    of 

II  ing  Kong  to  England  ;  indemnity  of  $21,(1(1(1,- 
(lllll,  to  bo  paid  befom  the  lust  <bv,v  of  December, 
lH4."i,  of  which  |(i,(>lll),(l()U  was  for  the  opium  de- 
stroyed, !?:), (10(1,(100  fur  tho  debts  duo  British 
inerchantK,  and  ^12,(i00,000  for  tho  ex]>ensos  of 
tho  war,  added  to  various  stipuhitions  in  regard 
to  tariff  rates  and  the  conduct  of  trade.  Ilero 
was  a  Christian  nation  forcing  tho  nso  of  opium 
on  a  hiNithen  monarch  who  had  deliberately  de- 
Btroyed  !<;(>, OOt), (100  worth  of  tho  drug  'i  order 
to  save  liis  people  !  On  October  8th  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  a  Bupidenientary  treaty  was  signed 
which  gave  all  foreigners  the  samo  rights  at 
troaty  ports  as  tho  British  had  boon  given.  The 
United  States  sent  Caleb  Gushing  as  jilenijioten- 
tiary  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peaco  with  China, 
and  this  tcoaty  was  sigaed  at  Wunghia,  a  suburb 


of  ilacfto,  on  July  lid,  IHM.  In  October  a 
Himilar  treaty  of  peace,  providing  for  foreigu 
intercourse,  was  signed  at  Macao  between  tho 
Imperial  Coiiimissiuner  and  the  Comniissionerd 
of  the  French  (roveriiinent,  and  tln'  first  staga 
iu  the  opining  up  of  Chin.i  was  passed.  At 
this  time  tlie  'I'ai  I'ing  rebellion  broke  out.  Itu 
leader.  Hung  Sin  Tsiii'n,  ))rofi>ssed  to  be  com- 
missioned  by  (iod  to  accomplisli  tho  overthrow 
of  tho  existing  il.vnasty.  Ho  had  been  brought 
in  contact  witii  ChristiatiH,  knew  tho  princiiilea 
of  the  Christiiin  religion,  assumed  to  !»■  iv 
Christian,  and  claimed  to  bo  led  liy  visions  iinil 
warnings  from  heaven.  However  sinciro  lio 
may  have  been  in  his  convictii>ns,  bo  failed  to 
comprehend  tho  spiritual  nature  of  Christian- 
ity. He  began  an  insurrection  mi  \HM  and 
finally  caiitured  Nanking,  held  in  subjection 
five  provinces,  and  threatened  I'cking.  At  thia 
.inncturo  Frederiek  Ward,  an  American,  orguiiiz- 
ed  tho  "  ever  victorious  arniy,"  which  under 
his  leadership  and  the  subsecpient  conininiid  of 
('olonel  (tordon  ca|itiired  over  litt.v  cities  from 
tho  insurgents,  ended  tho  rebellion  in  iHO.j, 
when  the  rebel  pretender  was  taken  prisoner 
and  killed.  The  Manchu  dynastv  was  once 
more  supreme  after  fourteen  years  of  war  which 
shook  the  government  to  its  foundations,  de- 
vastated some  of  tho  fairest  lands  and  cities  of 
the  empire,  and  caused  the  death  of  millions  of 
its  subjects. 

The  second  war  with  Great  Britain  was 
brought  on  by  the  Chineso  authorities  at  Canton 
boarding  tho  lorcha  "  Arrow"  and  seizing  soma 
of  the  sailors.  This  was  an  insult  to  the  Brit- 
ish Hag,  and  was  atoned  for  by  tho  war  of  bs.'iO. 
Franco  aiibsd  Kngland,  and  Canton  was  bom- 
barded and  oceui)ied  by  the  allied  troops. 
Americans  were  involved  in  a  slight  skirmish 
with  the  Cliinese,  during  which  tho  Barrier 
forts  on  the  Canton  lUver  were  attacked  and 
e;Hitured  by  Captain  A.  II.  Foot  in  November. 
The  war  was  ended  by  the  treaties  at  Tientsin, 
in  IH.'iH,  between  China  and  the  envoys  of  Uus- 
sia,  France.  Kngland,  and  America.  "  Tho  tol- 
eration of  (  iiristianity,  the  residence  of  foreign 
ministers  at  Peking,  and  tho  freedom  to  travel 
through  tho  land  were  avenues  lieretoforo  closed 
against  the  welfare  and  progress  of  China  which 
the  treaties  opened,  anil  through  which  she  has 
already  made  more  real  advances  than  ever  be- 
fore in  her  history."  Tho  Chineso  did  not  ob- 
serve the  reipiiremeiits  of  tho  treaty,  and  it  was 
not  until  Peking  had  been  occupied  \>y  the  allied 
forces  and  tho  Summer  I'alace  of  tho  emperor 
destroved  that  tho  treaties  of  Tientsin  were 
finall.v"  ratified,  October  21th,  1H(!0.  Since  that 
date  there  has  been  peaco  with  foreign  nations, 
which  was  further  cemented  by  the  ajiiioint- 
inent  of  a  c  immission  of  which  tho  Hon.  Anson 
Burlingame  was  the  head,  wliich  \isited  tho 
different  foreign  powers  with  a  view  to  estab- 
lishing diplomatic  intercourse.  A  treaty  with 
America  was  negotiated  July  28th,  18()H,  anil 
ratified  the  following  year,  which  recognized 
the  right  of  Chineso  to  immigrate  to  the  United 
States.  This  lias  been  modifieil  by  a  commis- 
sion sent  to  Peking  iu  ISHO,  which  in  1882  re- 
stricted Chinese  immigration  to  tho  United 
States  for  twenty  years,  and  in  18H8  an  exclu- 
sion bill  was  passed  by  Congress  which  pro- 
hibits the  immigration  of  Chinese  laborers  en- 
tirely. This  later  action  has  had  a  bad  effect  on 
tho  relations  which  hitherto  Lave  existed  be- 
tween tho  two  nations. 


CHINA 


964 


CHINA 


AfttT  tlio  visit  of  tlui  lliuliiif,'iiMin  KniliiiHsy  to 
Eiiici|n',  till'  (icoMrrciii'ii  (if  tlin  'riiiitiiii  Aiiis 
Niu'iK  ill  .[iiiic\  ]h71,  (lining  wliicli  (nilliniili 
twenty  rrcuili  iiiiil  Itussiiiiis  werr  lirirrililv  iinir- 
diTi'd,  mill  llio  Fri'lich  ciiiisiiIilIi',  ('Mllicdiul, 
ami  orjiliaiiM^,'!)  wpro  ili  stinvril,  tlin  udricil  tii 
intcrfiro  witli  tlm  friendly  ii  liiliiiiis  wliicli  wciu 
fxistiii^!.  Tim  CliincHii  (iDvrrmiiciit,  liowcvcr, 
tdiilv  strmif^  iiiuiNurcs  t.>  ciiili  tlio  invpuliicc, 
mill  ])iuiislu'il  us  iiimiy  nt'  tint  nITi  iiiIiTs  us  <  oiild 
lit)  idcntiluiil,  and  tlm  |>iiviii('iit  of  mupKi  iu- 
deiiinity  I't-stoicd  iiciirn  and  iiiiirt,  uiid  led  to  u 
(liseiissioii  and  dieisinii  of  ililUi'ult  iiliestions 
involved  in  Cliristiun  niwsinns.  Tlu'  niuidir 
of  Mr.  M  iiu'iiry,  un  at,'int  of  the  liiiti.sli  (iovern- 
nicnt,  in  ls7">,  dnrinj;  an  o\  irliind  trip  frmii  l!nr. 
ninh  to  Villi  nan,  was  the  eaiisenf  fuitliirileiiianils 
for  indeiiinity  on  tlio  part  of  llie  Jfritisli,  wliiili 
demands  were  liimlly  srltled  liy  the  Cliefoo  ( 'on- 
veiitioii,  Srpteiiilur  .'till,  iNTti,  iieenrdint^  to  tlio 
terms  of  wiiieh  'Jllil.iHlil  taels  were  paid  liy  the 
Chinese  us  indemnity,  und  four  new  [mrts  wi  re 
opened  to  forei^^n  trade.  Sineu  tliat  time  tlio 
j^overnmeiit  of  China  lias  dc^voted  itsulf  to  de- 
velopin|4  the  resmuees  of  the  country,  niiil  has 
tried,  as  far  as  possihlr,  to  overeomo  the  eon- 
servatisiii  whieli  ;<tands  in  tlie  way  of  pro(,'res.s. 

The  history  of  the  intercourse  of  tlii.s  heathen 
nation  with  sa.ealled  Christian  ones  is  not  at 
nil  limes  ereditahle  to  the  latter  ;  liut  tliou^;h 
the  means  used  have  nnt  lieeii  aliii\e  reproiieh, 
the  result  has  lnen  that  China  is  thoroughly 
awakened  from  lur  self-satislii  d  sloth,  lier  liar- 
riers  have  liriii  lirokeii  down,  and  there  is  now 
alTonled  free  aeeess  for  the  entrance  of  eivili/i- 
tion  in  Us  modern  forms,  mul  fir  that  Chrisli- 
nuity  wliieh  is  the  sole  hope  of  her  future. 

< lover II  llH' lit.  ''^\\v<  head  of  the  ^overn- 
nieiit  of  China  is  the  em])eror,  Hwaiin  'J'i,  as 
tlio  Chinese  call  him,  wliicli  is  a  term  siniiliir  to 
Tsar  or  Kaiser.  On  useeiidin^'  the  throne  tlio 
emperor  takes  a  name  or  style  by  wliieh  his 
rei^;n  is  known  ;  the  jireseiit  emperor  is  called 
Kwan;^  Sui,  "  illustrious  succession."  lie  was 
horn  August  1  Itli,  1S71,  and  lii  j^'aii  to  rei-^n  in 
1S7'».  Diiriii;^'  his  niiiioritj'  the  empiiss-dow- 
ai^er  held  the  rei^;iis  of  State,  which  she  resigned 
in  Fehruary,  ISNI),  when  the  young  emperor 
attained  his  majority,  was  married,  and  took 
full  control  of  alTairs.  The  theory  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  China  is  tho  patriarchal  ;  tlio  em- 
jieror  is  the  Son  of  Heaven  and  the  Father  of 
ills  i)eo))le.  Heneath  him  tho  superior  in  a^,'o 
or  rank  has  sway  over  tho  inferior  (nl  ihtinibint. 
While  tho  will  of  tho  Son  of  Heaven  is  supremo, 
and  Lis  power  is  said  to  bo  absolute,  it  is  not 
unlimited,  as  one  would  think.  Ho  is  hound 
by  no  constitution,  no  Mat;na  Cliarta  dictated 
by  powerful  barons  limits  his  sway,  but  tho 
nccumnlated  force  of  centuries  of  traditioli  and 
laws  holds  him  to  rij^ht  and  justice  wiih  an  irre- 
sistiblo  f,'rasi).  Ho  must  follow  tho  behests  of 
his  father.  Heaven,  or  else  tho  people  will  exer- 
cise the  divine  ri;.,'ht  of  rebellion  which  they 
clinL!  to,  and  which  Confucius,  and  ehlieoially 
Mencius.  detined  with  nt.iiost boldness.  When 
floods  or  famine,  lire  mid  pestilence  come,  the 
people  lo,)k  upon  it  as  a  judgment  on  the  em- 
peror, and  ho  immodiately  offers  sacrilices  to 
Heaven  to  apjieaso  its  wnilh.  Ho  is  the  high- 
priest  of  his  jieople,  and  theoretically  has  their 
welfare  at  heart.  Practi<'ally  tho  people  submit 
passively  to  his  despotism,  and  rarely  bother 
themselves  about  the  government  in  general, 
though  they  may  complain  of  the  exactions  of 


the  local  ofllcers.  Liberty  is  unknown,  nnd 
there  is  no  woid  for  it  in  their  language.  In 
the  adininistratiiin  of  the  alVairs  of  .State  tho 
iniperor  is  a>sisleil  by  a  Cabinet,  a  Council 
of  State,  and  "  The  Six  Hoards." 

V'/ii'  ('iihiiiil. — Six  chalicellcirs  take  the  |ilaco 
of  a  prime  minister.  'I'lieir  duty  is  "  to  neeivo 
rescripts  and  edicts,  present  meiuerials,  lay 
before  his  .Majesty  the  alt'airs  of  the  i  ni]iiie, 
procuie  his  instructions  thereiui,"  mid  return 
them  to  tho  lower  otlicials  to  carry  into  etl'ect. 
'i'he  I'.mperor  gives  his  pi  rsniial  attention  to  de- 
tails,  from  the  highest  maller.'iof  iiii)iortaiice  to 
lietty  extortions,  and  with  tho  ''  virmilion  jieii- 
cil"  writes  his  will  on  the  impers  Hulimittt  d  to 
him.  With  one  stroke  of  the  brush  he  siiuls 
this  man  to  haiiishiiieiit  and  tho  other  to  high 
oilice.  These  various  members  of  the  Cabinet 
have  their  scribes  and  translators  and  subordi- 
nate otlicials  to  the  number  of  (idli,  half  of 
whom,  as  the  reigning  dwiasty  is  foreign,  are 
Manchus. 

Till'  Ci/toici/  (/  sidle. — The  number  of  the 
Council  has  of  late  been  four  :  two  Chinese  and 
two  Manchus.  They  correspond  to  tho  minis- 
try of  other  nations.  They  confer  with  tho  eiii- 
pernr  on  all  important  matters  of  administra- 
tion or  aiipointiuent,  and  give  their  advice  and 
execute  his  desires.  They  connect  him  with 
all  tho  subordinate  departments,  so  ho  is  in 
touch  with  the  whole  vast  machinery,  with  its 
wheels  within  wheels.  In  tho  Khuj  I'mi,  known 
to  foreigners  us  the  I'fliiuj  (Jnzilii,  tho  decries, 
rescripts,  mid  other  actions  of  the  (iriind  ('(uin- 
cil  are  published  and  sent  to  nil  tlie  provinces. 
A  glunee  at  tho  titles  of  some  ot  the  aiticlcs 
contained  in  one  edition  will  give  a  fair  idea  of 
the  detuils  into  which  this  Council  enters  : 
"  Appointnieiits,"  "  Suppression  of  I'iracy  on 
the  Coast  of  Kuhkien,"  "  Escape  it  a  Trisoner 
in  Chehkiang,"  "  llUgal  Inlliction  of  I'unish- 
meiit,"  "  l)egradation  of  u  Comniander-in- 
Cliief."  At  the  end  of  each  separate  item  is 
the  will  ot  tho  emperor,  as,  "  Approved  by  He- 
script,"  "  lleferred  to  the  Hoard  Concerned," 
"Niited,"  ••  Denied,"  etc. 

The  Six  Iliiiinh. — 1.  T'lie  lioard  of  Civil  Service. 
It  as  well  as  the  other  boards  'ue  executive 
bodies,  with  two  jiresidents,  tlirt  <  directors, 
and  many  subordinate  heads  of  biueaus  or  de- 
partments. The  duties  of  this  l>.iard  uio  to 
govern  und  direct  all  the  \aii..,is  ottices  of  the 
'civil  service,  their  rank  mid  giadati.  n,  degrada- 
tion and  jironiotioii,  rewards  mid  ]iuiiishiiients, 
terms  and  places  <  f  service,  und  fui loughs. 
One  of  its  duties  is  the  rigulation  and  distribii- 
tion  c.l  pi.sthumnus  orders,  for  tho  Chinese 
(lovernnu  lit  eimobUs  tlu^  ancestors  of  worthy 
servants  iiisti  ad  ot  ennobling  sons  for  the  good 
deeds  of  tin  ir  fathers.  2.  The  Hoard  of  Hev- 
enue  looks  after  the  collectieii  of  all  taxes  and 
tribute,  the  salary  list,  tho  census,  receipts  and 
disbursemt  Ills  of  giain,  and  rights  of  transpor- 
tation by  land  and  water.  One  of  its  duties, 
which  is  distinctividy  Asiatii^,  is  tho  inocural 
of  Manchil  maidens  for  tlii!  harem  of  the  em- 
jieror,  and  the  regulation  of  their  allowances. 
3.  The  Hoard  of  Kites  has  to  do  with  all  the 
ceremoniid  forms  and  State  etiijuetto  with  which 
China  is  burdened,  even  the  cut  of  n  coat  and 
the  time  to  wear  it  being  prescribed  by  edict. 
Sacrificial  ritis  come  under  its  control,  as  well 
as  the  treatment  of  foreign  officials  and  em- 
bassies. Fourteen  volumes  of  the  statutes  are 
occupied  by  tho  details  of  these  rites.     4.  The 


CHINA 


2r,r. 


CHINA 


Boixnl  (if  AViir  ncoild  no  cxiilaimtinn,  ns  itx 
diitirs  niK  iiiiuiift'Ht.  It  \u\n  ciiiilrul  nt'  tlin  iiiivy 
ns  wi'll  as  tlm  iiriiiy.  Ti.  'I'lu-  ItDiml  <ii  limisli- 
liU'lils  is,  i\(T|il  (Iki  t'iii|iiri)r,  tlm  liii^lnsl  Court 
of  A|<|>riil  ill  liiilli  civil  unci  criiiiinnl  umttrrH. 
0.  'I'lic  Jliiiini  (if  W.ii'Uh  liis  ('liiii>;ii  of  all  |iiil>lio 
Works,  tliii  1>iiilillii){  aiiil  iimintt  luiiicu  of  city 
walls,  Icinlilcs,  altars,  tluicuroof  arscnaln,  fiirtK, 
mill  ciiiiip  <'i|iiii>ii^ii  ;  ri'|iiiirs  ami  liiiilds  rnmls, 
«liki  -1,  lirid^  s  ;  pri'sirvcs  ainl  crccti  Hcpnlilirc!* 
mill  iiiciiiiirial  talilrls  ;  c  iiiiis  In  >ni'y,  and  niaUiFt 
piiiipowdcr.  In  Jidditloil  to  tliiMci  Six  linards 
tlicrii  is  aiintlicr  oni<  ^vllil'll  lias  control  of  tho 
foreij,'ii  di  iiciidi'iicii's  of  China.  'I'licrM  is  also 
a  pt'culiar  li.uird  cuUcmI  tliu  Ccnsoratc.  Tho 
ccnsorH  rn|iriiiianil  tho  emperors  thcnisolvcs, 
ftnd  many  iiiilaiiccs  iiro  i^iviii  in  Chinese  his- 
tory of  the  faithful  perfoniiaiiee  of  their  duties 
by  censors,  evi'ii  at  the  ri^U  of  incurring  the 
<1iKpK-asm'e  ami  piinishment  of  their  lie^o.  <  )ne 
Htrikin){  instance  is  relntid  in  connection  \\  ilh 
the  accession  of  the  i>reseiit  oiiipiror.  He  was 
not  in  the  direct  lino  of  siicccHHion,  as  the  former 
emperor  dieil  whilo  yoiint,'  vilhout  issue,  and 
tho  present  inctiiiilient  was  a  distant  cousin. 
Olio  of  the  censors  deemed  tho  relationship  too 
<listant,  ami  wrote  out  a  stronj^  remoiislranco 
nf^ainst  the  selection  of  Kwaiij^  Siii.  Knowing 
tliat  tho  remonstrance  woiihl  he  unavailing,  yet 
desiring  to  cmphi'.size  his  relnike,  ho  committed 
KUicide,  to  hliow  that  he  could  die.  hut  ho 
could  'lot  111  tray  bis  Hiicreil  otlico  <u'  connivo  at 
ony  such  violation  of  royal  tradition. 

I'lider  theso  hoards  aro  the  gnat  number  of 
oflice  holders.  'I'lieso  aro  goveriinr  gi  iieriils, 
Kome  of  them  ruling  over  two  provinces,  gov- 
ernors of  jirovim^es,  commissioners  of  tinaiice, 
justice,  giain.  and  salt  (salt  is  a  government  mo- 
nopoly), intendants  of  circuits,  called  taou  tai, 
who  rule  over  sever.il  ])refecturcs.  prefects,  sev- 
eral grades  of  suh-prefects,  ami  district  niagis- 
trales.  These  ollicials  aro  sclecto.l  in  accord- 
anco  with  tho  civil-servico  system,  which  is 
based  upon  literary  merit,  and  is  one  of  the  in- 
Btitutiousof  China  which  challenges  the  admi- 
ration of  other  nations.  Theoretically,  any 
ono  who  does  not  belong  to  tho  Jiroscribed 
classes  may  compete  in  tho  literary  examina- 
tions for  tho  various  degrees,  no  matter  how 
poor  or  ignoble  ho  may  lie  ;  practically,  theso 
honors  aro  open  only  to  those  who  have  wealth, 
fts  many  years  of  iireliminary  study  aro  neces- 
sary. The  tirst  examination  is  held  in  the  dis- 
tricts, for  tho  degree  of  sin  tsai,  "  liachelor  of 
Arts'  On  receiving  the  coveted  honor  tho 
student  does  not  necessarily  receive  rllice  ;  ho 
is  merely  a  favored  individual,  who  is  exempt 
from  corporeal  punishment,  is  better  than  llio 
common  people,  and  is  eligililo  to  comiiete  for 
the  second  degree.  The  dcgreo  of  siu  tsai  is 
often  purchased,  though  tho  jiurchasers  are 
looked  down  upon.  Tho  examinations  for  tho 
second  degree  of  ku  jiu,  "  Master  of  Arts,"  aro 
lield  iu  tho  various  jirovincial  capitals,  trieii- 
niall,v,  on  tho  same  days,  the  '.hh,  I'Jth,  and 
ITith  dtiys  of  tho  eighth  month.  This  examiua- 
tiou  separates  students  from  ofVicers,  though 
every  student  who  receives  the  diploma  does 
not  necessarily  beeoiiio  an  olVicer.  Several 
thousands  attend  tlit^se  examinations.  They 
aro  pent  «!>  in  littlo  cells  hardly  lit  for  cattle, 
and  are  reipiired  to  write  essays  on  themes 
taken  from  tho  classics,  relating  to  history,  mat- 
ters of  government,  law,  and  iinanee.  A  recent 
innovation  is  tho  introduction  of  ijucstious  in 


Western  matheniaticH.  About  ono  in  a  hundred 
is  hiiceesslul.  As  the  students  are  allowed  to 
bring  no  books  or  helps  of  any  kind  with  them, 
tho  tax  on  mind  an. I  m  iiiory  is  very  hevere,  for 
often  much  of  the  context  must  bo  reiiiemliercd 
ill  order  to  discuss  tho  tin  mo  intelligibly. 
Kssays  aro  rejei'ted  for  taiills  in  form  as  wi  11  as 
matter  ;  a  mis|ihu^ed  comma,  a  blot,  a  wrong 
eliiiracter  is  Kullicient  cause  for  failure,  Tho 
Kuceeshfiil  ones  receive  much  honor  and  distinc- 
tion. When  for  any  cause  an  emperor  wishes 
to  favor  the  jieople,  he  ordeis  an  extra  examina- 
tion for  the  degri'C  of  ku  jlli  to  ho  held.  Tho 
examination  for  tho  third  degree  of  Isin  sz, 
"  Doc'lor  of  Laws,"  is  held  triennially  at  I'e- 
king.  Only  ku  jin  can  eompele,  and  they  aro 
allowed  (uirt  of  their  travelling  i  xjn  nses. 
About  'JOO  or  ;i01)  receive  their  degrees  at  each 
examination,  and  are  then  appointed  to  some 
sort  of  otUce.  Those  who  receive  tho  fourth 
and  highest  ilegrie  of  ban  lin  aro  made  mem- 
bers of  the  Imiierial  .\eadeiiiy  on  a  salary.  Tho 
examinatiiui  for  this  degree  is  held  triennially 
in  the  Lmiieror's  palace. 

A  similar  system  of  examinations  with  siniilar 
degrees  is  held  for  tho  military  branch  of  tho 
goveinment.  riiysieal  instead  of  mental  )iow. 
ers  is  tested,  and  tho  Cliim  sc  eiuisicbr  the  civil 
dildoma  much  hiiiher  relatively  than  the  niili- 
tary  one.  l>y  means  of  this  sifting  jiroctss  not 
(Uily  are  the  ]ieople  stimulated  to  literary  pur- 
suits, is  genius  rewarded,  and  civilization  ad- 
vanced, but  the  government  has  at  its  eoiiimaiid 
a  body  of  Well-educated  men,  tidiii  all  over  the 
empire,  tho  finest  that  can  be  obtained.  Well 
Versed  in  tradition  and  the  iirineiples  of  Chinese 
law.  l{y  a  .system  of  rotation  of  otlice,  by  never 
sending  an  olticer  to  rule  in  his  native  jirovinee, 
by  tho  system  of  espionage  and  mutual  respon- 
sibility,  abuses  are  checked  and  good  govern- 
ment enforced.  The  great  defect  in  their  sys- 
tem is  that  the  otlicers  aro  not  paid  enough  to 
live  as  their  station  reipiires,  and  corriiptiiui  in 
bribe  taking  and  giving  is  widespread,  whilo 
extortion  is  uni'ersal.  Another  great  source  of 
cnrruption  is  the  selling  ot  degrees  and  tho 
favor  shown  to  those  who  imrchaso  them.  In 
spile  of  this  corruption  and  the  abuses  of  power 
which  can  bo  seen,  the  otlicers  of  tho  govern- 
ment will  compare  favorably  with  those  of  other 
nations  for  talent,  integrity,  industry,  and 
patriotism. 

I'f'iijilv, —  Orhfm.  Tho  peoldo  of  China  have 
lived  for  so  many  centuries  in  their  river  basins, 
sejiarated  from  tho  rest  of  the  voild,  that  their 
(U'lgin  is  shrouded  in  tho  mists  of  tradition  and 
legends.  Abcnit  "J'iOO  n.c.  tribes  from  Central 
.\sia  came  across  the  desert  and  settled  around 
the  bend  of  tho  Yellow  Kiver  in  what  is  now 
Kanftuh.  Where  these  settlers  came  from  ia 
still  a  matter  of  conjecture.  A  recent  xvriter 
claims  that  they  were  emigrants  from  Itabylonia. 
The  iiresnmptive  proofs  of  this  ate  in  brief  : 
liabylonia  was  u  great  agricultural  country,  and 
irrigation  was  everywhere  to  be  seen  ;  so  in 
China  ;  "  Tho  Jliddlo  Kingdom"  was  the  nnnio 
applied  to  Babylonia  by  its  inhabitants,  and 
that  is  the  native  appellation  of  China  ;  the  pro- 
historic  i>rriod  of  ('hiiia  is  divided  by  native 
writers  into  ten  jieriods,  and  tho  sanio  is  attrib- 
uted to  Babylonia  ;  the  Babylonians  were  great 
astrologers,  so  aro  tho  Chinese,  ami  tho  method 
of  computing  time  is  similar  in  the  two  nations. 
More  direct  proof  is  adduced  by  the  researches 
of  Mr.  C.  T.  Ball,  as  published  in  tho  I'roceed- 


CHINA 


986 


OHIMA 


in(jH  Iff  llie  Sitfirii/  of  IVihlWid  Archrrdlnt/i/.  Ho 
hIiiiwm  KtrikiiiK  rcHifmliliiiiciM  lictwri'ii  wnnln  in 
the  jiiiiMciit  Ai'cii  liikii  jiii'l  till'  iiioiliTii  Miiiiilarin 
(liitUiut  of  China.  My  |ilii('iii){  an  iiiitiiil  >/  iti 
thr  iiliict)  ol  ihi'  1/ ill  iimiiy  Chilicsi'  WdnU  hn 
lliiils  iiiitriy  trriiis  rrhili'il  i<i  thx  Ari'inliiin.  Ilu 
hiis  lii't'ii  itlilu  ti>  lay  ih>nii  a  hcI'Ii'H  of  ]ihiiiii'lli< 
laws  liy  whii'h  Im  h;is  ciuivfitcd  into  Acciiiliati 
nhiiimt  tho  mitiiii  ('hincHu  lUctionary  If  tliiM  ih 
thi>  trim  origin  ot'  thu  CliincsK  |ii'o|ih>,  it  will 
tt\|iliiiu  what  has  hitht'rti)  lit'i'ri  it  iiiVHltry  ;  tlii'ir 
hiiigiiai^u  shows  that  at  sumu  tiiim  in  the  past 
thi>y  wtini  a  iiuiiiailic  race,  liavin^  their  |irit>' 
cipal  |iimsessioiis  in  tlneks  mill  lienls  ;  this  is 
iilso  hinteil  lit  in  their  iirihiti^eliire  ;  l<iit  as  far 
liaeU  an  reeonls  ^  i,  they  are  fouml  to  liave  lieen 
itli  a;,'riiMiltiiral  raee.  'I'lio  dwellers  on  tlio 
]ilaiiis  of  liiihyloiiia  Uere  deseeiicleil  from  a 
])areiil  stock  who  led  ii  ]iiisloral  life  in  tli« 
nioiintiiinous  country  on  tlu'  east.  If,  then, 
tile  Chineso  urn  thu  desciiKhints  of  the  iiihahit- 
iiiils  of  the  plain,  the  references  to  a  nDiiiailic 
life  in  their  ian';lla^;e  c  intain  the  rciiiemlirance 
of  their  earlier  ancestors  in  tlio  mountains. 

I'liij.slciil  Aitjiedrnwi'. — In  stature  the  majority 
of  tho  ('hiiiesii  lire  somewhat  helow  the  iivt  ra^^e 
Leij^ht,  esiiecially  the  wuiiien  ;  in  the  north  of 
China  the  Mamhii  race  is  large  and  tine  in 
iili|ieanince.  They  have  straight  lilack  hair 
mill  eyes,  yellow  complexions,  and  olili((iU!ly  set 
eyes.  'I'he  men  are  noticealile  for  an  iibsenoii 
of  beards,  n  thin  mustache  or  ft  |ieaked  goatee 
la'ing  the  most  Imir  that  is  seen  on  their  faces, 
and  that  only  in  middle  or  old  age.  They  hiivu 
great  endurance  and  are  a  stroug,  sturdy  rai^e, 
with  ninro  physical  force  than  is  u-^uiil  in  tropj. 
cal  riK'es.  They  possess  the  )io\ver  of  ajiplica- 
lion  to  work  of  unvarying  monotony  for  long 
hours  at  n  time,  without  wearying  ordisphuing 
that  nervousness  which  is  seen  in  Kuropean 
raises  :  ahscncu  of  nerves  is  ono  of  their  princi- 
pal characteristics.  They  have  a  wonderful 
vitality,  which  seems  to  he  unaffected  hy  such 
lack  of  sanitary  conditions  as  would  he  sure 
death  to  nn  .\merican.  Their  skulls  are  thick, 
and  thoy  do  not  seem  to  ho  atl'ected  much  hy 
tho  burning  heat  of  tho  sun.  In  spite  of  their 
custom  of  marrying  early  and  their  exi^esscs  in 
vice,  they  are  very  productive.  Thu  women 
mature  rapidly,  and  are  mothers  at  tho  early  ago 
of  thirteen  and  fourteen.  T'hero  are  no  special 
diseases  to  which  they  aru  predii-posed,  though 
they  are  suhject  to  consumjition,  skin  diseases, 
and  di.seases  of  tho  eyes,  caused  by  tho  hot  sun- 
shino.  Ijeprosy  of  various  types  is  i^ommon 
among  them.  They  enduro  suffering  so  well, 
and  recover  so  (juickly  from  tho  shock  and 
wotinds  of  surgical  operations,  as  to  give  credit 
to  the  theory  that  their  nervous  organization  is 
not  so  highly  developed  or  so  sensitive  ns  that 
of  European  races. 

Mfiitdl  7V((i/,s.~The  Chinese  are  essentially 
an  agricultural  race.  They  are  manual  laborers, 
who  possess  industry,  patience,  and  dogged  de- 
termination in  a  groat  degree.  While  they  aro 
not  aggressive,  when  roused  they  aro  no  mean 
foes,  and  when  well  ollicered,  with  men  of 
daring  and  courage  to  lend  the  way,  they  will 
follow  to  the  death  with  great  stoicism.  They 
excel  in  mannfnctnros  which  require  a  fine  tac 
tile  sense,  and  work  like  automata.  They  have 
no  regard  for  truth  for  its  own  sake,  and  are 
noted  for  mendacitj',  deceit,  and  indirectness 
in  all  things.  They  are  wonderfully  polite,  hut 
this  saiuti  politeness  leads  to  a   disregard  of 


truth  from  the  desire  to  avoid  unpalatiiMe  facts, 
and  is  too  often  but  iiii  artitlcial  veneer  which 
conceals  Helllshiiess  and  conceit.  They  havu 
great  mental  power,  es|iecially  in  memory,  but 
are  lacking  in  the  imaginative  mid  itrtislic  tem- 
]ieramiints  Logic  ami  reasiuiing  they  are  wiU 
skilled  ill,  and  liny  have  a  seiisu  of  humor 
whitdi  is  of  a  ipiiet  kind.  They  are  a  slow, 
methodical,  conservative,  staid,  phh^matio 
people,  mill  do  not  show  much  eniotiiui  ;  this 
is  duo  as  much  to  education  as  to  nature,  fur 
they  are  taught  to  repress  their  feelingH.  They 
are  more  sullen  than  ijiiick  tempered,  more  iin- 
derhandrd  than  treaclieriMis.  They  have  great 
respect  for  leiirning,  and  reverence  their  siijie- 
riors  to  the  extreme,  but  lire  arrogant  and  con- 
ceiled  when  huriied  themselves.  When  iheir 
anger  is  aroused  they  are  more  likely  to  vent  it 
in  words  and  imprecatiiuis  than  in  blows,  and 
street  lights  i>tTend  the  ears  ofteiier  than  they 
break  the  bones.  In  general,  they  are  the  linest 
of  the  Asiatic  races,  and  their  habils  of  doiiies- 
ticily,  revereiuro  of  parents,  Hubmission  to  con- 
stidiled  authiuity,  ipiiet  industry,  frugality, 
and  temperanco  make  them  wcu-lhy  of  ri  s|pect. 
In  their  manufactures  they  show  a  lack  of  in- 
ventive skill,  but  they  possess  a  Wonderful 
amount  of  inntativeiiess.  Attention  to  detail 
and  laborious  minuteness  is  characteristic  of 
thiir  works  of  art.  They  show  very  little  inter- 
est  in  tho  condition  of  any  who  are  without 
their  immediatu  circlo  of  relations,  loit  within 
that  circle  all  that  concerns  thu  individiiid  is 
discussed  and  comiuenli'd  upon  hy  tho  niiiiiy  ml 
nnnufdiii.  They  Lave  little  idea  ot  jinvacy,  and 
lack  relinemeiit  in  matters  pertaining  to  man's 
jihysical  natiiro  and  its  needs  mid  uipjielites. 
T'lio  laboring  men  are  olten  (usually  in  the 
south)  hare  to  the  waist,  hut  the  women  aro 
modest  in  dress  and  behavior,  keeping  the  en- 
tiro  body  clothed,  excejit  among  the  poor  peas- 
antry, who  labor  in  the  tield  with  the  men. 

Latlf/inifft'. — The  ( 'liineso  language  belongs 
to  that  class  in  whiili  aro  tho  Korean,  Tibetan, 
and  liurmeso  languages.  Its  origin  cannot  well 
be  traced,  uidess  tho  hyi)othesis  already  men- 
tioned is  correct,  and  it  is  doriveil  from  tho 
early  Acciidian.  Wliatever  its  origin,  it  is  tho 
oldest  si)oken  hmguiige  in  existence,  and,  along 
with  tho  Kgyptiau  and  tho  cum^iform,  the  old- 
est written  language.  It  is  monosyllabic,  with- 
out inllexion  or  agglutination  ;  its  nouns  have 
no  declensions,  its  verbs  are  not  to  bo  con- 
.ingated.  A  mythical  personage,  ^vho  is  m  id  to 
have  flourished  about  tho  .'ear  'JT(K)  D.c,  .s  tho 
reputed  author  of  their  characters.  Tho  earli- 
est form  of  writing  was  similar  to  tho  Egyptian 
hieroglyphics,  mid  in  tho  main  the  structure  of 
their  characters  is  that  of  an  idi^ogram.  These 
characters  aro  divided  into  six  classes  :  1.  Jmi- 
Utlive  Symbols.  In  these  some  resemblance  can 
bo  seen  to  tho  objects  designated  by  them. 
Most  of  this  elnss  aro  nouns.  Thus  tho  char- 
acters for  sun,  moon,  eye,  child,  and  hill  nro 
efforts  at  j)ictorial  representation.  At  first  tho 
hieroglyphics  were  traced  on  bamboo  with  iron 
st.yles,  and  tho  clu.ngo  to  tho  use  of  the  brush 
has  caused  a  rounding  of  angles  and  a  shading 
ot  lines  wliich  in  man.v  cases  takes  away  tho 
original  resemblauc^o.  Six  hundred  and  eight 
lire  placed  in  this  class  by  Chinese  j)bilologists, 
though  many  aro  not  included  which  ought  to 
be  there.  2.  Symbols  Indicnling  Tlionghl.  In 
theso  characters  ideas  are  rejiresented  by  the 
position  ot  the  parts.     Half  of  a  moon  stands 


* 


CHINA 


257 


CHINA 


for  evening  ;  the  Nnn  with  n  lino  under  it  indi- 
cut'  '  iiiortiiii^  tliii  Niin  ulmvn  tlm  lii>ri/i>ii. 
I'litt  t>'  II  clmiurtcr  iiliovn  n  Imsc  liiio  hii'iuik 
"  al>ovt<  ;"  tliii  Niuiiii  pitrt  )iliif('it  iitiilcr  till!  liaHi<- 
liiiii  iiiciiiiM  "  liildw."  ;t.  t'l.iiiliiiiiil  liliii.s,  or 
i(ii'iit;rit]ihir!4,  urn  I'hiiriK'trrM  iimilii  U|i  iili  Nyiii 
liols  HO  cniiiliitit'il  as  lo  hIio\/  tht'ir  iiLriiniii^  <ir 
tlii'ir  inlliii'lii'ii  U|>i>ii  iiicli  otlnr.     'I'liim  tlm  kmii 

mill     IIIDOII      lo^l'tllcr     lllllliK     "  llt'i^lltlllNH  ;  '     t\Ml 

trecH  rdpri'Hi'iit  "  ii  funst  ;"  ii  dcin  iiiiil  iiMititli 
iiii'iiiiH  "  liiirk,"  lor  tlid  uniitist  iict  of  tloi 
Cliiiit'Nd  do^  is  to  Imrk  ;  woiuiiii  mid  lirooiii  nmltu 
lip  tliu  priiii>i|iid  i'i'i|iiit'i'iiii  iits  of  u  ('liiiit'so 
"  wifn,"  Many  curiou.s  idi-as  of  tlio  CIijikmo 
and  not  a  littlo  iiisi^^lit  into  tlicircUHtoiiiH  can  im 
(ditainrd  liy  a  carcl'iii  Ktiuly  of  tlui  710  cliiir- 
iictt'rs  ussiniii'd  t>  tliis  class.  4.  Iiii'irlnt  Siijiiiji- 
I'dJiiDin.  lliTd  arc  ,'t7'2  diaraitors  which  liy  koiiio 
iiivcrHioii,  alteration,  or  omiltal  of  tin  ir  parts 
a<'i|uiru  diU'irctit  niciinin^'s.  A  haiul  turning'  to 
the  ri|,'li(  nicaiiH  "  rinht  ;"  Imiiint^  to  the  left 
liiiaiis  "li'lt."  5.  liorriiirnl  I'ms,  'I'ln  so  re- 
Hcnililc  the  second  class,  only  the  nieaniiii,'  taken 
from  the  coiiilii  nations  IS  more  nutuphorical  and 
fancilul — ('.;/.,  the  word  fm'  a  written  character 
is  composed  of  a  child  under  a  shelter,  since 
(diaractcrs  are  the  chihl'ieii  of  hierii^;lyphicM. 
tl.  In  this  last  I'lass  art)  compriscil  most  of  the 
ehiiractern  in  th  lanmia^o  called  77i(iiif/ic.s',  or 
sound  symliols.  An  iniitativo  synihol  is  com- 
hilied  with  a  iilinnctii'  ;  one  ^ives  the  idea,  the 
other  the  Hoiiiiil.  If  a  new  character  Wert)  to 
liu  formed  -  -  for  instance,  one  jic  rtainiii^,'  to 
some  wooilon  Kulistiuic(^— an  imitative  i-ymliol  of 
a  woikIcu  oliject  WDuld  lie  comliincd  with  a 
]ilionetn^  of  tlio  sound  wliiidi  was  to  he  (^iven  to 
the  new  (diaracter  ;  or,  t.i  lake  an  cxanii  lu 
Hiven  liy  Willianis.  to  <lesi^^mite  locust,  the  syjii- 
liol  for  insect  was  comliined  with  the  sound 
lutii,  and  to  those  who  knew  the  I  icust  it  v oiild 
mean  to  thoiii  the  locust  ;  to  others,  w  ho  had 
never  seen  the  insect,  it  would  uicim  an  insect 
cidh'd  uKii. 

Thesi'  six  classes  are  a  modern  classification  ; 
it  is  imjiossilile  to  cx])hiin  a  threat  many  "f  the 
idiaraeters  liy  any  principles,  for  many  oi  Ihcm 
are  amenalile  to  no  rules.  In  ^jeneral  the  char- 
iiclers  are  forni'  d  liy  the  use  of  21  I  radicals  - 
some  of  these  are  simjily  strokes,  Imt  most  of 
them  are  ideo(^rams — ciimliincil  with  ]irimi- 
tives,  ns  they  arc  called,  which  in  reality  ara 
no  oilier  than  the  radicals,  liut  denote  simply 
the  part  of  the  character  which  is  not  a  radical, 
or  a  comliiiiation  of  radicals.  The  jiumlier  of 
cliariiclers  given  in  Kaiinhi's  Dictionarv  is 
•11,11'.),  lint  the  total  of  really  diirerent  char, 
acters  is  iiiuidi  less,  probalily  about  '25, 1)00,  and 
for  a  (^ood  workini^knowlcdi^o  of  Chinese  10, 000 
will  sullicc.  In  the  dictionaries  the  characters 
are  found  hy  looking;  up  tlio  radical  ;  if  thens  is 
more  than  one  radical  in  the  cliaracter  the  most 
prominent  one  is  looked  for  first  ;  then  the 
numlier  of  strokes  in  the  characti>r  exclusive  of 
the  radical  is  the  f;uide  to  the  pl.ice  under  its 
t^iven  radical  whore  it  may  lie  found.  The 
radical  is  not  of  unifiu-m  size,  neither  decs  it 
occupy  alwavH  the  sanio  jioHition.  In  order  to 
preserve  the  symmetry  and  uniform  si/.e  of  tlio 
characters,  in  one  tlio  radical  is  lari^'o  and  of 
pro]ior  form,  in  another  it  may  lie  leiit^thened 
or  broadened,  narrowed  or  widened,  accordint? 
to  the  exigencies  of  its  position.  In  some  cases 
the  radicals  have  two  forms,  one  an  ahbrevi- 
nted  form  or  a  form  which  is  used  only  in  com- 
pounds, and  that  is  an   additional   source   of 


tronblo  lo  tlio  foroiKn  Httidcnt.  One  ndvnnlnK» 
the  characters  have  which  is  appreciated  by  tlin 
student  of  the  spoken  laii^nii^e-  they  are  thn 
hiinie  throughout  the  ei^^hleeti  provinccH,  mid 
one  who  can  write  Chinese  can  be  understood 
by  that  iiieaiis  anywhere.  In  writiii)^'  the  Ian- 
^iia^'e  six  forms  of  characters  are  met  with  in 
eiimiiion  use,  thoiii^h  the  fancy  and  iirt  "f  thn 
Chinese  have  dcvisi  il  many  other  foriiis,  just  as 
new  type  and  fancy  lettiriii)^  are  hhIiiIki  d  in  by 
|irinlers  and  )ieniiien  in  other  countries.  1. 
'I'lic  Siiil.  ('Iiiirnrlti-.  'I'liis  corresponds  to  black 
Icttir  ill  Iji^lish,  and  is  nearest  in  ii^e  to  pic- 
lure  writing.  It  is  used  on  seals,  titlepiims, 
mid  <irnanicntal  iiihcriptions,  but  no  books  iiro 
ever  [irinted  in  il.  2.  (iffiritd  Vlim-'irhr.  Tlim 
is  but  slightly  dilVereiit  from  the  follosvinK,  re- 
selllblili^  it  as  (ierinmi  I'cKembli  s  the  old  Kng- 
lihli  ;  it  is  Used  for  prefaces  to  bunks,  p.esenta- 
tion  addresses,  and  cn^;rossinn  neiier'dly.  I). 
J'lillirn  s/i/le  is  the  ordinary  form  of  the  char- 
acter, and  is  the  one  in  (general  use.  'riieChineso 
attiudi  much  iiiiportai  ce  to  hkill,  ni  aincss,  and 
aceiirate  )>ropiirtion  in  the  forming  i>f  the  writ- 
ten character,  and  however  ^;ooil  the  substalico 
of  a  manuscript,  it  is  despised  if  it  is  not  writ- 
ten Well  in  luittern  style.  1.  Unhiiiinj  hnud  is 
the  ordinary  manuscript  'i:"id.  As  the  sipiare- 
liess  mill  angularity  (if  the  ]irinteil  ehiiractir  j.s 
rounded  otT,  and  the  strokes  are  run  to^'ither, 
special  study  is  reiiuired  to  ri  ad  this  Iniiid.  6. 
The  (lidss  lldtiil.  In  tins  the  abbreviations  aro 
more  nniiicroiiH,  the  style  is  luoro  llowing,  a'ld 
t;rcat  ditliciilty  is  tound  in  deeiidierinn  it,  as 
each  writer  has  his  own  nietlioil  tif  abbrevi- 
ating. (!.  77(C  Sxniij  sli/le  was  introduced  in  the 
tenth  century  soon  afti  r  iirintinn  from  blocks, 
and  has  moio  angularity  of  outline  mid  sipiaro- 
ness  of  stroke,  as  beiiif,'  more  suitable  for  the 
ennravint^  tool.  Of  all  thei-e  styles  the  inittern 
style  and  the  running  style  are  the  ones  in 
most  common  use,  and  the  forf  i^^n  student  may 
well  bo  satisfied  to  master  one  -the  pattern 
style. 

Coi.i.ogrui..-  -As  has  already  been  stated,  the 
Chineso  lanf;ua(^e  has  no  declensions,  no  con- 
.I'ugations,  neither  has  it  niiuks  for  tlio  number 
and  gender  of  nouns.  'I'liis  juiverty  of  lan^^uago 
is  compensated  for  by  the  tones.  Something'  is 
needed  to  prevent  confusion,  for  in  the  use  of 
over  ;tO,(IOO  ditt'ercnt  words  there  are  only  TiOO 
dilTerent  syllabio  sounds,  and  liomophonous 
monosyllables  abound  even  when  tho  toiu's  aro 
introduced.  The  correct  use  of  the  tones,  and 
the  ability  to  disliii^;uisli  tin  ni  when  htard  and 
to  utter  them  coi-rectly.  is  the  hardest  task  in 
the  aciiuireiiient  of  the  laiinuii^'e.  In  Canton 
there  aro  fr.und  eight  different  tones,  and  the 
same  sound  uttered  in  each  of  the  ei|.^lit  tones 
would  have  ei^^ht  different  nieaniii(^s,  and  these 
meanings  would  be  as  far  separate  as  ''  home" 
from  "devil,"  or  "Lord"  from  "pig."  In 
Peking  four  tones  onl,v  are  met  with  ;  in  Xan- 
king,  five  ;  and  in  Swatow,  seven.  The  four 
tones  are  named  the  civ  a,  tho  (iscniiliini,  the 
(hpiirlhiij,  and  the  cnttrixij  tone,  and  in  Canton 
there  aro  two  series,  an  U)iper  and  a  lower. 
The  use  of  the  tones  does  not  depend  on  tho 
sense,  as  in  English,  but  each  word  retains  its 
particular  tone  whether  it  be  used  in  entreaty, 
rebuke,  command,  or  imprecation.  To  be  cor- 
rectly understood  the  tones  must  be  heard,  but 
a  brief  description  will  be  of  service.  Tho  even 
tone  is  like  tho  ordinary  tone  of  video,  as  tho 
word   "  scene,"  when  one  says  "  A  beautiful 


Ml 


Ii 


ii  I 


CHINA 


258 


CHINA 


« 


J   ■ 


i\ 
I 


) 


1 


Kceiii!  ;"  tho  ascending  tone  resembles  snmewlmt 
tilt'  iiillcolidii  of  tlio  voifti  in  asking  n  (lUfs- 
tioii,  lis,  "  Jliis  it  liecn  si'i'iiV"  tlio  </i;Hir/i(i./ 
tiiio  is  n  f,'iiiiliml  (IcciitU'iicc,  as  is  ofltii  olisi-rvi'il 
in  the  I  III)  of  aiiMiilir  as  he  utters  the  eoiu-hid- 
iiit;  [ihruse  i.f  u  hmg  seiiteiiee,  or  tho  ilrnwliiii^ 
tiine  ill  whirh  an  unwillingly  ixtrneti'il  nnswf  r 
is  iiltcieil,  as,  "  Xo  !  it  hi.s  not  hem  seen." 
'I'lie  iiilrriiiij  tone  is  not  so  nmrked  in  the  north, 
Imt  in  tho  south  it  is  very  iiii|>ortant.  It  gives 
an  ( (Teet  to  tho  voril  uttereil,  as  if  tlio  speaker 
Vere  siuldeiily  stoppeil  in  the  aet  of  speaking, 
iiiul  can  1)0  illustrated  liy  tho  foreefiil  utteraneo 
of  an  iii.portaiit  word  of  u  seiiteiiee,  as  in  tho 
Jihiaso,  "  J>id  you  ever  seo  sueh  eonrnV/"  Nut 
only  tUies  tho  language  lieecuiui  uiiintelligibh> 
when  a  wrong  tone  is  used,  hut  in  b'liheliau, 
Anioy,  and  Canton  the  misunderstanding  may  ho 
Very  serious.  Another  dillieiilty  in  learning  tlio 
langiiiigo  is  tho  freipient  reeiirreiiee  of  an  (i./ 
Kiuiiid,  a  lunil  of  nasal  hard  to  aeipiire,  whioh 
gives  a  ptiniliar  singing  sound  to  tlu!  language, 
us  ill  tho  words  Sliaiifung,  Yangts/kiang. 
Jlost  of  tho  Knglisli  oonsonants  are  found  in 
one  or  otlor  of  the  various  dialeets,  besides 
sev(>ral  cniiscuiaiit  sounds  whieli  are  uukniwn 
in  Knglisli,  such  as/)"-,  rinr,  iiir.Jic.lir.  There 
are  also  several  imperfi'ot  vowel  sounds  w  hieli 
lire  roniarkahlv  Lard  for  foreigners  to  aeijuire, 
ns"ni,  K/,"  "  rh,  eh." 

Grani'Diir. — .Vs  there  are  no  rase  endings,  po- 
sition shorts  the  ease  of  the  words.  In  gener.l 
the  siihjei't  stiiiuls  first,  then  tho  verb;  i.iodi 
tiers  preeoile  the  woril  moilitied.  Chinese gram- 
iiiariaiis  diviile  words  into  (h'nl  imnls,  nouns  ; 
kwoh  t.fz,  verbs,  and  Imi  t.sz,  partieles,  eonjur.e- 
tions,  exelamations,  ete.  Often  the  eluinge  of 
tone  ehanges  a  noun  to  n  verb.  There  are  no 
nrtieles  ;  u  iiiiiti  is  spoken  of  as  <i)if  m.m,  and 
//(  ((  takes  the  i)laeo  of  (In'.  To  form  the  plural 
of  nouns  a  partiele  is  added,  ns  iro,  ••  I  ;"  iro 
inuii,  "  wo  ;"  or  the  noun  is  duplieated,  yin, 
man  ;  yin  i/in,  all  men.  treiuler  is  formed  by 
pre  or  siitUxing  jiartieles  or  words,  as  in  Kng- 
lisli eoek-robin  or  j)eaeock,  or  by  tlie  use  of 
ditTeri'iit  wonls,  as  bull  and  cow.  .\djeetives 
2)reeede  nouns.  Case  is  defermiiied  by  posi- 
tion ;  the  possessive  of  nouns  is  formed  by  tho 
use  of  a  partiele.  In  speaking  of  many  elasses 
of  objei^ts,  elassitiers  are  used,  and  eorreett  ess 
in  tho  use  of  these  words  is  essentiiil.  P-ih  in 
tho  elassitier  for  sueU  objects  as  hiive  handles, 
and  it  would  bo  incorrect  to  say  yul  to,  one 
knife,  in  Cantonese,  when  the  cirreet  form  is 
yat  /)'(/)  to.  A  cognato  error  wouhl  be  to  say  a 
hery  of  sheep,  in  English.  The  comparison  of 
adjectives  reipiires  the  use  of  additional  parti- 
cles, though  often  it  is  expressed  by  antithesis 
or  ])arallel  -  e.;/.,  "  T'o  preiieh  is  easy,  to  prac- 
tise, hard, "  would  bo  tho  Chineso  way  to  say 
"  It  is  easier  to  jireacli  than  to  practise." 
blonds  and  tenses  are  denoted  by  position  and 
by  the  us  ■  ot  ])articles.  Tho  relations  of  time 
are  espeei.iUy  ditlieult  to  express  in  Chinese  ; 
the  poverty  of  the  language  is  es|>ecially  marked 
in  this  respect.  The  imperative,  optative,  ainl 
j)otential  moods  are  formed  by  tho  aildition  of 
the  approiiriato  words.  I'ronouns  are  few  and 
their  use  is  avoided.  There  are  only  three  per- 
sonal pronouns,  iro,  vii,  ^I,  I,  yon,  they,  btit 
others  are  formed  by  collocation  and  by  tlie  use 
of  participial  i)lirases.  In  writing  no  disfinc 
tion  is  made  between  a  comnion  ami  a  projier 
noun,  though  often  ono  line  drawn  idongsiilo 
the  character  deuoteii  the  name  of  u  pursou,  and 


two  lines  of  a  i)lace.  Capitalization,  except  as 
the  beginning  of  a  sentence  or  as  a  mark  of  ex- 
treme revireiiee,  is  unknown  ;  in  the  except 
tional  <'ases  the  character  is  ])lace(l  abovi'  tho 
level  of  the  ordinary  line.  The  milv  marks  nt 
]>uiictnalioii  are  tho  comma,  the  f.erioil,  mid 
the  paragraph  mark. 

y'l'ii/ic/.v.— There  are  in  China  luuiierous  dia- 
'ipts,  some  (  f  which  ai'e  so  ditlVreiit  from  tho 
others  and  are  spoken  by  so  many  people  that 
they  n;ay  well  he  ti'rmed  languages.  The  prin- 
cipal dialeets  are  : 

1.  Tlu'  -Mandarin  or  court  language.  I'.king- 
030  is  the  staiulard  of  this  tongiu',  which  is 
spoken  w  itli  more  or  h'ss  li)cal  variation  iu  tho 
northeastern  provinces.  It  is  the  Latin  of 
China,  as  most  learned  men,  and  especially 
(Ulice  holders,  are  »ersed  in  it,  and  in  all  tho 
]>ro>iiices  some  are  found  who  can  converse  in 
It.  Mandaiinis  ehaiaetirized  by  the  absence  of 
tho  harsh  consonantal  endings  which  are  com- 
mon elsewhere,  by  the  softness  of  its  tones, 
which  are  not  so  many  ns  in  the  south,  and  by 
the  prevaleiici'  nf  liipiids  and  labials. 

'J.  The  Cantonese.  This  is  the  standard  for 
the  |)rovince  of  Canton,  though  there  are  several 
other  dialects  s|niken  in  the  Canton  jirovince. 
The  Cantomse  dilfcrs  from  the  rekingese  in  its 
idioms,  in  the  miiltip'iieity  of  its  tones,  in  the 
number  of  eonsomintal  t  ndings,  and  in  the  ab- 
sence of  words  which  ari'  found  in  the  I'ekiiig- 
ese,  so  that  it  is  unintelligible  to  an  inhabitant 
of  the  north. 

;t.  Tho  Aiiioy  dialect  ditfers  still  more  fnuii 
the  I'ekingese.  and  is  also  unintelligilile  to  a 
Cantonese.  .\n  inldilioiial  dilliculty  is  found 
in  leiiriiing  this  dialect,  for  often  the  same  char- 
acter  has  a  ditTereiit  sound  when  spoken  collo- 
ipiially  than  wlun  read. 

4.  The  rahehau  dialect  has  much  the  same 
dilliculties  as  the  Aiiioy  tongue,  and  is  also 
different  from  tho  others.  In  aildition  to  tho 
principjil  dialects,  there  are  variations  of  each, 
there  are  local  j)atois  in  endless  variety,  and 
the  only  consolation  to  be  found  among  this 
confusion  of  tongues  is  in  the  fact  that  enough 
l)eoi)le  spe:ik  any  one  dialect  to  make  it  worth 
the  labor  necessary  to  acipiire  it. 

TiiK  Hook  l.vNia  vol'.. —There  is  a  sharj)  dis- 
tinction dniwii  in  Chinese  between  tholanguago 
as  s|)oken  ainl  the  saiiio  thoughts  as  written. 
In  r.nglish  the  plainer,  tlie  clea.>  r  (he  style,  the 
stronger,  the  better  it  is  supposi  il  to  be  ;  but 
the  Chinese  writer  who  would  express  himself 
in  the  everyday  language  of  thi<  people  would 
bo  considered  ignorant  of  tho  first  iirinciples  of 
composition.  We  liiid,  therefore,  ii  book  style, 
Wen  I.i,  which  is  terse,  concise,  at  times  ob- 
scure, anil  so  lofty  in  its  exi)ression  that  when 
read  aloud  to  tho  uneducated  man  it  is  not  un- 
derstood. It  is  tlu'  language  of  the  scholar,  and 
as  such  is  utulerstood  liy  him  whether  he  be  a 
native  of  I'ekiiig  or  Canton.  There  is  also  a 
moditieation  ot  tho  Win  I.i  called  the  K<isy 
Wen  Li,  whieli,  as  its  name  imphes,  is  not  so 
concise  and  is  nioro  intelligible  than  the  strictly 
classical  Wen  Li.  The  fait  that  this  written 
language  is  intelligible  throughout  the  empire 
biiiils  the  jieople  together  and  is  an  efficient 
aid  to  tho  disseniination  of  Christianity,  as 
books  can  be  distributed,  read,  and  uinb'rstood 
where  the  distributer  maybe  perfectly  helpless, 
owing  to  the  ililference  in  the  sjioken  language. 
In  addition  to  the  Wen  I/i,  books  iiave  been 
translated  iutu  the  difiereiit  collot^uial  btyles, 


CHINA 


259 


CHINA 


snch  ns  the  CantonoRe,  tlio  Amoy  dinlect,  tlio 
Miiiiiliiiiii  I'liDoiinial  ;  iiiul  while  tlmyari'  siit'crtil 
ftt  liy  tlui  litrrali  us  lii'iiif»  lit  only  for  Wdiiii'ii, 
tht>y  art!  read  and  utnltrstood  liy  tlioso  wlio 
possess  only  a  limited  knowledge  (it  cliaraetels 
and  no  great  liteiary  aliility.  In  many  in- 
stanees  attemjits  have  liei'ii  mad^^  liy  the  niis- 
fiionaries  to  liomani/e  the  various  dialei'ts,  and 
these  attemjits  have  lieeu  so  sueetsst'nl  as  to  re- 
ceive the  endorsiiiient  of  the  Missionary  Con 
ferenett  whieh  met  at  Shanghai  in  May,  1H',)(I. 
This  Conference  also  jirovided  for  a  nniforni 
version  of  the  Seriiitiues  in  the  Win  I.i,  the 
Easy  Wen  Li,  an<l  tlio  Mandarin  ;  thus  the 
various peojiles  of  China  uill  hii  kmk  hed  tiy  this 
providi'utial  luiMins  of  one  written  language. 

The  XmiuraLi.  —  Tin'  Cliinesi;  have  tlie  nine 
digits,  and  the  words  for  t<>ns,  hundreils,  thou- 
sands, anil  myriads.  Nini'teen  is  written  ten 
and  nine  ;  twenty  nini',  twenty  and  nine.  The 
charaeters  for  thesis  luimerals  are  eumliersoiae, 
and  though  often  written  in  an  alihreviated 
form,  it  has  luen  fouTid  expedient  to  introdueo 
the  Araliie  nuiiu'rals  in  the  sehools  which  havo 
been  opened  hy  foreigners. 

MiMiioi)  oi'  SriDV. —  Tho  degree  of  ditVienlty 
in  mastering  the  Chinese  language  depi'iids,  as  in 
all  other  languages,  upon  individual  ahility. 
iSome  lan  catch  and  reproduce  the  delicate 
gradations  of  tone  with  grinter  (piickness  and 
accurateness  than  others  ;  to  some  tho  nasal 
tones  and  the  harsh  consonants  form  a  great  oh 
sta'de  in  tho  way  of  success,  while  to  others  tho 
idioms  ami  forms  of  construction  are  hard  to 
follow  ;  thus  no  general  rule  of  proei dure  in 
th'>  mattiT  of  stuily  can  he  laid  down.  l>ne 
fact  is  sure:  hard  though  the  languiige  is,  the 
many  tine  linguists  who  are  foinul  in  the  vari- 
ous mission  stations,  among  the  consular  statT, 
and  in  tho  Chinese  Customs  Service,  prove 
that  tho  language  can  lie  mastered  liy  those  not 
native  liorn,  though  in  the  matter  of  tones  n 
native  w  ill  generally  he  alile  to  detect  tlaws  in 
the  speech  even  of  tho  oldest  missionary.  S<imo 
niissi.maries  have  preached  their  first  sermon 
at  the  end  of  a  year,  hut  on  an  average  two 
years  of  hard  study  are  reiiuircd  liefoie  actual 
mission  work  can  he  ( nmmenced.  To  leaiii  tho 
spoken  language  tlu'  best  way  is  to  go  right 
among  the  [leoplo  ;  what  seems  jargon  may  not 
be  understood,  but  the  tones  are  impressed  on 
the  oar,  it  hecomes  accustomed  to  them,  soon 
tho  ability  to  distinguish  tlu'iii  comes,  and  then 
the  p  nver  to  reproduce  them,  whih'  a  vocabu- 
lary will  lie  acquired  at  tlio  same  time.  I'nliss 
Lis  destination  is  detinitely  settled,  it  is  iiracti- 
callv  useless  for  the  niissionar.v  volunteer  to 
conimenco  tho  study  of  the  language  btfore 
reaching  his  field  ;  hut  if  the  destination  is 
kiKiwii,  some  of  the  hooks  in  that  particular 
dialect,  which  have  tho  J'.iiglish  and  Cliineso 
side  l),v  side,  w  ill  be  found  of  use,  not  for  the 
pronunciation,  but  for  the  general  idea  of  the 
structure  of  (ho  language  iiiiil  the  idioms.  In 
studying  the  written  language  tlii>  best  way,  ac- 
cording to  Williams,  is  to  tako  U]i  the  study  of 
the  character  separately,  in  order  to  recogni/o 
its  form  and  to  distinguish  between  those  w  hieh 
differ  in  minuto  di'tails.  Learn  the  radicals  and 
primitives,  get  tho  symbolic  meaning  whieh 
will  serve  to  fix  tho  character  in  mind  ;  (hen 
selections  from  «ood  Chinese  authors,  phrases, 
or  easy  books  with  translations  may  be  (aki'n 
np  ami  I.  ,.ined.  .\  (able  of  selected  words  illus- 
trating the  varieties  in  tones  may  well  bo  re- 


]ioa(ed  (inio  after  (inio,  imitating  the  tones  of 
the  teacher  until  it  is  not  necessary  to  stop  and 
think  before  giving  the  even,"  the  "  dii>att- 
ing,"  or  the  "  entering' '  tone.  A  judicious  mix- 
ture of  the  study  of  the  character  with  tho 
teacher,  and  tho  study  of  the  colloipiial  by 
mingling  with  tho  peojile,  will  be  found  to  bo 
more  st-rviceable  and  more  restful  thun  hard 
digging  at  tho  dry  roots  and  luiniitives.  When 
the  language  is  partially  learned  many  beauties 
of  expression,  of  force,  of  conciseness  will 
brighten  the  path  of  study,  and  those  who 
know  it  best,  while  ncogni/.ing  its  (h  iiciencies, 
can  truthfully  say  with  Dr.  Morrison  that 
'  Chinesi^  fine  writing  darts  ujion  the  mind 
with  a  vivid  flash,  ii  force,  and  a  lieaut,v  of 
which  alphabetical  language  is  incapable." 
Writing  Chinese  is  best  learned  by  using  tho 
Chinese  niethnd  of  C(.pying  the  characters,  by 
writing  on  thin  paper  over  a  copy.  Chinese 
is  written  in  piriiendicular  columns  from  right 
to  left.  Copyists  can  be  obtained  at  such  low 
wages  that  many  missionaries  do  not  attempt  to 
masica-  flic  written  language,  though  its  acipiisi 
tion  is  of  great  use. 

H» /iff inn.  There  is  no  one  system  of  re- 
ligion which  is  belii'ved  in  by  (ho  Cliineso  to 
such  an  extmt  as  to  dignify  it  ixi'lusivel.v  ae 
tlir  religion  of  tho  |ieopie.  The.v  are  liberal  ii; 
matters  of  belief  so  tar  as  to  share  their  wiirship 
among  the  three  dilTereiit  systems  of  Confucian- 
ism v>l-V.),  Taouism  (n.v.),  and  liuddhism  ('J.v.). 
Tho  iiroportion  belonging  to  each  is  hard  to 
estimate,  for  (he  luudeiit  Chinese  does  in  re- 
ligious ma((crs  as  a  shrewd  Yankee  does  in 
business  ventures  (akes  a  share  in  each-  and 
if  tho  three  systems  ho  ri'garded  as  the  c(uinter- 
part  of  the  life  insurance  companies  of  the  pn  s 
ent  day,  tho  motive  of  the  Cliinamiin  in  taking 
out  u  ])olicy  in  each  and  paying  the  prenuum 
will  be  readily  recognized.  If  Christianity 
wero  willing  to  come  in  and  divide  the  business 
and  share  tho  premiums,  the  number  of  its  ad- 
herents would  be  greatly  increased.  While  tho 
inhabitants  of  China  aro  gene  rally  put  down  as 
IJuddhists,  if  any  one  religion  can  claim  (hem, 
they  should  be  called  Confuciaiiisls.  .V  man 
niav  be  a  Confucianist  without  believing  in 
either  of  the  other  two  systems,  but  raril,\'  is 
one  found,  however  devoted  lii>  maybe  to  other 
religions,  who  is  not  also  a  follower  of  Confu- 
cius Tlu'  State  religion  of  China,  where  (ho 
Emperor  is  also  the  high  jiriest  and  worshiiia 
Heaven  aliovi^  undtrlhe  name  of  Hwang 'I'im 
Sluing  Ti,  is  older  than  ('(iiifncins,  but  his 
teachings  u]ihold  it  an<i  havo  crystalli/cd  its 
forms  and  beliefs.  Many  of  the  older  mission- 
aries, as  l)r.  l.egge,  hold  that  Sliaiig  Ti  thus 
saeriti<'ed  to  by  the  I'.mperor  is  the  true  (iod, 
and. that  nionothe.sm  was  tho  original  belief. 
To  this  day  sacrifices  of  sheep  and  bullocks  aro 
made  to  lieav(  n,  eaith,  the  land  and  the  grain, 
the  stars,  clouds,  rain,  wind,  and  thunder. 
However  pure  the  State  worship  cit  China  was 
in  its  origin,  the  religious  belii-f  of  llu^jHiplo 
is  now  ono  mass  of  sujiersfition  and  fear  fear 
of  things  living  and  things  dead,  fi  ar  of  spirits, 
fear  of  (ho  influences  of  wind  and  wat(  r,  tho 
position  of  houses,  unlucky  days,  the  inllm  neo 
of  stars  and  tho  ]>resence  of  i  clips<  s,  until  it  is 
well  nigh  imiiossible  for  any  one  ]ierson  to 
luasfer  (he  toial  number  or  coiu]ir"liend  (he  ex- 
tent of  (heir  supersdtiiuis.  Two  redeeming 
traits  are  found  in  this  mass  of  spiritual  cor- 
ruption ;  never,  us  far  oh  the  records  show,  Lave 


Mm 


T' 


9l 


■    f 

; 


CHINA 


hiiniiin  sacriflces  been  offered,  nnil  vice  or  sen- 
sniility  ill  any  form  has  never  been  deified  or 
worshipped  — a  striking  contrast  to  the  worship 
o£  a.ieient  (ireeee  and  Koine.  Two  forms  of 
belief  wliich  exert  {jreat  inthieuoo  on  tlie  Chinese 
are  ancestral  worship  and  the  dread  of  the  in- 
llueneo  of  wind  and  water — Fiinj^  Shwni. 

Anctslrnl  W'cfshii)  is  a  part  of  th(!  Confueian 
system,  but  is  older  by  centuries  tlian  the  time 
of  Confucius,  and  its  claims  ari'  niore  binding 
on  a  Cliinaman  than  those  of  any  other  form  of 
worship,  lie  may  sneer  at  liuildhism,  ridicule 
the  ontraj^eous  claiius  of  the  Taouist  exorcists, 
and  may  even  bo  brought  to  si'C  that  the  teach- 
ings of  Confucius  himself  are  but  moral  apho- 
risms incapable  of  changing  the  life  and  better- 
ing the  future  of  his  disi'ii)les,  but  he  will  not 
give  up  the  worship  of  t'.in  ancestral  tablet,  and 
the  paving  of  that  honor  and  reverence  to  de- 
ceased parents  which  is  the  outcome  of  filial 
l)iety,  the  r.iot  of  all  Chinese  institutions,  the 
bulwark  of  her  government,  the  strong  chain 
which  has  bound  tho  people  together  as  a  na- 
tion. The  worship  of  ancestors  is  tho  real  re- 
ligion of  China,  and  as  long  as  tho  ii'cense  is 
Buioking  on  the  ancestral  altar,  so  Icng  will 
Christianity  tind  a  formidable  foe,  founded  as 
this  worship  is  on  the  best  and  most  natural 
instincts  of  the  human  heart.  In  tho  tiiue 
cooval  with  Samuel  this  worship  was  common. 
When  a  man  dies  one  of  his  three  souls  is  sup- 
posed t)  go  into  tho  grave  with  the  bod\,  one 
goes  to  Hades,  and  one  goes  into  the  tablet 
which  is  jireparod  for  its  oecu)ii'nc,>  iiy  his  old- 
est son.  Tho  use  of  tho  tablet  originated  in  tho 
Cliau  dynasty,  ;!50  n.c.  This  tablet  is  kejjl  in  a 
plirino  in  poorer  families  in  the  house,  in 
richer  ones  in  ancestral  temples — and  offerings 
are  i>aid  to  it  and  worship  is  daily  given.  On 
tho  new  and  full  of  every  moon  special  otferings 
and  worship  are  paid,  and  in  the  spring  pilgrim- 
ages aro  made  to  tho  tomb,  which  is  swept  and 
put  in  repair.  Tliero  is  no  need  of  priestly  in- 
terferenee  in  this  worship  ;  tho  head  of  tho 
family  is  tho  hitd'-priest,  and  as  the  (dder  ones 
die  the  younger  ones  take  their  places  in  this 
as  in  all  other  family  matters.  Ancestral  wor- 
ship binds  family  ties  together,  it  perpetuates 
mutiiid  interest,  and  is  the  least  objectionable 
and  therefore  tho  most  dangerous  form  of  idola- 
tr.ius  worship.  While  it  is  founded  on  high 
principles — the  reverence  and  love  of  jiarents 
— it  is,  in  fact,  n  duty  rendered  from  motives  of 
self-proteotion  and  self  interest,  for  it  the  tab- 
let is  not  erected,  it  tho  worship  be  not  paid,  it 
is  believed  that  tho  wandering  sjiirit  will  wreak 
its  wrath  on  the  offending  descendant.  Tho 
fear  of  this  wrath  is  moro  real,  more  vivid  than 
the  fear  of  any  of  tho  other  gods.  .Vncestral 
worship  has  been  of  benefit  to  China  in  this  re- 
spoet  :  it  has  preserved  tho  reverence  of  parent- 
al authority,  which  reaching  upward  has  caused 
national  respect  for  tho  head  of  the  nati  .n  as 
tho  father  of  his  people,  and  it  has  preserved 
the  position  of  woman  more  on  an  eipiality 
with  man,  and  has  defined  the  position  of  the 
!iiotlier  of  the  family  as  the  wife.  Only  one 
"  illustrious  consort"  can  bo  named  on  the  tab- 
lot  to  father  and  mother,  ho  there  is  but  one 
wife,  Ixih,  in  the  family.  Concubines  tliero 
may  be,  but  they  aro  not  admitted  into  the  wor- 
ship of  the  ancestral  hall,  and  this  one  fact  has 
douo  imieh  to  preserve  the  legal,  social,  and 
domestic  position  of  woman,  which  is  higher 
in  China  than  in  any  other  Asiatic  or  heathen 


2G0  CHINA 

race.  Th  attitude  of  Christianity  to  this  form 
of  worship  can  easily  be  determined  wneii  its 
true  character  is  understood.  l)r.  K.  J'aber 
succinctly  stated  its  position  when  tho  (pif  stiou 
was  discussed  in  the  Missionary  Conference  of 
IH'.H).  In  brief,  "Ancestral  worship  presup- 
poses disembodied  souls  to  bo  subject  to  tho 
same  wants  as  living  liodiea  ;  it  dtmands  real 
sacrifices  to  them  ;  it  makes  the  hapjiiness  of 
the  living  depend  upon  apjieasing  tho  desires 
of  the  itead  ;  it  is  not  merely  conimemorative, 
but  it  is  a  j>retended  intercourse  with  tho  world 
of  siiirits  ;  it  has  developed  an  extreme  view  of 
j)aternal  authority,  placing  it  above  tho  author-  I 
ity  of  (rod,  and  crushes  individual  liberty  ;  an- 
cestnd  worshiii  chains  millions  of  people  to  the 
past  and  prevents  sound  i)rogress." 

Fmiij  Slirciii. — Oeoniancy  is  the  nearest  Kng- 
lish  eijuivalent  for  tho  Chinese  term  whicli 
means  "  wind  and  water."  It  has  infiuenced 
tho  science,  religion,  and  customs  of  the  Chinese 
to  a  large  extent,  and  is  responsible  f(n'  a  ma- 
jority of  their  superstitions.  The  way  in  which 
their  welfare  is  infiuenced  is  not  always  under- 
stood by  themselves,  and  the  laws  which  govern 
tho  so-i'alled  science  are  hard  to  define  or  de- 
tect. It  was  first  systematized  in  tho  twelfth 
century,  and  its  infiuenco  has  spread  until  it 
involves  all  the  T.atural  events  and  actions  of 
life.  It  is  f'Kinded  upon  the  dual  principle 
which  penades  all  nature,  the  male  and  female, 
the  ;^.^itive  and  the  negative,  the  good  and  tho 
i)ad.  These  must  be  kept  in  a  state  of  <'iiui- 
librium  or  else  grave  evil  will  result.  The 
amount,  ])Ositioii,  and  infiuenco  of  each  is  de- 
termined by  the  geomancers,  and  houses  must 
bo  built  in  accordance  with/»)ii/  slumi,  cities 
must  bo  located,  and  especially  must  the  graves 
bo  laid  out  in  favorable  positions,  else  the 
wrath  of  tho  dead  will  follow  tho  living  even  as 
they  return  from  the  tomb.  Pagodas  have 
been  built  to  ciu'rect  the  proportion  of  high  and 
low  ground  ;  streets  aro  laid  out  crooked  in  def- 
erence to  superstitions  connected  with  it,  and 
high  buildings  aro  few,  unless  of  a  jiublic  na- 
ture, in  obedience  to  its  re(piirements.  .\s  it 
now  exists  it  is  a  gigantic  system  of  extortion 
carried  on  by  liuddhist  and  Taouist  i)riest8 
alike,  who  call  to  their  help  all  of  their  small 
knowledge  of  seieiieo,  and  keep  up  the  myriad 
delusions  it  gives  rise  to,  that  they  may  be  em- 
ployed to  jierform  useless  acts  for  useful  fees. 
Kvery  i)heiionienon  of  nature,  simple  as  it  is  to 
those  who  are  familiar  with  tho  sciences,  lias 
its  effect  on  the  ignorant  Chinese,  and  tho  dis- 
turbance of  the  existing  e(]uipoiso  between  the 
hills  and  valleys,  and  especiallj-  the  encroach- 
ment upon  tho  liill-sido  graves,  form  tho  chief 
ob.stacles  to  the  building  of  railroad  and  tele- 
grai)h  lines  in  China — obstacles  which  cannot 
be  thoroughly  overcome  until  the  light  of  sci- 
ence shall  chaso  away  tho  fogs  of  fiinij  shinii. 

MolidtnineddinKin. — Early  in  tho  seventh  ond 
eighth  centuries  missionaries  of  Islamism  came 
to  Canton  and  FiilKdiau  along  with  the  Arabian 
traders,  who  then  made  many  voysges  to  China. 
Since  that  time  disciples  of  tho  false  projdiet 
have  been  found  in  China,  and  in  some  districts 
late  observers  claim  that  they  will  eventually 
take  tho  place  of  liuddhists  and  Taouists. 
They  have  preserved  tho  belief  in  the  one  true 
Ood,  and  are  known  among  the  Chinese  as  the 
sect  that  will  not  eat  pork.  Their  chief  strength 
is  in  tho  northern  (irovinees.  In  Peking  they 
aro  eJtimated  at  200,000.     In  Canton  there  is  a 


CHINA 


201 


CHINA 


jiliiin  tower  Kiiiil  to  hiive  been  erected  by  tlieui 
diiriii^^  tht!  'I'lin^;  ilyimsty,  ami  there  is  a  iiios(jue 
anil  iho  tiMiih  (it  II  iimteruiil  iinele  of  MuhiiiuiiU'd 
nut  I'm'  t'lom  llie  wall  of  tlio  city  on  tlie  north- 
east. 'I'lu!  slron^^holil  of  the  religion  is  in 
Hitii^i'hau  fii,  and  in  some  places  its  disi-iples 
form  a  third  of  the  iPoj)\datiiin.  their  entire 
niliulier  bein^  estimated  at  10,0110,1)00  in  the 
region  north  of  the  Yani^tsz  alone. 

Jtiiiiiiin.—JvwH  have  been  found  in  China, 
but  information  in  regard  to  them  is  seunty. 
Thi'y  cbi'm  to  liave  come  to  China  diiriT<^  the 
Hail  ii}  i.isty.  In  the  last  three  centuries  they 
have  lived  solely  in  Kaifun;^,  the  ea|>ital  of 
Hauan.  The  Chinese  name  for  them  is  Tiao- 
kinkiao,  "  the  sect  that  takes  out  the  sinew." 
At  present  they  do  not  number  more  than  a  few 
hundred  pei'sons,  and  are  too  poor  to  possess  a 
syuanogiie. 

C/dsses  of  Soviet  I/. — There  is  no  caste  in 
China,  but  there  is  a  well-defined  distinction 
between  the  classes — a  distinction  which  is 
based  on  literary  attainments  and  orticial  posi- 
tion or  on  ai,'e.  The  laws  which  apply  to  the 
rej^ulation  of  intercourse  between  the  superior 
nud  the  interior  are  strict,  and  their  application 
is  well  understooil.  The  old  division  of  the 
people  defined  only  four  classes— the  i-cholar, 
the  farmer,  the  artisan,  and  the  trader — and 
they  ranked  in  the  order  named.  The  rever- 
ence which  is  paid  to  the  scholar  still  exceeds 
that  which  is  jtaid  to  the  illiterate  rich  man. 
Filial  duty  is  at  the  root  of  this  division,  for  the 
scholar  letlccts  credit  on  his  parentage  ;  the 
farmer  is  able  to  stav  on  his  paternal  acres  and 
h)ok  after  liis  family  ;  the  artisan  is  more  often 
reipiired  to  leave  his  home  ;  and  the  necessities 
of  a  trading  lite  impel  the  merchant  to  go  to 
the  city.  The  more  modern  cl.issitication  of 
til  •  pe.)[)le  is  more  comprehensive.  A  sharp 
distinction  is  drartii  between  "  natives  and 
aliens;"  in  tuo  lattir  class  are  inchuled  the 
aborigines  and  lawless  mountaineers  known  as 
Miaou  tsz  or  E  Yin,  the  boat  pcoiile  on  the 
coasts,  as  well  as  foreigners  residing  iu  the  em- 
pire. "  CoHiiuerois  and  i'oiii|uereil  "  is  a  divi- 
8i(>n  with  reference  to  intermarriages  between 
the  native  Chinese  and  their  Manchu  rulers  ; 
such  marriages  are  jiroscribed.  "  Freemen  and 
slaves  '  show  the  existence  of  a  system  of  slavery 
which  is  like  that  of  biblical  times.  Slaves 
can  be  purchased  by  natives,  and  the  children 
of  such  slaves  are  retained  in  servitude,  though 
the  slavery  is  not  as  severe  a  condition  as  that 
of  ancient  (ireece  ani(  Home.  The  "  honorable 
nnd  the  mean"  are  defined  for  the  sake  of  lit- 
erary position  ;  those  who  belong  to  the 
"  ill, 'an"  cannot  compete  in  the  exahiinations 
■until  for  three  generations  they  have  pursued 
some  honorable  calling.  Criminals,  execution- 
ers, police-runners,  actors,  jiigglt  rs,  nnil  all 
other  vagrants,  as  well  as  aliens  and  slaves,  be- 
long to  the  mean  class.  Besides  these  the 
Taiikia  or  boat  people  at  Canton  are  considered 
a  low  class  ;  though  legall,v  allowed  to  live  on 
shore,  they  are  forbidden  to  compete  in  the 
examinations.  In  Xiiiglio  there  is  a  class  simi- 
larly i)roscribed  called  to  min.  The  Tankia  are 
supposed  to  bo  the  doscendatitsof  onoof  theeight 
original  tribes  of  Kwangtung,  but  they  do  not 
preserve  their  pedigree,  and  nothing  definite  is 
known  in  regard  to  their  origin.  There  are  eight 
privileged  classes,  privileged  in  regard  to  jjun- 
ishinent,  of  which  those  who  are  related  to  roy- 
alty are  the  only  important  ones.     Officials  are 


distinguished  from  the  common  people  by  the 
dress  which  they  are  entitled  to  wear.  The 
most  noticeable  feature  of  their  dress  is  the 
button  on  the  top  of  the  hat.  These  buttons 
are  of  nine  kinds,  c(urespoiiding  to  the  nine 
ranks,  and,  in  order  from  liighe.-<t  to  lowest,  are 
ruby  or  transparent  red,  coial  or  opaque  red, 
sajiphire  or  light  blue,  opiuiue  blue,  crystul, 
ojpaipio  white,  plain  gold  or  gilt,  worked  gold, 
and  worked  silver.  .\s  the  administration  ef 
the  law  is  absolutely  in  the  hands  of  the  magis. 
trates,  we  liiiil  no  lawyers  in  the  Western  ac- 
ceptaticui  of  the  ti  iiii.  The  professions  which 
sprung  from  the  invention  of  steam,  the  use  t^f 
electricity,  and  improved  machinery  base,  until 
the  last  few  years,  been  entirely  wanting.  The 
various  religious  sects  have  their  j)riests,  but 
these  do  not  liave  the  contact  with  the  ciuumon 
j)eoi>lo  and  the  intlueiico  on  their  daily  life  that 
the  clergy  do  in  Christian  countries,  neither  are 
they  resj>ectcd.  There  are  now  a  tew  members 
of  thi^  editorial  jirofession.  Doctors  there  are, 
but  the  science  of  medicine  is  .vet  in  its  infancy. 
The  superstitions  of  China  do  ii:)t  j)ermit  dis- 
section, and  their  knowledge  of  anatomy  is 
vague  and  1  idiculous.  The  body  is  thought  to 
be  a  mass  of  llesh  siiif)iorted  on  the  fnimtwork 
of  the  bones,  without  that  intimate  connectioii 
of  the  joints  and  tendons.  The  circnlalion  of 
the  blood  is  unknown,  so  far  as  Us  continuous 
course  is  concerned.  The  suit  of  the  breath  is 
supposed  to  be  in  the  stomach,  and  that  also  is 
the  seat  of  Kainiig.  Health  and  sickness  de- 
pend on  the  lircservatiou  of  the  just  proportions 
between  the  live  elements-  lire,  earth,  wood, 
metal,  and  water — or  else  they  are  due  to  the  in- 
lluence  of  evil  spirits.  There  aie  no  laws  in  re- 
ganl  to  iiecessar.v  ([ualifications  for  practising 
medicine,  anil  most  Chinese  doctors  are  these 
who  have  much  shrewd  knowledge  of  huiiian 
nature  and  sonio  empirical  knowledge  of  drugs. 
They  use  the  vilest  concoctions  as  medicine  ; 
some  of  the  ingredients  are  scoridons,  snakts, 
centipedes,  lizards,  chamois  horn,  luar's  gall, 
and  vegetable  wax.  Surgery  is  unknown  ;  their 
sujierstitions  prevent  them  friun  mutilating  the 
human  body,  as  such  mutilation  is  sujiposed  to 
endure  throughout  the  future  world.  Acupunc- 
ture has  been  jiraclised  iiniong  them  forcin- 
turies,  and  massage  and  blood  letting  by  cup- 
jdng  or  b,v  leeches  are  will  known  to  them. 
Within  recent  years  the  government  has  recog- 
nized the  advantages  to  be  gained  from  West- 
ern mediciiiid  kiKiwleilge,  and  has  encouraged 
the  study  of  it  so  far  as  to  employ  Chinise 
graduates  fr.uu  a  scho(d  of  medicine  in  Hoiig- 
K(Uig,  which  sent  out  its  first  three  doctors  in 
August,  ISJSM.  Taking  all  the  different  classes 
into  consideration,  there  are  about  as  many 
different  occujiations  in  China  as  there  are  in 
Eiiijland,  though  the  occupatmn  of  »i;riculture 
is  in  excess  ;  that  is  considtred  an  honorable 
occupation,  though  a  lowly  (uie.  Probably  half 
the  soil  of  China  is  owneil  by  those  who  till  it. 
To  sum  up,  Chinese  society  acknowledges  no 
aristocracy  save  that  of  brains,  it  is  as  homo- 
geP"'s  as  ])ossible,  and  is  esseutiall.v  demo- 
i.;ic  (The  founder  of  the  Ming  dynasty  was 
.!•  (1  of  obscure  jiarents. )  .\rroganco  ond 
t  t    characterize    the    learned    class,    who 

think  no  knowledge  of  value  excejit  fliot  in 
their  classics,  and  no  man  wise  except  he  who 
is  well  acquainted  with  their  .sages  and  books. 

Sluliis  of  Woman. — The  classical  teachings  in 
regard  to  woman  ure  :  "  1.  Woman  is  different 


CHINA 


202 


CHINA 


1 


1 


^  a 


from  man  as  earth  is  from  heaven.  2.  Dualism 
in  uiitiii'i',  o.msistinf^  ot  the  ;/'(«;/  aiul  thi'  i/i  t 
l>riiu'iiilD  (thu  i^'oDil  ami  tliii  bail,  or  tli»  nei^ativn 
un  I  tlus  |>.)sitit'f),  is  fouml  lit-ro  ;  woiiiau  is  tho 
j/iii :  111  III  IS  till)  yitiiij.  :!.  AVomiu  me  liuiimn 
lifiii^s,  1)111  tlii'V  are  of  Inwer  state  than  mau, 
ami  (Mil  ncvi'r  attain  t>  full  cijnality  with  him. 

4.  DtiUli  anil  i^vils  liavo  their  ori^,'iii  in  tho  v''i 
l)iim'i|ile,  hut  in'ospcrity  aiul  life  follow  iXw 
siibjeetion  of  tliu  i/in  to  tliu  i/nii'i;  thereforo 
woman  must  do  kept  under  tli«  jiower  of  mau, 
an  I  must  not  ho  allowed  any  mind  of  her  own. 

5.  TliH  edaeation  of  woman  must  aim  at  perfect 
Kubmission,  not  at  develojuiieiit  or  cultivation 
of  the  mind.  (i.  Woman  has  no  liappiuess  of 
liLT  own  ;  slie  must  live  and  work  for  man.  7. 
.Vs  tlio  mother  of  a  son  in  tlio  direet  line  of  tho 
family,  she  may  esL-apo  from  her  ilet^radiition 
and  hueomu  in  a  measure  eijual  to  her  liusband, 
hut  that  only  in  atfairs  of  the  household  and  in 
tue  ancestral  hall.  8.  Her  honila.ne  does  not 
end  in  this  world,  it  is  the  same  in  the  future 
world  ;  she  belongs  to  tho  same  husband,  and 
is  dependent  for  lier  liappiness  upon  the  saeri- 
tioes  offered  by  her  descendants."  Such  is  tho 
theory,  but  the  condition  of  woman  in  I'liina  is 
not  as  miserable  as  it  would  be  if  the  letter  of 
the  law  were  carried  out.  Wmiian  is  kept  in 
subjection,  she  is  practically  immured  among 
tlio  higher  classes,  with  no  education  to  engage 
her  mind,  no  employment  but  household  duties, 
fancy  work,  or  gossip  and  gaming,  and  her  ono 
object  in  lifo  is  to  be  the  mother  of  a  sou.  As 
ft  vife  she  has  more  or  less  inllueuce  over  her 
husband,  but  when  Hhe  becomes  a  mother  her 
iutlueuco  over  her  children  is  great,  and  disobe- 
dience to  her  commands  is  one  of  the  great  sins. 
A  sou  is  not  exempt  from  his  mother's  authority 
until  her  death,  and  then  her  spirit  (lemamls 
his  reveronce.  Daughters  are  despised  by  the 
Chinese,  since  they  p.iss  entirel,vout  of  the  fam- 
ily at  marriage  ;  tho  wedding  fees  must  be  met, 
and  their  lalnir  and  service  is  all  rendered  to 
the  mother-iu  hnv  ;  whereas  the  son  sujiports 
Lis  parents,  brings  home  a  wife  who  is  practi- 
cally an  iipjier  servant  to  his  mother,  and, 
greatest  fact  of  all,  ho  can  offer  the  sacritices  to 
the  ancestral  tablets  insuring  their  future  hap- 
piuess.  Sj  little  are  girls  esteemed  that  in 
some  parts  of  China  infanticide  is  not  niieimi- 
mon  on  account  of  poverty.  The  fact  that  the 
empire  was  governed  during  the  minority  of 
the  jiresent  emperor  by  a  woman  is  ))roof 
oniugli  of  tho  high  position  wliii'h  woman  can 
hjld  in  China.  The  seclusion  in  which  they 
are  kept  is  not  as  alisolute  as  in  India,  while  it 
is  a  safeguard  of  their  morals.  That  the  women 
are  not  lacking  in  mental  power,  but  only  re- 
quire opportunity  to  develop  it,  is  shown  by 
the  ra|)i(l  progress  made  iu  study  by  the  pupils 
in  tho  mission  schools.  As  a  rule  tlie  girls  are 
not  sent  to  school,  though  noteworthy  excep- 
tions ot  literary  women  are  recorded  by  Chinese 
writer.s.  .Vmong  tho  poorer  classes  women  work 
in  the  flehls  and  do  various  kiruls  of  manual 
labor  along  with  the  men  ;  the,v  are  then  on 
more  of  an  equality  with  the  men,  and  are  not 
secluded  from  them. 

Custom-*.  — Calendar.  The  Chinese  reckon 
their  years  in  two  ways  :  ono  is  by  tUo  sexagenary 
cycle,  where  the  years  are  named  by  tho  combi- 
nation, twelve  times  repeated,  ot  ten  characters, 
called  "  stems,"  with  twelve  other  characters  call- 
ed "  branches."  The  use  ofthis  cycle  originateil  in 
the  mythological  perio4.  Usually  the  year  is  nam- 


1  lered  from  tho  accession  of  the  reigning  monarch, 
the  yearlS'.M)  being  the  sixteenth  of  the  Kiiiperor 
Kwang  Sui.  Tl.c  months  are  niiiubered  from 
one  to  twelve,  and  are  reckoned  tnuu  the  chiinges 
of  the  moon,  and  are  called  moons.  The  ye.ir 
is  the  lunar  year,  but  its  commencement  is  n  gu- 
lated  by  the  sun.  The  New  Year  is  the  tirst 
new  moon  alter  the  sun  enters  .\(iiiariiis  ;  thus 
it  varies  from  .laiiuary  -1st  to  February  I'.Uli. 
Some  of  the  months  have  thirty  days  and  are 
called  "  largo  ;"  others,  which  have  twenty  nine 
days,  are  called  "  small."  Tho  lunar  year  con- 
taining only  liol  days,  tho  correction  is  made 
by  the  insertion  of  intercalary  months.  .Seven 
intercalary  months  are  introduced  in  every 
nineteen  years.  'J'lio  year  is  further  divided 
into  four  seasons,  and  they  observe  the  spring 
and  winter  solstices.  In  a  heathen  country 
there  aro  no  Sabbaths,  but  this  lai'k  of  rest  i.s 
partially  compensated  for  by  the  various  holi- 
days, such  as  the  birthdays  of  the  idols  and  the 
national  feast  days.  The  great  day  with  tho 
Chinese  is  New  Year's.  For  a  month  before  all 
the  people  aro  exciteil  and  busied.  There  is  a 
general  cleaning  of  houses  and  stores.  The 
paper  gods  ami  scrolls  are  taken  down  and  new 
ones  put  up  in  their  places  ;  ilebts  must  be  jiaiil 
or  arrangements  maiio  with  cnnlitors.  t)n  New 
Y'ear  morning  the  cities  take  on  a  holiday  aj). 
pearance  with  the  gayly  dressed  jieoplo  going 
about  pa.ving  calls  or  thrnnging  the  temples  to 
worship,  and  a  cessatiiui  of  all  business  gives 
an  appearance  ot  .Sabbath  rest.  Firecracker.s 
are  discharged  in  salvos  to  drive  away  evil 
spirits,  and  big  dragons  luailo  ot  paper  covered 
bamboo  frames  are  carried  around  with  the 
same  purpose.  The  close  of  the  day  is  marked 
by  family  reunions  and  general  feasting,  which, 
in  the  case  of  the  rich,  is  kept  up  till  tlie  l.">th 
of  tho  month  or  scuuetimes  througluut  tho 
whole  month.  The  New  Y'ear  gives  an  adile<l 
year  to  the  age  ot  every  one,  for  a  child  1  orn  in 
December  will  bo  rcckoutnl  as  two  years  old 
after  the  New  Y'ear,  since  he  has  liveil  in  two 
years.  The  next  important  feast  is  that  of 
Tsing-ming,  the  spring  worship  of  the  t(Uiibs. 
This  comes  10(1  days  after  the  winter  snlstice, 
falling  usually  in  April,  rilgrimages  are  niiido 
into  the  country  to  tho  family  tombs,  where 
food  and  wine,  paper  clothes,  monev,  and  even 
servants  are  given  to  the  shades  of  the  deceased 
ancestors.  The  tombs  are  also  rejiaired  ami 
put  in  good  order.  During  the  niontli  the  hills 
around  the  populous  cities,  which  are  usually 
covered  with  tombs,  present  a  C(uistant  smoky 
appearance  from  toe  burning  iiKeiise,  while 
white,  fluttering  stieamers  of  paiur  afl'ixi  d  to 
the  tombs  show  that  the  diad  have  not  been  for- 
gotten. The  fifth  day  of  the  fifth  month  is 
Drag  in  Boat  Day,  coming  nsually  in  the  'iionth 
ot  June.  This  day  is  celebrated  in  memory  ot 
i\  faithful  statesman  who  lived  in  tho  fifth  cen- 
tury, lie  was  wrongly  accused  and  banished 
from  court.  Ho  returned  to  Cliangshii,  tho 
cai)ital  of  Hunan,  and  there,  rowing  out  to  tho 
middle  of  the  river,  he  ccuuiiiittecl  siiiciile  by 
drowning.  The  sorrowing  people  sought  for 
his  body  iu  boats,  anil  since  that  day  tlio  cus- 
tom has  spread  throughout  the  empire,  and 
gayly  decked  boats  with  handsomely  dressed 
biatmen  row  up  nnd  down  tho  rivers  and 
creeks,  heating  drums  and  gongs.  Kacing  is 
common  among  tho  boats  ot  rival  villages,  and 
the  dragon  boats,  as  the.v  aro  called,  are  often 
jf  great  length  and  painted  and  curved  in  a 


CHINA 


2(J3 


CHINA 


most  oxpiMisivi^  iimiiiuT,  wliilti  the  ('rowil  throii};s 
till!  shciius  mill  clu'iis  till)  I'DiMintiiiK  rowris. 
rrcsuiits  (if  wine  iiiid  roust  y['^  hid  nivua  to  tlui 
orews  l>y  tlio  iiii'ri'hiints.  Tuis  (estiviil  liisls  fur 
Rcveml  iliiys,  aiiil  is  lookiul  fdiwuiil  t.)  Iivvdimn 
nml  olil  with  nieut  iihiisniu.  rrimi  thu  l>t  to 
thu  ir)th  (i£  thi!  Chiiieso  suvonlh  iiioiitli  dci'iirs 
tho  fustiviil  (it  Shin  yec,  the  iMiriiinn  cUithts 
feiist,  or  "  All  Souls'  l)iiys,"  us  it  iniiilit  Im 
calleil,  siiuu  it  is  a  liiiio  when  dllVrinj^s  o£ 
clotli(js,  fnoil,  anil  drink  are  jiaid  to  the  spirits 
of  the  di'iiarted  dead  who  have  no  one  to  wor- 
ship them  and  attend  to  their  wants.  On  th(( 
rivers  liir^o  lioats  iiro  hiinj.;  with  lanterns,  and 
Lands  of  [iriests  are  rowed  U|)  and  down  in 
tlieiii,  siiyint;  jirayers  and  ineautatious  for  the 
Welfare  of  the  unknown  spirits. 

Ua  tho  sev(!nth  day  of  tlie  seventh  month  is 
tho  festival  in  honor  of  the  Seven  Sisttrs,  tho 
Pleiades,  who  are  the  patron  saints  of  the  woi.ieii 
and  the  eneouraners  of  needle-work  and  don  es- 
tic  Rrts.  S,)iiio  of  tho  ohservanees  are  not  un- 
like those  eonneeted  with  Hallow  E  eu.  Tho 
festival  of  the  ^[oon,  on  the  loth  of  llie  cinhlh 
month,  is  one  of  the  most  important  festivals. 
Lanterns  of  every  eoneeivahle  material,  shape, 
mill  si/e  are  susiieiided  on  poles  from  the  roofs 
of  houses  and  alon^;  the  streets,  jirtsents  of 
mion  eakes  arii  exchani,'ed  between  families, 
worship  is  paid  to  the  moon  and  at  nil  shrines, 
and  iiuu'h  money  is  spent  in  tire-(.'raekers,  wax 
candles,  and  the  servieesof  priests.  The  ninth 
da,v  of  the  ninth  month  is  the  oonelusion  of  the 
kite-tlvint^  feast.  Yount;  ainl  (dd  spend  the 
jireeediiii,'  days  in  tlyiiif^  tho  int,'enious  kites 
made  of  liaiiilioo  and  ])aper.  While  it  is  merely 
sport  for  the  youiif,',  there  is  a  superstition  eon- 
neeted with  it,  for  when  tlie  strin^^  of  the  kite  is 
cut  on  the  ninth  day,  and  it  is  allowid  to  soar 
invay,  all  the  ill  liiek  of  tho  house  is  supposed 
to  t^o  with  it.  Duriiif^  tho  fall  of  the  year  the- 
atrical ])erformanees  and  jiroeessio.'is  are  held 
in  honor  of  tin)  (lod  of  Tire,  and  at  the  winter 
solstice  feastinj^  and  the  interehanije  of  jires- 
ents  is  common.  On  the  birthdays  of  tiie  prin- 
cipal idols,  processions  are  formed  in  the  prin- 
cijial  cities,  in  which  are  carried  tableaux  n  pre- 
sentiiii^  incidents  in  lej,'endary  history,  (ifteii  on 
ft  se.ile  of  j^'reat  lavishuess  and  grandeur,  and 
the  streets  are  blocked  for  miles  b.v  the  peojde, 
who  have  the  true  Oriental  likin^^  for  display 
and  eoi'ijcousiiess. 

Ut'lmlli'il  iDiil  Mirrhiije.  — There  is  n  strict  sepa- 
ration of  the  sexes  and  ft  seclusion  of  tho 
wouien  wliicii  has  prevented  woman  from  oc- 
cupyiiii^  her  ri;;ht  place  in  public.  In  tho 
homes  of  tho  hi^dier  cliisses  there  is  the  sepa- 
ration between  the  apartments  of  the  men  and 
women,  and  (>ven  brothers  and  sisters  do  not 
miiij^le  after  tho  boys  aro  sent  to  school.  Amonj; 
the  lower  classes  there  is  u  miiinlini^  of  the 
sexes  in  the  household,  which  is  more  like  that 
of  Western  nations.  Betrothals  are  made  by 
the  imreiits  throiii,di  tlu!  medium  of  n  go  be- 
tween or  niarriaf^o  broker,  and  children  of  ten- 
der years  aro  often  the  )iriiicipids  in  such  cere- 
monies. Hetrothal  is  rcj^'ardod  as  almost  tho 
sftiue  as  marriage,  so  much  so  that  if  the  youn;; 
man  dies  his  parents  may  be  reipiired  to  re- 
ceive his  betrothed  into  their  home  as  though 
she  Were  his  widow.  The  sacredness  with 
which  this  institution  is  rei^arded  renders  it 
necessary  to  sanction  tho  marriaf^e  of  a  native 
Christian  man  to  a  lioathen  \^h\,  because  the 
breaking  of  tho  betrothal  would  bring  discredit 


on  th  •  religion  which  aiiparently  did  not  recog- 
nize the  sanctity  of  iiiarria^je.  The  marriage  of 
those  w  ho  aro  betrothed  takes  place  at  tlii^  (  arIi 
est  jiossible  age.  The  ceremonies  last  for  three 
days,  at  tlii^  conclusion  of  whiih  the  bride  is 
escorted  by  a  procission  to  the  homo  of  the 
groom  ;  there  tliey  drink  wine  together  out  cf 
cups  tied  together  with  red  cord,  and  worship 
tho  ancestois  togethi  r  ;  this  constitutes  the 
special  biiiiling  Jiart  of  the  ceremony,  if  any 
one  part  can  be  so  specilied.  Divorces  aro 
rare,  though  thev  are  allowed  by  law  for  seven 
reasons,  some  of  which  are  too  much  talkative- 
ness lui  the  part  of  the  woman,  failure  to  givo 
birth  to  a  son,  and  disobedience  to  the  iiiolher- 
in  law.  A  Wiuiiaii  cannot  be  ]iut  away  whoso 
parents  are  not  living  to  receive  her  back  again, 
immorality  among  women  in  the  families  is 
rare  ;  seductions,  elopements,  and  conduct 
which  so  freipu  ntly  gives  rise  to  divorce  in 
jMiropean  countries  are  infrt  (punt,  owing  to 
the  safeguards  which  are  thrown  around  tho 
home  life.  The  social  evil  llourishes  openly, 
however,  and  gross  immorality  on  the  jiart  of 
tho  men  is  common  and  is  vi(  wed  with  gi  n 
oral  inditTerence,  though  it  is  condemni(l  by 
tho  theorists.  t'oneubiiKS  are  taken  into  tho 
lious<di(dd,  and  their  chiliheii  belmig  hgally  to 
the  wife  ;  the  relation  which  the  concubine 
holds  to  the  wife  is  simdar  to  that  between 
Sarah  nnd  llagar.  If  a  man  is  away  from  homo 
very  nnicli  he  takes  his  concubine  with  him, 
ami  leaves  the  wife  to  look  after  tlu!  affairs  of 
the  household.  The  iiosition  of  the  wife  in  her 
husband's  household  is  a  most  tr\ingoue,  and 
she  is  happy  or  unhaiiii.v  according  to  the  teui- 
jier  or  moods  of  her  mother  in  law  and  hus- 
band. .\fter  she  is  a  mother  of  a  son,  "from 
being  ft  menial  she  becomes  almost  u  goildiss." 

]'(irnit(tl  nnlliiiiitfi  is  great,  Chinese  legi.slation 
putting  litlle  cheek  \\\mm\  it,  but  trusting  to  the 
restraints  of  iiutuial  atteetion  and  the  intliKiices 
of  education.  In  many  instances  thes(!  re- 
straints are  ineffectual,  and  cruelties  innumer- 
able are  the  jiortion  of  the  (diildnn.  lioys 
have  names  given  to  them  at  various  epochs  of 
their  life.  When  tlu^  head  is  shaved  and  the 
(pieue  started,  a  inontli  after  birth,  the  boy  re- 
ceives his  "  milk"  name.  On  entering  school 
he  is  given  his  school  nunie.  At  marriage  the 
man  takes  a  new  name  by  which  ho  is  known 
throughout  life.  This  is  written  after  his  sur- 
name. Hesides  this,  ho  often  has  a  private 
name  for  personal  friends  ;  a  businiss  name, 
by  which  lu^  is  known  among  his  business  ac- 
cpiaintances  ;  and  if  he  takes  a  literar.v  digree, 
he  takes  a  new  namo  with  it.  These  names 
have  usually  a  lucky  signitication  to  ward  off 
evil  and  to  iiiduco  benelit.  (iirls  have  simply 
their  milk  name,  and  the  name  tlo  y  take  on 
marriage.  On  the  ancestral  tablet  tho  name 
which  appears  mav  be  a  posthumous  title,  dif- 
ferent from  any  of  the  others.  'J'ho  surnames 
of  the  Chim  so  are  limited  in  number,  and  tho 
disgrace  of  being  a  foreigner  and  having  no  sur- 
uume   is  fre(pientl.v   cast  upon  the  missionary. 

Inlfrroufse. — Ceremonial  observances  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  strict  laws  of  etiiiuette  are  re- 
served for  formal  or  special  occasions.  Tho  ordi- 
nary intercourse  of  the  Chinese  with  each  other 
is  siuiil.ir  to  that  ot  other  nations,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  tho  difference  duo  to  the  separation 
of  the  sexes  Introductions  can  ho  made  by 
tho  jiarties  themselves,  one  asking  the  other 
his  ■■  Lonorftble  surnome,"  after  which  ensues 


Iff  i:f 


i^ 


t  ii' 


1 


in 


CHINA  264 

ft  formnl  exchange  of  question  and  answer  un- 
til tlio  HUruiiine,  ago,  nud  conilitioii,  iimnit'd  or 
sin^li',  of  L'lioh  is  brought  out.  Courtesy  de- 
luiuuls  tlmt  refroslimont  l)t<  otfered  when  cidls 
iiro  made,  even  tliough  it  lie  Imt  a  eu|i  of  jioor 
tea.  Si.>lf  ilei)recatioii  is  eharaeteristie  of  C'liiiieso 
polite  j)lirase,-i,  and  exaggerated  iiupoitaneo 
must  bo  attaelieil   to   all   tliat  eoneerus  others. 

Diet.  —\V lien  till)  .seat  of  learning  is  supjiosed  to 
reside  in  the  stoiuaeh,  and  an  enlaigi'd  alido- 
nien  is  the  sign  of  a  giant  intelleet,  it  may  easily 
1)0  uiidorstoiid  that  the  Chinese  are  epieures. 
The  p  lor  live  on  riee  or  millet,  with  merely  a 
relish  of  rtsh  or  pork  ;  but  tlii^  diet  is  more  g(  n- 
orourt  in  direet  proportion  to  the  wealth  of  the 
person.  Pork,  iioultry,  and  tish  of  all  kinds 
abound.  Fruit,  iiiueli  of  it  of  rieh  llavor  and 
great  delicacy,  is  found  in  abundanee  ;  no  one 
with  the  money  to  jirocvtre  it  nee<l  famish  for 
lack  of  palatable  food.  Dogs,  cats,  and  rats 
while  occasionally,  in  some  parts  of  China, 
figuring  as  table  dishes,  are  by  no  means  in 
ordinary  use  or  regardinl  with  universal  favor. 
Wine  drinking  occurs  mainly  at  feasts,  and 
drinking  wine  apart  from  eating  is  not  a  native 
custom.  Their  wine  is  a  liijuor  distilled  from 
rice,  like  weak  brandy.  It  is  an  intoxicating 
drink,  but  it  is  used  sparingly,  and  drunken 
men  aro  rarely  seen.  Tobacco  is  used  almost 
universally,  and  by  the  women  as  well  as  the 
men.  Opium  smoking  is  the  great  vice  of  the 
peo|)le.  It  does  not  intlame  the  passions  and 
cause  the  crimes  against  others  which  whiskey 
is  accountable  for,  but  it  destroys  its  victim 
surely  and  effectually,  both  mind  and  body.  It 
is  estimated  that  the  iiroportion  of  peojile  who 
use  the  drug  is  :  of  tlie  laboring  class,  four-tenths  ; 
the  luoivhant  (Mass,  six  tenths  ;  the  official 
class,  threo-tentlis.  The  poppy  is  now  grown  in 
China,  and  the  haliit  is  steadily  on  the  increase. 

Dress. — The  men  we.ir  a  tunic  and  trousers, 
an  I  for  special  dress  a  long  gown  of  bright  colors 
auil  tight  leggings  over  the  trousers.  Their 
costume  is  rich  and  varied  in  (^olor,  and  silks, 
satins,  furs,  and  ffne  woollen  goods  are  the 
m  iterials  useil,  It  Ims  been  adopted  by  niis- 
sionaries  when  it  is  of  advantage  to  esca|)e  con- 
splcuousness,  and  it  is  comparatively  cheap  and 
comfortable.  The  dress  of  the  women  differs 
little  from  that  of  the  men.  An  embroidered 
skirt  is  worn  i/ver  the  trousers  ;  the  tunic  is 
longer  and  the  govvn  is  absent.  Hound  feet, 
caused  by  the  early  compression  of  the  feet 
with  long  strips  of  cloth,  is  a  native  institution  ; 
it  is  not  countenanced  by  the  reigning  dynasty 
— the  em|)ress  is  a  large-footed  Manchu— but  as 
a  mark  of  social  position  it  is  hard  to  correct 
the  custom,  though  it  is  discouraged  by  the 
missionaries,  and  Christian  sentiment  is  being 
educated  against  it. 

Modes  of  Tnivel. — In  the  south  of  China,  for 
short  distances,  the  sedan  chair  and  smnll  boat 
ftre  used.  For  longer  distances  a  large  boat, 
the  interior  of  which  can  be;  <livided  into  cabins, 
forms  a  lloating  hotel,  and  journeys  of  several 
humlred  miles  can  be  maile  in  such  boats  with 
comfort.  In  the  north  of  China  travel  is  ac- 
complished by  the  use  of  the  wheelbarrow  and 
two  wheeled  cart,  in  addition  to  the  other 
methods  of  the  south, 

Aftifiidc  of  thr  Got'ernmeiif  toivnnl 
Christ  ill  nit  If, — The  Chinese  Oovernuient 
simply  tolerates  the  missionary  ;  at  the  same 
time  protection  \'i  given  him,  and  when  such 
Vrotectioa  is  denied,  it  ia  due  to  the  x^rivate 


CHINA 


action  of  Konie  subordinate  official  in  which  he 
is  not  Kujiportecl  \iy  the  government.  Damage 
to  missionary  property  has  been  paid  for  when 
tlio  matter  has  been  brought  to  the  attention  of 
the  high  officials.  It  can  easily  happi  ii  that 
local  feeling  again.st  the  missionaries  may  bo 
stirred  up  by  violent  men  until  the  local  author- 
ities are  unable  to  protect  the  foreigner,  but 
such  conduct  is  repudiated  by  the  government, 
and  the  officiid  is  liable  to  punishment.  The 
treaty  rights  of  missionaries  were  secured  lirst 
by  the  Imperial  t'ommissioner  Kiying  in  ls4i. 
Ho  obtained  jiermission  for  the  Koiuan  Catho- 
lics to  propagate  the  tiospel  at  the  live  treaty 
ports,  and  a  year  later  defined  it  as  including 
all  Christian  sects.  When  the  treaties  of  DSoS 
were  signed  the  rights  of  missionaries  were  still 
further  detined.  In  the  .Vmerieau  treaty  it 
was  stipulated  that  "  those  who  (juietly  profess 
and  teach  these  doctrines  shall  not  be  harassed 
or  persecuted  on  account  of  their  faith.  Any 
person,  whether  citizen  of  the  United  States  or 
t'hinese  convert,  who,  according  to  these  tenets, 
peaceably  teaches  and  practises  the  iirinciples 
of  Christianit,v,  shall  in  no  case  be  interfered 
with  or  molested."  The  Hussian,  the  British, 
and  the  French  treaties  contain  similar  stij)!!- 
lations.  Since  that  time  the  missionaries  have 
travelled  into  the  interior,  and  at  i)reseut,  on 
the  authority  of  the  late  Missionary  Conference, 
it  is  stated  that  "  the  irhuk  of  China  is  now 
open  to  missionary  work."  The  help  given  by 
the  missionaries  in  the  late  famines  and  llood.s 
in  China  ;  the  skill  which  has  relieved  sickness 
when  brought  to  the  medical  missionary  ;  the 
intellectual  attainments  of  tiie  missionary,  as 
shown  in  the  various  colleges  which  they  have 
opened— all  these  have  united  tiM'onvinee  those 
highest  in  authority  in  China  that  the  Christian 
missionary  is  a  man  worthy  of  respect  and  not 
a  d.ingerous  foe  to  their  nation,  and  as  such  he 
is  accorded  tlio  degree  of  protection  and  favor 
to  which  l.o  is  entitled. 

Karlij  Christian  Missions  in  China, 
— Tradition  ascribes  to  St.  Tluuuas  the  honor 
of  first  preaching  the  (jospel  to  the  (.'hiiieso. 
Whether  he  was  the  first  cuio  or  not,  there  is  no 
doubt  that  Christian  truths  were  taught  in 
China  at  an  early  period  of  the  Christian  era. 
The  first  authentic  account  of  early  missionary 
effort  is  given  in  the  tablet  which  was  discov- 
ered in  Si-ngan-fu  in  I'i'io.  The  Xestorian  mis. 
sionaries  arrived  in  China  as  earl,v  as  oO^  a.d., 
and  the  date  of  the  tablet  is  7^1.  From  this 
time  on  till  the  travels  of  Marco  Polo  there  is 
no  doubt  that  the  Xestorians  had  many  con- 
verts ;  but  from  the  time  of  the  Yuen  dynasty 
the  records  give  no  satisfactory  account  of  their 
condition  or  fate.  The  efforts  of  the  Itoman 
Catholic  Church  may  be  divided  into  ejiochs. 
The  first  epoch  was  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
when  Corvino  was  sent  to  China  in  12'.)^,  and 
was  successful  in  establishing  a  mission,  and 
from  that  time  on  till  the  exi)ulsiou  of  the  Man- 
cliua,  in  lltfiH,  many  converts  were  made,  and 
there  were  probably  many  Christian  communi. 
ties.  The  second  jieriod  is  one  of  150  ,vears, 
from  the  time  when  Matteo  Kicci  established 
himself  in  Shanking  till  the  edict  of  eximlsion 
by  the  Emperor  Yung  Cliing  in  17I!C.  I'rancis 
Xavier  was  one  of  the  faithful  men  who  strove 
to  preach  to  the  Chinese,  but  was  detained  by 
the  governor  of  Malacca  and  died  without 
reaching  his  field,  though  he  was  buried  on 
Chinese  soil.     Michael  Kuggiero,  of  the  Jesuits, 


CHINA 


2Cu 


CHINA 


fiiuiUy  urrivcil  nt  Miicao  in  1")K(),  where  ho  wns 
joiufil  by  Mattel)  Iticfi,  iiiul  tliu  cm  of  success- 
tnl  missions  ooiiiinenocd.  Twfnty-iino  ji-iirs 
hiter  Kieci  renehed  I'eliiiimiiul  iimilu  ii  fiivoiiiblo 
iiuprossion  on  tlio  court.  From  this  time  on 
liomiin  (.'iitholicisnj  was  luoro  or  less  successful 
in  Cliiniv  ;  when  the  Miiuchiis  cume  in  jiower 
the  knowleilgo  of  astronomy  which  tho  I'lithers 
jiDssesscd  brought  thorn  the  favor  of  tho  court, 
and  their  labors  were  aided  by  noble  and  in- 
Uuential  friends.  Churches  ucre  built,  new 
missions  Mere  estiiblislud,  and  they  numbered 
their  converts  by  the  thousands.  At  length  the 
priests  mingled  with  different  parties  in  atl'airs 
of  State,  and  the  various  jiolitical  intrigues  with 
which  they  were  concerned  led  to  an  edict 
against  them  in  ItiO."),  and  Schaal,  their  princi- 
jial  man,  was  disgraced  and  degraded  from  tho 
high  otUces  ho  held,  aiul  died  soon  after  of 
grief.  Tho  accession  of  Kanghi  brought  them 
again  in  favor,  and  by  their  knowleilgo  of  as- 
tronomy and  surveying  they  were  again  given 
imp;)rtaut  positions,  and  favor  and  toleration 
was  shown  to  tlieir  missionary  efforts.  During 
the  latter  |)art  of  the  seventeenth  century  strife 
arose  among  tlie  .Tesiiits  and  iJominicans  in  re- 
ganl  to  tho  attitude  of  the  Church  toward  the 
worship  of  Confucius,  deceai-ed  ancestors,  and 
the  worship  of  heaven.  Innocent  X.  issued  a 
decree  in  liil-')  in  which  this  worshi|i  was  de- 
clared to  be  idolatrous  and  not  to  bo  tolerated. 
As  the  Jesuits  had  held  that  it  was  merely  po- 
litical in  its  nature,  they  strove  to  have  this  de- 
cree vitiated,  and  in  l(i.")»l  Alexander  VII.  ap- 
proved their  course,  and  decided  that  the  rites 
Were  civil  in  their  nature,  and  could  be  toler- 
ated by  the  missionaries.  The  Kmperor  Kanghi 
was  appealed  to  for  a  decision  of  the  (piestiiin, 
and  in  1700  ho  answered  to  tho  elTect  that  tho 
worship  of  till),  heaven,  was  the  worship  ot  the 
true  Crod,  and  that  tho  other  rites  were  merely 
civil.  This  answer  was  sent  to  the  pope. 
Clement  XI.  finally  reached  n  decision,  and  de- 
creed that  tidi  did  not  moan  the  true  (iod,  and 
that  the  rites  wore  idolatrous,  after  which  the 
Emperor  Kanghi  refused  to  countenance  such 
missionaries  as  did  not  follow  the  Jesuitical 
opinions  and  favor  tho  retention  of  the  saeri- 
tices  to  ancestors  and  to  Confucius.  The  lirst 
flfteen  years  of  the  eighteenth  century  were 
years  in  which  Homish  missions  attaininl  their 
greatest  prosperity.  There  were  1,100  churches 
in  Kiangnan  and  Kiangsi  .ilone,  and  100,000 
converts  were  claimed.  Soon  after  this  time 
Kanghi  began  to  see  into  tho  true  nature  of  tho 
))ropaganda,  and  his  faith  in  the  missionaries 
was  lessened  by  their  internal  strife.  In  H'il8 
he  liauishoil  all  missionaries  except  those  who 
would  follow  the  teachings  of  liicci.  Yung 
Ching  followed  his  father  with  a  decree  forbid- 
ding the  propagation  of  tho  Tien  Chukino,  as 
liomau  Catholicism  has  been  called  ever  since, 
and  during  the  remainder  of  his  life  and  that 
of  Kien  Lung  the  Catholics  were  persecuted 
and  lost  much  of  tho  prestige  w  hich  they  en. 
joyed.  Though  never  entirely  extinguished, 
their  mission.s  varied  in  success  from  that  time 
till  the  treaties  of  1W-")S  brought  toleration  to 
them  as  well  as  to  all  other  sects. 

Protestant  Missions.— (i'lee  also  articles 
on  the  missionary  societies,  biographical 
sketches,  etc.)  The  London  Missionary  Society 
very  soon  after  its  organization,  in  17'.).'),  had  its 
attention  turned  to  China  through  the  discov- 
ery in  the  Uritish  Museum  of  an  aacient  Chinese 


manuscript,  but  the  Kast  India  Company,  which 
had  at  Canton  an  important  commercial  centre, 
was  antagonistic  to  all  _  missionary  etfort,  and 
the  Chinese  themselves  strongly  objected  to  tho 
coming  of  religious  teachers,  and  it  was  only 
through  tho  kindly  interest  of  an  American 
mercantile  house,  Dlyphant  A  Company,  of 
New  York,  that  the  L.  M.  S.  was  at  length,  in 
iHOti,  enabled  to  send  its  lirst  missionary  to 
(.'hina.  Kobert  Morrison  sailed  lirst  to  Xew 
York,  thence  to  China,  in  an  .Vmerican  sailing 
Vessel,  reaching  Canton  on  Septem\)er  7th,  1N07, 
and  was  for  a  time  allowed  to  reside  in  the  nar- 
row  siia<ai  allotted  to  tho  factories  of  the  East 
India  Company  outside  tho  walls  of  Canton, 
but  was  soon  obliged,  with  other  English  resi- 
dents, to  retire  to  Macao,  which  belonged  to 
the  rortuguese  (tovernment,  and  afforded  a 
homo  to  many  of  tho  early  missionaries,  and 
was  one  of  tho  points  of  attac'i  upon  (hina  un- 
til China  it.self  should  bo  opened  to  the  (tospel. 
Other  [daces  from  which  the  missionaries  found 
access  to  the  strange  peo]>le  whom  they  wished 
to  reacli  were  Malacca,  ilatavia,  Singaj)ore, 
JSorneo,  and  Bangkok,  where  there  were  great 
numbers  ot  Chinese  emigrants,  and  the  London 
^Missionary  Society,  the  American  liaptist  Jlis- 
sionary  I'nion,  the  A.  H,  C.  1'.  M.,  and  other 
societies  established  missions  among  them  in 
anticipation  of  the  time  when  the  door  of  en- 
trance to  the  empire  should  be  oi)ened. 

The  tirst  associate  of  Morrison,  William  Milne, 
arrived  in  Canton,  July,  INlIt,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  sailed  for  the  Indian  Archipelago,  tak- 
ing with  him  a  largo  nuudjcrof  New  Testaments 
and  tracts  from  Morrison 's  press.  lie  proceeded 
to  Java  and  thence  to  Malacca,  returning  after- 
ward to  Canton,  but  finding  it  dithcult  to  prose- 
cute missionary  labor  there  returned  to  Malacca, 
where  ho  remained  until  his  death  in  l!-i'2'2. 
William  H.  Jledhurst,  tho  third  missionary  to 
China,  sent  out  by  the  L.  M.  .S  ,  was  in  1.S"J'2 
sent  to  re-enforce  the  mission  to  tho  Chinese  in 
Java,  at  Hatavia. 

In  Isjo  the  American  ]5oard  of  Commission- 
ers for  Foreign  Missions  sent  to  (.'anton  its 
tirst  missionary  to  China,  the  l!ev.  E.  C.  liridg- 
mau.  Mr.  IJridgiuan  was  accompanied  by  the 
Kev.  David  Abeel,  who  had  been  sent  out  by 
the  American  Seaman's  Friend  Society,  but  who 
Koon  transferred  his  services  to  the. \.  15.  C.  1".  M. 
They  were  leceived  by  Olyphant  i^-  Com- 
pany, and  a  jirinting-press  was  sent  out  for 
their  use  by  the  church  in  Xew  York  of  which 
Air.  Olyphant  was  a  member.  In  l.s;!3  S.  Wells 
Williams,  then  in  his  twentieth  year,  was  sent 
out  to  take  charge  of  it,  and  it  remained  at 
Canton  until  is:!."),  when  it  was  removed  to 
Macao,  where  Jlr.  Williams  might  have  tho 
benefit  of  the  types  of  the  East  India  Company's 
presses. 

In  1H34  Dr.  Peter  Parker  (see  Edinburgh 
3Iedical  Missionary  Society)  joined  the  mission, 
and  his  medical  skill  added  a  new  factor  of  the 
highest  value  in  removing  prejudice  and  in 
winning  the  hearts  ot  the  people.  The  Medical 
Missionary  Society,  formed  at  Canton  by  tho 
joint  efforts  of  the  missionaries  and  the  large- 
hearted  merchants  residing  in  the  city,  was  the 
result  ot  Dr.  Parker's  success  in  starting  medi- 
cal work. 

In  1830  Dr.  Hobson,  ot  tho  L.  M.  S.,  at- 
tempted medical  work  in  Canton,  but  was 
obliged  to  remove  to  Macao,  where  a  medical 
mission  was  established. 


CHINA 


2(30 


CHINA 


Tho  Aiiicriciin  liiiptiHt  Missionary  Union  os- 
tiitilislicd  Its  liist  niisNidimry  work  lor  tlic 
C'liiLitsc  lit  liiinnUcik  in  lN:(;t,  lookinj,'  furwuiil 
ti)   lln)   tiiiio   wlii'U    it   sliniild   liu  iiblo  to  enter 


of   llonj^  Kcini,'   WHS   cfdi'd   to   tlio   Ji'itish 
taking;    advantii^o    of    tlio    oiiciiin^,'. 

confiiinoo  at  Ildii^,' KunH 

then  resident   ul  Mnciui, 


ouee 

L.  yi.  S.  aiijiointeil  a 

of  all  its  missionaries 


At 
the 


of  all  its  missionaries  then  resident  ul  Mncae, 
Malaeoa,  liataviu,  etc  ,  and  as  a  result  tlieAn^^lo- 
Chinese  Ccillej^'e,  founded  liy  Dr.  Jhirrison,  waf 
removed  from  Malaeea,  and  the  Sr)eietv's  |  riiit- 
ing  pstal>lishment  and  niedieal  woik  from  JIacao 
to  I  long  Kon^. 

At  the  same  timi>  Mr.  Aheel,  of  tlie  A.  ]{.  ('. 
F.  JI.,  and  Ki'V,  .1.  X.  lioone,  of  the  I'rotestant 
Episeopal  Chureh,  entered  Anioy,  and  work  for 
tho  Chinese  on  tlio  mainland  Mas  fairly  inaugu- 
rated. 

From  this  time  on  societies  and  laborers  rap 


irom  this  time  on  societies  and  laborers  rap- 
idly increased.  The  opening  of  nine  additional 
jjiirts  by  the  Treaty  of  Tientsin  increased  tho 
opportunities,  and  the  travels  of  Dr.  (rut/latf 
aroused  new  interest,  until  nearly  forty  soci- 


London  Mi^floimn'  Snclotv. 

A.  11.  V.  V.  M....; ." 

.\mericiiii  liaplisl,  Niirlli  

'.Xiiierican  I'nilcriliiiil  K|iiM'ii|ml 

.\im'ri(nn  I'renlj>U'riiiii.  Niirlli 

.\iiicri(iia  liet'oriiiid  iDiitcli) 

lirilisli  and  Koreiirii  IlihieiSiiciety.... 

(Miiirch  Mit*si()iiary  Sitciety 

KhhIIkIi  liiililiHt 

.Mi'lliDcliMt  Kpiwiipiil.  Norlli 

.Sevi'iilli  Day  HM|itihl 

.Vini'i'icaa  Hapti.-t,  Seiith 

HaKle  .Mis.Miiin 

Kii;;lisli  PrcNliylerian 

liliciiirth  Mi^siciii 

Metlioilist  Ki)iw(i|ial.  Smith 

Heilin  Kiiiinilliiii,'  Iliwpilal. 


We-li'van  Misj^imiary  Society 

Wninan'H  ['iiiiiii  .Mi^fion 

Mc'tlioilisl  New  C'Dniieelion 

Sniiilv  I'miiKiiion  Female  Educiition. .. 

I'niled  I'reHbyleriaii,  Scolcli 

cliini  InlamrMisHiuii 

Naliiinal  bililo  Society  of  Scollaml 

liiited  Methodist  Free  Church 

.Viiierinaa  Preshyterian,  South 

Irish  Preshyteriiin 

Canadian  I'rcstiytcrian 

Society  l'rnpai;alion  of  tlie  (iOHpel 

.\iiierican  Hililc  Sociciv 

Ks(al)li«licd  Cliiirchof  Scotland 

Herlin  Mission 

(ieiieral  Protestant  Evangelical  Society.. 

iKihlo  Christians 

iForcipi  christian  Missionary  Society 

IHook  and  Tract  Swicty 

[Society  of  Frii'nils 

|/Vincrican  Scandinavian  CoiiKrcfjatlonul., 
iChurch  of  iiugluud  Zcuaua  JIIbu.  Soc.  . . 


iKor 
:kw 
imi 
is;).-) 

ISIIS 
IH-f.' 
IHl.'l 

istt 
isi.i 
iHir 
isir 
isir 
is-ir 
iHir 
iKir 

is  18 

]K.-)0 
1H.W 
1S,V,I 
IWill 
18DI 

ISiM 

lS(u 
isiis 

istis 

18f8 
IHIill 

isri 
isri 
isni 
isrs 

ISSi 
IS81 
188.'! 
WPII 
18811 
18811 

i8sr 

1888 


There  are  iu  addition  a  number  of  indepen- 
dent workers. 

I.OMioN     MissIO.NAliV     HdClKTV. —  I'dllloll,     1SII7. 

Itobert  Morrison  not  being  allowed  to  engage  in 
any  direct  missionary  wiuk  at  Canlun,  gave 
himself  tip  to  the  study  of  tho  language,  and 
Ins  success  was  so  rapid  that  in  IMIS  lu^  was  ap. 
pointed  translator  to  the  J'.ast  India  ('om|>aiiy's 
faotorii'S  ;  thus  his  jieniianeiit  r(sid(iiee  and 
social  position  were  secured,  anil  tlirmigh  his 
inteivouise  with  the  able  men  who  compused 
tho  eomiuiny's  stiilV,  iiiiinirliint  advantnges  were 
gained  for  the  future  estiiblislinieiit  <if  missions 
in  China.  Later,  when  obliged  to  leliie  to 
-Uacao,  the  translation  of  the  llible  and  tho 
preparation  of  a  dictionary  occupied  nearly  all 
his  time.  The  entire  New  'I'estanu  lit  wus  jiub- 
lislied  in  ISM,  the  Old  Testament.  Jirepared  in 
eoniiection  with  Mr.  Milne,  in  IslS,  mid  tho 
dietionarj'  was  eomideted  in  six  nuarto  volume.s 
ill  1S2II.  Morrison  early  began  a  leligious  ser- 
vice upon  the  Siddiath  for  the  servants  and  the 
immediate  acquaintances  whom  iihuie  he  was 
able  to  ri'iich  ;  his  lirst  convert  was  baidized  in 
ISlI,  and  he  sulisri|ueiitly  baptized  and  or- 
dained Liang  Ah  Fa,  who  takes  a  deservedly 
high  position  at  the  head  of  the  native  Chris- 
tian ministry.  Morrison,  after  all  the  toil  and 
faith  and  jnitience  of  his  twenty  seven  years  of 
service,  saw  only  three  or  four  converts,  but 
grandly  fultilled  the  highest  hopes  of  tho  society 
which  sent  him  out  in  traiiHlating  the  Dible  into 
tho  language  of  onefiuirth  of  tlie  human  race, 
and  in  preiiaring  a  dictionar.v  which  has  been 
of  untolil  value  to  all  mission^     es  since. 

Aiiiiiti. — .Vfter  the  occupation  of  Hong-Kong 
in  Is-l'i,  tho  first  extension  of  the  mission  of 
the  L.  M.  S.  was  to  .Vmoy,  which  was  u  port  in 
immediate  connection  with  the  largo  Chinese 
immigration  to  liatavia  and  Singapore,  so  that 
when  Messrs.  Stronoch  and  Young,  who  had 
been  working  at  Singaiiore,  ojiened  a  station  at 
Amoy  in  JS14,  tiny  had  tlie  language  at  eoiii- 
niand,  and  were  read.v  to  liegin  direct  work 
among  the  peojile.  The  mission  has  proved  a 
fruitful  one,  and  several  strong  and  self-sup- 
porting churches  have  existed  for  many  years. 

Chiiwij  Chin,  a  city  in  the  Fnhkicn  province, 
was  formerly  an  out-station  of  Amoy,  but  has 
recently  been  made  a  separnto  station  with  three 
B.issionaries,  one  of  them  a  physician,  in  charge. 

SlmtKjlKii  was  occupied  in  IS-ll!  and  medical 
work  and  chapel  preaching  commenced.  A 
printing-press  sent  out  in  ls47  was  in  IHtil 
transferred  to  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Kociety.  From  Shanghai  the  work  has  extended 
far  into  tho  country.  Hospitals,  chapels,  and 
other  forms  of  work  are  successfully  main- 
tained. Special  work  for  women  is  under  tho 
charge  of  ladies  sent  out  by  tho  society. 

Ihtnkoir,  which  lies  (!t)0  miles  ti]>  tho  Yangtsz 
River,  at  tho  mouth  of  tho  Han,  became  a  sta- 
tion of  tho  society  in  18(il.  Wu  Chang,  on  tho 
south  side  of  the  river,  was  occupied  in  IStST, 
and  tho  work  has  largely  extended  in  tho  coun- 
try and  up  the  course  of  tho  Han  liiver.  Tho 
hospital  established  in  1808  was  transferred  to 
Tientsin  in  1H71). 

Chitvij  KiiKj,  the  first  large  town  on  the  river 
after  entering  the  province  of  Sz'chuen,  was 
occupied  as  a  station  in  1888. 

Tientsin  became  famous  in  1858  as  the  place 
where  tho  treaty  at  tho  close  of  the  second  war 
was  formed,  but  was  not  actually  opened  to 
commerce  until  the  autumn  of  1800.     In  tho 


CHINA 


967 


CHINA 


Hpririj,'  of  IMOl  a  misHJon  wns  eHtalilishod,  mid 
iiicdii'iii  work  WHS  larricd  on  with  lliu  aiil  ol'  a 
l(iii'i^;ii  Kliidfiit  until  IH'H,  wlnu  Jir.  .Macknizid 
joini'd  till' iiiisHioti.  In  InT'.i  I)i'.  Mackrn/.ii'  wnn 
called  til  atti'iid  a  liii-liilii'l-  of  (hi'  Iniiiily  of  tlio 
Vii'i'i'oy  of  Cliilili.  'I'ln!  viciToj'N  )iiilinnami 
was  thus  at  onro  Hi'i'iiiid  and  tho  nirilii'iil  work 
iissiiiiii'il  a  (listinKiiishrd  ]MiHiliiiii,  and  was 
Ihially  I'Dnri'ntraU'd  inaiinliln  Imilding  on  thii 
)io-i|ii|al  lui'iiiisi's,  lii'ni'i'forth  known  as  thr 
Nioi'iov's  llos|)il:'.|,  and  ojuncd  with  olVnial 
rt'ronnition  in  IhnI,  AniiMlind  srliool  was  also 
I'stalilisliod  undiT  tho  pati'onuj^o  of  tho  vii^iroy 
and  cavriid  tn  a  liinh  degrt'o  of  succi'ss.  Sincn 
JJr.  Mackinzii''s  dcatlj,  in  IShs,  (ho  nicdicnl 
w.irk  of  tho  mission  has  licin  Hcpaniti'd  fi'oni 
tho  Vii'i-roy's  Uos)iital.  Vi;^oionH  wink  aloiii,' 
tho  usual  lini-s  is  oarriid  on,  and  the  coiiiitiy 
work  has  liL'i'U  lar^'ly  drvilo|ii'd. 

7'»/ii/i;/.  —  l>i".  JiOi'kliart,  aflir  lon^,'  oxia'ricni'o 
of  niodioal  work  at  Shanj^hiii,  visiti'd  tho  <'a|iital 
in  ordiT  to  trst  tho  iirai'tii'aliility  of  ostalilish- 
in^  a  mission  thorr,  and,  under  the  ausiiiccs  of 
till)  liritish  minister,  he  ennimeiKted  hospital 
work  iu  some  unoeeupied  apartnients  lieloni^ing 
to  tho  liritish  I.ej^atioii,  and  thus  lie^an  (ho 
mission  of  tho  1,,  M.  S.  In  lsi;l  a  permanent 
home  f.ir  the  mission  and  hospital  wero  seeured 
on  tho  (ireat  Kast  Street  of  tho  city,  and  tho  ex- 
jiansion  of  tho  work  lias  sinco  led  to  the  pur- 
cliiiso  of  jiremises  and  erection  of  liuildini^s  on 
tho  West  Street.  Tliero  are  now  in  ('onnection 
with  tho  mission  about  .'JIIO  church  ii-embcrs, 
and  tho  annual  attendaiu'o  upon  tho  hospital  is 
about  2(),0tll). 

MoiifjiiUd,  -Tho  mission  to  the  Mongols,  under- 
taken from  tliu  'West  in  tho  bcf^inninj^  of  tho 
contury,  was  s;ion  suppressed  by  the  Itussian 
Synod,  not,  however,  until  tho  w  hole  liible  had 
been  translated  in  tho  Mongolian  language. 
The  way  closed  from  tho  West  wasoiioued  from 
tho  East  by  tho  Treaty  of  Tientsin,  and  tho 
mission  was  recommenced  in  IWTO.  Tlie  centre 
of  work  is  at  Chao  Yang. 

AM.'UiU'W    JioAUD    OF   C'OMMISSIONKRS   FOU    FoU- 

F.liiN  Missions. — ('(iidnn,  occui)ied  by  tho  Auieri- 
civn  Hoard  iu  lH;(tt,  continued  to  be  its  head- 
HUarters  iu  China  until  185('),  when  the  mission 
jiress  and  all  tho  mission  establishments  were 
destroyed  by  tire. 

Amoi/.  —  In  lKi'2  tho  Kov.  David  Abeel,  then 
living  at  Macao,  learning  that  Amoy  was  acces- 
sible as  a  mission  station,  iirocoeded  thither  in 
company  with  Kev.  J.  \.  Jioone,  of  the  Ameri- 
can Protestant  Episcopal  Church  ;  he  was  made 
chuplaiu  of  the  HritisL  troops,  and  had  abun- 
dant opportunity  to  preach  to  tho  natives.  The 
mission  was  continued  under  the  lioard  until 
IS.")(1,  when  it  was  transferred  to  tho  Keforuied 
Church  of  America. 

Foofhow.  —  He  V.Messrs.  Johnson  and  Poet,  who 
had  been  laboring  iu  Hangkok,  were  transferred 
tn  tho  China  Mission  and  ajjpoiuted  to  Foochow, 
which  city  they  reached  iu  1817.  Other  mis- 
sionaries were  sent  to  re-enforce  them,  and  in 
1871),  upon  the  arrival  of  Dr.  t)sgood,  medical 
work  was  begun.  Boarding  schools,  a  hospital 
for  men,  and  one  for  women  and  children  have 
been  established.  Shao  Wu,  an  interior  station 
of  tho  Foochow  Mission,  was  established  in  187''>, 
after  two  years'  effort  tn  obtain  a  residence. 
The  station  is  in  the  midst  of  the  tea-picking 
region. 

Shanghai. — The  Board  began  its  work  in 
Shanghai  in  the  American  settlement  in  18'17  ; 


in  Ifi.'l  i\  ir.'Ksio'.i  was  organized  at  tho  unudi 
gate  of  the  city,  but  owing  (o  (he  death  of  thn  o 
of  tho  missionaries  laboring  tliere  and  (he  ill 
heiilth  of  the  f  iiirth,  the  Work  was  given  up  iu 
IM'I,  and  has  not  been  n  sinned. 

I'iiiilsiii  was  chosen  as  a  centre  of  missionary 
work  by  the  r.iiar.l  in  l!*!;!'.  In  lHi;7  (ho  ]. res- 
ent premises  ill  tlie  foreign  city  were  secured 
and  built  upiiii,  but  (he  preiiiisis  previously  oc- 
i'U|iied  in  (he  ludive  city  Wire  wholly  di'stroyeil 
in  tho  mob  and  massacie  of  Juiii'  of  that  year. 
From  till!  fund  paid  to  iiidemiiify  tho  loss  a 
chapel  was  built  in  l''"!.  in  thismisMoii  great 
attention  has  bun  given  (o  boys'  and  girls' 
si'hiiols,  and  (o  itinerating  tours  in  the  provinco 
of  Shantung  in  which  threo  centres  of  work 
have  been  developed. 

J'll.iiiii,  Work  at  (he  capital  was  commenced 
in  Isci.  'I'll,,  work  of  open  delivery  of  (ho 
(lospil  early  begun  by  this  and  oilier  societies 
in  Peking  has  been  coiUinued  ever  siiue,  bo(h 
by  natives  and  foreigners,  jirobably  with  les« 
op|iosition  than  would  have  been  experienced 
in  any  of  tliii  capital  cities  id  I'.urojie.  .V  suc- 
cessful school  for  Chiiieso  and  Maiichii  girls  iu 
conducted.  In  isi;>i  a  niissiiui  press  with  full 
c4Ui]iiiient  was  erected,  and  ;!(),()()tl,000  Jiages 
liiivi,'  since  been  issued  from  it. 

Interesting  country  work  has  been  develoiied 
from  two  centres,  one  of  which  has  been  set 
apart  as  an  independent  church.  There  are  at 
jircsent  in  connection  with  the  Peking  Jlissioii 
7  iiiiHsioimries  and  'H>  native  workers. 

Ivilijiiii.  -  The  city  of  Kalgan,  occupied  by  tho 
Hoard  in  18(1.5,  was  ono  of  tho  earliest  stationt* 
in  (ho  interior  of  China.  From  it  a  work  de- 
veloped at  the  city  of  Vuchmv,  iU)  miles  (o  tho 
south,  which  was  in  187J  transferred  to  the  city 
of  Pao  Ting  Fii  (n.v.). 

Tinuj  ('lioii!  was  clioHcn  as  a  centre  of  work  in 
18ti7.  The  training  school  of  the  mission  was 
located  here,  also  a  boys'  school,  which  has 
gradually  developed  until  (he  full  curriculum 
of  a  college  course  is  ])rovided  for.  Medical 
work  was  begun  in  188'2.  The  station  hos  10 
missionaries. 

I'lio  Timi  i'1t  was  opened  as  a  .station  in  1873 
by  'he  transfer  of  missionaries  from  Yuchow. 
Jledi  !al  work  has  been  carried  on  from  the  be- 
ginning, and  sjiecial  efforts  for  women  have 
been  largely  extended.  Tho  work  has  devel- 
oped in  the  country,  and  is  in  j>romising  con- 
dition.     Eight  missionaries  constitute  tho  staff, 

I'aiirj  t'liiutnij. — This  station,  established  in 
188(1,  was  the  immediate  result  of  tho  widely 
opened  door  of  entrance  to  the  common  people 
of  Northwestern  Shantung,  through  tho  kind- 
ness shown  them  during  the  famine  year  o£ 
1878.  Tho  tirst  church,  half  tho  expense  of 
which  was  borne  by  tho  native  Christian,",  was 
completed  in  188(!.  The  work  has  extended 
widely  into  tho  surrounding  country,  and  native 
Christians  are  to  be  found  in  moro  than  100 
littlo  villages. 

Lin  t'luit(j.—\  station  was  opened  hero  in 
188(i.  Houses  have  been  erected,  hospital  work 
begun,  and  the  way  opened  for  enlarging  •work 
in  the  future. 

Slinnsi  Mission. — The  Board  was  led,  subse- 
quently to  tho  famine  of  1878,  to  establish  tho 
Shansi  Mission,  in  which  a  .special  interest  was 
aroused  in  Oberlin  College,  O.,  U.  S.  A.  ;  a  band 
of  young  men  was  organized  and  sent  out  to 
the  field.  Thus  far  two  stations  have  been  oc- 
cupied,  Tai   Ku  and  Fen  Cho  Fu.      Medical 


I 


:;.  m 

:S     ■ 

•  ■''  . 

i 

1 

CHINA 


2C8 


CHINA 


work  i-i  oiirriod  on  nnd  n  press  equipment  ban 
been  sent  out  by  frifridn  in  Arncrica. 

Jliiiui  /I'lid;;. -I'lii)  Htation  iit  llonn  Koni,'  was 
opiineii  liy  tiifl  liDiinl  in  Ihh:),  witli  tlit!  Impo  of 
onntiniiiu^  t'tlorts  Ix-^iin  aiiioM)^  the  ('liincKc  in 
<'iiliforiiiu,  will)  wtTo  returning!  in  ^roat  nmiiliiTs 
to  China.  Tho  lii'ld  of  work  exleuds  on  tlio 
luiiinliiml  wost  of  ilui  island  from  Itio  to  2(Ml 
inilos.  'L'licro  arii  now  2  or^jani/i'd  L-Liirchts, 
with  '^H  mciuhfrs,  o  schools,  ami  ;l()  pupils. 

Amkiiiian  JS.Ai'risT  MissioSAiiY  I'mon. — This 
Bociety,  us  has  biun  said,  co  .iiienccd  its  wurk 
for  China  at  Hani^kok,  Siaiii,  in  lH:i:l,  aiiionvt 
tho  niuiii'rims  Chinuso  who  caiuo  tlu'it-  from 
Svvatow.  With  tho  opi'ninj^  of  thu  i)ort»  in 
lH4i  Mr.  Di'an  went  to  Ilonn  Kon^;.  Swfitow 
was  visitiid,  and  in  \si',U  a  stall m  cstahlislu'd  at 
Rouble  Islaml,  at  the  riitraiico  iif  tin-  ha;,  lead- 
ing to  Sivatow,  and  in  lMi:t  ono  at  Kak  Chich 
on  the  luainlaiul.  In  Iscd  all  the  work  was 
transferrod  to  the  station  whicli  is  the  ctutral 
station  of  the  Southern  China  Mission. 

N'ini..;po  was  also  occupied  in  l.Sl;l,  which  has 
been  fnllovvel  liy  Shaodiinj^,  lunHua,  Iluchow, 
and  Suchow. 

in  ls><2  work  was  uomniencod  nnionK  the  Hak- 
ka  people,  which   has  proved  very  intel•estin^;. 

I'ltoi'KsiANr  Ki'isroi'.vi,  Cii'iuH,  V .  S.  A.  -In 
183)  Ucv.  Messrs.  il.uison  and  Lockwood  laiul- 
od  at  Cinton,  hut  proceeded  to  Java  to  labor 
iiiuotii^  the  Chinese  of  Uatavia.  Amoy  was  oc- 
cupied in  1840,  but  the  work  was  moved  in  1H15 
to  Shan;^hai.  In  I'^iii)  work  was  carried  into 
the  interior  and  a  station  established  at  Wu- 
clian-4.  These  are  the  two  centres  troiii  which 
wark  extends.  There  were  (18811)  400  com- 
luiinicants. 

rnEsDYTKUi.\.y  Church  (Nouth),  U.  S.  A.    Amov, 

1813. 

Cen'tiial  China  Mission. — Xiixipo.  Tho  work 
of  the  Presbyterian  Mission  begun  at  Amoy  in 
I8l:i  was  extended  to  Nin^po  in  1811.  The 
printinypress  was  removed  tliither  from  Macao 
jiud  remained  there  until  18(10,  when  it  was 
transferred  to  Shanghai.  The  I'resbyterial 
Academy,  girls'  and  l)oys'  schools,  and  other 
branches  of  work  are  in  a  llourishing  condition. 

Hhaiuihni. — This  great  city  was  occui)ied  by 
the  mission  in  ls.")0  ;  the  lirst  convert  was  baji- 
tized  in  18(10.  The  printing  press  removed 
from  Ningpo  in  this  year  lias  now  a  complete 
foundry,  largo  efpiipment  of  type  in  seven  or 
eight  languages,  binding,  book  depository, 
chapel,  and  rooms  for  workmen,  and  has  already 
become  historic  for  its  wide-reaching  helpful- 
ness. Tho  total  number  of  pages  issued  in  1889 
was  r),178.H0(J. 

Ilimi  Choic,  occupied  in  1801,  has  proved  a 
most  difficult  field  of  labor.  One  church  has 
been  organized  and  there  i.-i  one  out  station. 

In  Sa  Chdic,  occupied  as  a  station  for  about 
twenty  years,  tho  oiiium  habit  has  been  met 
in  all  its  power,  there  being  an  ojiium  don  on 
each  side  of  the  chapel,  the  fumes  from  which 
are  often  very  disagreeable 

X'lnkinrj  was  o])oned  as  a  mission  station  in 
1876  ;  has  been  permanently  occupied  since 
1882,  and  missionary  work  is  actively  prose- 
cuted, but  no  church  has  yet  been  organized. 

The  Central  China  Mission,  comprising  the 
five  stations  mentioned,  has  a  force  of  27  mis- 
sionaries with  20  native  assistants,  15  churches 
■with  043  members,  and  831  pupils  in  the 
scbouls. 


The  Cantos  Mission.— t'u«/o«.  The  Canton 
Mission  had  its  real  beginning  in  Macao  in 
1811.  In  1S47  .Messrs.  llapperaml  I'lciich  re- 
moved with  Ihi'ir  school  ot  30  boys  to  Canton. 
A  diiy  school,  the  first  successful  one  in  China, 
was  opened  in  1h.")0  ;  the  tirst  church  was  or- 
ganized  in  1m02,  since  which  time  two  others 
have  been  foriiii d  with  a  iireseiit  total  member- 
ship  ot  308.  The  medical  work  is  of  great  im- 
l)ortance.  Dr.  Kerr,  who  has  been  in  charge 
since  l8.')U,  has  published  twenty  medical  works 
in  the  Chinese  language.  Tho  other  stations  of 
the  Canton  Mission  are  at  Macao,  once  tho 
])oint  of  departure  for  so  many  missionaricH, 
now  reoccuiiied  by  the  Jtiiurd  ;  Ycuiig  Kong, 
about  2")0  miles  southwest  of  Canton,  atTording 
an  admirable  point  from  which  to  reach  tho 
outlying  country,  and  the  island  of  itainaii, 
where  mission  work  was  started  by  Jlr.  Jero- 
miassen,  an  independent  missionary  of  Tor- 
mosa,  who  afterward  joined  the  I'n  sbyteriiin 
mission,  and  a  station  was  oiicncd  in  1^8."). 
Two  hospitals  and  disjiensarics  are  established 
at  Kiuug  Chow  and  Xocloa.  Fifteen  natives 
have  been  baptized.  The  Christian  College 
commenced  at  Canton  in  1888,  though  Ulide. 
iiominationul,  is  under  the  supervision  of  tho 
I'ri'sbyterian  Hoard. 

Shantino  Mission. — Tho  early  visit  of  Gutz- 
laff  to  Shantung  bad  attracted,  among  tho 
friends  of  missions  in  England  and  .Viiierica,  an 
interest  not  unlike  that  aroused  b.v  the  discov- 
eries of  Livingstone  and  Stanley  in  Africa  ;  and 
upon  the  conclusion  of  the  second  war  with 
China,  which  resulted  in  the  opening  of  the 
northern  ports,  an  advance  movement  was  at 
once  made.  The  missionaries  of  the  Presbyte- 
rian lioanl  were  attracted  to  Cheefoo,  which 
had  been  the  naval  rendezvous,  and  Tung  Chow, 
one  ot  the  nine  newly  opened  jiorts,  was  chosen 
for  occupation  in  IsOl,  and  has  always  been  tho 
educational  heaihpiarters  of  this  mission  ;  the 
boys'  school  has  <leveloped  into  n  college  stand- 
ing at  the  head  of  missiniiary  colleges  in  China 
in  Its  range  of  study  and  complete  eipiipment. 
A  girls'  school,  hospi*'',  and  dispensary  are 
also  located  at  Tung  Chow.  From  Cheefoo, 
the  secoml  station,  a  large  country  work  devel- 
oped after  the  famine  ])eriod  of  1870-78,  in 
which  70,000  people  were  helped  in  the  region 
of  Chimo  and  in  the  mountains  south  of  Ciiing 
Chow.  Stations  were  opened  in  18711  at  Chi- 
nanfu,  300  miles  inland  from  Cheefoo,  nnd  at 
Wei  Ilin  in  18sl,  hi  whicli  medical  and  educa- 
tional work  are  well  established.  The  recent 
famine  caused  by  the  overflow  of  the  mountain 
streams  has  again  oi)cned  the  way  for  a  very  ex- 
tensive relief  work,  and  enlargement  of  the 
range  ot  missionary  effort. 

The  Shantung  >lission  has  at  present  18  mis- 
sionaries, 2  of  them  physicians,  xo  native  assist- 
ants, 2,200  communicants,  and  OUO  pupils  in  40 
du.v  and  boarding  schools. 

Pkkino  Mission.  —  Pekhuj  was  occupied  by 
the  Board  in  1803,  since  which  time  great  prog- 
ress has  been  made.  Flourishing  schools  tor 
boys  and  girls  and  important  medical  work  are 
carried  on.  The  women's  department  of  tho 
hospital  is  in  charge  of  n  lady  physician,  to 
whose  assistance  a  trained  nurse  Las  been  sent 
this  year. 

Refoiimed  (DrxcH)  Church  op  America  Mission. 
Amoy,  1842  and  185C. 

Amoy. — In  1850  the  miBsion  at  Amoy,  -which 


CHINA 


S69 


CHINA 


hn<I  li'M'ti  condiiPtod  liy  tho  A.  Tt.  C.  T.  M.,  was 
triiiiHfiTreil  to  tlut  Ufturiiii'il  Cliurch  MiNKii)ii, 
uiidor  whoso  ciiri'  it  Ihih  Imm-ii  coiitiiiiiiiiisly  pros 
peroiis.  Thu  mission  has  ii<  \v  <i  sliitidiis  iiiiil 
',(  out-stations,  with  M  orniiiii/i'd  l'IhucIk^h,  whic^h 
uro  Ct)nsiiicuoiis  for  thiir  stlf-siiiiport,  tlicir  an- 
nuiil  coiitrihiilions  lunouiitinn  to  !*'_',(KIU  oi- 
$:(, ("•!'.  A  hosiiilul  wiis  oiKiK^d  in  i'mki)  at  Sio 
Klio,  •)(•  niihm  southwcMt  of  Anioy  ;  thi'  woiin'ri's 
di'partrncnt  was  in  char^^r  foe  a  loiiK  tinici  ot  a 
Chinusu  lady  vdiicated  in  AimTica  and  a  grad- 
Uftte  of  ini'diclnc.  'I'lii^  nniiihiT  of  patii'lits 
tniatftd  at  tho  hospital  during  the  past  year  was 
6,S()(). 

Cu  •iiL-ir  MissioNAiiY  SociKTY  coniinoni'i'd  its 
work  in  China  at  Slmnnhai  (lsl~)),  and  cnlar^id 
it  to  incliido  Nin^,'po  (IslS),  Fooidiow  (IH.'iOi^ 
Hoti^,'  Konj^  and  I'ldiim,')  \H(\-2),  Ilan^chow(lH(;.")i, 
Canton  (issi),  in  ismo  I'cking  was  transterru<l 
to  tho  S.  1>.  O. 

The  work  is  uow  orj^anizod  in  two  iniHsionM  : 
1.  South  China,  uith  lu'adcpiaitirs  at  Ilont; 
Konp,  includinj,'  tlu'  Kwan^^tiinn  and  Fuhkitn 
provinces.  2.  Mid  China,  iuoludiug  tho  Kiang- 
su  and  Chihkiang  iirovinecs. 

The  ruhkien  Mission  was  ennimenced  in 
1S.")()  by  Kev.  \\.  M'elton,  who  was  the  first  to 
gain  a  tooting  in  tho  city  itsi^lf.  others  having 
been  compelled  to  reside  at  Xantai,  a  subiirl), 
on  a  largo  islaml  in  tho  .^^in,  and  was  kept  up 
under  great  discouragements. 

At  Hangchow  there  is  n  medical  niisHion  and 
ft  hospital  and  opium  refuge,  and  at  Ningpo  a 
successful  college. 

Baptist  MissioKAity  Society  (England). — Tho 
mission  of  the  English  liaptists  is  confined  to  tho 
proviiices  ot  Shantung  and  Shansi.  The  stations 
established  in  the  foriior  are  at  Cheetoo  (IHtiO), 
Ching  Cho  Fu  (IH7()),  Chi  Nan  Fii  (18H7),  and 
Chow  Ping  (18811).  In  addition  to  evangelistic 
efforts  medical  and  odu<'ational  work  is  carried 
on.  About  1,.'!00  communicants  are  gathered  in 
CO  stations  or  churches. 

In  Shftusi  the  princijial  station  is  nt  Tai  Yuan 
Fn.  Two  minor  stations  are  at  Hsiao  Tien  Tzu 
and  Shih  Tieh.  Two  churches  with  2')  comnnini- 
cantsliave  l)cen  organized  in  the  Shansi  Jlission. 

Methodist  Episcopal  Cnrmn  (N'orth),  U.  S.  A. 
— FoochoiB  .Wsfiion.  Tho  work  ot  the  Jlethodist 
Episcopal  Church  (North),  V.  S.  A.,  was  begun 
in  Chiuft  at  Poochow  in  1H47  by  Messrs.  Collins 
and  White.  Aided  by  the  American  Piblo  So- 
ciety, tho  mission  esta(>lished  in  18(11  a  printing- 
press  which  has  done  noble  work,  sending  out 
each  year  1,0()(),00()  pages  of  Scriptures.  The 
field  is  divided  into  six  districts— Foochow, 
Hokchiang,  Hingliwa,  Ingchung,  Kuolieng,  and 
Teng  Ping.  The  members  and  probationers 
number  D.'ifU. 

Centrdl  t'liina. — Mission  commenced  in  18(!8 
comprises  the  stations  of  Kiukiang  (St.  I'aul 
and  Henkai\  Nanking,  Wuhu,  Taipiiig-fu, 
Chinkiang,  and  thi^  circuits  o~.  Shuieban^  and 
Nanchang.     Total  nundier  of  members,  (ioi). 

Xorth  Cliiwi  -l/i.s.s-i'uH,  — The  North  Chinr,  Mis- 
sion was  begun  in  l.SCi'.l  at  Peking,  where  there 
are  now  two  stations  ;  the  medical  work  lias  de- 
velo|)ed  within  recent  years,  and  the  education, 
al  department  has  been  centralized  in  the  I'eking 
University.  There  are  in  this  .station  4  districts, 
with  272  communicants, 

Tiinl.iin  was  occupied  as  a  station  in  1872,  and 
in  ls7i)  a  remarkable  medical  work  under  tho 
j)atronnge  of  Lady  Li,  wife  of  tlio  Viceroy  ot 
Chihli,   was  commenced.     Tho  Isaliella  Fisher 


Hospital,  OHtablished  in  1881,  has  been  very 
siiecesslul  under  the  management  of  lady  ]>hy- 
sieiaiis.  Stations  have  been  o[)ened  in  connec- 
tion with  Tientsin  at  Tsan^  Chow  ami  Nanku 
in  Chihli,  and  On  Chia,  in  Shantung.  Tho 
third  station  ot  tho  Noith  China  MisNum  is  at 
Tsun  Ilua.  (!(l  miles  east  of  Peking,  on  thu  great 
roail  to  .Manchuria.  Jledical  work  is  carried 
on  by  tho  society  and  by  the  W.  F.  M.  S.,  w  Inch 
has  w(uk  in  other  depattiuents  well  started. 
Extensive  evaiigi  lisli(^  work  is  a  feature  of  tho 
mission,  which  has  at  present  7  missiouarim 
nnil  M  membershi[i  in  l!  districts  ut  217. 

Skvknth  i)AV  liATTisT  Mission.-  This  mission 
was  begun  at  Shanghai  in  1817  by  Itevs.  Solo- 
mon Carpenter  and  Nathan  AVardiur  and  their 
wives.  .\lr.  Wardner  returned  to  the  I'liited 
States  in  1h."i7.  There  are  at  iirisent2  mission- 
aries and  their  wives,  1  medical  missionary, 
Miss  E.  F.  Swinne.vaiid  Miss  liohtwick.  Thero 
are  2  unordained  native  preachers,  Jdcommuni- 
cants,  and  a  boarding  school  for  both  girls  ond 
boys  w  itii  :l:l  ]iupils. 

SoITllF.UN     liAPTIST    CONVENTION,     U.     S.     A. — 

When  the  A.  1!.  JI.  V.  commenced  work  at 
Ilong  Kong  in  1812  Itev.  J,  L.  Shuck  repre- 
sented tho  churches  of  tho  Southern  States,  and 
when  they  organized  ft  separate  work  in  1845 
Mr.  Shuck  established  a  mission  station  at 
Canton,  being  joined  by  Rev.  Mr.  Roberts.  It 
was  at  this  time  that  Hung  Siu  Chucn,  after, 
ward  tho  famous  leader  of  the  long-haired  rebels, 
heard  of  Christianity  through  Mr.  Roberts,  and 
remained  with  bim  two  months  for  instruction. 
Shanghai  was  occupied  in  1848,  Tung  Chow  in 
18(;i,  and  Chinkiang  in  1883  ;  780  church-mem- 
bers. 

pASLE  Missionary  Society. — The  mission  to 
China  was  established  in  1840  among  tho  Hak- 
kas  of  the  province  of  Canton.  The  Revs.  1{. 
Lochler  and  Thomas  Hamberg  arrived  at  Hong 
Kong  in  1847,  and  proceeded  at  once  to  tho  main- 
land.  A  mission  station  was  formed  at  tho  native 
town  of  Li  Long  in  18ri2.  A  second  station  was 
organized  in  Hong  Kong  in  1807.  Other  inte- 
rior stations  have  liecn  formed  in  1802  and  1805 
at  Chang  Tsun,  and  Nyeu  Hang  I-i.  Mr.  I,ech- 
ler,  alter  more  than  forty  years  of  service,  has 
again  been  able  to  return  to  his  old  field  of 
labor.  Tho  methods  of  work  call  for  attention. 
Itinerating  has  been  the  chief  source  of  evan- 
gelization. X  system  of  schools,  graded  after 
the  careful  (terman  method,  has  shown  tho 
methods  to  be  very  successful.  Few  nussions 
or  methods  have  had  a  larger  return  in  tho 
amount  of  good  results  ;  1,881  church-mem- 
bers. 

PiiEsBYTERiAN  Chvrch  OF  Enoland. — This  so- 
ciety commenced  work  in  China  in  1847,  when 
Rev.  William  C.  Burns  commenced  work  in 
Hong  Kong,  Canton,  and  tho  neighborhood. 
In  18.")1,  however,  ho  removed  to  .\moy.  which 
then  became  the  centre  ot  that  mission's  efforts. 
Swatow  har.  since  been  occupied,  and  there  aro 
stations  at  Ngkangphu,  in  tho  Hakka  country, 
at  Singapore,  and  Formosa.  Tho  work  in  For- 
mosa was  commenced  in  1H05  and  has  been  of 
great  interest  :  3,572  communicants. 

Rhenish  Missioxjwjy  Society.  — tViJifoii.  Tho 
mission  c.t  this  society  to  China  was  sent  out 
in  1S40.  It  established  itself  at  first  at  Canton, 
and  was  originally  among  the  general  pojiula- 
tion  of  the  Canton  province  known  as  Punti,  in 
distinction  from  the  Hakkas,  among  whom  tho 
Berlin  Missionary  Society  had  its  work.     Tho 


:;: 


II 


CHINA 


270 


OHINA 


1 

( 

If     :l 


Hcrliii  Socfcty  roiiscd  to  work,  i\ni\  llicir  mis- 
tiiiiiiiiriLS  Joined  Ihr  Kliciiisli  Soclcly.  Ciiiiloii 
WHS  occupU'il  in  IHIT.  Indcf  llu;  Impulse  of 
tlie  enllnisiiisin  ol'  (iiil/liiir  llie  ISoeiely  hoiiI  out 
two  men,  (Jentilir  and  Kostei',  wlio  liiiided  in 
lloMi;  Konjf,  Miircli  IDili,  1H17.  Kosier  soon 
<lie>l.  (Senidir  nioveil  to  ilie  nitdnliind  iind  lie 
L'lm  woik  iinionj;  llie  villii^'es  on  Ihe.Hlioie,  inidv. 
iiii;  llie  viliiii;e  of  Tiii  I'inj,'  llie  eenire  of  Ids 
worlv.  Ueniilir  giillii'red  ii  scliool  nliuut  him 
nnd  woi'lied  on  till  IHllt.  lie  left  lieliiiid  liin\ 
III  his  (lentil  two  viiliiulile  works  in  Chinese, 
which  hiive  lieeii  very  widely  iisefni.  'I"he  nds- 
hion  was  joined  after  the  death  of  (!<'nahr  l>y 
Uev.  K.  I'aher.  The  station  of  Fa  .Men  waslie- 
>Iiin  in  ISdI.  .Mr.  I'aher  after  many  years  of 
Nerviee  has  removed  to  Slmn^rhiii  to  enter  upon 
literary  Work.  The  mission  u.lopted  from  tliu 
llrst  tht!  native  dress,  and  its  work  Ims  been  cou- 
tinuoiisly  in  the  native  villii,i;es. 

AIicriioDisr  Ki'iscoi'Ai,  ("iinicit  (South), 
U.  S.  A.— This  Society  oeeui)ied  Shaiijihai  hi 
1H4S,  which  IS  still  its  principal  station,  thoujih 
Important  work  Is  lieinir  done  at  Sucliow  anil 
Niuit/.ianj,'.  The  mission  was  orirani/ed  into  ii 
t'onferenco  In  1860.  Memhers  and  inolnilion- 
crs,  :i7i». 

liKKi.iN  FoiiN'DMNC)  IIosi'iT.vT,,  established 
lit  I'anton  In  1850  by  a  hulk's'  society  iu  Ber- 
lin. 

\Vi;si,EY.vN  ;Mi:tii()I)ist  ^Iission.miy  Soctf.ty 
(KiiKh'iid). —This  Society  coinmenced  Its  opera- 
tions at  (Canton  in  IH.VJ,  when  It  took  up  thi" 
work  that  Kev.  (!eo.  I'iercy  had  carried  on  for 
two  years.  In  the  Canton  district  imiiortant 
stations  arc  Fatshaii,  where  there  is  a  dispcu- 
sarv  and  hospilul,  San  I'i,  and  lloiig  Kong. 

W'ork  in  \Vii  Chani;  was  begun  in  1801,  and 
Includes  Hankow,  with  an  important  medical 
ilepartment,  llan  Yang.  Teh  Nguii,  and  Kwaiig 
Chi.  There  is  a  total  of  over  1,000  eouimun- 
ieiints. 

7'/ie  Centnil  Chiiid  Wedeynn  Lay  Mimon,  \n 
eoniu'ction  with  tlieabovt!  Society,  ciunmenccd 
its  work  in  18S."),  and  makes  n  special  ell'ort  to 
reach  scctluiis  where  there  is  no  regidarpreach- 
iug. 

j\[ktiii)uist  New  Connkxion  (Engliuid). — 
Tientsin  was  occupied  by  this  Society  in  1800, 
inid  Lao  Ling  in  the  Shantung  Province  iu 
1800;  Chu  Chiti  Tsai  in  1807,  ami  Kai  Ping  iu 
1884.     1,400  communicants. 

Unitkd  PnKsnvri;ni.\N  Ciintcir  of  Scot- 
I,.\ND. — The  work  of  this  Society,  which  was 
begun  by  medical  work  at  >Jingpo  (1805),  was 
afterward  concentrated  at  Checfoo,  and  in  1871$ 
transferred  to  ^lanchuria. — Moiildcn.  The 
central  station  of  the  mi.ssion  is  now  at  !Monk- 
deti,  the  capital  of  the  Province  of  ^Manchuria. 
Population,  ('hinese  iind  Mancliu,  ItOO.OOO. 
Hospital  and  ilisi)ensary  work  are  carried  on 
with  large  success.  A  station  has  been  opeiu-d 
at  Ilai  Clieng,  80  miles  south  of  Moukden,  and 
there  are  4  out-stations.  The  membership  of 
the  three  organized  churches  is  500,  with  57 
pu|)ils  in  the  schools. 

China  Inland  JMission.— For  the  first  ten 
years  after  the  formation  of  the  China  Iidand 
Jlission  at  Ningpo  iu  1800,  all  its  stations  were  in 
the  four  provinces  of  (Jhiliklang,  Kiangsu, 
Ngiuihwui,  and  Kiiuigsi.  AVith  a  view  to 
gaining  access  from  the  west,  a  station  was 
opened  at  lihamo,  in  I'pper  ISurma.  Ten  years 
later  seven  ailditional  ])rovinces  had  been  imi- 
tcred,  and  now  only  one  of  the  18  into  which 


China  is  divided  Is  iitiorriipleil  by  some  so- 
ciety.  The  number  of  inisHlouaries  of  China 
Inland  JMission  In  February,  181M),  wiis  over 
•t>40,  the  number  of  stations  and  (uitslations 
alioiil  150,  and  of  organi/.eil  churches  iipwurds 
of  .so.     See  China  inland  .Mission. 

I'mtku  iMi;riii(i)isr  i'''iti;i';  Ciiuiicilios  (Eng- 
liind).  — 'I'his  Society  occupied  the  cityof  Ising. 
|)o  in  1808,  and  has  increased  its  work  lo  Wen- 
chow.  In  ii  chiu'ches  It  has  508  coiiunuui- 
cauls. 

l'iii:siivTKiiiAN  Ciiitini  (South),  U.  S.  A., 
occupied  llangcliow  In  IsiiH,  und  hasevtendeil 
its  wot  k  to  Soochow.  Chinkiaug,  and  'I'sing- 
kiiing-pu.  Along  the  (Jraiid  Canal  it  is  carry, 
iiigon  the  worl;  coinmenced  by  the  Fnglisli 
Maptists,  but  dropped  by  them  on  account  of 
Its  distances  and  the  pressure  In  other  pliicos; 
\i'i  cnmmnidcaiits. 

I'iii;HnvTi;niAN  Ciifucir  op  Iukf.and. — Tho 
Work  commenced  In  1807  at  Yingtse,  on  tho 
I.i.io  Hiver,  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Chihll, 
by  theKuglisli  Presbyterian  Church,  was,  upon 
the  di-ath  of  the  missionary  iu  charge  In  1809, 
assigned  lo  the  Irish  I'resbyterian  Church. 
Yingtse,  known  aliroad  as  Newchuang,  Is 
the  port  of  Moukden.  Medical  work  in  tho 
hospital  and  dispensary  has  been  ellective.  A 
girls'  school  In  charge  of  a  lady  is  an  liniiot- 
tant  part  of  the  work  carried  on.  The  mission, 
uries  have  done  a  great  deal  of  touring,  and 
have  established  a  station  at  l\i  Hill,  the  ca])i- 
tal  of  the  province  of  that  uaine.  There  aro 
four  out-stiilioiis. 

PnnsiivriiiiiAN  Cm'noit  in  Canada. — Tho 
Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada  having  a  sue. 
cessful  nnssioii  iu  Formosa,  planned  an  enlarge- 
ment iu  iSorth  China,  which  the  voluiiieer 
movement  among  the  graduates  of  Iviio.v  Col- 
lege and  Queen's  University  enabled  them  to 
carry  out.  'i"he  Ilev.  .).  (ioi'orth,  the  lirst  mis- 
sionary for  the  new  work,  arrived  in  Checfoo 
in  the  si)ring  of  1888,  and  In  the  autumn  of 
that  year,  having  adopted  Northern  Iloiian  as 
the  Held,  removed  to  Pang  Chuaug.  In  Western 
Shantung,  as  a  iioint  of  deiiarture,  nnd  was 
there  joined  by  I)r.  iMc(,'lure  and  Jlr.  McGll- 
vary  in  1880.  'I'lie  i)oints  chosen  for  future 
work  are  "Wcihui-fu,  Cliangte-fu,  and  lliiai- 
ching. 

SoClKTY  ?'()ll  THE  PuoPAflATION  OF  TIIK  GoS- 

I'Kt,, — This  Society  having  received  acontribu. 
tion  of  ,i'50O  for  a  mission  in  China,  selected 
North  China  as  its  field  luid  Checfoo  as  the  (irst 
station.  The  work  has  slowly  developed.  A 
training-school  for  young  men  and  a  school 
for  boys  have  been  established,  and  churcli 
buildimrs  erected. 

7V//;i/;.— The  work  of  the  C.  51.  S.  In  Pe. 
king  was  transferred  Iu  1881  to  the  S.  P.  Q. 
A  training-school  for  nnssionary  worker!?., 
boys'  school,  work  for  women,  etc.,  are  carried 
on.  Talshan-fu  was  opened  as  a  station  ia 
1870. 

EsT.\ni,isnED  CnuRcn  of  Scotland  has  one 
sttition,  Ichang,  commenced  in  1878. 

I?t:iii.iN  MissioNAKV  Society  commenced 
work  at  Canton  in  1882,  nnd  has  since  occn- 
pied  eight  other  cities.  Among  them  are  Pat- 
lak-pu,  Nani-hyung,  ^rahen,  etc. 

Biiii,E  CiinisTiAN  FottEioN  JIiss.oNAnv  So- 
ciety (P^ngland).  —  This  Society  occupied 
Y'unnan-fu  in  1885,  and  Chaotung-fn  later.  It 
has  carried  on  Its  work  largely  in  couuectioQ 
with  the  China  Inland  j\Iissiuu. 


CHINA 


271 


CHINA  INLAND  MISSION 


1'(>iii:t<i\  ririiioTrAN  MtssioNAiiv  Sikikty 
(DUcililcNiif  Clirwi,  I'.  S.  A.).  iii(ii|iit(l  ihecily 
of  NiinUiii),'  ill  lHH(i,  wluTu  llicy  hiivu  u  sulcchs- 
I'll!  iiii'dinil  NMirk. 

l''llll.M)s'Fi)|(i;|iiN  MiSHIoNAIlY  SoCIKTY  llllVO 
iiIm>  cniiiiiiriit'i'il  It  work  itl  ^<llllklll^^ 

UiiiMi  W'lHiK  IN  C.'iiiNA  is  ciinii'ii  on  l)y 
llir  llrili>li  uii.l  ^■l>^■i^'ll  IJihlc  .Society  UH tit), 
lirii(l>|iiai'li'rsai  Sliuii;^'liiii,  'rit'iilNiii,  mihK 'iihloii ; 
lilf  Niilioiml  l!il>lc  Society  of  Scotliuid  l  IHOM), 
iiLreiK  ies  lit  (liiiii^kiii^r,  llaii^'kow,  Mild  IV'kiii^s 
llic  Aiiieiicmi  Uililf  Society  (1875),  liciidciimilcrs 
at  SImiiKliiii. 

Tlic  IJook  1111(1  Tnict  Society  of  Chiiiii  (18Hfl) 
LiiM  also  done  viilimlilc  work,  operiitiii;r  cliiclly 
tiirou;;li  11  iocal  iii'i;aiii/.iitioti  in  Siiiiii^rjiai  for 
thu  dilTiision  of  CliriHtiiin  Litciatiiic  in  Cliiiia. 

CoMrAIlATIVi:  StMMAIlY  iiK    MISSION  WoilK  IN 

1877  AND  18U(». 

iHrr.  iHiK). 

Niimlier  of  iiiissioiiai'ieH. ..        47!i  1,'.'1>5 

Onlaiiied  imlives 73  'Mi 

Uiiordiiini'd  natives 000  l.'-iOO 

llospilals 18  (II 

DiHpensiirit's 34  4;j 

Patients 135,381  348,439 

Oitraiii/.ed  cliiircJK's 318  530 

Wiioily  seirsiipporting....           18  1(4 

t'oinin'imicaiiis 13,515  37,~87 

C'oiilriliMtioiis  by  imtivc'sfor 

18Tti  and  188U ^9,571  |30,884.54 

lIlM)IIA\n:S      TO      MlSSIuNAIlY      WoIlK. — 1. 

Didikv  (if  Fort'if/iierM.  'I'lic  fecliiijj;  is  tjeiicriil 
tliat  w  iiatc'ver  is  sIraiiL'c  iiini  dill'i  rent  from  tlio 
native  is  iineaiiii}'.  For  this  reason  llic  most 
common  iianie  for  llie  foreii;ner  is  fun  kirfi, 
wliicli  is  nsiially  rendered  "  I'oiviirn  d<'vil,"  Imt 
it  docs  not  mean  devil  so  iniieli  as  it  does  soine- 
lliinj;  tliat  is  weird,  straiiire,  uncanny,  and  tlierc- 
forc  to  lie  feaii'd.  Tlie  missionary  is  an  ol)ject 
of  suspicion  on  account  of  liis  appearance,  ids 
actions,  and  Ids  speecli.  II  lie  wanders  alolii? 
tliu  liillsides  for  recreation,  lie  is  supposed  to  he 
Bean  liiiii;  into  tlie  mineral  wealth  of  the  hills 
with  eyes  that  can  see  throiiifh  the  rocks.  If 
lie  picks  a  llower,  it  is  to  he  used  for  medicine 
or  as  a  charm.  Evcrythiiif;  that  he  docs  is  sus- 
ceptible of  some  wrong  iiilerpretatioii. — 2.  Tin; 
Omceit  <f  llif  l.iti'niti.  It  is  a  signiticiiiit  fact 
that  at  the  ulinost  but  three  or  four  nin-lnai 
(15. A.)  and  but  one  or  two  kn-Jin  (M.A.)  Iiave 
been  known  to  jirofi'ss  Christianity.  'I'lie  lit- 
erati form  the  most  dilllcult  class  to  reach,  and 
are  the  most  bitter  opponents  of  Christianity; 
for  thej'are  .so  pulled  up  with  their  knowledge, 
ttiid  so  lirmly  I'onvinced  that  whatever  is  Con- 
fucian and  according  to  tradition  is  right,  that 
they  will  not  listen  to  or  heed  tlie  religious 
teachings  of  the  foreigner.  The  Mohamme- 
diiiis  are  also  hard  to  reach. — 3.  Tin'  Siipi'mli'- 
tiiiiin  of  the  i'l'iijdf.  When  cveiy  little  event  of 
life  is  bound  up  in  some  way  or  other  with 
their  multiple  superstitions,  the  teachings  of 
the  gospel  are  choked  by  these  thorns  of  error. 
— I.  A  I)  rial  nil  Worslii)).  Hy  opposing  the  wor- 
ship of  parents.  Christians  are  regarded  as  iin- 
lilial,  and  the  doctrine  which  refuses  the  riles 
of  worship  to  father  and  mother  is  viewed  with 
dislike  and  scorn. — 5.  The  Opium  Ilahit.  The 
increase  of  this  li.abit  is  regarded  as  one  gri'at 
obstacle  ill  the  way  of  the  (Jospel,  for  the  mind 
of  tlie  opium-smoker  is  dulled,  his  moral  nature 
is  warped  and  utterly  destroyed  at  length,  and 
nothing  can  be  done  to  lead  him  to  higiier  aims 


than  the  gratillcation  of  the  appetite  which  iiu 
has  cneoiiragi'd  till  he  is  its  slave  in  iniiid  and 
liody,  ,  ,  In  addition  to  these  idistiK  Ies  arising 
from  the  character  of  the  people,  there  aru 
physical  hindniiiees,  siuli  as  the  hardiiesM  of 
the  language,  the  dllllciilly  and  delay  of  travel, 
iiiid  in  .sf)nie  places  the  trying  iia.urc  (d'  the  cli- 
mate. 'I'he  favorable  side  of  the  subject  Is 
seen  when  we  coiisiiler  that  China  is  practically 
open  to  foreign  travel;  the  laiigiiiige  when 
mastered  opens  up  a  mediiini  of  communiciition 
to  millions;  the  |ieople  are  of  a  high  order  of 
intelligence;  the  climate,  when  pre<'autioiis  aru 
taken,  is  generally  salubrious;  w  holesome  food 
and  comfortable  clothes  can  be  procured  with 
case;  iind  the  coninion  peoiilu  ui'c  UBUally  glad 
to  bear  of  a  religion  of  love. 

<iiiiiii  IiiIiiihI  ITIiMMioii.*  IIeadi|uarl(!r.s, 
'J  i'yiland  Uoad.  .Mildinay,  London,  N,,  Kng- 
land.  —  I  have  been  a^kcd  to  give  an  aciouiit  of 
th(^  circiinistances  which  led  to  the  inception 
of  the  China  Ini,.\ni)  Mission,  of  its  develop- 
ment, and  of  some  of  the  special  ideiiH  and 
nielliods  which  are  at  the  basis  of  the  work, 

The  work  of  Uod  is  so  truly  one, — "One  sow- 
ctb  and  another  reapelh," — and  so  many  iiillii- 
eiii'cs  combine  in  causing  a  given  departure, 
that  it  is  dilllcult  to  know  where  to  coinmence. 
The  work  of  Dr.  Oiit/laU'  in  China  interested 
many  Christian  people  in  Kurope  in  the  needa 
of  inland  Chiiiii.  Ills  visit  to  Kiigland  led  to 
the  foiniation,  in  1851),  of  a  Society  intended  to 
"  further  the  iiromiilgation  of  the  (iospel  hi 
China  liy  ineaiis  of  native  evangelists."  The 
failure  of  some  of  Dr.  Uul/latl's  plans  led  ton 
modilicalionof  the  original  aims  of  thisScaiety, 
Changing  its  title  to  that  (d'  the  "Chinese 
Kvangeli/ation  Society,'"  it  determined  to  send 
out  Kuropean  nii.-.>ioiiaries,  to  work  if  possible 
inland,  availing  theinselves  of  the  help  of  na- 
tive agents  as  far  as  should  be  practicable.  I 
.sailed  for  China  as  its  tirst  Knglisb  agent  on 
September  lUih,  18.")3,  and  worked  for  several 
years  under  its  auspices.  Conscientious  dilll- 
ciilties  afterwards  led  to  a  friendly  separation 
—  so  thoroughly  friendly,  that  the  Society  con- 
tinued to  publish  my  journals  as  they  had  done 
before.  Those  years  of  independent  work  ill 
(  liiua  only  contirmed  the  conviction — gathered 
from  (Jod's  Word,  and  fostered  by  providential 
circumstances,  b:;foi<'  my  sailing  lor  China — 
that  it  was  safe  to  trust  in  the  promises  of  God 
for  the  supply  in  answer  to  prayer  of  all  the 
needs,  pecuniary  anil  otlierwi.se,  of  the  work  to 
which  lie  calls  Ills  servants.  Illustrations  of 
(iod's  goodness  in  answer  to  prayer  have  been 
imblisiied  by  me  in  "  Chiiias  Millions"  from 
time  to  time,  and  specially  in  the  series  of 
i)apers  entitled  '  A  Kelrospect,'  and  contained 
111  the  volumes  for  188(5,  1887,  and  1888.  The 
limits  of  .space  prevent  fiirtlier  lefereuce  to 
them  here. 

During  these  years  of  labor  in  China  I  was 
lU'ivileged  to  come  in  contact  ami  to  latior  in 
very  close  fellowship  with  the  Hev.  W.  C.  Hums 
in  the  years  1H.")5  and  1850.  We  travelled  and 
lived  together,  working  princiiially  in  the  in- 
land districts  of  the  provinces  Kiang-su,  Cheh- 
kiang.  and  Kwang-tung;  in  the  latter  prov- 
ince working  in  bwatow  and  its  neighborhood. 


•  Tlic  Clilna  Tnlnnd  Mission  is  so  closelv  identl- 
lleii  Willi  .Mr.  Taylor's  own  life,  tliat  w«  liavc  llMniK'tit 
liest  to  waive  tlie  usual  form  and  leave  this  artiele  just 
as  it  was  received  from  i>lr.  Taylor.— Editor. 


,  .w 


;, 


1    % 


lii-J 

m 


It 


fl! 


if 


CHINA  INLAND   MISSION  i 

Tlu!  strons;  script\iri>l  views  of  this  holy  miui  on 
the  siil)ji'ct  of  oviiii,<reli/.!ition.  siiul  tlio  lunl  of 
!i  special  Older  of  eviiiiirelists,  took  irreal  hold 
on  me;  tuul  the  ho|)eleS'<iiess  of  ever  overtakiiifr 
the  then  livitiu:  millions  of  China  t'xcept  hy  tlie 
hirge  use  of  evaujielisls.  deeply  impressed  my 
soul.  Tlioui;li  an  oidained  I'resliyleriaii  min- 
ister, Mr.  iturus  ever  refused  to  perform  any 
jinstoral  fuiielioii.  llaviiitr  heen  larirely  used 
in  Scotland.  Hiiirland,  ami  Canada  liefore  ho 
went  t<i  China,  lu'  lived  and  died  there  as  an 
evauirelist,  irladly  doini;  pioneerinsr  work,  and 
commencinir  operations.  i)ul  leavimx  to  others 
the  pastoral  work  which  appropriately  fol- 
lowed. 

Failiiiir  health  led  to  my  return  to  Enirland 
in  the  end  (d'  the  year  IStiO,  and  my  tirst  ihou>rht 
was  for  the  work  which  I  had  left  liehind  iti 
the  iiroviiu'e  of  Cheh-kianir.  ami  for  the  other 
unevaiiixeli/.ed  parts  of  that  province.  Indeed, 
in  till'  .lanuiiry  of  th.at  year,  when  I  leul  no 
thouirhl  of  relurniiiir  myself,  1  had  written  to 
a  friend  in  Eni;laiid; 

"  Do  villi  know  of  iiiiv  oiirnest,  devoii-il  yoniii:  mfii 
ili'sinuis  of  sei'viiiir  (ioi)  in  C'liina.  who,  not  whinny  for 
nioivtlum  Ilii'ir  oxpensi's.  woulil  iKMvitlin;;  l<»eoineoiit 
an  I  labor  licit' r  Oli.  for  four  or  livo  siioli  helpers ; 
tlioy  wonlii  iirohiilily  iiri'aeli  hi  I'liini'so  hi  six  months. 
In  answi'i  to  prayor  tlu-  ineiiiis  will  tjf  foiiml."" 

Durinir  the  voyase  home  it  was  my  earnest 
prayer  that  live  such  workers  miirht  he  found 
aiuf  sent  out  to  Cliiii;i.  This  prayer  wa.s 
answered:  in  180'J,  >Ir.  Meadows,  now  the 
senior  missionary  of  the  China  Inland  Mission, 
went  out  with  ins  yoimg  wife,  followed  in  18t>r> 
hy  four  others. 

In  the  meantime  constant  thousiht  and  prayer, 
and  everdeepeiiiiiLr  distress  from  the  contem- 
plation of  tlieawful  fact  that  a  million  a  month 
ill  China  were  dyinir  without  God,  hrouirht 
home  the  conviction  that  soiuethinc  must  he 
done,  and  done  without  delay,  in  obedience  to 
our  Lord's  command,  to  reach  the  residents  of 
iidand  (/'hiiia.  None  of  the  e.vistinjj  missionary 
societies  were  prepared  to  definitely  attempt 
the  evangel i/jit  ion  of  the  interior,"  and  the 
nrjreiit  necessily  for  a  special  effort  was  thus 
forced  upon  me. 

Great  love  for  the  nohle  societies  that  were 
workini;  in  China  and  elsewhere  led  to  much 
an.xious  Ihoiiirht  and  prayer  for  methods  of 
workinir  which  would  not  interfere  witli  the 
supidiesof  men  and  money  likely  to  reach  them. 
To  divert  supiilies  from  one  channel  to  another 
would  have  added  nothinir  to  the  missionary 
strenirth  of  the  churches.  The  new  work  mnsi. 
if  possihle.  aid  all  and  injure  none.  It  was 
therefore  determined  to  make  no  celle<Mioiis,  to 
use  no  personal  solieilation,  hut  to  trust  in  God 
to  send  in  answer  to  iirayer  s|H)ntaneous  dona- 
tions for  the  supply  of  the  need  of  the  work. 

It  was  also  foreseen  that  to  meet  the  vast  needs 
of  inl.ind  China  all  the  volunteers  ohtainahle 
from  every  liranch  of  the  Christian  Church 
would  lie  leiiiiired,  and  would  prove  all  too  few; 
nor  was  I  here  fell  lo  he  any  iiisuperahledilliculty 
in  workiiiir  in  the  mis-ijon  field  with  memhei-s 
of  various  CUrislian  denominations.  The  new 
work  was  therefore  made  interdenominational. 

The  needs  of  China  were  made  known  hy 
the  pulilication  in  WG't  of  a  little  iiook  called 
"China's  Spiritual   Need   and    Claims."*  in 


*  This  book  is  still  to  lu"  obtiiiiu'il:  piiblisluvl  liy  tin- 
Willanl  Triiot  Depository,  Toronto,  Uiit.,  and  Messrs. 
Morgan  &  Scott,  London. 


;■>  CHINA  INLAND  MISSION 

which  it  was  shown  that  there  were  iit  that 
time  only  !t7  Protestant  missioiiarii's  actually 
in  the  lield;  that  these  were  all  located  in  10 
or  11  ports,  situated  in  7  of  the  l!s  provinces 
of  China,  and  all,  wilh  the  exception  of 
lltin-kow  i^a  port  over  (101)  miles  up  the  river 
Yansr-ts/.)  oil  the  sea  border  of  China.  'I'licre 
were  coiiseipienlly  11  iiroviiices  without  any 
missionary,  while  the  i;realer  part  of  llie 
other  7  i>roviiiees  haviiiij  only  missionaries  in 
their  free  ports,  was  equally  out  of  reach 
of  the  Gospel.  I5y  jmhlic  nieetimrs  also  the 
.same  needs  were  made  known,  and  volun- 
teers were  invited  to  go  out  to  China,  without 
any  guarantees  beyond  lliose  com  lined  in  the 
Scriptures,  to  carry  the  Gosi>el  to  these  needy 
ones.  'I'he  China  Inland  Mission  wa.s  now 
detiiiitely  formed,  and  Mr.  Meadows  and  the 
other  workers  above  referred  lo  were  incorpo- 
rated in  it.  On  the  -Jtitli  of  May,  Is^lit!,  I  saileil 
for  China  in  the  "  Lammermuir,  "  '\  ilh  the  first 
large  party  of  volunteers,  and  the  work  has 
suhseipienily  been  continued  on  the  same 
lines. 

From  this  jioiiit  in  our  history  it  is  desirable 
to  trace  separately  the  progress  of  the  home 
depiirtnieut  and  of  the  work  in  the  mi.ssiou 
field. 

I.  The  Home  Ticpattmvut.—lx  was  not 
practicable  to  remit  small  sums  of  money  to 
China:  a  chtumel  of  commuiiicatiini  for  otir 
donors  was  therefiu'e  essential.  Further,  being 
in  China  myself  with  the  volunteers,  1  could  iu> 
longer  select  from  those  who  wished  to  join  our 
work  suitable  (andidates,  so  means  for  select  iiig 
further  workers  were  most  desirable.  Again, 
we  \vished  to  inform  the  kind  donors  from  time 
to  time  of  our  joys  and  .sorrows,  and  to  have 
the-  help  of  their  inayers  in  our  dilliculties. 
This  required  a  friend  at  home  to  print  and  cir- 
culate an  oceasiimal  pajier.  These  needs  were 
all  met  bv  the  kind  oiler  of  a  Christian  mer- 
chant, W.'P.  Herger,  Vm\.,  to  receive  fonts  funds 
sent  through  the  (tost,  to  remit  them  to  China, 
and  to  take  charge,  generally  speaking,  of  the 
liome  work  of  the  mission.  lU  became  there- 
fore the  first  Honorary  Home  I)ireclor  of  the 
mission,  and  acted  as  such  for  about  si.\  years. 
When  no  longer  able,  from  failure  of  health, 
,Jo  carry  on  the  home  work,  a  small  Council 
was  formed  in  London,  and  two  of  itsmember.s 
acted  as  the  honorary  secrelaries of  the  mission, 
and  carried  on  its  work  for  two  or  three  years. 
As  the  mission  iiu'icised.  it  bei'ame  necessarv 
to  have  a  resident  secretary,  and  .Mr.  Hroomhall 
came  to  our  help;  and  further  addilions  to  the 
stall  have  been  made  as  circunistanei's  have 
rii|uired.  One  of  the  tirsi  members  of  the 
Council.  Mr.  Theodore  Howard,  has  forseveral 
years  been  Honorary  Home  l)irecIor;  and  he 
and  the  Council  meet  weekly  for  the  delermi- 
nalioii  of  .'ill  in.'itleis  connecled  with  the  home 
work  of  l!ie  mission. 

Uecently  an  auxiliary  of  the  Council  has 
been  formed  in  Gl;i.sgow,  of  which  William 
Oatls.  Ks<|..  is  the  Honorary  Secrelary,  toassist 
in  the  sehelioii  of  candidates  from  Scotland; 
iind  .'in  auxiliary  Council  of  ladies  has  been 
formed  in  London,  of  which  Miss  Soltaii  is  the 
Honorary  Secretary,  to  assist  in  the  seleclion 
and  traiiiingof  lady  candidales.  ■  A  Council  for 
North  America  has  also  been  formed,  sinnc 
members  residing  in  the  I  idled  St  ales  ami  others 
in  Cansul.'i.  The  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Mr. 
H.  W.  Frost,  formerly  of  Atticii,  N.  Y.,  Ltis 


CHINA  INLAND   MISSION 


27a 


CHINA  INLAND   MISSION 


rciuovi'il  to  'roioiitu,  Out.,  mill  Ilic  oilier  o( 
till'  luission  is  in  iIkiI  city,  mI  14  IticlinKuuI 
iStrct't  West.  Aimiiitiii  (•uiilrihiilioiw  mic  rc- 
Cfivcd  liy  Mr.  Frosi,  and  AiiU'iiciiii  iiiiuliiliilcs 
iipiily  Id  liiiii,  .'iiiil  wliiM  iiccipU'il  liy  tlic  C'lUiiuil 
art'  sfiil  mil  lo  Cliiiiii. 

II.  T/ir  China  Ih'inirtineiit. — NVlifii 
the  ban  1 1  of  nli^^ional■il■s  nuMil  ioned  aliuvc  as  siiil- 
inj;  in  llic  "  I.aninitrnuiii"  anivcd  in  China  in 
thcaulnniM  nl  isiili,  ihcy  had  iinnicdialc cxiicri- 
I'nce  (d'  the  dillicully  of  scenting  n'sidenee  in- 
Iniui;  il  was  only  alleiinany  iiielleelual  allenipls 
thai  >uilahl(' |iii'ndses  were  al  lasl  (ihlained  in 
the  eily  of  llangchan.  'I'he  lirelhren  who  iiad 
preeeded  Iheni  had  opened  Iwo  oilier  inland 
stations,  udving  ns  as  ihe  year  closed,  inclnding 
Ninjr-po,  where  Ihe  woik  lirsl  originated,  foiii' 
.stations  with  lesidenl  niis>ionaries.  In  Ihe  fol- 
lowing year  four  other  iidand  stations  were 
opened,  hnl  not  wilhonl  riols  in  three  of  them. 
In  IS(iW  two  new  slalions  and  an  oulslation 
wi'ie  peaeealily  occupied.  Another  city.  Yang- 
ehan,  was  also  peaeealily  occupied  for  some 
inonllis;  lull  a  dislnrliaiiee  originating  at  Ihe 
Homan  Calholic  Fiiiindliiig  llospil.-il  caused  ns 
to  he  driven  away,  lo  rcliirn  hy  invitation  after 
two  or  three  months'  aliselice.  The  frei|uencv 
■with  which  rioting  oeciiri-cd  on  our  settling  in 
a  I'ity  led  to  the  iioliey  of  freipiently  visiting 
a  jilaee  in  which  wc  wished  to  settle,  so  as  lo 
lieconie  well  known  and  make  .some  friends, 
ere  atlemptiiig  lo  rent  houses.  ]?y  adoiiting 
this  i>lan  riols  became  sis  infre(|uent  astiiey  had 
]ireviuusly  been  common. 

For  the  tirst  ten  years  the  stations  ojiencd 
were  all  in  four  provinces,  Clieh-kiiing,  Iviai^- 


su,  Oiin  hwny,  and  Kiang  si.  The  income  for 
these  years  aveiaged  about  f'J.-i.lMMI.  Tliu 
nuinlier  of  missionaiies,  including  their  wives, 
had  reaeheil  4-4,  anil  they  were  assisted  liy  70 
native  helpers  and  0  liilile-wonien.  '{'here  were 
still  nine  provinces  in  which  we  desired  lo  be- 
gin work,  and  a  station  was  opened  in  Kbamo, 
in  Ippcr  I'.nrniMli,  with  a  view  to  entering 
China  if  possible  from  the  west. 

Ten  yi'ars  later,  in  issri,  we  had  stations  ai\il 
resident  inissioimries  in  seven  of  tlnse  nino 
]ir(ivinces  ;  and  in  llnd  one  year  40  new  mis- 
sionaries went  out,  while  the  income  for  the 
year  was  over  ;j:ii)0,(IOO.  The  following  ex- 
tract, taken  from  the  iirefaee  to  the  annual  vol- 
ume of  ■'  China's  .Millions"  for  I  lie  year  IM^O,  has 
isutlicient  inleresl  lo  bu  reproduced  : 

"The  slniy  nf  twenty  yenrs  enmiot  lie  nlol.l  in  a 
]>n'fiiri>,  lull  a  few  liiivs  may  trive  I'licis  KiiHieieiit  ta 
show  thai  the  liihiirs  nl'  these  years  iiiivi'  licit  lieeii  in 
vain  ill  thel-iiTil.  To  Ilis^jouU  hand  niiisl  he  aseriheil 
the  siiei'i'ss.  'Ihe  work  has  lieen  His.  aiul  all  the  praise 
must  lie  (liven  lo  llini. 

"Ill  ISIi.'i  there  were  lint  i)7  Protestant  iiii^^sioiiiiries 
ill  Cliiiiii.  In  issi'i.  in  eoiHieetioii  with  Ihe  Cliina  Inland 
^lission  alone,  then'  are  l.'i'J  missionaries  i.not  ineliiitiii^ 
«ivesi. 

"The  fiilloninj:  talite  deserves earefiil  sliidv.  It  only 
refers  to  those  i>roviiiees  in  China  in-oner  whieli  in 
ISI'ili  had  no  ridteslant  nii>sioiiiiiy.  If  liie  history  of 
nlis^iona^y  elTort  in  C'liina  nii  to  the  present  time  were 
written,  it  wonld  have  no  eliiipter  of  deeper  interpxt 
tliMii  thai  whieli  told  of  Ihe  pioneer  work  of  the  C'liina 
Iiilaml  ;\Iission  in  those  eleven  provinces. 

"The  iiiiieratioii  of  those  provinces  liv  menihers  of 
the  mission,  the  openiiijr  of  mission  slalions  in  all  hut 
one  itliontxh  in  two,  IIo  nan  and  Ilii-nan.  they  have  had 
to  he  relinipiished  a^ain  and  a;raiiO,  the  pea'eet'iil  resi- 
dence in  so  nniiiy  ot'  them,  would,  if  not  a  siii;:le  con- 
vert had  been  Kiiiaeil,  be  cause  enough  lor  deep  tliuiiks- 
giviiiK. 


t 

aries 

i{ 

rrcvlnce. 

Population. 

Area. 

x'7  * 

1  /.  " 

si-' 

Si 

cS.5 
K 

13 
5 

*    !)  niillious 
l.-i 

t-(H.1til  sii.nils. 
T'-MVli      •• 

None 
None 

ISCiH 
ISCil 

ismi 
is7:i 

KlANOSI    

Ho-NAS 

1.". 

(r..HV|      •• 

None 

isr.'! 

1S70 

ji 

Ilr-SAS 

If) 

T:).:t-,M     '• 

Noll' 

is;.', 

•1 

Ka.n-sch 

.-) 

8(!,I10S       " 

None 

IHTIi 

1878 

13 

SllKNSI    

7         " 

(iT.llX)      '• 

None 

turn 

187it 

Vi 

Shaxsi   

!»          " 

IMi.-.IW      " 

None 

i«;« 

1877 

23 

KWKI  CHAC 

4 

64..Vit       " 

None 

1877 

1877 

II 

SZ  CIl'lES 

•.'il 

Kifi.SiKI      " 

None 

1H77 

1877 

lii 

Vl'N-NAN 

T)           " 

lOr.lHlil       " 

None 

1H77 

1881 

S 

KWANO-SI 

,') 

::,8:.6    " 

None 

1H77 

None 

None 

♦  Tlie  pstlnmte  of  popnlnljon  is  tlmt  Rlveii  In  "  Cliiua'8  Spiritual  Need  and  Clnims." 
+  Area  of  ICiiKland  ."iO.S-j:!  si|iinrc  miles. 


"  A  irlanee  at  the  other  seven  provini'es  will  not  lie 
without  inleresl,  Here  ajrain  the  progress  niiide  calls 
for  (tratefiil  acknowledKiiieiit. 


rrovince. 


I'oinila- 
lion. 


Ai-ea. 


Total     I 
iiiimlier 
of  Mis- 
sionaries 
in  tSiB. 


f  I   M. 

IMisston- 
aiies  in 

1S8I1. 


inillionK 

8(1.  miles 

KWANO  Trxo. . 

17.1 

>.io,a:io 

1 

Kni-KIKX .. 

10 

4.-.,7.->:! 

1 

(HKll-KIANd     . 

la 

311.150 

1 

KiAN(i-se 

•Ji) 

JL-'iOO 

s   or 

50 

riiiAN-Trsfi.,.. 

1.1 

lift.  101 

1 

ClIlH-I.I 

•.Il 

87,-.'7i; 

1 

Hr-i'EH 

■Jtll 

70,4.-iO 

1 

"  For  statistics  of  native  lielpers  and  cliiircli  nn>m- 
lieis,  etc.,  we  must  iefer  to  the  report  ni^cn  in  this 
volinne. 

"  When.  Iiinvever,  tlie  work  of  the  Cliiiia  Inland  Mis- 
sion, and  of  all  the  mi>sions.  is  looked  at  in  relalio.i  lo 
the  vast  and  i)veiHheliiiin>r  need,  il  is  soon  seen  how 
utterly  inadeipiale  it  is.  The  table  on  the  following 
patre  amply  shows  this. 

Since  the  above  extract  was  written  the  work 
has  eoniititied  to  grow_ji]j.il  develop,  and  the 
internal  organi/alion  lias  of  course  needed  lo 
devi'^p  Willi  il.  AVithoul  allemplitig  to  fol- 
low il  from  stage  to  stage,  wc  pniy  mention 
our  present  arrangeinenls.  Xew  workers,  on 
arrival  in  the  Meld  us  probnlioners,  proceed  usu- 
ally lo  one  of  the  training'  homes  eslnblished  by 
the  mission.     There  for  tiboutsix  months  they 


'■"'"■••H-"1llll«»»HHf"ll"l','  I'l^ii* 


CHINA   INLAND   MISSION 


CHINA  INLAND   MISSION 


PROPOKTION  OK  MISSIONARIES  TO  TIIF,  POPfLATION  IN  THE  EIOHTEEN  PKOVINCES  OF 

CHINA   PKOl'KU. 


Province. 


ni 


Pnt.i.lnUnn      No- "f  Mis-       Propoitlon  to 
1  oiMilatlon.     sioimrles.*    I      Popiiliitioii. 


KWANOTINO 

FlH-KIKS 

t'llKIIKIAXIl. 
KlAXdSl'     .  .. 

Shan  Tixo.. 

ClllHl-I 

HU-PKH    ...    . 
KlANQ-SI 

(Janhwcy... 
Shaxhi  ..     , 

Shknri 

Kan-sih   

SZCUCKN    ... 
Yl'N-NAN 

KwEiriiAi' 

Kwang-si 

Hr-NAS  

HO-NAN   


IT  iiiiilioiis 

W 

1  lo 

170.000 

10 

tiO 

I  to 

lUr.lKKI 

y,            .. 

48 

Ito 

i'.-iO.iKK) 

•JO        " 

9'J 

1  to 

•JlT,ii(K) 

Ifl 

l>4 

Ito 

8.VJ.(H)0 

•JO        •' 

"1 

1  to 

.SiKLtHK) 

•jot     " 

;w 

Ito 

UOO.lMIl) 

I.") 

4 

Ito 

3.T.')0.IKI0 

!)        •• 

15 

1  to 

(JCKI.UHI 

n      •• 

25 

1  to 

HIW.UHI 

T        '* 

9 

1  to 

«(HI.000 

8 

3 

1  to 

].0(K',(I00 

^>0 

14 

1  to 

l.tOO.lKW 

5 

6 

1  to 

HOO.(KH) 

4 

U 

1  to 

?{IO.(»IO 

5        " 

0 

Oto 

.i.otxi.ooo 

16        " 

3  itinerating 

0  to  lli.OcO.rtK) 

15        " 

3 

Ito 

5,000,IHX) 

Or  one  Missinnnry  to  a  Populntiou 
exceeding  tliat  of— 


Hull  I  liW.:!-.'.-.i. 

NfHcasile  iU."i.S.V,li.  oi-  Duinlee  (140,'J39). 

Kiliiil)iii(.'li  rJ^J^.:i.')Ti. 

Bi'lfast  rjor.oni.  or  Hristol  (300,(iT4). 

Maii.lii'sUM-(.!11.414). 

Slifrtielil  rJS4,.-,0«). 

Liverpool  i."rrJ,.')OH). 

Seoilauil  (3..'iOO.O0O). 

(iliisp)\v(,-)Il,4t.''>). 

Manchester  CM  ,114). 

UlasKOW  and  Sieffli  l(i  (TO.I.O^JSl 

Liverjiool  and  iiirniin^liain  i'.i.'>3,'I8'J). 

tila.s^'ow.  Liverpool,  and  Dublin  tl, 330,987). 

(ilas);ow  and  S  letHeld  (rilS.ittS). 

Miiiielicster  and  Leeils  (Ii49,533). 

Ireland  (no  niis-iiunaryj. 

I'Onr  times  Sco  land. 

London, 


*  The  number  of  missionaries  is  according  to  an  account  corrected  to  I'eceniber,  1884. 


receive  from  European  and  native  teachers 
careful  iiistnictioii  iu  the  language,  and  ate 
taught  besides  much  that  will  be  helpful  to 
them  as  to  tiie  geogra|)liy,  government,  and 
etiiiuetteof  the  country,  the  jdiases  of  religious 
lliouglit,  aiui  the  best  metliod  of  eonimuiucat- 
iiig  the  gospel  to  the  people.  They  then  coin- 
inoidy  iMoceed  to  some  of  the  inlanii  stations 
of  the  mission,  and  coulinue  their  studies,  as- 
sisting as  able  in  the  work,  under  the  siii>crvi- 
sion  of  senior  iiiissiona.ies.     A  detinite  course 

,of  study  is  pursued,  divided  into  .si.\  sections; 
and  juniodical  cxaminalions  from  time  lo  lime 
test  tlie  progress  of  the  student.  If  his  prog- 
ress has  been  satisfac'ory,  and  there  is  promise 
of  permanent  and  useful  work,  the  iiiobationer 
is  accepted  sis  a  junior  missionary  at  tlie  end  of 
two  years,  and  a.ssisis  one  of  the  senior  mis- 
sionaries in    his   district.      If  at   the    end  of 

.  live  years  he  has  done  well,  and  has  passed  all 
his  ]>res(ribed  exaininalions,  he  becomes  one 
of  the  senior  missionaries,  taking  full  responsi- 
bility for  the  work  of  a  station,  the  district  sur- 
rounding it,  and  such  of  the  younger  workers 
as  are  placed  under  his  supervision.  Over  a 
number  of  these  districts  a  superintendent  is 
appointed;  he  has  i)rob!ibly  been  in  the  country 
for  from  10  to  ','8  years.  'I'lie  senior  mission- 
aries can  be  calle<l  together  when  necessary  to 
act  as  a  council  and  confer  with  the  su|ieriii- 
teniletit  about  the  whole  woik  of  his  provincial 
district.  All  the  superinlendciils  are  members 
of  the  general  council  of  the  mission  in  China. 
From  the  exteni  of  |Il<'  country  it  is  not  possi- 
ble for  the  whole  number  to  meet  together  fre- 
«pienlly,  but  a  sullicieni  number  of  them  are 
able  to  attend  the  quarterly  lueeling  of  the 
council  to  confer  with  the  direclor  and  deputy 
director  coiu'erning  matters  that  all'ect  the 
whole  work  of  the  mission  in  China. 

All  the  missionaries  connected  with  the 
C  I.  yi.  go  out  without  guaranteed  salary. 
Between  tiO  and  TOof  them  are  either  jiossessed 
of  private  means  or  iue  supported  by  special 
friends  who  are  interested  in  them,  and  there- 
lore  neeil  no  s>i|iplies  from  tlie  general  funds 
of  the  mission.  The  funds  are  reniitled  from 
time  to  lime  from  London  and  Toronto  to  the 
treasurer  in  China,  and  he  supplies  the  needs 
of  all  tho.«e  not  otlierwise  sup|)orled  by  remit- 
tances, which  vary  somewhat  from  lime  to  lime, 
according  to  the  monthly  iucoine  of  the  mis- 


sion, 'he  funds  being  distributed  pro  rata.  The 
history  of  tiie  mission  affords  numerous  exam- 
ples of  God's  failhfuln?ss  in  hearing  and  an- 
swering prayer.  Sometimes  the  funds  received 
from  home  have  beet,  wholly  ina(le(piate ; 
prayer  has  gone  up  to  God,  and  tmexpecteil 
donations  have  been  received  from  per.-;ons  resi- 
dent in  China.  Remiltaices  to  distant  i^arts 
of  the  country  have  failctl  to  reach  their  desti- 
nation when  due,  perhaps  lowing  to  the  wreck 
of  a  mail-boat  in  the  rapils,  and  though  the 
money  has  been  ultimately  recoveretl,  consid- 
erable delay  has  ensued.  In  some  way  or  other 
the  Lord  has  always  provided  for  the  need  of 
His  trusting  servants.  On  one  occasion  a  mis- 
sion stalion  was  wrecked  bj-riiters,  every  room 
was  entered  with  one  exception,  and  whatever 
the  people  thought  worlh  lui'ing  was  carried 
oil'  or  destroye<l.  There  were  four  bed-rooms 
on  one  corridor:  the  tirsi,  second,  and  fourth 
were  looted;  the  third  had  the  ('oor  ajar  all  the 
time,  and  lying  on  a  bed  were  l.ie  money  sup-, 
plies  and  the  books  of  the  siati(  ii,  the  money 
having  arrived  just  as  the  riot  \\  as  commenc- 
ing; providentially  that  room  was  never  en- 
tered, atid  when  the  riot  was  ([uellcd,  the  money 
and  the  books  were  found  unto  iched.  JJut 
space  would  fail  us  wcie  we  lo  attempt  to  tell 
even  a  few  of  the  evidences  of  God's  providen- 
tial care  and  deliverance 

/  The  work  of  the  mission  being  inlerdenomi- 
iialional,  it  is  found  helpful  to  cluster  logcllier 
workers  whose  views  of  church  goverinnent 
sulliciently  correspond  to  enable  them  to  work 
I'appily  together.  When  a  number  of  natives 
have  been  converted,  and  the  time  comes  to 
organize  a  church,  the  senior  nnssionary  who 
is  responsible  for  the  conduct  of  the  work  is 
perfectly  free  and  unfettered,  and  will  f)rgan- 
i/.e  the  eliur<h  according  to  his  own  conscien- 
tious conviclions.  When  a  church  has  once 
t)een  formed  on  any  delinile  lines,  those  who 
sticceed  in  stijierintending  the  work  do  so  on 
the  condi'ion  of  carrying  it  on  as  it  was  eotn- 
mcnced.  Though  the  mission  embrai'es  Epis- 
copalians. Presbyterians,  Congregalionalists, 
Ha]>lists,  Methodists,  and  a  few  indc^peiulent 
workers,  all  recogni/.e  each  other  as  fellow  - 
servants  of  the  same  INIaster,  happily  meet 
when  occasion  recpiires  at  Ihe  tid>le  of  the 
Lord,  and  recognize  each  otliers'  converts,  how- 
ever or  by  whomsoever  ndinitled  to  llie  privi- 


CHINA  INLAND   MISSION 


S75 


CHINESE   BUND 


lege  of  clnircli  fellowsliip,  i^rovidcd  thcj-  nre 
■walking  consistently  hcfoic  (Joil  anil  Ilicir  fel- 
low coiintiynicn.  A  liappy  family  tViling  ]icr- 
vadi'.s  the  whole  mission  to  an  extent  sehloni 
to  be  found  among  so  large  a  body  of  workers, 
especially  when  many  diller  so  largely  from 
one  aiiotlier  as  do  the  members  of  the  t'.  I.  31. 

The  observant  reader  will  prol)ably  Lave  no- 
ticed that  the  jirlncipid  distinctive  features  of 
the  C.  1.  M.  are: 

First.  Its  interdenoininaiional  character. 

Second.  That  the  workers  have  no  guaran- 
teed .salary,  but  trust  in  the  God  whom  the}' 
servo  to  suiijily  their  needs,  and  are  not  dis- 
appointed in  their  trust. 

Third.  That  the  direction  of  the  work  in  the 
field  is  carried  on,  not  by  home  committees, 
but  by  senior  ami  experienced  missionaries, 
who  lielp  and  guide  as  they  are  able,  those  who 
have  less  experience  iu  the  Lord's  work  in 
C'liina. 

Fourth.  That  no  personal  .solicitation  or  col- 
lection of  funds  is  made,  voluntary  contribu- 
tions alone  being  received;  to  which  we  ma\' 
add,  that  the  names  of  donors  are  never  pub- 
lished, but  each  one  receives  a  dated  and  num- 
bered receipt,  by  which  he  can  trace  his  own 
contribution  into  the  list  of  donations,  and 
thence  into  the  annuall}'  published  accounts  of 
the  mi.ssion. 

The  number  of  missionaries  in  February, 
1800,  was  over  ;j80,  the  stations  and  out-stations 
of  the  nnssion  about  1")(),  and  the  number  of 
organized  churches  upwards  of  80.  There  has 
not  yet  been  lime  to  receive  statistics  from  our 
<listant  stations  up  to  the  end  of  the  year  I8f0. 
but  the  aihlilions  to  the  church  by  baptism  ■,,(- 
read}'  reported  for  that  jear  are  about  oOO. 

liii-iiaii-ni,  a  city  of  northeast  China,  'i, 
centreof  West  Shantung,  SOOniilcs  south  of  Pe- 
king and  370  miles  west  of  Cliefoo.  Temperiite. 
healthy.  Population.  150,000.  ^[ongolian  C'hi- 
nese  cidetly.  L;uiguage  exclusively  >hindariu 
Chinese,  iteligions;  Confucianism,  Ihiddh^^m, 
Taouism,  and  Islamism.  Peoi>le  well-to-do, 
peaceable,  aiul  industrious.  Mission  :>tatt.t ; 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  Xovlh  (l*^?')),  (j  mvs- 
sioiiaries  and  wives,  4  native  hi  liiers.  1  churcii, 
125  members,  3  schools,  18  .students.  8.  P.  G., 
1  ndssionary,  an  Anglican  church  in  the  for- 
eign settlement,  a  school  for  boys,  and  a  train- 
ing-school for  young  men. 

<'liiiiOKit'  llliiul.  Mission  to  the.  Sec- 
retary, William  .1.  Slowau.  !i'lA  West  George 
direct,  Glasgow,  Sdttland.  -This  work  for  tlie 
blind  of  China  began  when  William  Murray,  a 
<olporteur  of  the  National  Biblo  Society  of  Scot- 
land, siu'ceeded  in  perfecting  a  method  where- 
by the  blind  begL'-ar  ,  whoare  sosa<ily  nuMu  ous 
in  Chiiiii,  nay  ii  I  ;)nly  be  taught  to  •  ;<•(  ard 
write,  )  u,  hi.ii  (  V(  I  become  active  n  ,  '  ina<y 
agents,;,^  '(  ri|>ture -"adersand  singersiv  ■  led 
songs.  Wil'iiiini  !\Iur,:iy  \'ii  born  in  Port  inin- 
das,  Glasgow.  WIkmi  jiHout  nine  yearsof  age  he 
lost  his  left  arm  bile  too  fearlessly  examin- 
ing the  machinery  in  a  sjiw-mill.  But  for  this 
accident  he  would  probably  liave  become  a 
saw-nnller;  as  it  was,  as  sooil  as  he  was  aide  to 
work  for  a  living,  he  obtaiiu'd  employment  as 
a  ruiid  letter-carrier  in  the  neighborhooti  of 
Glasgow.  His  own  wish  wns  to  be  employed 
in  some  sort  of  mission  work,  and  he  applied 
again  and  again  to  the  National  Uible  Society. 
But   though   greatly  attracted  by  the  lad,  the 


Secretary  feared  that  one  so  simple  and  unas- 
suming would  'prove  an  unsuccessful  colpor- 
teur; but  as  the  same  Secretary  now  says, 
"  What  could  he  do  against  a  man  who  was 
l>raying  himself  into  the  service  of  the  Bible 
Society?" — for  the  young  postman  conlided  to 
him  afterward  that  he  had  divided  his  lone 
daily  walk  into  three  parts,  and  as  he  tramped 
along  the  monotonous  road,  he  beguiled  one 
third  of  the  distance  by  the  study  of  the  Scrip- 
tures in  Hebrew,  one  third  was  devoted  to  the 
Greek  Testament,  ami  the  last  section  was  for 
daily  prayer  that  he  might  be  employed  in  di- 
rect missionaiy  work  in  a  heathen  land.  In  1864 
he  renewed  his  application  to  the  Bible  Society, 
his  services  were  accepted  and  he  commenced 
work  among  the  ships  congregated  on  the 
Clyde.  Very  soon  the  Society  discovered  that 
it  had  never  before  had  such  a  colporteur. 
His  facility  in  ac(|uiring  foreign  languages 
made  him  very  sticcissf"!  in  bis  work  among 
the  sailors  from  many  countries.  During  the 
summer  months  he  was  sent  to  pu.sh  his  Bible- 
cart  over  the  moorlands  in  the  wild  districts  of 
the  Scotch  Highlands.  Before  long  nis  re- 
markable ai>titude  for  languages  attracted  the 
notice  of  the  Directors  of  the  Bible  Society, 
and  a  friend  promising  to  help  jiay  the  fees,  he 
was  pcrmilled  to  attend  classes  at  the  old  Col- 
lege in  the  High  Street,  Glasgow,  provided  his 
studies  did  not  interfere  with  his  regular  work. 
All  day  long,  therefore,  through  the  gloomy 
Glasgow  winters,  he  stood  in  tlie  streets  beside 
his  Bible-cart,  hurrying  biick  to  his  lodgings 
for  a  hasty  sujiper,  sttulyin,'  till  nine  o'clock 
and  rising  daily  at  3  a.m.  in  order  to  prepare 
for  bis  cias.ses  at  college,  from  8  to  10  .\.M.,  at 
which  time  he  began  a  new  day's  work  of 
street-selling. 

After  .seven  j'cars  of  apprenticeship  he  ob- 
tained his  heart's  desire,  and  sailed  for  China  in 
1871.  In  four  months  he  had  accitiired  about 
'J. 00(1  of  the  4,000  intricate  characters  by  which 
the  Chinese  language  i  reiirescnted,  and  started 
on  his]iioneer  journey  in  the  I'rovince  of  Shan- 
tung. For  1(5  years  he  has  labored  incessantly  as 
a  colporteur,  in  various  jtrovincesof  China,  and 
also  in  Mimchuria  and  Mongolia.  During  this 
time  100.000  copies  and  portionsof  the  Bible  in 
the  Chinese  and  Tartar  languages  have  been 
sold.  Many  of  them  were  ]>urcliased  at  great 
fairs  by  merchants  and  intluenlial  men  fromre- 
motf  districts,  and  .some  copies  penetrated  to 
ll'.r  Imperial  I'alace.  But  we  pass  on  to  Mr. 
Murniy's  peculiar  irift — that  of  eidighteuing  the 
physically  a-^  well  as  morally  blind.  From 
the  timeo.''  his  arrival  in  China  he  had  been 
deeply  imitressed  with  the  extraordinary  num- 
ber of  bliiul  men  who  mingle  in  every  crowd — 
sometimes  alone,  sometimes  in  gangs  of  eight  or 
ten,  each  guided  by  the  man  in  front  of  him,  the 
leader  feeling  bis  way  with  a  long  stick. 

This  large  proportion  of  blindness  is  due  to 
leprosy,  small-pox.  neglected  ophthalmia, 
smoky  houses,  and  general  dirt.  The  number 
of  the  blind  in  China  is  supjxised  to  be  500,000, 
btit  this  estimate  is  probably  far  below  the  ac- 
tual number.  As  Mr.  JIurray  in  his  daily 
tasks  mingled  with  the  cver-chauging  crowds, 
the  thought  of  brightening  these  dreary  lives 
was  never  absent  from  his  ndnd.  He  aiii)ealed 
to  other  missionaries,  but  they,  already  heavily 
burdened,  could  do  nothing.  During  his  resi- 
dence in  Glasgow  he  had  mastered  Aloon's  sys. 
tern  of  embossed  alphabetic  symbols  and  Brail- 


V' 


I 


I: 


^11 

1 


i  J 


CHINESE]   BLIND 


970 


CHINESE:  VERSION 


l(.''s  system  f)f  embossed  dots  Now  lie  cease- 
lessly revolved  in  his  mind  wjietlier  it  mijrht 
be  possible  to  udiipt  eillu'iof  them  to  the  bewii- 
deiinir  iiitiieaeies  of  the  Chinese  liui^uiiye,  with 
nil  its  per|>le.\inir  "tones,"  whieli  by  an  al- 
most inappreciable  dillVienee  of  pronunciation 
ea\ise  one  word  to  convey  a  do/en  dill'erent 
meanings.  Mr.  Murray  wrestled  with  Ihispcr- 
ple.xinjf  problem  for  a  loni;  lime,  apparently 
without  result,  until  one  day,  wearied  with  a 
lonir  monunji's  work,  he  had  lain  down  to  rest 
diirinir  the  noondaj'  lieat  ;  siKhU'uly  he  Siiw,  as 
clearly  as  he  now  sees  one  of  his  stereotyped 
Ixioks.  outspread  before  him  the  whole  system, 
which  he  patiently  and  laboriously  winked  out 
durinjr  time  stolen  from  sleep  (for  the  whole 
day  was  devoted,  as  before,  to  the  service  of  the 
IJihle  iSociely).  At  last.afti'r  eiu'lit  years,  the 
system  was  completed,  and  daily  experience 
liroves  it  be  so  e.xtraorilinarily  simple  to  the 
Chinese  intellijrence,  that  any  blind  man  or  lad 
of  averaffe  mental  jiowers  can  thoroni;hly  ai'- 
(piire  thearlsof  reatiiniiand  writ  inu:  within  two 
months,  and  a  sharp  lad  can  do  this  in  six 
weeks.  The  little  scliool  at  IVkini.'"  has  been 
carried  on  for  eight  years,  and  possesses  live 
books  of  the  Bible  in  slereotyjie,  some  sni.ill 
books  on  sacred  subjects,  and  a  considerable 
numlter  of  mnsie  books,  also  many  manuscripts 
which  will  soon  be  stereotyped;  for  Mr.  Murray's 
pupils  are  taught  todoeverythinir  needed  in  tiio 
preparation  of  their  books.  This  ailaptatiou  of 
Braille's  system  also  enables  the  students  to 
write  out  musical  scores  with  great  rapidity  and 
accuracy;  and  English  times  being  easily  ac- 
quired and  accurately  lemembered,  many  of  the 
jnipilshave  become  organists  and  gospel  singers 
in  the  service  of  various  Christian  missions, 
3Iany  are  Bible-readers, 

In  188(5  Mr.  Murraj'  went  to  Scotland,  and 
after  pursuing  speciid  studies  in  theology,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew,  received  ordination  from  the 
United  Presbyterian  Church  as  a  missionary  in 
Chimi  in  connection  with  the  National  Bible 
Society  of  Scotland  ;  his  marriage  took  place 
about  this  time,  and  he  returned  with  Mrs. 
Murray  to  China  in  October,  188T.  He  hopes 
now,  with  the  help  of  his  wife,  to  be  able  to  do 
niueli  for  the  blind  women  of  China.  It  is 
hoped  that  a  separate  school  may  soon  be 
opened  for  them. 

One  blind  man  is  now  itinerating  among  the 
mountain  hamlets  of  his  own  district  in  Man- 
churia, that  vast,  remote  province,  where  even 
thelulanil  Mission  has  as  yet  no  representative, 
and  the  only  b'.'ginning  of  Christian  work  is 
that  of  the  Irish  anil  United  Presbyterian 
churches.  The  widely-scattered  stiulents  keep 
np  a  correspondence  with  their  friend-in  Pe- 
king. To  prevent  the  crushing  of  the  embossed 
characters,  their  letters  are  mailed  in  tiii  tubes 
just  large  enough  to  contain  them.  New  liymns 
ami  tunes  and  any  matters  of  interest  are  thus 
interchanged. 

Until  1880  !Mr.  Murray  defrayed  all  expenses 
of  his  work,  inchnliiig  the  board,  lodging,  and 
clothing  of  the  st\idents.  In  1887  the  •' Mis- 
sion to  the  Chinese  Blind  "  was  formed  in  Scot- 
land, ami  its   receipts  for  1888  amouuted  to 

CliiiiONC  Version.— A  few  portions  of  the 

Scriptures  ajipear  to  have  been  translated 
at  various  times  by  Uoman  Catholic  nus- 
giouaries  in  China,   but  no  successful  efforts 


were  made  by  them  towards  the  production  of 
an  entire  version.  All  versions  now  existing 
belong  to  this  century;  and  at  present  there  are 
in  China  i)roper  with  its  38(t,t)00,000  souls,  n'/'o' 
Icdding  reiwioitx  in  (Jliinexe,  i.e.,  in  the  literary, 
classical,  or  ixjok  language  (weu-li)  as  distin- 
guished from  the  so-called  collocpiial  versions, 
wiiich  niiiy  be  found  imder  their  proiier  alpha- 
})elical  heading.     Tiie  classical  versions  are  as 

follows; 

1.  hr.  Mitrxhiiiiiii's  version,  commenced  in 
18()»).  and  published  at  Serampore  in  182'v  by  the 
Baptist  Mission. 

2.  .WiirriKiDi  mill  Milne's  version,  commenced 
in  18()r.  and  imblished  in  1S:);J  at  Malacca. 

;i.  Mtd/nirnt'fi  or  T/ie  Di'lc;/iitfs'  (V/'.v/o». — 
At  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Medhnrst,  who  had 
translated  the  New  Testament  into  Chinese 
(published  at  Batavia  in  18;i7)  for  an  improveil 
transl.alion  of  the  Bible,  a  convention  of  a  com- 
mittee of  delegates  from  the  several  stations 
in  China  met  at  Shanghai,  and  the  result  of 
their  labors,  or  ratlierof  those  of  l)rs.  Medhurst, 
Stronach,  and  Milne  of  the  London  Missionary 
Society,  was  the  Delegates'  Version  of  the  New 
Testament,  lirst  published  at  Shanghai  in  185"2. 
In  ISoo  the  Old  Testament,  also  translated  bj' 
these  missionaries,  followed.  !Many  subseipient 
editions  are  spoken  of  under  the  name  of  T/io 
DelegiitcH'  Vvrnion.  An  edition  of  the  New- 
Testament  of  The  Delegates'  Version  with  mar- 
ginal references  was  published  in  1809.  For  ii 
considerable  time  there  has  been  a  growing  de- 
.sire  among  Chinese  missionaries  for  an  edition 
of  the  Chinese  Bible  in  a  less  classical  and  sim- 
pler stjde  than  the  Delegates'  Version  published 
by  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  As 
a  first  step  towards  this  en(i,  the  Rev.  G.  John 
of  the  London  Missionary  Society  translated 
ten  chapters  of  the  New  Testament,  which  were 
circulated  among  the  missionaries  with  a  view 
to  ascertain  their  oiiinion.  As  this  translation 
was  received  with  great  favor,  3Ir.  .John  con- 
tinued his  work,  and  his  New  Testament  in 
LoworEasj'Wen-li  was  published  at  Hiuikowby 
the  Natiomil  Bible  Society  of  Scotland  in  1885. 
On  the  other  band.  Dr.  IJIodget  of  Pckin,  imd 
Bishop  Bunion,  of  the  committee  which  made 
the  Mandarin  version,  earnestly  advocated  the 
indilication  of  an  Easy  Wen-ii  version  made 
from  the  ^landarin  by  such  niodificiilions  as 
the  genius  of  the  language  reipiires.  To  com- 
ply with  their  reiiuesi  the  American  Bible  So- 
ciety authorized  the  prinring  tentatively  of  cer- 
tain portions  of  the  New  Testament,  and  in 
1880  the  Gospel  of  .Alatthew  luid  the  E|iistle  to 
the  Romans  were  |nd)lished  accordingly  at 
Pekin.  [And  in  1889  the  entire  New  Testament 
Wiis  printed  in  octavo  form  at  Foochow.] 

4.  dtilzlnff'ii  VtrKion. — A  translation  of  the 
Old  Testament  made  by  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Giitz- 
latr  was  imblished  about  the  yeai  1840,  and  a 
new  edition  in  18r),'5.  His  New  Testament,  ii 
moditiciition  of  that  i)ublished  by  W.  II. 
3Iedhurst  of  the  London  ]\Iissi(niary  Societj', 
was  often  reprinted  by  the  Chinese  Union,  a 
native  Christian  society. 

5.  Iiri(1;/mi(n  unil  Ciilhertson's  Vemion. — Soon 
after  the  completion  of  the  Delegates'  Version, 
the  Revs.  E.  C.  Bridgman  and  M.  S.  Culbert- 
son  of  the  American  Board  commenced  their 
version  of  the  Bible.  The  New  Testament  was 
published  in  18.")9;  the  entire  Bible  in  1803. 
DilTerent  editions  of  this  version  were  issued 
by  the  American  Bible  Society,  and  iu  1887  tv 


CHINESE  VERSION 


277 


OHOOTAW  VERSION 


pocket  edition  of  the  New  Testament  was  issued 
al  kjlmuirhiii,  besides  a  diglotl  edition  iu  Chinese 
and  English. 

These  are  at  present  the  live  leading  versions 
of  tlie  IJilile  in  tlie  W'enli  or  classical  Chinese. 
A  translation  of  the  New  Testament  made  by 
the  late  bisliop  of  the  Russian  church  at  Pel<in 
was  i>ulilislicd  in  18ti4;  and  anollier  by  llie  Uev. 
T.  II.  lliidsou  was  completed  about  the  year 
1807. 

Al  the  Missionary  Conference  held  in  Shang- 
hai, ^May,  1890,  tliree  commillees  were  ap- 
pointed to  Select  three  lorps  of  revisers  wlio 
shall  make  a  standard  version  for  China  iu  the 
three  forms:  the  Wcn-li,  liijiii  classical;  simple 
classical,  or  Easy  Wen-li;  and  the  Mandarin. 
This  version  is  to  lake  the  i)lace  of  all  the  dif- 
ferent existing  versions.  The  same  conference 
also  recouiniemli'd  the  use  of  the  colloquial  and 
tlie  llomaui/.ed  versions. 

(SpecinuiH  verne.    John  3 :  16.) 


Z^ 

m 

#  M 

;t 

m. 

f 

It. 

;t 

# 

^.^ 

■^ 

n 

m 

^ 

•ik 

® 

is 

* 

#  ;t 

7lC  ^ 

& 

ii 

riiiii-liiin  (sec  Kinhwa),  a  city  In  the  prov- 
ince of  Cliih-kiancr,  China,  a  station  of  the 
China  Inland  Mission;  founded  iu  1884;  63 
church-members. 

CIliiiK-Ciin-Fii  (Tsing-chu-f  u),  a  city  in  the 
province  of  Shantuns,  Northeast  Cliiiia,  236 
miles  from  Cliefoo.  The  central  station  of  the 
English  ISaptist  Missionary  Society.  A  medical 
department,  with  a  hos))i"tal,  lias  recently  been 
organized:  and  an  educational  department,  with 
a  high-school  and  theological  seminary,  is  being 
carried  on.  The  principle  of  the  mission  is 
Self-support,  and  the  work  of  each  year  hastens 
towards  this  end.  In  the  whole  field  of  which 
this  is  the  centre  there  are  13  missionaries,  4 
evangelists,  1,023  church-members. 

(liin-Klaiiff,  China,  is  on  the  Ynng-tsz- 
kiang,  157  miles  northwest  of  Shanghai.  Cli- 
mate is  damp,  subject  to  extremes,  temperature 
ranging  from  26"-100'  F.,  but  moderately 
healthy.  Population,  120,000.  Language,  ilaa- 


darin.  Religion,  Buddhism,  Taonisni,  Confu- 
cianism, worship  of  ancestors.  People  semi- 
civilized,  but  low  and  (h'graded. 

Mission  Station  Southtrn  Haptist  Conventiou 
(lyy'Ji;  3  missionaries  and  wives,  5  native  help- 
ers, 12  out-stalions,  1  church,  10  members,  1 
school,  20  scholars. 

Presl)yterittn  Church  (South),  U.  S.  A.,  2 
missionaries. 

Methodist  Episcoiial  Church  (North),  U.  S. 
A.;  2  missionaries  and  wives,  3  female  mission- 
aries. 27  church-members. 

Ciiipen  II)  ail  ViTnion.— The  Chiprwa, 
which  belongs  to  the  Athabascan  braii<h  of 
American  languages,  is  used  liy  the  Indians  from 
Churchhill  on  the  east  to  the  Great  Slave  Lake 
oil  the  west.  In  the  year  1877  the  Hritlsli  and 
Foreign  liible  Society  published  the  four  Gos- 
pels, in  the  syllabic  character  and  in  para- 
graph form,  at  London,  under  the  editorship  of 
the  Rev.  E.  A.  Watkins  of  the  Church  Mis.«ion- 
aiy  Society.  In  1880  an  edition  of  the  entire 
New  Testament,  consisting  of  1,000  copies,  was 
published  under  the  eilitorship  of  Archdeacoa 
Kirkbv  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society. 
Thus  far  1,506  portions  of  the  Scriptures  were 
disposed  of.  These  peojile  are  sometimes  con- 
founded with  the  Ojibwasof  the  United  States — 
adillerent  tribe. 

(Specimen  verse.    John  3 :  16.) 

Apeech  zbahwaiudung  sah  Keshamunedoo 
ewh  abkeli,  onge-oonje  niegewanun  enewh  atah' 
tatabenahwa  Kahoogwesejin,  wagwaiu  dusli  ka« 
tapwayainemabgwai  n  chebahnahdozosig,  cheah* 
yong  dush  goo  ewh  kabkenig  pemahtezewiu. 

Cliitln^onp,  a  town  of  Bengal,  East  India, 
212  miles  cast  of  C;ilcmta.  Climate  very  uu- 
Lealthy;  subject  to  all  kinds  of  diseases  arising 
from  impure  water  and  inijicifect  drainage  ; 
efforts  are  now  being  made  to  improve  this. 
Population,  20,069,  "^Moslems,  Hindus,  etc. 
Mission  station  Baptist  ^Missionary  Society;  1 
missionary,  7  native  helpers,  4  oul-statious, 
115  school  children,  25  church-members. 

Cliilnii;faii,  a  town  near  the  coast  of  East 
Central  Africa,  a  little  north  of  the  Rovuma 
Kiver  and  Cape  Delgado,  south  of  3Iasasi,  and 
northeast  of  .Mwala.  Mission  station  of  the 
Universities  Mission  to  Central  Africa. 

CliitPNi,  a  town  on  the  cast  shore  of  Lake 
Nyassa,  East  Central  Africa,  ojtijosite  Lakoma 
Island,  and  .southeast  of  Baiidawe,  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  lake.  Jlission  station  of  the 
Univei-sities  Mission  to  Central  Africa. 

C'iiitloor,  a  city  of  JIadras,  South  India, 
80  miles  west  of  ^ladras  City.  Population, 
5,809,  Hindus,  ^Moslems,  Christians.  Lan- 
guages, Tamil,  Teltigu,  Hindu.stani.  Jlissiou 
station  Reformed  Church  iu  America  tl854); 
2  missionaries  and  wives,  13  native  helpers,  10 
out-stations,  2  churches,  124  members,  11 
schools,  335  scholars. 

t'lioc'law  VerMloii.— The  Choctaw  be- 
longs to  the  Florida  or  Appalachian  branch  of 
American  languages,  and  is  used  l)y  the  Indians 
in  the  Southern  States  of  the  United  States. 
They  were  made  acquainted  with  the  Scrip- 
tures in  1831,  when  an  illustrated  Old  Testa- 
ment history  and  jiarts  of  Luke  and  .John,  also 
illustrated,  were  published  at  Utica,  N.  Y.    In 


,3 


OHOOTAW  VERSION 


878 


CHRISTIAN  VERN.    ED.    SOO. 


w 

HI 
i' 

it  Tl 


1830,  the  AiiKiicim  Hoiinl  iniUlisliiMl  llii'  Acts 
at  Hostiiii.  Ill  INll  ilic  Kpistlcs  of  .Icihii  np- 
liuiirfd  lit  I'lirU  Hill;  in  IS-l;!  the  KpUtli'  of 
JaiiU's.  Ill  l!S-)><  Ilic  New  'I'c.slMinuiil.  iircpiircd 
by  tliii  Ucv.  Aslicr  Wriv'lil  iind  liis  iissucialt's, 
WHS  issiud  liy  the  Aiiit  ricim  Hililf  yociely.  In 
lijiMO  llic  SMliii'  ^^()(•il'ly  luiblislu'd  tlii'  Psiiliiis, 
tiaii>liii(  il  l>y  till'  Ki'v,  .IdliM  Kilwiuils.  ii  I'ns- 
byii'iinii  niissioiiMi'v,  haviiiii'  iircviously  pub- 
lisUud  G(.'iif.-is  Id  Kinirs. 

(iSpeciiiuiii,  verse,    Johu  3 :  10.) 
Chihowa  yvt  yakni  a-i  IiuUo  fclma  kvt,  kuna 
liosh  yumraa  4  yimmilsinvt  ik  illo  liosli,  araba  ai 
okcLayut  bilia  yo  pisa  hi   o,  Ushi   achvfa  ilia 
holitopa  ya  auct  ima  -tok. 

Clioiiihaln  (Tsjoinbula  or  Tsi'liombulii),  a 
city  on  tlic  west  (■cia>t  of  Soiilli  llidi.a,  Cocliiii 
District,  south  of  Ciiliciii.  .Mission  station  of 
the  Basic  ;\Iissioiiary  Society;  "J  inissioiiaiics, 
1  female  niissionaiy,  'M  native  helpers,  17S 
church-iiieiiibcrs. 

Cill'i<>liailiiuaraill,  a  town  of  ^Madras, 
British  liidiii,  in  tlic  'raiiiil  Land,  on  the  coast, 
a  station  of  the  S.  1*.  G.,  wilh  '■J,(i4lj  UKinliers. 

CiiriMtiaiit'iihiii'tf,  a  town  of  East  >'atal, 
Soulli  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tujrela  liivcr, 
northwest  of  Durban.  .Mission  stalitui  of  the 
Uerliii  Evangelical  Ijiitheiaii  tSocieiy  (18.")4i;  1 
niissiiniary,  !(  nativi^  lieliiers,  2  out-stalions, 
with  1,3U6  members  and  an  active  temperance 
society.  A  Roman  Catholic  mission  (Tiai>pists) 
is  very  active  in  the  neighborhood. 

Ciii'iNliaiiKlxirs:,  a  town  on  the  Gold  Coast, 
West  Africa,  a  little  northeast  of  Jamestown. 
.Mission  station  of  the  JJasle  .Missionary  Society, 
with  11  missionaries,  7  missionaries'  wives,  17 
native  helpers,  (!14  chiirch-member.s,  a  boys' 
school,  and  a  high-school.  The  place  was  origi- 
nally a  Danish  colony,  but  as  the  climate  is  very 
trying  to  Europeans,  and  one  after  another  the 
Danish  missionaries  died,  the  wcnk  progressed 
very  slowly  until  in  1S43  a  Christian  negro 
colony  was  liansplantcd  thither  from  the  West 
Indies.  In  18.50  the  place  was  sold  to  the  Eng- 
lish, and  that  change  gave  occasion,  in  1853,  to 
some  unfortunate  disturbances.  Hut  the  jilaee 
has  now  (5,000  inhabitants,  is  the  scat  of  the 
government,  and  a  centre  of  tiallic  and  com- 
merce. 

CliriMlinii  Fallli  >*o<'lt'l}.— Secietary, 
Rev.  Henry  Bailey,  D.D.,  West  Tarring  Rec- 
tory, Worthing,  England. — The  founder  of  the 
Christian  Faith  So(Mety  was  the  Honorable 
Robert  Boyle,  a  man  distinguished  not  only 
for  his  extensive  learning,  and  as  being  one  of 
the  first  ])liilosophers  of  the  age  in  which  he 
lived,  but  also  remarkable  for  liis  zeal  and  ac- 
tivity in  promoting  the  cause  of  Christianity, 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  was  very  1111111- 
ential  in  |irocuring  lliecharterof  the  East  India 
Company,  and  being  for  many  years  one  of  its 
directors,  he  made  a  jn'oposal  that  some  attempt 
should  be  made  to  propagate  Christianity  in  the 
East,  and  himself  aided  in  the  commencement  of 
the  work  by  an  initiatory  contribution  of  .i'lOO, 
to  be  added  to  as  soon  as  the  work  should  be 
actually  begun.  For  tliirtj'  years  he  was  gov- 
ernor of  the  "Corporation  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel  in  New  England."  instituted  by 
the  ' '  Long  Parliament"  in  1649,  and  kept  up 
a  correspondence  with  John  Eliot  and  other 


missiouuries  sent  to  North  America  by  Crom- 
well. During  his  life  he  c(iiitribuled  .iliOO 
to  that  Sociely,  and  at  his  dcalli  left  for  it  a 
further  Sinn,  lie  expended  t'TOO  on  llie  edition 
of  the  Iri>h  Ijil.ilc,  which  by  his  order  was  dis- 
tribiUcil  in  Ireland;  and  contributed  largely  to 
the  printing  of  the  Welsh  liible,  and  designed 
also  to  defray  the  e.\pcnsc  of  publishing  the 
New  Teslanient  in  the  'i'uikish  language.  The 
Turkey  ('cmipaiiy,  however,  allowed  him  to  be 
a  conlrilnilor  only  to  that  undeilaking.  The 
four  (ios|iels  and  the  Actsof  the  A|)osties  were 
tran-l;il((l  into  the  .Malav  language  in  Ui7T  by 
the  learned  Dr.  ilyiU',  I'lofessor  of  Oriental 
Languages  at  O.xford,  and  printed  under  his 
supervision,  at  the  expense  of  .Mr.  IJoyli',  and 
sent  to  the  K:ist  to  be  dislribulcd.  .Mr.  Boyle 
also  bore  ihe  whole  cost  of  the  publication  of 
the  celeliralcd  work  of  Grolius.  Jh-  Wiitnte 
Vlirixdiiiui,  into  Arabic,  and  of  its  circulation 
in  coiinlries  where  that  language  was  spoken. 
His  life-work  was  crowned  by  the  formation, 
after  his  death,  according  to  direclions  in  his 
will,  dated  July  'J^itli,  HiJH,  of  the  ••Christian 
Failh  Society,"  as  it  is  now  known.  The  will 
directi'd  that  a  certain  part  of  .Mr.  ]?oyU''s  \ivv- 
soiial  estate  should  be  laid  out  by  his  cxecii- 
lors  in  eharilable  juiriioses,  at  their  discretion; 
but  they  were  advised  to  use  the  greater  jiart 
for  the  "advancement  of  the  Chrislian  religion 
amongst  intldels."  The  executors  accordingly 
imrchased  an  estate  in  Bratferton,  Yorkshire, 
the  income  of  which  slunihl  be  forever  apiilied 
to  the  extension  of  Christianity.  From  this 
lime  until  the  war  of  the  Aineriian  Revolution 
the  rents  of  the  estate  were  sent  to  William 
and  .Mary  College  in  Virginia,  to  be  applied  to 
the  instrnclion  of  Inilian  children.  At  the  con- 
clusion of  the  war  permission  was  obtained  by 
Dr.  Porleoiis,  Bishop  of  JiOndon,  from  the 
Court  of  Chancery  to  emitloy  the  funds  in  some 
part  of  the  British  dominions  approaching  as 
nearly  as  po.ssible  to  the  original  intention  of 
Robert  Boyle;  and  the  "  Society  for  the  Conver- 
sion and  Religious  Instruction  and  Education 
of  the  Negro  Slaves  in  the  British  West  India 
Islands"  was  accordingly  established  by  royal 
cliarter.  Upon  the  abolition  of  slaver}*  in  ihe 
British  colonies  in  1884  the  Society'applied 
for  a  new  charter,  which  was  granted  in  18H6 
by  King  William  IV.,  making  it  a  corporation 
under  the  name  of  the  "  Society  for  Advancing 
the  Chrislian  Faith  in  the  British  West  India 
Islands;"  and  the  sphere  of  its  operations  has 
since  been  extended  to  include  the  .Mauritius 
and  other  islands  belonging  to  Great  Britain. 
The  grants  of  the  Society  are  repeatedly  ac- 
knowledged to  be  of  very  great  value  by  those 
who  receive  them;  but  for  their  assistance 
many  undertakings  could  never  have  been 
begun,  or  must  have  been  brought  to  a  close. 

C'lirWIiaii  KvlVtriiUMi  .HiNNhmary 
So<'lc'ly.  Headiiiiarters,  Leyden,  Holland. — 
Founded  in  1830;  has  nii.ssiouaries  in  Balavia 
and  Surabaya. 

<'liri>«lian  Voriiaoiilar  Kducalion 
>*«M'it'Iy  r«»r  liulia.  IIead(.iuarters,  7  Adam 
Street,  A(leli)hi,  London,  W.  C,  England. — 
In  1S.")7  Great  Britain  was  deeply  moved  by 
the  alarming  intelligence  of  the  mutiny  in  India. 
A  feeling  of  pity,  not  of  revenge,  was  aroused 
in  many  hearts,  as  it  was  believed  that  the  re- 
bellion against  the  Government  was  owing  to 
the  ignorance  of  Christianity.    It  was  accord- 


CHRISTIAN   VERN.   BD.    SOC. 


270 


CHURCH  OF  ENG.   BOOK  SOO. 


ingly  resolved  to  endenvor  to  dilTuse  the  light 
of  the  Gospel  tliroUi,'hoiiI  the  Imliiin  Kiiipiie. 
In  addilioii  to  the  cMeiision  of  lln'  hihuis  of  llie 
Viiiious  iiiissioiiiiiT  soeielii's,  it  wiis  deemed  ;id- 
visable  to  unite  I'loleslaiil  Christians  of  all  de- 
nominutions  to  make  a  combined  elToil  for  the 
tdiieation  of  the  peoiile.  'I'liis  was  cordial!}- 
agreed  to;  and  in  May,  ISoS,  at  a  pulilic  nieeling 
held  at  St.  .lames'  liall.  I'iccadiUy,  London, 
Was  oruiini/ed  the  Christian  Vernaeular  ICdnca- 
tion  fsociciy  for  India.  Since  that  tinu'  tlie 
Society  has  been  actively  employed  in  carrying 
out  the  imrpose  for  which  it  was  formed. 

Foreign  WorU. — The  following  is  a  brief 
sketch  of  the  o]ierations  of  the  Society  : 

1.  The  Training  of  Native  Teachers. — One 
thoiisami  native  (hristian  teachers  have  beeu 
trained  and  sent  into  the  nussion  Held. 

2.  Thelnslruclionof  the  Young.  —  In  15engal, 
where  there  is  a  large  nundier  of  heathen 
schools,  the  society  has  for  many  years  ailopli'd 
apian  for  bringing  the  child  len  under  Christian 
iiUluenee.  Uroupsof  village  .s<hoolsare  formed 
into  circles,  each  c<iinprising  liveorsi.\  schools, 
and  a  Christian  teacher  is  set  over  each  circle. 
His  work  consists  in  leaching  in  one  or  more  of 
Lis  .schools  daily,  devoting  a  portion  of  histinu^ 
to  supplementing  the  secular  instruction  given 
by  the  village  school-teacher,  and  the  remain- 
ing ami  larger  portion  of  it  to  leacliing  the 
truths  of  the  Christian  religion. 

8.  The  Publication  of  Christian  Literature. — 
Fo\irteen  millions  of  copies  of  l.'^'ol)  publications 
have  beeu  issucil  in  the  chief  languages  of 
India.  These  in<lude  books  for  ciiildren  in 
schools,  j'oung  men  in  colleges,  women  at 
home,  ami  Christian  literature  for  native  ("liris- 
tians  and  the  people  generally.  Tile  Society's 
books  are  used  more  or  less  by  every  uii.s.siou 
iu  India. 

Ciiiiiiiiu  or  >»o<'liiiiiiia  Vor>*i«ii.— The 

Chuana  l)elongs  to  the  IJantu  family  of  African 
languages,  and  is  \ised  by  the  Bechmina  and 
Malabele  tribes  of  South  Africa.  The  Uev.  U. 
MoU'at  translated  the  New  Testament,  of  which 
the  tirst  jiart,  the  Gospel  of  Lidie,  was  published 
at  Caiie  Town  in  18;il  ;  and  ten  years  later  the 
whole  New  Testament  was  issued  l)y  the  Brit- 
ish and  Foreign  liible  Society  at  London.  1li 
1857  the  entire  Hible  left  the'iiress  at  J^ondou. 
A  revised  edition  of  the  Chuana  IJible,  i)rei>ared 
by  the  missionaries  at  Ivurniuan,  was  iiublished 
in  1877,  under  the  editorship  of  the  l{ev. 
U.  Price  and  of  ,1.  lirown  of  the  [..ondoii 
Missionary  Society.  The  IJritish  and  Foreign 
Hible  Society  intends  to  publish  an  edition  of 
the  IJible  in  the  new  orthograjdiy.  In  order  to 
give  the  missionaries  time  To  come  to  an  agree- 
ment regarding  the  revised  orthography,  an 
edition  of  the  Bible  of  1877,  consisting  of 
10, OIK)  copies,  was  carried  through  the  press  by 
the  Hev.  .1.  ^Mackenzie.  Up  to  March  :ilst,  1889. 
the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  disposed 
of  33,310  portions  of  the  Scriptures,  either  as  a 
whole  or  in  parts. 

The  Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowl- 
edge also  published  in  188.5  the  Four  Gospels 
and  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles. 

(Sjiecimen  verse.    Jobu  3.  16.) 

Gono  Morimo  o  lo  oa  ifata  lehatsi  yalo,  ka  o 
lo  oa  uaea  Moroa  ona  eo  o  tsecoefl  a  le  esi,  gore 
mofluc  lo  monue  eo  o  rumelaQ  mo  go  eua,  a  ei 
1<n  a  Lela,  mi  a  ue  le  botselo  yo  bo  ea  khutleQ. 


Ciui  Ciiiil  TmiI,  a  village  in  the  Province 

of  Shantung,  1)0  miles  south  of  Tientsin, 
Northeast  China.  The  centre  of  the  counlry 
work  of  the  Methodist  New  Connexion, 
(1887);  '.!  ord.ained  missionaries,  1  ])hysician  and 
wife,  15  native  jircachers,  ;il  oul-siations,  5 
eliurcjies,  l,;iOUchureh  members,  lOscliools,  110 
scholars,  and  a  nourishing  hospital. 

€illl«l<l«>rulllllll,  a  suburb  of  Ilaidarabad. 
Madras.  .Mi.---ion  slalion  of  the  W'csleyan 
Missionaiy  Society.     See  Ilaidarabad. 

(illlll«li<>llll.V,  a  station  of  the  C'.  .M.   S.  in 

the  .lalViia  di-lri(  I,  >:orlh  Ceylon.  Connected 
with  the  mission  is  a  seminary  witli  10!)  pupils. 

Ciiiiiiu-liiiiK,  a  city  in  the  Province  of  Sz- 
chuen,  China,  1,4IM»  miles  fron\  the  sea,  at  the 
juncture  of  the  Yangtszkiang  and  Kialing 
rivers.  This  coininercial  cenire,  the  largest  west 
of  I-Chaiig,  was  oi)em>d  to  foreign  traile  by  the 
latest  treaty  between  England  and  China.  A 
British  commercial  agent  is  Kicatcd  here  and  a 
custom  service  established.  .Mission  work  met 
with  great  dilllcidlies  in  lS8(i,  when  all  the  resi- 
dents were  driven  out  and  their  houses  de- 
stroyed; l)ul  two  years  later  the  missiomiries 
returned.  A  hospital  and  a  work  for  women 
have  lieen  started  ami  are  doing  well.  Jlissioii 
station  of  China  Inlanil  Mi.ssion;  I)  missionaries, 
5  church-members. 

Ciiiiprtili,  India,  a  town  of  Bengal,  on  the 
Ganges.  l'o|iulation.  30,1100.  It  is  built  on  low 
ground  very  little  above  the  level  of  the  Ganges 
(here  onl.v  navigable  during  the  rains),  jind 
most  of  the  liouses,  with  the  exception  of  the 
temples  and  dwellings  of  the  wealthy  native 
inerchanls,  are  bidll  of  mud,  with  tiled  roofs. 
Mission  station  of  the  Gossuer  Missionarv  Soci- 
ety. 

Ciiiircli  «»r  <iio«l  or  Xorlli  Aiiierit'a, 

General  Missionary  Society.  Secretary,  .1.  I{. 
IL  Latchaw,  Findlay,  (Jhio. — The  General 
^Missionary  Society  was  organized  in  1845. 
Foreign  work  has  not  been  undertaken  as  yet, 
but  ell'orts  are  being  luade  to  raise  a  Foreign 
3Iission  Fund  with  which  to  carry  on  woik  in 
other  countries.  Home  nussion  work  is  prose- 
cuted in  17  States  and  Territories,  including 
the  Indian  Territory. 

Ciiiir4-li  «»r  I^iikIuikI  Book  (Society. 

Ileadcpnirters,  11  Adam  Street,  Strand,  Lon- 
don, England.— The  object  of  the  Church  of 
Englanil  Book  Society,  founded  in  1880,  is  to 
l)romote  the  circulation  of  .sound  Christian  lit- 
erature in  P^uglish  or  in  foreign  languages, 
among  all  classes,  at  home  and  abroad.  The 
books  circulated  may  be  of  a  religious  or  secu- 
lar character,  i>rovided  they  contain  nothing 
inconsistent  with  evangelical  teaching,  or  an- 
tagonistic to  the  Church  of  England.  Free 
grants  of  books,  including  hymn-books  and  the 
IJook  of  Common  Prayer,  tracts,  etc.,  are  made 
to  poor  clergymen  in  the  Unite(l  Kingdom,  for 
themselves,  and  for  distribution  in  their  iiar- 
ishcs;  to  niissioinuies,  and  to  i>arish  and  other 
libraries.  During  tiie  year  1887-88  tlie  Society 
imide  grants  of  books,  etc.,  in  the  United 
Kingdom  to  the  value  of  £3,5(51 17s.  Id.;  and  to 
East  E(iuatorial  Africa,  Sierra  Leone,  India, 
Jamaica,  Jerusdem,  etc.,  to  the  value  of  i'357 
17s.,  4d.;  making  a  total  of  £2,919  14s.,  5d. 
The  Society  makes  no  appeals  for  support,  but 


:]ir 


mn.] 


OHUROH  OF  ENO.   BOOK   SOC. 


280 


OHUROH  MISSIONARY  SOO. 


disburses  svlmluvcr  comes  iu  to  it  from  voluutftry 
coutiibiilioua. 


1    of    KiiKlaiid    ill     ChiiikIu. 

.ind     Foiriirii    Missionary    Socii'iy. 


M 


,  lU'v.  C.  II.  'Mo<  kiuijrc  IJ.1>.,  Winli 

1  Scolia.— Till!  l)i)ini!sti(;  mid  Foreign 

/iiiuy  tSoeiely  of  llic  Cliiiicli  of   Kiijjliiiid 

aniida  was   foiiiied  in  188ii,  Imt  has  nol  as 

,  underlalien    direct    missionary   worl;,  ils 

..liids  liaving  been  sent  to  missionary  l)islioi)s  in 

Viiiious  places  to   assist   in    llio  prosecution   of 

their  work.     C'ontrilmtions  have  als(>  been  sent 

to  siivcral  English  missionary  societies,  cspeci- 

iilly  to  the  S.  1*.  G.     As  soon  as  the  Society  can 

depend  upon  an  adeipiaie  yearly  income  direct 

missioniiry  work  wiil    be  entered    upon,   and 

missionaries  will   be  sent   lo  India,  Japan,  or 

other  heathen  countries. 

Ciiiiroli  mwMioiiai*)'  Hot'ioly.  Head- 
(lUiiriers,  Mission  House,  Salisbury  Square, 
London,  E.  C,  England. 

J//.s/o<'//.— Among  those  mo.st  inllucntial  In 
founding  the  Churcli  .Mi-ssionary  Society  were 
the  men  who  also  led  the  "  Evangelical  Move- 
ment,"— Newton  and  Cecil,  Charles  Simeon, 
(,'hiirles  Grant,  Thomas  Scott  of  Olney,  Wilber- 
foice,  Jo.siah  Pratt,  and  Henry  Venn,  members 
of  the  "Eclectic  Society"  instituted  in  1783, 
for  the  disctission  of  religious  ipiestions  by 
evangelical  clergymen  who  were  mainly  of  the 
Church  of  Engliuid.  From  these  discussions 
sprang  the  Church  Missionary  Society,  the  idea 
of  which  was  first  .suggested  in  a  paper  read  by 
Charle,^  Simeon.  On  the  Kith  Aiiril,  17!)!),  six- 
teen clergymen  met  at  the  "  Castle  and  Falcon," 
in  London,  which  live  years  l)efore  had  wit- 
nessed the  formation  of  tlie  London  Missionary 
Society,  and  organized  the  "  Society  for  Mis- 
sions to  Africa  and  the  East,"  who.se  object  wa.s 
to  send  the  Gospel  of  Christ  lo  the  heathen  and 
Mohamniedaii  world,  whether  within  or  with- 
out the  dominion  of  Great  IJritain.  (The  work 
of  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel 
being  until  1820  purely  colonial,  no  clergymen 
of  the  Church  of  England  had  as  yet  gone  to 
either  heathen  or  Mohammedau  lands. ,  in  1812, 
in  order  to  make  more  conspicuous  its  connec- 
tion with  the  Established  Cliunli,  the  nanx'  of 
the  Society  was  changed  lo  "  The  Church  .Mis- 
sionary Society  for  Africa  and  the  East,"  now 
commonly  called  simply  Tlie  Church  Mission- 
ary Society,  its  Held  being  not  only  Africa  and 
the  East  but  embracing  almost  every  country  in 
the  world.  When  the  change  of  name  was  made 
it  was  expressly  stated  that  the  friendly  inter- 
cour.se  with  other  Protestant  societies  engaged 
in  the  .same  work  of  spreading  the  Gospel  of 
Jesus  Christ  should  be  maintained,  and  The 
Church  ilissioiiary  Society  has  continued  to  be 
"  remarkable  nol  only  for  this  brotherly  co- 
operation and  honor,  but  also  for  its  evangeli- 
cal large-heartedness,  its  .sound  principles  of 
method  and  its  excellent  government  and  or- 
ganization at  home  and  abroad." 

Notwithstanding  its  fundamental  recogni- 
tion of  the  Episcopal  privileges  (ordination,  con- 
firmation, and  consecration  of  churches),  and 
the  relative  supervision  of  the  missionaries  who 
should  be  sent  out,  a  year  elapsed  before  the 
Society  received  a  "  verbal,  indirect  non-dis- 
approval ou  the  part  of  a  bishop,"  and  for  15 
years  the  crown  bishops  withheld  their  sanction; 
in  the  year  1815,  for  the  first  time,  two  bishops 
took  part  in  the  Society;  35  years  later  there 


were  among  its  members  9  bishops;  and  at  the 
present  time  ;i  archbishops  and  Ui)  bishops  be- 
long  to  it.  For  many  years  after  its  formation 
no  clergymen  of  the  Church  of  England  ollered 
their  .services  to  the  Society,  and  I  he  only  mis- 
sionaries who  could  be  obfained  were  German 
Lutherans  who  ha<l  been  ediicaled  at  the  mis- 
sion insiitutions  of  Herliii  and  Basle.* 

In  181.")  the  .Mi.ssion  Seminary  at  Islington 
was  instituli  I,  and  in  Ihe  same  year  the  Kev. 
.Mr.  Jowett  of  the  Church  of  England  (dl'ered 
his  .services  to  Ihe  Society.  The  number  of 
missionaries  sent  out  by  Ihe  Society  now  ex- 
ceeds 1,201),  more  than  oOO  of  whom  were 
trained  at  Islington,  while  over  220  were  L'ni- 
ver-^ity  men. 

The  mo.st  important  agency  for  raising  funds 
is  th.'itof  Ihe  Local  Associations,  which  number 
about  ;j,700,  and  extend  over  the  L'nited  King- 
dom. In  one  way  or  another  the  Society  la 
siip|)orle(l  by  about  5,400  parishes;  7,500  ser- 
mons are  preached,  and  3,000  meetings  held 
annually  for  its  beneUt. 

<h'(/«inizofiou  and  <-oiistifutioii.  — 
The  Society  is  conducted  by  ii  Patron,  always 
a  member  of  the  Hoyal  Family;  a  V'icc-Patron, 
Ihe  Archbishop  of  Canterbury;  a  President, 
who  must  be  a  layman;  Vice-President,  usu- 
ally clerical;  a  Cominitlee  and  such  olliccrs  as 
may  be  deemed  necessary, — all  being  members 
of  the  Church  of  England  or  Ireland.  The 
Committee  consists  of  24  laymen  and  of  all  the 
clergymen  who  have  been  tor  at  least  one  year 
members  of  the  Society.  Of  the  24  lay  mem- 
bers, 18  are  reapi)ointed  each  year  from  the 
exi.sting  Committee,  the  rest  being  elected  from 
the  General  Body  of  the  Society. 

The  committcL'  appoints  sub-committees  of 
Patronage  (or  nominations),  of  Funds,  of  Cor- 
respondence, of  Finance,  and  Estiimites.  The 
Foreign  work  is  in  general  directed  by  the 
Committee  of  (;orres]H)iidence,  who  elect  from 
among  themselves  a  clerical  sub-committee  for 
the  examination  of  missionary  candidates.  The 
Committee  deals  with  the  reports  of  the  sub- 
committees, decides  on  counlries  where  mis- 
.sions  shall  be  carried  on,  and  superintends  and 
controls  the  all'airs  of  the  Society  in  general,  ap- 
])ointing  such  ollicers  and  assisiants  as  may  be 
necessary;  its  meetings  are  held  once  a  mouth 
oroftener;  the  Patron,  Vice  Patron,  President, 
Vice-Presidents,  Treasurer  and  Secretaries,  at 
least  one  of  whom  must  be  a  layman,  being  cou- 
'sidered  exojjieiin  members  of  all  committees. 
Five  members  are  necessary  to  form  a  (luorura 
of  the  Committee;  three  form  a  quorum  of  the 
,sub-comniiltees.  An  annual  meeting  of  all 
members  of  the  Society  is  held  in  May,  when 
the  proceedings  of  the  foregoing  jear  are  re- 
ported, the  accounts  presented,  and  a  Treasurer 
and  Committee  chosen. 

Candidates  for  the  missionary  office  are  ex- 
amined by  the  Committee  of  Correspondence, 
and  if  being  found  properly  qualified  they  are 
accepted  by  the  Committee,  they  receive  such 


♦  In  1803,  Henry  Martyn,  influonced  liy  Carey's  work, 
wns  in  communication  witli  tlie  Cliiirch  Missionary  So- 
ciety tlironftli  Charles  Simeon,  witli  a  view  to  koImk  as 
a  missionary  to  India;  but  owinK  to  tlie  policy  of  the 
East  India  Company  this  plnii  could  not  be  carried  out, 
and  M.Ttyn  accepted  instead  a  chaplaincy  in  that  Com- 
pany. AUliouKh  therefore  never  teehiiically  a  mission- 
ary, he  was  in  fact  the  first  clergyman  of  the  Church  of 
KiiKland  to  offer  to  go  to  the  heathen,  and  the  magio 
of  his  name  lias  been  a  mighty  luHuence  since  tostir  up 
others. 


CHURCH   MISSIONARY    SOC. 


381 


CHURCH  MISSIONARY   SOC. 


instriictloii  iiiul  iircpnnitfon  f(ir  ilicir  fuillicr 
I'lnployini'iil  us  ilie  CoininilU'i' (if  Corrcsnoml- 
I'licL'  iniiy  jii'li-rL'  fx|icilkiil.  Kiicli  cniuliilulc 
iiuist  cDiisiilcr  iiimscll'  rcudy  to  i^o  to  iiiiy  piirt, 
of  tlu^  world  III  any  lime,  us  llic  Coiniiiiltci! 
sliuU  (k'l'iilr;  mill,  when  duly  piipurid  and 
liiiuUy  iippi'ovi'd  for  inissioiiuiy  work,  imist  Ijc 
willing  lo  go  out  either  orduiiied  or  unorduined, 
ul  llie  discretion  of  the  ConHuillee.  I'nder 
llie  uutlnuily  of  the  hiw  of  Knglund,  Ihe  IJish- 
op.s  of  the  Lstiiblislied  Cliureh  ordiiin  and  send 
forth  (eecleHiuslically  speukini;!  Ilie  Society 
missionaries,  and  in  the  event  of  their  lieing 
ai)pointed  by  the  Coniniilteeto  hdiorut  stations 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  u  Itishop  of  llic 
Church  of  England  uliroud,  it  is  the  practice  of 
the  Society  to  apply  to  the  bishop  for  liciiises, 
in  which  are  specilied  the  districts  to  which 
the  nns.sionaries  liuve  been  assigned.  This  is 
(lone  upon  the  understanding  that  licenses  will 
neither  be  refused  nor,  when  granted,  be  with- 
drawn from  lli(^  missionaries  during  their  con- 
nection with  the  Socii'ty,  except  for  some  as- 
sigiu'd  legal  cause.  All  (piestions  relating  to 
matters  of  ecclesiastical  order  and  discipline, 
respectiuL'  which  dilterences  may  arise  bet  ween 
a  bishop  of  the  Church  of  England  abroad  ami 
the  Committee,  are  referred  for  decision  to  the 
ardibishops  and  bishops  of  the  I'rovinces  of 
Canterbuiy  and  York.  In  consecpience  of  the 
dillicullies"  which  ritualistic  colonial  l)ishoi)s 
throw  in  the  way  of  the  So(  iety's  work,  it  is 
more  and  more  constrained  to  have  special 
missionary  bishops  consecrated  wherever  it  is 
pos.sil)le. 

Owing  to  the  trying  climiitc  of  its  mission 
fields  the  Societj'  has  for  many  years  followed 
the  |)lan  of  allowing  its  inissioniiries  to  visit  Ihe 
liome  land  on  furlough  at  intervals  of  six  (iv 
eight  years;  and  after  having  labored  in  the 
cause  of  the  Society  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
Committee  until  uge  or  inlirmily  jirevents 
further  e.\ertion,  provision  is  mad(-'  to  render 
their  declining  (lays  comfort  able.  The  Commit- 
tee has  al.so  in  its  power  to  assist  in  ii.-irticular 
cases  the  depeiulent  relatives  of  those  nussiona- 
ries  who,  by  devoting  themselves  lo  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Society,  are  prevented  from  contrib- 
uting to  their  support. 

J)t'ri'foj)iiK-nfofMisH}ons.—T\HChmch 
Missionary  Society,  looking  upon  Africa  as 
"one  universal  den  of  desolation,  misery,  and 
crime,"  and  commiserating  the  people,  and 
more  particularly  the  negro  race,  on  account 
of  the  crmd  wrongs  winch  the  slave-trade 
has  inllieted  upon  Ihein,  selected  its  western 
coast,  the  seat  of  operation  of  Christian  slave- 
dealers  (the  slave-trade  of  the  eastern  coast 
is  carried  on  by  J\Iohanuncdans),  as  itslirst  lield 
of  nussionary  enter|)ri.se;  and  the  Suso  country 
lieing  a  centre  of  this  trallir,  was  chosen  for 
the  ojiening  of  the  first  mission  in  1804,  which 
led  in  184'J  lo  u  missionary  settlement  in  the 
IJullom  connlry,  and  in  181(5  to  the  undertak- 
ing of  systematic  missionary  work  at  Sierra 
Leone,  in  1838,  some  freed  slaves  having 
heard  the  Gosjiel  at  Sierra  Leone  and  about 
to  return  to  their  native  country,  Yoruba  (for- 
merly eidled  the  Slave  Const),  lietitioned  that  a 
mis.sionary  might  be  sent  with  them;  this  peti- 
tion was  the  origin  of  the  Y'oruba  ^Mission.  In 
1851  Lord  Palmcr.ston,  then  Foreign  Secre- 
tary, dealt  a  final  blow  at  the  sea-going  tnillic 
by  stopping  the  export  of  slaves  at  Lagos.  A 
treaty  was  signed  by  Aliitoyo,  the  king  of  the 


Lagos,  who  plaee(l  liimscif  under  lirilish  pro- 
lection,  and  imniedialely  after  tin  I'slablish- 
meiit  of  the  proteclorale  Ihe  Church  .Missionary 
Soeieiy  began  its  mission  at  Lagos.  In  lH-11 
the  ceiebriiled  "Niger  Expedilion"  was  under- 
taken by  the  lirilish  (Government,  and  Ihe 
Chinch  .Missionary  Society  obtained  permission 
for  two  of  its  agents  lo  accompany  the  imrly 
for  the  purpose  of  imiuiring  into  any  o|)enings 
for  missionary  work  which  the  great  river 
iiiighl  |)reseiit.  This  lirsl  expedilion  closed  in 
sorrow  and  disappointment;  bill  twelve  years 
later  a  second  iiliem|)t  was  nnide  to  explore 
the  river;  the  chiefs  and  people  were  found 
ready  to  receive  Ihe  Gospel;  and  upon  the  third 
expedition,  sent  out  by  Lord  I'almerston  in 
18r)7,  Ihe  Niger  Mission  of  the  Church  Mission- 
ary Society  was  commenced.  Africa  was  also 
the  starting-point  of  the  Society's  work  in  "  the 
East,"  which  was  lirsl  attempted  in  IHIU,  when 
the  Uev,  AY.  .lowctt  was  sent  to  Egypt  lo  confer 
with  the  ecclesiastical  authorities  of  the  ancient 
Coptic  Church.  Asa  result  of  this  and  siibse- 
tpienl  visits,  five  missionaries  were  sent  by  the 
Society  to  Egypt.  The  finding  of  a  maiiu- 
scrijit  translation  of  the  liible  in  Amliaric,  the 
vernacular  language  of  Abyssinia,  by  .Mr. 
Jowett,  led  to  llie  founding  of  the  Abyssinia 
Mission  in  lyiiO,  from  which  country  all  the 
missionaries  were  ex]ielled  in  IH'M  through  Ihe 
inlliience(d'  two  French  Homish  i>riesls.  One 
of  these  missionaries,  John  Lud  wig  Krapf.while 
spending  three  years  in  Slioa,  south  of  Ab^'s- 
sinia,  became  much  interested  in  the  irreat 
Galla  nation,  inhabiting  a  vast  extent  of  terri- 
tory reaching  nearly  to  Muniba.sa;  and  when 
excluded  from  Slioa  in  IM-):!  by  Homish  intlu- 
ence,  to  reach  I  hem  sailed  down  the  coast  and 
founded  what  beeaine  the  East  Africa  ^Mission. 
Kiapf'.s  and  Kebmann's  remarkable  discoveries 
gave  a  great  impetus  to  theexploralimi  of  Africa 
from  the  east,  r.nd  their  accouiils  of  a  ".iri'eat 
inland  sea,"  of  which  they  heard  from  the  na- 
tives, attracted  Speke  and  Ihirlon,  Grant,  Sir 
S,  linker,  and  other  celebrated  travellers,  and 
led  lo  the  discovery  of  Lakes  Tanganyika  and 
Vicloria  Nyanza,  and  of  I'ganda.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1875,  appean'd  Stanley's  famous  letter  in 
the  London  "Daily  Telegraph,"  describing  his 
intercourse  with  King  !.AItesa,  and  challenging 
Clirislendom  lo  send  missionaries  to  Uganda; 
and  in  June,  187((,  the  Church  3lissionary  So- 
ciety sent  out  a  well-o(piipped  party  to  open  a 
mission  on  Victoria  Nyanza. 

The  mission  to  Egypt,  resulling  after  many 
years  in  the  establishment  of  the  East  Africa 
!Slission,  was  also  the  foundation  of  the  Medi- 
terranean Mission.  The  founders  of  the  t'liurch 
Missionary  Society  were  most  desirous  to  send 
back  lo  tine  sacred  lijnds  of  the  East  a  pure 
gospel,  and  the  very  first  English  clergyman 
who  olfered  liimscif  in  1813"to  the  Society 
was  appointed  to  commence  the  Mediterranean 
Jlission,  the  attention  of  Ihe  Committee  having 
been  specially  drawn  lo  the  Levant  by  Claudius 
Buehanan  in  1811.  This  niission  included  the 
work  at  Malta,  Constantinople.  Greece,  Smyrna, 
Arabia,  and  Palestine.  Of  these  all  but  Pales- 
tine were  relimpiished,  Constantinoiile  being 
reoccupicd  in  1858  and  again  given  up  in  1880. 
A  i)lan  for  a  "Church  Mission  to  India"  was 
formed  in  1788  by  David  Brown,  chui>lain  for 
the  East  India  Company,  who  with  Claudius 
Buchanan,  Henry  Martyn,  Daniel  Corrie,  and 
Thomas  Thomason,  did  so  much  for  India. 


IS 


1 , 
i 


OHUROH  MISSIONARY   SOO. 


283 


CHURCH   MISSIONARY   SOO. 


:•  ii 


:*'! 


m 


"H':; 


) 


Mr.  Clms.  Simcdii  of  (  miliiidirc  was  ronsiillcd 
ill  rti;.'inl  In  cuiiviiiir  (Mil  lliis  pliiii;  iicilliiiii; 
ciuilt' <il'  llic  |)i(iji'i'l  tliiM,  1)111  the  ((iiTispoiiil 
ciicc  siii:jicslfil  III  SiiiR'oii  u  larncT  sclu'iiic,  tiiiil 
as  liiis  liccii  siiid.  il  WHS  11  |iii]iiT  111'  liis  w  liiili  lid 
to  llic  fiiiMiatiim  ol'  llii'  (  luiiih  .\lissii)iiiii.v  Sn- 
I'icly.  OwiiiLT  Id  ciiiiscs  hcloif  liirlillolicil, 
liiillii  WHS  iioi  iipi'ii  U)  iiiissiiiiiiiry  fllori  iiiuil 
18i;!.  wlicii  llic  Kiisf  India  Cumpiiiiy's  clmrlcr 
was  renewed,  and,  liy  ilie  deleiiiiimil  cllorlsof 
Williei  I'liiie,  was  pasMil  willi  wliiil  were  culled 
"  llie  pious  elaiises,"  relalinn  to  1  lie  inlriMliielioii 
of  reiiiriiiiis  liiiowiedi;e  in  India.  The  list  of 
niissiiiiiaiy  soeielies  wliieli  enleiud  this  eouiitiy 
williiii  llie  next  twenty  yeiiis  is  u  loii;,' one;  but 
the  liilmrers  wei'c  few,  tlieelTnrls  leniiitive,  and 
e.xeepl  ill  a  few  eases,  the  pioiriess  \\ii.s  .slow. 
The  eoiiiiiieneeinenl  of  the  Work  of  the  C'lmreli 
Missionary  tSneiely,  now  exleinlinjr  Ihrouirliout 
the  leiiirlh  and  hi'eiidlh  of  India,  was  made  at 
^ladriis  in  1N14.  'I'iie  Persian  ^Mission,  as  will 
be  seen  fan  her  on.  was  in  niililyan  outiriowlh 
of  the  Indian  Work, as  was  also  the  Mission  to 
Mauritius,  t'eylon  was  entered  in  1><17.  Three 
years  earlier,  the  mission  to  the  Maoris  of  ISew 
/ealiind,  wliieli  has  met  with  such  niarvellou.s 
sueet'.ss,  had  been  uiulertiikeii  by  the  Society  nt 
the  invitation  of  Samuel  .Maisden,  chaiilaiii  in 
New  South  Wales.  In  IWiilhegreat  lieldof  IJrit- 
isli  North  America  was  addi'd  to  those  already 
claiming  the  Society's  interest,  and  when  China 
was  rendered  accessible  by  the  Treaty  of  Kan- 
kiiii;  (1842)  tiie  Cliiirch  Missionary  Society  im- 
mediately sent  its  represenliilives  to  cany  the 
Gospel  thither.  In  1809,  just  after  the  wonder- 
ful revolution  in  .Iiipan  which  restored  iiower 
to  the  -Mikado,  the  first  Church  Missionary  So- 
ciiMy  missionaries  landed  at  Nagasaki.  The 
latest  extension  of  the  Society's  work  is  in  the 
Arabian  Mission,  comineneed  in  188.5.  In  ad- 
dition to  those  above  mentioned,  other  missions 
have  been  undertaken  by  the  Society,  but  hav- 
ing develo|)ed  into  self-supporting  churches 
or  been  reliiKpiished  for  other  reasons,  are  not 
now  upon  its  list. 

Statement  of  3Iissions.  —  I.  A\'i:st 
Afkica. — Tlie  Church  Missionary  Society 
coinineiiced  its  labors  in  West  Africa,  where 
missions  had  been  before  attempted  by  the 
Jroravians.  and  by  the  Baptist,  Glasgow,  Scot- 
tish, and  London  .Missionary  Societies.  All  of 
these  missions  had  to  be  given  up,  and  none  of 
the  missionaries  remained  in  the  tield  when  the 
work  was  undertaken  by  the  Church  Mission- 
ary Society.  The  very  lirst  work  done  by  the 
Committee  had  been  the  preparation  and  print- 
ing ill  the  Susii  language  of  a  Grammar,  Vocab- 
ulary, Spelling-book,  three  simple  catechisms, 
and  the  Churcli  Catechism.  The  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society  employed  for  this  work  an 
agent  of  the  Glasgow  Missionary  Society  who 
bad  been  in  West  Africa.  Armed  with  these, 
the  lirst  missionaries  entered  on  their  labois  for 
the  Susu  people  on  the  Rio-Pongas  in  lhl)4:  the 
Susii  Mission  was  not,  however,  actually  set  on 
fool  until  1808.  A  few  years  later  a  missionary' 
.settlement  was  opened  at  Yongro.  opposite 
Sierra  Leone,  for  the  Bullom  t  ribe,  by  Ny lander, 
a  devoted  missionary  who  for  19  years  faith- 
full}'  labored  for  Africa  and  died  there  in  182.5, 
without  having  once  returned  home.  In  181.5 
a  settlement  called  Gambler  (for  Lord  Gam- 
bier,  then  President  of  the  Society)  was  opened 
about  70  miles  north  of  Sierra  Leone.  These 
pioueeriug  efforts  were  carried  on  under  the 


most  discouraging  circiimstanres,  and  were  at- 
tended with  serious  loss  of  life.  Ill  IMIT  llic 
slave-trade  revived,  and  at  the  insligation  of 
the  slave-dealii's  ilie  mission  buildings  were 
ilestiiiyeil  by  lire.  On  all  sides  the  opposition 
become  so  forniidalile  that  tl:  missionaries 
Were  coliipelliil  to  withdraw  fi  ill  the  settle- 
ments they  had  foriind,  and  to  take  refuge  in 
Sierra  Leone.  Tlu^  rmigas  Mission  was  never 
nMimed  by  the  Cliuicli  .Missionary  Smiety, 
wider  openings  liaving  priseiited  tlicmselves 
elsc'wliere;  the  IJullom  !Missionwas,  however, 
resumed  in  ls;jl,  and  in  18i.5  wastransftrred  to 
the  Sierra  Leone  Native  Church,  which  .slill 
carries  it  on,  and  which  has  also  in  its  cue  the 
missions  founded  by  tlio  Clniich  Missionary 
Society  in  l.'^wli,  in  Slierbio  and  the  nei'rlibor- 
ing  Memli  districts  to  the  south.  In  1S4()  the 
Society  began  a  mission  to  tlie  Teniiie  (or 
Timiieh)  iieojile,  occupying  for  that  purpose 
Port  Lokkoli,  !i  place  of  some  importance  up 
the  Sierra  Leone  Kiver,  on  the  carav.an  route 
to  the  far  interior.  The  Rev.  C,  F.  Scblenker 
resided  there  for  ten  years,  and  did  a  remark- 
able lingiii-tic  work;  but  the  mission  liadtlieu 
to  bo  closed  owing  to  !Moliamnieilan  hostility, 
Subseipiently  a  negro  clergvnian  from  Jamai- 
ca, the  Kev.  T.  AVillsbirc.  labored  among  tlio 
Temneat  Magbele  in  (Jiiiali;  l)iit  in  18i)0  his 
house  w  as  plundered,  and  he  liad  to  lly  for  his 
life.  The  work  in  (Juiaii  was  resumed  three 
years  later  at  oilier  idaces,  and  is  now  contin- 
ued by  the  Sierra  Leone  Church.  Port  Lok- 
koli was  rcoccupied  as  an  outpost  by  the 
Society  in  1HT5,  and  the  Gosjiel  is  patiently 
preached  to  the  Temnes,  lieatlien  and  ^Moham- 
medan, and  to  the  Sierra  Leone  native  traders 
settled  there. 

Sit  rni  Uoiie. — It  was  not  until  1810  that  the 
Church  ^Missionary  Society  iiiiderlook  system- 
atic missionarj' work  at  Sierra  Leone,  but  as  has 
been  shown,  the  colony  served  as  a  base  for 
the  Susu  and  Hulloin  missions,  and  one  of  tlie 
missionaries  usually  acted  as  colonial  chaplain. 
In  1812-14  the  Knglish  Governiueiit  was  in 
negotiation  with  both  tlie  Church  Missionary 
Society  and  tlu;  Wesleyans,  with  a  view  to  their 
providing  education  for  the  freed  slave  chil- 
dren, and  in  the  latter  year  the  "  Christian  In- 
stitution" was  founded  on  Leicester  jMountain. 
Hut  in  1810,  when  2()  missionaries  and  their 
wives  had  gone  to  Africa,  and  wiien  15  out  of 
the  20  were  dead;  when  the  Susu  and  Bullom 
missions  were  being  carried  on  in  constant  dif- 
licully  and  danger  owing  to  the  hostility  of  the 
natives,  —  the  Church  ^Missionary  Society  Com- 
mittee sent  one  of  tlieir  own  body,  the  Rev. 
Edward  Bickersteth,  to  inquire  on  the  spot  into 
the  i)osition  and  ])r.)spects  of  the  work,  lie 
visited  the  Uio-Pongas  and  bajili/ed  the  lirst 
six  African  converts  to  Christianity;  but  his 
main  work  was  \\h\  formation,  in  consultation 
w  lib  the  CJovenior  of  Sierra  Leone,  of  plans  for 
the  systematic  division  of  tlie  colony  into  jiar- 
ishes,  and  the  provision  of  churches  and 
schools,  the  Society  to  supply  missionaries  and 
schoolmasters,  and  the  Government  to  defray 
part  of  the  cost  of  Instruction  for  the  liberated 
slaves.  Upon  Sierra  Leone,  therefore,  llie  mis- 
sionary force  was  now  concentrated,  and  by  the 
labors  of  Butsclier,  Nylander,  Wilhclm,  Din- 
ing, W.  A.  B.  Johnson,  and  others,  thousands 
of  the  liberated  slaves  were  brought  under 
Christian  instruction,  and  within  three  years 
a  marked  change  came  over  the  whole  colony. 


CHURCH  MISSIONARY  800. 


383 


CHURCH   MISSIONARY   SOC. 


Mr.  Joliiisoii  ciilcicd  on  Ills  nork  in  June,  181(1, 
iiikI  till  llif  Mill  wrote:  "  If  vwr  1  Imvc  seen 
wrt'lcliriliicss,  ii  lias  liccii  lodiiv.  'I'licsc  poor 
(Icpriivrcl  |ii  opli'  limy  lie  iiidtcil  calli  il  llic  olT- 
M'ourinu  ol'  Africa.  Itiil  wlio  Uiiows  whcllur 
tin'  l<oi(|  will  iioi  iimki'  llis  coiivrriiiiir  powir 
known  Minoii^r  ihon).  Willi  Mini  iioiiiin;r  is 
iiiilK.ssililc."  llis  tirst  coiiirrc^iiiioii  (diislsicd 
of  liilir  licrMins.  'I'lircr  Miiis  iiflcrwiirds  llio 
iivi  riiirc  niiinlit'r  of  worsliiii|icrs  iil  |{ci;cnt  wiis 
1, '.iUU  on  Siindiiy  mid  ridl)  ill  daily  prayrr.s;  and 
500  ."cliolaiH  of  all  ailis  wire  at  school.  Ill 
iJilO,  -wlicii  he  Icfi  for  a  sliorl  visit  to  Kiinlaiid, 
luindrcds  of  the  poor  people  follnweil  liiiii  tlvc 
jniles  to  Sierra  Leone,  iiml  bade  him  a  tearful 
farewell,  lie  relumed  the  followinn- year  and 
continued  liis  work,  hut  died  of  yellow -ft  ver 
in  1S'.*;(.  llis  name,  like  tliost!  of  IiIm  liretiireii, 
WHS  taken  hy  maisy  of  the  hapli/ed  e.\-sliives, 
undamoiii?  Iliu  present  African  Johnsons  uie 
Munc  of  tiie  ahlesl  of  the  race.  Beasoiis  of  se- 
vere  trial  ami  tlisappoiiitineiit  followed,  and 
Sierra  Leoiu;  aj;aiii  and  ajxain  jiislilied  its  title 
of  "the  while  man's  );rave."  15y  the  l)ei.dn- 
nin.i,'  of  IH'iti,  twenty-two  years  after  the  first 
parly  sailetl  for  West  Africa,  only  14  (mission- 
aries, .schoolmasters,  and  their  wives)  re- 
mained out  of  79  who  !iad  been  sent  out. 
This  great  iiitutalitj'  amonu;  the  European  niis- 
sionmies  provetl  llu;  necessity  and  value  of  a 
native  agency,  and  in  ly;.;7  Foiirah  Bay  Collegia 
was  .staried.  The  first  name  on  the  roll  was 
Samuel  Crowther,  who  had  been  brought  from 
Sierra  Leone  four  years  before  us  a  freed 
.slave-boy,  had  been  baptized  December  lllh, 
lyi.j,  antl  adinittetl  to  lioly  ortlers  .June,  1841!. 
In  the  47  years  that  have  since  elai>sed  iibtnil 
80  African  clergymen  have  been  ordained,  5t)of 
wlioin  passed  through  Fourali  Hay  College. 
The  ttianimar  School  and  the  Annie  Walsh 
^Memorial  Seliool,  both  important  educational 
iustitiilions,  were  establisheil  in  1H4.5. 

In  1847  the  Uev.  Dr.  S.  W.  Koelle  was  sent 
to  Sierra  Leone  and  during  the  si.\  years  of  his 
residence  there  compiled  a  remarkable  work, 
"Polyglotia  Africana,"  containing  brief  eom- 
parative  vocabularies  of  no  less  than  2W)  lan- 
guages and  ilialects  which  he  found  s|ioken  by 
the  liberated  slaves  at  Sierra  Leone;  and  the 
fact  that  representatives  of  .so  maiij'  dillerent 
tribes  of  the  interior  liad  collectetl  at  this  point 
was  regarded  by  the  missionaries  as  a  |irovi- 
dential  arrangement  for  the  supply  of  laborer.s 
for  the  evangeli/ation  of  Africa.  The  reduc- 
tion t)f  the  tlilferent  languagesto  w  riting,  which 
had  been  begun  in  18'.i9,  was  conliniied  with 
renewed  vigor;  and  as  in  Asia,  America,  and 
Australasia,  so  in  Africa,  the  great  i)ropagan- 
dists  of  linguistic  knowledge  liave  been  the 
missionaries t)f  C'hrist's  kingdom.  The  linguis- 
tic work  accomplished  liy  the  missionaries  of 
the  C  hiireh  Missionary  Society  in  West  Africa 
includes,  in  addition  to  the  Siisii  books  already 
mentioned,  a  Grammar,  Vocabulary,  and  por- 
tions of  the  New  Testament  in  Hullom;  Gram- 
mar and  Dictionaiy,  New  Testament,  Prayer- 
bot)k.  Hible  stories  etc.,  in  Temm^  Granunar 
and  Voeabiilaries  in  Vei  and  IJornu  (Kiinuri); 
together  with  similar  works  in  Jlende,  Ilausa, 
Fulah,  Yoriiba,  the  many  languages  of  the 
Niger,  etc.,  etc. 

At  the  close  of  1848, Captain  Forbes,of  theEng- 
lish  ship  "Bonetta,"  informed  the  missionaries 
that  near  Cape  Mount  he  had  met  with  indi- 
viduals of  an  African  tribe  which  possessed  a 


written  language,  ami  that  he  hail  brought 
with  him  some  of  their  books  ami  a  man  who 
coiiid  read  them.  A  lively  interest  Was  treated 
ill  Sierra  Leone,  as  it  had  bi en  generally  be 
lieved  that  of  all  the  languages  id'  Africa  not 
one  had  been  commlttetl  to  writing,  and  in  the 
ho|)e  that  this  diseoverv  might  lie  of  use  in 
spreailing  the  Gospel,  .\lr.  Koelle  was  sent  lit 
once  to  visit  the  tribe.  A  joiirnev  td"  four 
months  brought  him  to  his  destiiiutioii,  where 
he  found  that  the  art  of  writing  was  of  rccinl 
invention,  and  coiilliied  to  the  single  tribe  of 
\'ei,  on  the  coast.  The  writing  is  syllabic,  about 
','00  characters  represeniing  all  the  syllables  in 
the  language.  The  inveiittu'  Wiis  fi>iiiiil  to  be  a 
man  of  great  intelligeiiee  and  deep  n  ligious 
feeling,  who  had  le.iriied  the  Homiiii  alpliabt  t 
from  till  American  missionary  when  a  child: 
he  tolil  Mr.  Koelle  that  some  years  before  he 
liail  had  a  ilream  which  had  given  liim  an  iin- 
jiiilse  to  c.\i)ress  his  hiiiguage  in  writing,  and 
with  some  assistance  from  his  t oiiipaiiions  lit^ 
had  invented  the  characters  and  iMdcured, 
through  the  favor  of  the  chief  of  his  tribe,  the 
means  of  establishing  schools  and  liaching  the 
people.  War  soon  afterwards  liroke  out  and 
the  people  were  dispersed,  not,  however,  bt  fore 
the  greater  niniiber  tif  llitin  hail  Itariiii.l  to 
read;  they  had  ipiile  a  number  of  books  on 
various  subjects,  but  the  religion  taught  in 
them  was  nniinly  Mohammedan.  I'pon  re- 
ceiving ^Ir.  Koelle's  riport,  the  local  com- 
mittee at  Sierra  Leoue  tlelermiiied  to  establish  a 
mission  among  the  Vei  tribe  as  sotui  as  jiossible. 
The  diocese  of  Sierra  Leone  was  established 
in  1S,')2,  chielly  at  the  instance  of  the  Cluirch 
Missionary  Soiiety;  the  bishop,  Hev.  ().  K. 
Vidal,  who  liiitl  devoted  rare  liiigiiisiic  talent  to 
the  study  of  the  Yoruba  and  otln  r  African 
languages,  died  two  years  after  his  consecra- 
tion while  returning  from  a  visit  to  Yoruba. 
In  1855  he  was  succeeded  by  Bishop  Weeks, 
for  many  years  a  missionary  of  the  Cliuich 
Missionary  Society  in  Sierra  Leone,  who  con- 
tracted fever  in  the  Yoruba  country  and  died 
early  in  the  year  1857.  The  nt  xt  bishoji.  Dr. 
Bowen.  who  hail  been  a  Church  ^Missionary 
Society  missionary  in  Palestine,  likewise  fell  a 
victim  to  the  eliniale,  dying  in  1850.  Thus  in 
seven  years  three  bislio|)s  liati  gone  out,  and  the 
bones  of  all  tlirei:  lay  i'l  Kissey  cluiKdiyard, 
"which,"  Bishop  Vidal  had  said  in  1^52,  '"  is  a 
silent  but  elotpient  witne.ss  to  the  kind  of 
schooling  which  the  missionary  for  Africa  re- 
quires." Since  IsiiO  there  have  been  three 
liishops.  and  the  Church  in  Sierra  Leone  owes 
much  to  each  of  the  si.\  episcopates.  Very 
early  in  tlie  history  of  the  mission  the  Church 
^lissionary  Society's  Coiiimiltee  foresaw  that 
the  time  would  come  when  the  Native  Church 
must  learn  to  be  "  self  governing,  self-support- 
ing, and  self-extending,"  and  the  converts  from 
the  tirst  have  been  trained  with  tliis  einl  in 
view,  antl  have  been  expected  to  sujiport  their 
own  ehurcli  ordinances  by  a  system  of  weekly 
class  payments;  this  habit,  perpetuated  to  the 
])re.sent  day,  now  gives  the  Sierra  Leone 
Church  i'OOO  a  year.  In  1840  the  native 
Christians  voluntarily  established  a  Church 
^Missionaiy  Auxiliary,  wliich  in  its  tirst  year 
sent  home  to  the  Society  i.'89,  and  from  1S45- 
1874  remitted  i;7,000,  while  at  the  .same  time 
they  undertook  the  cost  of  elementary  schools 
in  the  various  parishes.  lu  1863  the  Church 
was  formally  organized  on  a  footing  indepen- 


w 


OHUROH   MISSIONARY    SOO. 


M4 


OHUROII   MISSIONARY   SCO. 


dt'iil  of  ilif  Sociriy,  iiml  piiHscil  "  from  ii  iiiK- 
Hloimty  nIiiIi'  iiilii  II  ■'I'ltlcd  ('(U'k'Miii>li(  111  rsliili 
liHliiiiciit,  iiMili  I  IIm-  ililliinliMli'  '^iipi'i'iiilcli'liiici' 
of  till'  l)Ullii|),  "      Tell  unlive  pil>lnl>  Will'  ill  lilici' 

tniiiHlVnccI,  mill  all  liii'  oiliirs  siili-(i|iii'iill.s , 
"  8i'll-i,'iivri  iiliit;  "  luiil  "  Nile  Mi|i|)i.iiiiiir."  Ilii! 
Hiurrii  lii'Diic  liiiH  ulsi)  bcniiiic  "  sclfiwlcml- 
lll^;;"  II-*  liic  liicli  Nlalcii,  Mcvriiil  ol  llif  \V'rHl 
Al'iiciiii  .MUsjiHi-*  111'  III!'  Cliuicli  .Mi>sii)iiiiry 
.Siicifly  ilic  iiiiw  Hii|i|)i)il((l  by  the  "  SiiTl'ii 
Lfiiiu'CMiiiiili  Missions,"  u  Surit'ly  csiiiblislK  d 
ill  I'STri.  lii'llviiliial  iiii'iiilii'is  (it  till'  cliiiri'li 
bUow  ^rciit  libi'iiilily:  in  |ss;lii  new  cliunli  was 
opi'liril  1)11  I'ansii  IsluMil,  u  liirli  bail  litiii  liiiill 
(It  IIk!  Null  t'lisl  III'  an  Aliiiaii  i^i'iilbiiiaii,  ami 
ill  llic  same  year  tlii'  Icailliii;'  bouUsilIri'  at 
Frrt'lDWli.  aUii  all  Alrliaii,  iiivi>t(il  f  1 .11(10  tor 
the  lifiii'lit  »r  till'  pastoral,  ciliiratiiiiial,  anil 
lulssiiinaiy  wink  nl  llic  cbiircb;  anil  iIiIh  wlicn, 
only  Tl)  yiais  ai;i),  Sii'ira  licoiii'  was  a  bt'iitlicii 
lunil,  nnil  Un  poor  people  iiiosl  iiiiMt'iiiblu  ami 
most  vile. 

JJiiiiiiu;  the  pieM'nl  year  (1S9(»|  the  Uev.  J. 
A.  Si'lwyn  lias  belli  speeinl  niis>iiiii  serviees  for 
the  ii{iliftim^  ami  ipilekeiilnt;  of  llie  spiritual 
life  of  tbe  Siena  l,i  oiii'  ('liiinli.  "  The  serviees 
toiiinienieil  ill  Siena  Leone,  February  lOtli, 
Willi  a  three  ilays'  iiiis>ii)ii  to  the  sliuleiits  of  the 
Fouriih  May  ('olleiie,  ami  on  Feliriiary  lUlh 
Hpt'ciiil  serviees  were  eoiiiinineeil  in  the  Cathe- 
dral, which  wen;  eonliiiuiil  iluriii!;  the  follow- 
ini;  twelve  ilavs.  'riieii  ihe  parisbcN  of  Kissey, 
Welliimtiiii,  \Vateiloo,  ll:istini,'s,  Heiigiienia, 
lU',i;eiil,  anil  Kissey  Uo.miI  were  visited;  ami 
serviees  at  Sberliro,  frniii  April  1(11  h  to  lltli, 
coiicliiileil  a  mission  whirli  the  bishop  believes 
will  be  a  tiirniiiif-piiiiil  in  the  splrllutil  history 
of  the  ChiMch."  ' 

Yorulhi. —  The  Yoriiba  iicople,  iimler  wliieli 
turin  are  iiielmleil  the  Voriibii  proper  ami  all 
the  Yonilia  tribes  now  known  by  other  iiaines, 
E.i;ba,  Omio.  Ife,  etc.,  ininiber  iipwarils  of 
3,000.000.  Theru  are  many  trailitions  reiranl- 
ing  their  origin,  one  of  tlieiii  iiiakinir  Ife  the 
criulle,  not  only  of  this  nation,  but  of  the  whole 
htiinaii  race,  ami  it  is  to  ibis  day  reuarded  as  u 
place  of  the  ijreatest  saiietity  by  all  the  Voniba 
tribes.  Another  tradition  ascribes  their  oiiirin 
to  tlie  "  remnant  of  the  eliildreii  of  ('aiuiaii 
who  were  of  the  tribe  of  N'imrod."  'i'liey  have 
siitl'ereil  more  than  any  otlu  r  nation  from  the 
West  African  slave-trade;  their  .seaboard  was 
formerly  called  "The  Slave  Coast,"  and  the 
whole  country  inland  was  devastated,  y(K) 
towns  in  tlu^  lOi^ba  district  alone  haviiii;  been 
destroyed  within  fifty  years.  About  18'jr)  the 
scattered  Ej;bas  beuaii  to  uatlier  toiretherai;aiii. 
The  refuirecs  from  \')'.\  ruined  towns  combined 
for  mutual  protection,  and  iiround  a  rock  i.'00 
feet  high  tliere  sprang  up  a  great  city,  four 
miles  ill  diiuneter  within  the  walls,  and  peoi)led 
Willi  100,000  souls,  to  which  they  gave  the 
name  of  Abeokuta,  or  UmlerslDne".  It  stands 
on  the  river  Ogiin,  TO  iniles  from  tbe  coast. 
Meiiliwhlle  large  numbers  of  Kgba  slaves  had 
been  rescued  by  liritish  ships,  and  like  others 
had  beea  taken  to  Sierni  liCone;  about  the  year 
1H;W  .some  of  them  liegaii  to  make  their \vay 
back  to  their  native  land.  The  lirst  to  go  were 
idolaters,  and  they  went  avowedly  to  get  away 
from  their  Christian  neighbors  ;  but  several  t)f 
the  latter  soon  followed,  who  petitioned  that  a 
missiounrj'  might  be  .sent  to  minister  among 
them  ;  this  petition,  as  has  been  stated,  was  the 
uTigin  of  the  Yoruba  ^Mission. 


Ill  lH-t:i,  Mr.  Henry  Towiisend  palii  a  prelim. 
iiiary  vl>it  to  Abeokuta,  was  warmly  received 
by  thepiincipal  cliiel,  and  rctuincd  to  Sierra 
Jjeone  and  to  Kiu:laiid  with  a  most  favorable 
report  ;  and  lie  and  .Mr.  (iollmer,  willi  Samuel 
Crowlher  (a  native  of  Voruliai,  weic  cominis- 
Nioiied  to  begin  the  new  mission.  Jn  December, 
IM 1 1,  the  missionary  pait^'  sailed  from  Sicrrii 
l.eotie,  reaching  lladagiy  in  .l.'inuary.  ls|,');  the 
ili>tuibeil  slate  of  the  country  caused  tlnir 
ileliiition  III  this  place  for  \H  moiiths,  dm  ing 
which  lime  ellorts  weie  made  lor  the  good  of 
the  Haiiagry  people.  At  length  in  ii  remark- 
able  manner  tiie  way  was  (ipcnid  to  Abeokuta. 
A  iiiiloi  ..piis  slavedealeriil  I'm  to  Novo,  linding 
his  Iralllc  in  human  llcsh  iiiikIi  Impeded  by 
the  tribal  wars,  sent  an  emlia>sy  wilh  .L':i(H) 
Worth  of  presents  to  the  Abeokuta  chiefs,  ask- 
ing them  to  open  the  road,  and  promising  to 
supply  the  best  cloth,  tobacco,  and  rum  in  (^\- 
chiinge  for  slaves,  l!ut  with  this  embassy  the 
missionaries  conlrived  to  send  ii  trusty  mes- 
senger to  Siigbua,  The  slave  dealer's  bait  took, 
the  road  was  opened,  and  a  letter  from  Sagbuii 
invited  the  "  white  men  "  to  come  up  immedi- 
ately. 'I'hus  the  slavc-dcider  cleared  the  way 
for  the  gospel  of  liberty  ;  and  in  August,  I81(J, 
Towiisend  and  Crowlher  I'litered  Abeokuta, 
amid  the  liearliest  manifestations  of  welcome, 
not  only  from  the  Christian  Sierra  ]>coiie  people 
already  settled  there,  but  from  the  population 
generally,  and  particularly  from  Sagbua.  In 
DSIHlhe  I';!.dia  chiefs  sent  a  letter  to  the  (^ileen 
of  Kiiglanii.  thanking  her  for  having  rescued  so 
many  of  their  counlrymiii  from  slavery,  and 
begging  that  further  mcisiircs  might  be  taken 
to  pill  an  end  to  the  >lavc  trade, iiiid  tointroiiiice 
Voruba  to  lawful  eomnierce.  The  work  of  the 
iiiissioimries  was  guilefully  spoken  of.  The 
(^ui'in's  reply,  together  with  two  splendid 
Bibles,  Hnglish  and  Arabic,  and  a  steel  corn- 
mill  from  I'rince  Albert,  was  delivered  to  a 
great  gathering  of  chiefs  and  elders  in  .May, 

'I'he  Yoruba  .Mi.ssion  had  thus  begun  with 
great  promise,  and  for  several  years  held  the 
lirst  place  ill  tlie  interest  of  the  Society.  Itapid 
progress  was  imidc,  persecution  was  bravely 
borne  by  the  converts,  whose  numbers  steadily 
increased,  and  I  he  work  griidually  extended  to 
other  towns.  Iliadaii  anil  Ijaye  were  occupied 
by  Knglish  missionaries,  and  Oshielle,  Oyo, 
Iseyin,  Ishagija,  lleslia,  etc,  by  eatechists.  At 
the  same  time  .Mr.  Venn,  supported  by  Sir  T, 
i).  Aclaiid,  Sir  E.  IS'.  lJii.\ton,  .Mr.  Clegg  of 
.■Maiicliester,  and  other  i)liilanthropists,  was 
endeavoring  to  foster  legitimate  commerce  at 
Abeokuta,  especially  tbe  produclion  of  cotton; 
and  the  larire  cotton  trade  now  carried  on  with 
England  through  the  port  of  Lagos  was  initi- 
aled by  his  ellorts.  Tbe  first  cotloii-giiis  used 
in  Abeokuta  were  a  gift  to  the  mission  from 
the  I'aroiie.ss  Uurdett-Cotitts.  The  subsequent 
liislory  of  the  Abeokuta  Mission  has  been  a 
checkered  one.  The  Egba  stale  itself  has 
many  times  lu^en  eudaiigercd  by  the  invasions 
(of  which,  between  IH.'il  and  IKTfi,  there  were 
seven)  of  the  savage  army  of  Dahomey.  More 
than  once  Christian  converts  and  teachers  were 
ca|Hured.  In  1863  the  town  of  Ishagga  was 
entirely  destroyed  by  the  Dahomians,  who 
cruoilied  Egba  Christians  and  kept  others  in 
cruel  cii|)livity.  Abeokuta  itself  has  always 
repulsed  the  invaders,  the  Christian  converts 
taking  a  prominent  part  in  its  defence.    Not 


OHUROH  MISSIONART   SOO. 


38A  CHURCH   MlbblONARY   SOO. 


Iprh  iliHiihtmim  lliiin  tlic  IiivmhIoiih  hnvc  Ih'I'm  tlic 

llllil-lliluil  will's  lirlwrtii  till'  ililVcirlll  sell iiiliN 
(if  llic  Voriilm  |irii|>lr,  |ii  iiii'i|iiilly  cuiimiI  of 
liiic  yi'iir^i  liy  jruliiu-.ic.s  miil  ilis|iiiics  rcL'iinliiiu' 
li'iiili' niiiti'M  III  llic  i'iiiihI.  Ill  mil'  III'  llii'  will's, 
ill  l^tl'J,  IjiiVi'  WHS  ili'sli'iiycil  liy  llir  lliiiilllli 
|irii|ilr  ;  Ml',  mill  .Mrs.  .Miiiiii  iiiinnw  ly  i'si'ii|>ril 
Willi  llii'ii'  livrs,  iiikI  Mr.  |{(i|iir  wiisliikrri  i'a|i- 
live.  .Ml',  mill  .Ml''.  Iliiiilii'ii' well' siiiil  up  liiv 
four  y  I'll  I'M  ill  lli.'iilmi,  siillViinj;  mmiy  pi  iviiiimi'-; 
lull  III  Aliriiliiilu  till' wiii'k  pi'osprri'il  until  ISlIT, 
w  lull  ilispiltrs  lii'l  wi'i'ii  till'  iliii  I'siiiiil  till'  Iti'ilisli 
illltlliilitirs  nil  till'  riiiisl,  fostiTCil  liy  siiiiic  ill- 
(iispiiscil  Aliiiiiiis  I'l'iiiii  Siiri'ii  Lniiir,  Iril  In  ii 
piipiiliir  iiiillirnik  iiiriiiiiHl  llii'  iiilssiiiii,  ilic  c.v 
liillsinll  of  llir  lllissiiiiimli's  (not  im  liiissiiilliirirs, 
lliiwrvi'i',  liiit  lis  Kii^lisliiiii'Mi,  anil  lliu  ilrsllllr. 
linn  III'  till'  inissiiiii  liiiililiiii;s. 

I''nr  iiiiiiiy  yriii's  iin  wliiti'  iiimi  wim  iillowril 
In  Alicnkiitu,  lint  llii'  iiiitivc  ('Inisliuns  lirlil 
lni.'1'tlii'f  with  llnir  own  rlrr^y  mi'l  Iriniiiii; 
liiily,  tiiiil  iiiirnisi  il  in  iiiiiiilu  is.  'I'lii'  Inwii  is 
iiiiw'  iipciicil  iif.;iiln  to  I'^iinipiaiis,  anil  ii  (.'liiiirli 
Mi-siiiiiiiiy  Suiiily  iiiissiDiiiiiy  ^riii'i'iilly  irsiili'S 
tlii'i'i';  llir  nine  rxtrlisivi'  mill  prninisiiii;  win  k 
in  tlic  iliti'l'inr  liiis  hrcii  iniicli  riiitailril,  nun 
piisinir  liiiw  livi'  Aliirmi  I'lrl'ii'yiiirli,  iiliil  ;!,'"i(ll» 
C'lil'istiall  llilln  Tints,  nl'  w  linlii  iilioilt  niii'  lliil'il 
all' >'nliliiiiliiii'iinls.  Of  juli'  sdlirilmli'  rri;iiiil- 
lllir  llll'  riltliri'  111'  this  W'nik  liiis  111  I'll  nrriisiniiril 
by  vviilrly  cilili'lil  riininis  iis  tn  l''i'i'iiili  alliinpts 
Insc'cillr  till'  "  prntrilnl'iilr"  nf  .Mirnklllil.  Till' 
K;;liiis  Imvf  a  stinn;^  IrrliiiLT  iiu'iiiiist  ii  Kiciiili 
COIlliri'tinll,  mill  at  nlii'  tiiiir  nl'ili'li'il  till'  r.xpilU 
Minn  of  all  tlir  Kiiinali  ('atlinlli'  piiists,  w  lin 
wi'i'i',  linw'cvi'i',  siili.si'qiii'nlly  allnwi'il  In  irinaiii. 

Oni' ('lini'inniis  ili.'iw  liaik  In  llii'  wink  nl'  llit^ 
ini-siniiiuy  in  Viniilia  is  ilu'  prnl'iisr  iisi'  nl'  rum 
mill  L'in.  At  liiitlis,  wiiliiinirs  anil  fiiirials, 
mill  iilnl  I'rasts.  liirii,  wnincii.  anil  iliilillin  aii' 
(■niistiinlly  "  iliinkiiiLT  tlii'insilvi'.s  ilnink,"  naiiy 
Imiiti/ril  pcnpli'  alsn  liaviiii;  lalli'ii  iuin  Ilii' 
siimi'.  On  all  siiirs,  miiniifjst  rliirl'sHnil  pi'iiplc, 
lii'iillii'ii  mill  Clirisliai),  llic  iliink  is  I'i'lt  tn  hi'  a 
ciii'si',  anil  vi't  tlii'y  will  iliink  il.  Kiiirlmiil 
paiil  .t';il,()i)0,()iH)  tn  fri'i'  tlu'  slaves,  ImV  llii' 
nii.ssiiiiiarii's  I'misiiliT  tin'  ilrink  a  I'm'  jiii'atiT 
curse  even  lliaii  slavery,  wliieli  slill  exists  in 
Yni'iiba.  iinalTii'liil  liy  Briti.sh  law.  "So  (nirsc 
is  ailili'il  In  eiirse." 

The  LiiLTiis  .Missinn,  estalilisheil  in  IS.IS,  lias 
now,  ill  iiilililinn  tn  ()  ihiii'i'hes  in  Lairiis.  a 
|iaslniate  nrjfalii/.alinli  eniiipii^in^  4  paiislies 
(nil  the  smile  iilmi  as  SiiMia  Leniie),  wliiili  is 
iiiilepenilent  of  the  Society.  Other  pniiits  nii 
the  coiisl  mill  elsewlierc  me  still  in  cniinectinii 
with  the  Chuicli  .MissinnaiySoiiety,  which  also 
relains  the  siipeivisinii  of  the  eiliieiitioiial  insti- 
tutions at  liilirns. 

A  lai'ire  leinlnrcenieiit  Iins  reneiitly  been  sent 
to  this  missinn,  anil  Abenkiita  is  now  occupied 
lis  it  has  lint  been  since  the  e.xpiilsinii  nf  the 
niissionni'ies  Iwenly-tln'ce  yeais  ajrn. 

Nii/er.  —  In  respniise  in  an  iirireni  appeal  by  a 
(leputalinii  frnm  the  (  liiirch  .Missionary  Snciely, 
Lnril  Palinerstnii  in  l.'^.'iT  sent  a  small  sleamer 
to  make  a  tliinl  asienl  nf  the  NiLrer  River,  thus 
eiiabliiiir  the  Sniiely  In  start  the  "  N'iuer  .Mis- 
sion," which  hail  been  plminiil  upon  the  return 
of  the  seconil  e.xpeililioii.  Havinjr  Icarneil  a 
lesson  from  the  terrible  mortality  amonu:  Kn,!:- 
lisli_ missionaries  who  hail  been  sent  to  West 
Africa,  tlieChiircli  .Missionary  Societv  vesolveil 
to  cniiiliici  till'  new  mi.ssiiin  chieliy,  if  lint 
sntirely,  by  unlive  ageiil.s.     Accordingly  it  wti.s 


arrmiKeil  llnit  Crowthi  r.  who  liail  accnliipi.iileil 
the  llisl  ami  .<-ecoMil  expedition,  mid  a  stall'  nf 
picked  liativi'  teachers,  In  be  stalinlnil  at  si.\ 
dill'ereiil  places,  shniilil  uo  in  the  stcainer,  but 
at  this  junitllle  llislinp  Weeks  mill  IWn  KliiflUh 
mlosiniiarii  s  at  Mcira  Limie  died,  mnl  Ihe 
ben  lived  mis.sinii  cniilil  nnl  spare  the  iiieii  in 
Iciidrd  bir  llie  .Nigel  ;  Crnwlher  Was  llicrcl'nn! 
accniiipmiii'il  by  niilynni'  native  clergy  mall  anil 
mil'  ililcrpi'eler,  Imtlinf  wlinlii  he  slaljniiiil  at 
Onit'-b.'i.  'i'lie  stcainer  was  wrii  ked  iit  a  point 
4011  miles  frnm  llic  sea,  and  Cinulliei,  unable 
In  get  away,  was  iletiiined  mi  the  upper  river  il 
year  and  a  liiilf,  when  he  ill  la-t  reaclii  d  l.agim 
nvciland  llirmigh  the  \nriibii  ciiiintry.  In 
I'H.'iU  he  I'evisiled  the  lilissinii,  bill  after 
that  llu^i'c  was  I'nr  two  years  no  way  of 
asci'iiiling  the  liver,  tiliil  llie  dilllcully  of 
enmiiiiiniiallnii  has  agiiiii  mid  again  IiiIit. 
lend  with  the  prngnss  nf  the  missinn.  The 
lii'sl  stalinlis  were  Oiiilshii,  (ibebe.  and  Iddil, 
(Ibcbc,  thesienc  in  Ibti'v' nf  the  llist  liapti^mnn 
llie  Niger  Uiver,  was  deslroyed  by  a  civil  war, 
and  llic  cniiveits  Wire  siattued;  while  liiila 
Was  iibanilniieil,  nwiiig  tn  the  trcaclicry  nf  ii 
cllicr,  w  lin  SI  i/cil  (  rnwther  and  dcmmidi'd 
a  heavy  ransom  fnr  his  iclriise.  rnl'mtiiii- 
lilcly,  .Sir.  Fell,  the  Miili-h  cniisiil  nii  the 
rivi'r,  while  ellccting  ('rnwther's  release  wa.s 
hiinself  killed  by  a  pnisnned  iirrnw.  In  1NI14 
('rnwtlicr  was  cnnsecrated  in  ('miterbiiry 
Catlicdral  lirst  lli-^hnp  of  the  Niger.  Snnu 
after  Ids  reliirn  lo  the  Niger  us  bislinp  iho 
missinns  in  the  Delia  were  begnn,  IJniiny  was 
occupied  ill  IHliti,  lilacs  in  IHliM,  New  t'alaiiai  in 
1X75,  and  Okiikii  in  l^M.  The  ncciipalinii 
of  llniiny  was  in  respniise  In  an  iiivitalinn  to 
do  so  sent  tn  the  nislinp  nf  l.niidnn  by  its  king, 
w  lin  had  visited  I'jigliind.  The  place  was  be- 
coininir  innsperniis  frniii  its  riipidly  gniwing 
palm-nil  trade,  but  linre  a  bad  character  for  its 
degrading  siiperstitiniis  and  ciiiel  cuslmn.s. 
('annibalism,  wliiili  had  been  rife  a  few  yeara 
bebne,  was  scarcely  extinct;  human  sacrilices 
were  nll'crcil  III  the  burial  nf  cliiifs;  the  ju-ju 
nr  fetish  temple  was  paved  and  deinraled  with 
the  skulls  and  bniies  nf  enemies  w  lin  had  been 
killed  and  ealeii;  and  aiiimig  the  most  sacii'il 
gods  were  llie  lizards  lliiit  infesled  the  town. 
A  school-chiipel  was  npeiicd  and  ii  native 
teacher  appiiinled,  but  for  several  years  no 
fruit  appeared,  (iradually  inipiirers,  chieliy 
slaves,  came  forward.  On  .Imiuary  Isl,  1872, 
St.  St  elilicn's  Church  wiisnpeiud,  and  nil  Trinity 
Sunday  in  that  year  the  lirst  live  cniiverls  were 
baptized.  The'secnnd  Imptismal  service  wiis 
Ihe  signal  for  a  vinleni  outbreak  of  |iersecution, 
which  lasted  more  than  fniiryear.s,  and  in  which 
two  cnii verts  bravely  met  death  rather  tlmu 
deny  llieir  Lnnl,  while  ntlieis  endureil  severe 
siillerings.  In  IST'S  the  edict  against  Christian- 
ity was  withdrawn  and  Ihe  cliiircli  suddenly 
became  crnvvded,  and  large  iiiimbers,  incliiding 
some  of  the  chiefs,  have  since  prnfessed  their 
faith  in  Christ.  In  IMSS  IJisImp  Crnwlher  paid 
a  vivit  lo  Knglaud,  mid  iipmi  his  relurii  St. 
Stephen's  new  iron  church  was  opened.  By 
emnmnii  ennsent,  this  cliiircli,  the  largest  la 
the  mission.  Is  kimwii  as  St.  Stephen's  ( 'alhedriil; 
the  "  bishnp's  tlirniie"wiis  subscribed  for  en- 
tirely by  Ihe  Hniiiiy  schoolchildren,  and  was 
made  nf  teak-wnnd  fnim  an  nld  wreck.  Since 
the  bishnp's  retiirii  tn  liminy  Ihe  Church  Jlis- 
sioiiary  Snciely's  Conmiittee  has  received  all 
the  former  objects  of  worship  at  Uouiiy, — the 


ill 


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il 


i 


'ii 


t  I 

\  ) 

i'  ■ 


II 


CHURCH   MISSIONARY  SOC  2i 

oki  wooden  idols,  tlie  iwo  l)ra/.eu  iguanas 
(liirniiiigliam  manufarliiM.',).*  the  two  ivory 
tusks  oil  wliicli  llie  blood  of  nil  the  human 
victiii!s  was  pouiid  and  in  whifli  the  spirits  of 
their  dcpa rlci  I  ancestors  were  supposcil  to  reside, 
together  willi  oilier  relies.  The  history  of  the 
other  .staliiins  in  the  Delta  is  Very  aiuiil.-ir  to 
tliat  of  Bonny,  and  will  therefore  not  be  dwell 
upon.  Higher  up  the  river  si'venil  stations 
have  been  opened,  but  of  late  years  many  dif- 
lieulties  have  beset  the  mission.  Tlie  growth 
of  trade  has  brought  into  the  Niger  an  inereas- 
iiig  foreign  population,  ineluding  some  white 
men,  but  mostly  .seniieivilized  Afrieans  from 
other  parts  of  the  coast;  gin  and  rum  have  been 
iniliorted  in  aiipalliiig  (juantities.  and,  as  ou  the 
frontiers  of  civilization  everywhere,  the  moral 
tone  is  of  the  lowest.  The  native  pastors  and 
teachers  have  unhappily  not  always  withstood 
the  evil  iiitlueuces  around  them,  and  discretlit 
has  thereby  iu  some  places  beeu  brought  upon 
the  mission.  The  large  measure  of  success 
which  has,  iiotwilhsianding,  crowned  the  work 
is  all  the  more  remarkable. 

iJuriug  the  present  ve.-ir  this  work  has  beeu 
greatly  expanded,  and  in  consultation  with 
Bishop  Crowther  the  (.'ominitlee  liave  decided 
to  divide  it  by  a  line  running  east  and  west 
through  Beaufort  Island.  The  northeru  section, 
to  be  known  as  the  ''  Soudau  and  Upper  Niger 
Mission,"  will  be  princii)ally  to  the  Moham- 
medan tribes  speaking  the  Uausa  and  Nui)e 
languages,  and  having  I.iokoja  as  its  hcad- 
(piarteis.  Tlie  .southern  section,  to  be  called 
the  "  Delta  and  Lower  Niger  Mission,"  will  be 
mainly  directed  to  the  evangelization  of  the 
pagan  population  speakina:  the  Idzo  and  Ibo 
languages,  with  Bonny  and  Onitsha  as  the  head- 
'luarters  of  the  Delta  and  main  river  resi^'c- 
tively.  The  Committee  iu  this  extension  of 
work  have  adopted  the  cou'se  frequently  urged 
by  Bishop  Crowtlier.  of  having  European 
missionaries  labor  side  by  side  with  their  Af- 
rican brethren,  who,  it  is  hoped,  will  thus  be 
led  on  to  more  vigorous  and  spiritual  methods 
of  work. 

II.  E.\sTi:n\  EQt'.VTrtKiAL  Akric.\.— The 
commencement  of  missionary  work  in  East 
Africa  dates  from  1844.  At  the  close  of  I84;i, 
John  Ludwig  Ivrapf,  comi>elled  to  abandon 
his  perse vcr'ng  attempts  to  plant  the  liospel  in 
Abyssinia  ami  Shoa,  .sailed  frcmi  Aden  in  an 
Arab  vessel  for  the  Zanzibar  coast.  In  .January 
he  landed  at  .Mombasji.  where  iie  settled  in  the 
following  .May.  armed  with  a  letter  to  Sayyid 
Said,  which  commended  him  to  governors  and 
people  as  "a  good  man,  who  wishes  to  convert 
the  world  to  fJod."  He.-ivy  trials  markt'd  the 
beginning  of  what  has  proved  to  Ik-  so  great  an 
enterprise,  for,  within  two  months  of  his  settle- 
ment at  .Mombasa,  Krapf  burietl  on  the  main- 
land his  wife  ami  infant  child.  He  could  not 
foresee  that  close  to  the  very  sjxit  where  he 
laid  them  would  rise,  ihirtv  rears  afterwards, 
the  inis.sioM  station  of  Krere"  Town.  In  \Mi\ 
John  Keliinanii  joined  Knipf.  and  together  tliev 
established  the  mission  station  of  Kisubitini.  in 
the  llabai  district,  lif teen  miles  inland;  and  then 
began  the  series  of  journeys  with  which  o|H>ns 

•  It  ina.v  not  1m>  (n-nprallv  knmt  n  that  an  lilol  ninnn- 
faetory  i'xlst«  in  lliriiiiiii;imni.  Knirland.  which  s«'nils 
to  Afrloa,  India,  hIc  nftt-n  in  tlie  same  vessel  which 
curries  tlie  missionaries,  lar^e  niiinliers  of  linnKes. 
which  are  ImmikIU  luul  use<l  as  objects  of  worship  by 
the  heatlieii. 


6  CHURCH  MISSIONARY   SOC. 

the  history  of  Eiusland  Central  African  explora- 
tion. y\v\  mil,  1848,  Kebniann  di.scovered 
JlounI  Kiliiiia-Njafo,  and  iiitlie  following  year 
Iviapf  sighted  Mount  Kenia.  Inllueiiced  by  his 
enihusiasMi,  the  Society  formed  large  plans  for 
occupying  Central  Afiic.-i,  and  in  18")!  the 
attempt  was  made.  But  tlu;  men  still  out  died 
or  returned  home  sick,  and  Krapf,  who  started 
alone  and  reached  fur  into  L'kaniba,  wasdeserted 
by  his  n.itive  followers,  and  only  regained  the 
eoa^t  after  extraordinary  adventures  and  niiiclt 
suirering.  His  later  labors  were  chielly  lin- 
guistic. In  185t}  l{ebiiiaiin  was  driven  from 
Kisulutini  by  an  invasion  of  the  JIasai,  who 
destroyed  the  station  and  dispersed  the  people 
under  iii.siruclion.  Hebmann  retired  only  to 
Zanzibar,  where  he  iiatieiitly  carried  ou  his 
linguistic  sliidies  for  two  ye.'irs,  and  then  re- 
turned to  his  old  post.  (For  further  account 
of  Krapf  and  Hebmann,  see  Biographical 
Sketches.) 

On  the  return  of  Sir  Bartlo  Frere  f roin  his 
special  missiou  toZanzibarin  1873,  toi)utdowu 
the  slave-trade,  he  urged  on  the  Church  .Mis- 
sionary Society  the  importance  of  develoiiing 
its  work  on  the  coast,  and  advised  the  establish- 
ment of  a  settlement  for  the  reception  of  liber- 
ated slaves  at  Mombasa.  Two  mi.s,sioiiarie8 
were  at  once  sent  out  to  join  Hebmann:  but  ia 
the  following  year  an  extraorilinary  impetus 
was  given  to  all  missioimry  enterprise  in  East 
and  t'eiitral  Africa  by  the  news  of  the  death  of 
Livingstone.  (For  account  of  Livingstone's 
"  Nasik  boj's,"  see  "Indian  Mission"  of 
Church  Missionary  Society  )  The  sympathy  of 
the  Christian  public  was  thoroughly  aroused, 
and  a  large  special  fund  enabled  theSociety  to 
plan  a  great  devi  lopinent  of  the  work.  In  the 
autumn  of  1874,  the  Hev.  W.  S.  Price,  who  bad 
been  in  charge  of  the  Society's  Nasik  !>Iissiou 
in  India,  was  sent  to  .Mombasa,  and  150  of  his 
old  African  proUf/ix,  most  of  them  Christians, 
were  brought  from  Bombay  to  form  the  nucleus 
of  th(!  new  colon}'.  Land  was  purchased  on 
the  mainland  opposite  Moinba.sa,  close  to  Mrs. 
Kriipf's  grave;  houses  were  built;  the  settle- 
ment wa-s  named  Frere  'lowii,  in  honor  of  Sir 
Bartle  Frere;  and  in  1875  some  450  slaves, 
rescued  by  liritish  cruisers,  were  received  from 
the  Consul-Geiieial  at  Zanzibar.  Many  c  diera 
were  subsequently  transferred  to  theiild  .'latiou 
of  Kisulutini.  where  the  ground  is  more  easily 
cultivated;  and  around  that  station  a  large 
number  of  the  Wa-Nika,  natives  of  the  country, 
have  settled,  placing  themselves  under  Chris- 
lian  instruction.  'I'lie  spiritual  fruits  of  this 
mi.ssion  have  been  remarkable.  In  1884  a 
desolating  famine  in  theco\intry  led  to  a  revival 
of  the  slave-trade,  the  peojile  selling  them- 
.selves  in  onler  to  obtain  food;  and  through  the 
activity  of  British  slii)is  larire  numbers  were 
rescued  from  slave  dhows,  of  whom  nearly  400 
were  handed  over  to  the  mission  at  Frere  Town, 
and  the  missionaries  were  assisted  in  their  care 
of  the.se  liberated  slaves  of  18S5  by  the  liber- 
ated slaves  of  1875,  now  intelligent  Christian 
peoi>le.  In  this  year  (18S5)  two  native  teachers, 
freed  slaves  of  an  earlier  period  at  Nasik,  were 
ordained  by  Bishop  llanniniiton.  Some  work 
has  also  Imm'u  ilone  in  liie  (tiriama  district,  50 
miles  north  of  .Mombasa,  whither  the  Gospel 
was  first  carried  by  one  of  H(;bmaiin'sconverts, 
and  where  there  was  at  one  time  a  large  com- 
munity, afterwards  scattered  by  the  Swahili 
slaveholders. 


OHUROH  MISSIONARY  SOO. 


CHURCH  MISSIONARY  SOO. 


Nynnea. — Tliree  days  after  the  ptiblication  iu 
thc''"lMiily  'I'clcirnipli"  of  Stanley's  letter,  al- 
ready alliii'.i'd  to,  11  sum  of  ilo.dOO  wasoll'ered  to 
the  Church  .Missioimry  Society  towards  the  es- 
tahlishmenl  of  a  mission  in  Uganda;  another 
olTer  of  £5,(100  ([uickly  followed,  and  idtimately 
£■^4,000  was  siiecially  conlributed.  Arduous 
as  the  enlerprisc  confessedly  was,  doulilful  as 
seemed  the  policy  o[  plunging-  a  thousand  nuUs 
into  the  heart  of  A  frier  before  the  intervening 
countries  were  occupied,  the  Society  could  not 
hesitate,  for  it  was  felt  that  lids  was  no  mire 
cull  from  a  heathen  king,  no  mere  suggestion 
of  an  enterprise  never  Ihouglit  of  before.  A 
long  chain  of  events  had  led  to  the  invitation: 
at  one  end  was  a  fugitive  missionaiy  of  the 
''hurch  Missionary  Society,  led  by  the  provi- 
dence of  God  to  a  ])oint  on  the  coast  where  lie 
heard  vague  rumors  of  a  great  inland  sea  cover- 
ing a  space  till  then  blank  upon  the  map;  al 
the  other  em!  was  the  t'hurch  iMissionary  Soci- 
ety, again  rec<'iviiig  the  offer  of  a  noble  eonlri- 
bution  to  undertake  the  work  of  jjlanting  the 
banner  of  Christ  on  the  shores  of  the  largest 
of  the  four  or  live  inland  seas  discovered  in  the 
interval.  If  this  -were  not  a  providential  lead- 
ing, what  could  be?  So  "  immediately  they 
endeavored  to  go;"  and  in  June,  1878,  within 
seven  months  of  the  resolve  of  the  Society  to 
undertake  the  work,  the  lirst  parly  for  Uganda 
were  at  Zanzibar,  actively  jneparing  for  their 
arduous  march  to  the  Victoria  Myaiizn.  Of 
the  eight  men  in  the  party  one  died  on  the 
coast  and  two  others  had  to  be  sent  home  on 
accotmt  of  illness.  The  remaining  five  were 
Lieut.  G.  Sliergold  Smith,  R.N.;  ^Jiev.  i;.  T. 
Wilson,  B. A.;  Mr.  T.  O'Neill,  arehitecl;  Dr. 
John  Smith  of  the  Edinburgh  Medical  Mission; 
and  Mr.  A.  M.  Maekaj'.  !Mr.  !Muckay  was 
detained  on  the  coast  for  .some  time  by  sick- 
ness, but  the  other  four  reached  the  lake  after 
a  long  and  trying  journey.  Dr.  Smith  died 
at  the  southern  end  of  the  lake.  Lieut.  Smith 
and  Mr.  Wilson  sailed  acro.ss  in  a  boat  brought 
In  sections  from  England,  and  reached  Hubaga, 
the  capital  of  Uganda,  June  30th,  1KT7.  They 
received  a  warm  welcome  from  Mie.sa,  the 
king,  who  avowed  himself  ii  believer  in  Chris- 
tianity and  asked  for  further  instruction,  and 
regular  Christian  services  were  at  once  lieguii 
in  the  |)alaee  by  Mr.  Wilson.  Lieut.  Smith, 
leaving  him  at  Unlmga.  returned  to  the  south 
end  of  the  lake  for  Mr.  O'Neill,  who  had  re- 
mained there  with  the  stores.  While  the  latter 
was  making  a  large  boat  for  their  conveyance, 
Smith  (xplorcd  some  of  the  rivers  and  creeks, 
and  const riicted  charts,  which  were  sent  to 
England  and  published.  A  quiirrel  arising 
between  the  king  of  the  island  of  Ukerewc  and 
an  Arab  trader,  the  latter  lli'd  for  protection  to 
the  mission  cam|i,  which  was  forthwith  at- 
tacked, and  Smith,  O'Neill,  and  all  their 
nalivi'  followers  but  one  were  killed,  on  or 
about  December  Kith,  187T;  and  Mr,  Wilson 
was  left  alone  in  the  middle  of  Africa.  After 
.some  months  he  was  joined  by  .Mr.  .Mackiiy, 
and  reinforcements  weie  sent  from  Kngland 
both  by  way  of  Zanzibar  and  of  'the  Nile,  the 
latter  party  ascendiiiir  the  river  under  the  pro- 
tection of  (Jordon  I'aslia.  Iti  the  spring  of 
1>^79  .seven  missionaries  were  in  Uganda,  but 
various  ilifHciilties  arose  through  the'  hostile  in- 
llueiice  of  the  Arali  traders,  and  the  ariival  of 
a  party  of  French  Uoniish  jirii'sts.  who  grcativ 
perple.xed  Mtesa  by  their  repudiation   of   the 


Christianity  he  had  been  taught.  He  agreed 
to  .send  an  embassy  to  tiueeii  Victoria,  and 
after  the  depiirlure  of  Wilson  and  Felkiii  with 
three  envoys  for  England,  in  June,  1870,  his 
friendliness  returned,  and  both  chiefs  and 
people  showed  great  eagerness  for  instruction. 
By  means  of  a  small  priiitiiig-|iress,  reading- 
sheets  were  sujiplied  and  large  numbers  learned 
to  read;  the  public  services,  which  had  been 
stopped, w  ere  resumed;  but  anolhergreat  change 
came  in  December,  when,  underthi'  inlluenceof 
a  sorceress,  .Mtesa  and  his  chiefs  publicly  pro- 
hibited both  Christi.anil3'and  Mohammedanism, 
and  returned  to  their  heathen  superstitions. 
The  year  KSSO  was  a  time  of  great  trial,  during 
which  .Macka_y  and  I'car.soii,  although  their 
lives  were  in  imminent  danger,  went  on  (luictly 
teaching  the  few  lads  who  came  to  them,  A 
new  era  for  th(^  mission  seemed  to  begin  in 
]\lareh,  18H1,  when  the  envoy,  who  had 
reached  England  and  been  presentetl  to  the 
(Jueen,  returned  to  Uganda.  From  that  time 
the  ini.'^sionarics  labored  with  miu'h  encourage- 
ment. Jjinguistie  work  was  vigorously  prose- 
cuted, portions  of  the  New  Testament  were 
tentatively  translated,  and  hymns,  texts,  etc, 
printed  and  w  idely  circulated.  In  !Mareh,  1883, 
were  baptized  the  tirsl  converts,  and  this  year 
was  also  made  memora'ile  to  the  nii.ssion  by  the 
departure  of  tlie  French  priests, who  had  resided 
in  the  country  three  years  and  a  half.  In  1884 
King  Mtesa  died,  and  his  son  Mwanga  soon 
showed  that  he  possessed  his  father's  vices  with- 
out his  virtues.  A  period  of  much  trial  fol- 
lowed his  accession;  jealousy  and  suspicion 
prevailed,  and  in  January,  1885,  three  boys  who 
had  been  baptized  were  roasted  to  death.  Nev- 
ertheless learners  and  inquirers  continued  to 
come  forward,  and  in  Julj',  1885,  there  was  a 
congregation  of  173  persons  and  35  communi- 
cants. Meanwhile  the  young  king,  disappointed 
at  the  non-arrival  of  two  expected  missionaries, 
had  invited  the  French  priests  back  to  Uganda; 
l)\it  in  October  he  became  alarmed  by  rumors 
of  the  German  annexations  in  East  Africa,  and 
when  news  arrived  of  the  approach  of  a  white 
man  of  distinction  (Hi.sboi)  Haiinington — see 
Hiograidiical  Sketch)  by  what  was  called  the 
"  back  door,"  i.e. ,fi<im  the  east,  through  Vsoga, 
orders  were  sent  to  kill  him.  Another  time  of 
severe  trial  followed;  in  the  sprinir  of  1886 
])er.«ecution  again  bidke  out.  and  in  June  some 
iiftv  or  sixty  of  the  converts  (Protestant  and 
H  lan  Catholic)  were  cruelly  tortured  and  put 
to  death,  some  by  the  sword  and  some  by  lire; 
yet  with  even  so  teirible  a  fate  before  lluni 
some  still  sought  admission  to  the  Cluiich,  and 
twenty  Imptisms  took  place  within  a  month  of 
the  miirl,\  rdoms.  The  only  missionaries  now 
remaining  at  the  station  were  .Messrs.  Ashe  and 
Mackiiy.  The  lormer  bcin.ir  sent  away  by  the 
king  returned  to  England,  and  Mr.  ^lackiiy  re- 
mained aloncal  Uganda  until  July,  1887,  when 
be  left  fctr  the  south  end  of  the  lake.  The 
Uev.  E,  C.  Gordon  immediately  took  bis  i>lace, 
and  was  joined  in  April,  1S88,  by  the  Uev.  ]{.  H. 
Walker.  A  succession  of  i)olilical  rcvolulions 
left  the  Jlohammedan  Arabs  in  possession,  and 
through  thiir  hostility  Messrs.  Gordon  and 
Walker  with  the  French  missionaries  were,  in 
October,  1888,  exiielled  from  the  country,  and 
while  in  exile  al  U.«agala  were  encounlercd  liy 
Jlr.  Stanley  on  his  return  march  after  penetrat- 
ing  the  icccsses  of  Darkest  Africa;  an<l  in  them 
he  8»iw  the  fruits,  after  fourteen  years,  of  bis 


OHUROH  MISSIONARY   SOO. 


288 


OHUROH  MISSIONARY   SOO. 


nil 


own  iiivitiitioii  to  tlie  Clirisliiin  Cliurcli  lo  send 
tliL'  ijospt'l  to  Uganda.  Wliilc  in  r.u;an<lu  llic 
inissionai it's  lia<l  made  tonsidcralilc  |>i'oi;r('s.s  in 
roducing  the  language  lo  writing:  one  whole 
Gospel  had  i)i'un  traiislutcd,  and  with  othci' 
|)()rlionsof  SiM'ipluic  and  of  the  I'laytT-hook 
had  huiii  widely  eiicnlated. 

Inteiinediale  stations  between  the  East  (.'oast 
and  the  laUi'  have  been  e>tal)lishe'd  at  Mpwapua 
and  .Manilioia,  in  tlie  L'sagura  hills;  at  l  yni.  in 
L'naniwesi;  and  at  L'sainhiro  and  Nasu,  near  the 
south  end  of  the  lake.  At  these  stations  valu- 
able work  has  been  done  in  establishing  I'lMend- 
ly  relations  with  the  people  and  in  reducing 
their  language  lo  writing,  l)ut  the  progress  has 
been  arrested  by  (iernian  attempts  lo  subjugate 
the  country  near  the  eoasl,  and  great  uncer- 
tainly and  an.xiety  have  been  fell  regarding  the 
ini.ssionaries,  in  eonse(iueiiee  of  the  irregularity 
of  eoinniuiiiealions.  For  four  months,  from 
.June'JOlhto  October  2511),  no  letters  were  re 
ceived  from  .M|)wapwa,  while  from  the  inon; 
distanl  stations  at  the  lake  none  were  received 
between  April  2'M  and  Novembei  23d;  since 
the  latter  dale,  except  a  short  letl(M-  in  .lanuaiy, 
none  came  to  hainl  until  April  21tli.  The  let- 
ters from  home  were  naturally  subjected  lothe 
same  delay.  At  .Mpwapwa  those  of  February 
last  year  ami  subsciiuenl  months  were  not  re- 
ceived until  the  (Mid  of  October.  Curiously, 
however,  letters  of  February  and  .Maich 
reached  the  lake  in  July;  but  after  this  an 
interval  of  nearly  live  months  passed  without 
intelligence  from  the  coast.  The  activity  in 
the  region  lietweeii  Ihe  coast  and  .Mpwapwa  of 
Bushiri  and  iiwana  lleii,  Ihe  .Vrab  chiefs  of 
Hagamoyo  and  Saadani,  in  hostility  to  Ihe  Uer- 
nians,  has  been  Ihe  disturbing  <'ause. 

The  .Mpwapwa  mission-house  ami  church 
buildings  were  destroyed  by  ilushiri  on  the 
night  of  .Iul>-  Sih.  A  fortnight  before  mes- 
.sengers  had  arrived  from  .\IaMihoia,  giving 
warning  that  liushiri,  having  been  defeat<'(i 
by  the  Germans  at  Magamoyo,  was  proceeding 
up-country  to  altiu-k  llie  Kuropeansal  .Maniboia 
and  .Mpwapwa,  intending  to  kill  tlij  (teiniaris 
ami  capture  the  Knglish.  The  day  afler  the 
receipt  of  this  intelligence,  which  wa.s  not 
credited,  Hushiii  arrived,  and  tliesameevening 
(Sunday,  .^\n^r  'i'.Ul)  entered  Ihe  house  of  Lieut- 
enant Giese,  the  German  ollicer  in  command, 
whose  companion  was  unfortunately  shot  by 
the  Arabs,  but  he  himself  cHcinxtd  ihrough  "a 
win(U)W  and  got  safely  to  the  coast.  .Mr.  I'rice 
■was  providentially  at  Kisokwe  that  night. 
Hushiri  retired  for  a  tinu',  but  returned  on 
July  nth,  and  sought  an  interview  with  .Mr. 
Price,  whom  his  earnest  assurances  of  friend- 
ship deceived  into  a  sense  of  security.  'I'he 
latter,  however,  was  .secretlj-  inforimd  by  one 
of  IJushiri's  men  (a  convert  of  the  mis>ion, 
whom  he  had  bapti/.ed  in  lSH,"i,  but  who  had 
.subsequently  left  .Mpwapwa  to  live  willi  bis 
friemls  in  Usagara)  that  he  had  heard  Hushiri 
oll'er  a  reward  to  ten  of  his  men  if  tliey  could 
succeed  in  catching  him,  .Mr.  I'rice,  anil  the 
chief  ol'.Mpwapwa.     .Mr.  Price  says: 

"  Hegarding  this  as  a  |iroviden"lial  warning, 
I  came  oil  with  all  our  mission  jieople  (about  a 
dozen,  including  wives  and  children)  by  moon- 
light lo  Kisokwe,  which  we  reached  about 
3.30  .\..M.  (Tui.sday,  July  !tlh).  At  11  A..M.  some 
men  came  from  .Slpwapwa  to  tell  us  that  the 
Arab's  men  had  broken  into  the  house.  They 
Imd   thought    of    trying  to  catch    ine    '  with 


guile.'  They  borrriwed  three  tusks  of  ivory 
fnun  a  caravan  w  hich  had  airived  at  .Mpwapwa 
the  previous  day,  and  intended  to  come  and 
ask  me  to  weigh  it  lor  them,  when  they  wciuld 
be  able  to  bind  me.  Finding  the  bird  had 
llown,  they  sent  back  word  lo  their  camp,  and 
soon  a  large  body  ariived  with  Hags  and 
shouting. 

"  They  burnt  every  building  belonging  to  the 
uii.ssion— church  and  all — except  the  house  at 
Vyanje  (which  they  possibly  diil  not  know  of). 
Everything  is  gone.  .1  saved  nothing  but  some 
bedding,  and  three  small  bo.xes  containing 
clothing,  s(une  of  my  translations,  and  a  few 
books,  which  I  had  put  in  a  friend's  leiiiOe 
(hut)  the  day  before  we  lied." 

From  Ibis  lime  until  >ioveniber  ,Mr.  I'rice 
resided  at  Ki.sokwc,  but  he  then  returned  and 
occupied  a  native  U'iiiIk\  pi'uding  Ihe  restora- 
tion of  the  mission-house,  in  which  work  he 
had  Ihe  ready  assistance  of  the  \Vagogo. 

When  at  last  communication  was  reopened 
and  letters  from  Nyaii/.a  were  received,  I  here 
stood  revealed  a  strong  body  of  professing 
Christians  of  Uganda,  both  Koman  <  alholic 
and  I'rotestant,  abh;  lo  hold  their  own  and 
rciidy  to  light  the  dominant  Ar.abs.  The 
Societies' missionaries  had  declined  to  give  sup- 
l)ort  to  warlike  enterprises,  but  warmly  sym- 
pathized with  the  Chrislian  party,  which  after 
a  .severe  strugi;le  delivered  the  country  from 
Ihe  .Mohammedan  usurper.  These  Christians 
now  have  the  govenimint  of  Uganda  in  their 
own  hands,  and  inviti;  Chrislian  teaeheis  to 
occupy  Ihe  whole  land.  These  brighter  pro.s- 
pects  for  the  mission  have  since  been  darkened 
I))'  the  mournful  tidings  of  the  death,  from 
fever,  of  .Mackaj',  "  Ihe  brave  little  Scotch 
missionary,"  Ihe  last  remaining  mend)cr  of  the 
lirst  parly  sent  out  fourteen  years  before. 
Tliroughoul  thes(^  years  .Mackay  had  borne  a 
leading  \n\.\\.  in  the  mission,  not  oidy  in  the 
necessary  secular  work  for  which  his  engineer- 
ing experience  especially  ([ualilied  him,  but  in 
preaching,  teaching,  and  traiislaling,  and  in  the 
care  of  tlie  converts.  With  the  Uganda  Mission 
his  name,  alongside  those  of  Sherirold  Smilh, 
llanninglon,  anil  Parker,  will  ever  be  iileidilied. 
Afler  Ihe  tidings  of  the  Chrislian  occupation 
of  Uganda  were  received  in  England,  a  band 
of  Cambridge  men  ollered  their  .services  to  the 
Company,  and  were  .sent  to  reinforce  the 
mission  there.  They  have  been  joined  at 
Frere  Town  by  Ihe  Kight  Ueverend  .\lfred 
Hoberl  Tucker,  the  new  Hishop  of  Eastern 
Eipiatoriid  Africa  (consecrated  in  April,  WWW, 
whom  they  are  now  accompanying  into  the 
interior. 

111.  Meditkkkankan.— In  IHl,!  the  Rev. 
^Ir.  Jowetl,  the  lirsl  English  ilergyman  and 
University  graduate  who  olfered  hiin.self  to  the 
Society,  was  appointed  to  commence  the  .Medi- 
terranean .Mission,  which  had  th(!  twofold 
object  of  carrying  the  gospel  to  the  iincient 
<'hristian  churches  in  the  East  and  to  the 
.Mohanunedans.  At  lirst  the  prospects  were 
most  eiicouraginir.  .Mr.  Jowetl  and  other  mis- 
sionaries travelled  over  Greece,  'i'urkey,  Asia 
.Minor,  Syria,  and  Egypt;  were  cordially  re- 
ceived by  patriarchs  and  bishops,  and  collecled 
much  valuable  iiiforination.  From  a  printing- 
jiress  established  at  .Malta  (which  was  iminaL'eil 
for  a  time  by  .lohn  Kiilo,  afterwards  so  well 
known  for  Ids  Biblical  works)  Bibles  and 
tracts  in   the  Italian,  Modi  in   Greek,    Arabic, 


CHURCH   MISSI  -.1,  \RY   SOO. 


CHURCH  MISSIONART   SOC. 


Mtillcsc,  Aln.vsiiiiuii,  iiinl  'ruiki>li  Inuguii^i-K 
WCTL'  issued  ill  liUiTf  nuinlifrs,  uiiil  also  scliool 
books,  wliicli  were  laru'fly  adoptitl  liy  llicGit'ik 
C'hiirili  for  \iso  in  ils  own  .scliools.  but  the 
Kiiiiguiiif  hopes  awiikc lied  wurenot  reali/.fd.  In 
lM2l  tlie  revolulion  in  (irecee  began;  Ibe  wins 
and  iioiilical  Iroubks  of  tlie  next  ten  years  ])iil 
an  end  foi-  a  lime  to  aelive  work  in  the  Turkisli 
Knipire,  and  sinee  then  the  cliurches  in  the 
Kasl  liave  for  the  most  part  manifetited  little 
desire  to  be  ipiiekened  into  life  by  emissaries 
from  the  Wtsl.  'I'he  enterprise,  therefore,  as 
a  whole,  failed.  Stations  in  .Malta,  (onstan- 
tiiiopli',  (iree(  I-,  Smyrna,  and  Arabia  were  given 
up,  and  the  work  in  the  Levant  has  for  some 
time  been  conlined  lo  I'alesline.  to  which  the 
Soeiely  was  invited  by  IJisliop  Gobal  in  IX-jl. 
Jerusalem,  .l.illa,  Nablons,  Na/areth,  Salt, 
Gaza,  and  several  other  places  are  occupied. 

(ia/.a  is  inlercsling  as  being  an  alitiost  inirelj" 
Jloliammedaii  mission;  the  dispeiisar\-  there  is 
found  to  be  very  tisefiil.  The  woi  k  carried  on 
from  Salt  (b(lievedto  be  the  ancient  Hainolh 
tJile.'iil)  is  among  the  Hedawin  of  (lilead  and 
Moab.  Kduialion  is  a  veiy  iin|>ort!>!it  feature 
(if  the  work  throughout  I'alesline.  The  Turk- 
ish authorities,  taking  alarm  al  the  success  of 
the  schools,  have  closed  some  of  them,  and  al 
other  places  have  forbidden  .Mohammedan  boys 
lo  atlenil.  The  C'hurcli  Missionar\'  Siciety 
looks  forward  to  the  lime  when  religious 
lilierly  shall  prevail  in  the  Kasl.  and  then  (heir 
palieiil  work  of  seed-.sowing  in  this  liehl  will 
uot  fail  lo  show  a  bounleous  harvest. 

IV.  I'i-.nsl.\.  — I'er^ia  is  almost  the  youngest 
of  the  Church  .Missionary  Society's  nii.ssion 
fields,  but  it  was  one  <pf  th<'  lirst  Ihought  of  by 
the  original  Comniillee  In  the  lirst  "Annual 
Report  "  (IStil)  and  again  in  the  s«  ((jud  (180'J) 
the  Persian  language  is  mentioned  as  one  lo 
receive  early  aitention  with  a  view  to  the 
evangelization  of  the  Kasl;  but  Afri<a  soon  ab- 
sorbed all  the  Society's  young  iiiergies,  and 
Ihe  lirst  atlem|)t  lo  carry  the  (iospel  to  I'crsia 
WHS  thai  of  Henry  .Marty n  in  IHU.  His  trans- 
hition  of  Ihe  New  Testament,  begun  and  tin 
ished  wilhili  a  year,  rea(  lied  London,  where  it 
remained  until  the  present  Church  .Missionarj- 
Society  mission  wasopeiied  by  Dr  IJnicein  IWiO. 
From  "lH."(H-lH(i!)  Dr.  Hruce  was  a  missionary 
of  Ihe  Church  .Missionary  Smiely  in  the  Punjab, 
India;  had  there  learned  the  Persian  language. 
Hlid  when  upon  his  \vay  luick  from  India  after 
a  visit  III  KiiLdaiid  he  slopped  at  .Iiilfa,  Ihe 
Armenian  suliurb  of  Ispahan.  Finding  the 
iMohaninieilans  ipiile  ready  for  conversation  on 
reliu'lon,  he  slaved  on  for  a  while.  In  ls71 
came  the  terrible  i,,mine,  when  he  and  .Mrs. 
Hruce  gave  themselves  up  to  the  work  of  s;iv- 
ilig  the  starving  jieople.  dis|H-lising  .i'lt),0(K) 
Rent  to  them  fimn  Kntdand,  (iermany.  and 
India,  after  which  lliey  opened  an  orphaiage 
for  children  whose  jiarenls  had  |H'rished  In 
1875  Ihe  Church  .Missionary  Society  formally 
adopted  the  mission,  and  the  Bible  S«iely 
joined  in  ils  suppi  rl,  .Mr.  Hrn<-e  acting  as  super- 
intendent of  tlie  Bible  col|)orteurs,  who  have 
done  a  wdiiderfiil  work  in  the  snU' of  Scrip- 
Inres  all  over  Persia.  A  Medical  Mission  was 
01>cned  in  IHHU;  and  in  \Hii2  a  stalion  was 
opened  in  Baghdad,  a  city  in  Ihe  Turkish 
Kni|iire,  but  resorted  to  by  thousands  of 
Persian  pili;rinis  on  their  way  to  the  slirine  of 
Kerbela.  'I"he  languages  s|H)ken  are  Persian 
anil  Arabic. 


V.  Ahaiii.\.  — In  IHW.")  the  Society  resolved 
to  commence  a  mission  in  Arabia  at  Aden,  to 
which  Gen.  Ilaig  had  directed  their  attention. 
A  medical  missionary  wasaccordingly  .stationed 
al  Alien  in  iSHti.  i'oliiical  and  oilier  dilliciillies 
interfered,  however,  and  I)r  llarpur  lias  la-en 
transferred  lo  KgypI,  whence  lie  makes  ticca- 
sional  visits  lo  Aden. 

VI.  China.— l!y  ihe  Treaty  of  Nanking 
(lHl'.i),  which  closed  the  lirst  Cirinisc  war,  Eng- 
land gained  pos,sessioii  of  llonj.'  Kong  and  Ihe 
right  of  resilience  at  live  leading  ports.  The 
Church  .Missionary  Society  took  advantage  of 
this  opening  for  missionary  work  in  the  great 
Empire  by  coinniencing  a  mission  al  Shang- 
hai in  IHl.l.  Niiitrpo  was  occupied  in 
l.siS;  Fuh-Chow  iir  K'^riU;  IloiiL' Kong  and 
Peking  in  Iblil*;  Ilanu'-Chow  in  ls;(i."j;  Shaoii- 
hingin  1M7(I;  Caiilon  in  lSf<l.  in  iNso  Peking 
was  Iransferred  to  the  Soeiely  for  the  I'ropaga- 
tioii  of  the  Gospel.  The  work  as  now  organ- 
ized conii>rises  (1)  Ihe  Soiilh  China  .Mission, 
iiMilei-  Ihe  Episcopal  supervision  of  the  Bishop 
of  Victoria  residing  al  lloiijr  Kong,  and  includ- 
ing the  Kwanluiig  and  Fuli-Kien  I'loviiices; 
and  (;3)  I  he  .Mid 'China  ^lission,  under  Ihe  Bishop 
of  ,M id-China,  and  including  the  Kiang-su  and 
the  Chili-Kiang  Provinces. 

(1)  Soiil/i  C/iiiKi. — The  Society  has  amission 
al  lloiig  Kong,  and  several  out  slalions  in  the 
Kwan  lung  Province  worked  from  Canton  as  a 
cenlre.  and  also  a  mission  al  Pakhoi,  starle<l  in 
IWti;  but  ils  chief  work  is  in  the  Fuli-Kien 
Province,  which,  all  hough  one  of  Ihe  smallest 
of  China's  Ih  piovinies.  conlains  an  eslimali-d 
population  of  2(),(i(io,0i)().  The  caiiilal.  Fuh- 
Chow,  one  of  the  live  ports  opcnecl  in  ls42,  is 
said  lo  have  (i(M), 0(1(1  souls  wilhin  Ihe  walls,  and 
2,(K)(l,()(l()  if  Ihe  suburbs  and  suburban  villages 
in  Ihe  .Min  valley  are  included.  The  Fiih-Kien 
Mission  was  commenced  in  IH.jO  bv  the  Uevs. 
W.  Wellon  and  U.  I),  .lackson.  "  The  latter 
was  soon  leniiived  elsewhere,  but  Mr.  Wellon 
labored  for  six  years  amid  many  diflicullie.s, 
but  with  unfailing  palience.  He  was  the  tirst 
to  obtain  a  fooling  in  Ihe  city  itself,  Ihe  Ameri- 
can missionaries  who  pieceded  him  by  four 
years  being  allowed  lo  reside  only  in  Naiilai,  a 
suburb  on  a  large  island  in  the  .Min.  communi- 
cated with  by  means  of  a  rough  but  massive 
biidge  built  of  I  iiormous  blocks  of  granite.  It 
is  a  Ihird  of  a  mile  in  len;:lli,  and  is  called  the 
Wan-Show -Keaou,  or  Bridge  of  Ten  Thousand 
Ages.  .'Mr.  Wellon,  assisted  by  the  British 
consul,  oblained  Ihe  right  to  live  on  an  emi- 
lieuce  wilhin  the  walls,  and  Iherethe  headquar- 
ters of  Ihe  mission  were  eslablislied,  anil  from 
thence  much  faithful  work  was  done.  But  at 
Ihe  end  of  ten  years  two  out  of  live  uiissiona- 
ries  had  died,  two  had  retired,  and  the  eleventh 
year  found  Ihe  work  in  charge  of  a  solitary 
youngmissioiiary.  unfamiliarwilh  the  language 
and  without  a  single  (onverl  or  impiirer.  The 
abandoiimeiil  of  I'lili  (how  was  now  seriously 
conlemplaled,  bul  ihe  solitary  laliorer  enrnestly 
asked  to  be  allowed  lo  remain,  and  in  that  very 
jear  his  patience  was  rewaideil.  In  December, 
IHOO.  three  inipiirers  appi'iired,  two  of  whom 
were  baptized  in  .March,  IHtJl.  Others  itime 
forward,  and  prospecls  began  loliiighteii;  but 
in  IHtilt.  .Mr.  Smilli  died,  and  again  ihe  care  of 
the  mission  was  beipieatlied  to  a  new-comer, 
the  Kev.  .1.  U.  Wolfe;  there  was  now,  however, 
an  infant  native  church,  comprising  13 
baptized  members  and   5  iuijuirers,  under  the 


CHURCH   MISSIONARY   SOC. 


2on 


CHURCH   MISSIONARY   SOC. 


])asl()iiil  CHIC  of  \V(iii!;-Kiii  'I'liik,  ii  <'()nvei'l  of 
till' Aiiiciicim  .Mission,  aftciwuids  luliiiitlcil  lo 
lioly  orders  In  1S(J4  occinrfil  ii  violrnt  out- 
l)>iist  of  popiiliir  fury  iiiriiinsi  ihc  liiili-  l):inil  of 
('lirisliiins.  but  nol  oiu'  wiivfrcd  In  tlie  follow- 
iuii  year  a  cluircli  for  llii'  mission.  l)uiit  by 
KMropcan  incrcbunls.  was  opi'iKMl  in  tju'  bcart 
o-f  llic  cily.  anil  in  ISIiti  llic  number  of  converls 
rose  to  rio  In  the  mean  lime  .Mr.  Wolf  liail 
been  zealously  canyini:  the  irospel  to  other 
towns  and  villaires.  In  1870.  when  Hisliop 
All'ord  visited  the  mission,  liefoumi  1, -14;! adult 
Christians,  '>i  eatc'chists.  80  voluntary  helpers, 
and  17  students,  not  in  the  eity  of  FuhChow, 
but  mainly  in  thecitiesand  villairesoci'upied  oiiu 
after  anotlicr  by  Chinese  eateehisls.  llierebeinj^ 
only  one,  or  sonnMinies  two,  English  mi.s.sioii- 
aries  at  work. 

For  27  years  the  mission  hud  reinained  in 
pcteeabie  possession  of  Wu-slii-shan  ( Hlack- 
sstont')  Hill.  In  1H77  a  new  colieire  bui\din,g 
was  heiriin  there,  and  wlien  almost  completed 
was  deliberately  destroyed  by  a  riotous 
mob  led  on  by  jealous  mandarins.  Much 
trouble  followed,  and  ultimately  the  mission 
was  expelled  from  the  city  altojrelher,  and  new 
quarters  liail  to  bo  found  in  the  suburbs  of 
Nantai,  before;  mentioned.  In  1879  a  medical 
missioiniry  was  sent  to  reinforce  the  mission; 
in  1883  he  i)roceeded  lo  FuliNimj,  a  city  north 
of  Fuh-Chow,  where  in  188:5  a  dispensary  was 
opened;  sUideiils  were  received  for  mcdicul 
training,  iind  a  hospital  and  medical  college 
erected.  A  native  church  has  been  organized, 
nativi;  church  councils  establislanl,  and  some 
of  the  di.stricls  have  their  own  local  missionary 
associat  ions.  For  .some  years  education  was  nol 
a  strong  jioiiit  in  this  mission,  but  there  are  now 
83  .schools  in  the  province  with  a  total  of  over 
800  pupils,  chietly  children  of  Chiistians.  An 
industrial  school  has  been  establislied  by  the 
gifts  of  the  foreign  coinnuinity,  and  a  girls' 
")oarding-s(diool,  iargelv  helped  from  the  siime 
source,  is  sustained  by  the  Society  for  Female 
Fducation  in  the  East.  A  Bible-women's 
c.  iss  is  conducted  by  the  wife  of  the  college 
lirincipal,  assisted  by  native  women,  and  many 
of  the  IMble-women  have  done  good  .service. 
The  mission  slatT  now  numbers  eleven,  four  of 
vhoni  have  been  sent  out  for  extension  work  in 
the  northeast  of  the  province.  This  work  has 
been  (!8i)()t  largely  developed,  and  pioneers 
from  O.xford  and  Cambridge  have  gone  for- 
ward into  large  cities  hitherto  tmreached  by 
the  gospel. 

(3)  Sfid-Cliiun. — The  Kiang-su  Province, 
■with  Shanghai  as  its  central  point,  was  occu- 
pied in  1845.  Shan.ghai  is  described  by  the 
missionary  in  chargt;  as  a  great  centre  of  mer- 
cantile enterprise,  of  life,  of  gayely,of  sin,  and 
of  opportunities  idmost  luieijualled  in  China  for 
wi<le-reaehing  inlluenee.  In  addition  to  the 
Eiiirlish  missiontu'V,  a  band  of  eleven  native 
ag(Mils.  inelmiing  three  HIble-woinen,  are  em- 
ployed in  \\w.  work  of  the  mission,  which  con- 
sists of  street  and  chapel  preaching,  house-to- 
house  visilation,  schools,  etc.  The  chief  sta- 
tions in  .Mid-China  are,  h()wever,  in  theChih- 
Kiaiig  I'rovini'e,  in  the  cities  of  N'ing|)o  1184'*), 
Han.g-tniow  (18(il),  and  SImouhiiig  (1870).  In 
the  earlier  years  of  the  missi'm  much  sui'Cess 
was  achieved  in  the  numerous  towns  and  vil- 
lages around  Ningpo,  nolwilhsianding  fre(|uenl 
changes  in  the  mission  stall  through  sickness, 
and  the  hiudninces  caused  by  the  Tuiping  re- 


bellion. Many  of  the  Christians  have  shown 
most  admirable  Christian  sleaillastncss  and  /.eal, 
and  within  a  period  of  fourteen  years  (he  of 
them  have  been  ordained.  The  college  at 
Mingpo  has  always  been  a  successful  agency. 

At  Hang-Chow  there  is  a  medi<al  mission, 
and  a  new  hospitid  and  o]iiuin  refuge  was  built 
in  18S,'"),  ehielly  with  Knglisli  funds;  but  many 
English  and  American  roidents  in  China  and 
even  the  .Maiid.irins  of  llang-Cliow  contributed 
to  the  cost  of  its  erection.  .V  few  years  ago 
there  was  a  very  interesting  movement  in  the 
Chu-ki  district,  an  olfshoot  of  the  Hang-Chow 
Mission,  when  liO  converls  were  galhered  in 
from  al)out  35  villages,  and  hopeful  account:! 
continue  to  be'  received  of  their  strong  Chris- 
tian character.  The  Society  is  now  endeavor- 
ing to  commence  new  work  from  some  point 
on  the  Tsien-Kiang  i{iver  above  Yen  Chow  Fu. 

VTl.  .I.\l'.\N. — The  work  of  the  Church  Mis- 
sioiuiry  Society  in  .Japan  was  undertaken  in 
18t)9,  immediately  after  the  wonderful  revolu- 
tion which  lestored  power  to  the  .Mikado. 
Only  very  (piiel  and  indirect  methods  of  mak- 
ing known  the  gosi)el  could  at  lirst  be  used,  but 
within  the  i)asl  fi.'w  years  religious  toleration 
has  been  tacitly  though  nol  avowedly  accorded 
lo  Christian  ellorts,  ami  the  work  of  the  Society 
has  gradually  strengthened  and  increased;  and 
the  new  constitution  pronudgated  in  1889, 
which  confers  many  civil  liberties  on  the  peo- 
ple, and  contains  a  clausegraniing  loall  subjects 
of  Japan  freedom  of  religious  belief,  will  make 
possible  great  extension  of  evangelical  work. 
The  work  of  the  Church  iMissioiniry  Society  18 
carried  ou  (l)on  the  main  island  (Nippon),  (2) 
island  of  Kiu-Shiu,  (8)  Shikoku  island,  and  (4) 
island  of  Ye/.o 

(1)  Nippon. — The  Society's  chief  stations 
here  are  O.saka  and  Tokyo,  the  cai)ital  of  the 
empire,  more  than  300  miles  eastward  along  the 
coast.  At  Osaka  njore  than  one  third  of  llic 
■whole  European  stall'  of  this  mi.ssion  are  en- 
gaged; at  Tokyo  there  are  two  European  inis- 
siomiries.  Jlaiiy  outlying  towns  and  cities  are 
occupied  by  native  evangelists,  who  secured 
their  training  at  these  central  stations.  The 
Hishop  Poole  Memorial  Girl.i'  School  is  loculed 
at  Osaka. 

(3)  Kill  S/iiii  — The  principal  stations  on  this 
island  are  Nagasaki,  Fukuoka,  and  Ivamamoto, 
with  many  out-stations.  The  Society  reports  a 
considerable  increase  in  tin;  number  of  adher- 
ents and  more  than  181)  adult  bai>tisms. 

{i)  S/iUv/iii.—'VUU  is  the  smallest  of  the  four 
islands,  and  lies  b'.'tween  the  main  island  and 
Kiu  Shiu.  It  was  the  lirst  out-station  from 
Osaka,  and  was  visited  in  1880  at  th<'  invilation 
of  two  natives  who  had  been  members  of  the 
Orcek  Church.  As  at  the  other  stations,  mis- 
sion:iry  work  in  all  its  branches  is  carried  on 
with  eiicouragiiiir  success. 

(4)  hliiiiil  of  Yizo. — This  mission  forthe  Aino 
aborigines  has  already  been  successful  in  gath- 
ering in  a  small  church.  A  good  school  was 
.started  in  1888  at  Hakodate,  (if  which  the  lirst 
Aino  Christian  has  been  appointed  school- 
master. 

VHI.  Im)I.\.— The  Church  Missionary  So- 
ciety has  missions  in  almost  all  the  great  divi- 
sions of  India;  indeed  in  all  parts  of  the  country, 
with  the  excj'ption  of  Eastern  IJengal,  Chhota 
Nagi>ore,  Orissa,  tJujarat,  and  Southern  India. 
Its  operationsare  carried  on  in  lifteeii  languages, 
iucludiiig  Sanskrit,  Persian,  uud  Arabic.    The 


CHURCH  MISSIONARY   SOC. 


291 


CHURCH   MISSIONARY   SOC. 


diviHioiis  of  llic  Iiulinn  work  nre  (1)  North 
Iiidiii,  V-l)  I'liiijiil)  and  Sindli,  (3)  Wi-Ktern  ludiii, 
and  (4)  South  Iniliu. 

(1)  ^'orl/i  ///(//'^— Tlie  work  of  tho  Socioly 
here  was  really  liciiiin  Ix'tore  I'.ny  inissionarirs 
wen,'  sent  out,  by  a  C'oriL'sponilinif  (.'iminiilli'i' 
foniicd  in  ISdT,  of  whicli  Henry  .Mailyii  and 
(I'Uidins  IJiiclianaii  were  inenil)ers.  To  tins 
(oininiltee  the  Society  iniide  n  irrunt  for  trans- 
lations, and  under  its  ailspiej's  t.'orrie  sent 
Abdid  Masili,  Jlenry  .Maityn's  one  convert,  as 
Jill  t'Viinjrelist  to  Airra,  in  lsi;{.  In  IS^lt!  work 
was  liei;un  in  Calcnlta,  hut  for  many  years  very 
little  was  ac((iin|ilislied.  In  l>>il  tlie  ('aleiilta 
Church  Missionary  Association  w.is  formed, 
whicli  carries  on  evanjjrelistic  and  schfMil  work 
in  tlie  city,  mainly  with  local  funds,  hut  In 
cimnecllon  with  the  Society;  the  work  of  the 
As',,;i.ition  in<Iudes  also  ministrations  In  hos- 
jiilals,  instruction  of  native  servants,  and  mission 
agencies  for  special  classes,  such  as  the  (wxirer 
i\Ioliaminedans,theC'hamars(workers  in  leather), 
luid  the  Kols,  Santais,  and  other  trll>es  repre- 
sented in  the  capital.  The  Soclety'.s  own 
<'vaii,!?ellstic  work  is  among  all  classes  in  the 
city,  reachinu:  the  educate(i  and  wealthy  Brah- 
mins, and  also  the  jioorest  outcji.sls— even  the 
lepers  in  the  I.eper  Hospital.  The  year  1821 
marked  the  commencement  of  a  great  l)rancli 
of  inlssionaiy  work  in  India,  for  it  was  then 
that  Miss  t'ooke  (afterwards  .Mrs.  J.  Wilson),  of 
the  Church  iMIsslonary  Society,  began  in  Cal- 
cutta her  work  among  the  women  and  girls, 
the  forerunner  of  the  "Zenana  Missions"  of 
modern  limes.  In  185T,  the  year  al.so  of  the 
ijepoy  .Mutiny,  which  destroyed  much  of  the 
Society's  jiroperty,  but,  by  the  deep  interest 
which  it  aroused,  cau.sed  a  great  extension  of 
work  afterwards,  the  work  in  Calcutta  was 
streiigtlieiieil  by  the  addition  of  the  "  Cathedral 
Jlissioii,"  in  connection  with  which  was  estab- 
lished the  "Cathednil  Ml.s.sion  College"  in 
18()-t.  In  18M0  the  college  work  of  this  Insti- 
tution was  diseontinued,  and  the  buildings 
were  approiniated  to  the  new  Church  MLssioii- 
ai'y  Society's  Divinity  School  for  Hengal. 

To  Daniel  Corrie,  who  initialed  so  much 
Church  mi.ssioiiary  work  in  Nortli  India,  is 
owing  the  coinmencement  of  the  iiiisslon  to 
Uenares,  to  wliicth  city  he  was  appointed  chap- 
lain in  1817.  In  the  following  year  a  large 
.school  which  had  been  established  and  endowed 
by  a  wealthy  HIndii,  Itajali  .lay  Niindii,  as  a 
thank  ollering  for  recovery  friun  sickness,  wits 
transferred  to  the  Society,  and  has  ever  since 
been  an  important  branch  of  the  I'hurch  .Mis- 
sionary Society's  work  in  Ihiiares.  In  1821  an 
ordained  missionary  was  sent  to  Ibis  [Mist,  but 
he  and  others  who  followed  remained  only  a 
.short  time.  W.  Smith  and  ('.  H.  I,eu|M)lt,  ap 
liointed  to  this  post  in  ls;}2,  for  forty  years  la- 
bored side  by  siili',  the  former  as  a  preaeliliig 
missionary,  the  latter  as  organi/er  of  schools, 
ofplianagcs,  and  liulustrial  institutions  The 
head(|uarters  of  the  mission  are  at  Sigra.  a 
suburb  In  the  northwest  of  the  city,  when'  are 
now  its  mission  houses,  Christian  vill!i'.re. 
church  orplianages,  French  normal  scIiikiI, 
and  industrial  school  (where  women  and  chil- 
dren work  111  lace-making).  'I'liere  is  a  second 
mission  church,  which  lsa<'eiitre  for  evangel- 
istic work,  in  tlie  city  close  to  the  Dasjisaniedh 
Ghat,  one  of  the  live  most  sacred  places  of  pil- 
grimage in  this  ".Mecca  of  the  Hindus."  The 
mi.ssious  at  Uenares  anil  its  oiit-stalious,  uiuoug 


which  are  Gorakhpur  and  .Mlahabad,  owed 
much  In  past  years  to  Cbristiim  government 
oihcials,  particularly  to  .Mr.  Thomas Thomason, 
Lieut. -Goi'criior  of  the  Northwest  I'idviiices,  a 
son  of  the  Calcutta  chaplain  elsewhere  men- 
tioned. To  liiiu  almost  all  the  gi'etit  otlicials  and 
civili.'ins  of  North  India  owed  their  impuNe  in 
favor  of  missions.  In  (JoraUhpnr  a  large  tia<'t 
of  waste  land  was  allotted  to  the  mission  \)y 
Lord  lientinck,  to  be  ciiltiviited  by  niitivc 
Christians;  anil  upon  it  was  built  a  village  for 
them  lo  dwell  in.  The  place  was  entirely  de- 
stroyed in  the  .Mutiny,  but  was  aftcrwarifs  re- 
built, and  remains  a  prosperous  setllemenl  to 
Ibis  day.  A  similar  village  was  built  In  1H83, 
and  named  Sternpur,  alter  the  Kev.  Henry 
Stern,  who  had  been  in  charge  of  the  whole 
mission  for  more  than  i!5  years;  both  villages 
are  self  supporting.  In  18r)8,  after  the  .Mutiny, 
Allahabad,  instead  of  Agra,  became  the  seat  of 
the  IJritish  (lovernment.  This  brought  the 
(Jovernmeiit  Press  from  Agra, with  Its  employes, 
many  of  whom  were  Church  Slissionary  Society 
native  Christians,  and  a  Church  .Missionary 
Society  station  was  therefore  started  at  Allaha- 
bad In  18.")0;  the  village  bnlit  for  these  Chris- 
tians was  named  Miiirabad,  after  Sir  William 
Miiir. 

The  Krishmigar  district  is  the  seat  of  the 
Society's  chief  work  In  rural  Bengal.  In  18;{3 
the  Kl-v.  W.  Deerr  bapti/.ed  ;{0  persons  from  the 
Karta  Bhoja  (a  sect  half  Hindu  and  half  .AIos- 
lem)  in  the  face  of  much  persecution;  i.i  d  from 
that  time  the  movement  towards  Christianity 
began  to  gather  strength,  till  in  18;J8,  when 
much  relief  was  given  to  suirerers  from  a 
famine,  no  less  than  (iOO  families,  about  3,000 
l>crsons,  iihiced  themselves  under  Christian  in- 
struction. Ill  1839  the  movement  had  ex- 
tended to  .W  villages,  and  900  persons  were 
liaptized  on  one  occasion.  Great  hopes  were 
entertained  that  in  a  few  j-ears  the  bulk  of  the 
lK)pulation  would  become  Christian;  but  these 
expectations  were  not  realized,  and  for  many 
years  the  condition  of  the  Krislmagar  native 
church  caused  more  sorrow  than  joy.  In  1887 
new  plans  for  improving  Its  spiritual  condition 
were  set  on  foot,  and  at  the  same  time  a  new 
itinerant  missioti  was  started  iimong  the  heathen 
and  .Mohammedan  villages,  and  has  since  been 
zealously  carried  on. 

Sir  Henry  Lawrence,  apixiiiited  Commis- 
sioner of  Oudli  jusi  before  the  mutiny,  had  In- 
vited the  Church  .Missionaiy  Society  to  [ilant  a 
mission  at  LucUnow.  After  its  recoiniuest  in 
ls,")t>.  Sir  Uobert  .Montgomery  wrote  to  the 
Church  .Missionary  Society  Committee  ;  "As 
Sir  H.  Lawrence's  suceessoi,  I  have  the  privi- 
lege of  repeating  bis  call  ;''  and  an  association 
was  formed,  Willi  Sir  Bobert  himself  as  |)iesl- 
dent,  on  September  '24ili,  1858,  the  eve  of  the 
anniversary  of  tlie  r'  lief  of  the  lity  by  Have- 
lock.  Noiwllhstaiidiiig  very  ellicieiil  schools 
and  diligent  preaclilng,  the  fruits  of  the  mis- 
sion have  not  iieeii  large.  In  Falzabad  there  is 
a  small  congregation  with  a  native  pastor. 

The  Saiital  .Missi<in  was  begun  In  IStlO  by  the 
Hev.  E.  L.  I'lxley,  who  had  been  a  cavalry  of- 
llcer.  In  18();!  iie  established  the  station  at 
Tal  jharl,  which  has  since  been  tli<'  head(|uarters 
of  the  mission.  The  llrsl  converts  were  bap- 
tized in  18(54.  and  many  hundreds  were  received 
in  the  next  few  years  ;  but  owing  to  a  HindBr 
iziiig  process  which  was  going  on  among  the 
people  (Suutals,    an  aboriginal   hill  tribej  uud 


CHURCH  MISSIONARY  SOO. 


393 


CHURCH   MISSIONARY  SOO. 


reiiiU'riiig  tliciu  luss  iipci'ssilik',  after  1870  tlio 
projrrt'ss  wiis  U-ss  nipid.  IJiit  llifio  were  in  IHiS.") 
no  ic'ss  limn  'J. 0(10  8iiMiiil  Clirisiiuns  iiliiulicd  to 
tho  tlv(^  Cliurili  .Mis>ii)iiiii'v  Socit'ly  stiilions, 
'riiljliari,  15iiliii\vii,  llir;ini|uir,  HlmpiyM,  ami 
Goililii,  worked,  willi  llieir  (int-stiUiniis,  by  six 
niissioiiiirics  und  four  n:ilivc  |)!istors.  'I'lic 
l'>;ilms,  Oospelsiind  Acts,  tlic  l'niyir-l)ook.  ;uid 
Pilgrim's  I'rojrri'ss  have  Ixcn  triuislulcd  into 
SiiMluli  by  llic  {"luM'ch  .Missioniiry  Society  niis- 
sioMiivies,  und  prinled  l)y  llie  15il)le  Soeieiy,  llie 
Soeiily  for  the  l'i<ipai;:Uioii  of  (liiiMiiin  Knoul- 
eilire,  and  lliu  Kelijiious  Tract  Society,  respec- 
tively. 

.Missions  lo  tlie  (Joiids,  inliabitinjr  liills  and 
juMirles  of  I  he  exienslve  plateau  called  Gi'ind- 
waiia,  ami  to  the  Hliils,  awild  hill  Irilie  wide- 
ly .spread  over  Western  India,  luive  been  estal)- 
Tished,  the  former  in  ISTl),  the  latter  in  l^Sd. 
The  Gonds  are  a  peaceful  and  iiiduslrions  race, 
very  ignorant,  but  teachable;  the  tirst  convert 
wa.s  baptized  in  ISSj.  The  Hbils,  owiiiir  li' 
their  fear  of  Kuropeans,  are  very  dillicult  of 
access,  but  a  promisiiijj;  work  has  beeu  begun 
nnionir  them. 

i'i)  I'linjiili  iinil  Sinilli. — The  Churcli  ]\[issioii- 
nry  Society  uiideitook  work  in  the  Punjab  in 
1S.")((,  haviiiir  been  tu'ireiitly  pres-sed  by  ndlitarv 
friends,  and  cordially  invited  by  the  Americar 
Presbyterians,  alieaily  established  there,  to  ex- 
tend its  work  in  this  direction  ;  a  nussion  at 
KolLTur,  on  the  high-road  over  the  Iliinidayas, 
esta!)li.slied  and  endowed  by  military  .and  civil 
officers.  b.'iviiiLr  been  entrusted  to  the  Society  in 
1877,  before  the  aniK'x.alion  of  the  Punjab. 
Ainrltsar,  Lahore,  .Mii'.lan,  etc.,  eoinprising 
what  are  known  as  the  Central  .Nlissious,  were 
the  tirst  stations  established. 

At  Amritsar,  besides  the  mission  church 
with  its  con<rrei;ation  of  .'lUO  persons,  and  the 
evangelistic  work  of  catechisisand  15ible-wom- 
en,  there  are  extensive  educational  agencies, 
particidarly  the  high  school  and  its  branch 
schools  for  boys,  the  Lady  Lawrence  .Memorial 
Girls'  School,  the  (rirls'  Orphanage  and  the 
Alexandra  Christian  Girls'  Hoarding  school  iso 
named  in  memory  of  the  Prince  of  Wales's 
visit  in  lS7(i).  A  nK'dical  mission  was  begun  in 
18S-.J,  and  .several  out-slations  have  lieen  estab- 
lished. From  Anu-itsarand  Lahore  are  carried 
on.  respectively,  two  interesting  itinerant  nus- 
sioiis;  and  at  Lahore,  to  which  the  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society  was  invited  by  Dr.  Newton  and 
other  American  missionaries,  there  is  the  well- 
km)wn  St.  .John's  Divinity  School,  fouiulcd  in 
1S70,  for  high-class  theological  training  of  pas- 
tors and  evangelists  in  the  vernacular.  .Multan 
has  been  occupied  since  1856,  but  has  always 
been  feebly  manned. 

The  Frontier  Mission  Ijcsiiis  at  Simla  and 
Kotgur  (already  mentioned),  among  the  hill 
tribes  who  dwell  between  the  Punjab  plains 
ami  Tibet  and  Fastern  China.  ><exl  comes 
Kangra,  the  chief  city  in  a  district  comprising 
ntiuiy  frontier  states;  and  Kashmir,  with  its  trib- 
utaries of  Ladak  and  Iskardo.  stretching  out  in 
the  direction  of  Varkand.  The  froTitier  line 
woidd  bring  us  next  to  ll.a/.ara  and  Abbotl.abad, 
out-stations  of  the  Peshawar  .Mission,  and  then 
to  Peshawar  itself,  whose  inthiences  alleet  I'hi- 
tral  and  Kafiristan.  and  almost  every  Afghan 
tribe  from  the  Indus  to  Cabul.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  inthleuce  of  these  frontier  missions  m.ay 
in  time  extend  not  only  to  Candahar,  but  nniy 
penctrtite  to  Merv  nud  Bokhara,  to  Kuban  and 


Herat,  and  lu'ing  into  comnumication  the  mis- 
siomiries  in  Persia  and  Maghdad. 

Peshawar,  the  chief  city  of  Ibilish  Afghanis- 
tan, near  the  imiulh  of  the  Khyber  Pass,  is  a 
great  ndlitary  post,  and  the  heaihpiartersof  the 
Church  .Mi.ssiomiry  Society's  Afghan  ."Mission, 
founded  in  is,");!  by  Captain  .Martyn,  under  the 
auspices  of  .Major  Herbert  Fdwardes,  the  (.'oni- 
ndssioner.  The  .Vfghaiis  of  Peshawar  were 
most  turbulent  ami  I'analical,  and  the  previou.s 
Commi.ssioner  (who  was  assassimitcd  by  an 
Afghani  had  refused  to  allow  a  mission  ;  but 
Fdwardes,  having  no  fear  that  a  Christian  mis- 
sion here  woulil  disturb  the  peace,  earnestly  ad- 
vocated its  estjiblishmeiit.  For  m.any  years  the 
dreaded  "  Peshawar  fever"  was  a  great  obstaile 
to  continuous  missioiiiiry  elToit,  and  the  fanati- 
cism of  the  people  made  all  work  dillicult. 
Five  missionaries  died  and  several  were  sent 
home  in  iU-heallh;  one  was  struck  at  by  an 
.^fghiin  kiufe,  but  the  blow  was  averted.  All 
.\meric,aii  missionary  was  shot  by  his  servant. 
Nevertheless  the  intlnence  of  the  mission  has 
been  rennirkable;  atid  in  December,  ISs;',,  exact- 
ly thirty  years  from  its  foundation,  a  handsome 
memorial  nussion  church  was  openeil  in  the 
pre-ence  of  native  Christians,  Fnglish  ollieers, 
and  .Mohammedan  Afghan  chiefs,  the  Uev.  Dr. 
Iinad-ud-din  preaching  the  sermon.  The  pas- 
tor is  a  <onverl  from  Islam.  From  Peshawar 
visits  have  been  twice  made  by  n.'itive  Christians 
to  Ivaliristan,  a  country  hitherto  in.acccssilile  to 
Furopeans  ;  and  one  Kalir  boy,  the  first  con- 
vert from  that  race  (which  is  not  .Moslem,  but 
l)ag»;;!.  was  baptized  in  1SS4.  The  long  strip 
of  country  southward  from  Peshaw:ir,  calleil 
the  Derajat,  contains  .several  stations  aiuonfj 
wild  and  tierce  tribes. 

Wcstivn  India. — The  So<iety's  work  in  West- 
ern India  is  limited.  \\  Bombay  there  is  the 
Robert  .Money  School,  founded  in  18;i0,  a  spe- 
ciid  mission  to  .Mohanimedans,  and  various 
other  agencies.  In  the  large  district  of  Nasik 
the  Church  .Missiomiry  Society  is  |)ractically 
the  only  missiomiry  agency  ;  a  mile  or  so  west 
of  the  town  of  Nasik  is  the  Christian  village  of 
Sharampur,  founded  in  18.')4  by  the  Kev.  W. 
S.  Price.  The  .Vfrican  Asylum,  commenced  in 
Bombay  in  18.")3  i'or  the  rcce|ition  and  training 
of  liberated  slaves,  was  transferred  to  the  vil- 
lage of  Sharanpur  in  18(!0.  and  carried  on  there 
till  1874  During  this  period  .about  ','00  .Vfrici  us 
were  received  ami  educated,  many  of  whom 
subseipiently  returned  to  Fast  .Vfrica  to  join  the 
Christian  settlement  at  Freretown.  The  "Na- 
sik boys"  who  accomi)anied  Dr.  Livingstone  in 
his  last  expedition  and  brought  his  body  to  the 
coast  were  brought  up  in  this  institution. 
Other  stations  are  at  Malegaon,  and  at  Auraii- 
gabad,  in  the  Nizam's  territ(ny,  where  a  most 
successfid  mission  is  carried  on  by  the  Hev. 
Kultonji  Nowroji,  formerly  a  Parsee,  and  into 
this  nussion  sonu'  hiuulreds  of  converts  have 
been  g.illlered  from  the  outcast  .Mangs.  There 
iire  now  little  ch\irches  gathered  toirether  in  a 
larL'^e  luimber  of  the  surrouiuling  villiiges,  while 
active  and  continuous  (vangelislic  work  is  car- 
ried on  throughout  the  whole  district.  At 
Poona  has  been  est.iblished  tin'  Society's  Divin- 
ity School  for  the  West  India  IMission. 

Siyiilli  fntliii  includes  the  work  in  Madra.s, 
'i'lavaiieore.  Tinnevelly,  .and  the  'I'elutru  .Mis- 
sion, 'i'he  .Madras  >Iission,  begtni  in  1814,  now 
occupies  the  unicpie  position  of  being  carried 
on  entirely  by  nutives,  its  allairs  being  con- 


OHUROH   MISSIONARY   SOO. 


CHURCH   MISSIONARY   SOC. 


(liiclcd  liy  its  own  Cliiircli  Council.  A  scimnilo 
mission  lo  .Mdliiiiiuiirdnns  is  under  llu'  inn- 
trol  of  tin  (liurcli  .Missioniiiy  Society.  In 
IH-JOllie  iillention  of  the  Society  wiis  dr.iwn  to 
Tinnevclly,  llie  soiillieinuiost  province  of  the 
Indian  iicninsidii.  by  llie  <  Impliiin  of  Pidiiin- 
i'ollii.  Two  ndssioniiiics  were  iil  once  set  M]mit, 
for  tins  worii,  !ind  from  that  lime  tlie  liospel 
lia.s  not  censed  lo  s|iread  auioin,'  the  'liiniil 
j)opulation,  cliielly  amoiiLC  liie  Sliaimrs,  or  i  ',il- 
livutorsof  tlie  iialniyriL  tree. 

In  N'ortli  'liiMievelly  a  vii.'oroi!S  itinerant 
mission  wascstahlislicd  liy  Kairlaiid,  David  Fenn, 
ami  Meadows.  'I'luie  are  now  more  tlian  1,(M)0 
villaires  in  which  tlicre  are  Cliristiuns  in  tlie 
C'liurcli  Missionary  Society  disUicts  alone  (l)e- 
sides  many  ollieis  worlsccf  hy  lint  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel).  The  Church 
Missionary  Society  has  72  native  <ler.irymeii, 
mid  the  naiive  lay-agents  are  so  nunu'ious  tliat 
Tinnevell}'  has  heen  able  to  s\ipi>ly  evangelists 
for  the  Tamil  coolies  in  Ceylon  and  Mamitius. 
Nearly  ,L';{,(HIO  are  raised  amiually  by  these 
poor  Shanar  Christians  lowaids  the  support  of 
their  own  pastors,  cliuiches,  and  sclmols;  liie 
latter  are  well  organized  and  very  ellieienl. 

TriiV(iiii:ore  a/iil  Coi'liiii. — The  nussion  in 
tiit'so  semi-indi'pendent  states  was  begmi  in 
181(5,  iind  conlimicd  for  twenty  years  mainly 
with  a  view  to  tlie  reform  of  the  ancient  Malabar 
Syrian  Church,  which  claims  lo  have  been 
founded  by  the  Apostle  St.  Thomas.  Owing 
to  internal  <lis,seiisions  of  thai  church,  and  ils 
unwillingness  to  abjure  errors  in  doctrine  and 
abuses  in  ritual,  the  elloil  failed;  and  since 
l.'S;57  the  missionaries  liave  worked  indi'pcn- 
<lenlly.  The  result  has  been  the  adhesion  of 
nuiny  Syrians  to  their  purer  faith,  and  also  an 
active  reformiiur  niovenieiit  in  the  Syrian 
church  itself.  Considerable  progress  lias  been 
made  in  the  organi/ation  of  a  native  church, 
and  there  are  »I!  native  pastors  trained  at  the 
Cambridge  Nicholson  Institution. 

'I'lie  Teiugii  .Mission,  begun  in  1841,  has  re- 
sulted in  the  founding  of  a  growing  Telugu 
uative  church.  <liielly  drawn  from  the  Malas 
and  oi'ier  low-caste  or  out-caste  people.  A 
mi.ssioii  among  the  Kols,  a  non-Aryan  tribe  ou 
the  Upper  (iodavery,  was  foiinded  in  isyo. 

IX.  ,M.M  nrrii  s.  — In  the  year  ls."i4,  the  Hev. 
David  Fenn,  secretary  (d'  the  Society's  missions 
in  South  India,  while  visiting  Mauritius  for  the 
sake  of  his  health,  l)ecame  warmly  interested 
in  the  Ihoiisjinds  of  coolies  who  had  been 
brought  fiom  Bengal  and  Soutli  India  to  work 
on  the  sugar  plantations,  and  the  work  for 
their  beiielil  which  he  initiated  was  continued 
by  Captain  (Jordon.  an  otlicer  of  the  Uoyal 
Engineers.  The  '■  Fort  George  Juvenile  Asso- 
ciation "  was  organi/.ed  lo  aid  Ihese  Indians, 
who  form  two  thirds  of  the  popnlalion  of  the 
island,  and  llie  funds  collected  were  devoted  to 
the  enniloynient  of  a  cateehist.  whose  faithful- 
ness and  zeal  secured  him  the  honor  of  being 
the  first  native  onlained  pastor  in  ^lanrititis; 
and  when  in  l^.ld  a  missionary  of  the  Church 
Jlissionary  Society  was  tippointed  to  this  lield 
of  labor,  the  nucleus  of  an  Indi.an  church  had 
been  sdready  formed  through  the  labors  of  this 

Easlor  iiiul  the  ell'orts  of  a  colporteur  of  the 
Iritish  anil  Foreign  Hible  Society.  The  success 
of  the  mission  has  been  remarkable,  and  the 
converts  have  been  systematically  instructed, 
80  tlmt  II  large  corps  of  native  teachers  now 
strengtbeus    the    luissiouary    stall,    which    at 


present  numbers  15.  In  connection  with  this 
work  a  mi^^i  'ii  for  liberated  Africans  has  been 
opeiie<l  in  tl.    Scyihellis  Islands. 

X.  Ci:yi-on. — This  mission,  commenced  in 
1817,  comprises  evangeli.stic,  educational,  and 
paslcual  work  among  the  two  races,  Sinhalese 
and  Tamil,  which  form  the  population  of  the 
island.  Tin  re  ari'  Sinhalese  cdiigrcgations  at 
Colombo,  Cotta,  Badilcgama,  and  Kaiidy;  and 
Tamil  congregalions  at  Colombo,  Kandy,  and 
three  or  four  places  in  the  .lalTna  peninsula  in 
tile  e.\lreme  north,  as  well  as  in  several  places 
in  the  coilee  districts.  Some  of  tliciu  are  min- 
istered to  by  native  pastors,  considerable  jirog- 
ress  having  been  made  in  .self-government 
and  self-support  Native  missionary  tissocia- 
lions  have  also  been  fiu'uicd  for  the  spread 
of  the  gospel  among  the  surrounding  hiatlien. 
Two  features  of  especial  inlcresi  in  Ibis  work 
are  the  Kaiidyan  Itineracy  and  the  Tamil 
Co(j|y  Mission,  both  working  in  the  hill-coun- 
liy  ill  the  centre  of  the  island,  the  former 
among  the  Sinhalese  village  ixipulation,  the 
latter,  which  tor  thirty  veins  has  been  mainly 
supported  by  a  comnultee  of  colVce  planters, 
among  the  Tamil  coolies  on  the  coU'ec  estales, 
l,7(H)of  whom  are  now  on  the  rolls  of  unlive 
Christian  churches.  The  educational  agencies 
comprise  Trinity  Col  lege,  Kandy,  and  impoitant 
schools  of  various  kinds  at  (,'otta  and  .lalVim. 

XI.  Nkw  Zi;ai,a.ni>. — The  mission  to  the 
Maoris  of  Xew  Zealand,  the  second  of  the  .So- 
ciety's missions  in  order  of  lime,  was  under- 
taken in  ISll,  when  Samuel  ,Marsden,  with 
three  laymen,  sent  out  as  pioneers,  landed  on 
the  norihein  island.  Other  missionaries  fol- 
lowed whose  lives  were  entirely  in  Ihe  power 
of  Ihe  feiocious  cannibals,  and  were  frcipicntly 
in  imminenl  danger.  For  eleven  years  no  re- 
sults whatever  were  seen;  in  IH'^T)  tlie  lirst 
conversion  took  place,  and  no  other  natives 
were  b.'iptized  for  live  years.  Then  began  the 
niarvelous  moveinent  w  Idcli  resulted  in  almost 
tiie  whole  Maori  nation  being  brought  under 
Christian  instruction  ami  civilizing  inlliienees, 
and  which  led  liishop  Selwyn,  on  his  arri- 
val in  his  new  diocese  in  IS4',',  lo  write;  "  Wc 
see  here  a  whole  nation  of  pagans  converted 
to  the  faith.  .  .  .  Where  will  you  Iind  more 
signal  manifestations  of  Ihe  )U'esence  of  the 
Spirit,  or  more  living  evidences  of  the  king- 
dom of  Christ'.'''  In  1S4U,  iS'ew  Zealand  was 
niaile  a  Hiitish  colony,  and  emigration  on 
a  large  scale  ensued,  inlroducing  Ihe  vices  as 
well  as  the  beiietits  of  civilization.  The  inevi- 
table conllicls  of  race  began,  anil  llie  continual 
dispnles  about  llie  sale  and  (lossession  of  land 
led  to  ])rolonged  and  hitler  wars  which  shook 
Ihe  native  clinrch  lo  its  foundalioiis.  In  1804 
arose  the  "  Pai  Marire"  or  "  llail-hau"  super- 
stition, !i  strange  c(unpouiid  of  Clirisliauily  and 
heallienism,  which  spread  raiiidly  aiiuuig  the 
natives  anil  led  lo  the  barbarous  murder  of 
missionary  Volkner. 

The  condition  of  the  naiive  church  is  now 
generally  prosperous.  Forty  eight  Maori 
cleigymen  have  been  (U'dained,  and  the  church 
memliers  now  number  more  lliaii  18,(10(1; 
among  them  are  over  liOO  voluntary  laj"  help- 
ers. The  Christians  build  their  own  churches, 
and  in  ]iari  su|iport  their  own  ministers,  their 
coiitribulions  in  1818  amounling  to  .t'l,'21C. 
The  whole  Uihle  and  Prayer-book  have  been 
rendered  by  the  missiouaries  into  the  Maori 
language. 


1 


OHUROH  MISSIONARY   SOO. 


2U4 


OITT  MISSIONS 


> 


Xll.    NoUlll  A.MK.ltKA. 

1.  Norl/iircul  Aiiuriciin  MtKHtoii. — This  iiiIh- 
Hiun  tu  iht'  rciiiiLiiiii  of  the  lied  Iii<liiin  trilics 
watliTid  ovrr  llir  viisl  couiilry  rDiiiiiTly  known 
as  ilic  Hudson's  ISay  Tfiriloiy,  and  now  in- 
cluded in  tlic  Dominion  of  t'anada,  was  coni- 
lui'nci'd  in  lSli(i  liy  llif  Ucv.  .lolm  Wist,  al  u 
tniiiinir  scilli  inini  on  llic  lU'd  l{iv(  r,  a  litilo 
80UII1  of  i.al<i'  \\  inrdpi'j;.  The  lirst  sU'p  in  Ilie 
jrrcul  I'XIinsioM  of  Ilic  mission  in  nccnl  years 
was  till'  scndinir  fortii  fiom  Ucd  Kivir,  in  11^10, 
of  Henry  Uudd,  a  native  leaelitr  trained  by  .Mr. 
West  from  his  boyliood,  lot)|)en  u  new  station 
III  Deion,  500  miles  (dl.  Now  from  the  I'niied 
Slates  border  line  to  tlie  Arctic  Ocean,  and 
from  Hudson's  Hay  to  the  Uocky  .Mountains, 
the  praises  of  the  Itedeeiiicr  are  sunu;  hy  tlioii- 
saiids  of  Indians,  aini  in  eleven  dillereiit  hiii- 
giiaiies.  The  Red  Uiver  district  is  now  the 
flourishinjr  colonial  Province  of  Manitoba,  and 
ft  laru'c  part  of  tlie  Society's  work  has  devel- 
oped into  the  settled  ministrations  of  the 
clairch  in  the  colony,  and  one  of  its  ciiurches 
has  become  the  Calhedr.al  of  the  Diocese  of 
Rupert's  Land.  The  Ecclesiastical  I'rovinco 
of  Ittipert's  Land,  the  area  of  wliich  probably 
e.xcceds  that  of  the  t-'hinese  Empire,  is  divided 
Into  seven  diocese.^,  vi/..,  Rupert's  Lund,  .Moo- 
sonee,  Mackenzie  Riv<'r,  Athabasca,  lSaskatc:he 
■wan.  Calvary,  and  (Jii'A|>pelle.  In  all  tliese 
dioceses  llie  Society's  ai;ents  labor,  and  three 
of  the  bishops  are  on  the  list  oi  nnssionarics. 
Under  circumstances  of  danger,  hardshii),  and 
privation  of  no  ordinary  degree,  their  life  is 
cheerfully  spent  in  l)ehalf  of  the  simple  iuhab- 
Itunts  of  these  vast  wilds. 

Tliu  Diocese  of  .Moosouee  inchides  extensive 
territories  round  the  siiores  of  Hudson's  Ray 
and  stretches  to  the  borders  of  Canada;  a  great 
majority  of  the  Indians  in  these  regions  now 
profess  Christianity.  The  Diocese  of  Sas- 
katchewan includes  missions  to  the  still 
beathen  and  untamed  Plain  Crees,  Siou.x,  and 
Blackfeel  of  the  great  Saskatcliewan  plain. 
The  Diocese  of  Mai'kenzie  River,  the  largest. 
most  desolate,  most  sterile,  and  most  frigiil  of 
them  all,  and  thai  of  Athaba.sca,  comprise  mis- 
sions to  the  Chipewyan,  Slave,  Dog-rib,  and 
Tukudh  trib  's.  Among  the  Tnkudli,  who  are 
found  beyond  the  Rocky  .Mountains  and  with- 
in the  Arctic  Circle  on  the  Youcon  River,  the 
spread  of  the  gospel  has  been  very  rapid. 
About  1,500  have  been  baptized  since  186:!,  and 
ft  still  larger  number  are  under  Chiistian  in- 
struction. At  various  points  in  the  .Moo.sonee 
and  Athaba.sca  districts,  fringing  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  bands  of  Es(piimau.\  havt;  l)een  visited. 
Bishops  Bompas,  llorden,  and  others,  and 
three  missiomiries,  are  now  set  apart  for  their 
evangelization.  The  whole  Bible  and  Prayer- 
book  e.xist  in  Red  River  (fee,  and  considerable 
portions,  with  liyinn-books,  etc.,  in  .Moose 
C'ree,  Ojibbeway,  Soto,  Sltive,  Chii)ewyan,  and 
Tukmlh. 

3.  North  Pacific  Mission.— In  1858  Captain 
Prevost,  R.N.,  drew  the  Society's  attention  to 
the  savage  state  of  the  Tsimshean  Indians  on 
the  coast  of  British  Columbia,  and  a  young 
schoolmaster,  Jlr.  W.  Duncan,  was  sent  out;  a 
great  bles.sing  was  vouchsafed  to  his  labors, 
and  in  1802  the  Cliristian  settlement  of  Met- 
lakahtla  was  founded.  In  1881,  -Mr.  Dnncan 
refusing  to  work  on  the  lines  of  the  Church  of 
England,  ceased  to  be  a  missiomiry  of  the 
Church    Missionary  Society;  in  1887  he    re- 


moved with  some  hundreds  of  Indians  to  a 
place  70  miles  distant,  within  the  territory  of 
Alaska,  renouncing  allegiance  to  the  (^ueeii  of 
iMigl.nnd  and  coming  under  the  proUction  of 
the  L'niled  States,  and  the  station  at  iMetlah- 
kahtla  was  \\n\  In  tlie  charge  of  olher  mission- 
aries .sent  out  by  the  Society.  Other  mission- 
ary settlements  are  at  Kincolith  on  the  Naas 
River,  among  the  Ivitiksheans  of  the  interior, 
the  Ilydahs  of  (^ueen  Charlotte's  Islands,  and 
the  Kwa  gntl  Indians  of  Port  Rupert,  at  all  of 
whith  zealous  work  is  being  carried  on. 

In  the  West  Indies  imd  in  British  Guiana 
the  Church  Missionary  Society  carried  on  mis- 
sions at  Antigua,  .lamaii'a.  Triiddail,  luid  at 
various  points  in  British  (.iuiana,  for  many 
years  witli  con  derable  success. 

€i(j'  ^iMNioiiN, — Tliis  term  designates,  in 
current  usage,  those  agencies  and  lines  of  work 
throu!.'h  which  the  Church  miiusters  to  llie  nni- 
terial  and  spiritual  needs  of  the  industiial  classes 
and  of  the  i)oor  in  the  great  towns  and  (  ities  of 
Christian  lands.  It  is  applied  to  the  M'rie<i  ef- 
fort which  aims  at  the  ingathering  and  iiistruc- 
tioii  of  neglected  childicn,  the  evangelization  of 
the  masses,  the  relief  of  the  poor  and  wreldied, 
and  the  rescue  of  tlie  drunken,  the  depraved, 
and  the  vicious. 

Great  cities  in  all  circumslances  re(piire  work 
of  this  sort.  A  large  )iiipulation  inevitably  in- 
cludes a  considerable  proportion  of  jioor  people 
who  need  from  their  more  pros|)erous  neighbors 
the  helping  hand.  There  is  also  certain  to  be  a 
vicious  and  criminal  element  in  every  such  com- 
munity; for  city  life,  with  its  peculiar  (>p)iortu- 
nitiesfor  vice  and  for  evil  coinpaiuonshii\  is 
especially  alluring  to  the  rogue  ami  the  ])roll)- 
gate.  The  poor  ar  ■  compelled  by  the  exigencies 
of  their  condition  to  inhabit  the  less  desirable 
parts  of  town.  The  vicicais  have  also  their 
favorite  (piarters;  and  as  poverty  promotes  vice 
and  vice  begets  poverty  and  crime,  all  three 
are  fre((uently  found  together  in  regions  remote 
from  the  churches  and  from  all  good  and  help- 
ful intluences.  Such  places  unless  subjected  to 
the  iiatient  and  vigorous  application  of  moral 
disinfectants  become  hotbeds  and  nurseries  of 
every  sort  of  evil. 

But  the  amount  and  importance  of  the  mi.s- 
sionary  elTort  which  the  cities  demand  has  beea 
immeasurably  increa.sed  by  those  social  and 
industiial  changes  which  modern  times  have 
brought  to  all  civilized  nations.  The  discovery 
of  the  stetmi  ('iigiiie.  its  application  to  the  indus- 
tries, the  cons((|uenI  development  of  machinery, 
with  its  ihou.sands  of  attendant  discoveries  and 
inventions,  have  together  resulted  in  the  transfer 
of  a  great  share  of  tlu'  world's  wiirk  from  the 
rural  districts  to  the  towns,  whither  the  world's 
workers  have  followed  it.  This  immensi'  de- 
velopment of  manufactures  and  the  conseipient 
increase  of  tratlic  have  c.iused  the  cities  in  all 
civilized  lands  to  grow  with  amazing  rapidity 
throughout  the  nineteenth  century,  and  esjie- 
cially  during  its  latter  years.  It  would  be  dilli- 
cult  to  |)arallel  in  all  history,  in  a  city  of  the 
same  size,  the  irrowtb,  for  example,  of  ('hicago, 
which  in  1880  numbered  503,185  souls  and  in 
1890  had  reached  l,0il8..5Tti. 

If  the  city  churches  had  nothing  more  to  do 
than  to  keep  pace  with  the  expanding  popula- 
tion, their  task  would  be  one  of  no  small  mag- 
nitude; but  other  elements  have  entered  into  the 
problem  which  very  seriously  enhance  its  ditti- 


OITY  MISSIONS 


890 


OITY  MISSIONS 


culty.  Tlu'  siciiily  tlow  of  llic  liuniiin  stream 
into  till'  <in':i{  lii'.vns  Ims  nduiliil  lliiiii  to  nil 
()|)lin's>ivi'  mill  truly  terijlilc  diuicc'.  ^<iuli 
()Vcl(  TowililiL;-  liils  liiid  11  twol'old  evil  cllVit 
upon  llu'  iniisiin:  it  1ms  in'odiLiioiisly  iiicn-iiscd 
his  relit.  |iliiiiL;in,n'  liiiii  into  so  iiiiiili  the  decpei' 
poverty;  it  Ims  idso  ilriveii  liiiii  into  imrrow  iind 
iiiiitt'  iiMirow  (|iiMrti'rs.  until  it  Ims  stri|i|ied  liim 
III' every  sciiililiinee  ol' n  lioiiie. 

The  census  of  INSO  reports  one  third  of  the 
fiiiiiilies  in  (Jlusiidw  ms  li\iiii;-  in  ii  sinule  rooni, 
Mild  iilKither  third  iis  oeeupyiiiLT  hut  two  looms. 
Less  tlmii  one  Ininily  in  leu  in  the  Sioteli  me- 
tropolis enjoyed  so  iniiny  iis  four  rooms  for  its 
iionie.  llcMlth  Mild  inonilily  seem  ulike  iiiipo-< 
sihle  to  ehildreii  hrouirhl  up  under  such  eoiidi- 
lions.  New  Voik  iseveii  more  stniitly  erowiled 
limn  liny  of  the  Old  World  cities,  Imviniriiii  iiver- 
iljre  of  sixteen  persons  lo  eiieli  dwcllinLT  house, 
whili'  London  luis  hul  nine  (census  ISMO).  Out 
of  this  overcrow  dim;  liiis  sprun;;'  the  lenenieiit 
.system— 11  system  liy  which  severiil  fiiinilies, 
usuiilly  not  less  thiiii  six  or  eiirlil,  soiiielimes  ns 
iimiiy  as  twenty  live,  have  hceii  huddled  lojiether 
under  II  siniile  roof,  with  conimon  entries  iind 
halls,  narrow  rooms,  mid  dark  hed-rooms.  'I'his 
plan  of  hoiisinir  the  workinir  people  is  the  one 
llml  licnerally  prevails  in  American  cities,  ul- 
lliouuh  there  are  .some  marked  exceptions,  like 
I'hiladelphia.  .More  than  three  fourths  of  New 
York's  population,  or  l,L'."i(),(MIO  souls,  are  at 
present  liviiii:  in  her  ;!T,Mt'i  tenement-houses. 

'I'lie  ordiimry  tcnenieiit  oilers  lo  its  iinfortu- 
nale  inhabitants  the  |)ooresl  coneeivahle  apoloL'y 
for  a  home.  Its  iitniosphere  is  both  physically 
and  morally  iiinvholesome  to  a  deixree.  mid 
fairly  iioisoiicnis.  The  saloon  is  at  the  corner, 
the  drunkard  reels  up  the  common  stairs;  the 
.shouts  of  eounlless  rude,  ne^lccled  children  till 
the  air  with  shrill  pi'ofmiily ;  the  discordant  notes 
of  the  iieii.rhhors'  ((uarrels  and  the  wiiil  of  sickly 
hahes  pierce  the  thin  partitions.  There  is  ;io 
(piiet  (lav  nor  iiifrhl,  no  iirivacy,  no  clmiice  I'or 
the  (levelopment  of  healthy  family  life.  From 
the  midst  of  such  environments  the  cit)'  mis- 
sionary must  irlcan  his  scanty  harvest. 

The"i)idl)leiii  of  lily  evaiiu:i'li/iitioii  is  further 
complicaled  liy  llii'  fact  that  in  their  growth  the 
^reat  towns  have  a  leiideiicv  to  remove  those 
portions  of  society  whose  inlluence  would  natu- 
rally be  conservative  and  helpful  from  those 
who  most  need  their  help.  The  dwcllini;s  of 
rich  and  iioor  are  more  and  more  wi<lely  sepa- 
rated from  one  another.  The  most  llourisliinjr 
and  able  cliurclics  are  farthest  away  from  the 
lieldstlmt  mnvt  urL'<iitly  reipiire  their  aid.  'I'lie 
suburban  movement,  like  a  i;real  eddy,  draws 
(ilT  into  the  beautiful  park-like  »illai;es  nboul 
the  town  irreat  multitudes  of  the  middle-class 
folks,  the  bone  and  .sinew  of  the  cluirches' 
Ktreiiirlh. 

In  iiddilioii  to  these  difHeulties.  reliirioiisetTort 
in  the  cities  of  the  United  [states  meets  with  an 
even  more  serious  obstacle  in  the  complex  and 
eonfusiiii;-  miniiliiiir  of  imtioiialities  in  the  pop- 
ulation which  it  seeks  to  will.  The  immiiiiants 
which  have  come  to  us  liy  tlie  million  durini!; 
the  ]iast  Iwcnty-tive  years  have  .settled  for  the 
most  part  in  the  towns.  They  and  their  chil- 
dren it  is  tlmt  people  the  lenement-house  to-day. 
Eighty  p"r  cent  of  the  inhiibitants  of  New  York 
are  of  foreign  e.xtriietion,  and  Chiea^'o  and 
Beveral  other  cities  have  an  even  larirer  foreifin 
population.  Every  nation  of  Europe  and  more 
than  one  Asiatic  uiitiuu  has  its  colonies,  one  or 


more,  in  our  metrnjiolis;  but  amoiiL'  the  tene- 
ment-, lit  least,  there  is  no  Ameriian  (piarter. 
Hcin;;  of  many  races  and  speiikiliir  divers  lull- 
L'imi;'es,  beilii;  larL'cly  l{oiimn  (  allmlic  in  faith, 
and  when  iiomiiml  I'rolestaiils  lm\  iiiL'  in  mo.sl 
cases  very  few  mid  mcaL;re  conceptions  of  rc- 
lii:ion.  these  deiii/ens  of  the  tenement  have 
proven  exceediniily  diHieiilt  to  reiicli.  mid  have 
rarely  been  pillii  red  in  ;;reat  number-  into  the 
ehurclies  of  our  fiithers.  The  latter  have  de- 
liended  lari;ely  for  their  increment  on  converts 
from  families  of  American  stock  ;  but  such 
families  bear  only  a  small  proportion  to  the 
populiition  of  most  of  the  niciil  cities.  This  e.\- 
|ilain-  the  liut  that  while  in  the  country  at  lar>;e 
iiKHC  than  one  liftli  of  the  people  are  members 
of  evmmcliciil  churches,  in  the  iireat  cities  liiu 
proportion  varies  from  one  tenth  to  one 
twentieth.  The  reason  also  appears  for  the  fact 
tlmt  while  church  iiiembership  in  the  whole 
country  has  increased  much  bislerthmi  the  poim- 
lation,  in  izreat  cities  it  lias  fallen  behind  tho 
populiition. 

Notwithsiandinj;  tliese  obstacles  and  dillietil- 
ties,  largely,  perhaps,  liccauseof  them,  the  work 
of  city  missions  has  been  niakiii;;  wiaiderfiil  ad- 
vances in  recent  yeais.  The  broadeiiinj:  and 
deepeniiiir  of  public  interest  in  its  problems,  and 
the  sudden  increment  of  wealth  and  talent  and 
con.secriite<l  service  devoted  to  its  cause,  are  so 
rcnmrkable  as  tojrive  prophecy  of.  if  indeed  they 
do  not  already  constitute,  a  veritable  renaissaucu 
uf  City  Missions. 

Th(^  followinir  are  some  of  the  most  marked 
characteristics  of  the  new  movement: 

(1)  A  tendency  to  interest  in  its  problems  and 
engaj;e  in  its  varied  wiak,  in  uni>aridleled 
iiumliers,  ineii  of  line  culture  and  large  abili 
ties. 

CJ)  A  tendency  to  minister  to  the  iihy-ieal  and 
iiit<'llecliial  needs  of  the  poor,  as  well  as  their 
spiritual  necessities,  and  toilo  this,  not  by  alms- 
giving, but  by  thescieiitilic  treatmeut  of  poverty, 
liauperism,  and  crime. 

(:!)  A  deepening  intertst  iu  the  labor  (juestion 
and  all  social  problems  among  religious  jieople, 
and  an  attitude  of  greater  elmiity  for  and  .sym- 
pathy with  the  working  classes. 

(4|  Kll'orts  to  ihii>rove  the  mission  Sunday- 
school  in  such  ways  as  shall  make  it  more  .ser- 
viceable lo  the  children  and  youth  which  it 
gathers  in.  This  is  done  by  so  extending  it  us 
to  include  a  sy.-tem  of  week-day  religious  meet- 
ings and  classes  adapted  to  the  needs  of  pupils 
of  all  age-;  also  by  supplying  to  the  children  of 
the  lelieiiicnt  so  fur  as  possible,  thldiigh  club.s, 
societies,  reading-rooms,  evening  schools,  in- 
dustrial schools,  and  tiie  like,  llieir  lack  of  a 
Christian  lioiiie. 

(o)  .\  tendency  lo  cstiililish  "  peoiile's 
churches  "  in  place  of  mis-ion  chapels,  and  to 
eipiip  them,  by  the  employnieiit  of  assistant 
pastors,  missionaries  and  other  helpers,  as  well 
as  bv  the  o|)eiiiiig  of  •■parish  houses,"  with 
readmg-rooins,  club-rooms,  class-rooms,  gymna- 
siums, etc.,  for  a  larger  style  of  work  limn  Ims 
formerly  been  thought  needful. 

(0)  A  tiiidency  to  co-operation  among  the 
churches.  'i'his  is  manifest  in  two  ways:  by 
family  churches  in  itrosperous  ci  immunities 
combining  to  sustain  and  enlarge,  through  con- 
tributions both  of  wtirkers  and  means,  the  work 
of  people's  churches  among  the  poor;  and  by 
churches  of  dilTerent  denomiimtions  uniting  iu 
general  schemes  of  evangelism,   such  as  those 


!?;  • 


U' 


OITT   MISSIONS 


306 


OITY   MISSIONS 


i  I 


!! 


wliich  liiivi!  ticen  proposed  liy  the  Kvaii;,a'lical 
Alliiincc. 

ICvnv  city  of  ('(iiiscciiicnci'  in  (irciit  Hrilaiii. 
Ilic  riiilcil  Stall's  and  Caiiada,  anil  M'ViTal  on 
till'  cniiiiiiciii  (if  Kuropi'  iiichidc  shiik'  mipI  i>\' 
{■Uy  nii^sidii  work.  With  local  vaiialiinw  the 
same  piolili'iiisarcmct,  tlit'sainc  i;ri'iii'ial  iiiitlii«l> 
prevail,  and  lliu  same  tcndL'Ui'ics  arc  oliMTvaMf 
cvci'vwlicfc. 

'I'lic  \vo;k  as  it  is  I'ouiid  in  four  typical  cities. 
New  York,  Brooklyn,  IJostoii.and  Londiai,  will 
.serve  us  as  sullicienl  examples. 

ynr  Yovk  ('if if,  ('.  S.  A. 

In  the  nieli-opolis  the  whole  work  may  lie 
(livichMl  as  follows:  — 

1.  V/nnr/ir/iiipi'l  Work: — Each  of  the  older 
and  stronirer  churches  has  one  or  more  chapels 
under  its  c.ire,  the  mother  (hnreh  lieiiiLT  rispun- 
sihlc  for  the  direction  of  the  work  and  the  out- 
lay. 

3.  Dt'iioiniiKiliomii  ircr^.— 'riicKpiscopal.the 
Baptist,  and  the  .Melh(Hlis|  Episcopal  Churches 
have  each  a  complete  denomiTialional  oi'Lrani/.ii- 
tion.  While  the  Kpiseopal  Chnreh  has  various 
church  missions,  their  denoininalional  work  is 
<!irrie(l  on  exclusively  in  connection  with  the 
licncvolent  institutions  of  the  city. 

;J.  Cili/  I'lii't'iioiiiiiiiilioiKil  MiKniinis. — These 
missions  are  conducted  hy  the  orjianization 
known  as  the  "  New  York  City  .Mission  and 
'I'ract  Society,"  whose  field  is  helmv  Fourteenth 
Street,  with  lieadi|il.irt<'rs  at  104  liilile  Mouse. 

4.  RcHCNe  .yfix.iidiiH.  'riiese  are  open  every 
niirlit  of  the  year.  They  lalior  for  the  irre- 
spiinsjble,  homeless  crowds  who  arc  without 
I'amilics  and  are  mere  driftinu'  adventurers, 
'riicre  are  (ISlKl)  ci;;hlcen  such  missions.  None 
of  these  missions  have  a  Sunday-School,  nor  do 
they  come  in  conlael  with  l.iniily  life:  their 
work  isconlined  to  thenii'ii  of  llieilriftinircla.s.s, 
of  whom  there  are  Td.otlil  in  New  York.  Be- 
tween Cooper  I'liion  anil  Cliathain  Street  there 
are  .l.tHIO  beds  for  this  cl.ass,  which  are  fully 
occupied  durinn'  the  winter  months. 

T).  .\ftiliriil  .Wi.s.ii:>/is. — These  have  dispensaries, 
and  provide  iire.acliini;' ;md  relinioiis  instruction 
in  {onnection  with  their  iiunistries  to  the  sick 
and  disaliled. 

(i.  Mi'x.iiDiis  t'oi'  Fiilli'it  WiDiti'ii. — There  arc 
ahotit  7.000  of  this  class  in  New  York,  many  of 
wlioin  arc  liroULrht  within  the  s.iviiiL;-  and  caiinir 
inlluences  of  the  followimr  missions,  whose  doors 
are  ever  open  and  where  services  are  conducted 
ninhtlv:  1.  'I'he  .Mariiarct  Siraih.in  Home;  3. 
Tiic  W"'ctiuorc  Home;  ;i.  'I'hc  Midnight  .Mission, 
on  Mercer  Street:  4.  The  Florence  .Mission,  on 
HIeecker  Street,  where  laiL'e  liumhers  of  both 
men  and  women  attend. 

7,  Seiuiicii'K  U'«//!. —There  are  si. v  Missions 
for  Seamen.  Two  .-ire  of  the  F.piseopal  denomi- 
nation and  four  tire  nndenoininalional.  The 
larijest  of  these  is  the  .Mariners'  .Mission,  on 
Cailierine  Street,  which  has  a  branch  near  the 
C'hristoiiher  Street  Ferry. 

8.  T/ie  Colk'je  .sV//^';)«'//r— In  October,  1889, 
a  new  work  was  bejrun  bv  collcLre  women,  on 
the  iilan  of  Toynbee  llall,  London.  (See 
London  City  Missions.)  It  consistsof  a  colony  of 
collcite  woineii, seven  in  ntindjcr.who  have  taken 
ui>  their  residence  in  a  remi«lellcd  tenement- 
lio\ise  at  95  Itiviiiirlon  Street.  The  work  is  not 
a  charity,  but  rests  in  part  at  least  on  a  business 
basis,  tlie  payments  made  hy  the  residents  for 
board  coveriiig  all  the  iiousehokl  u.xpen-st'.s.     The 


rent  and  salsirics  are  tnel  by  the  ammal  subserip. 
t ion  fees  of  ij!,"),  paid  by  the  ineinbers  of  the 
L'ollci;e  Scllleinenis  Association.  The  orii;inal 
plan  of  the  Settlement  is  to  work  in  exisiim,''  in- 
stitutions :  and  it  is  founded  on  the  belief  in  thu 
power  of  fiiendsliip  to  shape  character.  Al- 
ihoiiLdi  the  wiak  consists  chielU  in  the  indirect 
inllnenees  of  an  intelli^'cnt  (  hristian  home  in  an 
iirnorani  unchristian  neiirliborhooil,  there  tire 
rctrnlar  lines  of  work,  \i/..:  clubs  for  idils  tind 
boys,  free  circnlaliiiir  library,  receptioii  of  bank 
deposits,  receivini;'  anil  relurniiiii'  iiciLrhliorly 
calls,  public  baths,  and  Sunday  work  in  the 
home  anil  laitside.  Thounh  be^'un  atid  so  far 
carried  on  by  colleire  women,  it  is  not  by  its 
coiistitulioti  restricted  in  its  mendiership,  and 
needs  the  coi'iperation  of  all  I'arnest  Christian 
womi'n. 

Till-:  Nkw  Yoiik  City  .Mission  .\ni>  Th.\(t 
Sorii;TY.— On  October  20th,  IS38.  a  mcetiii,!,' 
of  jreiitlcinen  was  held  at  tin;  Tract  Hou.se 
for  raisini;  funds  with  the  special  view  of 
c\leiiiliii>;  the  .\ineric;in  Tract  Society's  oper- 
ations in  the  West,  and  the  question  wiis  asked, 
Why  not  siipjily  the  aceessib.le  population  on 
this  side  of  the  mountains,  and  inmiediately 
aroimd  us,  as  well  as  the  West  ?  The  result 
was  that  in  .March,  lS'i!»,  a  City  Comnultee  was 
appoiiUed  by  the  New  York  City  Trael  Society, 
consist injr  of  one  mcndier  for  each  of  the  four- 
teen wards,  who.  in  coimeetion  with  distributers 
from  the  churches,  entered  upon  monthly  dis- 
tribution, each  member  of  the  coinmiltee  beim^ 
the  iiiienl  for  his  ward.  In  November,  18;!i, 
the  plan  of  cm|iloyinu-  missionaries  throuiihout 
the  respective  wards  was  adopted;  and  in  >iarch, 
Is;!."),  twelve  missionaries  were  employed,  wliich 
number  was  soon  increased  to  fourteen.  Of  late 
years  the  niiinber  employed  has  lieeii  about  55. 
On  Deceinber  I  till.  IsfU,  the  lucsenl  name  was 
adopted,  and  the  Society  was  iiicia  poi'aled  Feb- 
ruary l!»th,  lf<(iti,  anil  the  charter  amended 
Febiuary -Jllh,  1S70.  In  ISIiti  the  Society  was 
rcorirani/.ed,  mission  ch.ipels  established,  and 
mission  work  was  coiiccnlrated  iti  the  destitute 
parts  of  the  city  below  Fourteenth  Street.  Ill 
luilt  the  mission  converts  were  orir,ini/.e(I  into 
b.-mils  of  Christiiin  brotlierhooil.  on  an  uiuie- 
nominalional  basis,  and  the  Chrislian  ordinanees 
were  adiniinstered  in  the  mission  chapels. 

"  The  objects  of  this  corpoialion  are  to  pro- 
mole  inoraliiy  and  relii.;ion  amoiiLr  the  ))oor  and 
destitute  of  ilie  city  of  New  York,  bv  the  ein- 
|iloyment  of  missionaries,  by  the  dilVusion  of 
cvanirelieal  readinir  and  I  he  Sacred  Scriptures, 
by  the  establishment  ol  Sabbath-schools,  mis- 
sion stations,  and  chapels  tor  the  preachiiiLr  of 
the  (lospel  anil  for  the  ordinances  of  divine 
worship."  The  business  alVairs  and  the  estate 
of  the  cor])oratioii  are  mana.ircd  by  a  Hoard  of 
lil'ly  Directors,  who  are  chosen  from  ditl'erent 
reliiiious  denominations. 

The  Society  is  ereclins;  churehly  buildings 
and  onr.ini/intr  independent  coiiLrre.uations  on 
the  principles  of  Christian  union  and  co-oiierii- 
tion.  with  the  A])oslles'  (feed  as  the  symbol  of 
faith  and  a  simple  form  of  church  .iiovernment. 
The  ministers  in  chaiiie  are  reirularly  ordained 
by  some  one  or  other  of  the  evanuclical  denomi- 
nations, and  associated  with  them  for  counsel 
aial  help  are  church  otlicers  chosen  by  the  |)eople. 
These  ini.ssionsare constituted  on  the  basisof  the 
Evangelical  .Vlliancc  and  are  called  "churclies 
for  the  people."  Some  of  these  editieesare  large, 
spaeiou.s,  elaborate  in  their  accominulatiou.s,  and 


CITY   MISSIONS 


297 


CITY  MISSIONS 


<if  iircliilfcliiriil  coincliiicvM,  i'()iiil)iiiin^  Itciiiity 
witlioiit  mid  ((mirnii  within.  'I'Imm'  ciniiclii's 
arc  MS  folliiws:  Olivil  (ti;t  St'cuiiil  Sliccl);  Dc 
Witt  .Mi'iiioriii!  (Vjso  Hivinirtoii  Stiri'i);  lli-onmc 
Slrift  'I'lilM'tiiMcli'  (;)ll.")  Itidomc  SticcD;  Itiiliiiii 
Cliiiiili  (1")1  Worth  Sticct);  Griiimii  MiNsioti 
(ti3  Si'ioiiil  Sticcli;  ticiiiiim  .Missjinn'-iSO  Uiviiii;- 
tun  Stici'l  I. 

'/'/)(■  WdiiKiii'i,  lirmif/i  is  siistniiiiiii;  mid  direct- 
iiiir  over  40  (•xiicriciicfd  visitms  niid  iiiirscs,  wIki 
lire  daily  ciiri'viiiii'  llii'  (i(i>|i('l  to  the  lioiiii's  of 
till'  prol'ilc.      he    Witt    .MclMdl'iill   Cliunli   ill   tlic 

irporl  il{cv.  'i'hco.    I iiJiMI'dl   loi-l^SK  picstlits 

Ihf  iii'iicnd  IViitufcs  ol'  mission  woik  in  ii  uiciit 
fiiy. 

Ofdcr  of  Services:— Siilihiith— ( 'hiiii'scSundiiy- 
school.!(.:!()A.M. ;  iiii'ii's  piiiycrincetiiiii',  10  a.m.; 
preii'Iiiiiir,  II  A.M.;  Siililiiitli  school.  ■,V;IO|'.m.; 
<ierniaii  i'rciichiiiL'.  l. l.T  l'. M.;  ('Iiiisii.in  IJi- 
deavor,  ti.4.")  i-.m.  .Monday— Christian  Ijideavor 
Owice  a  inontlO.  M  i-.m.  Tuesday- (  hiiicli 
lirayer-iiieeiiiii;'.  T.l")  i".M.;  niissidnary  iiiceiiiiu' 
(iiii'mthly),  T.4.")  I'.M.;  Christian  Dndeavor 
(inotithly),  7.4.')  l'.  m.  Wcilnesday— (icrniaii 
prayer  liiectiliir,  7.:I0  I'.m.;  missionary  incctinLT 
tiiioiitlily  I.  T.liO  I'.M.  'I'hursday— Woman's 
pniycr-iiieetinir,  i!.;!0  l'..M.;  chililren's  servii  e, 
4r.'M.;  lectnres  and  eliterlaiiinKiits,  S  i-.m.; 
Kiiiir's  |)au;;liters,  «  i-.m.  Friday -I'rayer, 
praise,  and  testimony  meetiiiL;',  7.4-")i'.M.;  choir 
rehearsal,  8  l". m.  Saturday— Cliildicn's  mis- 
sionary nieciiiiir.  It)  A.M. 

"  Oiicc  a  month  we  have  ini'Mched  a  short 
sermon  on  natiiial  history, and  have  endeavored 
to  teach  instructive  lessons  t'roni  the  animal 
world.  'I'lie  boys  anil  li'irls  <'s|)eciidlv  enjoyed 
the  talks  on  the  '  Horse,'  the  '  l)oi;-,'  "the 
•  I)ove,'  the  'Ivmle,'  and  the  '  Klephanl.'  It 
is  (piite  comnion  to  liear  the  mothers  repeat  to 
Us  portions  of  these  talks  which  the  children 
lu'ar<l  at  church  and  reheaised  in  their  homes," 

Various  scIk'Hics  foi-  benetitiiiLr  lli^*'  people 
are  eoimecteil  with  the  mission,  such  as  llie 
I'ollowiiiLr:  — "  The  llelpinji-  Hand."  which  is  ii 
."iCM-iety  liavini:  for  its  otijecl  the  natlieriimnf  the 
women  toi'ether  for  the  preparation  of  uar- 
nienls.  Sixty  seven  women  last  winter  made 
(.>5S  ■rarmenls,  thus  liciiii;  helped  to  earn  their 
own  clolhiiii;'.  A  hank  is  also  comieelcd  with 
the  missidn,  and  to  eiK-onraiiC  youu;;'  depositors, 
10  ]ier  cent  interest  is  allowed. 

Mntnal-hiiH-jil  8orii/ii«. — 1,  TIiP  Insurance 
Society.  Wlicn  a  member  dies  an  assesstucnl 
is  made  in  order  to  meet  the  funeral  expenses. 
'2.  The  Tontine  Society.  The  meiiibers  are 
all  men.  The  payment  of  ")0  cents  monthly 
entitles  them  to  beiiclit  in  case  of  sickness  or 
iiecident.  ;{.  The  (Jerniaii  Woman's  Society. 
This  society  employs  a  i>hysi(ian  who  atteiuls 
all  nii'inbcrs  for  a  small  monthly  fee.  A  eotu- 
niiltee  reads  to  them  the  Word  of  (iod.  The 
Society  has  .'i«77li  in  hank,  the  receipts  being 
^•,'tiO  I'lir  th<'  year. 

Meetiniis  on  Saturday  afternoon  iire  conducted 
in  behalf  of  the  Jews,  who  take  much  interest 
in  the  discussion  of  reliuious  subjects  and  jier- 
Iiiit  their  children  to  attend  the  Sabbath-school. 

The  Mission  has  also  a  free  circniliitiiiu  li- 
liniry.  havinir  loaned  iliiriiig  the  year  idioiit 
10,000  volumes. 

Open-air  services  arc  conducted  in  the  streets 
near  the  missions.  The  Mroonie  Street  Mission 
reports  between  4,000  and  5,000  niakinj;  u.se 
•of  its  reading-room  during  ii  |ieri(Hl  of  two 
mouths  iu  the  wiuter.     This  mission  liiis  also  a 


gjMniiasimn  ami  baths  — a  phiiigelmtli  for  males, 
and  a  bath  tub  for  fi'inales. 

T/if  lldiiif  is  an  important  a^'ciuT  conducted 
by  the  wdinen.  The  necessity  for  trained  woik- 
ers  having  been  greatly  felt,  the  preparation  for 
such  a  class  was  undertaken  at  the  Home, 
'i'hc  w  cirk  aimed  at  is  dis|iiicti\(ly  wdinan's  W(iik 
and  not  i'or  the  pulpit  or  the  platform.  Though 
each  wiirkcr  is  expected  to  do  her  part  in  carry- 
ing on  the  Sabbath  s<lii  Mils  and  church  si'iviccs, 
her  elVorts  are  directed  primarily  to  the  Held  and 
not  the  church.  I'lie  dcsiiableiicss  of  develop- 
ing ability  to  cut  and  make  garnieiits,  to  attend 
to  household  duties  (ir  ordinary  business  mat- 
ters, as  well  as  to  preside  over  children's  meet- 
ings, will  be  ipicstioned  by  niiiw  w  lio  have 
experimental  knowlediic  of  the  needed  ae(iuire- 
inents  for  the  best  work  for  the  people. 

Mothers'  unions,  day  mirseries,  sewimr- 
schools,  lionies  provided  for  tlie  aged  ami  indi- 
gent, tract  distribution,  are  also  agencies  which 
are  especially  employed  by  the  Woman's  Hrancli. 
The  followiiiii-  summarv  is  reported  bv  the 
Itralich  for  ISSil  :  'I'racl's  given.  4S,,-.S0;  'liijilcs 
given,  ."(."((l;  volumes  liianed.  lO.Od'J;  ehildidiiii 
Sunday  school,  r)','!!;  adults  in  Bible  classes,  •,>1S; 
meetings  ciiriducled,  1.01'.';  niissidnary  visitsaiul 
calls,  4;!,!M.'>;  nurses'  visits,  4,;i47;  garments 
uivcn  out,  l,!l70;  expended  bv  niissionaries  and 
nurses,  .'<l,(>(i.s.'.>s. 

The  New  ^'ork  City  .Mission  and  Tract  So- 
ciety have  expended  tortile  year  ending  Deeein- 
ber":!Ist,  1SS!».  the  sum  of  !J;:l;i,(iSit.4;!.  ' 

Forty  li\e  benevolent  societies  in  Xcw  York 
received  for  the  year  l^sit  a  total  of  !<l,S10,t;74.Sl. 
Seventeen  Uomaii  Catholic  soeietii'S  received 
from  municipal  allowanc<'  and  excise  iipprojiri- 
tionthelolal  sum  of  if I,000,,V,'l.  14.  'I'wenty- 
eiglit  other  societies  (including  four  Hebrew 
societies,  which  received  from  the  city  ifU"),- 
!t4<).41)  received  from  municipal  allowance  and 
exci.se  aiipropriation  a  total  of  ^S0',',0.sti.()4. 

Jiroohlifii,  X.  1'.,  l\  S.  A. 

TiiK  IJitooKi.vN  Mission  and  'I'kact  So- 
ciKrv, — The  establishment  of  the  Brooklyn 
'I'ract  Society  was  first  lu'oposed  at  a  meeting 
held  at  the  "house  of  .Mr.  Zachariali  Lewis,  on 
the  evening  of  .luly  17th,  IS'JO,  ten  persons  being 
jircscnt  besides  .Mr.  Lewis.  On  .luly  ',':>d,  IS'JiJ, 
it  was  organi/ed  in  the  Aiiprentieis'  Library, 
notice  of  this  oigaiii/ation  having  been  given  in 
the  various  pulpits  of  tin  "  village  '  on  tlie  pi'e- 
vicais  Sabbath.  The  tirst  president  was  the  lato 
Episcopal  liishop  ,M(  llvaiiie  of  Ohio,  who  tilled 
the  ollice  for  three  years  and  was  siicceedctl  by 
the  late  |{ev.  Dr.  J,  S.  Spencer  of  the  I'resby- 
lerian  Church. 

The  town  of  Hrooklyn  contained  at  that  time 
li'ss  than  l.").ll(IO  inhabitants,  jmd  New  York 
:.'00,000.  Steam  ferry-boats  had  been  introduced 
to  ply  between  the  two  cities  lifteeii  years  before, 
and  the  tirst  daily  paper  was  intUHluced  in 
IJrooklyn  twelve  years  Liter. 

'I"he  tirst  .•inniyersary  niectini:  was  held  De- 
cember ;iOth,  is;!0,  at  St.  A  mi's  Church;  and  the 
treasurer's  report  for  the  eighteen  months  ]irece(l- 
iilg  showed  the  receipts  of  thi'  Society  for  that  pe- 
riod had  bei'nf'J:{l.;!l,  theexpenditures  !l!','li).4H, 
and  the  Society  was  indebted  to  the  Ainerican 
'I'ract  Society  for  tracts  imrchased  to  the  amount 
of  ^98.;!").  The  eollection  lifted  in  res|K)nse  to 
an  etirnest  apjieal  to  cover  this  indebtedness 
mnouiited  to  |!83.t58.  (At  the  forty-third  anni- 
versary,  April  21st,  1873,  after  a  seriuou  by  Hev. 


OITY   MISSIONS 


•im 


OITY   MISSIONS 


rl 


I    :, 


Dr.  Will.  M.  Tiivlor,  llic  s|i(iiiiiiii<'iiii-.  imi|iciiir 
ini;  wii'^  flo.iHKi.)  Al  ilic  iiiiniiiil  incitiiiir,  •Imi' 
uiiiy,  IM|s.  ii  wiis  icpiiiiiil  iliiit  clcvi'ii  ■■Imiclii's 
IiikI  iMiiilriliiiti'il  ifil.llT'l.ItT.  iiiiil  oiir  inin^iniiMiy 
liiiil  Ix'cn  i'iii|ilii\i'il  mill  !'.''>  vJsilDiN  IimiI  liirii 
(■iriiiliiliii'j;  iniii^.  It  \vii>  mil  until  |st!»  ilini 
lliiri'  llli^-.illlm|•it■>|  welt'  riii|)luy('(l.  mid  llii'  rul- 
jiciidiis  iiiiKiiinii'il  to  ii<'.'.i;lt.'|(l.  Ill  IH.VS  till' 
cDii-itltiiliiiti  wii-^  miii'iiiird,  mill  ilic  Sdcicty  wiis 
iimiitcl  " 'I'lic  lliooklyii  .Misslnii  mid  'rinil  So 
cidv."  Till'  ('iii|iliiyMiiiil  nl'  iiiiv'-iiiii!iiir«..  in 
(lisiliK'tion  t'i'niii  till'  --iMiiili'  liniiliitiiiii  nl'  rclii.' 

iims  Iriict-i.  lircMllli' tlirlr;illiT  its  |i|-incipMl  Wiilk, 
Mild  tlir  llll|i|iy  clTrcl  111'   till'  clliiniir  ll|iii|l  its   \i- 

Miiirci's  mill  ii|MT!itinns  mihI  mi  thr  intrirsi  lilt 
in  it  liy  tlic  tlimclics  nt  mni'  Imimiim' ii|i|iMiiiit 
Tlif  liist  iiiiiiiliiT  111'  its  •' JiiiiiiimI  "  \Mis  issued  in 
.Imiiimy.  Isii'J.  Tin' rnntriliiitiiin  In  tlir  Sncicly 
liy  II  siiiirlc  cliiiicli  in  tlu'  ycm'  issT  iiliiiost, 
<'i|ilMll('d  till'  ('i)iiiliiiii'd  I'linti'iliiltliilis  ol'  tlir  'i'-i 
cliiirclu's  wliirli  Milird  its  tii'tisiiry  only  ten  yciirs 
ln'1'iilr.  In  INti'i  the  Siicii'ly  was  iniiii|iiir,'itril, 
tind  so  lircmni'  li'Li'iilly  i|iiiililii'd  to  hold  |ii'o|i('i'ty 
by  title  mid  to  reeeive  lieiniests. 

'/'/«■  W'oiiiiiii'h  Aii.riliiiri/  wiis  sliirted  in  \>*W 
under  tll('leildiislii|i  of  Mis,  LiieyS.  li:iiiililiili:(', 
iiidi'd  liy  iiiiist  ellliieiit  mid  iililc  ollleeis.  Fioiii 
lliediit«'ol'itsoi-irmii/.iitioiitii.\iiiil  lltli,  ISNil.  ilie 
tinmieiiil  iiiL'iitlierinn- of  this  Aiixiliaiy  miiouiited 
to  !J!r,>..|ll7.TN.  leiiicseiilinu:  tin'  united  einittiliil- 
tioiis  of  H,(Mll)  woinrii,  lis  well  lis  from  oiirmii/.rd 
1111(1  individiiiil  elVoil.  It  is  iindeiiominalioniil. 
iilid  is  re|ireseiit('d  liy  Indies  of  uciirly  all  Ihi' 
leading  chiirelies  of  tlic  city. 

In  Hriioklyn,  as  in  Nev  York  and  other  iiii|i- 
iilous  cities,  each  of  the  liifj;er  and  stronpr 
chi'relK's  t'oiiducls  and  sustains  one  or  more 
missions.  In  some  cases  they  are  conducted  as 
chaiiels.  in  other  cases  they  are  orgmii/ed  as  dis- 
tinct churches.  Iiiil  in  the  main  ihaw  their  siip- 
))ort  from  tlie  mother-church  to  which  Ihey  owe 
their  existence. 

Field  itnti  Scojif.  This  Society  with  itsmi.xiliary 
lias  divided  its  work  into  a  iiumlier  of  de|iiiit- 
ments,  some  of  which  are  determined  topo- 
,irrii|ihically  by  the  wards  of  the  city,  and  others 
iiy  the  numerous  institutions,  or  the  calliii.L's  or 
natiiiniility  of  those  who  are  to  lie  addressed. 

From  house  to  house  the  inissionary  conducts 
liis  visits.  Hy  this  means  lie  endeavors  to  lie- 
come  ac(|uaiiiled  with  the  condition  of  each 
family;  if  impenitent  he  reasons  with  them  "of 
ri.iihteousness,  temperaiice,  and  jiidgiiieiit  to 
come."  lie  prays  with  them  if  they  allow  it. 
Then  lie  persuailes  them  to  attend  ilie  weekly 
prayer-meet iiifrs.  After  some  weeks' attelidanci! 
on  "the  prayer-meet iiijrs,  lliey  licjrin  to  come  to 
the  house  of  (<od  on  the  Saliliatli  if  they  have 
siiitalile  elothiiii:— and  if  they  have  not,  an  en- 
deavor is  made  to  siipjily  it.  The  most  (lis- 
coiirafiing  cla.s.s  the  luissionaiy  has  to  deal  with 
are  the  intemperate.  These  constiluli!  a  larire 
liro])ortion  of  those  who  live  in  tenement-houses, 
the  temperate  heinj;  mere  exceptions. 

Amoii).;  the  most  hopeless  classes  in  the  lioats 
and  basins,  in  pirret  and  cellar,  in  sick-room 
and  hosiiital,  in  the  jail  and  i)eiiitentiar,v,  the 
success  of  the  work  is  siirprisinir.  To  the  poor  in 
tenement-houses,  and  that  by  liiindrcds  of  tliop- 
wuids;  to  the  prisoners  in  jail  and  penitentiary; 
to  the  insane  in  the  asylums;  to  sailors  on  vessels 
moored  al  the  docks,  the  missionaries  have  irone. 
The  .sick  and  the  .stran.sicrs  have  been  .systeinati- 
cally  visited  and  cared  for  both  iu  their  "teniporul 
and"  their  spiritual  interests. 


Millies, Testaments,  reliijiiiiis  pniiei>i,liooks,  mid 
Inicls  are  freely  used  in  the  prisons,  asylums, 
and  il|sliliitioiis.  besides  the  lenular  services  eon- 
dueled,  visits  paid,  and  personal  interviews  and 
conversations  with  the  inmates.  .Much  time 
is  also  spent  in  writing  letters  and  ciiinmunica- 
liiins  fur  the  inmates  ol  these  instil  lit  ions.  Theso 
iiiemis  hiive  resulted,  as  is  iiniliiinily  shown  by 
the  iiiimeiiius  reports  of  the  thirty  iiii^-iiinarii's 
mid  hundreds  of  visitors,  in  rich  mid  aliiding 
fruits  of  griice  and  holy  living  on  (he  part  of  the 
many  rescued  ones. 

In  ten  years  previous  to  IHtll  there  wcii'  no 
less  ihmi  nineteen  hiiiidnd  and  lifty  se\iii  who 
were  "hopefully  eonverled  '  through  the  labors 
of  this  SiK  iely's  agents. 

The  incidents  liiniished  in  many  of  the  iinnilal 
reports  by  the  missionaiii".  cnn  scarcely  be  sur- 
passed in  tlirlUing  interest  within  the  range  of 
dramatic  literatiiie. 

Work  among  the  shipping,  boatineii.  and  long- 
slioienieii  is  etleetively  carried  on  by  the  mis- 
sionaries visiiiiiii  the  vi'smIs  during  Siilibiith  fore- 
noons, conversing  with  the  men,  disiiibuiiiiLr 
reading  inatter,  mid  inviting  them  to  iippninted 
religious  services.  These  .services  are  held  in  the 
afternoon,  and  many  are  induced  to  attend  th(> 
dilTerent  chui-ches  ii'i  the  evening. 

Tlie  So.  icl,v  also  conducts  many  excursions  to 
the  coimtiy,  and  obtains  places  for  the  enfeebled 
and  young  to  visit  for  rest  and  recupenition, 

lliiiiif  Miilifiil  MisHimiK. — This  agency  is  jiow 
at  Work  in  the  city  of  Urooklvn,  baviiiir  estab- 
lished (Maich,  IMHi)  Dispensary  No.  I  at  the  Ked 
Hook  .Slission,  South  llrooklyii. 

The  success  of  the  l{ed  Hook  work  led  to  the 
oiicning  of  Dispensary  No.  '»',  near  the  Navy 
Yard,  under  tlu'  auspices  oI'  the  First  I'resby- 
teriaii  Cluireh. 

Wiirk  iiiiion)/  tlie  ScdiKliiiiiriiiiin  is  a  most 
iiiiportmit  part  of  the  Society's  endeavors,  as 
there  are  over  15,0(1(1  Swedes,  Norwegians,  and 
Danes  in  the  city.  This  class  m<'  put  al  great 
disadvantage  upon  their  arrival,  as,  unlike  the 
Germans  and  Irish,  they  have  no  friends  and 
representatives  in  the  inunieipal  goveriiment.s 
of  these  ifreilt  cities. 

For  Iwcniy-foiir  years  the  Hev.  J.  P.  Swan- 
Strom  (recently  deceased,  Movember,  18HU)  dis- 
tingiiished  hini.self  as  a  faithful,  wise,  kind, 
]iatieiil,  and  successful  laborer  among  the 
Scandinavians,  and  was  known  as  the  Swed- 
ish jMissionarv.  .Mr.  Swansiroin  began  .ser- 
vices in  a  room  if  the  Hanson  I'lace  Aletho- 
disl  Kpiscopal  Cnurcli,  kindly  provided  by  the 
trustees.  Soon  a  church  building  was  iieces.sary, 
and  Mr  Swanstrom  became  the  pioneer  in  the 
erection  of  the  tirst  place  of  worship  for  his 
eoiiiitiymen  in  the  city  of  Hrooklyn.  As  the 
number  of  Swedes  iiicreased,  he"  heartily  en- 
gaged in  the  work  of  erecting  or  estabti.sliiiig 
other  places  of  worship,  giving  not  only  himself 
and  his  time,  but  unstintedly  of  his  own  slender 
means.  His  labors  have  aiiruplly  ended.  His 
zeal  and  caseless  toil  have  closed  a  coiisecraled 
life. 

The  report  of  18^9  .sliows  preaehing  and 
lirayer  .services,  2,.W0 ;  other  meetings  (for 
inofhers,  children,  and  for  sewing),  ],4i)(); 
visits  made,  40,0()0  ;  received,  lo,4:i(> ;  to  jails 
and  other  institulions,  l,tt70;  conversations  on 
religion,  ;i(t,09r) ;  couver.sion.s,  180 ;  eiii]iloy- 
ineiit  found  for  0.V2  ;  tracts,  etc.,  given,  200,()(M"j  ; 
IJibles  and  jiarts  of,  3,8ir) ;  Receipts,  l|21,753  ; 
Woman's  Auxiliary,  if3,008. 


OITT  MISSIONS 


8M 


OITY  MISSIONS 


■r 
lis 


lid 

( Ji- 
ll; 
ils 
in 
V- 
■); 


IlOHtott,    MOHM.,    U.    S,    ,1. 

City  .^ll^s|(l^  \i;y  Sn(ii;rv,  -'I'liin'  i-  inoli 
iilily  111!  iniiii'  viiiiijiMi^  iiikI  ilVcclivf  uiirniii/ii- 
liiiii  tiiri'iiv  ('Vniiiri'li/iitioii  in  tin'  ImikI  ilinn  llii' 
Cily  .MisMiilniiiy  N>iiciy.  In  Mill  ilic  Snciiiy 
wii-i  (>i-i:itni/('il  niiilcf  tlu'  numi'  "  l!ci>lcin  Su- 
lit'ly  Idi'llic  Moiiil  iiimI  |{rlii;i(iii>  In>-lniiiiiiii  of 
111!' I'ncir. "  In  1^11  il  Iciok  III!'  imnii' "  (  iiy 
,Mi>.-ic)imi'y  Suiii'ly." 

'I'lir  lir-i  wiirk  of  ilic  SiM'li'ly  f'oiiMiMicd  lMrv;i'ly 
in  Mil'  i'-iiilili-<lMiirni  nl'  Siimliiy  m'IiihiIs  in  lliisinn 
1111(1  viciiiiiy.  Ill  ilii-i  imi'IIkhI  uI'  wurU  il  -ihui 
niiiili'  ilM'li  It'll.  Il  is  I'Ui'iiiiis  |o  iiiiiiri'  iliiil 
iiiiii'li  III  III!'  N|iii('<'  in  ilii'  t'lirlv  ri'|i(ii'N  ii  liiki  n 
ii|i  Willi  II  ilinci  Of  iiiilirni  (li'lcnci' 111'  llii-.,  iii 
lliiil  liiiM',  ni'w  iii'<lilulii>ii.  Ilii'  Siiiiiliiysrliiicil. 
It  h  ili'lVlllli'd  I'Mllllniisly  IIS  Ml  li'llsl  ;;iiihI  l(ir 
llic  (loor.  "  Wliiil  scIkhiIs,"  siiys  niic  ii'|inrl, 
"Mil'  s(i  I'lisily  sii|)|iciiii'd,  Mild  so  very  ImviumIiIc 
111  llic  liiciinislMiifi's  (if  llid-c  iniicnls  wlm  ic- 
(luirc  llic  services  df  ihcii-  (■liildnn  mi  wcck- 
(liiys,  IIS  SuiiiImv  scliiiiijs '.'"  AiihIIu'I'  fdicililc 
iir^iiinciii  wiis  Mdviinci'd  liy  ii  rciil  csiiilc  (iwiicr, 
wild  iIccImI'I'iI  IIiiiI  Mflcr  llic  ii|i('liiliLl'  of  ll  srlindl 
in  his  (lisiiiii  he  IimiI  wilnrsscd  iki  disliirliiiiicis 
(ir  (li'lU'i'diilidiis  (III  llic  SmIiIimIIi,  wliilc  llic  ycMi' 
licfdic  sixty  |iMiics  111  hImss  lind  liccii  lirnkcii  in 
Ids  lidiiscM  (III  M  siimlc  SmIiIimiIi.  At  iIimI  (Imv, 
Wdik  in  llic  scliddls  v\Ms  hirircly  in  llic  dinclidii 
cif  iMciiKiii/.inn'.  Ml  IcMsi  ii|Hiii  llic  |iiirf  of  llic 
•  fcnmlcs.  "  Fur  cmiiiiiiIc,  ii  is  smIiI  df  llic 
"  IcimmIcs"  in  llic  llini;liiiiii  ScIkkiI,  "  'I'licy  liiivc 
cdiiiiiiillcd  Id  inciiidry  ttK)  i1im|iIcis  of  llic  Hililc 
Mild  '-'tiii  liynins,  licsidcs  (iiicsiions  in  the  t'ntc- 
cliisin  nut  cniiiiiciiitcd.  " 

(»f  the  scliddl  in  MMillidnuiirh  it  wiim  recorded: 
"  Since  the  sehiiol  edliiineiiecd,  tin'  eliisscs  Iimvc 
recited  7,ii07  ('iiinininns'  (^iicstidiis,  r,>,M;i!(  mi- 
swcis  in  Knicrsdus  mikI  the  Assenilily's  CmIc- 
chisins,  2,-4(!0  vcises  of  hymns,  Miid  5;i4  verses  in 
the  Uilile."  This  iniipi'iriidn,  less  I'livdiiililc  to 
the  Hilile,  WHS  no  ilmilil  rcctitied  in  Inter  years, 
for  we  rend  of  the  .Mmsoii  Street  school  (IHID): 
"Since  the  Isl  of  FcliniMry.  .')4,0',2!(  verses  of 
Sacred  Scii|)Hirc,  I.H'.IK  hymns,  and  17,7711  aii- 
sweis  to  (jiiestions  in  the  Calceliism  have  been 
recited." 

A  little  more  tlnm  tpn  years  from  the  orfrani- 
/.iitidii  (if  this  Siieiety,  it'liiid  eiirhleen  Siiiiday- 
sehddls  under  its  cliMi'iIc;  lull  mImiiiI  this  time  the 
churches  of  llic  city,  Mii|irceiiilinjr  their  incsti- 
nialile  advaiilMfics,  cstalilishcd  |iaris|i  Siinday- 
sehddls,  the  "  Huston  Siiudiiy-sehool  rnion 
was  fdiined,  and  lintli  hwal  and  iiarish  schciols 
were  iilaeed  under  its  earc,  thus  leaviiii;  the 
Society  to  devote  its  enerjrics  to  other  depart- 
ineiils  of  Christian  work.  In  1H41  the  Hdstdii 
Siindav-sehodl  rnion  was  dissolved,  and  the 
earc  ot  the  local  or  mission  schools  was  resumed 
liy  the  City  .Missionary  Society. 

Aiidlher  iiilcrestinij  faet  is  that  this  Society 
jiicived  to  he  the  imrcnt  of  other  societies  and 
iiistiiiitioiis  doinjr  important  Christian  work. 
The  Boston  Seamen's  Friend  Society,  with  its 
loiiir  and  licnetiecnt  history,  is  an  out^irowth  of 
the  City  Missionary  Society,  the  Hev.  Dr.  Win. 
Jeiiks.  its  first  secretary,"  liavin;;  taken  irreat 
iiil  '"est  in  the  cause  of  'the  nmriners,  and  liiiv- 
inu-,  at  an  early  iieriod.  Iiciriin  to  preach  to  them 
ill  eoiincelion  with  his  missionary  laliors.  From 
this  fruitful  source  was  horn  also  tlie  "  Fenilent 
Females'  Hefujre,"  and  it  was  also  larfrely  in- 
ittruinental  in  the  estalili.shinent  of  priiniiry 
«ch()ul.s  in  the  city  of  Uo.ston. 


ll'(/(/'  itiiiiili;/  tfii'  C///«c«'.  — The  L'fdWlll  of 
ii'icn".|  in  L'iviiiL'  the  lid>pcl  to  ilii'  Chlnanien  In 
lld-ldii  is  !<lid\Mi  liy  the  iiicrcasc  of  m  IiimiN  lor 
lliciii,  llicM'  licjiii;-  held  now  (iNNld  in  si\  places. 

In   |h;i)  the  >.chd(il  held  at   the   M it   Vcnioii 

(  hiii'ch  \\M^  ciiiiiincnccd.  .Viidthci',  mIiihiI  l.'^il). 
was  siaricd  In  the  Vdiiiii:  .Men's  Chrisiian  Assn 
cialidii  Ihiililiii'j;  (  hai'lcstdwii  fiilliiwcd,  mIihiiI 
IHM|,  wiih  llicdiic  now  iiicctiiii;'  in  the  Temple 
Street  .Mcthddi^l  Kpi-cdpMl  (  liiirch.  One  at  the 
Clai'eiiddii  Sli'eel  Uaptl'^t  Cliiii'ch  was  dpcncil 
nearly  lliicc  years  airn;  one  at  the  lleikelcy 
Temple  ill  ISHIS,  Mild  one  at  the  Wariiii  Ammmc 
jlaplist  Church  in  IHMI.  Three  of  the  sclidol.s 
lidlil  xcssjdiis  not  only  in  the  afternoon,  linl  also 
in  the  I'vciiiim. 

Ill  cdiincclidii  with  the  latter,  prayer  iiicetinjri* 
are  held,  in  w liicli  (  hiiiaiiien  take  part  in  iiraycr 
and  e\plaiialion  of  the  Scriptures  in  their  own 
lMiiirNai:c. 

Aiiidii'.:'  the  .lews  an  eiicdiira'^'iiiir  Wdik  is  lie- 
iiiir  carried  dii  liy  the  Suciely,  laiiiily  liy  priviilc 
Mild  pcr^diiMl  cdnlcrciicc;  Iml  there  arc  \'i'> 
.Icwish  children  ediincclcd  with  the  Old  Colony 
SiindMy  school. 

Coif,';/,'  Sf mil  lit  iror.i.— The  Commiltee  for 
ChrisiiMii  Workers  locale  student^  in  dilTcreiit 
cities  under  the  supervision  and  iii-'iriiciion  of 
those  in  cliaru:e  of  iiiis>.ionaiy  work,  for  two 
luoiilhs  (if  their  Slimmer  vacation,  payliii:'  Iheiii 
siillleient  for  their  support,  '{'he  (ilijcet  is  to 
liriiii;  vdiiiiLr  men,  while  in  eollcLrc,  face  to  fact! 
with  city  cvaiiircli/ation.  They  ciiicr  iipoii 
house  to  house  visilalion,  iiiducinij:  people  id  at- 
tend piililic  Wdisliip  (111  the  Lord's  day,  L'Mllier- 
iiiL''  children  into  Sunday  school,  and  eiiiiajrinii 
in  personal  coiivcrsalidii  on  the  siiliject  of  re- 
lii;ioii.  They  also  cdndiiet  mccliiiiis  in  cliapcls, 
hdspiials,  and  dilicr  piililic  instiiulioiis.  Here  in 
a  larnc  licld  to  occupy  the  eiierjjics  of  yoiiii;; 
nicii. 

Children's  vacations  in  the  eomiliy  often  in- 
volve much  lalior  on  the  part  of  the  missionary. 
Children  at  times  are  found  in  such  ra<r;:('(l, 
dirty,  and  dcstimie  ediiditidii  that  the  missidii- 
iiry  must  procure  material  for  new  elolhiiiM;,  call 
ill  aid.  Mild  sit  up  until  \M  and  even  :!  o'clock  at 
iiijrhi,  in  order  to  til  the  iliildrcn  for  liricf  visits 
to  lieiicvdleiil  homes  in  the  eoiintrv.  Throiifili 
the  Fresh-air  Fund  there  were  di'striliiited  (in 
1SS7)  r)l,7;iO  sircet-ear  tickets,  (i,!>;!4  naind  tri|> 
liarlior  tickets,  and  7,2.'>'J  iiersoiis  were  permilted 
to  eiijov  a  (lav's  vacation  or  H  visit  in  the  coun- 
try. 

ThanksiriviiiirDay,  Christmas,  and  Kasteriin! 
made  occasions  for  special  olVcriim's,  uifis,  and 
reiiiemliraiices  to  the  needy.  The  followinj; 
will  serve  as  illustrations  of  this  work:  At 
Easter  (1888)  aO.OaO  Ka.ster  paiu-rs.  leallets,  and 
cards  were  distriliutcd,  the  inmates  of  thirty  two 
institutions  and  the  a^'cd  and  ill  in  many  lioincs 
liaviii!.:  their  eyes  directed  to  lliiu  who  said;  "I 
am  the  rcsiirreetioii  and  the  life."  At  Christ- 
mas, papers,  leallets,  and  cards  to  the  numlier 
of  1!»,8;{0  were  ilistriliuted.  On  ThanksiriviiiK 
Daj'  (1887)  l,4.rj  families  were  rciucniln  red,  and 
the' whole  number  who  shared  the  supplies  wn.s 
8.082. 

Mothers'  meetings  arc  also  conducted  by  mis- 
sionaries of  the  Society,  aided  by  tlu^  voluntary 
lielp  of  ladies  who  en^ajie  in  benevolent  wiirli. 

"  Hoscmary  Cottaj;e"  (Kliot,  Maine),  a  spa- 
cious, well  ]ilanned  and  appointed  bnildinp. 
liavinj:  a  .separate  structure  for  a  laundry,  and 
all  admirably  situatctl    for   the    promotion    of 


t\\ 


I 


CITY   MISSIONS 


:tiH) 


CITY   MISSIONS 


luititli  ;iiicl  icpinfurt.  li:i--  In-<'1i  ■.'ivi-n  ilHsTi  liy 
Mrs.  Mii-o  (i  K.-irmiT  in  liii^l  for  ii  suiniiii'i- 
liciini'.  V.  Iidr  lirrd  ini«lhfi>.  titlilc  rliildri'ii.  iiiiil 
uvri'wurkiil  >li(i|i  irii'ls  can  tiiul  a  ti-iiipuniry 
rc'^pili'  liniii  ihr  Imnlrii-  of  povfily  ami  loil. 

Al  till'  M'Vi'iilirlli  aiiliiviTNiry  lln'  follnwiiii; 
^lalislics  xMMT  |)i(M'iili'<l.  wliirli.  Iiowrvtr.  srivr 
lln'  sum  IoImK  only  lor  ilir  forty  %i\  year-  -jnii' 
ISIl,  \\  Ih'M  llii'Socicly  asMiiiic)!  il>l>n>Mlil  iiainc: 
Years  of  missionary  M-rviic,  7">T:  visits.  l.."iliii.. 
(ilKS;  familiis  visited.  :{7l,-.';U;  to  ili.si.k.  -J-.M, 
•,'7l:  fiimials,  l.ii.V.';  |ia|M|s<  and  Inuls,  s.lljl^.- 
l;!T  Millies  iriveii.  li»,:!T4;  reMaimnis.  l.->.!»;t(l; 
persons  iiidilieil  toaltelid  Sal>l>atll  services.  14.. 
7l':!:  children  in  Sunday  schools.  ;!li.»Mil;  in 
pulilie  schools.  .'i.:!.'>4;  clia|N'l  and  other  mcet- 
iiiLis.  (i!».7l'J;  conversions,  ■.•.(irt.'i:  persons  fur- 
nisjied  employment.  r,'.7;fii.  families  furnished 
uilli  pecuniary  aiil.  ."iii.tllCJ;  times  aid  alTordcd. 
■,''JI.Oil."i;  ;;arinents  i.'iven.  •J3t>.til."i;  tein|M'r:inc<' 
pledges  oliiained.  ti.Ttil:  ii'ieiMil  for  mission, 
tl'^^.OM;  to  lelieve  ihi'  poor.  ?ISI.4-,M:  Thaiiks- 
triviui:  and  (  liristmas  olleiinirs.  [faiM'Jl.lS; 
Fresh  air  Fund.  *•.'». !UO.:t:t. 

The  leport  lor  l^s.;)  ;.mvi's  the  statistics  from 
Old  Colony  Chapil.  Sh.iwmul  Chalxl,  Phil- 
lips Chapel,  leu  Siinilay  sil'""'^-  «illi  the  fol- 
lowiii;;  sum  totals  for  the  ^eiiend  work:  l{e- 
ceived  lor  :dl  purposes,  ^f'.'. •,';!:>. :>3;  mission- 
aries. -,';;;  visits.  |S.<»;;J:  families  visiicl.  i-.'.-jti.!; 
sick  visited,  ti. ISS;  funerals.  .")U;  pa|H'rs  and 
tracts  I.;!'  111.  17">,'<li!;  IJililes.  ;!l."i:  'i'estami'iits. 
K'r,  peisuus  induced  to.ittitid  Salihal  h  s<r\  ices, 
37;i:  children  iralhered  into  Sunday  scIuhiIs.  1.. 
()7ll:  into  pulilie  scIuhiIs. -.'.'i:  ch,i|N'l  and  other 
tiieelitiLrs.  '.'.irjs-  conversions,  li:!,  turnishetl  em- 
ployment. 447;  f.aniilies  aidetl.  I. ..">;!;  times  aid 
alVorded.  S.:{1 1 :  garments  ..;iveii,  S.U'.'tt;  leliilK'r- 
iince  plediTcs  olitained.  si. 

Loll ihni ,  I'.ii i/ta ii il. 

riONlioN  Ci  IV  .Mission.  Ileailipi.-irters,  Mis- 
.sion  Mouse.  ;!  Ihidewell  I'lace.  NeVN  Hridire 
sireel,  K.  ('.— The  work  of  the  i.ondiui  City 
.Mission  hi  its  lie;;intiitiir  marly  coincided  with 
the  accession  of  her  Majesty  (^ue<u  Victoria  lo 
the  throne  of  KiiLdand.  The  metropolis  h.as 
LTiow  II  from  "a  eliisti'r  of  sto«kade<l  huts"  In 
till-  time  of  .Inlins  C.i'sar  to  its  prevni  im- 
niiiisi'  proportions.  In  the  r.iili  century  Fit/. 
Stephen  could  scafi-ely  lind  wolds  to  i\p|-ess  the 
liiaiideur  of  the  city,  when  it  poss<-ssci|  p.'ti 
parochial  churches,  |:t  conventual  est.alilish. 
hieiiis,  and  contained  |i),i)*Ni  inhahilants,  Kveii 
in  Ml:;!  the  popul.itioii  had  reachiil  only  |:ttt.iNNi. 

Ill  l:ttS  lieiian  the  lilsl  of  the  eleven  :l«  f,ll  |M-s- 
tileiices  w  hicli  d>'i'imate<l  the  inhaliitalits,  when 
the  streets  of  the  cily  wi'ie  tilled  with  the  dead 
and  dviic:  In  HUil,  four  M-ars  liefore  the 
(ileal  I'lai^iu'.  the  population' n-aclie*!  ;t.><4,iHH»: 
and  allhoinili  the  LMi'al  tire  of  liUMi  swept  .iway 
40(1  streets  and  |;t,iHH»  hous.-s.  the  nuinln'r  of 
inh.llpilMllts  reached  almul  .VUl.lKHt. 

The  u'lowlh  of  this  wonderful  city  has  Im-cii 
especially  liol.alih-  diirinir  the  presa-n)  eeiilury.  as 
will  .ippear  liy  the  follow inu'  tahle: 


ISOl 

ISIl 

IS-Jl 

1K11 

IM41 

Now  "  (in 

is,-,i •,',:»•.•.', -.'.Hi 

ISIil 'JSIKl.itSU 

|s7i :;.•.'.%»...'•><• 

issi :»,si4,.".7l 


»ir».x,s(W 
l.i:iN.Hi.-i 
l.:!Ts,'.t47 
l.tM4.!«t| 
l,!Ms,417 
'  (Jreiiier  London"  (iiuliiiliiiir  the  Metro 
|ioliian  .iiicl  City  l'i>liee  district)  has  71NI.1NNI  in 
lutbited  lioUM's,  and  da  l(<i^j  u  |M>piihitiou  esti 


mated  al  5,.V,>7,SHti.  llcr  l.IKKl  miles  of  hoiisis, 
ii  evteiided  in  i\  line,  would  he  more  than 
I'tiouirh  to  lorm  one  lom;  street  streichinu:  acids.H 
Scotland.  Filmland,  Franci',  and  Swil/erland, 
from  llimnel  lleail,  in  C.iithiiess,  to  the  hanks 
of  the  .Mediterraiieaii,  .No  less  than  IlLlMHI 
souls  are  aildcd  to  London  s  leemiti'.:  populalion 
every  year,  and  this,  the  irrealesi  city  the  world 
has  ever  seen,  is  the  iiiosi  destitute  pari  of  (iicil. 
Itrilain,  while  the  inmiher  of  those  who  never 
enter  the  churches  and  chapi  Is  which  al  meat 
cost  ha\f  lieeli  erected  lor  I  heir  lienelil,  is 
viirioiisly  esiitualeil  al  from  one  l(v  two  millions, 

.\llhoui:h  the  church  sillin^s  have  iiearlv 
iloulile.1  duiini;  iIk'  last  ;(l  vears  {\h;\.  lilll,  ;•.>;!; 
1SS4,  l.;lss.7!f.').  and  llii'  ratio  of  the  provision 
to  the  population  has  increased  more  tliiiii  live 
percent,  the  ;ii;i;re;:ate  deliciency  is  now  ilSS,"i) 
40  per  cent  more  than  in  is.'d.  ^Cllurcll  t^uar- 
leily  Uevii'w.  .January.  issri,i 

Kveii  lilty  yi  ars  auc)  London  w.as  an  eveeed- 
ini;  irreat  cilv,  haviii;;  then  a  populalion  of 
nearly  two  miilioii  souls,  w  ho  were  concent  lalitl 
into  a  small  area,  the  poor  lieiiit^  crowded  to- 
uilher  ill  p.irticul.ir  iieii;hliorhoods,  while  the 
CI imin.il  classes  inoiiopoli/.eil  whole  disiijcis  10 
Iheniselves,  \[  tli,'il  liiiu'  London  had  deiieiier- 
ated  to  the  lowest  coiidilioii  known  ill  lis  loiej; 
history  iirouiihl  up  in  the  midst  of  corruplion, 
physical  and  moral,  uneduciteil  and  uncired 
for.  many  hail  lapsed  iiilo  praclic.il  heathenism, 
lia\in;r  lost  the  very  UiiowleiLe  of  (ioil.  The 
eoiist,iliularv  ari';iii'.;eiiieiits  proved  niieipi;il  to 
icipe  with  the  lawless  classes,  while  the  occa- 
sional deinoiisl  rations  of  the  masses  aroused 
irre.it  aii\iely  as  to  the  safely  of  the  cily,  and 
even  of  society  itself;  while  a  larL'e  iiiimii:ralioii 
of  political  ami  immoral  ri'fUL;ees  inttamed  the 
working  cl,|ss,s  u  ith  soei.ilistic  ;iiid  red  rcpiili- 
liean  opinions,  and  Indian  and  other  s.ailors.  of 
deli.ased  nioi.ils  and  liahits,  leavened  with  their 
aliominalioiis  ilie  poor  of  Lomloii  Fast. 

It  was  at  this  time  thai  ihe  London  .Mission  was 
orLrani/ed.  On  the  Hllh  of  ,M,iy,  l,s;!,'"),  in  hjs 
coit,ij:e.  No.  i:>  KeiiniiiLr  Terrace,  IIoMoii, 
Pavid  Nasiuilh,  haviii;;  joinc'd  w  illi  two  friends, 
Uichard  I',.  |)e.ir  and  \\  illi,'ini  Itu"  ek.  in  :i 
meeliiiL'  for  prayer,  proposed,  "Thai  we  who 
are  now  present  form  ourselves  into  a  sociely, 
to  he  calli'd  Ihe  London  City  .Mission,  and 
that  the  followiiiir  he  the  coiistiluti<in  and  laws 
of  tin-  iiistitniioii."  M.ivid  Nasmiih  was  a  na- 
tive of  (ilasirow,  Scotl.iml.  where  he  had  shown 
V'l'eal  /<:\\  for  the  religious  wclf.ire  of  the  out- 
cast, and  had,  .laniiarv  Isl,  lS'.;ti,  formed  ihc 
<ilasL.'ow  Cily  Mission;  now,  at  Ihe  aire  of 
thirty  sis.  he  enlered,  with  irrenl  zeal  and  self- 
denial,  upon  the  niiL;hly  work  in  Loiiilon, 
The  SiK-iely  formed  was  evatiLnlical  in  ils 
diHtriiies.  niisectarian  in  ils  operations,  scrip- 
tural ill  its  methiHls,  and  pioiieerini^  in  its  clia- 
lacter. 

From  sixty  tnissionaiy  workets  at  the  close  of 
the  second  year,  it  now  .  niploys  eonliiiuously 
ahoiit  live  lumilred;  and  from  jiavinu:  leceiveil 
an  ineome  al  the  same  periiMl  of  ITi.tHMl,  it  now 
<'ommands  a  revenue  of  .aliout  l(l'.',0(MI,  with 
aliility  to  sustain  its  sick  and  dis:ihled  ai;i'ii|s, 
and  to  care  for  Ihe  widows  i-nd  orphans  of  thoso 
who  are  deecased. 

For  Ihe  twenty-  live  years  preeediiiii  18H7, 
ll"i,4r.'  pe|s.ons  hail  heen  induced  lo  atteml 
pnhlic  worship;  IlS.Ifcs;  had  heen  added  to  tho 
Churi'h;  17il.(li:t  children  had  heen  .sent  lit 
schiNil;    4,5v:l7    shop.s   hud    heen    elo.sed    on    thu 


CUTT  MISSIONS 


801 


OITT  MISSIONS 


II  his 

vlilM, 

■llll-i, 

ill  a 

wliK 

■ifiy. 

:inil 

1.1  \VM 

ii.'i- 

IliWIl 
Olll- 

Iho 
of 
•If- 

iloll. 

iw 
•n  i|i- 
hil- 

IV  lit 

ni>ly 
■ivcil 
imw 
with 
I'lil-i, 
tIniHii 

ISS7, 
ii'iid 
I  thu 
t  to 
lliu 


Lonl's  Diiy;  Ki.'JSi)  Imniiics  lux)  liccn  iiiiliiccil 
t(i  licfiiii  ImiisclKilil  iH'iiycis;  liM.H:!",'  drmiliiiriis 
liiiil  Ik'CIi  n'('l:iiiii('(i:  I  l.l-lli  tiilli'li  wniiicn  liiiil 
lict'ii  n'sliiri'il  to  tlicir  Ikiiiics  m-  iiiliiiittnl  iiiln 
ii.svliniis;  ,iiul  :JT,;iitl  Hililcs,  'ri'siiiMicnts.  mihI 
|iiirliiins  til'  S('i'i|)tiin'  liiiil  Ih'cii  ili-'lriliiitcil. 

"  The  tiniiiiiii  I'l'Vi'iiiii'  (it  the  M('liii|iiilit:iii 
llmrilit's."  wniic  Aniulii  NVhiir  scvfinl  veins 
ii);o  ill  ••'I'lie  I'icilili'iiis  (it'll  (Jrciit  Citv.'  "is 
jtii'iitcr  tliiin  llic  wlidlc  (if  llic  ('\|ii'ii(lllui'(>  in 
Sweden  on  iiiMinliiiniiiir  myiilly,  llie  miininis 
inilidii  (if  jiisliee  .'iimI  lnreiun  iitliiirs.  nniiy  mid 
navy,  inleiiiid.  etliieiitinii.d,  mid  eeelc'-iiislieiil 
iilV.iirs.  mid  in  |ir>iudiiii.'  iiitcicsl  im  llic  Swedish 
dclil.  "  The  iiiciiiiic  (it  the  l.diiddii  City  .Missimi 
Sdcifly  iildiic  iciiclicd  in  its  til'ly  lliini  ycnr 
(is.s;  "ssi  tlic  sum  (it  .L'^T.7:!S.  di-  uiidiii 
^t:t."i.(MH).  'I'hc  Idlldwiiiir  tiuurcs  i(|ircscni  the 
Wdik  ddiic  diiiiii;;  ISSll-ilO  liy  ."lOll  iiiissjdnniio  ; 
\i>ils  :iiid  ciills,  ;i.lill.;!:ll  ;  til  till'  sick  idiil 
dyiiiir.  'JTS.  i;(;{ ;  'rc-liinicnts  mid  iKiitidiis  dis- 
Iriliiitcd.  12. HO',';  iilinidiis  tnicls  disiriliiitcd. 
•l,s."i7,!Mi".t;  liddks  lent.  1 1. ().").">;  inddiir  inciliiii;s 
mid  liililc  (liisscs  lu'ld,  IT.O'Jti:  Mdililinniil  iii- 
dddi-  iiiccliiiirs  ill  tiicloiics,  wdik  Ikhiscs.  pcni 
U'liliarics.  ".Jlt.ll.M  ;  pcrsdiis  visited  mid  ('(invcrscd 
■witli  in  I'lictdi-ics,  l!»(l.:!lL';  (Uitdodr  .services, 
1(1.  IIU;  re.'idinjrs  iif  SciipHire  in  visitiilinns, 
lj!SM. ;!!(!•:  new  ediiiiniiiiicmits,  a.  Hi;  resldicd. 
4H!)-,  tmiiilies  iiidueed  In  liei;in  t'liinilv  prayers. 
l.tt.V,';  driinkMrds  icclaiiiieil.  l.lfjl):  iinniarried 
cdiiples  induced  In  iiiiiriy,  I7:t:  I'allen  wmnen 
resldred  td  their  lidiiies  iir  iitlierwise  rescued, 
li.V;  sliiips  eldsed  (in  Liird's  Day,  l."i(l;  induced 
Id  atleiul  pulilie  Wdiship.  r)..')'J();  children  seiii 
td  Sunday  schiKil,  5.;!!)");  adults  visited  wild 
dieil,  ,st,(Hil ;  nf  wlidiii  visited  liv  inissidiiaries 
only,  •,',1.'">0, 

'i'lie  nietlidds  addpted  liy  the  Sdciety  in  its 
vvdrk  are  niucli  the  same  as  tlinse  which  are 
|>iirsueil  in  ullier  Lncal  cities  lor  the  relief  and 
eviui;;eli/.atidlidrtliedesliliilemid  vici(iuscla.s.scs. 
Kaeh  niissidiiary  visits  diiee  a  iiidiilli  aliiiiit  M{) 
families,  nr  ,',(1(10  persdiis.  Their  wiirk  is  to  act 
as  pidiieers  in  a  place  where  the  faithful  (lastiir 
may  in  due  time  fdllow.  They  read  the  Scrip 
lures,  pniy  with  and  exliiirt  the  people,  uive 
them  tracts,  seeiliiil  the  children  u'd  tdschiiol.aiid 
that  every  f.iiiiih  is  pussessed  df  a  cdpy  nf  the 
Wdiil  df  (!dd  \VliiNl  the  Sdciety's  missionaries 
are  forliidden  lo  i;ive  nidiiey  or  In  so  deport  them 
.selves  as  to  lie  looked  upon  as  mere  charily 
ii^'ints,  ihey  render  iiid^i  elVective  scr\  ice  in 
hrillL'ini;  relief  to  those  whose  (lesliliition  de  • 
niaiids  iminediale  atleiitioii;  Inn  llieir  constant 
aim  is,  ilirdui;li  (iospel  I usirunieiit.i lilies,  to  rejieh 
and  reiidv ,itc  ilie  cliar.icler.  and  thus  ir.iiisi'nnn 
the  pcrsdiiid  ami  familv  life.  Win  ii  this  end  is 
tillaiiiiHl  the  family  is  at  diice  lifted  perm.inenlly 
alidve  the  le\cl  df  \  ice  mid  want. 

The  Held  ill  l.iinddn  is  so  va.st  that  it  may  he 
riL'litly  ternied  iiiiparalleleil,  imperial  and  iia 
tioiial  in  its  proporlioiis. 

In  order  lo  come  into  elTeelive  toiieli  w  itii  this 
vast  iirlian  lield,  the  Society  divides  ,'ind  .-ippdr 
lidiis  iis  lalidicrs  Id  ditl'en  lit  districts,  classes, 
and  I  lades,  a  lid  encoiiraires  the  use  of  e\ei\  means 
whi(li  cvperieiiee  has  proved  lo  he  etlectivc  ill 
reaeliiiii:  and  resciiiic,^  liie  fallen. 

The   follow  iiii;  consliliile  some  of  the  depart 
liieiits  df  lalidi     lldiise  Id  hciise  \isiliilidli;    Mis 
sidii  Halls,  Open  ;iii'  WUrk;  Special  Missinns  id 
Makers,    Diiy    and    MliIiI   ('alniieii.   Canal    ilciat 
liieii,   (lielsea    I'ensidiiers,   ('diiehinen,    (Jriiiims 
iind  llosileis,  etc.;  to  the  Docks,  to  Drovers  in 


Isliiifitdii.  Id  the  Faeldiies,  td  the  l-'ire  Ihiuade 
to  the  Kreneli,  lo  the  (lermans.  Italians,  Spair 
iiirds,  .\sialics,  .\frieans,  .lews,  and  Koreimi 
Sailors;  to  Hospitals  ;  to  Navvies  ;  loOmnilius 
and  Traniear  .Men.  {{ailwiiy  Men:  to  I'osi  nlllce 
Kmployees,  Telei;rapli  lioys,  (ily  j'olicc.  Metro- 
politan I'olice,  I'ulilic  hdiises,  ( 'diiinidii  l.iHli:iii^- 
lidUsesand  ( 'otVee  shops  ;  in  Holds  and  (lulls  ;  to 
Guilders  on  I'ulilic  NN'orks  ;  to  Soldiers  in  |,on 
don  and  Udolwieh  :  lo  Theatre  Ijiiplovees  ;  to 
the  Welsh  ;  to  Workhoii.ses  and  Intliiiiaries;  and 
to  (iypsies. 

Ilniiiki  iiiHux  -reckoned  as  the  most  apiialliiiLr 
of  the  seven  curses  cf  l.iindon  has  lieeii  sie.idily 
diiiiinisliini:  in  recent  years  lieiieath  the  ciVdil  of 
the  l.diiiloii  Missimiiiry  Society  and  llie  many 
olher  active  aiiciicies  for  relii;ious  work.  ( 'otlee- 
sliops  and  cocoa  idoiiis  are  still  on  the  increase, 
while  the  nuiuliei  ot  pulilie  hdiises  decreases; 
and  ill  many  df  the  latter  the  landldi'iis  sell  lea 
and  cdlVee  at  .slated  linurs,  and  aNo  \  arious  kinds 
of  lempenince  drinks,  while  not  a  tew  proprietorM 
furnish  a  rciiular  dinner. 

A  well  known  writer  uses  the  follow  im;  Ian- 
jruav:e  ;  "  ( »iie  improvemeiil  must  lie  lliaiikfiilly 
elironicled.  l{elii:ion  and  Tempeiance  have 
stepped  in  and  taken  a  tii;liler  urip  of  the  masses. 
In  several  low  parts  thai  I  passed  throiu^h  I 
found  a  hill  in  every  vviiuhiw  the  printed  notice 
of  a  sermon  to  he  |ireached  next  Sunday  -  and  on 
eiiterinu  into  eonvei'salion  with  the  iiihaliitants, 
I  found  that  the  i;rcat  hulk  of  I  hem  were  lee- 
loliillers.  The  manners  nl  ihe  pcuple  have  also 
appreciahlv  impidved.  In  places  vv  here  a  few 
years  au'd  I  was  received  in  much  the  same  spirit 
as  the  eamiilials  of  the  I'acitie  isles  were  vviml  to 
display  when  a  white  straiuicr  landed  on  llieir 
shores,  I  found  a  courteous  weleoiue  from  holh 
men  and  vvoinen.  ' 

rreaeliint:  in  halls  and  in  the  open  air  Iias1iei>n 
attended  with  reiiiarkalile  results.  One  mission, 
ary  in  Ihe  south  of  London  reports  l,llSl»  hours, 
diiiinu  one  year,  spent   in   "additional  missidu 

work,  "  'JIK  iueelin;;s  havini;  1 ii  held  in  a  room, 

with  a  total  of  tl.Otltl  in  allendanee  :  whilst  an- 
other, in  the  Kasi  Knd  of  London,  reports  no 
less  than  IlitO  lueelinus  held  in  his  mission  room 
hy  himself  and  his  voluntary  co  workers.  Tlies(' 
nieeliiiirs  are  in  many  i  uses  e\eeedinirly  varied 
in  their  naliire.  eoiisisijni;  of  (iospel  services, 
leiupeianee  meetiiiijis.  niollicrs'  meeliii'.;s,  prayer- 
iiieetinus,  Milile  classes,  and  (liildien's  services. 
Siindav  s(  hools  are  also  held  in  neieliliorlioiMU 
where  spcei;d  need  exisis  Out  of."!,  I!l|  induced 
to  iilleiid  pulilie  worship  diiriiii;  the  vear  ilSWi), 
s.  I  II  lieeame  coliilliuiiicaiils. 

l)/i,iiiiir  S  rrii'i s  have  lieell  followed  with 
well  inaiked  resnils.  nearly  all  the  Society's 
missidiiaries  eiiiiaiiinir  in  this  suit  nf  lalinr. 
Hyde  Park.  Uattersea  I'ark.  Chelsea  Liiiliiink- 
iiieiil,  llic  steps  df  the  Wdval  l'",\cliani;e,  l{ii;clit's 
I'ark,  l.issdii  (inive,  Driiry  l.ane,  I'elildnville, 
Whilecliapel,  Si.  (lediiic's  in  Ihe  Kast,  Step- 
ncv,  Slialford.  Vielnria  Duck  Ihiad.  Millwall, 
Mile  I'.iid.  New  Tdw  II.  Uelhiial  (Jieeii.  Diplfnrd, 
Walwiirth.  I!eriiidiidsey,  l.anilietli,  the  Mile  Iind 
Waste,  and  Ihe  i;iiieral  iiiel  ropulis,  in  liy  wav-H 
and  lanes,  in  courts  ,.|ii(l  alleys,  as  well  as  in  liie 
frreat  liiiiliwavs  .and  more  open  spaces,  may  Iw 
said  to  have  furnished  occasidiis  inniinieralile  for 
till  tailhfiil  prnclaiu.'ition  of  saviiii:  tiiilh.  Iho 
audiences  vai  v  iiiL'  from  lilly.  sixty,  one  liiindn d, 
to  tifleen  hundred  and  even  two  ihousaiid 

The  lolldwiiiu;  is  llie  lesiimmiv  df  an  Last  Ktui 
worker:    '  I  Imvc  found,   more  timii  i-ver.  that 


i 


^1 


CITY   MISSIONS 

the  ridsjicl  iniai-licd  in  sucli  liinirimpp  ns  the 
lU'oiilc  cnu  eiisily  uiKlcrstimd,  iiiul  iiiCMiilctl  in 
Jill  ciiriii'si.  cxiiivcrsiitidnai,  si'iiiinriiiiiiiciiiiilivc 
style.  Iiiis  a  fasciiiiilioii  in  it  t'.iat  will  hold  an 
audiiMici'.  not  only  at  niidsiiiiinuT,  lint  iiIm)  in 
inidwiiilcr,  « lien  tlic  fiiilli  is  lockod  in  I'n.st 
and  inanlli'd  willi  snow.  From  the  optiiiiiij  of 
spriiiir  to  ilic  I' I  O.St' of  Dccciiilifi-  1  licid  about 
l.")0  iiu'cliiii^s,  of  an  avciairc  linjitli  of  two 
iiouis,  and  at  twenty  diU'i'irnt  pimcs;  have  ad- 
tlrcssiii  not  k'ss  than  ."lO.OdO  of  ihc  woikinj;- 
c]as.s(s.  and  received  lesiinionie^  from  many  wlio 
have  turned  from  the  pow  er  of  Satan  iinl(>  (iod. 

The  niaiiiiitiide,  severity,  iiiid  dillieully  of  llie 
work  will  more  clearly  appearfioiii  the  follow, 
intr  eilatlons.  >clceied  frc.iii  ainoiii;  many  which 
liave  lieen  pul)lislie(i  in  conneclion  with  the  So- 
ciety's reporls:  "1  have  paid,  "  says  one  nii»- 
sioniiiy,  "durinu-  the  past  year  r),ti!t"4  visits  ami 
calls,  !n  whii'li  I  read  the  Scriptures 4, (i71  time.s, 
besich's  olTei  iiii:  prayer.  'I'o  the  sick  ami  dyinjj 
I  paid  .").■)(!  visits,  1  have  aiven  aw.ay  l(i,tit)r>  re- 
li^rioiis  tracts  and  periodicals,  and  i'.' copies  of 
till' Scriptures:  ;i'3  iier.sons  were  induced  tout- 
tend  public  worship,  of  whom  it  became  com- 
niiiiiicants;  '.i;!  families  \n ere  induced  to  estab- 
lish family  prayer;  l."i  conlirnieii  drunkaitls 
Were  led  toabsiain;  5  itackslideis  were  restored; 
and  ;{  couples  living  logelher  unwed,  were  in- 
duced to  marry." 

< 'ne  appointed  to  work  in  the  "  Anj,'el  Gar- 
dens "  JMiause  he  was  yoiinir  and  stronj;.  found 
the  "  Ganleiis  "  were  liltiiy  courts  of  tuinble- 
<lo\N  II  houses,  whose  [lopulalioii  of  seveilil 
thousands  (in  a  sp.ace  of  •JMO  by  lliU  \ards)  weii! 
vajriants  and  eiiininals,  manycd'  the  iiouses  be- 
Injr  dens  of  thieves,  rolibers.  .mil  murdi'ieis.  "1 
had  not  been  iiiiiny  hours  at  work,"  be  reports, 
"  «  lien  I  was  accused  of  beiiii;  a  policeman  ill 
<lis^uise.  At  once  1  \\, IS  hounded  out  by  a  des- 
ptM'.ate  howlin^j;  mob  of  thieves  aiul  o'ulea.sts. 
rpoii  my  return  home  1  was  .so  cast  down  us  to 
be  able  to  ijain  r<lief  only  in  ti  ais  and  prayer. 
Very  eautiou-Iy  1  went  to  work  iie.M  day:  "but 
upon  ascendiiij;  u  very  steep,  rickety  staircase, 
a  women  with  hobnail  boots  came'on  to  tho 
landing;  and  declared,  with  bitter  oaths,  if  I 
«'anie  a  step  higher  sln^  would  kick  my  eyes  out; 
.so  I  retreated.  Desperate  ellorls  to  gain  u  foot- 
iiig  were  eonliiiued  for  .several  inontlis.  and  so 
haril  w.'is  tli<'  conllici  that  1  have  soiuetimos 
stood  at  ail  entrance  to  the  district  in  siU'iit 
jirayer  for  a  ipiarter  of  an  hour  before  I  daied 
venture  down.  This  perseverance,  biiwever, 
Willi  the  Word  of  the  Living  (iod.  wasetVeetive, 
and  con-tan',  brutal  opposiiion  was  overcome, 
though  for  long  years  1  was  snbjecled  to  low 
abuse  ami  occasional  actsof  \  iolence.  No  Cliris- 
lian  Init  myself  dai( d  venture  into  '  Angel  (Jar- 
dens,'  and"  I  was  Iherefoii!  called  to  visit  tho 
sick  and  dying  at  all  liours  of  the  day  and  night, 
and  many  a  sirange  scene  have  I  witnessi  d.  In 
full  day  1  saw  a  geiilleinaii,  who  had  ventured 
down  the  place,  surrounded,  liis  coal  taken  oil 
und  run  away  with  One  niorning  1  saw  two 
wdiiieii  draL'ciiii.''  u  •  slavey  '  into  the  yard  by 
her  hair  A  few  hours 'after,  th.it  ihild  of 
thirteen  w.'is  found  iMnleii  to  dcMili  in  the  vitrei. 
At  another  linn'  1  saw  two  women  liiiliiing.w  hen 
Olii'  who  had  bdleli  dragged  the  other  down  by 
the  long  hair  of  her  head,  then  bit  pieces  nut  of 
her  lips  und  cheeks  and  spat  them  out  of  her 
mouth.  One  Sunday,  <iii  going  out  early.  I  saw 
u  woman  on  the  ground  with  the  blade oj' a  knife 
fcticking  out  of  the  chest-bouc.     She  had  robbeil 


81)2  CIT7  MISSIONS 

a  sailor  of  all  his  money.  aii<l  he  bad  stabbed  her. 
I  also  witnessed  a  murder  w  hen  a  Spaniard  killed 
a  girl  named  Norahwitha  dagger,  and  before 
1  could  iireveni  it.  be  lilew  half  his  lieail  olt 
with  a  pistol.  After  1  had  succeeded  in  o|)i'ning 
a  room  for  meetings  aiul  a  ragged  scliool  in  the 
centre  of  my  district.  I  was  often  stopped  in  the 
service  by  the  cries  of  murder  anil  by  tight-. 

"  .Vfter  many  years  of  uneea-ingellori  I  irained 
entrance  into  many  rooms  and  into  most  of  the 
dells.  My  care  b')r  the  sick  and  the  children 
disirined  opposition;  then,  in  room  after  loom, 
attention  was  secureil  to  the  rciding  of  llu! 
Hible,  Kriendship  on  the  part  ot  m.iny  took 
the  place  of  ho-tility.  and  I  have  been  rescued 
from  a  band  of  roughs  by  a  powerful  and  s.iv- 
age  Irishwoman,  wiio  on  that  xcry  eveiiiinr  w.as 
arrested  for  robbery,  and  was  transported  for 
live  vears, 

"  Ylie  work  went  on;  people  listened;  the  rai:- 
ged  school  was  crowded,  and  the  meeliiiiis  weru 
well  attended;  soul  after  soul  w,as  brought  un- 
der coinietion.  and  many  wi'ie  gathered  ini.> 
the  fold  of  Christ.  The  neigliborhoiKJ  was 
opened  U|)  to  the  clergy  and  coiiseerated  lay- 
workers;  sanitary  and  other  improvements  were 
made;  and  so,  through  the  entering  in  of  the 
(Jospel,  the  district  ciiangeil  its  cliaraeter to  that 
of  a  far  more  re-peclable  place." 

('l.\risiiaii  literature  is  also  an  elTective  nieunst 
as  used  by  the  .Society's  agents,  millions  of  tract H 
being  disiribiited  in  a  single  year,  ami  not  only 
r"ad  as  a  rule  by  the  receivers,  but  carried  anil 
redistributed  among  aeipiaintanees  in  ihe  prov- 
iiiv't'sand  even  in  distant  l:inds.  linding  their  w.-iy 
not  only  to  Scotland.  Ireland,  and  Wale-,  but 
to  .KiiKTica.  .Vfrica,  .Vusiralia.  and  otiiir  parts 
of  the  earth.  The  Ueligious  Trad  Society  and 
IIk'  Hrilisb  and  Foreign  Ihble  Society  lia\i'  fiir- 
ni-hed,  in  grants,  a  l.-iriic  proportion  of  the  re- 
ligious literature  thus  distributed, 

,Missi(iNs  OK  riiK  l".srAni.isiii;i>  Cnincii. — 
[{('sides  the  work  done  by  the  London  general 
society,  tlie  mission  enterprises  of  both  the 
Church  of  Knglaiiil  and  the  Dissenting  (  hnrches 
are  elleeting  niiieb  for  the  noii  religiiais  and  de- 
grailed  classes  of  the  metroiiolis. 

The  Hstablishinent  bad.  IIS>*i  mot  inclu<liii;r 
Ih(!  two  great  calbedralsi.  il',>0  ehurclie-.  be-idi'S 
a  largi'  number  of  mission  halls  and  schools. 
Of  the  JC'll  churches.  '.'Sli  have  a  d.iily  seiviie, 
and  parochial  mi— ion-  are  becomiii;;  a  marki'cl 
feature  in  the  lib'  of  the  Lst:ibli-limi'nt.  In 
their  luelhod  they  closely  resemble  the  .Viiieri- 
can  revival  meetings  and  protracted  services. 
.Meetimrs  are  behl  ill  factorie-.  in  the  open  air, 
and  in  streets  and  other  places.  Societies  and 
guilds  are  comnion  both  in  the  Cliurch  Ksiab- 
lisiiinent  and  among  Noiieoidormists. 

.Most  of  th<'  linger  cliiirehes  employ  more  I hiill 
one  clenryman.  and  some  as  many  as  ihree  or 
four;  besides  whom  are  missionariis,  Uible- 
women.  deueones.ses,  trained  nurses,  and  other 
ussisianls. 

The  city  has  also  "  The  Lay  Helpers' . \sso- 
ciation"  with  about  ."),(H)I)  members,  who  act  as 
teachers,  superinlendeiils  of  Sunday  school-, 
who  also  bold  -erviees  in  halls  and  room-,  doing 
any  sort  of  niissioiiury  work  us  opportunity  i>re- 
sent-. 

There  are  also  bands  of  vi-itois,  who  are  so 
distributed  tlia'  every  f.imily  can  be  reached. 

Mothers'  lneeti^lgs,  lii'ld  weekly,  are  among 
the  important  aLniieies,  iii-ti iiction  beiii::  i:iveu 
in  niakini;  u^armeiits.  and  in  \arioiis  kinds  of 


"»"^„ 


CIT7   MISSIONS 


mi 


CITT  MISSIONS 


lioiisi'liiilil  wcirk.  Cloiliiii;:  chilis  an-  iiraily 
alwtivs  riiriiiccti'il  with  Ihrx-  miTliii^-.  iiii'iiihcrs 
ln'ini;iii(iiunii.'i'il  l<Mlc|H»il  sinall  miiii>.  weekly, 
until  Ihi'v  can  |>iircliasc  ii<i'<l»ii  iraniictils  nr 
I'uriiitiirc;  in  mic  cax-  tlic  iiiciiilH-rslii|i  ha> 
ivachcd  !H»(l. 

The  (Jills'  Kriciidlv  S(H-irtv  is  anotlicr  ancncv, 
its  incniliciship  ax>*ti'  fcaci'iini:  r.'MKMt.  It  is 
lialioiii/cil  hy  the  Uoyal  Family.  Its  aini  is  tn 
iiinil  the  Lfii'ls  toiri'thcr  in  a  |iiii'c.  olH'dicnt.  nini'c 
iisctnl  lite.  L'iviiiLr  ihcin  the  Mni|>athy.  ailvicc, 
anil  hi'l|itiil  care  ot  friends,  wlm  cimtiniie  In 
Icidk  al'lef  the  liieinlxis;  even  after  lliey  have 
einiiiialed  to  tnreiLrn  lands.  Lml^res  an-  |ili(- 
videil  ill  tin'  iii(liii|Milis  and  in  larger  tciuiis; 
L'irls'  wcirk  is  liuiked  after  under  i-iuht  (h'|iarl- 
nieiits.  lectures  are  |in)\ided.  and  instruction  is 
iiiveii  ill  methods  of  eariiin;r  their  own  livinir. 
(tile  of  its  (h'parlmeiits  relates  i«i  cariiii:  for  the 
.sick. 

Ill  till-  wide  ratiL'e  of  work  such  additional 
a'jeiieiesasthe  follow  in  l' a  re  employed.  es|>ecially 
ill  the  KasI  Klld:  I  >e.icones>4-s  and  Sifters  of 
Mercy  (who  adopt  a  distinctive  dn-ssi;  Friendly 
^oi-iciies  and  \Vorkiniriiieirs  (luhs.  'rempi-r 
ance  Friendly  Societies,  'riie  Church  of  Kn^l.iiiil 
'remperance  Scxiily  (haviiur  its  hninclies  in  al- 
most every  parish),  the  While  ('ros«  inoveiiieiit. 
.Mild  Lending  I,ihi;iries.  Art  Kxhihitioiis  are  a 
novel  featuic.  the  iiio^t  notalile  iH-inir  that  of 
St.  Jiides  in  l>*siii.  wlii<  h  was  visited  liy  .Vi. ()(•(> 
people,  who  enjoyed  the  si;;hl  of  m;iny  of  the 
very  liiiest  works  of  art.  Imiiied  for  this  piirpost-; 
i:eiitleilieli  :ilid  ladies  were  in  <'ol|stailt  alleiid 
ancc.  to  aid.  Iiy  their  evplanatioiis  and  criticisms, 
the  clash's  w  ho  were  invitnl  to  attend. 

The  I  niversiiy  KMeiision  Society  is  also  of 
recent  orLraiii/.atioii.  composed  of  i:niduates  of 
Ovliinl.  who  live  anioiitr  the  p<M>r  in  a  s|ieri;il 
lioiise,  with  arrailLTements  for  the  ;;ivill;l  of  lec- 
tures :ind  in^lriii'lion  to  til:-  luckless  popul:ition 
iiroiilid  them.  They  also  eiicoiiraiic  the  p.Mir 
Ilrti^ans  hy  !.;i\  iiejiAiiihitiiiiis  of  their  work,  :iiid 
devisiiiir  iiiciIkkIs  for  s<'ciirinL'  purchasers  for  it. 

WollK  IIV  hissKNTKIls.  -.>jaiiy  of  the  nielhiids 
employed  hv  the  |)is.»eiiteis.  an-  <|iiite  similar  to 
those  ii-ed  liy  the  (  lilircll  of  Kni:laiid.  MisxMlt- 
iiiir  churches  luimlHr  i  ixstii  ahoiit  Tim),  and  they 
employ  the  usual  inetlKNis  of  Fvaii>.Tlistie 
work," 

Many  of  the  missions  are  I'arried  on  Iiy  tlu' 
separate  cliiirclie«.  :ini|  with  such  success  iha, 
enlin'  nei'j;lihorhoiHls  attain  to  newer  and  iin'iilly 
elevated  liviii;:. 

With  one  cluircli  — IliL'hhury  <Ju,iilniiil  — are 
coiiiieileil  no  les>  than  •">(>  Institutions  lor  speci- 
alties ill  Chrisliaii  ciilerprisc.  all  of  which.  e\ 
ceplillir  t\\t\  nii'il  at  leasl  once  a  week.  The 
penny  hanks  liaM-  !*.'•>  deposiiiii>  -,  tem|H'raiice 
orv:aiii/.;iiioiis  include  Too  meiiilMTs.  It  isesti 
inaled  ili.'ii  Til  I  meiiilH'rs  ol  this  chiircli  (>>iue 
in  coiilait  with  at  le;isi  in.iHHi  Hxes.  The 
Tohiier  Sipiare  ( 'oiiL't'enalional  (  hurcli  *'iiiplo\  s 
II  mimlier  illld  \ariet\  of  elTective  aireiicies. 
Mesidcs  the  Sunday  school  and  liiiiul  ol  Hope, 
are  Iwi)  liHli;es  of  (JikhI  Templat's.  Soils  of 
Teinper.'ince.  a  \Volll;lirs  Teiii|H'ralice  S>M-ii'ty, 
a  Thrifl  Soi  iety.  tluee  Ihiildiii::  SiH-ieiies.  '  a 
Mutual  Iniprovemeiii,  a  •■  Help  Mxself"  So 
<iet\,  luo  riici'iils  iteinperaiice  ami  frieiidlyi 
siKieties,  a  i>eiiiiv  hank  .'iiid  a  niinilM'r  of  eveiiiiiL' 
classes,  "siiiokltl',r  concerts."  iMiiiiy  concerts, 
niissiiiii  prayer  tneetini:s.  and  tnolhers'  meetiiiirs. 

Till-.  K.Vsl  I.O.MXIN  TAIlKHN.Xt  I.K  furilis||e»  US 

lliu   niiwl    iiolahle  exiiliiplc    of    fxtciiditl    mid 


of  the  l.onl's  hous«'. 

testilied    there    is    no 

ihandoned    iIk'V  iiiav 


elTective  missionary  ori:aiiiz;ition  and  l.-ihor.  Tlic 
work  is  carried  on  in  that  deplonihle  district 
which  irave  voice  to  ••The  I  Jitter  Cry"  of  Oiil- 
casi  London. 

The  plan  adopted  is  lirst  to  inini«ter  to  the 
immediale  physical  wjints  of  the  piMir.  then  to 
help  llie  iinemployeil  to  tiiid  work.  Nine  mis- 
sion.-irics.  in  the  service  of  that  church,  L'ofnmi 
house  to  house,  from  room  to  riMnn,  carryiiiii 
relief  and  pn'achin^  the  WonI  :  not  one  apart- 
ment is  left  uinisitcd.  Diiriiis:  1^""">,  •.I<>.:<4(l 
visils  were  made  ;  in  ,'>i.4^,'s  instances  roo<i  was 
jriven.  Diirini:  the  yciir  ahout  ;l."i,litMi  lo:ives  nf 
hii'ad  were  dislrilmted,  Wl  hiindn^d  weiiili'  of 
rice.  :>.'), (HKI  pounds  of  giolatiN's.  I.IKHI  pounds  of 
tea,  and  'i.i'M)  i;arnieiils.  liesides  the  dav  Work, 
cvcniiiir  mceliiiirs  are  held  in  four  lialN,  and 
weekly  reports  are  made,  .'it  personal  interviews 
with  the  pastor.  Money  i>  never  coiitrihiiteil 
except  in  speci;il  cases,  tickets  iMin-r  UmiI  U|Hiii 
which  the  onlers  are '.liven.  (  hi  tin- ^arineiils 
is  stam|>ed  the  iiiiine  of  the  pastor,  to  pn'Veiit 
tlicii^  acceplanceal  the  paw  n  shops.  The  church 
and  its  frieiiils  also  maintain  hotli  an  orphan^' 
house  and  a  sea  side  liolne  for  the  exliailsteil  and 
for  convalescents,  liesides  a  irreat  iiuiiiImt  of 
chilis,  societies,  meetiliirs.  and  elass<'s.  iin-al 
viiror  of  life  is  a  iii.nk  of  the  church,  yet 
iioihiiii;  is  sp.isniiMlic.  for  the  people  are  lifii-d 
hy  deirrces.  They  are  first  toiichetl  hy  the 
inissioiiary  in  their  lioines.  are  then  iMTsiiaihil 
to  visit  the  mission  chapels,  and  thus  an-  lifteil 
a  step  liiiiher.  liy  deirn-es  they  learn  to  enjoy 
till-  prayer  iiieeiiiit;s.  an<l  are  liiiallv  hn>u^lil 
into  till-  ri-uular  services 
I'lider  I  his  .system  it  is 
hopeless  class,  however 
liave  heeii. 

'I'lii-  money  is  olitained  for  the  reirular  sup|M>rt 
of  such  expulsive  aireiicies  without  iM-inrini;. 
It  comes  sometimes  as  thank nlTeriiiL's.  and 
often  in  1,'iriier  sums,  unsolicited,  in  .-inswer  to 
pr:i\cr;  hut  I  he  mc-.iiis  are  never  wanliinr. 

In  coniK'ctioii  with  another  church  i  l{e<renl 
S<|uare  I'reshyieiiaiii  an  iiisiitute  for  workiii*; 
lads  has  lieeii  founded,  in  which  is  ;;iveii  -aiu- 
hiilaiice  iiisinicliou: '■  I  hey  also  have  classes  in 
Kiiirlish  liieialun-  and  coiii]io^itioii.  in  Enirlish 
.i!niiuiuiir  and  el<H'ution.  in  political  econoiiiy. 
siiiiriiiir.  wriiiiu:'.  arithmetic,  hook  ki-epin'i;, 
Fn-ncii.  and  (iermaii.  Thcn-an-alsoniiieilitTer- 
enl  science  classes,  hesidi's  technic.il  iiisinielion  in 
carpentry,  plumhiiiir.  prilllinL^  and  litlioirmpliy. 
(iames.  innocent  and  healthful,  aieaUopiov:di-<l, 
such  as  chess  and  checkers;  also  .-i  crickit  cliih. 
a  foot  hall  ehlh,  a  swimmiiii:  chih:  a  cliih  of 
■harriers"  is  formed  anioni;  the  ineinlN-r^. 
This  iiisiiiute  has  proved  of  priccli-s>  value  in 
holli  wh.ii  it  pn-vi  Ills  ;ind  wliiit  it  sciun-s. 

Till'.  S  vi.v  \ii<)N  AiiMV  has  ;,ls,,  pioveil  an 
elTective  aLTelicy,  lor  they  employ  suih  means 
and  adopt  sueh  laiiiruaifi'  and  modes  of  pn-vn 
tatioii  as  arrest  anil  secure  the  attention  of  tlios«- 
who  can  receive  ideas  and  impiesvjnns  only  as 
their  own  rou<!li  and  simple  laiivua<:e  is  imiI 
It  "is  a  niissiiiii  from  the  lower  clas.s«-s,  hy  the 
lower  classes,  for  the  lower  class4-s."  (hit  of  an 
hiimhle  heniimin;;-  lahout  "^4  years  airoi  hy  Wil- 
liam llooth,  on  a  waste  piece  of  l;ind  near  Mile- 
Klld  lioad.  Fast  London,  has  i:rown  this  mii:hty 
airiiuy,  whose  olllcers  immher  Ihoiisinils  and 
the  snldiery  hundreds  of  ihoiisiinds. 

"It  has  many  excellent  fe.-itincs.  The  ear- 
nestness and  coiirime  of  its  leaders,  anil  tli<>ir 
(-nthlisiasiii  for  the  siilviltimi  of  the  very  |owe<<l, 


omr  MISSIONS 


304 


OOAN,  TITOS 


ninnot  lie  too  liiirlily  pniiscd."  siivs  one  who  hiis 
eloM'ly  iiivestiiTiileil  the  work  in  Loixlon. 

Wlmtever  limy  lie  said,  jtislly.  in  llie  way  of 
(•rilitisiii,  liie  Siilviiiinn  Army  lia- eerlainly  iiad 
iircM  iiillileiice  in  ■<lirriiii:  up  Ilic  cImiicIh-.  to  an 
a|)|iic(iiilioii  of  the  iicimI-.  of  tile  poor  and  tlieir 
duty  toward  th<'  oiilca-I. 

Asa  ri'sull  of  all  llicsc  evanireli/.in^  enerdes 
tliere  is  less  dninkeniieNS.  |c>s  panperisni.  less 
erinie,  in  the  irreal  iiieliopolis  today  than  ten 
years  airo.  The  missionary  spirit  is  ahroad.  and 
II  is  one  of  the  modern  miracles  to  sec  a  eity 
urowiniT  lielter  and  better  while  she  is  daily 
addini;  to  iiei-  iiiimeiisiiN . 

4'lllll  Willilllll,  a  town  of  Xorlhwest  Ciipe 
I'olony,  South  .Vfiiea.  140  miles  norlhcasi  of 
Cape  Town.  (liinale  Siiliihrioiis,  soil  fertile. 
l'o|)ulHtion,  7,tl41.  .Missiuu  station  of  the  8.  P. 
O. ;  1  missionary. 

<iiireiii«»iil,a  town  of  Natal.  Sontn  Africa, 
southeast  of  |)nrl);in  and  I'ort  Natal.  -Missiiui 
station  of  tile  S.  i'.  G.;  1  missionary. 

Clark,  I'^iiliraiiii  \V.,  b.  llaverliill,  X. 
II.,  April  •2^H\\,  lTi)!»;  u'rudualeii  at  Darlinouth 
Colleu'e,  IM'.M;  Andover  Theoloirical  Seminary 
Ib'iT;  ordained  at  IJrainlon,  \l.:  siiiled  wilii 
the  second  reiiifonfinent  as  a  missionary  of  tlie 
American  Hoard,  Noveinlur  :id,  IX'27,  for  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  reachiiiir  Honolulu,  March, 
18'i8.  He  was  slalioiied  there,  and  hy  request 
of  the  missiiin  devoted  a  part  of  liis  time  to  the 
seamen  and  foieiirii  residents.  Willi  others  he 
had  <'liarj;c  of  the  high-school  at  Ltihainaluna 
18;!5-4:i,  and  then  for  thri'e  years  he  was  en- 
gaged in  prcachiiiir  and  other  missionary  work 
at  Wailuku,  on  Maui.  In  1S4S  he  returned  to 
Honolulu  to  have  the  pastoral  care  of  the  First 
Church.  That  church  .soon  a.s.suiiied  his  full 
support,  and  he  liecame  a  "  corri'S|H)nding 
memher"of  the  inissiun.  In  IS.VJ.  .-is  Secre- 
tary of  tlie  Hawaiian  Missionary  Society,  lie 
went  with  the  lirst  company  of  Aiuerican  and 
Hawaiian  lalioiers  to  .Micronesia  to  assist  and 
advise  in  eoniinenciii!;  the  mission  there.  In 
\S')H,  and  again  in  1H."»9,  he  visited  the  Lniled 
Stales.  In  I.S(i;t,  having  lieen  for  lifti'cn  years 
))astor  of  the  large  First  Church  at  Honolulu, 
lie  resigned  the  pastorate,  partly  heeaiise  of  in- 
sullicienl  slri'iiglh,  hut  mainly  that  he  might 
engage  more  fully  in  Hilile  revision.  H;iving 
spent  a  year  on  that  work  at  the  is'iaiids.  he 
was  sent  to  New  York  in  1^*04  hy  the  mission 
to  superintend  tlie  piinling  of  the  Hawaiian 
Scriptures  hy  the  .\iiuricaii  Bitile  Society,  read- 
ing proofs,  prepariiiL''  references,  etc.  This  was 
followed  hy  the  translation  and  printing  of  the 
Tract  Society's  Bible  Dictionary,  and  several 
oilier  hooks  and  tracts.  The  last  work  cotnplclcd 
was  a  hymn  and  tune  hook.  He  did  not  return 
to  the  islands.  He  made  his  home  several 
Years  airo  with  his  eliildren  !it  (liicairo.  He 
iliid  July  Itilh,  187S,  aged  7!>. 

<iarkal»a«l,  a  town  of  the  Punjah,  India. 
Slat  ion  of  the  ( '.  M.  8.;  5  native  workers,  58 
cliurili-iiieiiihers. 

<iark«OH,  a  town  in  Cape  Colony,  South 
Africa,  in  the  Zii/.ikaminadistrict,  east  of  Cape 
Town.  Prettily  situated  on  the  slope  of  a 
chain  of  moiinlains.  A  station  of  the  Moravi- 
ans, opened  in  18;{9  in  aeconlance  with  the  re- 
ipiest  of  Sir  (teorge  Napier,  then  governor  of 
Cape   Colony,  who   was  moved   hy  a  sincere 


desire  to  hel]>  the  poor  Fingoes,  whom  the  Kaf- 
fir war  of  183ti  had  made  free,  hut  left  without 
any  care  or  prolei  lion  whatsoever.  He  invited 
the  missionaries  to  occupy  a  well  wooded  and 
watered  dislrici,  where  a  considerable  iiumher 
of  Fingo  freediueii  and  others  had  located,  and 
the  .Moravian  Hrelhren  at  once  embraced  the  of- 
fer, and  called  the  place  Clarkson,  after  the  phil- 
autliroplst  (d'  that  name,  who  with  several  friends 
had  coiilribuled  largely  toward  the  expense  of 
the  slation's  eslalilishnienl.  At  pre.seiit  tin  re 
are  in  charge  of  I  his  station  3  missionaries  and 
their  wives.  Tlie  work  has  prospered  and  the 
congregation  has  steadily  increased. 

day  .\<>lllan<i,  a  town  of  Liberia,  West 
Africa,  on  the  St.  I'aul's  Hiver,  northeast  of 
Monrovia.  Mission  station  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  North:  'i  missionaries,  ."il  ciiurch-niem- 
hers.  !»4  si'holars.  .Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
North,  "i  missionaries,  1(1  native  helpers.  7-1 
scholars,  !IS  churchineinbers.  Protectant  Epis- 
copal Church,  L'.  S.  A.,  1  school,  7  >  (uuniuni- 
cants. 

(iif'l«»ii  Hill,  a  town  in  Harhadoes,  West 
Iiiilies,  tietweeii  .Mount  T.ibor  and  Sharon.  It 
is  linely  situated  on  an  elevation  commanding 
an  extensive  view  of  the  soulliern  and  soiith- 
wi'stern  portions  of  the  island.  .Mission  .station 
of  tlie  Moravians,  opened  for  the  heiietit  of 
those  emancipated  slaves  whom  the  chureli  at 
Sharon  was  not  able  to  accommodate.  The 
missionary  and  his  wife  in  charge  of  this  sta- 
tion being  temporarily  withdraw  n  on  account  of 
health,  it  is  cared  for  by  the  missionaries  at 
Blount  Tabor. 

<'I) flewdale,  a  town  in  Southeast  Natal, 
South  Africa,  northwest  of  I'ni/.uiiibe,  south- 
east of  High-llats.  Mission  station  of  the  S.  P. 
G. ;  '<i  missionaries. 

C'«»aii,  Cii'ortft'  WliilfU'ld,  b.  P.yron, 
(ienesee  County.  N.  Y.,  December  ;iOlh,  1817; 
graduated  Williams  College  1846,  I'liion  Theo- 
logical Seminary  1849;  sailed  the  same  year  as  a 
missionary  of  tiie  A.  H.  C.  F.  M.  for  I'ersia. 
His  department  wasdislinetively  tield  work  and 
especially  among  the  villages  of  Kurdistan,  a.s 
Well  as  those  in  the  i>lains  of  Persia,  he  was 
everywhere  and  always  the  laborious,  earnest 
bishop  of  the  infant  churches,  and  the  preacher 
of  the  Word.  For  this  he  had  special  (pialiti- 
cations  of  llueiit  utterance,  and  with  a  more 
than  usually  correct  knowU dgc  and  use  of  the 
Syriac  language  he  was  an  impressive  and  often 
eloipient  speaker.  For  years  he  had  the  bur- 
den of  physical  inliriiiity.  In  \f*it'i  he  was  com- 
|iclled  by  ill-healtli  to  seek  a  change  and  rest  at 
lionii'.  and  airain  in  187."i.  He  died  in  Woiister, 
Ohio,  December  -Jlst,  1S7». 

f'«»ail,  TIIMN,  b.  KillinL'worth,  Ci>nn., 
February  Isl,  1801  ;  graduated  at  Auburn 
Theological  Seminary  18;t;!;  ordained  to  the 
ministry,  and  in  August  the  same  vear  sailed, 
under  The  direction  of  the  \.  H.  C.  t\  .M.,  with 
Uev.  WilliMiii  Anns  on  a  mission  of  exploration 
to  Patagonia.  Having  tried  in  vain  to  ?'>ake 
known  their  message  to  the  savages,  lind'tM^ 
themselves  captives  and  their  lives  in  danger, 
they  availed  tlieiiiselves  of  a  ehani'e  vessel  and 
I'-caped  by  stratairem.  reaching  New  London 
.May.  \X'M.  afliT  an  absence  of  four  months. 
.Mr. Coan  sailed  Deeeiiil»r  ."ith.  18:t4,  with  si.x 
others  under  the  American  Hoard,  for  the  Saud- 


OOAN,  TITUS 


SOS 


OOAN,  TITUS 


wicli  Isliiiids,  arriving  at  Honolulu  June  6lli, 
Im;}").  Ill'  WHS  at  (iiicf  sliitioiicd  al  llilo  on 
Hawaii,  wliert'  lie  rcniaini'd  lill  his  ilealli,  a 
jH'iioil  of  forty ciirlil  years.  Siini-  uiis>ioii 
work  liaii  already  Ihtii  done  hen-,  and  most  of 
the  natives  had  a  little  knowledge  of  C'hristiun 
truth;  alioiil  one  third  had  learned  to  read,  and 
a  chuich  of  lliirty  six  nieiiilters  Lad  Ik'cu  gath- 
encl.  Itelore  tile  close  of  the  year  .Mr.  loan 
hail  inaili'  the  eiienit  of  the  island  liy  eauoe  and 
on  foot,  a  trip  of  ;i(KI  miles.  i>n  this  tour  he 
lire;i(hed  V.i  times,  e.Mlinined  'it'  s«liools  with 
l,",'(i(l  seholais,  eonveised  with  mulliludes.  and 
as  a  physieian  ministered  to  the  sick.  These 
tours  wire  repeated  in  sueeeeding  years.  The 
volcanic  struclure  of  the  island  made  travelling 
laborious.  Deep  ravines,  heetling  crags,  liarred 
his  way;  swollen  torient>,  foanntig  livers, 
threatened  his  life.  "Some  of  the  livers," 
.says  he,  "1  succeeded  in  fording;  some  1  swani 
hy  the  help  of  a  rope  to  prevent  my  being 
swept  iiway;  and  over  some  1  was  ciiried  pa— 
sivcly  on  the  liroad  shoulders  of  a  native,  wliile 
a  company  o*'  strong  men  locked  hainls  and 
strclclied  themselves  across  the  stre.im  jilsl  he- 
low  nic  and  just  above  a  near  eaiaraet.  to  sjive 
me  fiom  going  over  it  if  my  beanr  should  fjiU. 
'I'liis  experience  was  often  repeated  Ihiee  or 
four  limes  a  day." 

.Mr.  C'oaii  feeling  tliat  the  work  laid  upon 
him  was  to  bear  to  "  every  creature"  in  all 
I'uiia  and  llilo  the  nies.sjtge  of  sjilvation  through 
I'lirist,  allowed  no  obstacle  or  inacces>ibilily  to 
interfere  with  his  purpose.  The  more  "  ilis- 
creet  and  prayerful  members"  of  his  church 
were  tndned  to  aid  him  in  this  work.  (.Joiiig 
twoand  Iwi).  "  they  visited  the  villages,  climbed 
the  moiiiitains,  traversed  the  forests,  and  ex- 
plored the  glens  in  search  of  the  wanilering  and 
the  dying  sons  of  Hawaii."  In  IK'M  he  says: 
"  1  began  to  see  tokens  of  interest  that  I  scarce- 
ly uiiiierstood  my.self."  Wherever  he )>reachiil 
tlie  people  Hocked  to  hear,  and  afterwards  lin- 
gi'ied  and  crowded  around  him  to  impiire about 
the  good  way.  In  1S;{7  oecuried  such  a  re- 
ligious awakening  as  is  rare  even  in  Christian 
lands.  Xearly  the  whole  population  of  llilo 
turned  out  to  hear  the  preaching  of  the  Word. 
The  sick  and  lame  were  brought  on  liltei-s  and 
on  the  backs  of  men;  villagers  came  from  miles 
around,  and  built  temponiry  dwellings  that 
they  might  be  near  the  mission-bouse.  With- 
in a  mile  on  every  hand  the  cabins  stimd  thick. 
Hilo,  the  village  of  ten  hundred,  saw  its  (Hip- 
iilalion  suddeiilv  swelled  to  ten  thous'ind,  and 
lure  was  held  literally  a  "  camp-mecling  '  of 
two  veins.  Meetings  for  prayer  and  prcicliing 
Were  held  daily,  schools  were  established  for 
old  and  young.  In  the  inteivaN  of  ilioe  exer- 
cises llie  people  cultiviited  their  laro  patches, 
or  .-oiifrht  food  in  Iheoce.an.  The  lailiesttiuixht 
the  children  not  only  religious  truths,  but  "to 
atleiiil  lo  their  persons,  to  biaiil  mats,  to  make 
their  lappas,  hats,  and  bonnets  "  .\t  any  hour 
of  the  day  or  night  a  tap  of  the  bell  wmd-l  ns- 
.semlilc  from  three  to  six  thoiis.-iml.  (iud's 
trutli  was  preached  simply,  and  sent  home  by 
the  Holy  Spirit.  The  theme  was  the  great 
salvation.  Many  cried  aloud  for  nu'iry,  "and 
the  noise  of  the  weepinu:"  at  times  "  sih'iiced 
the  preacher."  Mr.  Coan  says:  "When  wi- 
rose  fur  |>rayer  some  fell  down  in  a  swimhi. 
There  were  hundreds  of  such  c.ises  On  mu' 
occasion  1  prcai  hed  from  the  text  Madness  is 
in  their  hearts.'      The  truth  set-meil  to  have  an 


intense  power.  A  woman  rried,  '<>|i  I'm  tin; 
one:  madness  is  in  my  heart!'  ."she  became  ii 
true  t'hristiaii.  .V  man  cried  out.  'There's  a 
two  edged  sword  cutting  me  in  pieces!  '  A  back- 
woikIs  native,  wicked,  simit.  who  had  comi'  in 
to  make  fun.  fell  suddenly.  Whin  he  had  com*; 
to.  he  saicl.  '(ohI  has  struck  inc.'  He  was  sub- 
dued, and  gave  evidence  of  being  a  true  (  hris- 
tian.  (  hiec,  on  ,'i  tour,  while  I  was  preaching  in 
the  tields  to  about  two  thousand  lursons.  a  man 
cried  out,  '.Mas!  what  shall  I  do  to  lie  saved? 
(iihI  be  merciful  to  me  a  sinner!  '  The  whole 
comjrcg.-ition  joined  in  with  cijuiiliitions.  It 
was  a  thrilling  scene.  I  could  izcl  im  chani'c  to 
speak  for  half  an  hour,  but  stoiMl  still  to  sec  the 
sidvatioii  of  trml. 

"There  were  many  such  scenes:  and  men 
would  come  and  say.  '  Why  don't  you  put  this 
down'.''  .My  answer  was:  'I  didn't  iret  it 
up.'  I  didn't  believe  the  devil  wmild  set  men 
lo  praying,  confessing,  and  bieakiii;.'  otV  their 
sins  by  righteousness.  These  wire  the  times 
w  lien  thieves  brought  back  w  hat  tliey  had  stolen, 
ipiarrels  were  reconciled,  the  lazv  became  in- 
dustrious, llinusands  broke  their  pipes  and  gave 
tip  tobacco,  drunk.'irils  stdiiped  drinking,  ailiil- 
telies  ceased,  tuiil  lliui'dercls  cniilcssed  their 
crimes.  Neither  the  devil  nor.-dl  the  men  in  the 
world  could  h.'ive  got  this  up.  Why  should  I 
put  it  down'/  I  idways  told  the  natives  that 
such  demonstrations  were  no  evidence  of  con- 
version, and  advised  them  to  ijuielness.  And  I 
especially  tried  to  keep  them  from  hypoerisv." 

An  event  scarcely  less  remarkable,  ciaisider- 
ing  the  lime  and  circumstances,  than  the  revival 
itself,  occurred  November  Till.  ISJiT.  It  w.'is  a 
sudden  divine  visiijitioii.  a  sermon  more  pun- 
gent than  any  that  human  lips  could  litter,  anil 
reached  many  who  had  before  resisicd  the  word. 
Mr.  Coan  says:  "  At  7  o'clock,  as  we  were  call- 
ing our  domestics  together  for  luayer.  we  hearil 
a  lieavy  sound  as  of  a  falling  mountain  on  the 
beach.  This  was  succeeded  by  loud  w;iilings 
and  cries  of  distress  extending  for  miles  iiniuiiil 
the  shores  of  the  bay.  The  sea  iiad  all  on  a 
sudden  risen  in  a  gigantic  wave,  which,  rushing 
in  with  the  rapidity  of  a  race  horse,  had  fallen 
on  the  shore,  sweeping  everythiiii:  into  indis- 
criminate ruin.  Kveiylhimr  ilo.'ited  wild  upon 
the  HoihI.  The  wave  tell  like  a  bolt  of  heaven, 
and  no  m:in  had  time  to  tlee  or  save  bis  i;arment. 
In  a  moment  huiulreilscf  people  were  struggling 
with  the  laL'ing  billows,  and  amidst  tlie  w  leclv 
of  their  e.'irthly  all.  .Some  were  djished  upon 
the  shore,  some  wi'i'c  drawn  out  by  friends, 
sniiie  were  larried  out  lo  sea  by  the  receding 
current,  and  snnie  sunk  lo  rise  iioliiore.  It  wan 
probably  the  etl'ect  of  a  submaiinc  volcanic 
eruption  near  the  mouth  of  the  h.'irbor.  To  the 
people  it  seemed  '.'is  the  voice  of  .Mmighly  (mhI 
when  he  s|ieaketh.'  and  it  appeared  to  promote 
the  work  of  the  Spirit  then  LToing  on.  " 

The  work  coiilinued  with  power  the  following 
year,  and  the  converts  were  numbered  by  thou- 
sands. .Mr.  Coan  had  ever  believed  in  childhoml 
conversion.  ,'11111  much  labor  was  expemleil  by 
him  and  others  in  the  instruction  and  training 
of  children  ItiiriiiL'  his  labors  in  the  islantl 
several  bundled  children  under  tiftren  wci'ecou- 
iiecteil  w  illi  his  church.  I'lex  ioiis  to  his  visit  to 
the  I  niled  States  in  tsTll  he  had  received  into 
the  church  and  himself  bapti/ed  I  l.iltio  persons. 
.Vinong  these  were  "not  only  the  young  and 
strong,  but  the  old  and  decrepit,  the  lame,  the 
blind,  the  maimed,  the  withered,  the  paralytic. 


:  ipi' 

'j!  V 

i  V  ?! 

■■'  ■.,■  I 

■■  ■  ! 
■  t 

•■  I: 


OOAN,  TITUS 


:)()(! 


COKE,  THOMAS 


ami  iiHii  1111(1  woiiii'ii  will)  luiil  l)c('n  <ruiltv  of 
iilmiisi  fvnv  >iii."  'I'licy  Imd  iiol  liccii  ailiiiUtiil 
willioiil  inonllis  of  scnilinv  aiul  cai'i'tiil  sifiin^r. 
ami  ii'sulls  icslcd  l)y  atliT  yi'ais  have  .-linwii 
Ihat  a  Iniiistunnalloii  licynml  Ilii'  powiT  iil' 
prcaclifr  or  Icaclicr.  howi'vcr  fiilliiisia^lii  and 
i'allliliil,  hail  |>Mssi'd  ii|iciii  llii'  iliaraclcrKl  a  laiL'')' 
lii(i|iiiiii(>n  of  llic-c  coiivcrl-i.  I'mliT  this  iraiii 
jiii;  llii'  |ii'o|ilc  liccaiiii'  iiioH'  anil  niuvc  scttli'd  in 
lailli  and  morals.  Tlif  imlii>lrii--  of  clvili/alion 
liavi'  laiLCrly  lakcTi  llii'  plai'c  of  ilir  old  savau;!' 
iiidoliMuc.  Till'  SaMialli  is  iri-ncially  oliscrvcd. 
Kifli'fn  )ilai'('s  of  \voislii|i  liavr  liccn  liiiill  livtlif 
money  and  labor  of  lln'  nalivrs.  A  vriy  iaiirc 
|ii'o|)iii'lion  of  till'  |ii'o|ili'  n-ad  anil  wiiti'.  Their 
uifis  for  hi  iii'volcni  and  rrliirioiis  purposi's  ciim- 
pari'  favorahly  with  lliosc  of  mori'  advanciMl 
romnmnilii's.  A  ronsiderahli'  nunihcr  ot  Ihrir 
own  nii'inhcrs  liavc  Ihtii  srnl  hv  llii'sc  chmvliL's 
as  niissionarii's  lo  tin-  .MirroMi'sian  Islands. 

.Mr.  I'oan's  lali'i'  yrars  witi'  dcvoli'd  to  tin- 
can' of  ihc  chnn  h  of  Hawaii.  In  1S82.  diirinir 
anolhiM'  rrvival.  into  ihi'  lahors  of  which  lii'  rti- 
li'rrd  wilh  his  old  arilor.  hi'  was  slrii'ki'n  with 
paralysis,  and  after  a  fi'w  wi'i'ks.  full  of  lovr, 
,ji)y,  palirnii'.  and  suhaiissiim.  hi"  pas,si'd  into 
rest,  in  till'  8"Jd  year  of  his  airi'. 

Mr.  Coan  was  not  oidy  a  missionary,  hut  an 
enlhusiasiic  and  rairful  ohsi'rvi'r  of  those  won- 
derful phenomena  of  nature  whiih  his  loniiresi- 
dunee  in  those  voleanic  islands  hrom;ht  lo  his 
notiie.  He  pulilisheil  two  volumes.  ••  Adven- 
tures in  I'alaiToiiia"  and  "  Life  in  Hawaii." 

<'«>caiiiidH,  a  city  at  tlie  mouth  of  the 
Godavery  Uiver.  on  the  east  coast  of  India.  A 
station  of  the  Miplisi  .Missionary  Society  of 
t)iinaila,  with  2  missionaries  anil  a  nourishing 
girls'  sclitxd. 

C'«»(>lllll,  a  district  of  the  ^fadrasPrL'sidencv, 
South  India,  (hcnpii'd  hy  thcC.  .M.  S.  in  isi'?. 
Stations  now  at  Trichnr  ami  Kuiiiniidxulain. 
•'iOU  cominmucants. 

4'4»('llill  Cilillil,  a  country  of  Sontlicasterii 
Asi.i,  hounded  on  the  norlhwe^i  hy  C'amliodia, 
soufli  and  east  hy  the  Chinese  Sea,  ami  west  hy 
the  ( inlf  of  Siam.  I'opulaliini  estimati'dat.l  H5X,- 
807  --i.iUM  Europeans,  chlellv  French;  l,ri(M»,(t(M) 
Aniiainites,  1(),"),(J()(»  ("amliiNlians,  5l(,tHII»  Chi- 
nese, H.OIH)  savaiies,  and  a  lloiiiinir  population  of 
about  •.HI.OIM)  .Malays  and  .Mal.ibarians.  It  was 
incorporated  into  French  Ini|').('hina  in  1HS7. 
(Jhief  town.  .Saiiron;  population,  S-.'.DIX);  490 
schools,  •H),n-2i)  pupils.  Catholics,  ."),S()();  the 
remainder  cliiclly  Buddhists.  No  Protestant 
mission  work. 

4'<M'liriiii,  .loMepli  4ii.,  b.  Springfield, 
N.  V  ,  IJ^IT.  graduated  iit  Amherst  College 
IMl'j,  and  I'ldon  Theological  Semimiry  1H47; 
sailed  the  same  ycir  us  a  missionary  of  the 
A.  M.  C  F.  .M.  for  the  Nestorians.  Ile'look  the 
|il,ice  of  .Mr.  .Stoddard  as  principal  of  the  male 
seminary  at  Seir,  and  wilh  thiil  school  his 
life's  Work  was  iileiitilied  till  the  d.'iy  of  his 
ileaih.  He  remained  piincipal  from  1S48  till 
Mr.  Stoddard's  return  from  tin-  rniled  Stales 
in  IS.-il,  From  1H,-)1  till  the  de.'ilh  of  Dr  Stod- 
dard, in  lf?."i7,  the  two  were  associated  in  the 
eomlucl  of  the  scndntuy.  .Mr.  Cochran  then 
became  principal,  and  conlinned  such  till  1805. 
During  those  seveiileen  years  it  is  said  that  he 
did  more  than  any  other  man  to  educate  and 
equip  teachers  anif  preachers  fm-  the  Nestorians 
tiud    fur  Persia.      The  reixjrt  of   the   mission 


gives  the  numberofgradlliiteH  from  1840  to  I8(I(J 
.'IS  1>8.  of  whom  .")((  were  ordaiiu'd  ministers.  'JO 
evangelists,  colporteurs,  ami  teachers.  Hesides 
his  work  in  Ihc  seminary,  .Mr.  Cochran  had 
special  chaigc  of  the  district  of  IJarandoo/., 
contaiidng  'tl)  villages,  the  rudest  and  most 
ignorant  poition  of  Ihc  .Nestorians  in  Persi.'i. 
When  he  look  charge  there  was  no  congrega- 
tion or  Sal)lialhschool;  before  the  close  of  his 
life  .several  churches  were  ori;;uii/.ed,  and  a 
Presbyterv  fornu'd,  embracing  twcniy-live 
eongregalions.  He  was  a  voluminous  author 
and  translator  in  the  Syriiic.  He  prepared  a 
verv  complete  Hilile  (ieography  and  Histor,v, 
ami  several  school  books,  as  .VJgebra,  Astron- 
omy, Natural  Philosophy,  and  later  a  valuable 
woikon  Pastoral  Theology  and  llomiletii.'s. 

In  ISti,")  he  visited  .\merica  to  arrange  for  the 
settlement  and  education  of  his  children.  He 
retiniied  to  Persia  in  lMi7,  leaving  some  of  the 
cliildrcn  at  home.  In  1870  .Mrs.  Cochran  was 
obliged  lo  return  lo  America  with  an  invalid 
daughter,  he  remaiiung  al  his  post.  On  her 
return  he  intt  her  at  (  onstanliiu)plc.  I>nriiig 
the  last  days  of  the  .jouiiiev  to  Oroomiah  he 
was  attacked  with  chills,  which  were  followed 
by  typhusfever.  Hedied  November 21sl,  1871, 
after  an  illness  of  thirty  days. 

4'«»«lliC'ill  (Kodakal),  a  town  of  Malabar,  on 
the  Southwest  Coast  of  India,  northof  Kuniian- 
kulain,  on  the  railway  coniu'cting  Calicut  with 
.Madras.  .Mission  stallon  of  the  Basle  .Missionary 
Society  (18.")Hi;  '-'  missionaries,  1  missionary's 
wife,  17  iialive  helpers.  ;t  schools  and  an  or- 
j)han  asylum,  'JO,')  coinininiicanls. 

4'«»illll>al«»r(*,  a  town  of  Madnis,  South 
India.  Climate  lemperale.  Population. '.iOtKM), 
Hindoos,  Moslems,  Knropeans,  and  I'hirasians. 
Languages,  Tamil  and  (  anarese.  People  miser- 
ably jioor  ami  low.  A  station  of  the  L.  M.  S. 
(I><;i0);  )i  missionaries  and  wives,  "il  nalive 
helpers,  'J  ehurclies,  (iill  members.  ;i41  com- 
municants, lo  schools,  l.lttO  scholars.  Also  a 
station  of  the  Kvangelical  Lutheran  Society  of 
Leipsic,  since  I8,")8  with  42:i  church  members. 

Coke,  TliMiiiiiH,  LL. I).,  went  out  under 
the  •■  W'esleyaii  .Missionary  Snciely"  lo  Nova 
Scolia  in  178(1  .\nligua,  and  Ceylon.  Dr.  Coke 
w;is  a  clergyman  of  the  Chinch  of  Kngland 
ami  a  graduate  of  O.\foril.  In  177()  he  became 
the  intiinale  fiieiid  of  .John  Wesley,  and  en- 
tered heartily  into  his  plans  for  the  spread  of 
the  Gospel.  He  worked  with  Wesley  for  1.5 
years  as  superiniendeni  of  his  work.  In  1781} 
I)r  Coke  set  sail  from  KnglamI  to  begin  a 
mission  in  .Nova  Scotia.  Adverse  winds  drove 
them  out  of  their  course,  ami  Ihc  ship  springing 
a  leak,  the  captain  was  compelled  to  go  to  .\n. 
ligua.  Here  Dr  Coke  found  a  very  interesting 
mission  alread.\  under  .Mr.  Ba.xter,  a  Wesleyan 
from  Kngland,  and  a  storekeeper  in  Lnirlish 
ike  examined  into  the  st.ite  of 
decided  lo  leave  .Ml.  Warreii- 
Wiis  to  have  been  one  of  his 
Nova  Scolia.  He  then  went 
aise  funds  for  the  West 
le  course  of  ten  vears  Dr. 


Harbor.  Dr.  C 
this  mission  am 
ner  heie,  will) 
companions  in 
back  to  I'.nLrland  to 
Indian  .Mission.  In  I 
Coke  made  four  voyages  for  tln^  mission,  and 
also  visited  the  I'liited  States  at  the  formation 
of  the  .Methodist  Kpiseopal  Church.  Ilesuper- 
intended  all  the  work  on  the  West  India  Islamis, 
■•mil  under  his  wise  guidance  the  ndssion  pros- 
pered .so  much,  that  he  now  iiiined  liisatleutiuu 


COKB,  THOMAS 


807 


COLONIAL   MISSIONS 


to  Ccyloii  and  India.  He  was  so  nnxious  lo 
coninitiKi'  lliis  mission  that  in'  olIi'R'd  todffiiiy 
nil  ihc  ('.\|H'n--('s  liinist'lf,  anionnlinu;  to  L'(!.<mmi, 
and  to  i;o  with  llic  missionaries,  as  lii'  alwavs 
dill,  in  sjiiti'  of  Ills  (It'clinin;;  yrars.  His  I'liciids 
tried  lo  dissuadi'  him  fioni  lliis  lonj,'  voyai,'!',  lint 
he  siiid,  •■  II' yon  will  not  lei  me  tin  von  will 
bre.iU  my  heart.  "  He  sailed  I'rom  S|iillaiid  in 
('oni|>uny  wiih  si.\  others.  lie  had  noi  luen 
onl  many  days  when  he  took  cold.  For  many 
(lays  he  seiMiied  failin.ir,  anil  .snon  a  shock  of 
))aialysis  followed,  ami  he  was  fo\ind  detid  in 
his  cahin.  He  was  liniied  at  .sea  Jiinu  Isl, 
1S14. 

4'4ilHr:  sue  Kolar. 

<'<»l«>llll>ill.  The  Kepnlilic  of,  a  country 
of  Sonlli  Ameiiea,  occupying  tiu'  innthwi'slern 
conu-r,  incluilini;  llie  Islhniiis  of  i'nnania.  and 
hounded  on  Ihc  east  liy  V'elie/.nela  and  on  the 
south  lpy  Kcuador.  'I'lie  whole  of  that  si'ction 
f^ained  its  inde|ieiMlence  from  Spain  in  IXli).  he- 
ini;  ollicially  constilnted  Decemlier  •,'Tth.  ISlit. 
lint  soon  split  up  into  \'ene/.iiela,  Kcuador,  and 
the  Uepulilic  of  New  (trimada.  This  Imsl  was 
aifain  clnimreil  tl8.")8)  into  the  Confeih'ralion 
(jramidina,  nnide  up  of  eijjhl  states.  In  IStil  it 
udo|ited  the  litleof  I'ldted  Statesof  New  Gran- 
ada, and  in  lS(i:t  an  improved  constitution  was 
formed,  which  reverted  to  the  old  name  Colom- 
bia— The  I'nited  States  of  Colomhia.  The 
year  18H5  brought  another  revolution,  after 
wldch  the  slates  became  departments,  and  the 
title  of  llu'  country  the  Uepulilic  of  Colombia. 
Area,  ")()4.T7:(  s(|uare  miles,  Population, 
a,STS,(ioo,  incliuliiifi  L';J<),(M)0  umivili/.ed  In- 
dians. Only  a  small  section  of  the  country  is 
under  eullivation.  It  is  believed  lo  be  rich  in 
minerals.  Much  of  the  soil  is  ferlile,  but  of  no 
present  value  from  want  of  ineinisof  communi- 
cation and  traiisp<irt.  Agriculture  is  in  a  back- 
ward condition.  ColTee  is  most  largely  <tilli- 
vated.  A  large  amount  of  gold  and  silver  is 
exporleil,  ijstiUd.tHK)  being  sent  fidin  one  prov- 
ince annually.  The  most  important  trade  is 
the  triinsit  trade  through  the  Isthmus  of  Pan- 
ama. 

The  langinige  is  Spanish  and  the  religion 
Komaii  Catholic,  though  other  leligions  are 
peiinilted  so  long  as  their  exercise  is  "not 
contrary  to  Christian  nnuals  nor  to  the  hiw." 

The  chief  lowiisare;  Bogota,  Ihccapilal,  siln- 
uted  9.000  feet  above  the  sea;  population  HMt,- 
000;  I5ariaiiipiilla.  on  a  caiion  of  the  river 
.Magdalenji,  and  c<iniu'cted  by  a  railroad  dO 
ndles)  with  a  seaport,  population  'JO.OOO;  l!u- 
caraniaiiL'a,  12,000;  and  Cucnta,  10,0(Ml.  Mis 
sion  work  is  carried  on  by  the  I'lcbyterian 
Church  North,  l'.  8.  A.,  with  stalions'at  Uo- 
gota,  Hananipiilla.  and  Medellin.  Uible  work 
by  the  .Vinerican  Bible  Society. 

<'«»ii>iiil»«»,  a  city  on  the  west  coast  of 
(evhin.  I'opidalion,  110,500,  Tamil,  Sin- 
halese, and  Dutch  ami  Portuguese  inixeil.  Im- 
jiorlant  naval  post.  Mission  station  of  the  ('. 
M.  .S.  (IH.")2).  carrii'd  (>n  in  three  bran<hes, 
Kn^'lish,  Tamil,  iirnl  Sinhalese;  2  nnssionaries 
and  wives,  v!  female  missionaries,  I!  native 
<lergynien,  IWil  communicants.  '.',9!I0  scholais. 
S.  P.  G.,  )i  ndssionarles.  4  clinreln's,  •,'(:(  com- 
municants,  l.'t-iU  scholars  (imdiniing  St. 
Thoinas  Col  lege  i. 

Baptist  .Missioiniry  Society  (England),  !i  inis- 
sioiniries,  391   chiircli-mcinbt'rs,  175  scholars. 


Wesleysin  Methodist  .Missionary  Society,  3 
nnssioiniries,  ft  native  miidsters,  ',".'2  members, 
Wis  scholars  (including  Wesley  College). 

4'«»l«>iiltl,  a  town  of  riiiguay,  South 
America,  on  the  <'stuaiy  of  the  La  Plata,  oppo- 
site Buenos  Ayres,  9M  miles  west-northwest  of 
.Montevideo  Popidation,  2,5oo.  A  nds-ion 
circuit  of  the  .Methodist  Episcopal  Chnich 
(North);  1  missionary,  I  assistant  missionary, 
3  native  helpers,  1  theological  school,  12 
teachers,  1  other  scl I,  31  scliolius. 

4'4>l4>iiiiil  iiikI  4'«»iiliii(>iiliil  THwNUtiiN. 

— The.se  lire  missions  eslalilislieii  by  the  diller- 
eiit  churchesof  IJiglaiid.  Scotland,  and  Ireland, 
|irimarily  for  wot  k  among  the  English  resi- 
dents of  the  colonies  and  on  the  continent  of 
Europe,  and  s< conihiiily  to  assist  various  evan- 
gelical chinches  in  Eniope  in  their  own  home 
Work.  They  carry  on  llnir  work  by  sending 
out  special  missionaries,  uppoinling  ihaplains, 
assisting  in  the  er"clion  of  chapels,  giving 
griuits  in  aid  lo  local  chnnhes  ami  (ugani- 
•/atioiis.  assisting  in  schools,  providing  fur  divine 
service  at  aiiny  and  navy  stations,  etc.  One  of 
their  most  important  lines  of  work  is  that  of 
supplying  serviies  at  the  various  resorts  of 
summer  and  winter  visitors  on  the  continent  of 
Eniope.  Alimist  every  prominent  resort  oi 
loniists  has  one  or  more  chapels,  where  there  is 
preaching  on  the  Sabbath  by  a  ndnister,  who 
is  on  liami  idso  through  the  week  to  render  as- 
sistance such  as  a  pastor  can  give  in  ca.se  of 
need  These  stations  are  in  a  degree,  sometimes 
entirely,  supported  by  the  gifts  of  those  who 
iilteiid.  Bill  it  is  the  rule  that  some  one  of  llie.se 
societies  is  the  actual  supporter  of  the  services, 
witlioul  which  the  Salibalh  of  the  traveller 
would  give  no  opiiortnnity  for  congenial  wor- 
ship. Another  line  of  work  seaicely  less  im- 
portant than  the  so-called  regiiliir  foieigninis- 
sionary  work  is  thill  of  supporting  those  evaii- 
gclii  111  churches  that,  under  great  discourage- 
ments and  with  much  opposition,  are  seeking 
in  Belgium,  France,  Italy.  Spain,  Bohemia, 
and  .Moravia  to  stem  the  tide  of  priestly  dom- 
ination and  ])reach  a  pure  Gospel.  Many 
of  them  would  be  not  only  weakened,  but  crip- 
pled and  even  overpowered,  but  for  the  timely 
aid  received  by  them  from  the  Christians  of 
(ireat  Britain,  laigely  llirough  the  niediuin  of 
these  societies. 

Many  of  the  foreign-niissionnry  societies 
cany  on  a  colonial  and  continental  work  of  the 
aboveileseription  in  <(innection  with  their  work 
for  hratheii  and  Molianinieiiaii  lands.  Among 
these  are  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
(iospel.  the  South  .\niirican  .Missionary  Socie- 
ty, the  .Methodist  and  Baptist  Societies. 

We  give  below  a  list  of  those  societies  cither 
distinctively  engaged  in  this  work  or  conibin- 
inir  it  with  their  foreign  work  in  delinite  degree. 
Fuller  statements  will  be  found  under  each  so- 
ciety. 

Ciifiiiii  OK  Enoi.and.— Society  for  the  Prn- 
)>agation  of  lhe(;ospel,  1!)  Delahay  Street,  West- 
minster. London;  South  Aineriian  Missionary 
Society.  1  ClilTord's  Inn,  Fleet  Street.  London; 
Colonial  and  Continental  Church  Sixiely,  9 
Serjeants'  Inn,  I'leel  Street,  Jjondon;  Anglo- 
Continental  Society,  Blickling,  Aylslmni,  Nor- 
folk, England. 

Piti;snvTi:ni.\N — Continental  Evangeli/ation 
Comndltee  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Eng- 
liiinLtt  Heech  Street,  Liverpool;  Free  Church 


COLONIAL   MISSIONS 


308 


COMMERCE   AND   MISSIONS 


of  Scotliinil  Coloiiiiil  Commitlec,  IT)  Noilh 
Hatik  Stri'(!l,  Kiliiil)ui>rli;  FncClmrcli  of  Scoi- 
ImiiiI  ('oiilini'iiliil  ('oimiiiltcc;  riiilcd  I'lcsliy- 
ti'i'iiiil  Cliiircli  of  Scolliinil.  Coiililirlilul  iiiid 
Coloiiiiil  Hoard,  Castle  'rcniicc,  lvlliiliiii;.'li; 
Chiircli  of  Scollaiid  Coloidal  Coiniuiltii',  '."■) 
tiiu'cii  SH'cci,  Kiliiildii'irli  ((.'oniiiicMial  work 
is  (111 rii'd  oil  by  ilic  Coiiiiiiillcc  in  coiicsixiiid- 
cMcc  wiili  forcii;ii  ciniiilifs);  I'lfslnti  riaii 
Cliiiicli  of  li'claiid  ('i)iiliMfiilal  .Mission,  1^ 
.M;iy  Slici'l,  IJc'IfusI,  Ireland. 

.Mi;iii()i»isr  -Wesleyan  Meiliodisi  Mis>ioii- 
ury  Sca'iely,  l5i>lio|>s;;at('  Slriel  W'illiin,  I,oii- 
don:  I'liiled  .Miliioilist  Free  Cliunlies.  Koi-eii;ii 
Mi->ions.  44;i(ilosso|i  |{oad.  Sliellielil.  Knirlaiid; 
MeiliO(li»l  New  Coniieelion  .Mis^ionuiy  Sociely, 
liielinioiid  Hill.  A>liti>ii  undii-l.yne,  Knuland; 
I'liiiiilive  .Meiliodisi  .Missionary  Society,  71 
Freei;rove  Uoail.  llollowav.  London,  N.;  liilile 
Clnistian  Foreiirn  .Missionary  Society,  7i)  Her- 
licit  lioail.  I'hinislead,  Kent,  KiiL^land. 

U.M'risT.  —  IJaptist  .Missionary  Society,  19 
Fill  nival  Street.  London,  K.  ('.;  (ieneral 
Uaptist  .Missionary  Society,  fid  Wilson  Street, 
J)erliy,  Kiii^lund;  Strict  ISaplist  .Missionary 
Society,  r)8  Grosveiior  l{oad,  Highbury,  Lon- 
don, N. 

CoM'.ni.o.vTiox.M,.  — Colonial  Missionary  So- 
ciety, Meiuorinl  Hall,  Fiirringdon  Street,  Lon- 
don. F.  ('. 

FuiKNDs  — Fric  ;'  AVoincn's  Coininittce  on 
Clirisiiaii  Work  in  r'raiice.  o  Warwick  Uoad, 
Upper  Clapton,  London,  E. 

4'4»loiiiiil  himI  <'oiiliiit'iilal  ('liiircli 
J'ilM'it'lj.  Heiidipiarters.  Society  House,  9 
Serjeants  Inn,  Fleet  Street,  London. — The 
"  Newfoundland  School  Society"  was  insti- 
tuted in  .Iiiiie,  1M2;!,  with  the  object  of  ciirry- 
iiiir  tin'  (iospel  to  Kniilish  colonists  and  their 
<'hildren  in  Newfoundland.  Ikiii};  joined  by 
the  Colonial  Society  in  lH.")l,il  bi'ifaii  rapidly 
to  e.xtcnd  operations,  and  soon  eiiibriieed  all 
the  principal  colonies,  thus  includiiii^,  with  ii 
vast  liiiinber  of  hillieilo  iicirlected  Hritish  set- 
tlers, the  French  in  Lower  Canaila,  the  nei;ides 
ill  I'pper  Canada,  the  Indians  in  their  scattered 
reserves,  and  also  the  Fiirasians  in  llindoslan. 

'riie  Society  has  placed  chaplaincies  in  many 
<'oiititries  on  Ilic  Continent  of  Kurope,  whi<h 
lire  iiicicasinirly  appreciated,  not  only  bv  Urit- 
ish  tourists  and  residents,  but  to  ii  eoiisidenible 
extent  by  the  inhaliitaiits  of  those  eoiinlries. 

An  interestiiiLr  developineiil  of  the  Society's 
work  is  that  ainoni;  sailors  in  foreiirn  ports, 
especially  in  Ainsterdain,  Hoiiloi;nu,  Bilbao, 
Diinkenpie,  Seville,  Slockliolm,  etc.  At  Dilii- 
keiipic,  France,  there  are  in  aililition  to  the 
jliiirch,  p(iis(inai;e,  etc.,  a  Sailors'  Iiislitiile  and 
ti  Sailors'  Home,  the  latter  containinj;  fortv 
beds. 

The  Society  hohls  at  )iresenl  about  'JOO  sta- 
tions in  the  colonies,  and  HO  chaplaincies  on 
the  Continent.  Its  present  iiMiiie  was  adopted 
in  iMil.     Ueceipts  for  ISS9,  .f.M,;i.VJ  ,Ss.  4d. 

<'<»l«iiiial  ^i<i«i<»iiar)  ^<»«>i<'l).  Head- 
(piailers,  .Memorial  Hall,  Farriimdon  Street, 
Loiidoii,  K.  C — The  Ciiloiiial  .Missionary  So- 
ciety was  formed  in  l^^^iS  by  the  Conureirational 
churches  of  Kiiirland.  Its  aim  is  to  promote 
evanirelical  reliirioii,  aecordins.''  li>  the  doctrine 
iiiiil  discipline  of  the  ConirrcL:.itional  Church, 
iimonir  the  settlers  in  the  colonies  an<l  di'pend- 
t'licies  of  Great  Hritain  and  in  other  parts  of  the 
world,  by  s'jiidiiig  well-tumlilied   ministers  to 


suitable  stations,  and  assist ini;  while  needful  in 
their  support ;  promolintr  the  siiread  of  lh(!  (ios 
]iel  in  destitute  regions;  educating  young  men 
to  be  Christ iaii  ministers  in  the  colonics;  circii 
lilting  Uibles;  etc.,  etc.  It  sustains  or  aids 
ehiirchcs  ii<  Canada.  New  foiindlainl,  Uritisli 
Coliiinbia,  where  new  and  iiilercsiing  work  at 
Vancouver  has  been  recently  eiileied  upon; 
.Manitoba,  with  new  work  at  I'oilage  la  I'rairie 
and  Winnipeg;  Aiistialia.  .New  /ealaiid.  .Soiilh 
Africa,  Demerara  in  South  America.  .Madias 
anil  Calcutta  in  India,  and  Hong  Kong  and 
Shangliai  in  China. 

4'oiliautfilw,  a  mission  station  of  the  Ulieii- 
ish  .Missioiiaiy  Soi  icty  among  the  Nania  or 
Namaipia  people,  a  llollentot  tribe  inhabiting 
the  dry,  miiigre  steppes  to  the  northwest  of 
Cape  Colony,  South  Africa,  on  both  sides  of 
the  Orange  Kivcr.  'I'lie  Nainiis— a  tickle- 
iniiidcd  people,  greatly  in  iiwc  of  ghosts  and 
iiiiieh  given  to  druidieiiiicss  and  yeiisindity  — 
were  liisl  visiled  in  \H{\'t  by  London  nii^sion- 
iiries,  but  in  isill  llie  inissjon  was  tiiiiisfcrreil 
to  the  Uhi'iiish  Society,  and  at  ('(niiaggas 
Schineleii  tianslalcd  the  four  (iospels  into 
Naiiia  with  the  aid  of  his  wife,  ii  native 
woman.  The  congregiitioii  numbers  S50  ac- 
tive members. 

4'4»iiil»a(*4>iiiiiii,  a  town  of  the  Tiinjore 

district,  .Madras.  South  India,  in  the  richest 
tract  (d'  the  Kavcre  delta.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  ancient  and  sacred  towns  of  .Madras,  and 
so  celebrated  for  its  learning  as  to  be  called 
the  (t.xfordof  South  India,  lieiiig  much  fre- 
(piented  by  pilgrims  and  visitors,  a  Inisk  Iriide 
is  carried  on,  I'opuhitioii,  50,09s,  Hindus, 
^Moslems,  Christians. 

Mi.ssioii  stiition  of  tlieS.  1*.  (5.;  1  inissioimr)', 
4  schools,  87  scholars,  174  commiiiiicants. 

Kviiiigelical  Lnlhernii  Society  id'  Leipzig 
(I8y());   1  missionary,  'J8(»  eommunicunts. 

Conilic  ,  a  station  of  the  Minavian  Hrethreu 
in  Dutch  (iiiiana.  South  America.  ( »n  the 
iiortheiist  side  of  the  town  of  I'araiiuii ilio  there 
is  a  large  siiliiirb  know  li  as  Combe,  about  two 
miles  distant  from  the  large  mission  church, 
and  at  preseiil  .somewhiit  densely  popidaled, 
chielly  by  negroes.  I'or  a  number  of  years  liie 
missionaries  in  the  town  kept  services  there, 
and  it  was  regarded  as  an  out  station  of  the 
town  congregalion.  In  I8"i8  ii  piece  of  land, 
with  a  dwcliiiig  house,  was  purchased  in  this 
suburb.  The  land  was  cultivated  as  a  vege- 
liilile  garden,  and  one  room  of  the  dwelling 
was  Used  as  a  place  of  worship.  This  station 
was  generally  occupied  by  a  brother  who  diil 
not  feel  strong  enough  for  much  active  work 
iiiid  yet  was  unwilling  to  retire  iillogellicr  from 
.service.  The  converts  gat  here  1  here  became 
niembers  of  the  large  church  in  the  town.  IJiit 
in  1SS',>,  when  the  town  congregation  was  di- 
vided, a  new  church  was  built  at  Combe,  and 
the  people  there  torined  into  the  Fourth  .Mora- 
vian Church  of  Parumaribo  under  the  name  of 
Cinnbe. 

4'<>iiiiiiri*«'f  aiMl  .^NoUni)*,— Comnierce 

is  a  word  used  to  denote  the  exchange  of  com- 
modilies  between  dilVerelil  count  lies.  When 
(iod  cre.ited  this  ghda'  w  ilh  a  gntit  diversity  of 
climate  and  productions.  He  intended  to  lay  the 
foundations  of  an  e.xchaiige  that  would  be  prof- 
itable to  all  ((.iieeriied.  Thus  the  rock  bound 
coast  of  New  England  hews  down  its  gruuite 


OOMMBROB   AND  MISSIONS 


:ioi) 


OOMMERCB   AND   MISSIONS 


<lill's    llMll     CXporlS     lll(!     |I1()CI'(m1m     III     pIlVC     till' 

.siri'cis  and  liiiilil  llic  Nliiiciiircs  of  ilit-  ciiit's  on 
llic  sloiifli'SH  titils  of  till!  lower  .Mississippi,  mid 
receives  in  return  the  sui;iii-,  edllon,  and  iic<'  of 
the  same  re;,'ioii.  'I'lie  South  is  lieiietlted  liy 
the  solid  ptivenieiits  that  lift  lis  liiislness  out 
of  the  mire,  and  N<'w  Knuland  derives  no  h  ss 
advaulaifi^  from  piodiielions  thai  could  never 
lie  prodnceil  in  her  northern  climate.  'This 
mutual  advantiiire  is  the  result  (iod  meant  to 
proceed  from  commerce  when  <arried  on  in 
accordance  with  Mis  law;  nor  is  it  contrary  to 
that  law  lo  huy  a  commodily  at  a  low  price 
where  it  is  produced,  and  sell  it  at  an  advanct; 
where  it  N  iiol  pioduiccl.  For  liolli  thi'  labor- 
ers that  produce  il  and  those  that  transport  it 
10  the  place  of  sale  are  alike  deserviu!;  of  their 
rewaid.  It  is  wrou};.  however,  hi  lake  advan- 
tage of  the  iirnorance  of  the  liuyer  and  demand 
more  than  tiie  coiiimodity  is  really  worth,  and 
no  law,  human  or  divine,  can  justify  commeree 
in  an  arlicle  which  injures  health.  dei;rad<'s 
character,  ami  destroys  life  (see  arlicle  I.iipior 
'I'latlic  and  Missions),  nun  h  less  can  aiiytliinj,' 
justify  the  forcing' of  su<'h  products  on  nations 
that  al'i'  unwilliiiL;- lo  ic<'eive  them  (see  Opium 
in  China).  I'nfortunalely  history  is  full  of 
the  wroiijrs  inlliclcd  liy  c'ivili/.ed  "countries  in 
their  comiueicc  wiih  s.avam'  races.  Insteail  of 
their  weakne-s  awaUcniM'.;  a  chivalrous  desiro 
to  lift  them  up  froin  their  low  estate,  their 
<apacily  for  rcceivim;  injury  has  tempted  lo  its 
inllictioM.  The  .African  slave  traile  was  a  noted 
e.\amph>  of  such  a  wronif,  and  only  the  fact 
that  it  has  ceased  tlnouiilioul  Chrislendoui  ren- 
ders it  unnecessary  to  rehearse  the  tcnible  story 
of  its  irdinman  cruelties,  iibominations,  tmd 
wholesale  murders.  The  only  relic  of  lliis 
great  wrong  that  survives  today  is  the  interior 
slave  trade  carrie<l  on  by  the  followers  of  .Mo- 
hainmeil  in  a  way  that  by  no  means  commends 
either  the  humanity  or  the  benelicence  of  the 
religion  of  Islam. 

The  l'ro|ihet  K/.ekiel  deserilied  the  cliaracter 
of  commerce  in  his  day.  when  he  says  of  Tyre: 
"Thou  wast  in  Kden,  thi'  ;;arden  of  (iod;  every 
lirecious  ston<'  was  thv  covcrini!'.  the  sardius, 
till'  topaz,  anil  the  liianmnd.  the  beryl,  the 
onyx  and  the  j.isper.  the  sapphire,  the  eme- 
rald, and  the  cirliuncle,  and  '.iold.  Thou  wast 
perfect  in  thy  w.iys  from  the  day  that  thou  wast 
created,  till  unriLrhleousness  Wiis  found  in  thee, 
ISy  the  multitude  of  thy  trallic  they  lilleil  the 
niidsl  of  thee  with  violence,  and  Ihou  hast  sinned. 
Thine  liearl  was  lifled  up  because  of  thy 
beauty.  Ihou  bust  corrupted  lliy  wisdom  by 
reason  of  thy  lirightnets.  Mv  the  multitude  lif 
thine  iniipiities.  in  the  unriirliieousncss  of  thy 
Iratlic,  thou  hast  profanrd  thy  .sanctuaries '" 
(K/ek.  xxviii.  I'J  18i.  Tliesi"  words  of  the  proph- 
et denouncing  the  wickedness  of  the  ipieeii 
of  ancient  commerce  may  stand  for  the  rela- 
tive altitude  of  missions  to  comnierce  from  that 
daytolhis.  Christ  Himself  said.  ■  .Make  not  .My 
Fatner's  bouse  a  house  of  mercli:indise  "  i.lohn 
ii  Kii.  And  among  the  lirst  things  an  apostle 
was  called  to  do  in  Kuropo  was  to  deliver  ii 
slave-girl  from  the  greedy  clutches  of  those  who 
made  uierchaiKlise  of  her  Pythian  powers  (.Vets 
.xvi.  10-18).  It  is  maiidy  through  her  mission- 
aries that  the  Church  hii's  |)riilested  against  the 
villainies  of  commerce.  Other  pages  in  this 
Encyeiopedia  speak  of  the  tratllc  in  alcohol  and 
opium;  but  another  is  more  shameful  .still,  and 
ciiu  best  be  set  forth  iu  the  shape  of  facts  wliich 


seem  almost  loo  vile  lo  be  believed,  were  wo 
not  able  lo  give  dales,  naires,  and  places. 
Ill  Oclober,  \X-ir,,  Kcv.  \V.  Uichardsand  laniilv 
labored  alone  on  Maui,  one  of  ilie  Hawaiian  isl- 
ands. 'I'hecrew  of  I  he  Fnglish  whaler  ■  I)aniel." 
Captain  Kuckle.  because  the  native  women  did 
not  visit  the  ship  as  formeily.  complained  to  ihe 
missionary,  lie  tried  to  reason  with  ihein.  but 
Ihev  replied  willi  threats  of  burning  his  house 
ami  butchering  his  family.  .Mr.  Uichards  re- 
plied. 'Come  life,  come  death,  we  cMniiot  undo 
the  work  of  (iod."  .Mrs.  Kichards  with  their 
cbildren  sIihmI  ready  to  share  her  husbands  fate. 
Next  day  Ihe  c.iptain  promised  peace  on  condi- 
tion that  their  demands  were  coiiiplied  with. 
He  hiiusi'lf  kept  a  native  woman  on  board,  for 
whom  he  had  paid  ,'fiHill;  and  when,  the  day 
after.  Iliey  came  with  a  black  Mag.  knives,  and 
pistols,  and,  like  iheir  prcilecessurs  in  SihIoiu, 
prcssi'd  Inward  the  door,  the  clubs  of  indig- 
nant natives  drove  the  cowards  awav.  Through 
night  and  day  a  guard  was  needed  lo  protect 
their  inissionaiy  from  Chrisiian  sailors.  Two 
years  later  the  llrilisli  consul  at  Honolulu,  with 
Ibis  same  Captain  Kuckle  and  several  foreign 
mercliants,  demanded  of  King  Kaahiimanu  thai 
.Mr.  Kichaids  be  punished  foi-  writing  an  ac- 
count of  these  tbiiuis  to  the  ,Vmi'rican  lioard  1 

In  .lanuary.  l.st'J  ,  the  F.  .'^.  schooner  "Dol- 
phin," Lieutenant  .lohn  I'ercival.  took  ground  in 
Honolulu  against  the  l.-iw  that  indorsid  the  sev- 
enth commanilment,  and  on  Sabbath,  February 
'Jlith.  sent  a  detachment  to  the  chief  demaniliiig 
its  repeal.  Tliev  were  driven  out  after  they  had 
broken  the  winiiows,  and  only  the  prompt  rally 
of  natives  saved  the  uiissionary  and  his  family 
from  violence,  while  an  otlher  of  the  navy  of  the 
Fnited  States  of  America  vowed  that  the  law 
should  be  repealed.  We  call  understand  the  con- 
duel  of  Ihe  drunken  crew  of  a  whaler  recrniled 
from  the  rabble  of  a  seaporl.  but  that  an  otilccr 
of  ihe  American  navy  should  thus  ilishonor  tli(( 
Hag,  shows  the  atliuide  that  conimerce  has  loo 
often  assumed  toward  missions,  belter  than  any 
words  could  describe  it. 

.Missionaries  have  foiinil  many  .savage  eoiin- 
Iries  possessing  an  admiralile  climate  and  fertile 
soil,  but  till'  people  were  loo  slolhfiil  to  do 
more  than  consume  the  fruits  that  .Nature  otl'ered 
lo  Iheir  li.ind  ■.  Oppression  coinbiiied  wilh  iiido- 
li'iicf'  to  discour.'ige  liibor;  but  no  sooner  li.is  the 
(tospel  entered  llii'  heart  than  men  wake  up  to 
Ihe  possibilities  of  (levelopniinl  here  as  well  as 
hercafler.  and  Ihe  demand  for  the  supply  of 
new  wants  at  once  necessiiated  Ihe  supplii's  of 
conimerce.  This  has  led  ihciii  not  only  to  procure 
decent  clothing,  but  also  comforlablc  dwellings 
and  convenieni  furniture  in  place  of  their  un- 
furnished huts,  for  giiml  clothing  calls  for 
clollies  press<'s,  and  correspoiiiliiig  advance  in 
all  directions.  .lohn  Williams  found  that  in  the 
Soulli  Seas  savjiges  did  not  care  for  civili/atioii 
iinlil  the  (iiispcl  woke  them  to  a  new  life. 
Kuropean  houses  stood  for  years  in  Tahiti,  and 
no  native  ihiiUirhl  of  copying  them.  .Mission.i- 
ries  wore  civili/.ed  clothing,  but  no  Tahitiaii 
women  fell  the  need  of  a  dress  till  Ihe  |)owi'r  of 
a  new  life  led  them  to  desire  lo  dress  like 
Christians. 

Sir  liartle  Frere.  familiar  wilh  healhenisia 
both  in  India  and  South  Africa,  says,  "Civili/.a- 
tion  cannot  precede  Christianity.  The  only  suc- 
cessful way  of  dealing  with  all  races  is  to  teach 
them  Ihe  (iospel." 

i^iiuun  Van  der  Stell,  Governor  of  the  CajMi 


OOMMBROE   AND   MISSIONS 

Coliiiiy,  Hciit  II  lldtli'iitdl  III  scliocil  ill  M  inilitiirv 
(iiiil,  with  L'lilil  iiimiiinl  liiii.  --ilk  •'incUiiiL'-.  null 
11  sworil.  Mr  Ictininl  Diitcli  iiriil  I'driiiiiiirx'  in 
liiiliii.  iiiiil  on  Ills  nliii'ii  iliiiiiicil  Ills  nil!  carcivs 
(■■Uiii  I'ciliiM,  niiil  witli  ric'lliiiii:  t'Ur  siivr  ]][•*  swnnl 

mill  CI'MMII.    NSI'lll     llll('l\    Id   lllr    llll>ll|l,.     (ii'dllt's 

" /iiliiliiiiii,"  |i  rilti.  .Miiv  iidt  iliis  i'\|iliiin  the 
ri'lmii  df  Hdiiic  liiilinii  u:i'n(luiii(-i  df  diir  Kii>.ii'rii 
Kcliddlsidiliiirliiliiil  li:il)il-iiillic  Wc^l  V  1 1  iii.iy 
III'  \vi'  will  llml  lliiil  llicy  well'  I'liiiciilril.  Iiiil  nut 
cdiivcrlcil. 

Ui'v.  .i.e.  IJryiiiit  wrili'Mi'MissidimiT  lliTiilil," 
1><41l,  |i.  lUi;  •'  ( »r  I'durlii'ii  Vdiin;;  lurn  \v  lid  have 
Irll  my  <'iii|ildy  wiliiiii  Iwo  yciiiN.  mir  lia^  since 
lircn  cdnvcrlcil,  mid  dl  cdurM'  ildilics  liiniscll'; 
till'  icsl  i;d  niikcil  lis  lii'l'dic.  slidwiiiu:  lidw  iiiipos. 
sililr  it  In  Id  I'ivili/i'  iiii'ii  uillidiii  tirsj  cdnvi'i'liiii; 
tlii'iii.  Wiisli  II  pin'  mill  sliiii  liiiii  lip  ill  II  piit'ldi-, 
)ii'  niiiy  sliiv  clniii  tin'  ii  wliili'.  Iiiit  iis  sdun 
lis  lice  he  ivill  icliii-n  to  wiilldw iiij;  in  tlir  iiiiic. 
MiiUi'  II  liiiiili  dl'  iiiiii.  mill  lie  lit  diiri'  ;.'ivi's  up 
liis  lililiy  wiiys.  'I'd  trv  to  civili/.i-  lii'iitlii'ii 
willidiil  (•diivi'iliiii:  tliiiii  is  Id  try  in  iiinkc  Imiilis 
of  swine  liy  wiishiii;;'  llieiii  mill  piiltini;  mi  lliciii 
II  lleece  iiT  Wdiil," 

Hi'v.  L.  (iidut  ("Ziiliiliinil,"  p.  1110  siivs  tlitit 
Zulu  wdinrii  pliiiit  piilelies  iildii;.'  the  i'iIl'i's  iif 
streiiins.  The  iiidther  hiiiils  lier  liiilie  nii  her 
liili'k.  Iiiiliinies  liel'  sei'ilhiiskel  nil  liei'  lieiiil.  mid 
with  II  piek  wi'iirhinir  eiuhl  nr  ten  pdiinds  on 
lier  shdiililer,  ijdcs  Idrih  Id  wiirk,  Sinneilnies 
she  eiiiiies  her  hiilie  all  iliiy  Idiiir  iiniler  the  lidt 
sun.  With  the  ( ■|iristiiiiis'it  is  dilTereiit:  a  level 
tielil  is  pldu<;lii'(l  liy  oxen,  lint  anidiii.'  the  lieillheii 
in  the  same  Irilie  wniiian  is  liolli  pliiii<;h  mid  ox, 
curt  mid  hurse.  She  is  siilil  fur  dxen,  wliieli  iire 
never  ydkeil,  liiit  niily  eaten  liy  their  lii/y  dwneis. 
The  ("hristimis  Imy  pldui;hs  mid  Nvairdiis.  Iiiilld 
liditses  and  furnish  tlieni.  In  IHt!,"),  TiiK)  Ameri- 
can pldii;;lis  were  sold  in  Natal  iildiie.  with  a 
{Ti'dwin;;  denimid  fur  saddles  and  liiirnesM's, 
I'ldths,  liddks,  mid  maps,  while  the  heiillieii  are 
liiarked  liy  llieir  niikedness  and  misi'ry. 

Al'tei  Idii^'  years  df  idil  for  the  HechiianiiK. 
llliidii;r  the  first  thliifrH  tii  cheer  Uoliert  .Mdlfat 
were  the  I'dws  df- candles  lian^in;:  nn  the  walls 
df  the  nalive  huts.  Till  then  they  had  ImiLdied 
at  him  fur  wiisiini;  lii-^  fat  meat  fur  li^lit.  Init 
iidw  thai  they  were  learniiiL'  to  read  the  Wurd 
of  (iihI.  tliev  needed  the  candles  fur  themselves. 

Uev.  .1.  If.  iSeelvi',  D.I).,  President  df  Aiiilieisi 
Cdllcfre,  says:  "Tlie  .siiviii.'c  iIih's  nut  liiliiir  for 
the  i5riititiciitidiis  of  civili/.ed  life,  since  tliesi-  he 
diH's  nut  desire.  His  lidiiii's  and  desires  are  lidtli 
ilepenileiil  iin  siime  Npiritiial  .i;ift  wliiili  ipiiekeiis 
his  aspiralidiis  and  calls  fdrtli  his  tdll.  rnlcsshe 
lias  some  help  frimi  witlniut,  some  li;;lit  and  life 
from  above,  the  savii^je  remains  a  savaire;  and 
without  this  all  the  lilandishiiients  of  the  eivili- 
/atidn  with  which  he  iiiiirht  lie  hrdiiirht  in 
contact  could  no  more  win  liim  ton  lielter  stale 
than  all  the  li;rlit  and  warmth  of  the  sun  could 
woo  a  desert  into  a  fertile  Held." 

"  Kn^'lish  missidiiaries  in  Canada  had  skilliil 
workineii  Id  tench  the  Indians  liinv  Id  laliiir. 
Hut  tliey  Wdiild  not  work.  They  preferred  their 
wi;rwains  and  skins,  their  raw  tiesli  and  tilth,  till 
inward  tiansfdrinalidii  tliroiiirh  the  (iospel  led 
tlieiii  Id  Wdrk  fdr  the  iinprdveineiit  df  their  diit- 
xvard  cdiiditioii.  The  snnie  is  true  everywhere. 
Civili/.alion  doe.s  not  repriMiiice  itM'lf.  It  must 
first  be  kindled,  mid  can  then  be  kept  alive  only 
by  a  power  freniiinelv  ('hrislimi  "  ("('oiij^regu- 
tioiiulist,"  .lanuarv  'S'M.  IHHl). 

Tbe  KuglUh  "  Jounml  of  the  Society  of  ArU" 


ilO  COMMERCE   AND   MISSIONS 

(.lillic  llllh,  lM7i»,  p.  (IIS)  slates  that  lit  tile  Kilen- 
dale  Missidii  "  seventy  iiidiidpimdiis  Zulus  live 
III  lidiises  like  Kiii'dpemis,  with  furniture  In  and 
pirdeiis  ardiind  tlieiii.  They  have  a  scIiihiI  and 
sidiie  ehiircli,  built  by  Iheinselves:  while 
;!IHI,IMI0  df  the  same  nice,  llidiifib  tliev  have 
been  ill  cdtilact  with  Kurdish  civili/allini  bir 
nearly  half  a  eeiitiiry,  are  yet  wilhinil  a  bed  li> 
lii' dii,  a  chair  to  sit  on,  ii  table  or  fiirnitiin'  of 
aiiv  kind.  " 

'riie  same  jdiiriiiil  (p.  tlls)  slates  that  in  Lajrcis, 
Wesierii  Africa,  "a  native  biiili  himself  im  ele- 
L'lllil  house,  flll'llislied  it  ill  iippldVeil  s|y|e,  and 
\('t  with  his  biiiiily  dceiipied  a  linvel  iid.jdiiilnsi 
II.  "  Wduld  he  have  dune  so  if  he  had  been  con- 
verted':' 

Dr.  .1.  I,.  Wilsdii  (•■  Western  Africa,  'p.  :i','T) 
says.  ■■  Sdiiielbiliir  iiinre  is  neeilcd  Id  civilize 
heatlii'li  than  speeiinens  df  civili/.ed  lib'.  This 
wdiilil  imply  lliiil  i^iioiance  alinie  hindered  Iheir 
improveinent,  win  reus  there  inlicres  in  luatlieii- 
isiii  an  aversion  to  those  activities  which  are 
esseiiiial  to  prosperity.  We  Idok  in  vain  fur 
any  upward  lendeiicies  in  pii'.'iins  till  llieir  iiidial 
naliires  are  i{uieki'ned:  and  as  I'dpery  has  no 
|iowi'r  ill  that  line,  we  are  not  surprised  In  find 
.so  little  trace  of  civili/.iitidii  nil  the  field  iif  fcir- 
mer  .li'siiil  labdis  in  llie  valley  df  tbe  Cdiiird." 

Sd  ill  Turkey,  while  tlidse  wIiimIo  not  read  the 
Hible  live  on  ill  Iheir  irliioiny  mid  cuiubirtlesH 
abiNles.  chairs  and  tables,  bunks  and  bnok- 
cases.  Yankee  clocks  anil  ;;liiss  \\  iiiilous,  mink 
tbe  hollies  of  Hible  readers.  Within  Iti  years 
nearly  ."ilH)  sets  of  irons  for  wheat  bins  have 
been  dide red  tliidUirh  our  inissionaries  in  liar- 
pool  from  one  linn  in  New  York,  mid  unlives 
have  been  tmiLdit  In  make  the  Wdiidwiirk. 
(••  .Missidiiiiry  Herald,"  IHHl,  p.  H(J). 

Uev.  H.  .Mardcii  of  .Miirash  .sav.s  (Ibid., 
IHHO.  p.  4S):  ••The  Oriental  left  td"hiiii.se|f  is 
entirely  .satisfied  with  the  cusldinsof  hisbilhers; 
no  contact  with  western  civili/.alidii  has  ever 
rdiised  him  friiin  liisapiilhy,  but  when  hislieart 
is  wanned  into  life  by  the  (Jospel,  his  mind  wakes 
up,  and  lie  wants  a  clock,  a  bunk,  a  iilass  wiiiddw, 
and  a  tloiir mill.  Alinosl  every  steamer  from 
New  Ydik  briiiirx  sewiiifr  liiiieliiiies,  watches, 
tdols,  cabinet  oi'loiiis,  nr  dtlier  applimiees  of 
Christ  inn  civilization,  in  response  to  native  orders. 
that  but  for  an  open  Bible  windd  never  have 
been  sent;  and  niiw  as  yiai  pick  your  way  aldiiLr 
the  iiarriiw'  sircets,  throiij.di  the  iidisy  crowd  of 
men,  camels,  ddiikeys,  mid  dn^is,  the  click  iif  a 
Yankee  sew  iiiir  iniichine  iir  the  music  df  an 
American  driraii  ;rreet  the  ear  like  the  vdici-  of 
an  old  friend  from  home." 

Hev.  .Mr.  Iliiriis  df  the  I.diiildii  Missidimry 
SiK'iety  repiirts  the  priiirress  iniide  in  the  Har- 
vey Islands.  Thirteen  years  bebire.  when  he 
be;xan  his  work  there,  inily  cdbrn  (dried  cocda- 
iiiitiwas  expdited.  Nnw,  besides  that,  linie- 
jilice,  Cdllee,  fuiiirus,  ami  oraiifres,  thdiiirh  Cdttdli 
IS  the  principal  export.  I''ifly  ti-iis  have! 
I)e<'ii  sold  ill  diie  year  from  the  siiifrlc  island  of 
MmiL'ai.'i.  This  enables  the  natives  to  purchase 
the  priidiiets  of  dlliei  lands.  All,  both  men  and 
woiiK'ii.  are  cldlhed  in  Kimipeiin  liannents. 
Sdliie  wear  watches,  jrcild  riiiir^,  luce,  aiidcinbrdi- 
dery.  Nearly  all  have  uinbrellas.  .Scwinir- 
machiiies  abdiiiid.  Cups  and  saucers,  plales 
mid  dishes,  lamps,  knives  and  furks,  and  clocks 
are  in  nearly  all  the  houses.  Tlii'  islands  furnish 
a  friMxl  market  for  Kurdpeim  itoimIs.  'I'hese 
material  lieiietits  follow,  they  did  not  precede, 
tliu  Gos|K,'l,     Au  uged  Miiugaiau  said  recently: 


I     ; 

I     ! 
(     I 


!i 


OOMMBROB   AND  MISSIONS 


ait 


OOMMBROB   AND   MISSIONS 


•'I  owi'  to  llii'  KdHpi'l  nil  llicsc  licHillifill  clnllifs 
ill  wliicli  I  sImikI  iiiin'v'lil:"  liiii  iln'  iipri^iliiiD'ss 
of  till' riiMii  WHS  niiiir  lii'.'iiitiriil  Ihiiii  I  iIh  clot  lies 
("  MisMioimiy  IIitiIcI,  "  |nh|,  p.  ;it)(l|. 

'rin' ciililT  cii-.!  Ill  Mil'  Siiliiiwirli  Islilliils  Mis- 
NJiiii  lip  III  IMim  WHS  1(11. 'J'^II.IHMI  (Dr.  AliiU't'suii's 
"Siiiiilwlfli  Islmiils,"  p.  ;||0).  Till'  impiiiisnliln' 
isliiiiils  ill  lH(i:i  wirr  H!l.i:j,l!t;t  iDi.  Aiiili  rsDMs 
"lliiwiiiiaii  Islniiils,"  p.  'jr)!  i.miiiI  lliriApiiils  wtri' 
ifl.d'^'i.MTC.  Tlir  ciisiiiiiis  iiTcjpl'^  Unit  yi'iir 
Wi'lr  if  l.."J,7"i«.  illlil  tlir  lUllllliflnr  Vf-srls  I'llli'li'il 
lis,  iivrniyiii;.'  "((HI  liiiisfHili,  lii'siiirs  lO'J  w  liali'is. 
UiTrnl  tillili's  ;rivr  tlir  Villllr  III  i\piilts  111  llli- 
isliimls  t'liiiii  Sum    !•  r.-iiicisrii  iilniif.  iiir  ISlir  <i!(, 

lis  i|!|,70'.'.0.MI.      Tiik H'  thiiil   III'  this  iis  ihr 

cvpoits  lor  iirii'  yi'iir.  iiiiil  wr  Mini  lliiit  lliisi-  |>|- 
iiinl-.  willimit  niiiiliii'ii'  or  iimtcriiil  lor  rolil 
Ilirici'  whrii  llir  licisiii'l  W:is  ranliil  I  liflf,  r\(i'pt 
111!'  siiiii|:il  woiiil  of  llicir  iiioiiiiliiiiis.  now  pay  al, 
oiH'  Aiiii'iii'aii  port,  in  oni'  year.  ifMtt".:!!;!  iiioii' 
than  till'  riilii'i'  cost  ol'  llicir  ('liristiani/.alion 
tiiiriiiir  sixty  yiars  i  ••  Missionarv  IIi'imIiI,"  IHMo, 
|i.  XI).  Take  Iwoniori'  lints:  'I'liri'oniinrnc  of 
till'  I'nilnl  Slates  of  Aiiirriia  w'illi  tlii'sr  ishinils 
in  IsTd  was  to  tlii'  valur  of  if  I.  Il«),  !'.'(),  wliiln 
the  aiiioiiiit  I'xpi'iiili'il  liy  till  ilcnoniinations  in 
iiiir  lanil  for  fori'iirii  inissioiis  that  vi'ar  was 
f  l.li'iit.XOI.  anil  till'  prolils  of  our  traili'  witli  tin- 
islunils  in  is; I  well'  fliltll.lMit  in<>ri'  than  half 
<if  till'  I'liliri'iiinonnt  I'Xpi'iiili'il  on  the  inission  I'or 
lifly  yi'alst"  Missionary  Krvirw,"  IM8N,  p.  ;W;!). 
l)iirinir  llic  yiar  I'mlini;  .liinr  iWltli.  txTll,  ihc 
Irailr  ImUvccii  Itoslon  aloiii'  uiiil  tlii'si'  islamls 
iinnmiitcil  to  !|!l',>r).:tri.'i:  protits  on  (his  at  \'i^  per 
ci'iil  woiilil  111'  !f iri.tili!*.  San  Kiaiiiisio  the 
saiiii'  year  traili'il  with  tlii'in  to  the  anioiinl  of 
tf'i.O.Vi.Oi;};  till'  prolils  tlii'ii'  at  till'  saiiii'  rate 
\voiilil  III'  iflhll.ll.M!.  'I'll!'  wliiili'  iraili'  with 
thrill  thai  vrar  ainoiiiiti'il  to  ifri.TiIti,  t  Hi,  airaiiist 
ji'ss  than  if'-J.dilO.ooii  ill  1S7I:  ami  its  prntiis  ut 
till'  sHini'  rati'  woiilil  lie  SIDKt.'.'lll:  so  that  the 
I'litiri'aniiiiiiit  spent  in  Christ iani/.liiL''  the  Islamls 
from  IH'il)  up  til  IHTl)  woiilil  lie  paid  liiiek  in 
less  than  two  years  liv  such  prolils. 

The  traiic  iif  the  I'liileil  States  with  Micro- 
iiesiii  in  IHTU  ainoiinteii  to  if.'),r):i4,:!t!7,  say  w  ilh 
iipiotil  as  lii'fore  of  ifili*l.71tt).  Diiii  lliatyeur 
the  niission  to  Micronesia  cost  oiil\  .>ilti,U75;  .so 
that  for  every  ilollar  spent  nil  the  mission,  eoiii- 
liierce,  from  'he  Iraile  erealeil  liy  it,  leapeil 
<i4lt.7"»("  Foreiirn  Missionary,"  IHn'I,  p.  :ilUi. 

A  writer  in  the  "New  York  Times"  of  Septetii- 
Iwr  ."(til.  1H;1(,  after  visilinij:  the  Saiitee  Aireiicv 
ill  Neliraska.  test itics  that  "the  houses  are  well 
liiiilt.  ami  iiiaiiviif  tliein  furnisheil  in  i;iiihI  taste. 
The  Dakolas  sleep  on  iiialtresses  anil  lieijsteails. 
sii  on  chairs,  anil  eat  with  knives,  forks,  anil 
sponiis,  from  while  stoneware.  Snine  havi^ 
clocks  anil  frameil  eiii;raviii;;s  mi  the  walls,  and 
all  have  jri"»l  stoves  itiiil  kitchen  ware.  The 
women,  especially  the  youiiir  lailies,  haven  foliil- 
iiess  for  Saraloita  trunks.  In  several  houses  we 
foiitiil  haliy  couches,  in  which  Iiiiliaii  mothers 
lay  their  lialiies  iiisteail  of  strappiiii;  them  to  ii 
lioanl  ami  lianjrini,'  il  on  a  ti'ee,  IJolli  se.xes 
wear  civili/.cil  clollimir.  It  is  easy  to  ilisliii- 
iruish  those  who  have  liceii  to  school,  they  are  so 
neat  anil  clean.  .Many  ilress  in  xihnI  taste, 
Mini  tie  their  loiij?  black  tres.scs  with  bright 
rililioiis. " 

Dr.  F.  V.  Ellinwood  writes  in  the  "  .Missioiiiirv 
]{eview"  for  IHHH,  p.  HH'i;  see  also  "  Ueport  o"f 
Missioiiiiry  Conference,"  London,  18HM,  i.  Ill): 

"  Three  things  Imvc  bueu  i'uuud  iilinust  iiui- 
versa  liy  true: 


I,  The  '.'iispcl  has  always  I'll' vat  CI  I  ihechaiaiter 
iiml  eslalilishcil  the  power  of  our  civili/.alion  in 
whatever  liiiids  its  intliience  has  reaclml.  .More 
than  once  it  has  liceii  confissed  that  Kiiiflaiiil 
could  scarcely  have  iclaincil  her  Imliaii  pus- 
sesiioiis  hut  for  the  ciinser\ alive  intluelice  of 
those  iiiissions,  which  re^traimil  injustice  while 
they  piomiileil  intelli;ri'nce  and  loMilly. 

II.  The  tiisl  contai  1^  of  eominene  are  for  the 
most  piirl  evil.  Whether  ailMiiturers  precede 
or  follow  the  missionary,  they  lili'_dil  sociiiy. 
Whalers  in  the  Soiilli  Seas,  convicts  in  Tasma- 
nia, shive  traders  in  (oimo,  kiiliiappers  in  Mcl- 
aiiesia,  opium  dealers  in  Cliiiia  and  liijiior- 
scllers  aniiiiit;  the  Indi.ins  and  in  .\friea  -all 
have  proved  n  curse. 

There  was  a  lime  ill  San  Kraiicisco  w  hen  the 
eoiiils  were  p,'iraly/i'd.  and  true  hearted  cili/eiis 
fell  driven  1(1  send  to  ll.iwaii  for  a  mi^siuiiiiry 
to  come  hack  and  eslalilish  a  church  al  home. 
Kveii  siiliiiin  keepers  joined  in  the  call,  alle^in>.; 
that  witliiiiit  C'liristiiiii  institutions  no  man's  lifu 
Wiis  safe. 

Ill  Improveiiieiit  ireiierallv  follow s.  Chris- 
liaii  homes  are  e-ialili-licil.  anil  the  missionary  is 
siipporti'd  instead  of  opposed.  l>ark  as  .\frica 
now  is,  eivili/.aiiiiii  there  lifty  years  hence  will 
be  full  of  life  and  liirlit.  ISiit  we  should  hasten 
to  allow  eipial  iialunil  riirhts  In  the  humlilcsl 
native:  ami  the  proudest  Caucasian  miirlit  must 
not  make  right,  but  wciker  nations  should  re- 
ceive the  same  treatment  as  the  strongest. 
Treaties  should  not  be  made  with  a  country  like 
.lapaii  merely  for  the  conveiiieiice  or  protit  of 
the  i;reat  powers  of  Kurope,  and  comineree 
shouid  be  so  regulated  by  the  golden  rule  of 
love  as  to  bless  and  not  curse  the  uatiuU8  Willi 
whom  we  have  to  do. 

Kvils  destructive  of  commerce;  are  not,  how- 
ever, ciinliiied  to  civili/ed  nations.  The  isles  of 
the  I'aeilic  furnish  abundant  illustrations  of 
S'lvage  feiiH'ily  and  violeiiee  I.ook  at  some  of 
them.  October  r.lh,  |s:('i,  the  whaler  "  .Vwash- 
onks  "was  cruising  near  one  of  the  .Marshall 
Islands.  While  one  watch  was  below,  iindt/iiet! 
men  aloft,  natives  on  board,  at  a  signal  agrei'il 
on,  snatched  the  w  hali^spades  from  the  rack, 
iiiiil  killed  iie<iaiitly  the  captain,  iii'ite,  and 
second  mate,  with  biiir  of  t he  crew.  The  third 
male  tired  up  throuirh  the  binnacle  and  killed 
the  chief,  and  w  hen  he  fell  his  people  lied,  else 
the  whole  crew  had  shared  the  fate  of  Iho 
"  Waverley."  "Harriet,"  "  (ilencoe,"  and 
others,  where  noiH!  were  left  to  tell  the  laic  of 
slaughter.  The  biotlier  of  the  chief  got  away 
badly  wounded,  but  aflerwards  was  led  bv  mis- 
sionaries to  Christ,  and  once  saved  the  "  Nlcru- 
iiig  Star"  from  dcstrnelion.  His  people,  loo,  be- 
eiiine  as  noted  for  their  kindness  to  strangers  iia 
they  hud  been  for  llicir  barbarities  (Dr.  A.  C. 
Thoiiipsiin  in  ".Missionarv  lleriild,"  1M8(»,  p.  1(2,. 
In  places  once  noted  for  piracy  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  dollars  have  been  saved  from  wreck.'* 
and  sent  home  to  their  owners  by  t;hristiiiu 
natives.     ("These  for  Those,"  p.  2tl5l. 

Again,  I'eriiviaii  pirates  had  carried  many 
natives  of  the  .Maripiesjin  Islands  into  slav- 
ery. .\  chief  whose  son  had  been  carried  off 
viiwcd  to  kill  and  eat  the  tirst  while  man  that, 
fell  into  his  hands.  Mr.  Wlialon,  tirst  male  of 
an  .Vmerican  whaler,  wasthat  man:  and  Kekela, 
a  native  missinnary,  ran.somcd  him  from  tlio 
angry  father  with  ii  new  si.x-oared  boat  that  ho 
liiid  just  received  from  Huston.  Abraham  l.in- 
colli  Licttnl  of  it,  and  sent  him  a  valuablu  preijint, 


COMMBROB   AND   MISSIONS 


'Mi 


ii 


Kckclti  wrote  In  lii.'<  ri'|il>  ;  "  As  In  thin  frlciidlv 
-(li'i'd  III'  injtic,  iis  si'i'il  uiis  Inoimlit  Inini  ymir 
i)\Mi  liinil  l>y  Noiiu:  nf  yiiiir  own  pi'iiplc  wliu  Imil 
ri'ifivcil  Ili'c  love  iiI'UcmI.  It  WHS  iilaiilcd  ill 
Iliiwiiii.  and  I  l)l'<Mii;lit  il  jjcrr  lliiil  iIii-m'  dark 
rr^riiins  ini;:lit  rccrivc  till'  I'iMit  III' all  widcli  U 
^iihI  and  trill',  and  thai  in  lovr.  llnw  shall  I 
rrpay  yiMir  tirrai  kindiii'SM  y  'I'IiIh  Im  my  mily 
liayniriit. — llial  w  Idili  1  liavr  I'l'i'i'lvrd  iil'  tin; 
l,ciril--l((V<',  May  llic  lipvi'  ol'  llir  Lind  .Itmih 
('lil'l>l  aliiinnd  Inwaid  you  llll  llii'  rinl  ol'  llils 
iln'aiU'ul  war."  ("  Moiv  of  llic  .Moinini;  Hiar," 
jip   til  <H>). 

.Missions  |i'dinolr  loinnicirL'  liy  corri'diii;; 
ticallirn  dislionisly.  iti'V.  .1.  I..  Wilson  (' Wfsi. 
Icrn  Alriia,"  |)|i.  'JIT  'J.VIi  ii'lls  how  sonic  irilii's 
^ivrrii'ach  lliiiM' w  ho  I'onii'  li>  liiiv  their  ivory. 
Oiii'  nativi'  has  liiard  of  a  disk  ol  iiniisiial  si/.u 
lit  soiiir  distaiM'i' in  till'  intcriori  oihrrs  indoisu 
the  story,  anil  dilali'  on  its  iinini'iis)'  saliic. 
'I'lic  I'liLTi'miss  of  till'  trader  isiiiirsid  with  >,'irat 
.shri'wdnrss  till  he  olTcrs  a  siini  in  advanci'  so  as 
to  siiiiri' it.  iriviiiLi  w  iial  hi'  thinks  will  allo'v 
liini  a  sail'  niar;iiii.  Weeks  pass,  and  a  ehief  liv- 
ill i:  on  the  road  imist  have  toll  to  let  it  pass. 
This  also  is  p;iid,  only  to  eall  forth  fresh  ile- 
inands,  till  in  desperation  the  trader  keeps  on 
payiiiij  nil  rely  toseeure  the  outlay  alreadv  paid. 
Wlieii  III  last  the  pii/.e  reaelies  liiiii,  he  llnds  ii 
no  prize  at  all,  liul  only  an  oidinary  tusk,  and 
if  he  could  know  the  whole  story  he  ini^lit  liiid 
that  his  sharp  African  friend  had  tlic  article  in 
liis  posses-ion  heforc  he  spoke  of  it  at  all. 

Such  duplicity  threatened  to  desimy  com. 
iiierce  alloLrether,  till  some  of  the  natives  were 
converted  and  carried  their  ri'li;rion  into  their 
Innlinu:,  and  linn  liiisincss  revived:  for  "  i;oilli- 
liess  is  protilahle  for  the  life  that  now  is,  as  well 
us  for  that  which  is  to  come."  In  this  way  as  in 
t'Very  other, the  niissionaiy  work  is  indispensahlo 
tothellii.diesl  devilopnielit  of  colli  ineice  I  pet  ween 
nations,  and  when  it  is  conipleled  coniineicu 
■will  flourish  as  it  never  has  done  hefure. 

Coiiiilali   (Kuinilla),    a  towu  of  Bungnl, 

Eiist  India,  on  the  liiimii  Uiver,  "lU  miles  south- 
cast  of  Dacca,  on  the  main  road  Iheiice  to  ('hit- 
tajroii)^.  A  ))Ieasant  place,  with  excellent  and 
well-shaded  streets,  dyked  to  prevent  inunda- 
tion. Cliniate  tine.  Population,  lit, 37'..',  Hin- 
dus, ^loslenis,  and  Christians.  Mission  statiuii 
of  tlie  Baptist  .Missionary  tjociely ;  1  missioimry, 
2  LeIpui'M,  'i  out-slutiou8,  44  chiireh-meiuLiers. 

C«>iici>|»«>loii,  II  town  of  Chili,  South 
America,  300  miles  .south  of  Valparaiso,  con- 
nectcd  with  Santiago  hy  rail.  I'liniale  mild, 
lieulthy.  Population,  Itri.OOO,  Spanisli  ami 
Araueanian  mi.xed.  I,an!;utij;:e,  Spanish,  lie- 
liLrion,  Koiuan  Catholic.  Social  condition, 
good.  Mission  station  of  the  Preshyterian 
Church  North  (1880|  and  (IHH'.O;  1  missionary 
and  wife,  1  native  helper,  1  church,  45  uiem- 
bei-s;  coutributious,  !J!4'J1.;!0. 

I'oiU'oriliii. — 1.  A  town  of  the  Ari,'entiiio 
llepuhlic,  South  America,  Province  of  Kntre 
Hios,  on  the  Urujruay  Hiver.  Population, 
5,498.  Mission  station  of  the  South  Aiuericii 
Missionary  Society,  under  the  clmrj?e  of  tlio 
niissionury  ut  Fray  IJentos,  Uruguiiy.— 2.  A 
■tiktiou  of  the  lilienish  Missioniiry  Society 
iiiuou;;  the  Namius,  east  of  Comu^jfas  (ipv.); 
W.19  founded  in  1803,  and  owes  its  existence  to 
-tho  discuvuiy  of  u  very  rich  copper-iuiuu  iu  tho 


vicinity, 
hers. 


OONFUOIANISM 


It  has  II  lino  church  with  iiii>'>  nieiu- 


4'oiini«*liinlNlll.— Cimfurlim  wns  one  of  a 

conslellalion  of  ^reat  names  wiiii  h  iippearcd 
in  the  world's  history  aliout  'lOO  ii.r.  Of  these 
were  his  own  eountrymiiti,  l,aoi/e,iiiiulainii  of 
India,  Pvlha^'oriis  of  (ireece,  and,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  Sir  .Moiiier  Williams  and  some  otiiers, 
Zoroaster  of  I'rrsia.  Tliey  were  all  nearly 
conteniporiiry  with  tlie  llelirew  piophel  Zcclia- 
riah.  To  speak  acciiialely,  t'oiifuciiis,  or 
Kun^ffiit/.c,  was  horn,  accoidiiu;  to  Chinese  rec- 
ords, in  the  year  o,")!  lie.  Liiot/,e,  thoiiL'h  con- 
temporary, was  horn  lift  v  \  ears  earlier.  They 
lioth  appeared  inn  degenerate  a^^e  of  Cliincse 
history,  and  liolli  aiiiicd  at  what  secnied  almost 
hopeless  reform.  The  iineielit  religion  id' 
Cliina.  wliieh  is  still  llioui;lit  to  he  represented 
liy  tile  Temple  of  Heaven  in  PckiiiL',  had 
^'really  (leclined,  and  a  superstitious  naliiiewor- 
sliip,  wiih  endless  polylhcistic  nianlfeslalions, 
occupied  the  nilndsof  the  people.  Tlie  vaiious 
]iriiviiices  now  embraced  in  Ihu  one  empire 
were  more  or  less  indepenilcnl,  and  weio 
often  at  war.  Princes  were  cornint  and  tyran- 
nical, mid  their  siihjccts  were  disln  arlened, 
reckless,  and  ilchascd.  .Mencitis,  the  enniineii- 
tiitor  of  Confucius,  says  of  the  times  in  wliicli 
his  i;reat  leaclier  arose;  " 'I'he  world  had  fallen 
into  decav.  and  riu'lit  principles  were  disre- 
frarded.  .Nlinisteis  murdered  tlicir  |)rinces  and 
sons  their  fathers.  Confucius  was  fri.uhtcnetl 
III  what  he  suw,  uml  undertook  the  work  of 
reform." 

These  environments  and  this  one  >;reat  aim 
will  go  far  to  explain  the  character  and  teach- 
ings of  (,'onfneins  and  tlie  history  of  liis  life. 
It  was  no  part  of  ids  purpose  to  (siablish  a  re- 
ligion, and  sueli  his  system  eniinot  be  coiisid- 
ereil.  He  was  ii  political  refornirr,  and  with 
that  end  in  view  he  becaine  a  teacher  of  gen- 
eral ethics.  The  .stale  was  the  supreme  object 
of  his  elloil,  but  to  se('ure  the  highest  welfare 
of  the  state  the  family  must  be  considered, 
and  all  the  minor  relaiions  of  mankind.  It 
has  l)een  common  among  .iiicii  nt  inonarchs  and 
lawgivers  to  regunl  the  slate,  or  rather  its 
rulers,  as  of  supreme  importance,  while  its  sub- 
jects Were  mere  slaves,  and  little  regard  was 
had  to  the  biniily.  Confucius  was  wiser.  He 
looked  upon  huinaii  society  as  ii  pyraniid,  and 
saw  dearly  that  whatever  entered  into  the  low- 
est foundations  concerned  the  whole  structure. 
Hotli  he  and  Laot/e,  even  in  that  early  age, 
taught  tliat  kings  existed  for  the  good  of  ilie 
people,  and  had  no  right  to  employ  tliem 
merely  lis  the  means  of  furthering  their  own 
amliitjous  designs. 

Confucianism  emplinsi/.es  the  worship  of 
luireiits  and  ancestors,  though  if  strict  detini- 
tion.-  be  ob.served,  it  might  lie  dillicult  to  draw 
any  very  clear  distinction  lietween  the  rever- 
ence to  be  paid  to  the  dead  and  that  which 
was  due  to  tlio.se  who  were  still  living.  In 
both  cases  reverence  to  parents,  extending 
however  many  gencnitions  luick,  was  supposed 
to  piovc  a  salutary  intluence  in  maintaining  I  he 
perpetuity  of  the  state  and  the  welfare  of  so- 
ciety. The  worship  of  trees,  mountains,  riv- 
ers, and  countless  other  olijects  is  a  part  of 
Taoiiisin  or  of  the  old  nature-worship.  Holh 
Confui'ianisiu  and  Taouism  honor  heroes, 
llioiigh  their  images  are  generally  found  only 
iu  the  Tuuuist  uuu  thu  Uuudhisl  temples. 


OONrUOIANISM 


ai8 


CONFUCIANISM 


Ttir  IJfv  of  i'n»f'iirhlH,—'V\w\w\th'\\\n 

irivt'll  <il  till'  lili'  III'   (  iiliruriiis   iilr  Killl|i|i',    mill 

liiivc  mil, US  ill  lilt'  I'liM'iit  <iiiuiiiiiiii,  .Miiliiiiiiiiii'il, 
mill  rvrll  l.aiil/.c,  lircii  iivi'iltiiil  wllli  mIihiihI  \v\i- 
I'llilt.  'I'lir  s^\)i^•  wkh  tlir  Mill  iil'  nil  nlil  mull 
mnl  WMS  Irl'l  llllllrl  Irs-  III  Illlcr  vniix  nf  ui;c. 
Al    lil'Icrli  lie    rvilii'i'il   rcliim  Uiililr    iiilrlliTliiul 

|lil\M'|N,  mill  III  hMlllyl  Mil  llr  WIIN  lllri'llllv  III- 
Hlllirtilii;  It  rliis^  iif  iil-.ri|ilrs  in  llir  |iriiiri|)lcH 
III'  ^'(iVirilllirlll.  Al  IwrlilV  liiiir  lu'  ln^l  Ills 
iiiiiilii'i',  fur  wliuiii  III  liiiil  II  IiIltIi  i'<'i;mi'iI. 
Till' ciiiiiriil  tuiiiiiliis  \\  liii'li  III'  nii-ril  ovci  Ih'I' 
(.'iiivi'  Us.'iiil  III  Imvc  lit'tii  llii'  iiiilli'in  fniin 
wlilcli  Mil'  riiciilm'  jrriivr  inniiiiilH  of  Norlh 
CllillU  iiliuillli'ril. 

Till'  tiiilii'si  iiiililic  rrciiiriiiiiiiii  wlii'  !i  Con- 
filriiis  rrrrivcil  wiis  IiIm  ii|i|iiiiiiliiii'iil,  wlii'li 
III' wiis  iiliiiul  lliiriv  yniis  "111,  III  llii'  tulnr  Ilip 
of  Iwii  yoiiiii;  imIiiics  lit'  tlir  .Mmi|iiisui(' of  hu, 
Al  till'  ilyiiiir  ii'i|in'si  of  ilirir  fiiiliri-  iln'.v  woru 
liiii;;lil  liuliiii'iil  ri  iiiiniiiy,  mnl  tin'  ml  of  ^^ov. 
criiiiiriii.  In  ii('('iiiii|iaiiyiii.i;  lii't  wui'iIm  to  [\n-. 
('ii|iiiiil  of  till'  coiiiiliy  Ciiiifiu'liis  met  Liiol/.o. 
lir  is  ,sitiil  to  IlllVi'  Hollt'llt  ili>^ll'llrliiili  fl'iilil  lliu 
olil  sii^r,  liiit  \w  vi'iy  siiuii  rminil  lliiil  tin  rr 
fiilllil  lie  III!  iiirirrllli'Ill  lii'lwrcn  llii'lil.  l,i|iil/.i' 
WHS  iilii'iiily  siilTi'iiiii,'  lliiit  ki'fii  ilisii|i|)iiiiilini'iit 
wliii'li  I'liiliiiii'iril  his  hisi  i|ii\s,  Hiiil  wliii'h  Cini- 
fiii'iu^  liinist'lf  III  lust  expel irnriil  to  some  lie 
jriee,  mnl  lie  leeeiveil  llie  yoiiiii;  teaelier  with 
ei'ilii'ul  ilisihiiii.  He  ('oiisiilereil  liini  u  noisy 
mill  preleiilioilH  rel'iiinier,  all  of  whose  roseate 
tlieorii's  were  yel  In  lie  lesieil.  l-'iir  himself, 
Jjaiit/.e  was  loo  pioMil  anil  self  siillleielll  lo  tie  a 
siieees^fiil  leailer  of  men.  lie  was  iilterly  iles 
lilille  of  iiiiii;Melisiii,  ami  lepelleil  where  he 
sliiuilil  liavi'  slrivi'ii  to  win.  He  was  iniieli 
more  of  a  pliilosopher  lliaii  Coiifiuiiis,  lini  was 
far  less  praelieal.  lie  i^lorieil  in  relieeliee,  ami 
tlmiighl  llial  Ihi'/ealoiis  leiiionsir.'inees  of  his 
rival  uj,'Hiii>l  the  piihlie  viees  only  iiilveiliseil 
them. 

On  the  other  liami,  ('onfiieiiiseoiifisseil  him- 
self puz/.leil  hyilie  charaeier  of  Laol/.e,  ainl 
eoillil  only  eomp.ire  him  to  the  im'oiiipi'ehen.si- 
tile  ways  of  I  he  ilraL'oii. 

After  two  or  three  rallier  unsiirrpssfiil  iit- 
templs  as  eouneillor  of  ililTereiil  piovineiiil 
rulers.  Confiieiiis  irave  up  |iolilieal  life,  mnl  ile- 
voleil  himself  fur  lifleeii  years  to  leaehiii!;. 
Ik;  hail  lieeii  ilisLrii>leil  wilii  the  luolliiraey  of 
those  who  hail  I'liiplnyed  liim,  ami  ilespaiieil  of 
Ilie  princes  of  his  lime.  They  all  eiiiiK;  short 
of  a  pnieiii'ul  iippreei.iiioii  of  his  hii;li  stiiiidiirds 
of  either  private  or  poliliial  virtue. 

As  II  teacher  he  iiiel  heller  sucress.  lie  Is 
8iiiil  lo  have  hail  not  less  ihmi  lliree  thoiisaml 
ilisciples— a  fact  which  relli  els  irieat  creilil  not 
only  upon  him,  hut  upon  llie  inlelleclual  activ- 
iiy  of  his  ireiieratiun.  Five  humlreil  of  these 
pupils  hecame  iiiamlaiins,  ami  over  seventy  are 
sai  I  to  have  lieeii  ilisliniriiiNheil  scholars. 

The  last  elVort  of  Confucius  as  privy  conn- 
lillor  was  with  llie  .Maiipiis  of  Lu  -supposahly 
his  fiiriuer  pupil.  He  was  now  lifly  two  years 
olil.  For  a  time  this  prince  liy  sleaily  ilevolioii 
111  his  piililic  ilulies  ;r|i'al|y  prospereil.  He  was 
lieeomin^  powerful,  ami  to  the  iieiirlihoriiii; 
jiriiices  formiilahle.  The  ruler  of  a  rival  prov- 
ince or  ( liief  city  seeinif  this,  sought  to  lireak 
the  jiuwerof  Confucius  over  him, ami  Icailliim 
into  vice.  A  hand  of  beautiful  yoiiiiji  ilaneinii- 
jlirls  were  sent  to  him  as  a  preseiil,  ami  wiih 
tlui  dc'sirt'il  eire<'t.  He  soon  hecaiiu!  iiidilTer- 
eiit  to  the  euiinsels  of  Cuufiicius,  and  giving 


himself  up  lo  pleasure  he  crlppleil  his  power. 
The  ilisappiiliilcil  sim'e  soiit'hl  ollii  r  similar  eii- 
piL'eiiniiN,  liul  ill  vain,  .Niany  would  ;;laillv 
have  eiiiployeil  liliii,  hut  would  mil  follow  liU 
lilu'li  siainlanls. 

Ill  the  one  ^rial  alillill loll  nf  Ills  life  h>  niet 
with  coiiilalil  disappoliiliiici.t,  ami  lii<  political 
Clin  er  he  coiisiilei  eil  a  faililii  .  Ihil  allhoii^'ll 
not  praclically  a  slalc'-nian,  he  was  oiii  of  llii> 
imisl  Hiiccissful  polilical  lheiiii»ls  lliiil  the 
wiiilil  has  known.  I'lohiihly  mi  oiher  man 
everslmiipcil  his  idiMsoi  his  inlliieiiceso  deeply 
iijiiiii  the  iiislitiilioiis  of  his  coiiiitry  as  Confu- 
cius. No  oilier  has  ever  inlliii  need  so  many 
millloiis  of  mankind,  and  ('ii:i!riiiuleil  sueli 
iimrvelliMis  staliilily  and  perpetuity  lu  lIu;  gov- 
ernmeiii  of  a  niilion. 

Confucius  caiinol  he  rmiked  111110111;  philoso. 
pliers,  siriclly  speiiklnj;.  There  was  iiolhliijf 
xpeciilalivc  in  his  naliire.  He  was  a  compiler 
of  Ihe  micii'Ml  wisdom  of  his  counlry,  and  liu 
succeeded  ill  pllllinu:  It  into  >'.ich  pI'Mcliciil 
shape,  and  in  iiruini;  it  with  .so  much  sincerity 
mid  earnestness  of  purpose,  as  lo  enlist  immy 
disciples  at  the  lime,  and  to  w  In  at  last  univer- 
sal honor  and  dcvolioii.  lie  was  possessed  of 
II  sturdy  lionesiy,  and  this  he  claimed  from  all 
men.  His  social  system  was  a  siipcislriictiire,  of 
which  he  placed  the  slau;  al  the  apex  or  head. 
His  rcasiiniiii;  was  as  follows:  The  ancient 
princes,  in  order  lo  uoverii  their  stales,  lirsi  icl;- 
illali'd  their  families.  To  reijiilate  their  fmiil- 
liesihey  praciiscil  virtue  in  ilnir  own  per-ons. 
In  order  lo  such  virtue  liny  ciillivaled  riirht 
feelini.'s.  To  have  light  fi'elliii.'s  they  ciilli- 
vateil  riirlil  purposes.  Tn  this  end  theysounht 
inlelligeiice  liy  sliidyin;;  Ihe  iialiire  of  "ihiniis." 
This  reminds  one  of  the  "  ei;;lilfiili|  jialh"  of 
the  Uudilha  only  ihal  il  is  iiinre  liii:ieal,  ami  Is 
heller  llilapled  lo  all  the  waliN  of  life.  The 
"  Five  Uelalions"  are  those  "  lielweeii  friend 
ami  friend.  Iielween  hnilher  mid  hiolher,  hiis. 
hand  and  wife,  father  ami  son,  ruler  and  siih- 
jccl."  Such  is  Ihe  pyramid  of  ChiiicNe  sociol- 
ocy.  Coufiicius,  wiioiii  his  lifelime  could  not 
hold  periuamnlly  Ihe  posiiion  of  privy-coun- 
cillor lo  a  pelly  prince  of  a  province,  has  sincu 
his  ilealli  ruled  the  empire  fur  Iweiily-four 
centuries.  The  live  lelatiiiii-  had  lieeii  recoi;- 
ni/.i'il  loiiir  before  his  lime,  but  iml  in  the  same 
(li'iir  fiiriii  mill  in  the  same  praelieal  applica- 
tion. Coiifuciusso  e.xaL'.ilel.'iled  the  ellleacy  of 
his  llieories  as  to  exclude  (lod.  Tin;  eiupcror 
slaml-,  virlually  in  tin'  plin  e  of  deiiy,  and  Chi- 
nese ancestors  are  the  irreal  clnud  of  wit- 
nesses, from  whom  all  celestial  impulse  is 
thougjit  to  deseeml  upon  men.  And  Iliere  are 
other  e.xagL'eralionsiilVeciiiig  social  and  domes- 
tic life.  The  fallier  may  be  an  unresisted  ty- 
rant over  his  child,  and  the  older  brolheriiiiiy 
exact  n  humiliatiiii;  fealty  from  the  younijer. 
No  social  system  can  be  entirely  snuiid  wlii(;li 
siilioi'diiiales  woman  to  a  posilimi  so  iufeiior  as 
thill  which  Ciiiifuciaiiism  consigns  her.  Con- 
fucius himself,  though  most  reverent  toward 
his  niiiiher,  Inis  been  chmL'ed  with  imliirereiice 
toward  his  wife.  Coiiipand  with  iiiaiiy  other 
systems  of  the  Fast.  Ihe  Cliinese  elliics  show 
a  degree  of  respeei  to  woman,  but  lliey  fail  of 
that  svmmeiryami  just  proportion  which  Ihe 
New  'i'esiamcnt  demands  in  all  the  relations  of 
the  houseliold. 

Thv  Ttnrhiiigs  0/  Confiiri us,  — Vri>m 
the  age  of  si.xty-si.\  Coiifueius  devoted  liis  re- 
niiiiuing  years  to  the  editing  of  books      He  ad- 


^•1 

i». 


CONFUCIANIHM 


:tii 


CONrUCIANISM 


mil  In  I  lliiil  III-  » II-  Mill  nil  ■•iii;iiuiiiii,  I  ml  <>ii)v  u 
riiiii|iilrr  anil  nlilnr.  <)ii|>  inir  nf  liiswoik-. 
till'  I'/niii  Imir.  m  '  S|iiiliL:  iiikI  AiiIiiiiiii  All 
mils,  "  inn  Ih'  roliNiilrii'il  iili  nlJi^ltiiil  |iriii|iii' 
lion. 

Ilisnllirr  \Mirks.  till'  .s'/iiNt  A/'i</iii  °    lli«ik  >•( 
IIUliii  V,  '  III"'  •'''"  hiii'i  111      l!<»>U  III  <  'ill-,  ■  \\  III' 

nlllv  ■'■•lll|<il:illii|l--  III  livi-liili-.  'I  III -.1'.  Willi 
llir  )';/'  A""/  111  ■■  Uonk  nl  <  li!ilii.'i »,  liin|r\ 
jsii'il  III  full'  liU  liiiii'.  iiiiii  ill  his  ri'\isiiiiis  ■>■ 
iilii  iili.'1111'iits  III!  y  stilfi  Mil  III  Ills  liMiiils.  Till' 
I's'Ai'ii  hill'/,  i"-|iii  i.'illv.  Ill  ml  iliiwii  Imiii  iilmiil 
It.lllllt  |iiilMfl:i|ilis  III  vrisrs  In  Irss  lliiili  UN'. 
Wliiil  liiii'lil  In'  rolisiilrit'il  llii'  li-lii;iiilis  I'll' 
mini  III  I  III-  Will  k  he  mIiiik'-i  <'iiliirl\  t'liiiiiiiiili'il, 
ri'Hfivini;  milv  llni-i'  |iiiirliiiil  irtirliini.'s  u  liirli 
illilril  Ills  llii  111  iis  ii(  saxictv  iilitl  llir  t'liviiii 
mi'lll  111   till'  sl.'ilr. 

'I'linsi'  i'i'IiimIiih  iif  till'  i  iinriii  i.'iii  I'lliii  s  w  liii  li 
Mir  itiiisl  Iili;|il\  V'llinil  li\  llii'l  liiiir-riin  Tiilniii 
nillirliiilis  kliiiwii  lis  llir  /,ii(i  I'l/  nr  "('niifii- 
I'iilli  AiKiliil-  ■  llii'  /'•«  //•'  111  '  <;ii'!il  1,111111 
llIK,"  mill  ;lii'  I'hiniij  Yiiiiij  111  ■■  I  •mil  i  Ml'  iif  tin 
Mriin  "  'llir  li|s|  l\Mi  ■■(  lli)'s<'  :iri'  s|||i|.ii-ril  In 
IlllVr  lirrii  riliti'ij  liv  '/«.->  Hi ,  il  l'IuiiiIsiui  nl  llit' 
wiL'r.  'I'liry  III!  rliiliii  In  ii'|iriiilili  ■'  Mm'  liiirli 
in^s  iif  (  iiiifiiciiis,  i's|ii'i  iiilly  llir  "  An.'ilri  Is, " 

'I'lir  liiiiliii|iiily  iif  <  Iiillrs4'  «\l-ilii|||  WHS  u'ivrll 
III  I  I  III  till' ills  li\  II  siimnliii  I  ill  iiiii-lnnri'  A  Ihhii 
'v'-'O  III.  llir  Kiii|ir|iii  rill-  llwiilii;  Ic  nrilrliil 
III!  Iiiioks  III  III'  liiiiiii'il,  witlillii'  t'\rr|itiiiii  iif 
llir /(«!)(  7/  AV;i,'/ iif  l.iiiil/r  'I'lii- rxrilllinll  nf 
lliriinlri  wiis  vriy  sw  i'i'|iiiii;.  lull  llir  winks  nf 
('iinriiriils  wrtr  iijlri  w  :iii|s  ii'-tinril  |iii'ri'liii  ill. 
NiMlir  rinlll  ritlKmnits.  siiiiir  fiiiiii  iinil  liiiili 
lion,  wllill'  llir  jririil  ImmIv  nf  lilrlilllirr  fliilll 
W'llirli  111'  liinl  limilr  lii-  riilii|iilliliiilis  wiiH  III 
lllllsl  I'lililrly   Inst. 

'{'Ill'  uisiliiin  nf  llir  ll'Ji  s.  tlirlrfiirr,  Wlls  lr|i 
rrsi'lilril  iilliiiisl  i'\rlii'-lvrl\  li\  llii-  Works  nf 
('Dllflllills  Mi'llrills  .'iinl  iillii  Ts  lulilrij  i  iilil 
inrnls,  Init  llir  fiiiiliiliillnll  wiis  lliiil  iririvnl 
fl'nlll  llir  nllr  irrnil  siiL-r.  'I'lills  rnliflli  ialli- III 
liri'iinir  11  iiiiiiiii|inl\ .  mill  WHS  iiiiiilr  i  iiiiniiii  iil 
liy  llll'ilnrirs  nf  |illl|Hrnl-.  mill  llir  rnnilllnn 
I'linsrill  nf  llir  |iln|ili  .  rilr  lltti  iillllll  lltl  III 
turi'llllls  srilllil  nllir  fill  nil  WHS  rllilin<lii  il  ill 
llvr  I'lllssii  ■,.  vi/  llir  )V  A'l/li/  nr  •  jtiMik  nf 
( 'lim.lfis,  "  lljr  .S'/ic  Ai;i'/iir  "llnnknf  I'nillN." 
llir  >•/„(..  Ixil'i/'il  '■  ItiinUnf  llislnrv.  "  llir  /.  A'< 
nr  "  llnnk  nf  ltilr«,"  mill  llir  limit  Imir  nr 
"  S|iiiiii;  mill  .\iiliiiiiii  .\iiiiiils  "  'riirsr  wt  ir  in 
wllnir  nr  ill  |imt  1  niniiilril  li>  <  nliflli  ills.  'I'lii  rr 
lil'r  lirsiilis  w  liiil  llir  kimwii  lis  "  Tlir  l''niir 
lliMiks,  "  \  i/  .  llir  "  Itlriil  l,r:itliiliL'."  Hir  "  l»m' 
Irillr  nf  till'  Mnin,"  llir  "  ( 'nlifiii  inn  .Vnnlrrls." 
mill  llir  "Winks  i(f  Miiirliis."  Till  sr  liiHiks 
IlllVr  fur  lll'l's  I'lilisliliilril  llir  lr\l  iNinks  ill 
Clliliisr  riliH  tilinll.  tlir\  iirinKn  llir  lin-i-  nf 
llir  ('iiin|ii  tilivr  rxmiiiiinliiiii  fnr  imlilir  nllirr. 
TImt  SI  I  IIIIII  n\\  II  til  III  nf  '■Unix  niir  snili  .liiiili- 
nf   siirllir  111    L'l  nrrill     Ili-liitX.  nlir  W  llii'li  is    ill 

I'Virj  ri's|M'i  I  Ml  fm  Ixliiiiil  ilir  sjiiiil  itml  ninvr 
■  111  III  nf  till'  iiL'r  sliniilil  111'  -ii|i|«>-i  i|  til  -H|i|il\ 
nil  luiiiw  li'ik'r  rri|iiis|lr  fnr  till'  iiiiilli/riil  pi  i 

fill  llimirr  nf  nil  |ii>ssilili-  illilii'inf  stnlrs|||||ll'-lli|l 

mill  ili|iliiiiini  y.  is  n  innrvi  I.  Sm  li  n  simiilniil 
I'Uiitint  III'  niniiiluini'il  fur  iiimii,\  L^riirnilinii.s 
liMiu'i'r. 

Wlirii  wr  I'lilisiilrr  llir  tnw  .-mil  initii|i|  slntr 
inwiiii'li  I 'niifiiriii'  fniiiiil  Ihr  ri'liLinnnf  his 
•  'iilliilry.  \M'  nil'  iml  irrrnllv  siii|iii-ri|  ilmi  hi' 
rcjri'li'il  llinl  rlrinriil  rinnithr  fnlnir  wliiih  Iif 
Iln|iril  In  rriir.  iiiiil  i|r|H'liit<'i|  nfi  •uiciiil  nml  ixi- 
litiral   I'lliics   iiiin-ly.      Mr  was   iii.l  mi   nllirlst. 


linl.  in  till'  still  li'sl  liinili  Ml  sriisr,  wns  lir  mi  n^ 
llnslir.        .\irlllllill);    In  llir  rnllrlllsjntis  n|      .Mm 

■  ill.  Iii'),'i;r,  l>niii.'lnss,  mill  .Mn  \  Mlilli  i ,  lir  i rally 

lirlii'M'il  III  a  Ml|ili  llir  lii'int',  kllnwil  as 
■MinilL'lr,"  nl      till      tinil     nf     llrilVlll         Mr    111' 

lii'Mil  iijsii  ill  iiii-ri  II  s|i|iits,  mill   III'  imi^'lii   his 

ilisi  i|ili's  til  ■  irs|iirl  till'  I'mls  '  \\,-  |iai|, 
hiivM  Vrr,  till  ninrill  sinsr  nf  lllll\  InWlinl  "llir 
(•nil-.,  "  imr  till'  I  ntisi  iiniMiiss  nf  mi>  s|ii  rial  lir- 
|>i'llilillir    nil     lliriii  "Tiriil     I  liilii     willi    ir 

sjll  It,   '  1 niil  In  his  llisiij  ill's,   •'  lilit    l>l  r|i  lliilii 

at  n  ilistniiir,"  m  lalhrr,  as  |)i  .Mailiii  iriiili  i  i 
II.    '     kirp  mil  nf  tin  il   way   " 

Till'  smnr  nlllllnl    s|i|'lll>s  nf    ( 'nllfllrlmiislll    IIH 
"  Ihr  Iraililii;   irliL'iini    nf   Ihr  rni|iiii'."      Its  nli 
jri  Is  nf   \\nislii|i  lir  ilivliirs   iiilii  tliirr  rlnssrs 
till'    |inwris  nf    niitiiir,    iimrslniH,    anil    liriiirN; 
mill  III'   mills     "  <  h  i^'lhallv   ri  rni^'iii/iii^;   tlir  rx 
i-ti  nil'  nf  a  siijui  nil'  |ii'i'-nnnl  ilrll\,  il   has  ilr 
).>riii  rnlril    iiiln   a  |iiintlii  islir  iin  illry ,  ainl  tin 
ilrts  wni' liiji   In  nil   ini|ii'isnnnl  iiiiiiiiii   niiniili, 
iinilrr    Ihr    Irailiiii'     rniiiis    nf    vlsililr     iinliiir. 
Ilrsiilrs  Ihr  rniiiirtr   iniivrlsr.  sr|iiiiali'    liniini  s 
air    paiil    In    llir    -lin.  ninnii.iinil    stills,    inniiii 
tains,    livirs,  ami    lakrs  "     Tlinii).'li  < 'niifiirinn- 
imii   rrmi'lii/is  till  sr  nil  jilts,   t  lir  s\ -li'lii  sn    far 
nvi  llnps  till'  |imillirnli  nl    llinilrltl  'I'linllisin. 

Till    trill  hi  Ill's  nf  <   I  III  fur  ins  III  ll-l   III'  ark  iinw  I 
I'lli-ril  In  liavr  i  inliiiilii  il    liialiN    linlilr    |iri  rrjilK 
Ills  |inlitiriil   rthirsurlr   alinvr   Ihr   nviliiL'i'nf 
tlinsr  innrtisril  li\  thr  ninsi  i  iilii'lili  nnl  nnliniiH. 
Till'  ^iral    I'Mll  11  rnlnllli'llilril  In  mlrrs    was    tint 
IllrilliWII    millllli  lltinn    III    L'lniy.   Illlt   till'    I'niiil 
nf  Ihr   |irn|ili',    anil    iin    lini  III  I     I'vrr    in-.isird 
iiinir  slirniiniisly    ii|inn    Ihr   ilnty   nf   i'\iiMi|>lr 
I'linns  wrrr  ninstiinlly  iriiiiiiilril   thnt   |iiililir 
viiliir  I  niilil    nut    III'    riifnirril    in    Ihr    fnrr    nf 
rnMll  \iir  mill  wirkrilnrss. 

I{ii-il'liii'ill/  H  UN  nlir  nf  ( 'nllf llrills'  favillitr 
rxpii -siniis  fur  SIM  i,il  niiil  jinlitlcal  viiliir. 
This.  In  I  111'  111  mil  I  srlisr  in  w  lili  h  lir  rin|i|ii\  i  il 
Ihr  It  Mil  wns  nnthiiiL'  Ir-s  Ihmi  a  |itai'tliiil  ii|i 
iilii'iilinii  nf  Ihr  tinlilm  Knlr  Thus  a  fiilliri 
in  rxiii  lili).;  Irvrrriii  •'  finiii  his  snii  .slimilil  lir 
ii'Vri'i  III  tiiwmils  Ihr  aiilhni  \{\  nf  Ihr  slatr.  ami 
III'  slimilil  Irllllrl  llilnsi  If  W  nrlllN  nf  irMlrnrr 
liy  11  prn|ii'i  II  t'linl  In  all  liisnwu  irlnlimisnml 
ililtirs  'Ihr  I'linrr  ill  11101111111'  JnyallN  finiii 
hi-  niinistris  slimilil  fiilhl  nil  thr  intiilitiniiH 
w  llii  il  niii'lit  |i|niiinli'  till  il  liilrlily 

/aii/iiIIi/  was  mint  I  hi  III  n:ii  I  i  X|iri'sslnii  nsnl  hy 
Ihr  sii'jr.  1 1  inilinlril  all  iliily,  nnl  niily  In  n 
fallii'l  nr  II  |ii  ini  r,  Iml  In  rvriy  intrrr-l  nf  siiri- 
il\,  "  l.i'l  llir  sii|iirinr  nimi."  Ill' saiil.  •'nrvir 
fail  rrvi  II  nth  In  nriln  his  rmiiliirt.  ami  li  t  liilii 
III'   ri-|>rilliil    In   iitln  rs  mill    nli-rivmit    nf    jun 

Iirirty,  thill  all  within  tlir  Iniii  miis  will  lir  his 
iirthrrn  " 

"  h'liillifiiliiiHs"  was  I'M  jnini  il,  IIS  hnviiiir.  if 
Ims-ililr,  rvi  n  a  Ilinir  saiinl  ilimnrlrl  llimi 
lnyiill\  '•  llnhl  faillifi  Inrss  nml  -imiiily  as 
lil-l  |ilim  i|i!rs, "  saiil  I.  siiijr;  'I  iln  lint  sir 
hnw  a  ni'tii  i-  In  I'll  nil  wilhmit  tail  litiilliiss. " 
III'  inainliiiliril  thai  wlillrtlii  -iilimilimili'  tniist 
in  nil  III  SI  s  III'  liiilht  III  In  hi-  iiilii.  thr  latlrr 
liiii-t  III'  i'i|i|jill\  lalthtill  In  hi-  »nii|  ami  In  his 
11— illMi'il  I  limiirti  I   a-  llii'  tntlirl  nf  III-  prn|i|i' 

III  Ihr  riiltivallnii  nf  -niial  nml  pnlitiral  -in 
I'l-rity.  <  niifm  ills  lnii|.i|it  that  tlirvny  Inst  sh  n 
ill  thr  li'fmill  nf  nrnil'lipl  Ntiitr  was  '  Tlir  Krrll 
llinlimi  nf  .Nnllirs."  .Nii  virr  nr  ili-linm'sl\ 
slim  I  III  III  111  Inw  I'll  In  Inkr  shrltri'  i|t|i|rr  -(H'tiiillH 
lillrs  ,\ll  liltlrlirss  nr  ilisllnllnl  nr  illl'llplllily 
sliniilil  111'  rxpn-i'il  I'Im  rMliiliu'  slmiilil  lir 
lirmiL'hl  In  par,  anil  shmilil  Ih'  sliiinpril   nrcnnl 


CONFUOIANIHM 


81R 


CONFUCIANI8M 


(I  l.y 

III   u 

•,,  M  i 

ii\i  r 

liiiii 

I"" 

.  ir 

llllMII 

|iy  ii-> 

||-SH." 

lull)  r 
Ills 
l>' 

III 

..|.|i 

In  li 

|ir-^l\ 

mis 

rilv 

Im- 

inl 


illL'lv.  Mill  'lliilllil  III'  mini  III  llli'll  hill' 
Mlllll' 

llrir    I'I'nil    |iilliii|<lr  wliirli  liiis  ilmilil  li's^i  liiiil 
ITCH  I   illllllrlli  I'  ill  <    illlm  i-    Ullii«  II  111  till'    "  I  Im 
Mini' III  llii'Mi':ili  ( 'niiliii  liilii-<lll  il'-sillilr->  lliiil 

iMMiiN  I'vils  l|in\   Iriiiii  r\l  nnii' ii|iiiiii'ii  •      'riiiir 

islll\MI\-<    llllilllli:     ■'lill'.   mill   llli'    lllllllllrnl    lllllll 

■•iiii  iiiIIn  Ill's  Iii'I  1  I'll  I'AiiN  V  Iriiii'  .liiiiilil  111' 
III  III  ill  |iiii>.i'  liy  s,  nil'  lllllll  |''iir  ii  \i'i\  i-:iil\ 
rMiii|iliii.  II  iiiiiii--liriir  llii'  ;.'iriil  l'.iii|ii'Hir  Mum. 
wlirli   :i1miI  uIi.iI    iiir   III!'   liilH'  villili"-.   ri'|ilii'il 

■  AHiiliililv    idiiiliiiinl    willi    ilii'iiilN.   iiiililiii-.i 

nilMlilllnl  Willi  lllllllM'ss.  lllllllll|l"--<  riilllllllinl 
Willi  li'^|in  11  llllll's'.,  Il|lllll'ss  till  VliVII  llllliril 
I  iiliiliilii'il  Willi  irvrlrllir,  i|ijrilil\  n  iliiliirii  1 1 
willi  ImiIiIiii"<'^,  sIiiiIi'IiI  riirwiirillM"i'<  ruiiiliiimi 
willl  i'i'iilli'li«"<M,  n|siiirs'<  ■iiliiliilH'il  willi  ili' 
rl  illlillHliiill,  viuiir  riilllliillnl  willl  --illi  I'lil  V  .  Mini 
viiliir  ii>iiiliiiii'<l  willl  lii'hli'iiiiNiii'ss 

ll  is  lull  JIHI  III  s;iy  llliil  wliili'  rt'Vrlrlin'  luf 
siivi'li'it'llly  is  Ml -.1  liillL'U  I'lljiiilinl.  Ml  lIlMl  lr> 
iTi'lH  r  is  i'iiii|ili'i|  willl  ilisi  I  iiiiiiiMliiiii  Nil  lii'< 
tiir\  III  iiliy  niiiiiliN  ilnils  iiinii'  M'Miily  willl 
Mil'  iiii'iiiiiiy  III  iiii{ii''l  iiili'is  lllllll  lliiil  III  I  lllllll, 
mill  ill   limiiy  iiislmin's  lyiiiiiK  li;ivi'  linn  nvi  r 

lIllllW  II 

ll      i-^     |irlllil|is    iliii'    III     III!'   iliirliiiii'    III      llii' 
iiir.'iii  mill  III  llii'i  iiii-^iiiiiisilii'iiily  III  iiniilriiiliiiii, 
lliiil    llii' (  liiiii' .1' I  tiiviriiiiii'iil    liiis  lllllll   '.hiiwii 
'11  liiiH'li  sill  |iiils<'  miiiil  lliri'\il>>|irliiliiills  III   Inl 
•  'i:.'ti  i|i|iliiiiiiir\ 

Till'  iiillliii'i's  iiilllrli'il  liy  liirrii'll  l<'>v<  TMIMrlils 
ililtlli'.i  llir  liisl  llll\  ynils  liiivr  lii'i'li  Millii'ii'iil  In 
wmiMiil  llii'  iiiii''l  I'i'iMliiiliiiy  iiirjisiiri's,  miil  ii  is 
lllllll  11  wiiiiili'i'  lliiil  I'Viry  I'linij^iH'r.  i's|ii'iiiilly 
I'M'iv    AiiH'i ii  Mil  III'    l',iiiii|ii'mi.  is    mil   i'\|ii'lli'i| 

lllllll  III!' I  iillllll  \  Hill  lllr  ( 'IlilH'si' ^i;iivi'lllllli'lll 
sniiis  111  Id' !.'iivi'iiii'il  liy  ils  iiw  II  |ii  ihi'i|ili's  III  m 
linn  iiii's|ii'rlivriil  llic  iiiisi|n'i|->  ur  nllii  r  nalimis. 
Itlll  III!'  rllMIMi  li'l  mill  ll  Ml'llilU's  III  <  'iinrilrills 
Mil'  Imi'  I'lnnii'li  lllllll  |irilirl,  ll  liMs  iiliiMily 
lii'i  n  shown  lliiil  his  IiIimI  \ii'liii's  wru' ilisinrlnl 
III  |ii'iiiniili'   hi-'  llniiiirs  iil    siiiiiIn        Ki'viiini  i' 

Id     |IMII  Ills    WMS     IHI'.hl'll     III  sinh     l'\l  ll'llll'S    Ms     III 

ill  "-In  IV  lliMl  i'i'ri|ii'iii  ll  V  w  llii  ll  III'  iiiMili'  M  li'sl  III 
lll'.'ln"<l   I'llMIMrlrl  Tlir  milhiilil\    nl   lllr  |iMlrlll 

is  nut  ijiily  liMJMiirnl  liy  jimii'IiImI  rnli^iiliiMl  I<  hi, 
Mini  Ihrwiiisliil  lyiMiinirs  is  iillin  'I'lii  In  llii' 
( 'Ililli'Sf  hiMiir  I'lMi'liiMJIy  Ihrli'  is  nn  siiih 
syniini'lry  nl  llir  ilninrsiii'  viiliirs  ms  iIimI  rniinil 
ill  I'liiil's  |'i|i|s||i's.  ('niituiiiis  WMS  nil  iiiikIiI 
ill   i'i's|ii'i'i    In  III!'  rli'hls  III    wnniMii       lli'  lmm' 

si'Vrll  L'lnlinils  III'  ilivnli  T,  nil  siiini'  nlir  nl  W  lllrll 
III'  ilivnlnil   IlisilWII    will'         IMsiihIi'iiI     iiiiiimIs, 

lliiiiit'li   mIiiivi'  IIh'  nini'Mlily  iiiiiriil    in   his  m>'i', 

Wlls  nnl    llit'll         III'  sjinlil'  slj'.-||lil|"lv  III    wIllll    III' 

■  :illi'i|  llii'  "siiimII   liili'lily  '    wliiih  liimls  n  hiis 
liMinl  In  mil'  will',  mill  III'  iiii|iii-i'i|  M  'liiilir  vii 
nil'  nil  I  III    I  llir  SI' \  lllllll  nil  lllr  nl  In  I        I'niy  I'Miiiy 
WMS  llllnwril     III     I'Msl'S   III'    lilirii'lllH'ss.    mill     WMS 

ni'vi'i' 11  11  iini'.     Till'   iiiMriliil   lii'i'iisc  iillnwiil  in 

Ihr    siivi'll'll'll    is    III     il'.i'U    'lllHrii'llI     llnl     nliU    In 

mill  llii'  iny;il  line,  Iml  liy  Ihr  Inlliiiiin'  nl  hifli 
rv:illl|ilr  In  |iliillliill'  ^'I'lll'lill  ilnllinlMllly  lllllnllL'; 
lllr  |ii'n|i|r 

I  liniii'li  <  nnrnriiis  i'ii{nini'il  liiiiiiilily.  h  iliil 
llnl  lir.ilMlr  lull'  ill  Mil'  III  I'lMiin  |ii'i  Inlinli  "  .\l 
llllrrn,"  III'  siiiil,  "  in\  iiiiinl  wMsliiiil  nn  Iimiii 
iiiu'  Al  lliirly,  I  sliiml  linn.  mI  Inily,  I  IimiI  nn 
ilmilils.  Ml  \'\U\.   I    liiii'W  llir  ili'iri'cs  III    lii'Mvrii, 


I'mlr  III  IIiiiiL'Imss,  In  s|ll'MKilll.',  nl' lln-  liilrl 
|inlillrMl  lllr  nl  lllr  '-M|.'r.  irlllMlUs.  "  |l  i-,  illl|ins 
sililr  In  slllilv  Ihjs  |iiilliiin  i>(  (  nnrilrills'  I'Mlirr 
Wllllnlll  lri'lila<  lIlMl  M  L'lI'Ml  rllMni.'l'  llMlj  nilllK 
iivrl  his  I  nnilni'l  'riinr  WMs  nn  Inll^rl'  Ihiil. 
Inlly  ln\r  nl  lllllll  Mini  III  virliii'  w  llii  ll  li;nl  ilis 
llni'lli'-hril  Ihr  rnlnllli'lirrliii'lil  nl  hi  .  i'!lli  l;il  lllr 
.\iIm'|  il\  iiislnnl  III  lillriiitii.-  his  Iimi  U  Innl 
IllMili  hllll  pliMlilr  III'  willl  llMil  Inlliii'lly  Ir 
liisi'il  II  <i|ii'\   w  hii  ll  hr  Inn  I  llnl  imi  I  in  I,  WMs  nnw 

W  illill','   In  ImUi'   |im\    Inl    I III!  T  srrvil  I'  I  llMII   lllr 

|ili"'i'nlMlln|i  III  nillllirl  liKr  Milvil  r  nil  iii  ill'-iiilli 
win  II  DllKr  Mil)'  ill'-ilrll  In  llMVr  Ills  n|lilll'ill  ill 
sll|i|inlliil  hjsiiwn.  Mini  ill  llrllMlllr  III  Ills  nil  Ir 
|ii'Mlri|  lli'lllinriMlinn  nl  Irlirls,  hr  WMs  nnW  t'l'Mlly 
llli'll  iivi'i  In  Ihr  riinil  nl  m  Irlirl  rhiil  in  llir 
hii|ir  |inssili|\  nl  liriii.„i  mIiIi'  iIhiiiil'Ii  Ills  inniiis 
"  In  rslMlili^h.  '  MS  hr  siilil  nn  MlliillliT  iiii'Msinll, 
'Mil  iMslrlli  I  hnw  ■  ills  llirllil  'rs/rliiii  i'\ 
|iiisiiilnli'il  willl  hllll  iijinn  Ilis  inrnnslsii'iiiy ,  lull. 

Ill'    |lls|jlll'l|    hllll -I'll   W  lib   M    ImIIII'  I'M'llsr 

< 'niiliii  ills  rviin  I'll  I'li'Ml  wi'Mkni'ssMl  Ihr  liisl, 

liy  lirill"  M|l|lMli'llll\  ninir  snili  ilnll',  jnl  hi-,  n\\  n 
I.'iiimI  llMllir  IIimII  Inl  llir  wiIImii'  nl  Ilis  nil  I  III  I  \  . 
\\  Inn  si'i/nl  li\  M  |ili'srlilinii'lil  III  ili'Mlll  hrsiiiij. 
"'Ihr  niiirsr  III  iii\  ilniliinrii  iiin.Minl  I  atii 
iinlxiinwn  '  "  Nrvi'i'  ilnrs  ji -.iiiin  Im  iiimii  |iiis.m 
MWii\  wilhniil  li'Mviii!',  M  iiMnir  lii'hiiiil  liiiii       llnl, 

lll\      <llinii|llrs     lllilkr     lln     |ll IS,,    ,'|||i|     I        hiiNV 

'.hull  I  111-  \  iiu  I'll  In  liil  iirr  irr , .'  ' 

I'ln-  lirliiliim  iif'  f'onj'in-linilniH  to  l/ir 
Am  hill    IfnrHliip  iij'  4'liiini.      'I'lii' Siiiil 
Irnl  linri    |iriiiliMil\    irliirnl    in  ii'I'mmI   In  u  sii 
lirrliir  ili'ily  Mini  In  I  hr  Inl  lllr  lllr.    "  Wr  (In  llnl 
lilliiw   lilr,  "  lirsMJil,     •  llnw'  IMII  wr  lilliiW  iliMlllV  " 
Vi'l  whin  llii  Mil   wink    wms  ilnnr   In-  r.'illirnil 
lil'i  liniiUs,  Mini.  MSI  rinllni^  M  hill  wlinr  Ihrwnr 
ship  III  Shmi'.'lr  WMS  nlisri  vnl,  hr  ImIiI  lln  linnltH 
ll|imi  Ihr  mIImi,    miiiI  linn  Ulin  liiu'^    lirlnir  llirin 
III'  ^MVr    lllMllIvs    lliMl    hr  hllll    hi  I'll    (111  lllillnl  111 
live  III  sir  llirii   ni|ii|ilrtiiiii.      'riirir  is  m  ilill'rl 
riirr  III    ii|iiiitiiii  Ms   In  wlirllirr   III'  lirlirvril  in  ii 
sii|iri'ini'   liriiii'.  w  Imni   hr  smw  III    In  [miss  in  kI 
Iriii  r  Inl    a  |iiir|insr    111'  will  llirr   lir  Wms  nllrily 
l^'linlli.       Ills     li!ii  hiiii's     iiii'lllir     In     inni'lill 
-I  r|ilii  Isin,    lull    wh.ilrvrl'    iiimn    IniVr    linn     IiIk 
|i('isiiii,'il  virw     ihnr  i^  si'Mii  liy  rnnin  Inr  ii  dif- 
ll  inn  run  Ihr  i|iir^l|nii  III'  w  lllllll  I    M    irllt'lnliM 
fMilli  lllllll'    III'  li's'i  inniinllirislir  |iii'rnlnl    I 'nn- 
rnriiis      Till'  lirsi  (  'hillrsr  siIiiiImi  s  Mli  I  rr  sii  I'm', 
Ui'iil   ('hiln^-r    llislniy   mil  hr    Inn  I'll  lln  rMI'lhrr 
limit    llimi   Ihr  nii.'ii   nf    Vimil,  'Jit.VI   Mr  ,  mnl 
llirrr  wr  liliil  I'li'MI   Mini  ilisliiirl   Umi'i'S  nl'  ii  Win 
slii|iiil  I  hr  sii|iii'iiii'  trnij  ^liMii'.'lr.       ^  Mini  s|imnl 
Ills    Ihtniir    willl      Shun,   w  liii    'Uiri  rrilril     him, 
Itiilli    liMM'  liri'll  IniiUril    ii|iiiii  In   nil  MiirrniliiiK 
M^;^•^  MS  |ii'll'rrl   liinilrls  nl'  siimiiIi'Iis.     Viiiill  WIH 
Ihr  Kill!;    ^Ilirilnl    ('liliiM.  whii  hy  his  wise  ml 
iiiinislriilinn  iinllnl    nil    Ihr  WMiiinir    "liiiis    In 

■  lllr    rlll|lllr,       Mr    rilinlllMunl    lls|  mill  illlii  III    Ir 
•riiii  hi's   Mill!  nil    ilsi'Inl     sririiir        Wr   mr   Inhl 
llril   W  Inn    hriliiil  Ihr  villins  nP   Ilis  riilli  ML;ilf 
fshiiii  •    '.virr  lli','ilil  nil  llli'll,"  Mini  hr  wii-   llirrr 
IiHi   ii|i|iii|nli'i|  In  Ihr  Ihrniir, 

I  Inr  III  Ills  llr-l  Mils  iilli'i  innilni;  In  lull 
|inwi'l  WHS  III  s.'irrilirr  In  Shmiljlr.  Ihr  sii|iiriiMi 
rnil  "  Tlirn'Ml'lri,"  w  r  lllr  liilil,  "  lir  nil  lliri  ll 
s|irriMlly,  Iml  wllii  ihr  iinlliiMi)  Iniiiis.  In 
SliMiii>li';  siirilllrnl  wllli  |iiii  ily  Mini  irvrnnrr 
lllllll'    Si\    llniininl    Ours,  nlVrinl   ,i|i|il  iijil  iiil 


Ml  si\lv,   niy  nil'  wiis   mii  nlirilirnl    ii|;.'mi    I'm   llir  SMrlillrrs   In   Ihr  hills  mnl    livris    mnl   r\li  liilril 

li'rr|i|lii||    III    Irillh;    III    srvrllly,    I    I'lilllll    rnlliiw        Ills  Wiilshi|i    In    Ihr  linsls   nl'   N|lirlls. I'llI,  ' 

wliMl     my    lii'MII    (li'vliril    wilhmil     IrMlisHirssJiif;  '■iiys    U.    K.    I  »iiii).'liis' ,   I'lnfrHsnl'  nf   ClilnrM'   III 

what   was   lit'lll."      riirmlillialrly   his   iliMIMrlrr       Kllif's   ('nlli').'r.  I, mnl "  |h  lllr  Illsl    iiinil  inn 


>Ul' 


,i  1' 


sllnwrii  III  Ijiii  Iciisl  ailvaiilil);.!'  in  his  nlil  ai.'r. 


Iiavr  in  Cliini'.r  lii.sUu'y  of    rrli^^lniiM  wul'- 


P 


Tf" 


CONFUCIANISM 


!!1« 


CONFUCIANISM 


slii)',  tli.<iii,'ll  till'  cxprrssinns  ii-icil  C  but  w  itii  till' 
nnliiiMiT  fnriii-i')  iilniiily  iiiiplN  III. it  tlii'  \\iirslii|i 
of  Slimii;!!'  Ill  lrii--l  liMil  priMoii>|y  r\i-lc'il.  If 
{>;  In  tills  s|||ili'liir  liriliL'  llitll  nil  llii'  IliL^llot 
fiilllis  1)1'  WdlsJiil"   ll'ivr  lii'CII  olTilril  ill  nil  iiL'is. 

J{y  Ills  ili'cncs  kiiij.'H  vMTc  iii.'icic  Mini  nilci-i 
(■xcnili'il  juil<j;iiii'ril.  ...  In  nil  |ir>>litiliilit\  tliiic 
wji.s  II  IJMii'  wlicii  the  \V(ir-|ii|i  of  .'^liMiiirtr  wn-; 
till'  ('\|)l'i'vsiiill  i>r  II  plllr  llliiiiollli'islii'  I'liilll  iif 
llic  (  liiiir-i'.  My  iliirn  cs,  hc.wi'Vcr,  (1111111)111)11 
(  ri|)l  ill.  .'11111  iIioultIi  Sliiiiii:li'  iilwiiys  niuiiliiril 
till'  sii|)n'iiii' oil  jcci  of  vciMiMlioii,  Ihiy  siiw  no 
(lisloyiilly  III  liiiii  ill  ri'iiili'iiiiL.'  Iinin.'i'.'i'  to  liic 
|)o\vi  Is  of  imliiic  «  liic'li  llicy  Ic'iiiiiiil  to  |)<  isoii- 
ify,  mill  to  I  lie  spiiilsof  llicir  il('|i;irlnl  Miircslois 
Willi  wric  Mi])|in-.i  il  loiiuiiril  mill  xMiiili  over  ill 
a  siilioi'iliintlc  iiimiiiiT  llic  wcll'mc   of  llicir  dc- 

.SCCIlll.'lllls," 

I'lolcssor  LciiL'c  of  Oxford,  in  "'I'lir  |{(li;;ioiis 
of  (  liiiiM."  Iiiis  ilioliMlrd  lliis  disliiHiioii  liy 
(|iioliiiL'  till'  pniyris  of  mi  i'iii|nioi-  of  ihr  Mini? 
(lyii.'isly,  wliicli  were  ollVrcd  in  llic  'IVniiili' 
of  lirilVi'll  ill  till'  yciii'  l."i;W  A  l>..  in  wliicli  lie 
tii'sl  invoUi's  llic  spirits  of  the  nioiiiitiiins  mid 
tlij'  liills,  uiid  iisks  tlicir  iiitci'ccssion  wiili  the 
sii|>niii«'  <ic  d,  «  hose  iimiic  he  proposes  sliiihlly 
torhmiLTC,  I  hill  the  elim lire  ni.'iy  lie  .u'cepliilile  to 
II ill!  lie  ihen  pioeeeds  lo  pniy  directly  to  the 
(iod  of  lieuvcn.  whom  he  iiildiesscs  n;  Ihc  cie- 
nlor  mill  upholder  giiid  ruler  of  all  lliinu's. 
These  pmy<rs  show  how,  in  .spile  of  the  te;ich- 
iliiT's  of  (  iiiifueius,  llie  old  iiioiioiheisni  which 
lie  iiriiored  siill  survived,  and  lliey  show  also 
wliiil  irreal  trullis  underlie  llie  worship  oll'eied 
ill  the   Tiniplc  of  Heaven  in  I'eUiiiL:. 

Ill  his  prayer  to  the  spirits  he  says;  "  Ilcfore- 
liand  \M'  inform  you.  :ill  yc  cdcsiiid  and  .ill  ye 
terrestrial  -pirits,  and  will  iroiililc  you  on  our 
lichalf,  lo  e\erl  your  spiritual  powi  r  mid  dis 
|)1iiy  your  \  iiroroiis  elllcacy  coiiiiiiuiiicalinLr  our 
poor  ilesire  to  Slimiirti  .  and  prayiim'  him  uiii- 
•'ioilsly  loi!i.'iiil  us  his  Mcccpialice  and  iii'iiid. 
mill  III  lie  pleiised  will)  the  lillc  w  liich  wc  shall 
ri'Vereiilly  present.'" 

"  This  piiiycr  shows."  says  Professor  l.c.'ire. 
"hnw  till  ri'  hail  '.'rown  up  around  llic  pi  iiiiilivc 
inonoihcisin  of  China  the  rccoi.'iiilioii  and  wor- 
ship of  II  uiidtilude  of  celcsiiid  and  lerresirial 
spirit.'i,  mid  yet  the  iiioiioilieisiii  iiiiiMincd." 
ilow  dilTcrcntly  docs  the  cmpeior  proceed 
wlieii.  Iriviiur  thus  invoked  the  iiileiecdini; 
spirits,  he  approaches  Shanirtc  directly.  ||e 
licirins:  "  Of  oh  I,  in  the  licLriniiiiiL'.  I  here  was  tlio 
jfreat  chaos,  wiihoul  form  and  dark  'I'lie  live 
('Icineiits  had  not  iiciiun  to  revolve  nor  tile  sun 
iiiid  moon  to  sidnc.  In  the  midst  thereof  lliere 
presented  itself  ncilhcr  form  nor  sound.  Thou. 
O  spiritual  SoverciL'iiI  i  iinicsi  forth  in  tliy  presi. 
<leney,  and  Inst  didsl  divide  the  irrosser  parks 
from  the  purer.  Tlioil  liiadcsl  heaven;  ilioii 
liiadcNl  earlli:  thou  imnlcsi  niiin;  all  lliiiii;s  irof 
their  liciiii;  with  llicir  prodm  im;  power." 
After  statint;  the  title  which  he  proposes  to  irivc 
lo  SlmiiL'te.  he  adds;  "Thou  didst  produic,  O 
spirit!  the  sun  and  iiioon  and  live  plmicis;  mid 
pure  mid  hciiulifiil  was  their  liL,dil.  The  vault 
of  heaven  was  spread  out  like  a  curtain,  and 
the  sipiare  eiiilli  supported  nil  on  it.  and  all 
i'li'iiliircs  were  liiippv.  I  lliy  servant  |)rcsuiiie 
reverently  lo  lliaiik  thee."  I'arllicroii  lie  says; 
"  All  living'  thing's  iir(!  indelileil  to  thy  irood- 
liess,  hut  who  I  nows  whence  his lilessiii^rsconu! 
lo  him'"  !t  is  ihoii  aloiiu,  O  Lord,  svhuart  the 
parent  of  all  lliiii;;s." 

I'roft'ssor    l)ougl«s.s  t'linrges  Coiifucins  with 


lmvin;r  promoted  llie  s])rcad  of  polylheism  by 
atlcinplinir  lo  supples,  the  knowleiiiic  of  the 
siipriiiic  (iod.  lie  subsliluted  for  >/iiiiii/ti-, 
(L'odi,  '/'it'll  iheaven);  and  that  cliaiii;c  has  sm-- 
viveil.  ISlll  the  people,  fcclili:.'  a  need  of  .soUK! 
Ihilii;  less  vairue,  have  fallen  into  the  worslii|)  of 
counllcss  other  objects,  and  pailiciilai  ly  the 
worship  of  ancestors.  "  Hiil,"  says  the  pro- 
fessor, "  in  spite  of  llie  silence  of  (  on  fuel  us  on 
the  suhjecl  of  SIiiimlMc,  his  worship  has  been 
liiaiiitaincd,  not  perhaps  in  lis  original  piirily, 
but  \\  itii  works  of  reverence  which  place  ilH 
(■bjci  I  on  the  liij;licst  pinnacle  of  the  ('liinese 
I'mitheon.  .\l  the  presenl  day  the  imperial 
Worship  of  Mii(iu,'te  on  the  louml  hillock  to  tho 
south  of  the  city  of  I'ekiim  is  surrounded  with 
all  the  solemnily  of  which  such  an  occasion  in 
capable." 

Dr.  .1.  Kdkilis,  in  describing  the  Temple  of 
Heaven  and  llie  solemn  worship  by  the  eiii- 
peror.  says;  "Thealtar  is  a  bcaulitiil  niaible 
sliuclure.  nsccudeil  by  "jTslcps  and  ornMinented 
by  circular  balustrades  on  each  of  its  ihiec  ter- 
races. On  it  is  raised  a  imiLMiilicent  triple  roofed 
circular  struclnrc  !•!(  feci  in  lieii;lil,  wlii(li  eon- 
sliliites  the  most  conspicuous  object  in  llieM'(^i 
iiim  iiililf.  .  .  These  slnictnres  arc  deeply  cii- 
sliiined  ill  a  thick  cypress  jrrove.  .  .  . 

"  ( )n  the  day  before  the  saciilices  the  emperor 
pro(  ceils  to  the  Hall  of  Kaslinijon  the  west  side 
of  tile  south  altar.  Here  he  .spends  the  iiiudit 
ill  watehiiiL;  and  niedil.'itioii,  after  lirsl  iiispect- 
iiiLT  llie  olVeriiiL's.  .  .  .  There  are  no  imaires.  At 
the  lime  of  the  olTcrilii;  the  tablets  to  heaven 
and  to  llie  I  inpcror's ancestors  arc  placed  on  Ihe 
top  (upper  Icii.'icc'.  .  .  The  cmpeior  wit li  his 
suite  kneels  licbiic  the  tablet  of  ShmiL'le  and 
faces  the  north.  The  pl.ilform  is  laid  with 
limrble  stones  foiiiiiiiir  nine  coiicciilric  circles; 
Ihe  inner  circle  coiisisis  of  nine  sioni's  cut  so  as 
to  lit  with  close  edu'cs  around  the  ceiitiMl  sloiie, 
which  is  a  peifcci  circle.  Here  the  cmpeior 
kneels,  and  is  surrounded  llisi  by  the  circles  of 
the  tcrrmes  and  their  cnclosini;'  walls,  and  then 
by  the  circles  of  the  holi/oll.  lie  thus  seems  lo 
hiiiisclf  and  lo  his  court  lo  be  in  the  eeiilre  of 
the  universe,  and  tuiniiiLr  to  llie  iioilh  in  the  Ml- 
liliide  of  a  -ubjecl.  he  ai  know  IciIl'cs  In  prayer 
and  by  his  posiiion  that  he  is  inferior  to  heaven, 
and  to  hc.'iven  iiloiie." 

After  ill's!  ribiiiL'  various  olTcrini;s  piesenled, 
l>r.  Kdkilis  ailds;  "To  heaven  alone"  HIS  di.s- 
tiii'.'uishcd  from  lln'  inipeiiiil  ;iiiccslors)  "  i.n 
olVered  a  piece  of  blue  jade,  c  ylindi  leal  in  shape 
and  a  fool  Ioiil.'.  foiineily  used  as  a  symbol  •<( 
sovereiirnly.  Ihit  the  L'leat.  disliiiLruishiii^  siLiii 
of  Hiperioiily  lof  fsliaiiL'Ici  is  the  ollciiiii;  of  a 
whole  burnt  snrrilice  lo  heaven."  This  con- 
.sisis  of  a  bullock  w  ilhoiit  s|ki|  or  blemish.  Were 
other  proofs  iiccessmv  lo  show  the  siipieiiiacy 
of  Shan i;le.  or  Ihe  I  !oi|  of  heaven,  they  lire  found 
tliroiiLdiout  Ihe  history  of  the  (  hinese  dwinslies 
while  heaven  is  often  Mppealed  lo.  or  ollici  w  isi> 
recoi;ni/cd.  lis  the  omnipotent,  arbiter  over  cm 
perors  as  well  as  people. 

The  temple-worship  of  .Shaniitc  (for  real 
personality  is  still  ieeo;rnized.  thoiiLdi  the  name 
lie  ihanL'ed  for  Tien,  heaveiu  has  idwiiys  been 
Mssociated  Willi  the  Confilciiin  system.  There 
is  no  evidence  that  it  was  ever  suspended, 
even  temporarily,  after  Confucius  came;  and 
here,  in  Ihe  prii_\ers  of  the  Mini;  emperor,  two 
tlioiisand  years  after  his  time,  we  liiid  the  old 
name  Sliaiij;le  reiisserted. 

No  more   impressive  lu'coiiiil  lias  Im'cii  (.dveii 


OONrUOIANlSM 


817 


CONaO   FREE    STATE 


ot  llij.-i  siirviviiiir  iiii)ii<illi<-islic  wor^liiii  in  IVkini,' 
tliiin  Ilii'  fi)lli)wiii;;  frmii  the  [M-ii  of  l»r.  Win.  A. 
1'  .Maiiin,  l>  l>.  I'nsi.liiii  of  ihc  Iin|Mriiil  Col 
Icjjc;  "  Williiii  tlif  L,'"'"'^  "f  •'"'  "•"'illiiTn  ilivi- 
sjoii  of  till'  ciiiiilal.  iinil  surroiinilril  liv  a  sailed 
jjrovi!  so  cxlfli^ivr  thai  llii-  sjlriM  i- of  its  ilrrp 
filmdi's  is  iii-vtr  tuiiki-n  l>_v  llir  noi-r^of  ilic  liii«y 
worlil.  slainls  llii'  'l'i-in|>lf  of  IIimvi'ii.  It  con 
Kisis  of  a  siiiL'li' lowiT,  whose  liliiii;  of  res|ileii 
(leiil  a/.iiri' is  inleiiileij  lo  re|ireseiil  llie  foiiu  alnl 
(Miloi'of  tlie  aerial  vault.  It  contains  no  altar, 
iiinl  the  solemn  rites  me  not  |ierforiiieil  with- 
in the  tower.  Itiil  on  a  niarlile  allar  whieli 
stands  liefoie  it  a  liiilloek  is  olleiid  oiiee  a  year 
us  a  Imriil-^aeiilli  e.  while  the  iiiaslcr  ot  the  em- 
pire  prostrates  himself  in  adoration  of  the  spirit 
of  the  iiiii Verse.  This  is  the  hi^di  place  ol 
Chinese  devolimi,  and  tlie  Ihoiiirhlfiil  visitor 
feels  that  he  ou'.'ht  lo  I  read  the  place  with  iiii- 
sandalled  feet.  For  no  viilirar  iijolalry  li.as 
ciiti'ieil  iici'e;  tlii^  iiioiinlain  top  >till  stanils 
ahove  the  waves  of  cornipiion  and  on  this  sol- 
itary altar  still  rests  u  faint  niy  of  the  |iiimeval 
faiih.  The  tahlel  which  represents  the  iiivi-i- 
hle  ileity  is  inscrilied  witli  tlie  name  of  ShaiiLrie. 
the  supreme  Unler;  .and  as  we  conlempl.ile  the 
majesty  of  theenipilc  plo-:rale  hefore  it  while 
llie  smoke  a~citids  from  hU  liiiriiinir  -aerilice, 
our  lhoii!;hIs  .arc  iiresislilily  iiirrierl  hack  to  the 
lime  when  the  Kini;  of  S.ileiii  olliciatcd  us 
•■  I'ricsl  of  the  \\,,-l  IliL'h  (lod.  ■ 

"  There  is  no  need."  he  aihjs.  '•  for  exiended 
nru'iiinent  to  olalili^h  the  f.aci  that  the  early 
Chinese  were  hy  tio  means  destitllle  of  the 
kiiowleilLre  of  ("lod.  Ihcy  diti  not,  indceil, 
know  him  as  the  Creator  'evidently  the  piayer 
of  the  .Minu'  emperor  reco'/ni/.ed  lliin  as  suclii, 
hut  they  rec  oirni/cd  Him  .a-  siiprcnie  in  provi- 
dence, anc I  without  hciiinniiiL'or end."  Whence 
ciiinc  this  concepiion'r  Was  it  the  mature  re- 
sult of  a^es  of  spec  Illation,  or  was  it  hroii^rjit 
down  from  remole  aiitiipiity  on  the  stream  of 
paliiarch.al  tradilicin'?  Tlie  latter,  we  liiink,  is 
the  only  pridp.alilc  hypotlnsis." 

Tiiere  has  heeii  a  loiii;  and  earnest  discussion 
ainoiivr  missionaries  u~  to  how  far  the  idiaitity 
of  ShatiL'le  w  iih  the  true  (iod  onci' ni.idc  known 
to  men  may  lie  traced.  Certainly  if  llierc  he  ii 
real  siiices-ioii  many  :itlrihule%  have  hecii  lost 
iiiiii  the  conception  in  .any  Chinese  mind  is  very 
dim.  Vet  is  there  not  at  least  an  important 
reiniiiisccMce,  iiiid  may  not  the  earin'si  mi'.sion- 
liry  have  the  simc  L'rounds  that  I'aiil  had  for 
sayiiiL',  "  Whom  ye  i^iioraiilly  worship,  de- 
•  'laie  1  unto  you  " 

<'4»IIU«»    t'rvv   hlal4>.  'TUv.-  Orif/iii  nml 

lll-ltliril  of  Ihr    r.i/ii/i)    h'lii    Sdlti,   Hint  Urn  ri/   }f. 

!^liinltf/'.H  t,iniiiii'tiiiii  irit/i  it  \\  hilc  the  o|Hn- 
iiiirof  Central  .Vfricn.  which  ha<l  so  Ioiil'  liecii 
nil  III! know  II  land,  to  commerce  and  civ ili/.ni  ion, 
has  lieeii  one  of  i  he  irreatest  enterprise's  of  mod- 
«Tii  limes,  the  hand  of  <;od  has  now  here  lieeii 
more  plainly  seen  than  in  the  series  of  events 
hy  which  this  vast  territory  has  heeii  maih' 
liceessjhle  lo  the  >ro«pcl.  Henry  M.  Stanley. 
M  Welsh  hoy,  Imi'i  in  ]x\U,  iil-iir  Itenhiirh, 
Wales,  ships  us  ealiin  lioy  on  oni'  of  the  Caidill 
vessels,  whih'  still  a  l.id",  and  arrivim;  in  New 
(M'Icans,  Is  adopted  hy  a  merchant  of  that  city, 
and  iriveii  opportuimics  for  acipiiiiiii.' an  edii- 
caiioii.  In  isill  he  enlisis  in  the  Confederate 
uriiiy,  utid  is  taken  prisoner;  he  voliiiiieer.s 
for  .service  in  Ihc  1,'nited  Stnlcs  navy,  ,and  he 
collies  aetiiii;  cnsiirn  on  an  imiichid  After  the 
war,  ht^  i.'ii','aj;t'S  lus  ii  iiewsjiciper  cortes|Minileiit 


ill  Turkey  and  Asia  .Minor;  in  l^'tlM  he  arcom- 
paiiies  the  jlritl^h  lApeililion  to  Aliyssinia,  us 
war  corrcspoiidiiii  for  the  New  Vork  '  lletald." 
InOctolMi-,  jStili,  he  is  employed  l.yllic  '  ller- 
alii  "  to  lead  an  c\|iedilion  to  learn  Ihc  fate  of 
hiviiiL'slonc,  the  African  e.vploier.  He  reaches 
Z.'Ui/iliai  in  .laiiuarv,  l>*',],  and  in  .March  siurtii 
for  the  inierior.  lie  linds  l.iviiiL'sione  ;iviiiir 
near  L.ake  raiiL,'aii\  ika  in  NovemlM-r  of  that 
year,  llaviiiir  ixplored  the  norlhein  [Mirtion 
of  llie  lake,  he  ret  urns  to  Km.'l:iiiil  in  ■luly, 
where  he  is  received  with  di-tiii:.'uishi'i|  honor. 
rrcvioiis  to  this  expedition,  he  had  hoii,  like 
many  yoiiiiir  journalists,  inclJmd  to  scepiii  i«iii; 
hill  liiviiiirstoiies  holy  lifu.  devoted  I  hiistiatl 
character,  and  earliest  prayers  haii  Imcii  llie 
means  of  his  conversion  ricjiiii.'s  of  Dr.  Liv- 
iiii;sloiie-.  deaih  In  (enlial  .Vfiica  havimr  hct-n 
received  ill  Kuiupe  .Hid  .\merica.  Mr.  ."slunlcy 
w.'is  invited  to  Icail  an  cxpeilliion  to  explore  the 
lake  icLTioii  of  I'lipi.ilori.il  .\fiica.  the  wholecost 
of  which  was  lioiiic  joinlly  hy  the  New  York 
"  llenild  '  and  the  London  "  Tele!. laph  '  This 
expedilioii.  oiiccd'  the  most  perilous  c\ir  miller- 
taken  liy  priiale  enterprise,  oecupieil  nearly 
three  yeiii's.  In  conduclini.'  it  he  Imd  inaiil- 
fesled  such  rare  cour.iL'e,  executive  ahililv, 
self  possession,  .and  lacl,  Ihitt  none  coiihi  doiii>l 
his  rijjiil  to  he  ic^'ardcd  as  a  Isirn  leader  of 
men.  lie  had  crosseil  the  continent.  exploit-<| 
tin-  ifi'c.at  lakes  .-md  traced  lhe(  oni.'o  fioin  I1.4 
sources  to  its  mouth,  lie  had  lost  many  of  liU 
men  from  sjekness,  from  diownini;.  and  front 
the  iissaillls  of  sava:.'e  trilio;  hut  he  hail  IHil 
only  won  Ihe  aideni  love  of  all  his  fidlowepi, 
hut' the  lospic  I  ami  hom:urc  of  ihevarii>iis  trilM-.H 
with  whom  he  h.td  come  in  cont:icl.  He 
leaehcd  the  mouth  of  the  Coii:;o  in  .\u:^u«t. 
IHTT.  and  his  "  TIiioul'Ii  the  Mark  Coiiiineni  " 
waspiihlished  the  followiiiir  year.  Thisex|M-di- 
lionaiicl  the  narrative  deserihim;  jt  were  anionic 
the  primal  causes  of  the  foiindini;  of  Ihe  Congo 
Free  Slate. 

Leopold  II.,  Kinir  of  ItelLriiim,  ciinspiriioiis 
alike  for  his  vast  wealth,  his  i;eiii-roiis  and 
philanlhi'opic  spirit,  his  irreat  allainini'nls  in 
Vco;;raphy,  ethno|oi;y,  and  liii^rnislics,  and  hi.4 
rare  executive  ahility,  had,  for  sonic  y<-!int, 
heen  looking;  fiU'  an  opportunity  to  iniriHhicv 
the  hlessinu's  of  civili/.ation,  eilucalioii,  and 
commerce  intoCeiitral  .Vfiica.  lie  had  stiidie<l 
the  whole  siilijecl  very  thoroiiL'hly.  and  hh<i 
watched  the  ciiurs4' of  Stanley  and  his  I'mdini' 
Liviiiu'slolie  with  interest.  In  \>*'>i  he  Inul 
callccl  loL'ciher  a  coicress  of  .Vfric.aii  travellers 
anil  explorers  in  Itcl'.'iiim,  over  w  hich  he  pn'- 
sided;  and  had  liiiineil  there  a  ('i»iiil-  ifHtmle* 
ilii  lliiiil  I  'oKi/o  i(  ominittee  lor  the  Study  of  the 
rpper  (  oiiL'^oi.  This  commillee  dctermincil  tlmt 
actixcwork  must  lie  hcL'un  at  the  larliest  mi>- 
menl  for  the  ic'cncralion  of  Central  .Vfricii. 
It  was  inipoi'taiit  that  the  whole  coiirx'  of 
the  CoiiL'^o  and  its  lar^'cr  tiihut.-iric^  should 
lie  explored;  that  ro.ads  and  sImijoiis  should  In- 
esialillshcd;  that  iiuiucroiis  hostile  iHIhs.  Mune 
of  llicni  cannilials.  should  he  coiniliatisl;  that 
Ire.aties  should  he  made  with  all:  that  this 
should  not  he  lor  the  lienelit  of  Id'lL'ium.  or  any 
other  sjiiizlc  Luropcaii  state,  hut  that,  under  the 
;;iiaiantv  of  all  the  maritime  powers,  ilicro 
should  lie  cstahlished  a  L'teat  I'lif  .>lalc.  with 
fii'ci|iim  of  commerce  and  iiaviL'alioti.  fniiloiil 
of  relii;ioii  and  idiicalioii.  and  the  entin- extir- 
pation of  the  slave  trade.  It  was  a  vasi  under- 
lakiiii:     sin  h  .1  'ine  as  had   never  iH'fon-  Xnta 


CONGO  FREE   STATE 


818 


CONOO   FREE   STATE 


n 


('c)nti'ni|i1iil('i|  ill  ilic  iiit('i'i"its  (>r  liiinitiiiity. 
AlliT  llic  icliiiii  111'  SiMlllry  lli'lil  the  Cull;:",  iillil 
III!'  |iulilii'giliciii  III  liK  '  'riiiiiiiL'li  llii'  lliirk  (  on- 
liiu'lil,"  lliiTi' \vn^  III)  i|iii'^lii>n  lli.il  lie  XMi'-  the 
Hilly  liitiii  (';i|imIiI('  kI'  ciinyiii;:  <>iii  :iii  nili  r|iriM' 
of  such  r(>|iiiii»iliilily  Mirifs-lully  ;  iiml  llir 
(•<piii;!;!"''i'.  now  ciilMr^ifil  iiiln  I  A^Mx-iiiiiou  In- 

tiTliiitioiiiil  .l/ririiitii.  <iilii|Miv  i|  111'  rr|i|r-i'lllii- 
lives  ol'  llii'  ,'iiilnl  Stall's  ami  Ilir  srvm  limliiii; 
l'!iirii|iraii  iii/wi'i's.  Liraiili'l  In  liiiii  anil  llir  <\\n- 
ilitioM  uiiilii  his  ihalLti'  |ili'naiy  puwris.  in  inaUr 
III  iilii'-.  Ill  |iiirili.i»i'  ^liaiiiiT^.  iiiakr  mail'-.  Imilil 
slalii'M-.  ami  r\|iliiii'  Ihr  ('hiil'"  ami  il>  iia\i:;a 
Mr  liraiii  hr^.  rir.rlr..  ami  I  iiiiii'-hiil  him  with 
tiiii|i|i'  liuiiK  ami  -ii|i|ilii"<  till'  till'  Imii:  ami 
IH'iiliiii-  iimlrilakiiii;,  Kivr  yrar-  (|n7'.>  lss)i 
wi'i'f  riin^iiniiil  in  this  j;iiat  VMnk.  TwnMars 
mill  llini'i'  wire  |ia^'-ril  lictnl'i'  hr  hail  nvi  rcnliic 
the  ililliriillii'--  in  hi-  way.  ami  |ilai'('il  hi'^  tirst 
slcalilir  (HI  till'  I  |i|i('r  ('uliirii.  almvc  Staliliy 
I'lml.  'I'w  ii  r  in  thi-  iifiiml  hr  was  liriiiiLrlil  in 
ilcalh's  (liiiir  liy  Ihr  tciiihlf  cna-t  tcvcr.  ami  llic 
scciiml  time  his  life  was  mily  sjivnl  liy  hi-  rcluiii 
III  Kiini|ir.  Itiit  he  was  sunn  ai  hi-  wmk  airaiii. 
Ilinrt'  /calniislv  than  rvrr.  His  mi— inn  rnlii 
plrlril.  »•  stallnlis  cslalili-hril.  -Irainrr-  lilati'il 
(111  till'  I  jiprr  ami  I.iiwir  ('iinirn.  ami  ticatii's 
t'diiclnili'il  with  iivcf  4't»  "  kiinr-' nr  chief-.  Mr. 
.Slanlcy  ri'tiiineil  in  Knrnpe.  ami  early  in  Aiiirn-I. 
IMS),  icpiirii'il  in  full  In  Kim:  l.cnpnlil.  A  cmi- 
fei'enci'  I  if  I  lie  nalinii-  nf  (  hii-temlnin  wa-  called 
fill'  Nnveinhir  l.'ith,  IS.si.  at  IJtilin.  It  w.'is 
miller  the  presideiii  V  nf  I'liiice  Hisinarck.  ami 
hail  accreilileil  ripieseiitalives  nf  ihe  hiiihest 
ni'iler  from  It  naliniis,  incliulinv'  the  I'niteil 
Slates,  Hiissia.  ami  'I'liikev.  The  cniiference 
leinaineil  in  ses-inn  until  hNluuary  •,'lith,  IHS.",, 
This  cniiference  received  frmii  Ihe  African  In 
ternaliiinal  AssiMiatinii  ihe  treaties  siirned  liy 
niiire  than  iM  kiiiirs  in  ihe  Cniiirn  basin, 
limuirhl  hy  .Mr.  Stanlev,  and  the  declanitiniis 
lind  cnnvelltinlis  aLM'eeil  lielweell  the  marilillie 
powers  repre-eiili'd  in  the  cnnfeii'lici'  and  the 
Aissncialinii,  and  in  its  sessinii-  pas-ed  a  ireiienil 
Ad  nr  deed,  di'i'lariiiir  the  entile  freedom  of 
trade,  fur  all  iialinii-.  frnm  Ainliri/  In  Setlee 
Cama  mi  Ihe  We-I  ('nasi,  frnm  the  nmuth  nf 
the  /amiiesi  in  the  mnlltll  nl  ihe  Taiia  Kiver  nil 
the  Kiist  Coa-t.  and  ilicludiiiL'  the  entire  lia-ins 
of  Ihe  ('iiiiLrn  and  /amlH-i  and  their  alllueiils. 
ami  the  whole  reiiinii  nf  Ihe  lileal  lakes.  They 
al-ii  carefully  iletined  Ihe  linimdarie-  nf  the 
Cniiirn  Free  Stale  a-  exiendiiiLr  from  I  north 
lalilude  In  I'.'  siiiith  lalitiide,  including'  the 
niirlliel'll  -Inpe  nf  the  l.nkill'.:a  MoUlllain-^  and 
from  the  Luapola  JtiM-r,  the  wesiein  -lioii's  of 
Lake-  Itaiiiiwenjo,  .Moern,  and  Taii'_'anyika.  In 
the  ;lll|ll  IMelidiall  nf  ea-t  InllL'ilude,  while  nli 
Ihe  west  it  fnllnwed  mainly  the  cnlir-e  nf  the 
Mnliatijfi.  Lilinkn.  and  (nii'.'n.  incluilini:  al-o  a 
Hiiiall  trad  on  the  north  li.'ink  of  the  (onirn.  tie 
Iweeii  Maii\anira  iiiid  llan.ina.  Over  Ihi-  va-t 
terrilniy,  cninpri-inL'  almul  I.Tmlsimmi  sipiare 
miles  [aliout  ei|ual  In  Ihe  rniliil  Stale-  ea-l 
nf  Ihe  ltock\  Mountain-I.  with  a  popiilalioii 
eslim.'ili'd  at'  IMI.OiKltKHI.  ii  wa-  declan'd  thai 
"  l.ilierly  of  lon-cieiiie  and  reliirinii-  inlera 
lion  are  espre—ly  L'liaranleed  in  the  naiive-.  a- 
Well  as  In  till  inhaliilant-  and  InreiL'tier-.  The 
free  and  pulilie  cMiii-e  of  every  cried.  Ihe  riiiht 
III  creel  ri'liiiiiiu- liiiildintrs.  and  to  orL'ani/e  nii- 
siniis.  Iielii|iy:in^  In  every  cl'eeil.  shall  In-  -ulijecl 
In  no  re-iridioii  or  impediinent  whatsiD'ver. " 

All  scii'lltitic  I'Npeditinll-  were    to   he  entitled 
lo  special   privile};«'s,    whicli   weru  enunicnilcd. 


The  slavelrade  and  any  Irallic  in  -lave-  i-  for- 
liiddeii.  and  lo  lie  liroken  up  and  puni-lied  with 
the  ulniosl  severity;  and  doine-tii'  -laxeiy  sup 
pressed  as  speedily  as  possilile.  Oilier  pio\i- 
sioiis  in  rciraril  to  naxiiiation.  tiaile.  and  Ihe 
coiidud  of  the  I'" lee  Stale,  ill  rei;aid  to  any  of 
the -iiiiialorv  |iailii's  w  ho  nuLilit  at  anytime  lie 
at  war  willi  each  olher.  were  also  enadcd. 
This  ad  ,vas  In  he  ralilied  liy  all  the  panic-  In 
it.  and  has  liecii  -o  ralilied  since  the  conference 
It  was  not  to  lie  cNpeded  that  lliese  ^rreat  re 
suit-  could  have  In  en  allained  witlioiil  much 
di-cii— ion  ami  diploiiiacy.  The  ri  prc-eiilatives 
of  the  I  nileil  Sliile-  were  the  lil-t  to  reeoirni/e 
the  pliipn-eil  |''iee  Slate.  Iia-illi:  their  ai'tinll  on 
the  lad  that  Ihe  .Vfi'ieaii  Inlernalional  A— iH-ia 
linn  had  aci|uirei|  ii-  title  in  the  mily  leiritiinale 
way  — liy  punlia-e  and  treaty  finin  the  native 
ow  ners  and  rulers  if  the  cnunirv.  Their  adinn 
was  fnllnwed  sunn  after  liy  ail  the  l''.uro|H'aii 
poweiN,  except  France  and  I'orlUL'al.  France 
preseiilly  pive  its  ennsent,  only  rei|iiiiin<:  ii 
trealv  of  deliniiialinii.  hy  which  its  ri'jhts  at 
St.'inley  I'nnl  and  alin\e,on  the  iinrlh  hank  nf 
theCniiirn.  ileriM'd  frnm  cNplnratinn  and  discnv- 
cry.  sliniild  tie  ieciii;iii/ed.  This  was  irraiited: 
lull  l'iirtu<ral  was  siulilmrn  and  iinpcriniis  in  her 
demands.  ,She  claimed,  mi  a  Liraiit  from  l'o|ie 
Si.Mus  IV.  in  IISI.  the  whole  west  coast  of 
Africa,  from  .Vnirola  to  the  river  Omiwai-a 
urant  alisiinl  in  llic  lir-t  place,  -ince  the  I'ii|H' 
cniilil  not  i^ive  away  Icrritoiy  which  he  hail 
never  possessed,  and  it  was  also  terrilniy  whidi 
she  had  never  occupied.  It  incluiled  the  whole 
of  the  Lower  (  11111:11.  and  siiut  out  from  iH'can 
coinilierce  the  propo-ed  Free  Slate.  Knirlaiul 
had  favored  her  claim  at  tiisl.  liiii  JMince  Mi.s- 
marck  and  the  Initeil  States  represeiitativfM 
opposed  it  sli'oiii;ly,  and  the  ntlier  piexcrs  also 
resisted,  till  tinally  I'nrluiral  ciiinprnmi-e<l  tlie 
matter.  L'ainiiiL'  nmre  than  was  her  riixlit,  hut 
npeiiinir  the  Cmiii'ii  and  the  cnunlry  ad  jaceiit  In 
free  Hade.  Another  dilliclilly  was  the  oppnsi. 
linn  nf  Turkey  and  Hii-sia  In  leliirimis  freedom, 
and  the  admis-ion.  pioledioii.  and  encnui'a,i;e- 
iiU'iit  nf  mis-innaries  nf  all  ciecils  in  their  wnrk. 
Mr.  Stanlev.  wlm  was  li'elinically  a  deli'<rate 
from  the  riiiled  Slate-,  made  anclnipienl  -peech 
in  their  liehalf.  and  llic  ailicle  we  have  i|Untcd 
was  unanininu-ly  adopted. 

The  '.'J  111  ',';!  slaliniis  icpnrleil  hy  Stiiiih'y  to 
thcltcilin  ( 'niifeieiiec  as  purchased  and  cstiih 
lislieil  liy  him  in  Ihe  inleresl  nf  ihe  Afilca  111- 
Icrnaliniial  A.-sm  iai inn,  iinil  li>  it  tiansfeired  to 
the  (nnpi  Free  Slate,  arc  all  nii  or  near  the 
(on^.m  Uiver,  lii'<.'iniiin!.'  al  I'loma  on  the  I.,ow'or 
('oiij;o.  and  e.xlendin!.'  to  Stanley  Falls  Slalinii, 
alinlll  :,'.'IHI  iniles  finm  the  ninulli  nf  the  ( 'oll<.'<> 
Uiver  Aliout  U'llM  miles  of  this  di-taliee  is  to  1h! 
traversed  liy  a  railrnail  lieL'iiinin;;  al  .Matahdi, 
opposite  Vivi.  on  the  soiilh  hank  of  the  river, 
,'ind  c\li'iii|in<.r  inosi  of  Ihe  ili-lance  thimiL'h  ik 
L'eiitly  iii|liiis,r  coiinliy  In  N  dnlo.  Ill  the  up|«T 
end  of  Stanley  I'ool,  where  freiu'hls  can  lii'  dc- 
livcicil  on  steamers  which  have  a  river  niivipi- 
lion  of  from  seven  In  leii  Ihnusanil  milcH. 

These  stalinns  tliii-  purchased  and  made  nv»T 
In  IheCnliirn  Free  Slate,  .'is  well  as  many  nihers 
since  a("|iiireil.  and  llic  mi— innary  -lalioim 
planieil,  .'idiially  coiiiinaiid  hut  a  very  Hinall 
fradinii  nf  the  Free  Stale.  Ihoiitdi  from  their 
IMisitinii  liny  can  coiilrnl  it  in  some  ih  irree. 
The  hiinilreil  or  mole  liirire  rivers  di-chaiL'in^ 
into  the  left  or  snulh  liank  of  the  ('ihil'o,  and 
llu;  70  cir  iiior*'   I'lpially  large  utll'.U'iit.s  of  ihe 


OONOO  FRBB   STATU 


»11) 


OONOO   FREE   STATU 


ffiTiil  river  on  its  nortli  or  riiilit  Iwiiik,  iiro  ul 
iiioHi  iill  imviiralilf  for  a  con^iilfriiltU'  port  ion  of 
llirir  coiirst'.  Ijuiirc  mid  in  sonit-  «•»«•>  \viirlii\t' 
IiIIm-s  of  viiryin;;  dci^'ri  i-s  of  civili/jilion  in- 
lialili  llii'liaiilvsol  llii'x 'siriaiiis,  nianx  of  w  lioui 
liavf  iwvir  M'tn  a  \\  'lilr  ni:in.  anci  art-  \cl  i^'iio- 
ranl  thai  wliilu  nn  ii  claim  doniiiiion,  foi  iluir 
rU'Valion  and  irood,  ovir  tlitir  broad  iaml^ 
Tlir  caM;  is  nuiili  llif  >iiMi»-  as  il  was  in  Ilie 
UniiccI  Slalcs  55  y<'ai>  a.ir«>,  w Inn  II"-  whili' 
|io|Milalion  Iti'iiiL'  almost  \vliolly  ra-t  of  llic 
Sli^-i~sip|ii,  lis  i:ovt'riiiiii  III  ilaiiiit'd  and  niird 
over  Icrritorics  >ir(iiliini:  o\»r  llif  Uinky 
.Moiinlaiiis  and  to  the  NJinrcs  of  tlir  i'arilir. 

A  rciiii|il('l('  jiiiliclal  and  admiiiistralivc  i;iiv- 
frnmcnl  lias  licni  formed  for  the  «  oniro  Knc 
iSiali',  of  wliirli  I,cii|io.d  11.  i-  till'  flfilcd  sdv- 
irci^^n.  His  pioMr  is  cM-rtrd  liy  incaiis  of 
tlirct'  irriiural  adiiiini>lralors,  who  pi<->idr  n-- 
spcclivi'ly  over  llic  di'partinciiis  nf  ihc  Interior, 
of  Foreiirn  A  Hairs,  and  of  Finances.  TIhm' 
liirccolllcers  form  acoiiiieil,  wliicli  considers  tin- 
illteiests  of  the  coiiiiliy,  and  siililiiits  tlic  coii- 
ciu-ioiis  to  wliieli  they  have  arrived  to  the 
soveri'if;ii;  if  lie  approves,  lliey  l>suf  dei  rees 
and  make  laws.  The  department  of  tin'  Inle- 
lior  takes  cliaru:e  of  the  adiiiinisiralioii  of  the 
police,  the  ilevelopineiil  of  internal  coiiimiiiiica- 
tions,  traiispoit.'ition  and  other  service,  the 
piililic  forces,  native  |)olitt(  s,  and  the  provision- 
in;;  of  the  stations.  'I'lie  department  of  Fi- 
nances considers  all  i|iiesti<)iis  relittiiiir  to  im|H)- 
silioii  of  taxes,  tlie  expensi-  of  iiiiproveineiits, 
and  isendeavorini:  iriadiially  to  introduce  a  eiir- 
reiicy  in  place  of  Imrler,  now  universally  pnic- 
liscd.  The  department  of  Foreiirn  Allairs  rejr- 
illales  the  eoniiection  of  the  State  with  foreijrii 
countries,  the  |Hists.  and  the  adminislralioii  of 
j list  ice.  Tlicsoveieiirii  is  the  II It imii'e  authority 
III  all  dispiPed  (piestioiis,  and  from  his  decision 
there  is  no  appeal.  The  i;overnnienl  in  Africa 
is  adiiiiiiislered  hy  a  (Jovenior-tlelienil,  assisted 
liy  an  Inspector  (ieiierai,  a  Secreinry,  and  the 
jjoveniois  of  the  ililTeienl  provinces.  Since 
.Mr.  Stanley's  reliini  from  his  last  e\|M'diiiiui 
across  Africa  for  the  rescue  of   Kniin    I'aslia. 


a|>|H>inted    him 
()  Frei'  Slate,  am 


(ieiicral  of  IheCoujjo  krei'  Slate,  and  it  is  hoped 
iliai  he  may  assume  ollice  early  in  l^iUl,  if  bis 
heallli  will  permit. 

Tile  lands  ot  the  Free  Slate  are  divided  into 
thri'C  classes.  First,  those  in  the  ;ictual  iH'<'U|i)t- 
lion  of  the  natives,  whodoiiol  reioirni/.e  private 
properly  in  the  sdil,  Iml  hold  their  lands  as  lonir 
IIS  liny  choose  Ici  cullivale  them,  hut  have  no 
periuaiieni  Ijlle  to  Ihelii  The  second  cla--  is 
composed  of  lands  now  oci  iipiid  by  loniu'iicrs. 
who  hold  liv  a  irovirnmeiit  lilh'.'  All  lluse 
lilies  are  rei.rl--ieied,  and  there  is  no  ililhcully  in 
the  sale  or  iiaiisli  r  of  these  lands.  The  liiird 
class  Consists  (d'  lands  as  \et  iinoeeiipii'd.  These 
to  tile  extent  of ','5  acres  can  l>e  occiipieil  by  a 
foreigner,  if  he  comes  i.>  an  iindersiaiidini.' with 
ilie  natives  about  tln.ii:  but  he  cannot  cut 
timber  or  open  mines  without  a  toncession 
from  ilie  u'oveiniiicnt. 

There  are  now  i  IsilOi  11  provinces  or  dis- 
Irirls  in  llie(oni.ro  Free  Stale,  all  of  them  more 
or  less  directly  c(iiini(led  wiili  theCon'.'o  river 
The  numlier  "will  doubtless  be  iinreasecl,  and 
sonii' of  these  divided,  when  theolbcersof  the 
LrovemilK  111  Mild  the  injssionaiies  have  more 
llloidUi,'lily  Iravilsed  the  as  yet  iiiM'xplored 
reuioiis  lyinjr  goiiih  of  the  inaiii  river,  and 
those  lying  norll  uf  it  and  betwitn  it  an<l  the 


Mobalijii  Welle  River.  I'arlsof  the  latlerrejrion 
are  yi  t  in  a  coiidiiion  of  piimiiivc  wildness, 
while  in  some  of  the  easiern  disiiiclH  the  iii- 
h.'ibilaiits  are  in  coiislalit  terror  fioiil  the  raids 
of  the  Audi  slavelltiili  IS. 

Minshnm  in  f/ie  i'lmyo  Fnv  Slatt: 

I  I'litl)  fill  III  .\/iMii>ii.\.'  There  ale  How  9 
I'liilestaiil  mi^simis  in  exi«leiice  in  the  Free 
Stale,  and  se\eiiil  i>lhers  willioiil  ils  bouiida- 
ries,  bill  williiii  the  coiiiliicrclMl  free  trade  area 
est.ablished  by  the  llerlin  (  onlerciiee.  The 
follow  inir  are  the  iiaines  of  these  ini-sjons,  the 
societies  to  which  they  beloni.''.  and  the  dale  of 
the  coiiiineiiceiiient  ol   their  work; 

ill  Till.  l.tviNosroNh.  Iniwi)  .Mission, 
fouiid<  (I  in  l''elii  nary,  IxT^^.  at  Itnnaiia,  near  lliu 
inoutli  of  ilie  Lowci  (  oiiiro,  by  the  l.i\  iiiL'stone 
Inland  Mis-inn  Society,  i^f  which  .Mr.  and  .Mrs. 
II.  (i  rat  tan  (>uiiiiies.s,  llie  founders  and  maiiaj;er8 
of  the  Fast  London  liislilulc  for  Home  and 
Foreign  Missions;  Uev.  Alfred  Tilly,  of  the 
Fnirlish  Itaptist  .Missionary  .siociely.  and  others, 
wi'ie  active  piipinoters.  and  .Mr.  Henry  (raven, 
the  lirst  missionary.  In  isso  the  entire  con- 
Ind  of  this  mission  was  placed  in  the  hands  of 
.Mr,  ami  .Mrs.  II.  (iraltaii  (iiiiniiess.  In  the 
autumn  of  1N!S4  die  iiii.ssion,  which  then  had 
seven  stations,  four  on  the  l,ow  er  and  three  oil 
the  I'ppcr  CoiiKo,  with  twenty  inissioimries, 
tojrellicr  with  the  steam  launch  "  Livingstone" 
on  till'  Lower  Coiiiro  and  the  line  steiinier 
"  Henry  Keed  "  on  the  rp|)er  (  onijo,  was  trans- 
ferred to  tlie  American  llaplist  .Mission.ary 
I'nion,  w  hich  still  maintains,  and  has  iiialeiially 
enlarired  il.  It  had  in  IsiMl,  5  stations.  1  oiii- 
.stations,  over  -ItH)  members,  IIU  mi.ssioimries, 
and  i;i  native  assistants. 

(•.'I  'TiiK  Fm.i.ism  Hvfris'r  Miksion.\kv  So- 
ciKrv,  whose  lirst  mission  was  founded  in  1H7H, 
at  San  Salvador,  on  the  .M'paso,  a  tributary  of  the 
Conu'o,  in  I'orluiruese  territmy.  'This  station  it 
still  maintains  and  hasadiled  seven  others,  four 
of  them  ill  the  I  pper  (  diiiro.  It  will  be  observed 
that  both  of  these  missions  were  founded  seven 
years  before  there  was  a  (onpi  Free  Slate, 
thoui.'li  not  till  after  Stanley's  expedition  of 
]H74  |m77  had  deinonslrated  tlie  need  of  mis- 
sionaiv  wmk  on  the  Dark  (  oniineiit. 

(Ill  'I'm;  Sw  I'Disii  .Mission  miv  Si«ii;rY'sMis- 
sioN.  ori'-'in.illy  connected  with  llie  l.iviiiirslone 
Inland  Mission,  occup\  iiitr  llie  station  .Miikiin- 
bunv'u.  belweeii  Isaiiirliilii  and  .Manyanira. 
When  the  l.iviiiirslone  Mis-iuii  was  tiaiisfirreil 
to  the  .\iiieriian  l!apii»l  Missionary  I'liion  in 
IHMJ,  it  Was  aiiaiiL'cd  ili.it  llie  Swedish  .Mission- 
ary Siiciely  slKiiild  v.iUf  Ibis  siatioii  as  the 
nucleus  of  an  illdepeiideiil  mis-ion.  and  cMeiiil 
its  wmk  on  the  riirlit  or  north  bank  of  the 
Lower  Coniro.  It  has  now  three  stations  and 
almul  twenty  inissionaries,  and  has  been  very 
successful. 

^Ii  ItisMoi"  Twi.oii's  Mission  (.Vnicrican 
.Meihodisi  Fpiscopal  Miiircli).  comiMciiced  in 
IHHCi,  intinded  loplai'l  itself  on  the  l:iiires|  south 
em  tributary  of  the  Coiuro.— the  Kasai,  — but. 
was  founded  on  the  principliof  self  support  and 
«'oloni/iilioii.  So  far  its  missionaries  have  not 
succeeded  ill  reacbiliir  their  Held  of  labor  or 
commeiiciiiir  any  direct  missionary  work. 
There  weri'  about  twiiity  four  missionaries 
under  the  bishop's  own  leailiiiL'.  and  they 
broiiirht  from  .\niirica  a  siiaimr  which  was  so 
coiisiiucted  that  the  heavier  |ioilioiis  uf  its  ma- 
chinery could  not  be  landed  at  Vivi  or  liirried 
up  to  Stanley  I'ool,  and  il  liitH  been  of  no  use 


'!  ;<- 


■V 


OONOO   FREE   STATE  :|:>U 


CONOO   FREE    STATE 


1 


nsyet.   The  prlnripU- of  self-support  hnaprovcd 

nfiiiliirc,  iimiiy<i|'  iliciiu'cnis  of  the  iiiis^ioii  Imv- 
iiij;  NullVird  i;r«'!il  piivaiidiis,  scvcnil  dx  iiii;.  unci 
ollit'is  liiivini;  llic  ('nii'.'n;  soiiu'  lire  ><;illt'n(l 
iiroiinil  ISiinmi.'i,  \'ivi,  iiiid  lsiiiii:liil!i,  wliiirtliry 
iiri'  iiiMkiiiiT  II  liriivf  Nlru^'L'lf  in  Mislain  lilr,  liy 
slnxitiiiL;  liippi>|M>liiini  mid  srllin;r  tla-  dried 
lloli  Id  llic  liiilivis  ill  cMliiiiljir  fill  llic  priidiu'i' 
of  iIk'  mil  III  ly,  Koiirof  llniii  iiicinciuvN  iiiLT  mm 
old  Frci'  Sliilf  >liilioii  ill  Kiiiip<i|\(i,  on  Slmdry 
I'lHil,  iind  .'illi'iiipliiiir  a  lilllr  .iiiriciiliiiir  mid 
trade:  liul  iiiuie  of  tlirlil  have  lieeli  aide  In 
spend  iiiiieii  liiiie  in  iieipnrinir  llie  itiii.iriiaL''es 
or  leailiini;  llie  penple  Al  llie  lasl  n  porl 
till  re  liad  hicii  no  eniiver^ions,  Iml  llie  lii-lmp 
was  sanL;iaiie  of  nlliliiale  sin  ee».  'llie  lale-l 
repoil  reeiived  isllinl  llis  >lranier  lias  lieeli  le- 
ciilisii'iii'ii'd,  and  \n,'i-  laiiinheil  in  the  siiniiner 
of  Is'.tO.  lo  ply  tin  llie  Lower  (oiiilo. 

i5i  'I'm  .MissniNAiiV  K\  anoi-.i.h  ii.Ai.i.iANCK, 
called  also  "  >iiii|'son's Missimi,"  also  an  Anier- 
icMii  oriiani/aliiin.  has  lieen  allein|ilin),'  self  siip- 
piiil,  and  with  ahoiil  the  same  results.  'llie 
niissidiijii  ies  (if  the  Alliance  have  a  little  place 
near  \'ivi,  wheie  they  live  liy  liiinliiii.'  InilValo 
and  anicldpcs,  sinokinir  llieii  lle-h,  and  sellin-; 
it  to  the  nalivis.  (»t  cdiiise  they  have  very 
little  lime  to  ac(|nire  llie  dillicnft  laiivruairi  s 
of  the  Lower  t  on i;ci,  In  traiislale  the  Scrip! lire--, 
or  Id  pKiicli  in  tlioc  laiiirnaires.  .Moieover,  the 
I'liinalc  df  Vivi  is  a  VI  ry  I13  iiii:  one  for  eilliei 
Americans  cir  Kui'opt'uns.  'Iliev  have  liceii 
here  since  lss-1, 

((i)  Ahsoi'h  Mission,  e>iatdisliid  liy  Mr, 
Frederick  S.  Anidi  in  Im.sh  in  |||,'  sdutheasi- 
erii  part  of  llierdn!.'o  Free  Si.'ite.  ardiind  the 
headwaters  df  the  triliiilaries  cif  the  (  onL^fi,  in 
wli.'it  is  <allcd  the  (Jaieniran/e  country,  iieiir 
the  walersheil  w  liicli  divides  the  sources  of  llie 
Zainliesi  and  Shire  from  lhd>e  of  the  C'oli^i>. 
Mr.  Ariidl  had  explored  wearily,  for  a  lontr 
lime,  the  Zainliesi  and  Ilarcilse  districts,  and 
finally  ll.xcd  iipdii  this  rci:idn,  which  has  a  fer- 
tile soil,  a  licallliy  ciimale,  a  frieinlly  kini:.aiid 
It  people  more  intelliu'eiit  and  ciirdial  than  iiidst 
of  IIk'  Irilies.  'The  principMl  dlijeclion  is,  that 
it  is  liiiiidri'ds  of  miles  distant  from  any  Imse  df 
supplies,  and  thai  there  are  nii  idiites  of  easy 
coinmiinic'itidn  liy  lanil  or  wiiter.  .Mr  Arndi. 
hdwever.  wild  is  an  e.\perienced  traveller  and 
e.vpldrer.  df  L'leal  eniiniL'c  anddarimr,  and  fully 
eipiip|)ed  for  his  work,  has  no  inisj;ivin^s,  and 
retiirns  from  KliLrland  to  his  work  accompanied 
liy  his  wife  and  oilier  helpers,  assured  of  suc- 
cess. 

(7)  Till'.  I,oM)(iN  MissioNAliv  S<«  ii;tv  has  a 
mission  with  two  siaMdiison  Lake 'ramranx  ika, 
foniuied  in  \X~~.  The  slnlions  ate  K.ival.a 
Island,  tow  aid  the  sdulhern  e.Mremilyof  llii' 
lake,  and  Fwamlioon.  dii  the  inainl.'ind.  This 
missidii  is  prohalily  tin'  oldest  one  within  the 
limits  of  llie  Free  Stale.  It  was  loiiir  under 
the  care  df  Captain  Ilare,  and  has  endured 
many  trials.  It  is  SIK)  miles  frcnii  /iwi/iliar, 
mid   thdui.'h  nearer   In  the  Zainliesi  ap  I  Shire, 

that  I'dUte  was  I ifteli   lildcketl   liy  lie  Aralis 

to  he  safe.  The  missidii  has  a  ■  teainer.  the  "(iodd 
News,"  dii  the  lake,  mid  ha-- ac<-dmplislicd  much 
flood  liy  its  schddls  atid  the  preai  hinjr  of  the 
gospel,  liiit  llie  tield  is  a  ditrieiill  one. 

(H)  TiiK  ( 'iiMto-nAi.oi.ii  Mission  was  estali- 
li:lied  ill  ISS!)  hy  Mr.  and  Mrs.  11.  (;iaitan 
(JiiiniH'si,  (ir  rather  liy  the  Kast  Londdii  Mis- 
sion Institute,  of  which  lliey  are  the  principal 
lUtiuiigL'i's.     It  is  liitLTdeuoininatioiml,  and  has 


for  its  tield  the  Ilalolo  country,  c.vtemlin,'.;  over 
a  liUL'e  teriitory  in  llie  arch  of  the  (  onjro, 
where  the  Ilalolo,  who  all  siieak  llii'  same  lali- 
uuai.'-e.  have  a  |idpulalidii  <il  nut  less  thim  ten 
millidiis.  The  mission  has  for  its  sphere  the 
si.\  sdiiihern  or  c'fiern  triliiilaries  ni  the  Con- 
L'o  licNdiid  Kcpialdiville,  vi/..,  the  LualiiliL'a, 
.Marin::.'!.  Lopori,  Ikalemlui,  .liiapa.  and  Mosiia. 
It  jdiiw  dii  the  W(sl  the  Held  df  the  Aliiericatl 
Maptisi  .Missidiiary  liiidii,  Irmisfeired  liy  the 
(iiiinnesses  to  llicin  in  INMI.  The  twdormini- 
/alions  wiirk  in  perfect  accord.  The  "Henry 
Ueed  "  steamer  W  ,is  IdUlied  to  the  <  oli'.'d  llllldio 
.Mission  for  a  year  till  their  nwn  new  slcamer, 
the  "  I'idiieer,"  could  lie  transported  to  the 
I  liperCoiiL'o.  They  have  four  stations  alriiidy 
selected,  «  liiili  were  manned  li\  dilolier.  IMui. 
They  iiad  al  that  dale  II  inissionaries  in  the 
liel.l. 

!).  Tin:  SdiDAN  .Mission.  orlLdniitiiiL'-  in  Kaii- 
.S11.S,  r.  S.  A.,  with  which  Mr.  (iraliam  liinoko 
has  liceii  coiinceicd.  and  which  is.  wc  liclievc.  to 
lie  under  the  cdiitrdi  nf  the  Kniilish  (  liiireh 
.Missidii.iry  Society,  emliraces  in  its  Held  not 
only  what  is  ueiicrally  known  as  the  Wr-terii 
Soudan,  liiit  a  part  of  llic  trad  north  of  the 
('oii;.'o  mill  lyiiii;  lietweeii  that  river  and  the 
.Motiai'iri  Welle  Uiver.  This  niissidn  has  Ipeeii 
stalled  diiiini;'  the  piisiin  ye.ir.  and  owes  its 
e.\istelice  to  |{ev.  II.  (J.  (iilillliess,  tlldUM|,  |„.  js 
lidt  l.dW  ediinecled  with  it.  Like  till'  (  liilia  lll- 
l.iiiil  .Missidii.  it  is  td  he  siippdrted  liy  tin'  vdliin- 
lary  rdiilriliiilidns  df  its  friends,  and  llie  niissidn- 
ariis  lia\e  iiii  sii|inlated  sum  for  their  siippurt. 
The  rcLdoii  is  now  claii.icd  liy  the  Mdhamine- 
daiis.  and  it  is  said  that  the  missidiiaries  are  lo 
adiipl  the  .Mdhainniedan  dress.  The  miinlier  of 
missidiiaries  will  prdhalily  he  lariie. 

The  relation  nf  ihese  missions  to  each  other 
is  very  coidi.al,  so  far  as  they  are  lirdUi;lil  iiilo 
priixiniity.  The  missions  df  llie  .\.  I!,  .M.  I  nidii, 
dt  llie  Iji^lish  liaplisi  .Missidiiary  Sdciel  . .  the 
Swedish  \lissioiiaiy  Society's  .Mission,  and  the 
Coii^o  Maldlo  Missidii  are  all  (in  or  near 
the  Lower  mid  I  pper  ('(i|iv:<i  or  their  larger 
Iriliiil.'iries.  and  each  is  alert  loeMcnd  a  helpiiii; 
hand  to  the  oilier  when  needed.  The  two 
.Melli(«lisl  .Missions  -  liishop  Tavlor's  and  the 
Simpson  .Mission  are  rcjarded  willi  cordiality 
liy  the  d.liers  ;  hut  as  lliev  have  no  slalioiis  as 
_\el,  and  are  not  en'jai;((l  in  (lii((  t  inissidiiary 
wiirk.  there  is  lui  opportiinil,\  for  reciprdcal 
cdiirtesies.  The  Ldiidiiii  Missionary  Society's 
.Missidii  (HI  Lake  Tmi^ianyika.  and  .Sir.  Ariidt's 
.Missidii  ill  (iarciiu'^mi/.e.  are  .so  reinole  as  lo  lie 
iniceessililc  from  the  west  cdiist.  The  Western 
Soudan  Mi-sion  is  ikiI  yei  fully  drL'ani/ed.  and 
its  prdpdsed  eastern  slatidiis  will  lint  prohalily 
for  some  years  approach  to  the  vicinity  of  iho 
C'oii'jro. 

11.  Hiiniiiii  I'lil/iolii-  }ti.ssii>iis  --H\'  these  there 
are  four,  each  under  dillercnl  orLiMni/atioiis. 

1.  Tin;  .^llssl(lN  or  Saint  Ksntn,  at  llaiiami 
and  Hdina.  under  the  care  of  .Mdiiseii;iieur 
Carrie.  There  are  I'diir  priests  and  twd  lay  lirelli- 
reii  al  these  stations,  and  some  small  schools 
which  rivi'  industrial  tiainiiii:  to  the  (  hildreii. 

'.*.  TiiK  Hi.i.di.vN  .Missio.N,  lisialilishcd  in 
iss.sijit  Kwa  mouth  on  the  I  pper  Cdicio.  with 
a  siM'diid  siatidii  pi'djecled  at  Lnliialiiiri;  (in  the 
Liiliia  Kiver,  a  liraneli  nf  the  Kasai,  jiist  on  iIk^ 
southern  lidiindary  line  df  the  ( 'diiiro  Free  Slate, 

;i.  .\  N'i;w  Mission  ai'  Manooi.a.  on  the 
noilherii  hank  of  the  I'pper  Coieju.  alioiit  ]''^t 
miles  aliove    Li|uatdi  \  ille.      This   is  under  tlin 


CONOO   FREE   STATE 


891 


CONSTANTINOPLE 


(virc  iif  tin-    Jfsuils.      Till'    {'iilliolii'  Mii-^^ion 
Nli'MiniT   •Leo  XIII."  is  iilyiiiir  "ii   llif    Upiwr 

(.'OIIL'O.  . 

4.  TiiK  .MiM.iiDN  (iKiiiK  l'f;iti>  k'Ai.iikiiik 
(AliTi'ii;!!!  prioiMt,  on  1,,-ikr  'ruiiiriiiiyikii.  in  tlir 
MXillic.i'lcni  |mrl  cililic  Kicr  Sliili'  'I'lii-y  liavc 
'.'  siMlii>ii>.  Kiliniiia  nw  liiirtnii  (iuH'.  iiiid  .Mpiila 
Ml  the  niiiiiili  of  ilic  Loliikii.  Iiiiili  nil  till'  hkr. 
'I'lii'y  ail'  lalidiiiiir  iiiiiuiii;  the  I  iiia  tiilic,  tint  ili> 
Mill   irpipit  mmli  -.iHMc^-.. 

'I'lir  C'liiliiilu'^  Imvi'  «i'vcnil  llnuii-liiiii;  iiii» 
>iiipii>  ill  till'   l'i)rtiii.'iii'S('  li'iiiliify  ^oulli  nf    llii' 

Kiel'  Stoll".. 

(JiiMM  i.i:8   AM)    DiFKici  i.i'M':m     III   III'.   i;n 

COINIKItKI)      IN     .Mls>l<iNAHV       WnUK     IN      llll'. 
CoNHO  FltKK  StM'I';.     -'rilt"<l'lllf  lllllliy,    llllt    lint 

ili-iliiiKiiliitMlili'.  'I'lic  lir^l  i>  llir  i-liimtti.  'I'liis 
i>  ilr.'iilly  III  iiiii^l  l'!iiici|ii','iii^  or  .Viiiri'ii'.'iiit  wlm 
>|M'iiil  .iiiy  liiiir  1)11  llll'  ('(1,1-1  (ic  ill  llll'  low  liiiid-. 
Till'  Lower  ( 'iillL'd,  licldW  Slalilry  I'dnl.aliil  liolll 
it-  -linic-.  i-  Mill  .1  icuidii  ill  uliiilia  prccidii- 
liiiniaii  lire  "iiulil  Id  111'  ii-kc(l  lor  Idity  ci'.'lit 
houi-.  Filly  live  iiii--idiiaiie-.  la'.iily  all  nl' 
lliein  on  tlii-  l.dwei'  (diiLTd.  have  (lied  within 
Irii  years.  Wlieii  tin-  railway  now  in  inipce— 
ol' eoti-lnietidll  i-  ('dlM|<leleil.  anil  the  lie.'illliiel' 
lii>;lilaii(l- ol'  the  rpjier  Cdiiiid  can  he  naehcd 
ill  t'i'din  -i\  to  ten  hdiii's  Irdin  the  l.'iiidiii'j'  ol  the 
Nli'iiiner.  the  ediidilidii  ol'  tliiiiL''''i  will  lie  eh.iM'jed. 
The  rpper  CdiiLid  i-.  tor  an  eipiatdiial  i  liniale, 
iiKHleralely  healthy,  hut  ;he  utiii((-t  earernlne— 
I-  liece— aiy.  even"  there,  |{ll-ilie— ,  tra\ellili^, 
or  work  which  iei|iiires  cxpiLsiire  In  the  direcl 
riiys  dl  the  -nil,  shdiild  imi  he  nnderlakeii  ex- 
cept ill  the  hdlirs  lielweell  1  A,M,  and  II  A.M. 
or  lielween  ."»  and  10  P.M.  Ilxpn-nre  in  niiii'<  nr 
heavy  dew-,  or  anytliiiiir  which  will  hriii'.'  dii 
a  chill,  -lidiild  lie  laielully  prdhihited.  lialliiii'.: 
slicuild  lie  pr;ieli-i'd  il.iilv.  and  all  U-e  nl'  alcd 
lliilie  -liiiiiilalll-  ;ivdideil,  cMepI  when  ple- 
scrilied  hy  a  -killiil  and  jiidicidii-  phy-ician. 
K\ce— ive  raliu:iie  iiiii-i  nut  he  perniiltcd.  lidil 
diH'-  Mill  reipiire  the  -acritice  dl'  lile  and  lie.ilih 
except  in  ca-e-  where  mir  duly  i'<  made  ah-d 
liilely  plain,  and  the  iiii— innaiy  w  ho  Vdliintarily 
cxpd-e-  hiin-eir  dr  her-ell'  in  di-ea-e  and  deatli, 
without  ahsdliile  neces- ilv.  leinpl-  liixj. 

T/if  fill/  niiiii/ifr  of  Ifiiii/niii/f^  -pokeii  hy  the 
forty  inillidiis  or  nidie  nl  ilic  iiihaliilaiiN  nt  the 
('iilii.'d  Free  St.ite  i-  a  very  -erioii-i  nli-lade  Id 
mi— idiiaiy  lahor.  Tlieie  lire -aid  in  he  liWdil' 
I'erent  laniriiUL'i's  spdkeii  ill  this  area,  and 
lildllirll  diie  df  llie-c  l,'ilii;iiai:es  ilhe  Halnloi  is 
.spoken  liv  ten  inillidiis  nr  more  of  ii  hoiiio' 
;reiiediis  r;ice,  .'iiiil  the  phihildiri-ls  tell  us  lliat 
the  dilicr  l(i7  ,iie  diily  ilialcd-  df  the  Hatitu,  yel 
wll.il  i;niMl  due-  lli.il  dd.  when  neither  the  iiii- 
sidiiary  imr  the  native  undci-l.iiiils  It.'iiilu.  nr 
lull  cause  lliem-ehes  Id  he  iindeistdiMl  in  spc,.|k- 
iiijj;  it  Id  diliers?  Ndwhere  is  u  uiiivei-snl 
.speech  more  of  a  desideniliim. 

S/iinr//  mill  l/if  ii/iiMiiriiiin  of  tin'  Aruli  ulirf- 
Irmli  r.  are  very  real  teri-ors  to  nearly  all  llies" 
trihes,  and  sadly  interlere  with  the  prou'ie-s  of 
the  i;ospel  ;  hill  there  i-  lea-oil  to  hope  tliiit  this 
jireat  criiiie  air.iiiist  huiiianily  will  he  -wept 
from  the  lace  of  ihe  earth,  and  the  nation  which 
upholds  ;ind  practises  it  will  he  dhlilcriili'd.  and 
llllerly  de-lroyed. 

'I'/if  fnijlir  ii'  li'i/iior  is  another  hliirlit  on  the 
tiii-sion.irv  eiiter|Mi-e  and  the  spread  ol  the 
K'ospel.  ll  will  hViiii;  down  the  jiisl  veiiL'eance 
of  (iiKJ  on  (he  nations  which  peiiiiit  it  The-e 
two  lerrihle  crimes  mu-i  he  hani-hed  from  the 


eiirtli  if   ICtiiiopiu  is  to  he  hroULflit   to  own  its 
Lord. 

/sliim  is  iinotlier  source  of  dread  and  dis- 
tress to  the  mi— ioniiiy  in  Africa.  Already  has 
its  hali'ful  siaiKlard  cros-ed  the  .Vfricaii  conli- 
lieiit.  It  is  .-o  idenlilied  with  the  slave  trade, 
and  so  commends  it-elf  to  ihe  weak  and  -en- 
siidiis  us  well  as  Ihe  hriltal  illslinels  df  the 
African,  thai  there  is  irreat  diiii;:er  that  he  will 
he  cariied  away  liy  it,  and  thus  he  leil  captive 
hv  the  Fal-e  I'rophei  and  diaL'ired  down  id  per- 
ditidii.  The  converts  from  .Mohanimed.'iiii-m 
are  few.  and  L'enerally  weak,  The-e  and  other 
oli-lacles  are  leadiliL!  tile  iiiis-jonaries  in  ihi- 
;.'reat  lerrilory  lo  cry  mi',:hlily  to  (iiKl  for  His 
(leliveriliLr  L'laee  ;  hill  we  know  llial  ihel.ord 
reiu'ti-.  and  that  in  Hi- own  lime  ilie  kiii<;donis 
of  earth  -hall  he  Hi-,  and  to  Hlin  -hall  every 
knee  lidw,  and  cm  ry  Inlcrile  collfe  — . 

<'«iii<>i>li«laff4l  \iii«>ri«-tiii  lliiplUl 
^i<>»i«Mllir)  4'oilVfllliiill.  Ilcadi|iiarters, 
.\d.  li'.ili.-M.  M.'iik-  A\eiiue,  liiooklyn.  N,  v.— 
The  ( 'dii-olidaled  .\iiiciiian  l!apli-i  .Mi— ionary 
('oiiM'iiiioii  wa- formed  in  New  York  in  \^\o, 
and  at  that  lime  included  all  the  colored  itapli-t 
ehiirche-  of  the  Norlli  Twd  mi— ioiiai  ies  were 
-llll  lo  .Vfric'i,  hill  were  not  aide  to  oei  iipy  the 
licit!  periiiaiieiilly.  In  l.'^ti'i,  on  account  of  its 
iinidii  with  the  \Ve-ierii  and  Sdiithein  coldied 
i!apli-t-.  ■■  ( 'oii-olid,'ited  "  wa-addcil  idthe  name 
of  the  CoiiMiilion.  In  |s;s,  the  Sniilhcrii  and 
We-iern  l!apii-|s  wilhilrew  ;  and  the  Coiisoli- 
daled  ( 'oliseiilion  Wii-  ohliired  toeoiitraet  its 
work  aecordini.r  to  its  receipt-,  and  liimlly  to 
ahandoii  all  except  that  at  Mayti,  a-siimed  ill 
l^i','.  where  i^oihI  work  continues  to  he  done. 
The  mis-ion  pro|ierlv  at  I'orl  aii  i'riiice  is 
valued  at  ^(il.lltN). 

4'4lll>illllllill<»|ll«>,  llie  capit.'d  of  the 
Turki-h  Kmpire.  i-  located  at  the  Cdllllllelice  nf 
the  l!d-plidius  and  Ihi'  Sa  df  .Marnidia.  The 
lii-tdr\  of  this  lemarkahlc  citv  is  -o  well  known 
th.'it  litis  article  w  ill  conlinc  it.'^elf  to  Coiisianli- 
iidple  as  a  seat  of  niissionarv  operalioiis.  We 
shall  notice.  1st.  its  locatioii  :  '.'d.  its  political 
relations;  lid.  its  population:  4lli.  the  mis-ion- 
iirv  work  carried  on  in  it 

1.  I.itrafioii,  -('diistaiiliiiople  is  the  natural 
centre  toward  wliiili  coiiverirc  the  lines  of  inter- 
est, of  trade,  and  population,  of  Soiilheastern 
I'jiiope  and  We-tiin  .\-ia,  Lyiiii;  partly  in 
Kurope  and  partly  in  A-ia,  it  p:irtakes  of  the 
character  of  liolh  ediilineiits  to  -ucli  a  dei^ree 
that  till  Mali  e- of  each  tind  theiii-elve- at  home 
ill  it.  The  iieaiily  of  it-  seclieiy  Is  scarcely  more 
marked  than  are  the  charaeleristics  that  make 
it  a  lieahhy  re-idcnce  at  every  -ci-dii  of  the 
year,  and  a  eoiiM'iiient  eeiiler  from  which  iii- 
Ihiences  may  make  llieinsilM'^  ivil  in  every  por- 
tion of  the  empire  and  cMii  the  ad  jaceiil  coun- 
tries. The  v.'ilue  of  its  Idcatidii  ha-  heeii  milch 
impaired  hy  Ihe  rest  rid  inn-  iipini  trade  nf  alisiird 
cu-lom  liou-e  reirulatioiis.  and  that  jealou-v  nf 
all  I'dieiL'ii  inveslmeiits  thai  h,'is  charaeleii/ed 
the  Turki-h  (Jdveiiiineiil.  I'ri«liice  that  was 
fdrmerly  hidUi;lit  from  the  ports  of  the  jJlack 
Si'.'i  and  re-hipped  at  the  lidldeii  Horn  for 
Fuidpe.  iiow  lilies  direcl  froiii  ()des-a.  N'.irna. 
I'dli.  and  'I'lehi/diid.  I'Aeii  Hilhyiiia  .ilid  Kiini- 
pcaii  'I'lirkcy  have  fdiiiid  purls  of  their  own  at 
Uaiidenna.  |{(«los|o,  and  llcdea  -V^iatch,  while 
Soiilhern  A-ia  Minor,  reached  hy  railwtiy  from 
Smvriia  and  .Mersiiie,  has  liecome  larirelv  inde- 


|i-! 


k! 


■n 


jit 

:lii 

.lit 

i 

m 


p 


O0N8TANTIN0P1.E 


•i.i'i 


CONST  ANTINOPLB 


)n'inli'nt  cif  111!'  ciiiiilnl.  Ndlw  illi-.|iitiiliiii;  llirs(> 
(li--iiilv.iniML'">.   l)ii\M\ir,  (  ciii^i;iiMiiiii|)lc  is   still 

till'  irllllr,  MIKJ  lllilol  rulltilllll'  In  III'  I  III'  "  kcV 
III  Ihr  i;i|s|. 

'rii|iiiiriii|>liii'Hlly  it  isijivlili'il  iiiiii  iliri'i'  |iiii'ls: 
1.  Siuiiiliiiiil.  or  till'  cilv  jMiiiM  r,  lirlwi'iii  llic 
,Mmi  Mil  ir:i  mill  till'  (!i  ill  In  I  llni  ii,  m  rii|iuiiL'  llii' 
silt  I  if  III!'  iilil  rity,  ■-'  ( Jilliilii,  I'rni,  Mini  lliiss 
krilV.  Iirlwirll  till'  (iiililrll  llnlli  iiinl  llir  Itns- 
|iliiil'll^.  ililtill'l  mil   riilllni'   liiirU    lllllli    tlirlillir 

iiT       llir      (iriliirs rU|iMli<>ll,      Mini      llliislly 

uiii\Mi  ii|i  wiiliiii  :tiMI  yriiis.  ;>.  Si  Mtini  mill 
K:iililMiiy.  III!  till'  Asiiilii-  slmri'  nf  tlir  liiis- 
|ilii>ius  mill  Mmiiiiil:i.  Ilic  liilirr  i»  ril|iyilii; 
till' sill' III' till'  <ii'i'i'U  Cliiili  rilmi.  Till  II  mIiiiil; 
lllllli  sliiiri  s  III  llir  |liis|ilii>iiis  mill  llii'  Mmiiini'.'t 
slii'li  li  vill:ii.'is.  Im;;ily  lirM  lis  siiinini  r  nsiiils 
III'  llir  wi'uliliii'r  'I'liiks  mill  liiimiirMiis.  iIiuul'Ii 
till'  ilill'niliicliiill  III'  sti'iiltiris  riiiiiHi  lili;,'  tllrlll 
\\  illi  llii' I'il.V  lilts  ilniwii  til  llit'iii  II  Imxr  lllllli' 
licr  III'  I  111'  |i(iiiirr  rliissi'.s. 

Ill  riiili  scrliiiii  i)f  llic  tily  tlirir  is  all  iiscctll 
fniiii  llic  si'ii  ill  iimiiy  |iliin's  i|iiili'  iiliiii|il,  sn 
lliiii  ilii  ic  is  till'  lii'si  III'   iiiiiiiiiil  iIi'mIiiiil:!',  mill 

tlic  irrlirnil  Ih'hIiIi  Is  I'MiIIi'MI.  'I'lli'  ('lilllllt(MS 
iti  u'rinriil  iiiilil  lliiiiii:.'li  llir  wIkiIi-  year,  llii' 
wililrr  lirilii;   Irlllpriril    l>\    siilllli  willils.   \\  liili' 

ill  till'  siiiiiinrr  lilt'  jiirvmliii^  wiiiils  arc  fruiii 
llic  imrlli  'I  lii'ic  is  iisiiiilly  siiiiic  siiiiw,  liiit 
vi'iy  little  ice.  In  tlicsiiiiiiiici  tlic  tlirriiiiiiiiclcr 
very  niiily  rises  aliiivc  !HI  .  While  (lie  s|iriiii; 
inoiitlis,  A|iril,  May,  miil  .liiiie,  arc  tlie  must 
favuralilc  fur  visilini;  tlic  cily,  it  is  never  nut  uf 
Neasiiii,  Till'  I'lilef  ilrawliai'U  tu  resilience  is 
llie  liciivy  willils,  wliieli  arc  liaril  fur  ileliealc 
tliriiiilH  mill  liiii.i,'s  to  licar. 

Tile  Inmscs  were  furiiierly  almost  ciilirely 
frmiie  lioiises.  very  |Miiirly  piil  tiii;ellier,  which 
liiirncil  like  tiinler  when  a  eunllau'ralion  was 
once  starlcil.  ,Siicc('ssivi' ilisastets  of  this  kiiiil 
have  lesultcil  in  the  use  of  lirick  anil  stone  in  ii 
^ical  ili'LTicc,  lliiiiii.'h  much  thai  ajipeiirs  to  lie 
brick  is  leally  otilv  slucco 

'J.  I'olifiritt  tlrlnfioitH,  ('onstmilinople 
Is  the  very  key  lo  the  "  Ijistcrii  (Question," 
lull  iisiilc  rniiii  its  wiiler  iiilcrnatioiial  iiiipor- 
tance,  its  poliiictil  inlliicncc  is  :i  most  iniporlant 
clement  ill  its  iiiilioiial  life. 

Il  is  the  scat  of  all  ^'ovcrnmcnt  for  the 
«'iiipire  (see  Till  key  I.  Kvcry  lneal  olllcial  from 
Ailiiaiioplc  III  llMLrilinl,  fiiiiii  Trelii/uiiil  lo 
Assiiiimi,  feels  the  inllucncc  I  hat  liiiiils  liini  to 
till'  capital,  anil  this  in  mure  \\a\  s  than  ilic  mere 
rcferenee  111  rcspiiiisililc  I  hii  fs  theie.  DclcL'aleil 
iiiilhorily  in  Turkey  is  ahiiosi  unknown.  The 
ceiiiral  L'overninenl  keeps  its  eye  not  merely 
iipiiii  the  pashas,  liiii  on  every  little  villiurc 
iniiilir;  ami  no  one,  from  the  liiL''hesi  to  the  low- 
est, can  tell  when  lie  may  he  callcil  upon  to 
neciiunt  to  licailipiarters  lor  siiinc  act  that  it 
Woiilii  l)L'  siipposeil  was  left  entirely  lo  his  ills- 
•'rcliiiii.  Hence  if  any  ilisturliance  occurs 
nmiiiiL;  the  Kiinlisli  .Mnunlaiiis.  mi  the  I'eisian 
liiuilir,  il  miisl  he  si'llleil.  not  at  thccapiliil  of 
Ilic  priivince  (vilayet),  liiil  at  ( 'iinstaiiliiiople. 
Tile  alisiiliilc  cctitiali/.ation  of  the  Turkish 
f.'iiverniiicnl  in  ('onslmilinoplc  is  even  almost 
imn'c  inmkcit  than  is  that  of  Russia  in  iSt. 
I'eiersliuri;. 

The  siinie  tlihii;  is  true  of  the  various  hierar- 
chical inlluciiccs.  The  Arnienimi  I'litriarch 
ri'sidciit  in  ( 'onstMiiiinoiile  Is  sulinriliiKite 
spiiiliially  to  the  ('iilliolicns  al  l'',lcliiiiiail/iii(' 
(ill  the  (  aiicasus)  ami  lo  those  al  Akiilarmar 
(Lake   V'lui^  iind  Si.s  (in   Clliciaj;     hut   politi- 


cally he  is  the  hcail  of  the  Armenian  nation,  uml 
the  suprcinacy  of  (he  I'alriarchiilc  is  mainlaineil 
ill  much  the  same  way  as  is  that  of  the  I'urtc, 
So  Willi  the  (ii'eck!:  anil  otiiei  (hristian  com- 
muniiics. 

So,  tiL'aiii.  < 'onslantiiiople  as  the  scat  of  lliu 
fiirciirn  emhassics  Is  the  ci  litre  fur  thuse  folci^fll 
ilillueiices  which  piriin  ale  the  cmpite  Ion 
ilcfrrcc  almusi  iiicuiicci\ali|e  lu  any  une  nut  ac- 
ipiainleil  uiih  Ihc  luiiiitiy.  If  II  ilillcrcnci' 
arises  lietwei  II  t\so    Turkish  siili|ecis  In  .Musul 

on  the  Ti'jijs.  the  ilimicesarc  lliiil  it  W  III  III  11  II  i| 
ill  ( 'onslantiiiople,  in  the  ptcscnce  of  the  iIiiil'- 
oiuaiis  uf  the   |''iciicli   mill    I'lnuljsh  cinliassics. 

II  an  Aiiinniaii  is  imprisoni  il  in  l.r/.room,  the 
Uiissian  Alnliassailui  liiis  prulialily  an  aclive  in- 
tercst  in  eithel  his  ihleiiliun  111  his  release. 
Some  Anieiican  mi~siuiiai  ics  In  Syria  Iiuul'IiI  h 
piece  uf  properly      They  hail  lu  piuve  I  licii  litU< 

III  Ihecuiiils  III  ( 'uiislMiillnupicaKaillsl  the  hcsl 
elTiiils  uf  the  l''ieinli  Kmliiissy. 

Thus  ('oiisiaiilinuple  is  the  centre  uf  tho 
pulitiial  as  wi  II  as  llie  i;uvi  iiimenial  inti'i'i'MlH 
uf  the  rcmuli'st  scclions  of  the  ctnpiie. 

i(.  I'(t/nihlthtn.  'Ihc  populallon  of  Coii- 
stmiiiiiupli  is  vaiioiisly  cslimalcil  at  from  Mdll,- 
IIIHI  to  I.OIIO.IHMI,  of  tliise  something'  more  tliiin 
one  half  me  Turks.  The  At  meiiimis  anil  (iicekM 
niimher  perhaps  HII.UIMI  each,  the  .lews  70,()(H), 
while  the  rcniainilcr  comprise  almost  every  laci! 
of  I'Jiiupc  mill  Wcstcin  Asia.  One  very  iiii- 
piirtmit  element  is  that  of  the  "liekkiars" 
(liachclursi,  nil  11  who  come  up  frulii  Ihc  vil- 
la(;es  uf  the  iiilciiur,  speml  a  few  years,  anil 
then  havinu'  amasscil  a  little  iiivnicv  reliirn  to 
their  liunics.  'I'lie  iiiiinlici  uf  these  it  is  iiiipus- 
silile  tu  csiiinate  at  all  accurately.  They  niaku 
up  liy  far  the  majurilyof  the  laliorinj;  class, 
the  porlcis  (hamals).  Iioatmeii,  carpenters,  and 
I'Veii  the  petty  tiailesinen.  They  arc  ilivideil 
ahiiiil  cipiallN  lictwecn  Turks  anil  Armenians, 
though  there  are  some  (iiccks. 

In  foriiiei  times  each  race  oeciipied  a  dix- 
tilict  i|iiarlcr  of  the  cily.  Slmnliuiil  had  its 
Tiiikisii,  .\iiiieniaii,  (ireck.  and  .Jewish  ijimr- 
Icrs,  while  the  Kliiopcaiis  were  fuuiiil  chiclly 
ill  I'era.  and  iiilcrmin^Iini;  was  almost  un- 
known. Of  later  years  that  has  chmiifcd  in  li 
t'lciit  dej;rce:  disliicis  have  en.'ruachcd  un  each 
utiicr  lllllli  ill  some  cases  liuiiiidaryliiics  liavu 
licen  piMctieallv  oli!ileraleil. 

In  like  inaiiiier  oilier  di.-itinctiuns  are  disa|>- 
pcaiinu'.  Al  one  lime  few  Tin  ks  were  ciiL'iiL'cd 
tn  liusincss.  Almost  every  ilcpmlinciil  of  iindc 
was  in  the  iiaiids  of  the  Ai iiiiiiimis.  (ircckH, 
and  .lews,  while  the  Tiiiks  were  liuusc  Mini 
land  iiw  tiers,  f^uveriiineni  and  milllaiy  ullici.ils, 
and  li.'iii:;ersuii  tu  the  pashas.  Now  lliev  aru 
lakin;;  their  share  mure  p'licrally  in  liiisiness. 
I>ress.  tuo,  has  liccuine  more  uiiifunii,  and 
while  the  /Ir  is  everywhere  the  siirn  uf  a  siili- 
ject  uf  llie  Siillmi,  il  is  less  and  less  easy  tu  dis- 
liniruish  the  dilTcient  races  There  is  a  u'cncral 
cuinmiiiL'liMU'  uf  the  peuple,  each  miiri  ticees- 
si  I  lie  than  ever  lie  lure  lout  in  is,  w  I  let  her  furelgll- 
crs  or  natives 

The  laiij,'ua;rcs  arc  as  vari -d  as  the  races. 
The  olliciiil  laliL'^uaL''e  is  Turkish,  the  cuurl 
lanL'UMurc  l'"rem'li.  while  (ireck,  Italian,  (icr- 
man.  are  alniust  cs-cntial  tu  any  one  w  hose  liiisi- 
ness  relations  aic  extensive.  Arnicniaii  is  used 
only  ainuiif:  .Vrmi  niaiis.  w  ho,  howevei ,  all  speak 
Turkish,  while  many  of  iheiii  write  il.  Itesides 
these  une  hears  a  perfect  jarfiun  uf  sounds  — 
Jiuigiiriitn,  Uushiiiii,  Ariibic,  rcrsiaii,  tspaiiish, 


CO  N8T  ANTINOPLB 


OON9TANTINOPLB 


etc.— ID*  Ik:  pitNMi'M  llii'im^'li  thuHtrcctHor  Htupsln 
a  ri'Hiiinniiii  or  <nlr. 

4  MiHHlim  ir«*7»,— 'I'll!' hImivc  staliiiu'iilH 
will  iriiillly  i'\|iliiiii  ilii'  liii|iiii'liiiii'f  iliiil  liiis 
iihviiNs  lictii  iillat'iicil  III  Mil' iii'<'ii|iitliiin  III' Cull 
^lalllilll•|ll^  iis  ii  rriilrr  liii'  iiii^i.iliiiiiiry  ii|K'ni 
linns.  'I'lic  Itiiii^ili  mill  l''iiriii;ii  Hililf  Smiriv 
<iri'ii|ilrit  ll  vny  niily.  lull  llir  A.  It.  < '.  I'".  Si. 
wiiH  the  lirsi  iiii^^iiiiiary  .siuiiMy  In  miii!  mis 
siiiliarirs  llirir  (si'r  ut'lirlrs  Allli'l'irail  llnat'iliir 
( 'iilllllli-i>iiiliri-<  I'liC  l''iHriL'll  .Missinl!-*,  Mllil 
Ariiiiiiiai,  ami  siiin'  |H;t(i  |i  imH  liri'ii  |irilia|is  liii' 
iiinsi  iiii|Mirialil  iiiisslnii  >latiiiii  nf  llial  Itnaiii. 
Till'  Aiiirilraii  Itililr  Siiriily  lia>  mImi  liinili'  it 
III!'  liiai|i|iiMiii'rs  fur  iis  Lrvaiit  At'i'iny  ii|.v  i. 

Till'  (  llilirll  .Mii>iiiiiaiy  Siirirly  rnllillirMi nl  ii 
Wink  i|isii;iirii  r^|iiTially  I'nr  .MnliaiilllirilallM, 
lull  w  illnlii'W.  Variiiiis  siimlliT  siiriillcH  liavr 
<'>iiiililriii'i'ii  Wink,  lull  liavr  i;ivrii  it  ii|i,  laiiri'ly 
on  ai  riiiiiil  of  tlii'  ilillli  iillirs  ami  llic  ^iral  r\ 
|ii'M«i'  iiiviiivrii.  'I'll!'  Horii'lirs  now  iii  wmk 
llinr  Mir  llii'  A.  I'..  ( '.  K.  M.,  Ilir  Kiirii!;ii 
Cliii-iiaii  .Mi.x.siniiary  Smii'lv  (T  S.  A.),  ilii; 
.Irwisli  MisMiiiiis  nf  ijic  Srnlrii  I'.sliililislii'il  anil 
I'li'i' rliiiri'liis,  lilt;  Smiilv  fnr  till'  l'rii|iairalii)ii 
(if  llii'  (iii^liri  aillnni;  lili'  .li'Ws.  Ijir  Lnmjnli 
Hni'irty  for  llii'  i'l'iiimilinii  life  'liiislianll  v  aiiiniifr 
till- .|i  w.M.  Till' Allli'l'irail  ami  llii'  Itriiisli  ami 
i''iilrii:il  Itilili'  Snili'lirH  liaVr  a(;rllN  lliril',  ll' 
Aimiiran  lla|ili>l  I'lililiralinii  Smii'ly  HU|i|iir 
an  Aiiiiinian  iirrai'liri'r  llii'  I'lirmlH  nf  I'Jngh.iMl 
liavr  a  iiii'iliral  iiiis'^inn  aimni^  llii'  Armi'iiiaiis. 
anil  llii'ii' arc  iwn  Kiii'lisli  iailirs  wliii  rariy  nil 
a  wiii'k  aimiiiL,'  hi'miihii  ami  nalivi'.s  in  wlial  is 
kiinwii  as  "Till'  ('nnslanlinii|ili'  Ui'sl.''  Tlio 
Snrii'ly  fnr  llir  l'rii|iai;aliiin  nf  tlii'  (insiii'l  is 
ii'ini'si'iilril  liy  llir  rrrlnr  nf  a  rliiirili  liMill  ill 
mrniiniiil  nf  llir  r)iii;lisli  wlin  full  in  llii' 
(  liinraii  War.  Knliirl  ('iilli'i;i'  liinl  llir  Itllili' 
llniisi'  tiTv  ini|r|irnilriil  of  all  ('oiiiiri'll<in  willi 
missinii  .siM'ii'tlcs.     (H<-(!  itrlicloa  oil  tlic  ilillurt'iil 

siiilrlii'S  ) 

1.  ('KSrilKs  III-  WnllK  -Tlii-  I'llirf  of  tliP.si' 
lll'r  :  til)  'I'll!'  Ilililr  llnnsi'  ;  (/;)  'I'lir  Si'iilrli  Mis 
niiin  llnllHi'  ;  (<'|  Unlii'i'l  ( 'i)lli');i'  ;  ((/)  'I'lii'  Allirri- 
can  Cnllrjir  for  <lii'ls.  Kuril  of  llir  .jiwisli  ho- 
I'ii'lirs  lias  its  own  Imililiii^^s,  liiil  llic  alinvc  aru 
till'  inosi  iMoininriil. 

((/|  7'.' (■ ///i/i  //»i(.«c  was  i'ii'iIimI  lliroiiKh  lln! 
I'llnrls  of  Krv.  Isaac  (J.  Kli.ss,  1)1).  (si'(!  Iiio 
Krajiliii'iil  ski'irli).  ll  Hiamis  in  ilir  ii'iilri'  nf 
llir  liiisiiii'ss  pari  nf  Slaniliniil,  ami  is  vrry 
|il'i  niinrlll,  linlli  fnr  its  Ini'atinii  ami  lis  liiir  a|> 
|iiaramr  ll  ai'inniiiKMlalis  llir  nllirrs  ami 
.'•lnia;^rrnnllis  of    ihr    Ainriiran    liililr    SnrlrlV, 

llir  A.  W  C.  v.  .M.,  Ihr  llriiisli  an. I  Korriiiin 
Kililr  Soririy,  ami  |ii  iniiiiL;  ami  liimliiiL;  rsiuli 
lisliiiiriiN  iiwnril  liy  Ariiiriiiuns  w  Im  li'iirnril 
Ilirir  liaili-  in  Anirijia.  'I'lirri'  air  alsn  a  l.iiL'r 
nrrvirr  rnniii.  an  a|iarlim'iil  fnr  .iiissiniiuy  irsi 
(li'inr.  a  liiiuk  ^Inir,  ami  sinus  I'nr  irnlal. 

l'()  '/V((  MiHM'iiii  llii'iKf  of  Ihr  Srnlrli  Kirr 
♦  'liiiirli,  siiiiatril  ill  (iaiaia,  inrlmlrs  I vvn  larirrr 
sriinnls.  an  or|i|ianai;r  or  liniiir,  a  ilis|irnsai y. 
n  missiniiary  rrsiili  nir,  ami  a  liall  fnr  |iiil)lic 
W'rvlri'. 

(c)  lliihirl  ('nl/ii/i\  siliialril  ill  Koiiinr)!  Ilis.sar, 

on  liir  ltns|i||n|  IIS,  allnlll  si\  lliilrs  frnill  .Sliiiii. 
Iioiil,  nrar  llir  Inwrrs  liiiill  liy  .Mnhaininril  11. 
wlirn  III' i'a|iliirril  ( 'nnslaiilimi|ili',  Ihr  silr  nf  a 
Uoniail  lriii|ilr,  ami  Ihr  |iiiilil  'vhrrr  Darius 
rrnssril  ||ic  i!iis|ihni  lis  nil  his  Srylliiall  r\|iri|i- 
linll,   isa  llll'Mlnl  iai   In  ihr  lirlirvnlrmr  of  .'I   .NrW 

York  inrirhaiil.  ('Iirislii|ilirr  Unlirrl,  ami  llir 
(■iirr^ry  iiml   skill  of  Ucv.    Dr.   Cyrus   llaiiiliu. 


KHtalilishcil  III  lsn;t  III  Ihr  jirriiilsrH  nf  tin-  Mid- 
Hinll  riirnln^lrill  Srlllimuy  III  Itrlirk,  lis  |il( 'sirlil 
iiii|insiiiK  liiiililini:  was  rrrclnl  in  IMlil)  Its 
|irrsrlil  (l^JKIi  stall  inlisisls  nf  JM  |irnfrss<irs 
ami  inslriiclnrs,  ami  t<l!l  slminils.  'I'lir  whnlr 
llllllllirr  of  slllilrtils  fioill  thr  hrfilltlin;;  is  I  ..'i.'il 
rrprrsriilin^' tvvrn'y  ilillrrnil  naliniialiiirs.  |u 
sliiilriils  rr|iirsrnl  alinnsl  rvrry  nalinlialily  I'rsi- 
ilrlil  ill  ('olislaiilillo|ilr. 

AllliiMitcli  mil  rniiiii'i'lcil  Willi  any  society, 
Itnlirrl  ( 'nlli't'r  lia>  rM'rlril  an  iiiralriijalilr  In 
lliirnrr  I'm  ('liiisilan  lifr  all  ovi  r  llir  rinpiri'. 
Aiiinnu'  its  ^'railnalrs  air  iiiaiiy  nf  Ihr  most 
liiniiilnriil  Mini  ill  lliil^'iiria,  ami  it  is  prriiaps 
■ml  Ion  mill  ll  In  say  Ihal  Ihal  lialinii  rrally 
iiWrs  ils  i'\is|rnri'  In  Ihr  inlliimrr  rMTlcil  liy 
I'ri'siilriil  (trill );r  Washliiiili  ami  his  as^nrlalrs. 

'I'lir  ( 'iilli');r  is  niliirr  Ihr  ililrclinil  nf  il  Itnaiil 
nf 'rnislrrs  irsiilriil  ill   .Nrw    ^'olk('ily. 

III'  '/'/(('  Aniirirnii  Col/ii/r  fur  (iirlii,  n\\  Ihr 
liri;;hls  of  Sriilarl,  ori;;iiiali'il  in  IHT^  in  llic 
lliiiiir  Sriiool  slnrtnl  in  a  iiioilrsi  way  hy  .Miss 
■Inlia  Uaprlvr,  in  Slainliniil.  At  prrsciil  ll  nc- 
I'lipirs  I wn  iar^r  liiir  liiiililin^'s,  willi  spacious 
;;iniiiii|s,  ami  has  IH  profcs>ors  ami  liislrurlnis, 
ami  lo:t.srliolais,  of  scvrii  illtfrrrni  nalioiialilirs. 
'I'lir  i;railnati's  arr  lakiii^an  Incrrasinu'ly  prniiii- 
linil  pari  in  Ihr  snrial  lifr  nf  llirir  iniiimiinilicH, 
illiil  arr  iliiini;  iiiiirli  In  rlTrrl  a  inarkril  rhall^u 
fnr  Ihr  hrllrr. 

'I'lirsr,  hnwi'vrr,  arc  only  the  inoro  proiiil- 
iiriit  pninis  of  missiniiary  inlrrrsl.  'I'licrc  ar« 
iiiiiny  nllirr  scarri'ly  Irss  iiiipnrlaiil  pinirliiiif; 
plan's  ami  sihonls  rnniirctril  willi  tliu  sillliu 
or  ililTnriil  sorirlirs. 

■J.  Dki'mii'mknis  iik  \Vi)itK.--(/0  Kviiiijicl- 
islir  ;  i/>i  I'^iluralional  :  (>')  riihlisliiiiji;  ;  ii/i  liiiok 
ilisirilinlinii  ,  (c)  Siiprrinirmli'iirr:  {/)  I'nliiical. 

(a)  Kriiiii/iliKlii'. — Thrrc  arr  nnl  Irss  lliaii  lit 
tilaccs  wlirrc  llirrr  is  piililic  prrai  hliii;  in  iialivu 
iaii^'iia^'i'scvrry  Sahhalli,  ami  in  many  I  line  aru 
Iwn  or  Ihrcr  .srrvirrs.  In  n  inner  linn  willi  srveral 
then-  is  11  Sahliatli  si'hniil,  ami  llirre  arr  also 
werkly  eveninii;  im'rtiiii,'s.  'I'he  laiurr  lurnher 
of  allrmlanls  arr  Ai  im  iiians,  hut  Ihrir  arr  ininy 
(links  anil  .Irws.  ami  mil  a  frw  .Moslnns. 
'I'hrir  air  also  a  llllllllirr  nf  prrarliiii;r  srrvii'rH 
in  l';iii.'lisli.  The  laiiu'uiiLrrs  arr  eliirlly  Ariiie- 
liiaii,  Turkish,  Orrrk,  ami  Spanish,  Thrrr  is 
also  It  lar^r  ainnunt  of  ilirrri  paslnral  work 
ilonr,  liolli  anions  llic  nalivrs  of  llie  city  ami 
Ihr  "  lirkkiars"  (srr  aliiivr).  Tliis  lasl  Work 
lias  lirrii  r-pcciiilly  prnilurlivr  of  i.'niiil  Irsilll.s. 

ll')  h'll'ii-iiliiiiiiil  Work  has  lirni  rv'-  ;,ilril  wiile- 
ly  In  (  nnsliinlilliiplr  hy  all  llii  liilVrrcnl  sorir- 
lirs. Karh  I  oiniiiuiiily  has  ils  loi  al  srhnnis, 
{jiiirrally  inaiiaL^nl  hy  ihriiisrivrs,  willi  pnhaps 
'-niiir  hrlp  fliilll  Ihr  mls^iniis.  Thni  llirrr  are 
Ihr  iwninllrL'rs  inrnlinnril  aliiivr.  ami  lhi'lar;;c 
srhiiiils  fnr.llwi^ll  rhililrni  in  (laltila,  llass- 
kruy,  anil  Oilakruy.  Thr  ;;rai|r  of  inslriic- 
linli  is    a'  a  riilr,  nf  llir  lii;rhrsl. 

(I'l  /'iililis/ii'n;/  is  I'lininl  nil  vrry  r\leiisively 
hnlh  hy  111"'  nihil' sniinirs  anil  Ihr  A  H.  ('  1'. 
.M.  I'rinliiiL;  ami  liimliiiL  Ihal  il  was  foriiirrlv 
IhoiiLrhl  lliiisl  hriliiiir  ill  Kiiirlainl  or  .Vmrrira  (s 
nnw  ilniir  ripiallv  will  ill  ( 'niislaiil  iiinplr,  ami 
il  Is  piis^jhlr  111  Mini  alinn^l  as  inmplrlr  sris  nf 
iiliiiiins  nf  Ihr  Scripliirrs  llirrr  as  in  Lnmlnn  or 
•NrW  \'iii  k.  Thr  mi^sinii  piililii  alinii--  itii  hull'  rv- 
IIl^Ious  hooks,  srhonl  lr\l  liiinks,  uml  prrinilirals. 
Thrrr  arc  wrrklirs  ami  iiiinil  lilirs  in  Arniniiali, 
Turkish,  (in  thr  A I  llir  Ilia  11  i  hararlrr,  anil  alsn  in 
thr  (Irrek  r hararlrr  (sec  ( 'aramiiiilijaKaml  Itii'- 
Kariiiii.    The  niniilhlicH  ure  illiislrateil  chilli's  ])a 


fl' 

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■n 


OONSTANTINOPIiB 


8M 


OOQUIMBO 


i 


pors.    The  n(>n<l  iic-coinplUliL'tl  l>y  thi'iii  U  Jin- 
iiii-iihiimI)Ii>,   I'tarliiti^  lui  they  du  tlio   rciiioti-Nt 
INii'M  (if  llii'  I'lnplrc. 
((/i  /{iioA-  IHniiiliiitioii. — ('(iI|H>rtM(r«'  in  ctirrii'il 

on  I'NtclisivcIv  liy  llif  two  llilili'  Miriclics.  Tlic 
men  me  imlivf  Arinriiiiin->,  (inck-*,  fir.,  nml 
lliiy  tiiiil  llicir  way  inlo  even  qiiiirlrr  iif  llir 
(•il_\ ,  mill  rrucli  liiiiiiy  «  liii  lirvcr  iMIi'liil  tii'ivicrM. 
'I  li>'  ^'ovcniiiiriit  lia^  rri'i|iii'iitly  Iriril  In  ••tiip 
tlii'ir  work,  lull  Iimh  iilwiiy  i'ailcd,  iiiiil  llicy  kfcp 
(III,  liiKliiii;  iii(n'ii>iii>r  succi'S'i. 

(fi  .S(//((7'//(^ /if/< /(<•(. --('oMsliiiilliKipli'  IIS  the 
cciitrt'  of  llir  I'liipli'c  ImiIxo  lliccciitic  nf  ini«>i<iii 
wiiik.  'I'lii'  widr  cxicnl  (•>iH'iiiilly  cf  ilif  wmk 
(if  till'  A.  H.  (  I'".  M.  iH'rcsxiiiiics  a  uTcal  dc- 
frrcr  III  (iririiiii/.aliiili  and  -iipcriiilciidcilir.  'I'liis 
i>liicalrd  iliii'lly  in  llir 'rna-iirci's  riNniisat  llir 
Kilili-  lliiiisi',  and  llii'i'c  rail  lir  li  ai'iicil  llic  par- 
liciilai'*  (if  Work  all  uvcr  liir  ciiipiic  .Much  (if 
the  hii^iiicxH  (if  ilic  I'cr^iaii  and  Syrian  iiiivtiniix 
of  till)  I'lVMbytcriaii  Itdiird  Nurtli  uImi  comes 
licrc. 

if)  Piililii-iil  wcirk  Isa  plia-ic  of  ini-i^ioimry  life 
ill  CniistMnliniipIc  (if  11(1  small  dillicully.  lint  of 
jrii'iil  iiiipiijlaiicc.  'I'lic  niiolnimrics  thcin- 
Hclvcs  oflcii  have  casrs  alTccliiit;  llicir  rlt'lils  as 
cili/ins  wliicli  iinisl  lir  carried  lollic  ciiilm^Hy; 
and  llicrc  arc  inniiincralilc  iii^lanccs  wlicii  llicir 
kind  iiDlccsarc  siiui;lil  in  liclialf  (if  pcuplc  wIki 
li.ivc  liccn  fur  line  eaiise  or  aiinllicr  iiii|iris(iticil 
(ir  pcrseciiled  in  every  part  iif  llieenipire.  'I'liis 
WdiU  rcipdres  time,  l.icl,  palicnce,  and  an  iii- 
timale  kii()\vleil5,'e  of  tlie  coiinlry  mid  its  people, 
llicir  laws  ami  eiisloins. 

While  there  is  iniicli  valualilc  iiilssldimry  work 
diiiic  in  ('iinstaiilinnplc,  its  chief  iiiiporlaiice 
iifler  all  is  IIS II  siratci.'ic  |M)int.  To  withdraw  or 
even  wciikcii  the  force  there  would  lie  to  court 
disaster  in  the  whole  empire.  If  ('oiistantiiinplu 
can  lie  helil,  the  Livalil  must  lie  compured. 

('4»IIHlilllCI«>ll,  a  town  of  Chili,  Soiilli 
Aiiieri  a,  near  ilie  coast,  :!(MI  miles  miuiIi  of  Val- 
pai'uiso,  cdniieclcd  willi  Sanliai.'o  liy  railroad. 

.Mission  stalidii  nl'  the  I'resliyteViaii  (  hiircli 
Niirlh  ;  I  missionary  and  wife,  1  native  pastor. 
It  is  Worked  as  an  out  siatioii  of  V'al|iarai'<d. 

('(ifivil,  a  town  (111  the  west  cdji.t  of 'I'riiii- 
dad,  West  Indies,  North  of  San  Fernando. 
Mi~si(in  sin  I  ion  of  llie  Haplisi  .Missionary  SiK-icty; 
a  missionaries,  I'J  n.'itivc  helpers.  I*r(!'sliyterian 
Church  in  Canada;  1  missionary. 

<'«»4>iii>«ir,  a  town  nf  Ma(lra.s,  Sdiilli  India, 
O.lHHI  feet  alidve  the  sea;  at  the  head  of  lliu 
lirincipal  indiinlain  pass  from  the  plains.  A 
lovelv  town  and  iioihI  sanitarium.  Cliiii.'ilecoiil, 
«'(pi,ilile,  avciiiLdnn'  <W  V.  ropiilalion.  J.TTH, 
I'ai'iah  ilindiis,  Kuiiipeaiis.  .Mission  statiiin  nf 
tlu!  Uefdrnied  (Dutch)  Church,  U.S.A.;  1  iiiis- 
hidiiarv,  V  schddls,  lO'J  schcilars,  7'J  chiircli- 
Mieinliers  :  Wesleyali  .Metliodisi  ..Missionary  (joti- 
ety  ,  U  church  iiiemlicis. 

4'<»pH)',  u  statidii  df  tiie  v.    M.    S.   (in  the 

niirlhcrii  coast  of  Ceylon,  East  Indies,  with  an 
orL'ani/.ed  ehiirch.  and  a  teachers'  semiiciiy 
(cstalilislie(l  in  \>i\1).     Included  under  .lalTna.  " 

C'«>|iitip«,  a  town  on  tliu  roast  of  Chili. 
Bdulli  America,  south  of  Chanaral.  ami  ton 
miles  north  of  N'alpiiraisii;  cdiinectcd  with 
SimliaL^o  liy  railroad.  .Mission  station  of  the 
I'rcsliyterian  Clmrcli  Niirlli  ;  1  nii'ssionary  and 
wile,  (J  oul-siations. 

€»|»|it'ruiiiaiiii,  a  town  In  tlio  interior  of 


8011II1  AiiHtnillii.  Ill  IHim  the  .Moravian  Mrclh- 
rcii  csialill-'hcd  a  station  liere  amoiiLr  the  entirely 
Hiivaue  Irilii's  roainiiiK  alioiil  in  that  i'('>,'ioii. 
liiil  in  XHVi  it  was  ).dven  up,  partly  on  tu'coiint 
of  the  lerrilile  scarcity  of  water,  partly  on  ac 
(  ouni  of  llie  iillcr  delencclessiicss  df  the  place. 
In  |!^7h,  hdwcvcr,  Kavariali  Lullieralis  icih'cii 
pied  the  slalidii,  and  Ihcy  have  liapli/.ed  5(1 
unlives. 

4'l>|lll4'  %<'r«l4lll.  'I'll!'  Ciiplle.  which  Im'- 
lon^s  III  ;|ic  llamllic  LMoiip  of  the  laliLnia;:es  of 
Atricii,  was  once  the  vcriiac>ilar  toiiL'iie  of 
Kl'\|iI.  hill  it  was  siipeiscded  liy  the  (iicek, 
nidie  especially  liy  the  .Vraliie.  ami  is  imw  only 
ciillivalcd  liy  liililical  schdlars  and  a  very  few  of 
therdplic  prii"-|s.  'riicre  arc  three  principal 
dialccl>  in  (  dplic.  vi/..,  the  }/•  in/i/iitir.  Siln'ilic, 
and  Itiinliiii'iiir.  The  Meinphilic,  spukcii  m  llii^ 
ncii:liliiirliodd  of  Memphis,  is  the  least  pure  of  the 
three  :  the  Sahiilic  or  'I'lieliaic.  s|Mikcii  in  I  p|H'r 
liu'>pl,  is  mole  purely  Iv.'V  plian  ;  whereas  ||ii> 
llashniiiric,  spoken  in  KmsIhiiiii.  a  pro\inceof 
the  hclla.  dillcrs  Iroiu  the  others  chielly  liy  cer- 
tain cliiiiit:es  in  the  vowels  and  in  some  of  tlio 
eoiisdiiants. 

'llie  Coptic  Old  'restaiiiei.t  Was  made  from 
the  ScpluaL'int.  and  in  all  prolialiilily  duriiiL'  tim 
course  (if  the  sccnnil  iir  third  cciilury.  Tlio 
New  TcsiMinenl  was  drawn  iiiimediiilely  fruin 
the  dri'.;iiiMl  ( ireck.  Nn  complete  cilitinn  of  the 
Old  Tcsi:iinenl  has  yet  liccn  piililished.  The 
I'ciii.iicMcli  was  pulilished  liy  |i:i\id  WilkiiH, 
(London.  I7:ih,  liy  Fallei  (I'iiris,  |s."ih,  and  liy 
l.airarde  (  Leipsic' IH(iT);  the  I'salmsiCiiptic  anil 
Aiiiliic)  liy  the  l'ropai;anda  Socie'y  (Uome, 
ITHi.  and  liy  Meier  illcrlin,  PliT):  criiiciil 
ediiioiis  liy  .M.'(i.  Schwarl/'  (Leipsic,  1H4;;),  mid 
LiiL'iirdc  (  IMT^"iI;  fraL'nieiits  of  Isaiah  and  .Icre- 
miali  liy  .Miiii-'arclli  illdloLrne,  17H."ii  .Mhnter 
(Koine,  KHIi),  and  LnL'cllirecht,  ((  openha^ren. 
IMUi.  I'roveilis  was  pulilished  liv  Itoiiriaiit 
(in  llc'iiililflninnij  n //</..  I'aris.  ii'i..  ixsa.  I'JU 
mi/. ).  II.  Tallani  pulilished  the  I'rophcts  with  >i 
Lalin  iraiislalion  (Oxford,  ls;m-ls.'")'.,;i,  and  .loli 
with  an  Kiijilish  iraiislation  (London,  IHKW. 

The  New  Tcsiamcnl  was  pulilished  hy 
I)avii|  Wilkiiis  iO\foid.  ITllli;  the  (iospcis  liy 
Scli«arI/,e(J  vols,.  Leipsic.  ISlti-l7l;  llic  Aclso'f 
the  .\postles,  and  the  Kpislles,  liy  1",  lliitiiclier, 
iiliiin  Lairarde  I  Halle,  IM.'c').  The  So.icly  for 
I'mnidiin^'  Christian  Kiiowledi:('  pulilished  iliu 
>ew  Testameni  in  Coptic  and  .\riiliic.  C'  vols., 
1M47-5','|.  the  le\l  havilii;  liccn  revised  liy  Lieder. 
Of  laic  A.  Ciasca  commenceil  the  pulilication  of 
SiiTorilin  /lililioriiiii  Frui/iin  iiln  ('ojituSiihiilieil 
iiiiiKii  /l<>ri/iiiiiijiiiimi  it  Hiiiiii>liliiiH  Stii'i'ip  Con- 
(/rn/iiiioiiin  ill'  I'rii/iiiijiiiidit  Fiik,  edila.  Vol.  I. 
Udiiiie,  18«5. 

(Sih'rimeii  ri'mf.    Jcilin  H  ;  10.) 

nAJpHl"c^p  it^'f  uenpe  niKociioc 
^«3CTe,n^qfyiip5  JuiJUL«js'r.'.Tfj  nTcjTmq 
giiii  Of  ouniSen  con<s.gi-  l'po?j  hxcrj- 
cyTeuT^j<o  ^.'^'h^^  jiTefj6l  r.ovc«n6 


4'«»|il>t :    .see    Africa  ; 
Church,  L.  S.  A. 


United    Presbyterian 


4'«l«|llillllM»,  a  Idwn  (111  the  coast  of  Chili, 
South  America,  north  of  Valiiaraiso  and  south 


COQUIMBO  »'i^ 


OOULTART,  JAMBS 


of  rlmiiMnil  Siili  stiition  of  Sniitli  Aincrlciin 
Mi>-iiillill  V  Sdcirlv. 

4'«»i'ii|tiil.    II     llrckliiiii    MilH.sinn    siiiiiim   In 

,lr\|>i||.      I'li'-iclrlli  y    III'     MmiIi'IIh.    Itl'ili'<ll     lllllill, 

tiiiuiihd   ill    \x>*l.'    Sec    llii'kliiiii    Mi>-'i"imry 

SiKlrlV. 

('«»l'«l«»liil,  M  town  i>l' III)'  ArL'i'iitiiK'  Krpiili 
lie,  Scpiilli  Aliiiiiiii  l'"iilliirily  llic  cic  li'«iii»li(iil 
iiii'liDiMilit  of  Soiilli  Aiiii'i'ii'ii,  il  otill  i'i'liiiii>  llial 
clmriiilrr,  iiinl  iln' cIiil'V  iiimI  iln'ir  comiriiioiis 
form  ilii'  iiio>-t  iiilliii'iiiiiil  |iiirt  of  ilir  riiy.  lit 
inulc  i-i  vi'iv  iiii|ioiiiiiii.  l'o|iiiliiiioii.  'JM.rr,';!. 
Mii-ioii  siiiiloM  of  Soiilli  Anil  riniii  .Mi.».iiininy 
8<Hiiiy ;  I  niiv»ioiiiiry. 

4'iM'cii:  M'c  Kofi'ii, 

<'«>rni,  till'  laru'i'si  of   ilif  Iiiniuii  IslandM, 

ill  Ilif  Ailiiiilif,  olV  III!'  ro:isl  of  Oirt'cr.  Area, 
4:ll  si|uai'i'  niilr-^;  |ii>|iiilMlion,  IIHl.loU.  'riicii' 
In  li.i  s|)(rial  niissiiiimry  work,  lint  lliri'i'  is  it 
(Irp.il  of  llir  ISrilisli  ami  Foirijiii  Itililt,'  Society. 

(Si'C   (illlC  c. ) 

4'orli»i'«»,  an  island  on  I  lie  wi'sl  const  of 
Africa,  .Vi  in  lies  north  of  tlic  i'(|imior,  ainl  ','0 
miles  from  the  inainlaml,  near  llie  nioiitli  of 
the  (lalioon  Hiver.  Il  is  iiniler  S|)aiii<li  rule. 
Mission  slalioli  of  the  I'resliyterian  Chiireli 
North,  r.  S.  A.  (IH,'!!!)  A  "native  onlaimil 
|ireiicher  is  in  elinri.'i'.  Altemliiiice  on  services 
nlioiii  IHl,  Willi  twii'c  tlial  niinihcr  at  com- 
iniinlon  seasons. 

I'(»r)  liliil,  a  town  of  Southeast  l!i'a/ril, 
hfoulli  America,  mar  the  coast,  nhonl  .'ilMi  miles 
wmthwesl  of  Kio  lie  .laueini.  Chief  town  of 
the  I'loviiicc  of  I'araim.  .Mission  station  of 
the  I'rc-liyterian  Cliiirch  North:  t  inlM-sionary 
ami  wife.  "J  native  helpers. 

('f»»illllil-ilirllic,acilyof  J.iMHIlMhaliilanls, 
in  New  .Me\irii,  ill  llie  foolhills  of  the  Sierra 
.M.iilie  .Mountains,  l'>  miles  west  of  Chiliiiahiia, 
:(no  miles  south  of  the  Itio  (iriiiiili'.  Climate 
lemperale.  raniriiiL'  from  l.'i  to  KM)  .  I'opiila- 
tinn  of  the  (lislricl  I'jo  (HIO,  mostly  Inillaiis  iiinl 
Spaniards  Laliijnaire,  Spanish,  except  aiiioiiLr 
the  r.'irahninare  Iinliaiis  in  tlie  inoiiiiiaiiis. 
Uelii;ion,  Uoinan  Catholic.  Mission  st:ition 
A.  H.  C.  V.  M.  iis,ssi;  1  missioiiiiiy  and  wife,  1 
native  ti'ucher,  III)  commnnicaiits,  411  Salilialh- 
scholars, 

4'«i«lll  IIU'll,  a  repiilili<'  of  Central  Ainerica. 
Areii,  ','•,', 00(1  scpiari'  miles,  I'opiilation.  'J05,- 
7:t0,  cliietly  nie>ii/.oes,  mirroes,  and  Indians, 
Laminate,  Spanish,  iielitrion,  Itoinan  ( 'atholic, 
hill  not  lii<;oted.  Capital,  S.ni  .lose,  in  a  lieiiu- 
tifiil  valley  in  the  central  part  of  t'osta  IJica. 
I'lmta  Arenas  is  the  port  of  San  .lose,  siliialed 
(III  lh(^  (iiilf  of  Nicoya,  the  best  hiirlior  and 
onlv  port  of  eiiliy  on  the  I'licilic  const.  'I'lif 
mam  rani;c  of  the  .\ndes,  cnlcrinLr  Costa  Uica 
from  the  southeast,  traverses  its  cut  ire  territory, 
wideiiiiii;  lowurds  the  iiiirthwest,  and  forming' 
II  lahle  liiml,  on  which  are  sitiialed  the  princip.'d 
towns  nnd  centres  of  popiilnlion.  The  rivers 
of  Costa  Uica.  allhoiii;h  numerous,  nic  of  in 
consideralile  size,  the  S  m  .liian.  wliii  li  serves  us 
u  honndary  hctween  it  and  Niciiiai;ii;L  heini.' 
tliu  Old)'  one  imvipihle  for  steamers.  It 
has  III)  lakes  of  any  jrreal  iinpcn-lance,  hut 
nunierous  small  ones  at  the  foot  of  the  inoiin- 
tuin  ranp's.  Costa  Uicii  is  of  volianic  origin, 
nnd  thurufore  subjucl  to  frLMiuuul  uurthiiuukus. 


Tln!  soil  is  very  |irinliiclive,  and,  Ihoiiyli 
less  rich  in  minerals  than  someof  the  iiei;:lil>or 
iii^  niiiiiti'ies.  il  contains  some  rich  ^'old  inines. 
The  I  liiiiate  is  mild  and  deiiKlilfiil  in  the  uii- 
lamls.hoton  the  plains,  hut  every  here  liealtli' 
fill,  except  alon;;  the  lairiHiiis  on  the  weslirn 
coast. 

Costa  ICica  has  lieeti  a  repulillc  since  IS'.M, 
and  is  L'overned  under  a  con  .titiitioii  proinu!- 
i;atcd  |H.'))(,  hut  inoilllied  ftci)  ,eiitly  since  that 
ihite.  The  I'rcsident  hohls  iitllce  for  four  years. 
The  ineinlH'rs  of  ijic  Chamhei nf  llepiiti'es  are 
also  electeil  for  a  teiiii  of  four  years,  half  of 
ihcin  retiring'  every  two  years.  Instruction 
is  ^'ivcn  in  piimarV  schools,  of  which  there 
were -,'01  ill  IHHMwit'li  I2,7;i:tpui)ils.  <  omimrce 
Ih  carried  on  with  the  I  niteil  KiiiLrdoni.  the 
I'niied  Stales,  and  (tcrinany.  The  c.vporis  arn 
rliictly  colTce.  haiianas,  and  hides  Itailroads 
arc  hein;;  hiiilt.L'OO  miles  have  alii'ady  heeii 
opened,  and  tiOOmilesof  te|e;;rapli  are  in  opera- 
tiiui.  Nu  mission  work  is  cariii'd  on  in  the 
repuhlie, 

4'«>latflri,  a  town  in  tlie  district  of  Nila- 
iiU\.  i'lesiileiicv  of  .Madras,  llritish  India.  A 
Miation  of  the  hiishi  Misslunary  Society,  with 
\Vi  memhers. 

<'ol«<'lil  (Kolelii),  H  seaport  on  the  Malabar 
Coast,  .Madras.  India.  I'opulalioii,  11,000.  Il 
was  formerly  a  l'ortiii;uese.  then  a  Miiti  h  fort- 
ress, iiiid  was  often  visited  liy  inissioiiai  ies  in 
preach  to  the  iialives,  and  for  the  sake  nf  the 
.lews  liviiifi  llu'rc.  Il  is  now  a  C.  .M.  S.  Iiraiich 
station. 

€'<illii,   a    town    .')   miles  suuthcMst    of    Co- 

IoIiiIhi,  Cry  Ion.  Kiist  Indies,  forillerlv  a  loMil  resi. 
di'iice.  It  is  now  the  chief  station  ul'  the  ( '.  .M.  S. 
since  |s.>'.>.  Il  has  i;oo<l  ediKational  iiistjtiitiuiis. 
Within  a  radius  of  ten  miles  from  (  otin  theie 
are  twelve  or  lilteeii  malkets  where  the  (iosjiel 
is  rcL'ularly  prcMched.  Includiiiir  the  Siiiiin- 
lesc  work  in  (  olomho.  the  stutistics  are;  :i  native 
pastors,  Htlil  communicanls,  ,VI  schools,  '.2,!)0l) 
scholars. 

4'4»llil)aiii.  the  (apital  of  Travaiicore, 
Madras,  s.iiilh  India  Station  of  the  ( '.  .M  S. 
(1M17).  with  a  collei.'e.  :!S1  students.  II  theoloili 
cal  seminary,  a  priiitiiiir  estnlilishini'iit.  and 
((.(M)o  ChristiMiis.  It  is  i,i  chMr;:e  of  I!  nii^sinn.a- 
ries,  nnd  is  .'i  centre  for  the  work  in  the  .Mwaye 
Itineraiii  y.  which  covers  an  area  of  l.,S."iO  -ipiaie 
iiiilcs.  wiih  M  population  of  lioo.ooo.  In  the 
Cotl.iyani  Ciaiiicii  there  a 'c  0  pastorates  of  the 
native  church. 

4'«»lllliirl,  .liiiii«*H,  a  missionary  of  the 
DiiLilisli  liaplist  .Missinii;iry  Society.  Kdiicate.I 
at  liristol,  KiiLTland.  Sent  out  to  .Jamaica  Keli- 
ruary  7th.  1S17.  Soon  after  his  arrival  at 
Kiiu^siiiii,  nil  Mccoiint  of  the  failure  in  licilth  of 
Mr.  ( ■onipere.  whom  he  had  come  to  assist,  he 
as'siiiiied  ,'ill  the  duties  of  the  station.  linih  he 
and  his  wife  were  soon  prostrated  liy  I'evi'r  and 
Mrs.  (ciullarl  died.  .\fler  speniliiiLr  sevei.il 
inonthsin  MiiLdaml  lie  returned  to  Kiimston,  and 
at  OIK  I'  commenced  the  erection  of  a  chapel  to 
accoinmcxl.'ite  u'.OOO  persons.  Already  within 
\'i  months  siime  ','00  Inul  liecn  adinitted  to  the 
church.  The  chapel  was  opened  in  1^<"J'.',  over 
'J,."iOO  persons  assemhliii'i  loalti'lld  the  exercises. 
In  March  l.liOO  coininiii.icaiits  |iartook  of  ili(! 
Lord's  Supper,  and  lii.s  conjirei^ation  now  miiii- 
bereil  2,700  persons,     lu   Di'iii  some  huiidred.s 


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OOUIiTART,  JAMES 


iiao 


CREOLE  SE   VERSION 


1 1 


!  1". 


'il 


were  ■uldcil.  01)tiiiniiig  pi'rniission  to  liold  ser- 
vice liy  (•imillclijrlil,  he  Iim<1  Miiilii'iiccs  of  :!,()()0, 
iinil  ill  IH'.'fi  llidv  wen-  2,li(M)  (■(inuiiiiiiiciiiils.  A. 
(liiy-sihodl  WHS  coiiiicctcd  willi  llii'  mission, 
whose  eNiiiiiiiuilioMs  were  iilteiuled  1)y  tlie  more 
respecliilile  eliisses;  aiul  wlieii  an  auxiliiiry 
to  this  insiiiulion  was  formed,  the  exercises 
were  alten(h'<l  liy  inai;isirates  and  meniliers  of 
the  Asseiiilily.  A  Snnchiy -school  conlaiiiini;-  'JOO 
cliild/'en  was  also  conneeled  willi  liie  cliiirch. 
Aflei-  14  years  of  most  laillifid  and  siieeessfiil 
service  he  returned  to  Eimhind  on  acconiit  of 
failinL;  health. 

<Jraiit',  \alliiiiiu'l  !W.,  b.  West  Bloom- 
tield.  N.  J.,  Decemlicr  Vl\\\,  1805:  studied  at 
Williams  Collciic  for  a  time,  hut  graduated  at 
Washington  College,  I'a.,  W&'l.  "  Siieiit  two 
years  iu  Western  Theological  Seminary,  Alle- 
ghany, Pa.,  and  finished  liis  theologieal  course 
at  Auburn,  N.  Y.;  was  ordiu'iied  by  the  Pres- 
bytery of  t'ayuga  18!i(),  and  sailed  the  same  year 
for  India  under  the  A.  B.  ('.  F.  .Al.  Having 
labored  for  seven  years  in  the  Madura  Jlission, 
his  health  failed  beyond  the  liope  of  rei  overy  in 
that  climate,  and  he  returned  to  his  native  land. 
His  health  being  partially  restored  by  a  resi- 
dence on  a  farm  for  two  years,  he  conniienced 
preaching  in  1848,  and  continued  in  the  ])astoral 
work  till  his  death,  iu  Iowa,  of  typhoid  fever, 
September  ai.st,  1859. 

Cruiiiiier,  a  Sorih  Aniericnn  mission  station 
on  Keppel  Island,  f  'le  of  the  Falkland  Islands, 
which  has  educ.i!  ■(!  and  sent  forth  native 
missionaries  to  /  .-'■  Island.  Occupied  1855; 
1  catechist,  1  farm  baililf.  An  industrial  farm, 
a  .school  and  a  worksho))  are  conducted,  iiitil 
the  natives  of  Terra  del  Fuego  are  instructed  in 
Christian  doctrine,  and  trained  to  work. 

C'rc'C  Version.— The  Crco  language, which 
belongs  to  the  AlgoiKiuin  branch  of  Americim 
languages,  is  spoken  by  an  Indian  tribe  which 
inhabits  fill,  or  nearly  all,  the  region  watered  by 
the  numerous  rivers  which  discharge  themselves 
into  Hudson  Hay.  In  Canada  and  in  the  coun- 
try on  the  river  St.  Lawrence  they  are  more  nu- 
merous than  any  other  race  of  Indiiuis;  yet  in 
many  districts  they  sue  so  intermingled  with 
other  tribes  that  it  is  dillicult  to  form  a  cor- 
rect estimate  of  tlieir  numbers.  There  lue  two 
dialects  of  the  Crec — the  Eastern  and  Western. 

1.  Tlie  EiiKlern  — This  dialect  is  used  by  the 
Cree  liidiiiiis  of  Hudson's  Hay  Territory.  For 
them  the  Hev.  W.  Mason,  of  "the  Church  ]\Iis- 
sioiiary  Society,  translated  the  entire  Hible, 
which  was  ])ublished  in  syllabic  characters  by 
the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  at  Lon- 
don, Detween  lH.54-01.  A  Xew  Testament,  trans- 
lated by  Bishop  John  Ilorden  of  Moosonee, 
was  also  iiuhlished  in  l.STIJ. 

2.  '///('  Wi-xtfrn. — This  dialect  is  used  by  the 
Indians  ill  Uupnrt's  Land.  In  this  Western  or 
Red  Uiver  Cree  dialect  the  (iospels  of  Mark 
tiiid  .John  were  printed  iu  1855  liy  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  In  18TGtlie  Psalms 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  New  Testament, 
translated  hy  the  Hev.  H.  Hudd,  who  was  aidecl 
by  Archdeacon  Hunter,  both  of  the  Church 
ilissionary  Society,  were  published  in  Roman 
characters.  Altogether,  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society  disposed  of  JilJ.S'JO  portions  of 
the  Scriptures,  in  whole  or  in  parts,  up  to  JItirch 
81st,  1889. 


{Specimen  verse.    John  3  ;  16.) 

(r('<i4ni".  Lb  Pi  <V  iaP=i  Aunt'^-'. 

ilioman.) 

Weya  Muneto  a  ispocchc  salictapun  us1co,.l<o 
niiikcw  00  pauko-Koosisana,  piko  una  tapwfito- 
wayitcho  lunnowcya  oo  ga  iiissewiinatfsscty,  mak» 
00  ga  ayaty  kakcka  pimatissewith 

Creek,  a  name  given  to  the  Muslioki  In- 
dians of  Isorlh  America  (q.v.). 

Creek  Town,  a  town  of  Old  Calabar, 
near  the  Guinea  coast,  Africa,  on  the  Cross 
River,  60  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  100  miles 
from  Fernando  Po.  Climate  tropical,  ther- 
mometer ratiging  from  80  to  130'  Fahr.,  hav- 
ing rainy  and  dry  sea.sons.  Population  com- 
iwsed  chielly  of  negroes.  Religion,  Fetichism. 
Social  condition  very  depraved,  most  of  the 
people  being  in  a  stale  of  serfdom,  dilTering, 
however,  from  the  former  slavery  and  thai  of 
the  West  Indies.  Station  of  the  Africa  Jlis- 
sioii, United  Presbyterian  Church;  occupied  iu 
1844;  1  missi<iuaiy  and  wife,  3  female  mission- 
aries. Gout-stations,  3  organized  churches.  174 
communicants  (18  added  in  1888),  0  preaching 
places  with  an  average  attendance  of  (iOO,  1  or- 
diiined  preacher,  3  other  heliiers,  6  Sabbath- 
schools,  500  scholars,  3  theological  .students,  140 
day-school  scholars  of  both  se.\es,  5  teachers. 

Creole. — All  people  born  iu  or  near  the 
Tropics,  of  European  ancestors.  They  are 
generally  above  the  ordinary  height,  but  not 
proportionately  robust.  The  Creoles  are  dis- 
linguished  for  the  freedom  and  suppV  less  of 
their  joints,  which  enable  tlieni  to  move  with 
great  ease,  iigility,  and  giace.  From  the  same 
cause  they  e.xcel  in  peiunanship,  and  in  every- 
thing reipi  ring  tie.vibility  of  movement.  The 
women  are  generally  very  beautiful,  and  of 
fine  figure.  Tlie  creolo  negroes  present  a 
marked  distinction  from  those  imported  from 
Africa,  being  much  more  sleiuler,  agile,  and 
graceful,  though  not  less  strong  or  capable  of 
hilior,  wil'.i  (piicker  iicrceptions  tind  more  vola- 
tile (lisposilions.  The  dialects  which  Iiave 
sprung  up  ill  America,  formed  by  the  <'orrup- 
tioii  of  Spiiiiish,  Frencli,  and  English,  arc  gen- 
erally called  Creole  dialects.  (See  IMiiuritius.) 
The  ISritish  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  works 
among  the  350,000 Creoles  of  Mauritius,  Scri))- 
tures,  St.  Alalthew  and  St.  Mark,  iu  ^Mauritius 
Creole. 

Creolese  Version.— The  Creole  is  a  dia- 
lect of  the  Danish  laiiguiige,  and  belongs  to  the 
Teutonic  branch  of  the  Aryan  language-family. 
It  is  spoken  in  Danish  \Vt  st  Indies.  A  trans- 
lation of  the  NewT'estiimeiil  into  this  language 
was  published  at  Copenhagen  by  the  oriler  of 
tlie  Danish  (Jovernmeut  in  1781.  Another  edi- 
tion of  the  New  Testament,  made  by  ^Mr.  Mag- 
ens,  wasi)ublished  by  the  Danish  Bihle  Society 
at  Copenhagen  in  1818.  A  translation  of  the 
Gospel  of  Mark,  made  by  Dutch  missionaries, 
was  published  in  1863  with  the  aid  of  the 
American  Bible  Society. 


OREOLESE  VERSION 


387 


OROWN   COLONY 


1 


{Specimen  verse.    John  3  :  16.) 
Want  80O  Godt  ka  hab  dio  "Weereld  lief,  dat 
hem   ka  giev  sie   eenig  geboorea  Soon,   dat 
sellio  almael  die  gloov  na  hem,  no  sal  kom 
verlooren,  maer  sal  hab  die  eewig  Leveh. 

Crete,  or  Ciiiidia,  sin  isluiul  in  ihe  Mcdi- 
toniiufiiu  Suti,  liclongiiig  to  Tiirkty.  It  isvory 
inciiuliir  ill  form,  iilout  ItiO  iniios  Idiist.  :iud 
varyiiiiT  in  t>ri'iiilili  froiii  (i  to  3.">  niili-s.  It  lias 
su11ii(m1  iill  the  vicissitiiilfs  llmt  liavc  cliarac- 
terlzc'vl  tlu' political  liistmy  of  the  Ejistt-rii  Mudi- 
teniuiwiii,  I'c'ini;  Ihe  \Hvy  of  each  of  tlio  siic- 
ci'ediiiir  coinnuiiiii,'  iiali-'is.  Tlie  po|>uliiiion 
minilicis  about  'JOO.OIHl,  of  vhoin  only  70,(M»0 
art'  'I'urkn.  ihu  ii'iiiaiiulcr  bu^vtr  Greeks.  Crete 
has  for  many  years  been  a  ho<''ed  of  '-isurrec- 
tiou  against  ihe  'I'lirkish  uovcriirneni,  the 
Greeks,  liolli  of  tiic  island  and  of  Gretce,  seek- 
ing by  every  means  to  secure  its  being  joined 
to  the  Greek  kingdom.  There  is  no  mission 
work  in  Crete,  ihougli  colporteurs  of  t lie  Brit- 
ish and  Foreign  Bible  Society  visit  the  island. 

Crliiieo-Tiirkl.— The  same  as  Krim.  A 
rude  dialect  of  the  Nogai-Turkish  language, 
as  spoken  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Criineji, 
in  Kussia,  by  the  Karaite  Jews  and  Tartars. 
Tlie  only  Scriptures  published  are  the  Book  of 
Genesis,  by  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society. 

CroHtiii,  a  province  of  the  Anstro-IIunga- 

rian  monaicliy,  forming  with  Slav4)nia  a  kinir- 
dom  united  with  that  of  Hungary.  An-a,  5.2'JO 
s(iuaie  miles.  Surface  hilly  i-jither  than  moun- 
tainous; well  drained  and  wateretl.  Climate 
varies  in  dilferent  i)arts,  along  the  Adriatic  Ih'- 
ing  similar  to  that  of  Italy,  and  pnxlucing  the 
olive  and  vine;  but  in  the  elevated  regions  the 
snow  is  fre(iu('nt  and  lasting.  Soil  genenilly 
fertile,  mineral  products  of  little  account. 
Population,  7.JT,t7r,  chietly  Croats,  with  a  few 
Germans,  .Magyars,  and  .lews.  Ueligion,  Uoniau 
and  Greek  Catholic.  Education  almost  wholly 
neglected.     Capital,  Agrani. 

'I'lie  only  missionary  work  is  that  done  by  the 
colporteurs  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  So- 
ciety, who  (luring  18d9  sold  over 4,000  copies  of 
the  "Scriptures. 

t'r<>alian  Vt'r»iini.— The  Croatian,  which 
belongs  to  Ihe  Slavonic  biamh  of  the  Aryan  l:in- 
guage  family, is. like  the  Servian. spoken  through- 
out Servia,  ISosnia,  ller/egovina,  .Monteuesrro. 
Croatia,  Slavonia,  Dalm.itia,  etc.  The dilTerence 
bet  ween  the  Servian  and  Croatian  is  in  Ihe  wril- 
ten  cliararter.  The  former  use  a  iiuxlilieil  Cyril- 
liancliaracler,  while  the  Croats  use  the  lioman 
character.  The  lirst  translation  into  l'ri>;itian  or 
Dalmato-Servian  on  record  is  a  version  of  the 
Gospels  made  by  Baiidulovilch  atnl  publi^hetl  at 
Venice  in  U113.  The  eiuire  Bible  by  the  ,Ie-uit 
liartholoinew  Cassio,  m;ide  in  1040.  was  never 
priiUed,  and  the  version  made  by  the  Komau 
(ntholic  priest  Stephen  Hosn  was  R>jwleii  by 
the  pope  ill  1T.')4.  In  IBM  the  Franciscan  monk 
anil  professor.  Kalancsick,  completed  a  version 
from  the  Vulgate,  which  w.as  printi-il  in  Roman 
letters,  and  adopted  at  once  by  the  Honiau 
Catholics  of  Dalniatia  and  Croatia.  When  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Swiety  eommenecti 
its  operations  among  the  Croatiaiis,  Mr.  Kar- 
adzic; was  engag(!d  to  prepare  an  entin'ly  new 
translution,  which  was  completetl  by  Mr.  Duui- 


(•i(;,  and  published  in  180S  at  Vienna  and  Pesth. 
In'  1B70  the  above  Bible  Society  resolved  to 
adojit  the  Croat  version  in  the  spelling  now 
comnionly  em|iloyed.  J>r.  Sulek.  secrelaiy  of 
the  South  Slavic  academy  at  Agram,  was  en- 
gaged ill  removing  the  Servian  idioms  and  pnv 
vincialisms  which  ciealed  a  inejudice  against 
the  ver>ioii  in  the  minds  of  the  Croats,  while; 
Prof.  .Micklovieh  lu  Iped  to  [irepare  the  revised 
text,  of  which  the  New  Testament  was  iiublislied 
at  Vienna  in  ItSTG.  A  re\ised  edition  of  Ihe  New 
Tolameiit  and  Psalms  by  Dr.  .Iiilek,  consisling 
of  10.000  copies,  was  |)iiblished  in  1877,  and  a 
.second  edition  in  1888.  I'p  lo  March  31st,  1889, 
the  British  Bible  Society  disposed  of  88,0:i5  por- 
tions of  the  Scriptures,  in  parts  or  as  u  whole. 

{Specitnen  verse.    John  3  :  16.) 

Jer  Bogu  tuko  omilje  svijot  da  je  i  sintt 
svojega  jedinorodnoga  dao,  da  ni  jedan  kojl 
ga  vjeruje  ne  pogino,  nego  da  ima  zivot  vjecni. 

Croats. — To  the  Servian  branch  of  the  Sla- 
vic race  belong  also  the  Croats,  who  inhabit 
Dalniali.a,  Slavonia.  Croatia,  and  the  western 
part  of  Bosnia.  The  linguistic  diflVrences  be- 
tween the  Ser\iaiis  and  the  Croats  are  insigniti- 
cant;  their  chief  distinction  lies  in  their  religious 
confession  and  in  their  aliiliabets.  The  Servians 
belong  to  the  Eastern  or  orthodox  branch  of 
the  Christian  Church,  while  the  Croats  are  al- 
most all  Catholics,  and  use  Ihe  Latin  al|ihabet 
in  their  literature.  This  distinction  has  led  to  a 
great  deal  of  coolness  and  even  hatred  between 
the  two  nations. 

The  Croats  ajipeared  on  Ihe  Balkan  Peninsula 
almost  simultaneously  with  the  Servians,  and 
like  them  they  received  Christianity  first  from 
Home  and  then,  in  the  second  half  of  the  ninth 
century,  from  By/antium;  but,  unlike  the  Ser- 
vians, they  soon  fell  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Honiisb  Church  and  acce|)ted  Catholicism. 
Politically  the  Croats  leiiiained  inde|)endent  till 
\W'i  .\.l).,  when  they  united  themselves  to 
Ilungarv  and  shared  in  the  vicissitudes  of 
Hungarian  history.  This  union  was  a  free  and 
spontaneous  union  on  the  part  of  the  Croats, 
and  the  Hungarian  kings  were  styled  kings  of 
Croatia,  DalniMtia.  and  Slavonia.  The  Croalians 
had  a  constitution  of  theirown,  and  the  country 
was  ruled  over  by  royal  conunissidiiers  or  Ixius. 
But  in  the  present  century  the  clMims  of  the 
Hungarians  to  ilomineer  over  the  Croats  led  to 
diss<Misions  between  the  two  nationalities,  and 
to  till"  bloody  coiillicts  In  1848-r)0,  since  wlieil 
the  relations  between  them  have  been  strained. 
The  Dalmatian  Croats,  especially  in  the  little  re- 
jiublic  of  Dubidvnik  or  Ragusa.  attained  in  the 
latter  jiart  of  the  l.")tli,  the  Kith,  and  r7tli  cen- 
turies a  great  literary  development.  A  great 
number  of  writers,  especially  jioets,  tlourisheil  in 
Dubrovnik,  who  were  educated  and  trained  un- 
der the  inltuenceof  the  Italian  Kenaissance,  iind 
who  produced  some  very  important  poetical 
works;  while  here  were  also  born  some  other 
men  who  have  gained  a  world  wide  re|)ulation, 
as  the  archa'ologist  Baniluri,  the  mathemati- 
cians Boshcovitcli,  Ghetalditch,  etc. 

Crown  Colony,  a  term  used  by  the  Brit- 
ish Government  to  ilenote  those  colonies,  de- 
]iciidencies,  ]irotectorat<!s,  and  spheres  of  in- 
fluence where  Ihe  Colonial  Ollice  in  f,ondoii 
jMissesses  the  control  of  both  legislation  and  a.l- 
niiulstration,  or  of  administration,  the  legislation 


m 

!  n 


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■f*i 


T 


CROWN   COLONY 


828 


OUTTACK 


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i 


being  in  flie  hunda  of  representative  bodies. 
Tliesc  colonics  viny  very  iniicli  in  jrcnenil  form 
of  govennncnl,  liiiviiiL!:"  soniclinus  two  Icgisln- 
tivc  l)0(lies  ek't'ted  l)y  tlie  ix'ople,  sonu'liiiii's  ii 
council  partly  elected  ly  the  people,  jiarlly  nom- 
inated by  the  crown,  somelimes  a  simple  mili- 
tary governor,  hut  in  uW  the  fundamental  iirin- 
ciplu  is  thai  of  administrative  direcli 
Eimland. 


ion  from 


I'iKldiilorc,  (I  town  of  Sonili  Arcot, 
Jladras,  India,  110  miles  soulh-sonlh-west 
of  ^Madras,  10  nnles  south  of  I'undieherri. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  towns  of  South  India. 
Climate  moderately  healthy.  Population,  43,- 
515,  Hindus,  Moslems,  ami  (.'hrisiians.  Mission 
station  of  the  S.  I'.  G.  since  IH'M;  1  nussionary 
(native),  'S  schools,  159  scholars.  A  Halle  .sta- 
tion was  founded  here  as  early  as  1T"J8.  A 
Leipzig  station  was  established  in  lb5y  and  Las 
510  members. 

Ciuidapali  (Kudapa),  a  town  of  Madras, 
India,  101  miles  by  rail  from  Madras  city. 
Climate  one  of  the  liottest  in  the  district, 
uidiealthy,  malarious;  mean  tem|ierature  in 
siinnner  'JV  F.  The  town  is  badly  built  and 
s(iualid  in  appearance.  Population,  18,98:.*,  Hin- 
dus, Moslems,  and  Christians.  >Iissiou  slation 
of  the  Jvondon  Mi.s,sionary  Society;  'i  mission- 
aries and  wives,  105  oui-slalions,  31*5  church- 
members,  3J  schools,  .JOO  .scholars. 

C'lillifrlMoii,    ]nii'liui'l    ^^impMoii,    b. 

Chambersbing,  I'a..  U.S.  A.,.lanuary  IfStli,  1819  ; 
graduated  at  the  .Military  Academy,  AVest  Point, 
1839,  standing  high  in  character  and  scholar- 
shii)  ;  was  Assistant  I'rofessor  of  .Malbemalies  in 
the  .Vcadeniy  1S:!9 -HI;  served,  IS-lO-tl,  with  the 
rank  of  lieutenant  of  artilleiy  at  House's  Point 
d\u'ing  the  Canada  border  disturbances.  Uesinn- 
ing  his  ('(anmission  in  the  army,  he  enlered  llw^ 
Tiieological  Seminary  al  Princeton,  N.  .1.,  grad- 
uating in  1,S1;5.  He  was  regarded  ly  Dr.  liodgo 
as  "  among  the  fi)\-emosl  nwudiers  of  the  institu- 
tion." He  Sidled  for  China  in  1814  as  a  mis- 
.sionary  of  the  Presbyterian  l?oard  ;  wa^  stationed 
al  Ningl'i)  lS4.-)-5l".  and  at  Shanghai  1851-0'i. 
He  visited  the  Cnited  Slates  for  his  health  in 
1850.  Dr.  Cuiberlson's  imdn  work  foi'  several 
years  was  in  conneetinn  with  the  Inmslation  of 
the  Scriptures  into  Cidnese.  During  his  visit  to 
this  country  he  published  a  work  entitled  "Dark- 
ness in  tlu^  Flowery  Kingdom;  or  Ueligious 
Not  ions  and  Superstitions  in  North  China."  He 
died  of  cholera  al  Shanghai,  Wt'i.  Dr.  Culbert- 
son  was  highly  esieemed  by  his  missionary  asso- 
ciates and  by  the  church  at  home.  Dr.  .Nlarlin, 
in  a  connnemoralive  discourse  at  Shanghai,  said: 
"Of  the  excellencies  of  his  character  I  need  offer 
no  delineation;  tiny  are. it  tested  with  one  voice  bj' 
all  the  Protestiuit  nussionaries  of  all  ecclesiastical 
connections  in  tliis  comnuudly.  'Our  devoted 
l)rother,'  they  .say  in  a  iiajier  adoi>led  a  few  days 
after  his  death,  '  was  :\  man  of  a  mi>ek  and  ipiiet 
spirit,  and  remarkable  for  his  singleness  of  aim 
and  straightforward  cnergv  and  industry  in  his 
^Master's  service.  He  Labored  in  coimection  with 
the  late  Dr.  Hridgman  for  .sevend  years  with 
assiduitv  and  perseverance  in  iirejiaringa  revised 
tran.slation  of  the  siicre<l  Scriptures  in  the  Chi- 
uese  language,  a  labor  of  love,  which  he  regarded 
na  tlie  great  work  of  his  life;  and  it  was  a  source 
of  great  consolation  to  him,  j>ist  before  bis  de- 
parture, that  God  had  enabled  him  to  complete 
it'" 


riiiiilirrlniKl  PrcNbytcrinn  Church. 

Hoard  of  Foreign  ^Missions.  Headquarters, 
NashvilU',  Tema'ssec,  U.S.A. — Tn  the  j-car  1818 
the  ('nnd)erland  Presbyterian  Church  .sent  evan- 
gelists ;un<aig  the  Chickasaw  Indians.  This  ef- 
fort resulted  in  the  establishment,  in  1820.  of 
a  mission  to  the  Indians,  The  Kev.  IJoberl  Hell 
and  wife  were  the  lirsl  nussionaries  in  this  tirst 
work  of  the  Society  among  iiagiins,  which  has 
been  eonliniM'd  with  marked  snc<'e,ss,  carrying 
on  ehnrches  and  schools,  among  the  Chicka,suw, 
Choctaw,  and  Cherokee  Indians. 

In  ls5r  the  Rev.  Kdnumd  Weir  was  sent  to 
Liberia,  whei'e  he  remained  for  ten  years.  AVork 
in  '["urk(y  was  luidertaken  in  1H(!(),  and  llu^  Pcv. 
,1.  C.  Armstrong  was  .sent  to  Constantino|)le,  but 
owing  to  troubles  at  ho  j  arising  from  the  civil 
war,  he  was  recalled. 

In  1873  work  was  commenced  on  the  island  of 
Triindad,  and  was  continued  for  several  years. 
The  foreign  work  of  the  Societv  con.sists  at 
present  of  its  missions  lo  .Japan  and  ^lexico.  In 
Japan  seven  stations  have  been  established,  at 
Osaka,  AVakayama,  Milaid,  Hakiiti,  Tanabe,  and 
Shingu.  During  the  jiast  year  several  preach- 
ing places  in  the  neighborhood  of  these  stations 
have  been  opened.  Hoarding  and  day  schools 
Inive  been  established  in  O.saka,  Wakayama, 
etc.  etc.  The  Mission  in  Mexico  was  organized 
in  1886.  At  Aguas  Calicnies  a  chapel  has  been 
biult  and  schools  established.  Stations  have  been 
formed  at  Guanajuato  and  .Vsii'utos. 

The  Board  also  has  mider  its  care  the  home- 
luissionary  woi'k  of  the  church. 

Ciiinhiiiii  (Kambam),  a  city  of  Kurnid 
dislriel,  Madras,  South  India.  Climate  very 
unhealthy;  most  subject  to  fever  of  any  town 
in  Madras.  Population,  7. 170,  Iliiidus,  .Moslems. 
Mission  slation  of  the  Amerie.Mn  Baptist  !Mis- 
sionary  Uinon  ;  1  missionary  and  wife,  41  native 
hclpeis,  0  oLit-slalions,  19  schools,  ii05  .scholars. 

4'iiiiiiiimhiiiii,  a  town  of  South  Africa,  in 
Kalfraria.  Transkei.  Climate  temiierate.  Pop\i- 
lalion,  3.000.  .Mission  station  of  the  Free  Church 
of  Scotland  (1808);  1  ordaiiu'd  nussionary  and 
wife,  18  native  atrents,  9  oul-slations,  1  church, 
550  church-mendiers  (49  added  in  1888),  10  day- 
.schools,  8  .sewing-schools. 

4'ii|ttiii$f,  th(!  capital  of  the  western,  Dutch 
part  of  the  island  of  Timor,  East  Indies.  The 
Dutch  ^lissionary  Society  maintained  a  sta- 
tion here  from  1819  to  18,58,  and  gathered  in 
800  baiitized  converts.  After  the  Dutch  Gov- 
ernment a.s.smned  the  direction  of  affairs  the 
number  of  Christians  increased  to  3,700;  but 
churcii  life  and  .spiritual  life  are  not  always 
the  same  thing.  A  chief  from  the  interior 
was  recentlj'  converted,  and  is  very  active  in 
propagating  the  faith. 

C"nra^*iio-\t'Br«  Version.— The  C\ira- 
^aoisadialect  of  thi^  S]iainsli,  and  is  spoken  by 
the  colored  ])opulalion  in  the  island  of  Curacao,  in 
the  Caribbean  Sea.  A  translation  of  the  Gosjiel 
of  Matthew  into  this  language  was  made  ly  the 
Hev.  ^Ir.  ('om'adi.  and  published  at  Cura(;ao  in 
l.'^41  by  the  Netherl.inds  Bible  Society.  A  trans- 
lation (if  the  Gospel  of  ^lark  was  published  in 
1805  by  the  American  Binle  Society. 

Ciittac*k,  capital  of  the  district  of  Cuttat'k, 
Bengal,  East  India,  230  nnles  southwest  of  Cal- 
cutta. Popidation,  40,0t)0.  It  is  half  in  ruins, 
has  little  trade,  and  contain.s  no  band.sonie  build- 


CUTTAOK 


839 


DAKHANI  VERSION 


in^s.  Mission  stalion  of  tlie  Genonil  Biiiitist 
Missioiiiiry  Socicly;  4  onliiiucd  missiouiiries  and 
tiiuir  wivi's,  7  oul-stutious. 

4'ypriiw,  an  isliiiiil,  the  lliiid  liufrt'st  in  tht" 
Mcililcnanuiin,  fio  miles  from  llic  coast  of  Asia 
Minor  and  41  miles  from  I  lie  coast  of  Syria. 
It  is  iilmosl  l.")!)  miles  lonu;  and  5")  miles  liroad, 
with  an  area  of  :),5S4  s(|iiare  miles.  'I'lie  jricater 
]iart  of  the  island  is  moiinlainous.  a  ranire  7. ()(•() 
feel  lii!:li  riinninir  the  whole  lenuth  of  the  isliiiid. 
In  the  moiinliiin  disirids  viihiahle  timlier  irrows, 
and  the  vine  and  olive  .ire  cultivated.  Mau'- 
niliceiU  plains  well  adajjted  for  airrieiiltiireaiid 
pHKhicinj;  cereals,  make  up  two  tilths  of  its 
surface.  The  vineyards  also  produce  e.xcelUait 
wine.  Tin;  climate  in  ireneral  seems  to  he 
healthy,  thouirh  the  heat  is  intense  in  the  central 
lilaiii,  iuul  fevers  ;ire  prevalent  in  summer.  The 
winteis;ire  short  and  cold,  with  very  little  snow 
except  on  the  monn(ain-lo))s.  I'opidation  (IHHI ), 
180.17:!.  of  whom  fully  three  fourths  are  fol- 
lowers of  the  (ireek  C'hiireh.  ;uid  the  retnainder 
uw  .Mohammedan <  and  Chrisliiuis. 

]{y  the  treaty  of  187M  liclween  the  Sullaii  and 
Great  |}rilaiii.  .Vsiatic  Turkey  was  placed  under 
British  i)rotection,  and  since  thai  dale  Cyiu'us 
lias  been  iroverned  hy  an  Enj^lish  llinh  Commis- 
sioner. The  meiiihcrs  of  the  Lcirislatiue  are 
elected  by  all  male  Uttoniuus,  iJriiisli  subjects. 


or  foreijjners  twenty-one  years  of  ajre,  who  have 
resided  live  years  aiid  are  pavc'rsof  "  V'er,i;his  " — 
taxes.  The  island  is  divided  into  six  administra- 
tive districts;  Nicosia,  Larnaca,  Limasol,  Fama- 
fiuslti,  Papho,  Kyrcnia.  Tl'e  i)riiicipal  lown.s 
an;:  Nicosia,  the  ca|iital  and  sent  of  jrovern- 
meiit,  itopulalion,  11,.')^(!;  Larnaca,  7,H:!3 ; 
Linnisol,  0,0()(i,  both  important  ports;  I'arna- 
f;usta,  »,-")(i4.  Cyprus  is  renowned  in  ancient 
history,  and  in  modern  limes  is  of  note  as  the 
scene  of  the  discoveries  of  General  Cesnola. 
Under  Mritish  sway  the  a;j;iiculluial  and  com- 
mercial im)iortanc(!  of  tlu^  island  is  increasing. 
The  fiovernmeiit  apiioints  an  inspector  of 
schools,  and  contributes  .i:;!,0()0  pvr  aiininn  to 
clemenlary  education.  In  IMSfS  there  were  i!19 
Christian  schools.  10,;ir)7  scliolars;  8f)  ^losletu 
schools,  ;i,()(i;^  scholars.  Weekly  newspapers 
are  ])id)lislied  in  the  English,  Greek,  and  Turk- 
ish Iniiiruajres. 

.Mission  work  was  for  a  while  carried  on  by 
the  Ueformed  Presbyterian  Church,  U.  S.  A., 
whi<'h  had  a  mission  school  at  Larnaca,  but  it 
was  closed  December,  1S,S!(,  on  account  of  lack 
of  funds.  The  th'ld  invites  missionary  elVort, 
and  is  most  proiiusini;.  At  Larnaca  there  is  a 
depot  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  So- 
ciety. 

C'zeeii :  sec  Bubeiuia. 


i  m 


t.  iVi 


D. 


Dacca,  a  town  in  Bengal,  East  India,  150 
miles  northc.'ist  of  Calcutta.  Formerly  capital 
of  Bengal,  iuid  a  most  popidous  an<l  brilliant 
cily.  It  is  now  in  size  the  lifth  cit.v  in  Hen- 
gal,  but  retains  none  of  its  former  elegance, 
Po]uilation,  7'J,07().  Mission  station  of  the  Bap- 
tist Missionary  Society  (1816);  4  missionaries,  5 
oul-stalions,  .jIJ  churcb-meinbers,  84  scholars  iu 
the  day  and  Sabbatli  sihools. 

l>as;liCMttiii,  a  province  of  Hussia,  com- 
prising most  of  the  eastern  .slope  of  the 
Caucasus  towards  the  Caspian  Sea.  Parts 
of  the  country  are  very  mountainous,  with 
deep  valleys,  numerous  lakes,  streams,  and 
glaciers.  The  climate  in  tint  higher  regions  is 
severe;  the  narrow  valleys  are  fertile;  the  mines 
are  rich,  but  only  developed  to  supply  the  ne- 
c<'ssityof  war;  I'atlle  arc  raised  in  large  nutiiliers. 
Western  Daghestan  is  the  chief  aiiode  of  the 
Lesghians.  a  [lowerful  trilx;,  ehielly  Mohani- 
med.ans  of  the  Suti  sect.  They  are  virtually  in- 
dependent of  Hussia.  to  which  their  country 
nominally  belongs.  Farther  north  live  Tartar 
tribes  of  Mongol  descent,  all  of  them  .Moham- 
medans, more  or  less  nomadic,  living  prineipaily 
l)y  t!ie  raising  of  cattle  .-ind  horses.  .Most  (if 
them  are  jteaceable  Hussiaii  sidijects.  Tlie  few 
large  towns,  among  Ihem  Derbent,  the  capital, 
are  situated  on  the  Caspian  coast.  There  is 
iiodirect  missionarv  work. though  the  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society  h;ive  published  the  Gospel 
of  Matthew  in  Kumuki  (ipv.). 

Daliana,  a  station  of  the  Rhenish  'Mis.sion- 
ary  Society  ( 1878)  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Nias, 
tin  island  near  the  west  coast  of  Sumatra,  East 
Indies.  The  Nias,  about  half  a  million,  are  a 
lively  and  active  people,  fond  of  dancing,  sing- 
ing, and  cutting  off  each  other's  heads.  They 
have  withstood  Mohamniedau  instruction,  and  it 


was  partly  on  account  of  Mohammedan  intrigiiea 
that  the  Dahana  stjitiouwas  established.  It  has 
25  comimuiicants. 

Italiwnicy,  a  section  of  the  Slave  Coa.st, 
West  Africa,  be'weeii  Little  Popo  ami  Porto 
Novo.  It  is  II  w  a  Portuguese  jirotectorate, 
thoimh  the  king  is  still  absolute  monarch. 
The  chief  city,  Whydah  (Gl(4iw(!h,  Fida,  Ileve- 
dali,  I'ida),  was  formerly  called  ,luda,  and  its 
inhabitants  were  said  to  be  .lews,  while  the 
river  Allala  (Lfra)  was  s|)oken  of  as  the  Euphra- 
tes. During  the  slave-trade  Dahoinev  was  fa- 
mous, KI.OOO  to  1S,0(I((  l)eing  taken'annually 
from  Aguda.  as  the  Portuguese  called  the  city. 
Along  the  coast  the  land  is  very  swampy,  but 
iidaiid  it  rises  to  a  table-land  l,(Hi()  feet  high,  on 
which  is  situateil  Aboiney,  the  capital.  'J'lio 
"city  within  an  enclosure"  is  surrounded  with 
walls,  a  dec|)  ditch,  !iiid  a  thick-set  hedge  of 
thorny  trees,  and  covers  a  large  area,  thougli 
the  actual  space  covered  bv  the  houses  is  com- 
paratively small.  Formeily  the  walls  of  the 
roy.il  residence  were  stuck  around  with  human 
beails  or  skulls  as  witnesses  of  the  power  of  the 
king.  Under  the  iirolectorale  of  Portugal  this 
is  no  longer  allowed.  Dahomey  has  been  en- 
tirely outside  of  the  reaih  of  Proiestant  inis.siou- 
II ry  effort,  except  as  the  Wesleyan  missitmaries 
in  Little  Popo  succeed  in  reaching  the  peoido 
occasionally.  There  is  a  Konian  Catholic  mis- 
sion at  Agwi. 

nakliniii,  or   HatlraM    IliiidiiMtani 

■Vcrsl«»ii.— The  Diikhani  is  a  dialect  of  tho 
Hindi,  and  belongs  to  the  Indie  branch  of  tho 
Aryan  language-family.  For  tho  use  of  tho 
IMdhammedaus  in  the'  ^ladras  Presidency  tho 
Book  of  Genesis  and  the  New  Testament" wero 
published  by  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  So- 
ciety at  Madras  iu  180!},  under  the  care  of  Jlessrs. 


Ml: 


t.a 
■HI;! 


DAEHANI   VERSION 


;t;i() 


DAMASCUS 


I 


Dnwcs  1111(1  Eiistwick.  Tn  1^75  Psalms  iiiiil 
I'rovci'lis  were  also  iiublislicd  ut  Miidnis,  llic 
Iniiisliitidii  liaviiifT  liccii  made  liy  Mr.  K.  'rdl. 
A  revision  of  tlie  (Jospcis  was  iiiKJcrlakcn  by  I  lie 
Hcv.  M.  (t.  (toldsmilli  of  the  Clnircli  Missionary 
Society,  and  jMililislied  in  IHS").  In  the  saiiu^ 
year  an  edition  of  (Jeiiesis  and  Kxodus  passed 
tliroiiiiii  tlie  press,  also  translated  bv  Mr,  (Jold- 
sinilli.  The  translator's  aim  is  to  liriniidiit  with 
ills  assistants  a  thoroiiiildy  idiomatic  South  In- 
dian llindnstani,  which  dill'cis  considerably 
from  !Nortli  Indian  Urdu. 

{Specimen  verse.    John  3  :  16.) 

Dakota  Version.— The  Dakota  l)elonp;,s 
to  the  Sioux  or  Dakota  branch  of  American 
laiijfuaiies,  and  is  use<l  west  of  the  Mississippi. 
'l"hi  Oakota  Indians  were  tirsl  made  accjuainted 
with  15il)le  truth  throuitli  a  history  of  .loscph,  by 
(r,  IF,  anil  S,  \V,  I'ond,  i)ul)lislie'd  at  Ciiicinnaii 
in  18;{!(,  In  the  same  year  wer(^  published 
"Old  Testament  Extracts,"  by  J,  Uenville  and 
T,  S,  AVilliamson,  who  also  published  the  (ios- 
pel  of  Mark  in  that  vear.  Other  jiarts  of  the 
Bible  followed  in  1S4',>;  and  in  ISti,-)  the  New- 
Testament,  as  translated  bv  Dr.  S,  K,  Hiirirs, 
was  published  liy  the  American  Hible  Society  at 
New  York.  The  comiilete  Bible,  translated  liy 
Drs.  T.  P.  AVilliamson  and  S.  H.  Hijrjrs,  was 
published  by  tlic  .same  Society  in  18T9.  One  of 
the  translators  estimated  that  he  spent  on  an 
average  fully  thirty  minutes  on  each  ver.se  he 
has  translated. 

{Specimen  verse.    John  3  :  16.) 

Wakantanka  oyate  kin  cantewicakiya,  heon 
Clnhintku  ifinana  icage  cln  wicaqu,  qa  tuwe 
awacln  .kinban  owihanke  kte  toi,,tuka  Q.wi- 
hanke  wanin  wiconl  yuhe  kta. 

DakotiiM :  see  Indians  of  North  America. 

Dallioiiitie,  an  English  sanitarium  in  the 
mountain  region  at  the  entrance  of  Ca.shmeer, 
Punjab,  Northern  India.  The  Church  of  Scot- 
liind  has  a  .station  here;  evangeli.stic  .services 
among  the  natives  and  among  the  troops  are 
carried  on,  and  a  boys'  school  has  been  opened. 

naliiialia,  one  of  the  iirovinces  of  tlie 
Austrian  Emiiire,  occupies  a  narrow  strij)  along 
the  ea.stern  shore  of  the  Adriatic,  between  Croa- 
tia on  tlu!  north  and  Albania  on  the  south.  Her- 
zegovina and  Montenegro  bound  it  on  the  east. 
With  its  adjacent  islands  it  is  the  most  southern 
rrownland  of  the  Austrian  Empire.  Area. 
4.!)40  s(|uare  miles.  The  coast  is  steep  and 
rocky,  but  numerous  bays  afford  good  harbors 
and  ports.  Spurs  I'roin  the  Dinaric  Aljis  cross 
the  interior,  reaching  an  elevation  of  (!,0()')  feet 
in  .Mount  Orieii,  while  on  the  nortli  the  Mele- 
liecli  Mountains  ris-  to  a  height  of  .1,00(1  feet, 
Tliere  ai-e  fV'w  rivi  of  any  im])ortance;  with 
the  exception  of  thi!  Kerka  and  the  Cctlina,  most 
of  them  are  mountain  torrents  which  drv  ui> 
during  the  summer  heat.  The  numerous  lakes 
■whieli  are  found  are  but  temporary  pools,  and 
also  dry  up  in  summer.     The  climate  is  warm 


and  in  general  healthy,  the  mean  temperature 
being  (iir  F. ;  'JS  inches  is  tile  a\crag<'  liiinlall. 
but  a  wet  year  is  usually  followed  by  a  diy  one. 
Most  of  the  land  is  given  up  to  pasture.  'I'lie 
little  that  is  culiivated  pinduccs  ceicals.  grajies, 
hemp,  and  potatoes.  Olive-oil,  wine,  and  salt 
iire  the  i)rinci|)al  evports.    'i'lic  population  ( IS.ssi 

is  estimated  at  .■)',' I. (iliS;   with  tl .\ccplion  of 

about  10  per  cent,  tile  peojilc  belong  to  the  Mor- 
lacks  or  Dalmatians  projier.  The  remainder  are 
Italians.  .Vlbani.uis.  and  .lews.  Full  libeity  of 
faith  :ind  conscieiire  is  .secured,  and  every  relig- 
ious liody  liiu;  the  right  of  ordinary  public  wor- 
ship or  instruction.  'I"he  majority  of  the  pn|)u- 
lation  belonu'  to  the  Konian  Catholic  and  (irick 
churches,  but  the  Kviiiigelical  l.ulheiiin,  the 
Evangelical  Hrothcrhood.  the  (trcgorian-.Vrme- 
nian,  and  the  .lewisli  churches  are  recognized 
by  tlie  stale.  Education  is  carried  on  in  ele- 
mentary schools  and  gymnasia,  and  attendance 
isconiptilsory  between  the  ages  of  six  and  twelve, 
Dalniatia  furnishes  nil c  representatives  to  the 
Heichsrath  or  lni]icriai  Diet.  The  principal 
cities  are  Zaiii,  the  capitid;  Ilenkovac/.,  Cattaro, 
Cur/ola,  and  Imoski. 

During  the  reign  of  Augustus,  Dalniatia  was  a 
l{onian  iirovinee,  and  was  renowned  as  the  na- 
tive i)laceof  the  Ein))eror  Diocletian,  ilc  beau- 
tified Salona,  theeaiiital,  with  magniticent  build- 
ings. In  the  seventh  century  the  Slavs 
comiuered  it,  and  in  the  elcvenili  century  the 
ilungarians  were  the  ruling  race,  liy  the  treaty 
of  1797  it  was  given  to  Austria,  and  since  thiit 
time,  with  the  exception  of  the  Napoleonic 
pericMl,  Austria.'i  rule  has  been  supreme. 

l).\i,M.\Ti.\NS  on  iM<)Hi..\(KS  are  a  peojile  be- 
longing to  the  Servian  race,  and  speak  a  dialect 
of  Slavonii;  called  the  Illyric.  I'hysi<ally  they 
are  a  tine  race,  tall,  well  develoiicd,  with  regular 
features  and  dark  complexions.  Those  living 
on  the  coast  are  excellent  seamen,  noted  for 
their  daring  and  bravery.  Tliey  were  the  chief 
strength  of  the  military  ])rowess  of  Venice  during 
the  Middle  Ages.  The  violent  storms  and  per- 
ilous navigation  on  the  Dalmatian  Archipelago 
developed  to  the  highest  degree  their  vigor  and 
skill.  The  ]\Iorlacks  of  the  interior  are  lovers 
of  liberty  and  independence,  brave  soldiers,  who 
have  withstoiHl  successfully  the  aggressions  of 
the  Turks.  They  are  noted  for  liospitality,  while 
at  the  same  time  deceitful,  rapacious,  and  ad- 
dicted to  drunkenness. 

^lission  work  among  the  Dalmatians  is  con- 
fined entirely  to  tlii'  c<ilportage  of  the  British 
and  Eorcign  Bible  .Society,  who  |uiblisli  the 
entire  Bible  in  the  Servian  and  Croatian  dialects, 

ItuiiiaMCiis  a  city  of  Syria,  about  60  miles 
from  the  Mediterranean.  One  of  the  oldest 
cities  in  the  world,  and  especially  honored  by 
the  .Moslems,  who  call  it  Shum-el-Kelieer,  Damas- 
cus the  (Jreat,  or  Slmm-en-Shereef,  Damascus  the 
Holy.  The  .\rabs  consider  it  one  of  the  four 
terrestrial  Paradises.  The  view  of  the  city  as 
one  descends  from  the  range  of  liCbanon  is  very 
beautiful,  the  suri-ounding  gardens  almost  con- 
cealing the  city  it.self,  except  as  the  minarets 
rise  above  the  mass  of  houses.  Insiile,  however, 
it  is  very  like  other  interior  Oriental  cities,  with 
narrow  street  sand  miserable  houses.  The  jiopu- 
lation,  numberiiin-  about  l.')(),0()0,  is  almost  en- 
tirely Moslem,  the  Christians  (19.000)  and  the 
Jews  (,"),000)  being  not  only  few  in  numbers,  but 
weak  in  intluenee.  At  the  time  of  the  Druse 
nias.saere,  in  1860,  almost  the  entire  Christian 


DAMASCUS 


331 


DANISH  MISSIONS 


l.cr- 

iiiul 
)Vfrs 
wlii> 

)I1S   of 
1(1  iul- 


con- 

itish 

the 

Iccts. 

miles 
ildcst 
by 
iiinns- 

ISlllf 

t'mir 

ity  !i« 

very 

con- 

iiiirots 

icver. 

with 

]i()|m- 

nI  eii- 

1(1  the 

lint 

Unise 

ristiiin 


1111(1  Jewish  pii|iiiliiii(m  wns  either  slain  or  driven 
from  the  city.  Since  tlieli  lliey  Imve  relurncil 
in  some  iniml)ci's,  lint  tlie  city  is  overwhelm 
inj^ly  Moslem,  anil  the  sent  of  much  .Moslem 
fanulicisin.  V'lirioiis  cITorls  Imve  liecn  made  to 
do  mission  work  in  Danniseiis,  chiclly  amonir 
the  .lews,  liy  the  Initecl  I'resliyl(  viali  (  Imicli  of 
America  and  the  Irish  I'resliyterian  (  linrch. 
At  present  the  Irish  Presbyterian  (hnrch  Jew- 
ish Mission  has  I  nn'ssjonary.  There  are  '.' 
))reachiiiir  places  in  the  city,  and  T  oul  sta- 
tions, 1 1  schools,  705  scholars.  The  Kdinlmriih 
^ledical  .Missionary  Society  also  has  a  mission- 
aiv,  who  works  in  the  city  in  the  winter  ••ind  in 
the  mountains  in  the  sunnner.  The  London 
Society  for  the  Jews  has  .also  a  missionary,  who 
conducts  a  school  with  ;i*  scholar.s. 

I>lllllllll'l*,  a  small  island  amon^'  the  Soulh- 
ein  .Moluccas,  llast  Indies.  The  older  inhab- 
itants are  Christians,  but  have  no  minister  to 
take  care  of  them;  the  yoimncr  would  prob.ably 
like  to  become  Chrislians,  but  have  no  teachers 
to  instruel  them.  Since  the  Dutch  (iovernment 
in  lH4:ideclai'e(l  the  misvion.arics  "  unnecessary." 
and  took  charuc  itself  of  the  Chrisiian  church, 
thinii's  iro  on  in  Danunei'  as  in  Aru,  Mabber, 
Celebes,  etc. — Christianity  dies  out  and  Islam 
grow.s  stronger. 

nmiiMli  ^i>isl«ii<«.— The  first  evangelical 
mission  from  Denmark  to  heathen  lanils  was 
begun  vinderZiegenbalgimd  lleiirik  I'leutsehau, 
who  were  ordained  in  Copeidiau^en  in  170.5,  as 
missionaries  of  the  Lutheran  State  Church  to 
India.  The  ne.\t  year  they  arrived  in  TriuKiue- 
liar  and  began  work  among  the  Tamil-speaking 
jieople.  The  mission  was  known  both  u.s  the 
"  Daidsh  Tamil  "  and  the  "  Danish  Ilallsk  ^Mis- 
sion,"  from  the  fact  that  many  of  the  missionaries 
were  educated  in  llalle,  by  the  friends  of  the  old 
Pietists'  Mission.  In  1714  the  Hoyal  College  of 
Missions  was  opened  in  Co])eidiageii  for  the  train- 
ing of  missionaries  for  its  own  work;  but  tlie  mis- 
sion was  still  so  distinctively  (Jermau  that  it 
never  became  popular,  and  the  death  of  Fred- 
erick Schwartz  in  17i».S,  who  for  nearly  tifly 
years  had  been  devoted  to  it,  put  an  end  to  its 
IMosperity.  It  was  not  long  before  the  rational- 
istic tendencies  of  the  Kings  College  so  hampered 
the  work  that  it  was  decided  thai  the  mission  in 
TraiKpiebar  should  be  given  up.  In  18!25  the 
king  declined  to  send  any  more  money,  and  or- 
dered work  to  be  done  only  where  there  was  a 
good  jirospect  of  success.  "  15y  the  year  1843  the 
English  had  gained  control  of  alTthe  stations, 
CJiristopher  Kriudsen  being  the  last  Dainsli  mis- 
sionary on  the  held;  anil  in  l.St?  the  Mission 
College  (Jovernment  in  Copenhagen  gave  over 
all  theirchurch  buildings  to  the  "  Leipsiger  Mis- 
sion Society."  When  this  Mission  College  was 
in  its  prime  it  supported  not  only  the  "Old 
Tamil  Mission,"  but  "Von  Weste'ns  Finmark 
^Mission,"  and  the  mission  of  Hans  Kgede  in 
(Jreenland. 

H"side  the  work  of  the  state  ehureh  through 
the  .Mission  College  for  Heathen  .Missions,  in  the 
last  of  this  century  much  work  was  done  by 
Danish  missionaries  in  the  service  of  foreign 
societies,  most  of  them  among  the  Moravians. 
Ten  were  sent  to  Surinam,  fourteen  to  Traiuiue- 
bar,  eleven  to  Labrador,  of  whom  two  had  been 
ill  Greenland;  seven  to  Danish  West  Indies, 
nine  to  English  West  Indies,  one  to  North  Amer- 
ica, three  to  South  Africa,  one  to  the  Mosipiito 
coast,  one  to  Australia.     Altogether  53  Danish 


missionaries     have     been     in     the     ^Moravian 
missions. 

The  best  known  apostle  in  (Jreenland  was  Jans 
Haven,  who  dieil  I  7iU),  at  Hernnhnl.  In  1843 
the  "  Norihern  .Schleswig  .Mission"  was  foinuled 
to  help  the  .Moravians  in  the  Danish  West  In- 
dies, allhough  later  Southern  .lyllaiid  was  se|)a- 
raud  from  Denmark.  This  Society  still  has  its 
branches  in  .lylland,  from  which  it  received 
doiialions  as  late  as  1888.  While  the  work  de- 
clined more  and  more  in  the  .Mission  College, 
in  this  cciilury's  tirsi  di^cade  a  dim  light  burned 
in  Denmark,  One  little  company  of  ministers 
and  believers  had  galhered  logelhcr  in  Fyen, 
and  like-minded  people  in  Southeast  .lylland  and 
Schleswig  drew  near  lo  the  Ilernnhnt  mission 
at  Krisiiansl'eld,  because  they  found  here  in  tiiis 
(■(Miseerati'd  place  that  which  they  had  so  much 
missed  in  their  old  homes.  This  .s(jcietv  pub- 
lished from  lS(il-1804a  "Magazine  EvanV'lical 
for  Danlsiri'riiih  Lovers,"  which  from  1S(|S-1806 
was  published  under  the  name  of  "  Christina 
^Monthly  Journal."  The  .Society  did  nolliing 
for  heathen  missions,  and  it  went  out  of  exist- 
ence when  the  "Danish  ^Mission  Soeielv"wils 
formed  in  18'..'1. 

The  mission  movement  in  the  beginning  of 
this  century  began  in  Englaml,  and  going  on  to 
(iermany  gave  rise  lo  the  mission  societies  in 
Uasle  and  lierlin.  It  reached  Denmark  also, 
iiiid  ins|iired  jiriest  Bone  Falck  Honne  to  found 
the  "Danish  ilis.siou  Society,"  .lune  1 /Ih, 
1831.  Its  molto  was,  "Me  not  fearful:  only 
believe"  (.Mark  5;  1.5).  This  Society  seemed  to 
him  a  necessily,  for  the  Mission  College  was  not 
kind,  and  the  strength  of  the  free  workers 
was  very  great.  In  IHi'd,  on  a  journey  to  Fyen. 
]{onne  Innl  asked  nniny  of  the  jiriesls  to  hang 
up  boxes  in  the  parsonage  for  free  gifts  to  the 
mission.  Hisho])  I'luinb  indicted  him  in  tin? 
court  of  chancery,  and  Konne  was  rebuked. 
The  ministers  had  io  takedown  their  boxes,  and 
]{onne  was  thankful  forsiuh  slight  pimishinent. 
The  Danish  .Mission  Society  began  to  help 
the  Greenland  ^Mission  by  books,  letters,  and 
domitions.  but  the  acts  of  the  Mission  CoIIenre 
became  more  oppressive.  They  denied  the  mis- 
sion in  many  ways,  and  would  not  allow  the 
missionaries  to  write  to  any  one  else  but  the  col- 
lege about  their  work. 

When  missionaries  announced  themselve,9 
for  the  work  of  the  Society  they  were  obliged 
to  be  educated  in  the  Jloravian  Seminary  or 
in  the  Mission  College.  The  society  in  self- 
defence  in  1874  foiuuled  two  seminaries,  which 
were  united  in  187.5.  L.  IJertelsen,  the  tirsle(m- 
vert,  was  ordained  iiy  a  Danish  priest.  The 
Diuiish  Missionary  Soeietj-  supported  for  a  lit- 
tle while  from  1827  J.  W.  (,'appellen,  a  Norwe- 
gian, in  the  Hasle  Missionary  Institution,  lu 
18".i9  two  men.  P.  P.  Jiiger  and  Andreas  Riis, 
were  sent  out  from  Basle  and  in  1833  arri veil 
at  Ussu,  near  Christiansh;  ir,  in  Danish  Akra- 
land.  Jiiger  soon  died,  bat  Riis  worked  for  13 
yea"'s,  lirsi  at  Akra  and  later  at  Akropong,  for 
foui  years  the  only  missionary  at  this  station. 
He  returned  to  Norway,  where  he  spent  his  last 
days  in  mission  work. 

ilis  hidlher's  son  kejit  upthe  mission  for  three 
years  When  Denmark  sold  her  African  pos- 
sessions to  England,  then  the  Danish  Society 
went  over  to  the  "  Grundtvigianers' "  hands. 
The  mission  work  went  on  independently,  and 
yet  not  very  successfully.  In  1843  the  min- 
ister L.  G.  Hnss  uud  the  seminarist  E.  M.  Kold 


% 


il' 


■i  I 


'I   f 

;  J 
i  H 


!i    ! 


DANISH   MISSIONS 


begun  11  mission  in  J^niyrnii.  Tlipy  worlt<'(l 
ttuioiijr  .Moliiininicdiins  and  .lows,  um<1  iinioiin- 
tlif  Uici'lis  iind  Aiint'Minns.  A  f^rciil  dcui  ol' 
money  wtis  spenl  on  lliis  nnssion,  but  il  wiis 
given  up  in  1MI7.  In  IHIS  ihc  society  seni  onl 
a  Swede,  ciindidiite  Gliiscli.  His  poor  lieiiltli  pic- 
venled  luni  Irom  ever  licconiini;  ii  niissioimiy, 
and  tliey  lielped  ii  IlieoloiiicMi  eiindidate,  Wisr- 
ini;,  wlio  WHS  svu\  out  l)y  ini  Kni^lisli  soeiely  in 
|S27,  in  wliose  service  Iwo  olliers,  Rosen  and 
lliinberji:,  had  already  i^one.  All  liiree  went  to 
Soutii  India,  and  were  ihelirsi  lo  l)e  sent  lo  the 
Danisli  part  of  Allien,  where  lliey  worked 
from  1H08-1«J,  when  they  decided  lo  work 
with  the  Hiisle  .Missioimry  Soeiely.  In  IH'JI!, 
by  kinjily  periiiissioii,  llie  Danish  Society  was 
allowed  io  send  oiil  a  inissionary,  iind  in  ISlJT 
he  was  ordained  in  Copenhagen.  Four  liasle 
missioimries  went  wilii  tlieni,  toirellier  wilh 
Davuna.  the  son  of  a  neirnxdiief,  wiio  had  been 
l)a|ili/.ed  in  CopenhaLreii,  and  who  had  helped 
tlie  disliniruished  liinciiisl,  I'rofessor  11.  K. 
Uask,  in  his  "(liiide  to  the  Akra  Jiiuii^iiauc," 
with  addilions  to  Ihe  "  Akvanbuisk,"  publislied 
18'>'S,  111  tlu!  Society's  expense. 

Tliree  of  tlie  liasle  missionaries  died  Ihe  year 
after.  In  June,  ISIIO,  at  a  me<'llii!:  held  in 
Kybin-g,  il  was  decided  tliiil  Ihe  Danish  Society 
shoulil  become  the  leader  in  all  mission  work 
in  Denmark,  and  Ihal  Inions  should  he  formed, 
and  that  tin;  bishop  ■'lould  issue  a  call  to  Ihe 
minislers  to  interest  themselves  in  the  mailer. 
Two  years  later  a  .iiission  .school  was  founded, 
and  the  Danish  Mission  Society  liecaine  an 
independeni  work.  In  IHti;}  a  deleuate  was 
sent  from  Germany  to  iiKiiiire  if  the  Danish 
^Mission  Soeiely  would  lake  Ihe  independent 
mission  at  Belhanien  in  'lamilland,  which  .Mis- 
sionary Oclis  had  beirun,  after  he  liiui  left  Ihe 
Leipsic  Society  on  aceo\iiit  of  a  dilference  be- 
tween luinself  and  the  missionaries  on  the 
(luestion  af  caste.  Ochs  was  at  that  lime  in 
Europe,  and  came  lo  Denmark,  when  Ihe  Dan- 
ish ^lissionary  Society  promised  to  help  him 
in  India  wilh  jriflsiuKi  workers. 

Tliis  was  the  bcginninir  of  Ihe  New  Danish 
Tamil  Mission.  It  bciran  a  mission  in  \>iH'i 
nnionjr  the  'ramil-speaking  .Malays  in  the  Sjer- 
varoir  Mountains.  In  18(54  a  larire  number  of 
Danish  missionary  friends  interested  them- 
selves ill  other  mission  work.  A  Greek  Dan- 
ish Missionary  Society  was  founded  tiy  Victor 
Block  ill  18(i;i;  they  planned  lo  unite  wilh  Ihe 
Greek  Catholic  Church,  aii<l  with  this  do  a 
work  aiiKuig  the  .Mohammedans.  When  the 
Danish  ^Missionary  Society  would  not  con- 
sider this,  they  founded  the  Greek  Danish 
Missionary  Society,  and  Otto  Larger  was  sent 
out  as  missionary.  In  lH(i7  Pastor  Block  went 
wilh  him  to  Athens,  and  Ihe  ne.\l  year  the 
mission  was  given  up.  In  1S7'3  the  first  schol- 
ars of  the  Danish  .Slissioiiary  Society,  I,oven- 
thal  and  H.  Jensen,  went  to  Vellur  in  India. 
Tliej'  worked  togetlier  till  1S74,  when  Jensen 
■went  into  the  Danish  Missionary  Society's 
service,  Loventhal  carrying  on  an  independeut 
mission. 

Danish  Missiomtrf/  Socieff/.  Head- 
quarters, Xorth  Olslu,  Denmark.  Founded 
June  17lh,  18'J1,  by  Bone  Faiek  Uonne.  i^lotlo, 
"  Be  not  fearful:  only  believe."  It  is  a  church 
society  of  all  the  Danish  church  people,  and  is 
conducted  by  a  home  coininittee.  with  head- 
quarters at  Gladsa.ve  Sjolland.  A.  V.  Holme, 
Fresideut.    Its  owu  particular  work  is  among 


3  DANISH  MISSIONS 

the  Tamils  In  India,  but  il  works  harmoniously 
wilh  oilier  missions.  lis  own  missionaries  are 
all  ordained,  and  those  who  have  been  on 
mission  ground  for  Ihree  years  direct  Ihe  allairs 
of  the  Society  (Ml  Ihe  mission  Held,  A  yearly 
report  iiiusl  be  sent  to  the  home  commiltee  in 
Deiiiuaik.  Tluy  have  now  ten  members,  and 
a  conference  was  held  in  1HH7.  This  Soeiely 
has  on  its  list  Danish  Greenland  Mission,  Danish 
.Malay  .Mission,  New  Danish  Tamil  Mission, 
Norlhern  Saiilal  Mission.  Il  has  also  assisled 
Ihe  liOVtnthal  .Mission. 

Guki;m,.\M)  ^Mission. — Founded  in  1721  by 
Hans  Kgede,  now  supported  by  the  Danish 
.Missionary  Society.  Kgede's  family  were  from 
Sjaland,  in  Denmark,  but  he  was  born  in  Nor- 
way. At  the  age  of  Iweiily-one  he  was  a 
minister  in  Vaageii.  His  brolher-iii-law  had 
in  1077  made  a  jouriie}'  lo  Greenland,  and  his 
report  of  the  degradation  of  tlie  inhabitants  in 
Ihe  southern  part,  who  were  entirely  cut  (dl 
from  the  privileges  of  the  gospel  by  the  dilli- 
cullies  of  travel,  touelied  Kgede's  heart,  who 
considered  himself  related  lo  them  by  a  com- 
mon aneesiry.  The  salvation  of  these  iieojilc 
became  his  only  amliilion,  and  for  Hi  years  he 
prayed  and  planned,  keeping  his  desire  to  him- 
self, until  ihe  l)ulilieation  of  a  pam)ililel,  1710, 
writlen  by  himsell',  cnlilled  "A  l'ro)iosilioii  for 
Greenland's  Conversion  and  Knlighlcnment." 
This  he  .sent  to  Ihe  Bishops  of  Bergen  and 
Trondhjeni.  A  sl<irin  of  opposiiion  rose  against 
him  among  his  friends  and  relatives,  and  f(U' 
an  instant,  overcome  by  Ihc  prayers  and  tears 
of  his  wife,  he  repented  of  his  plans  and  the 
steps  he  had  taken.  "God  saved  biin  in  this 
lanir  of  temptation  by  His  word,  Matthew 
10:  :i7,  and  he  became  a  prisoner  lo  God's  will." 
"  His  distinguished  w  ife  soon  came  lo  the  same 
mind  and  stood  heroic  by  his  side."  In  the 
year  1717  he  laid  down  his  work  in  Norway, 
and  wilh  his  w  ife  and  four  eliildren  went  to  15er- 
gen  and  from  there  lo  Copenhagen,  1710,  to  lay 
before  the  king  and  Ihc  Mission  College  "  (iod's 
business,  which  now  had  become  his  life's  busi- 
ness." With  the  help  <,f  18,000  k.  from  his 
friends  and  (iOO  k.  of  his  own  money,  he  started 
for  Greenland  wilh  a  few  colonists  in  the  ship 
'•Haabel"  (Hope),  Jlay  lid,  17^'l.  The  voyage 
lasted  over  eight  weeks,  and  they  were  in  great 
danger  of  being  wri'ckcd.  They  landed,  and 
he  built  his  liousc  with  the  help  of  the  natives, 
and  itrcached  his  lirst  sermon  in  Greenlaml 
from  Fsalm  117.  He  was  three  years  learning 
the  language.  The  second  year  lie  foiindeil 
the  colony  Goial  Hope.  His  first  assistant 
was  Albert  Tap,  and  from  17:^5  his  eldest  son, 
Paul  Kgede,  now  18  years  old,  was  his  greatest 
hel|ier.  .New  Year's  Day,  17'-'"),  Ihe  lirsl  con- 
vert, Fred.  Christian,  wis  li;i|itized,  who  later 
became  a  Greenland  teacher. 

On  the  accession  of  Christian  VI.  to  tlie 
throne  the  protection  alTorded  by  Frederick 
IV.  was  withdrawn,  and  Kgede  was  deprived 
of  his  salary  of  600  kroner.s,  which  had  been 
granted  him  by  the  king.  The  colony  and  his 
colleagues  left  Egede  almost  alone  iu  this 
desert.  He  api)ealed  to  the  king,  who  so  far 
relented  as  to  send  3,000  ri.\  dollars  for  the 
su|)port  of  the  mission.  But  now,  to  add  to  his 
misery,  the  sinall-po.x  broke  out,  and  Fred. 
Christian  was  among  the  rtrst  to  fall. 

After  the  epidemic,  of  200  families  only  three 
were  left.  The  strain  upon  health  and  spirits 
was  too  severe,  and  he  returned  to  Denmark  to 


DANISH   MISSIONS 


DANISH   MISSIONS 


(Ill's 

i)usi- 
his 
utcd 

^llip 

ago 
;rciil 

iliul 
ivcs, 

mil 
niiiu; 
ndcil 
-itnit 

-(111, 
ulcsl 

roii- 
liitci- 

till'. 
■ricU 
iv(  d 
liccli 

his 
this 

fiir 

tho 
o  his 
■b^cd. 


ir 


three 
ipiiita 
irk.  to 


work  tlRMi'  foi'  Ihc  in'oplc  hi'  so  loved.  Just  be- 
fore h'liviiij,',  his  hiiivc  wife  died;  and  lakiiii;  hur 
body  wilh  him,  lie  and  his  sou  Mils  and  two 
daiiirlitcrs  bade  farcwi'll  to  the  land  lliat  for  15 
vi'urs  liiid  l)L'cn  so  full  of  tn)id)li'  lo  him. 
rhi()U!j;h  his  iulliicfutc  Ihc  kintj  foundc(i  a  semi- 
nary for  Ihc  educalioii  of  Icacliers  and  inission- 
urii's,  and  Kgedc  was  appoinled  superinlendeut. 
In  1740  he  was  made  .Missionary  Cdlleije  <lircc- 
tor  for  all  Ihc  work  in  (iieenland.  'rhis  caused 
him  iiMich  siillcriii!,',  for  they  were  not  pui'liciilar 
enough  in  choosing  missioiuiries,  and  the  work 
languished.  The  lack  of  concord  between 
Egedeand  the  .Missionaiy  ('ollegc  increasing,  he 
retired  lo  his  own  (piiet  honu'.  He  died  in  the 
meichant  city  Stiilibekjoping,  on  November 
l.")ih,  1T.")8.  ifisson  I'aiii  lOgedu  succeeded  him 
as  director  in  the  seminary. 

The  result  of  the  work  in  succeeding  years 
was  that  all  Greenland  liecame  Christian,  nl- 
tliough  thc^  people  in  many  cases  still  cling  to 
their  old  customs.  The  Danish  .Missionary  So- 
ciety contimies  its  interest  ill  and  superintend- 
cuee  of  the  work,  having  one  missioiuiry  with 
several  native  assistants  in  their  employ. 

Nkw  T.VMil,  .Mission.— Founded  in  1801  by 
Missioiniry  Ochs,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
Presidency  of  .Madras,  amoiiglhe  Indian  Tamil- 
speaking  |)eo|il(;.  llend(iuarters  in  Copeidiagen, 
and  sustained  by  the  Danish  .Missionary  Society. 
Work,  chielly  evangelislic.  Has  4  stations,  3 
chiirehes,  '2  schools. 

After  tin,'  caste  ditHciiltics  with  the  Leipzig 
Socieiy,  Missicinary  Ochs  visited  Denmark,  ami 
made  an  agreement  with  the  Danish  Jli.ssion- 
luy  Society  for  aid  in  the  New  Danish  Tamil 
3Iissiou.  He  then  went  to  Pallambakuin,  and 
founded  )l  station  at  15etlianien,  two  Danish 
miles  from  Ihe  coast.  In  l!S(i9  Anderson  was 
sent  to  his  a.ssisiance,  and  a  station  was  es- 
tablished south  of  the  river  Ponar,  not  far 
from  the  village  of  Tukulur,  cHlkxl  Siloam, 
with  a  mission  house  and  a  school  building 
which  was  turned  into  a  church.  Anderson 
labored  here  for  13  years,  when  he  gave  up  on 
account  of  his  heallh.  In  1883  .Missionary  Hde 
became  mission  director.  The  people  were  then 
sutfering  from  famine,  and  their  hearts  were 
cpeiu'd'to  the  truth  by  the  care  of  the  nns- 
siouaries  for  their  temporal  wants.  Many  were 
baptized.  At  this  time  the  Uaptists  decided 
to  give  up  their  mission,  and  Ihe  Danish  .Mission 
bought  of  them  Ihe  school  at  Tiruvanammalai, 
four  and  one  half  Danish  miles  fiom  Tiruko- 
valur.  In  1880  a  church  was  built  in  Sengal- 
inodu,  "  Johannes  (Church,"  and  about  the  same 
time  a  church  was  consecrated  in  Siloam,  and 
two  nulive  ministers  were  ordained— Ma- 
tliems  anil  Tesudasen.  The  missionaries  suf- 
fered many  trials,  and  not  the  least  of  them  was 
Ihe  igiu)rance  of  some  of  the  imlive  teachers, 
who  (lid  niueli  harm.  .Missionary  Ihle  siitrereil 
so  much  from  the  climate  that  he  was  obliged 
to  return  home,  and  .Missionary  Anderson  took 
his  place. 

In  1887  Herman  Jensen  began  work  in  the 
villages  of  Arcot,  Kanipet.'and  Sallasapet. 
These  three  villagesconlain  100,(10(1  iiihabitanls. 
Janseii  worked  jjrincipally  in  Hanipel.  He 
combined  with  hisstrcet  iireaehing  the  practice 
of  medicine,  and  at  one  time  had  the  valuahle 
assistance  of  ^Missionary  Ihle.  He,  however,  be- 
came so  ill  he  had  to  siispend  his  labors,  and  on 
.i-'oiiig  to  .Madras  with  his  wife  after  his  recov- 
ery he  worked   there.     Jensen  arrived    there 


just  at  the  time  of  the  caste  troubles  nnion;;  the 
live  working  clas.ses— the  goldsmilhs,  copper- 
sniilhs,  iroiismitlis,  carpenters,  and  ina.sons  He 
visited  in  these  Hindoo  homes,  and  his  intliieiice 
was  very  great.  He  received  great  assistance 
from  John  Lazarus,  a  native  Christian,  the 
fourth  generation  in  Ids  fandly.  His  father  had 
been  in  the  London  .Missioiniry  Society's  service. 
He  went  through  a  four  years'  course  in  Ihe 
L'niversily  of  .^la(lras  in  Ihe  higher  Tamil,  uiid 
is  celebrated  among  all  the  mi.ssionaries  in  .Ma- 
dras. Jensen  and  Lazarus  preached  in  the 
streets  daily,  and  allhough  .lenseii  weii.  Iiouu' 
to  Denmark.  Lazarus  still  went  on  uilh  Ihe 
]ireaching,  most  of  which  was  done  at  night. 
!Mi.ssioimry  I'hillips  of  the  London  Soeiely  i.s 
the  only  other  oiu'  who  has  done  this. 

The  mission  work  in  Hlacktown  being  almost 
entirely  school  work,  Ihc  mission  friends  felt 
that  a  church  was  niuch  necdcil  They  tried 
to  raise  money,  but  it  was  a  hard  slruLTgle  until 
the  English  GovernnienI  linally  gave  the  Dan- 
ish mission  land  and  l.j.OOO  kroners  to  hel]) 
them.  This  move  has  given  the  mission  more 
popularity  in  .Madras. 

Madras  has  a  slation  called  Ponnere,  north  of 
the  city,  and  the  village  Gumidinpundi,  two 
Danish  miles  from  the  coast  and  live  miles 
north  from  .Madras,  has  been  chosen  foranew 
slation,  and  a  calecliist  has  liecn  sent  there  (O. 
J.  Devaneson),  to  work  imder  the  direction  of 
the  missionaries. 

Two  native  assistants,  Solomon  and  'Visvasam 
are  engaged  in  street  preaching.  They  were 
educated  in  the  Amerii'an  Missioiniry  Seminary 
in  .Madura,  and  spe.ak  the  Tamil  and  the  Telugii 
languages.  Two  Hible  women  havebegiui  work 
among  the  women  also.  In  1888,  N.  P.  Hansen, 
from  Jylland,  Dennnirk,  left  his  work  there  and 
went  with  his  family  to  .Madura  to  do  mission 
work.  They  were  accompaided  by  two  dea- 
conesses, who  went  lo  work  among  the  women 
in  .Madras.  In  1888  two  houses  were  purchased 
for  the  missionaries. 

.AIai-.w  Mission.  Founded  1883,  by  Ihe  Dan- 
ish .Missionary  Society,  to  Malays  in  India  iu 
the  Sjervaroj  Mountains,  ami  among  the  Kullier 
people  who  work  on  the  eidfee  |)lanlalion8. 
The  Danish  missionary  Kofoeil  was  sent  out  to 
India  in  1881,  and  in  1883  commenced  amission 
at  Jerked.  In  1880  he  moved  to  A.ssampur, 
where  he  built  a  school.  At  the  three  sttitions 
Assampur,  Mulivi,  and  Kilijur  there  are  meet- 
ing-houses. 

In  1888  the  sinall-po.x  so  dei)opiilated  the 
country  that  the  mission  was  given  np. 

EjOrt-iithaVs  Misxion.  Headipiartors, 
V'iuin.  Demn.'irk.  Founded  1H73  by  Lovenlhal 
and  H.  .Icnsen  (Copenhagen);  work  evangel- 
istic and  independent.  The  headquarters  of  its 
committee  of  direclion  is  at  \'ium.  near  Viborg. 
President.  A.  S.  Lund.  Thecommittee  has  nine 
members  (all  men  of  the  Grundviu'sk  belief), 
with  three  head  directors.  The  jui"  'ipal  coin- 
mittee  h;is  many  smaller  commillees  coimected 
with  it  for  r.-iisiiii.''  funds.  The  foundation  of 
the  Society  is  Haplisni:  its  motto.  "He  bom 
again;"  and  it  is  a  mission  to  the  common 
[leoplc.  The  liireclors  sirn|)ly  raise  money,  and 
do  not  give  advice  nor  instruction  to  the  mis- 
sionaries, who  wiirk  indcpeiident'y.  Loventhal 
and  .leii.sen  went  out  lo  India  in  1H73,  and 
founded  a  slation  at  Vellnr  (see  review  Danish 
^Missions),  30  Danish  nules  by  rail  southw  est  from 
Madias.     Loveuthal's  desire  is  to  have  the  Ilea- 


in;; ! 


T 


I>'CI 


If 


t 


DANISH   MISSIONS 


884 


DANISH  MISSIONS 


then  rctiiin  llicir  iniiiini'rs  niiil  ciikIiiiiin  mm  niiicli 
n.H    possible.      lie    lins    no    M'Iiii(iI>.    iiikI    liiiviU 

from  pliiic  to  |ilii(i'.  lie  liiis  :t  llimlu  iissisiiiMi>, 
ordiiincd  l>y  .Iciiscn  in  1880.  His  |ii'iii('i|iiil 
aim  is  ioliii|ili/,i'  III!'  imiivcs,  wliiHii  lit'  ii(fc|iis  if 
they  seem  lioiirsi  in  ilicir  drsiic  in  lidicvi'  iis  ihc 
missioniiiics  ilo.  Owl  ol'  100  Hindus  imd  s  I'm- 
iidis  lie  Ims  Impii/.cd,  oidy  ;!0  rcmiiin  Inio  to 
tln'  Clirisiiiin  lilV. 

I{r<l  hfU'rii  Jtission  liniindcd  IHSI)  lo 
till'  Hid  Kiii'ins  III  I'liliJM.  An  iMdr|>riidi'nl 
iiiissiiin.  ill  cliiirirc  (if  1^.  Silirciidi'i'iif  ilic  Asknf 

Hii;li  Sclioiil.     Iliis  no  ciinimiii if  diii.iion. 

Siisliiini'd  liy  iiiiviilc  siilisciipiiuiis  mid  funds 
froiii  llii'  (iiunilvii,'sk  Sorirly. 

Hulls  I'niilscn  ui  furmi'i)  liiid  u  drcMiii  wliicli 
inspired  iiini  In  liecdMie  ii  niissioiimy.  iind  tiirned 
his  ill  I  ('111  inn  1(111  mission  iiiiioiinilii'  jjcd  Kiireiis, 
He  inli'icslcd  II  fiieiid,  Hulls  ( i.  .leiiscn,  Mild  iifli  r 
coliiplelinj;'  llieir  eilucMlion  lliey  were  liclped  by 
their  fiieiids  mikI  llie  (ii  unilvii;sk  Society.  They 
went  out  in  I8S4  to  |{miil;(I(iii,  Iiidiii,  iiiiil  spent 
some  lime  insdidy.  A  lioiiiti  wiis  Iniill  iil  iMhilo. 
When  H.  I'liulst'ii  ciiuld  iniiki^  liiiiiself  iiiidei- 
sIoimI,  he  went  in  IN.Sti  |o  m  siiiiiU  city  of  the 
Hed  Kiiiens,  I'olijii,  iind  wiis  iillowed  to  work 
tliere.  His  mission  soon  CMiiie  to  m  close,  for  he 
<licd  in  tile  sMiiie  yeiir.  .Iciisen  sull'ercd  very 
much  from  the  cliiuMlc,  hut  reiiiuiiii'd.  Jle  wiis 
not  successful  ill  IcMrninn  Ihc  iMiijruMiie  well 
enoiiuh  to  preiich  in  it,  liiit  he  wiis  able  to  talk 
to  the  jicople. 

In  IStit)  J.  K.  Kiiiidsen,  the  son  of  a  carpen- 
ter, born  in  Holstebro  and  cducMled  in  Americii, 
fiinie  to  his  assistance  Iroiii  Denmark  loTouiiLni. 
About  this  time  Andrea  (irhliirl,  a  woman  doc- 
tor, was  sent  out  to  cure  for  Mi-;sioiiary  .lenscn. 
It  was  his  earnest  dcsiiP  to  ijo  back  to  I'obja, 
and  she  started  with  him.  but  he  died  on  the 
journey.  She  buried  him,  and  then  returned  to 
Touniru,  where  Knudsen  was,  and  worked  in 
an  or|iliaii  home,  in  Uaiiaun,  In  isys  K,  Mad- 
.seii,  a  Dane,  went  out  and  joined  Knudsen  at 
Pob.ja,  They  were  both  soon  very  ill.  and  ,Mad- 
.sen  went  lionii  to  ])('iimark;  Knudsen  stayed 
at  'l"oiini;u.  The  outlook  for  this  mission  is  now 
(1888)  very  dark.  The  Amcriciin  Maiitists  have 
sent  a  native  Ked  Karen  to  found  a  school  at 
Pobjii. 

Moi'thcvti  Saiifof  iW/.s.s/oi*.— Northern 
Santal  Mission  is  under  the  diree'ion  of  Mission- 
aries Horescn  and  Skrefsriid,  as  (iresidcnt 
and  treasurer.  The  mission  receives  its  income 
throusrh  coiiimiitiis  in  Kuroiic — an  Enulish 
conimillei'  in  I.ondon  and  Liv.'rpool;  for  Scot- 
land, in  Kiliiiburjih,  (Jlas^iow,  and  Diiiiilce.  In 
Norway,  besides  oiieccniral  commillee  in  {'hri.s- 
tiana  (with  M.  I'aiiss  as  iiresiilcnl).  smaller  com- 
niitlees  in  Lilleliammcr,  Skieii,  Drainmcn,  Aren- 
dal,  KristiMiissand.  licriicn,  Troiidhiem.  and 
Tromsii.  Swcdi  II  has  committees  in  Stockholm 
(president.  I'asior  r-ciiwureii).  rpsala  (president. 
Professor  Hiidiii).  (iotcborg  (Pastor  Wicselurcn, 
president).  Tlicv  receive  help  from  Denmark 
through  Ihc  Danish  Mission  Society.  The  Dan- 
ish >ii.ssioiis  president  is  Pastor "V.  ]5irkeilal; 
the  Co[icnhajr('n  president  is  Count  A.  !Moltkc. 
Tliere  are  several  smaller  unions  and  some  wom- 
en's unions  that  work  for  the  Sanlal  Mission. 
The  most  imiiortant  of  these  snialler  ones  are: 
NOrairers' Mission  Tnion  (under  Count  Moltke, 
of  Xiirairer),  J{osenvol(l  .Mission  I'liion  (under 
Count  Hantzau,  of  Hoseiivold).  The  head  treas- 
urer for  Denmark  is  theological  euudidate  \'. 


Jiicobson,  in  Copenhaircn.  (See  also  Iiidiiiii 
lloiiie  Mission  to  the  Saiitals). 

The  founder  of  this  mission  was  Hi^rcseri, 
whose  father  was  a  NdrwcLiian  earpeiiler.  Hd- 
icson  was  born  in  Denmark.  In  \ti')2  he  went 
to  licrlin  lo  work  in  a  lace  fiiclory.  Here  he  was 
very  lonely,  because  he  could  not  iiii'lcrstand 
the  (Jcrnian  lan;:uanc.  While  readini;  his  Itibli- 
the  |iarable  of  the  i'rodiiial  Son  tniiclieil  his 
heart ;  he  wii>  al  once  convicted  of  his  ow  n  sins, 
and  prayed  totioil  for  loruivcness.  After  some 
years  spent  in  preparation  he  applied  to  llu) 
(iossiicr  Society  to  be  sent  lo  the  Kols  in  Norlli 
liiilia.  He  was  accepted,  and  weiil  in  Xovem- 
ber.  18(i4.  Before  Skrcl^riid  became  a  mis- 
sionary he  was  imprisoned  forsnme  olVence,  and 
while  in  ClirisiiMiiia  he  read  of  ihc  Missiniiary 
Fjellsladl.  His  inlerest  was  av  .ikened,  and  ho 
applied  for  adniission  lollie  ir  ssinii  school,  but; 
could  not  ;:('l  ill.  He  went  to  licrlin,  and  tlicrii 
met  IJi'iresoii,  who  proved  a  fiiciid  lo  him.  He 
went  to  the  (iossncr  .Mission  School,  and  wii.s 
sent  out  to  the  new  sialioii  j'crulia.  Mi'iicsen 
and  Skrefsriid  went  out  with  the  iiiiderslandinf? 
thai  they  were  lo  work  at  the  same  station,  but 
on  the  death  of  (iossiier  they  were  lo  be  scpii- 
lalcd.  They  would  not  consenl  to  this,  and  1  ■, 
the  Society's  service  to  lounil  a  mission  for 
themselves  in  Saiitalia  in  1807,  where  they 
joined  a  liaptisl  missionary  who  had  been  worli- 
iiiii-  on  his  own  accoimi  since  18(ii».  'i'his  was 
the  lirst  station,  Ebeiie/er,  and  the  chief  one  up 
to  this  time. 

A  Norwcfrian  named  Hucholdt  licniin  lo 
think  of  the  mission  w(irk  after  readin.i;'  an  ac- 
count of  .loliii  W'illiamsof  the  South  Sea  Islands, 
and  eiiteriiiir  the  seminary  at  Skeeiis  he  became 
a  teacher.  Skrefsriid  visited  Norway  in  18T4, 
when  Hucholdt  met  him  and  returned  with  him 
lo  Siinlalia,  and  worked  in  the  uirls'  school  in 
Kbenc/.er.  He  was  ordained  in  l'^N8.  iind  is  now 
director  for  the  station  Sliandarpiir.  Pastor 
JJern',  the  son  of  a  Norwegian  minisler,  went 
with  Skrefsriid  to  Saiilalistan  in  ISscj. 

K.xTKNsio.N  (IK  TiiK  N'ourm';i{N  S.\NT.\i.  Mis- 
sion, begun  in  18((T.  The  lirsl  baptism  took 
|)lace  in  lS(i9.  About  this  time  the  head  cliief 
of  the  Saiilals  began  to  olipose  the  missions. 
He  was  taken  inisoner  by  the  English,  and  his 
followers  llioiight  this  a  iiunishinenl  from  the 
Christians'  (iod.  .Marllicopargana  soon  after 
this  became  a  Christian,  with  many  of  his  people. 
A  .school  for  boys  and  girls  was  foiiiideil  nt 
Kbeiiczcr. 

In  18H0  the  (  olony  of  Assam  was  begun.  The 
Santals  were  .so  |)oor  and  the  country  sodcn.sely 
po|)ulalcd,  that  the  missionaries  set  about  to  ini- 
jirove  the  condition  of  the  ]>co|)le.  Skrefsriid 
took  .seven  Santals  with  him  to  e.xplore  the 
country.  Assam  was  decided  upon,  and  the 
consent  of  the  English  Government  was  ob- 
tained, the  land  given,  and  the  colonists  re- 
moved to  Assam,  a  fruitful  country,  where  llie 
mission  has  flourished.  Seven  villages  were 
built  under  one  government,  a'Ml  a  unlive  priest, 
Siruni,  is  working  there  among  his  own  peo- 
ple. Five  Santals  have  been  ordained,  and  they 
translate  and  compose  hymns  in  the  language. 
Bi'ireson  has  tiie  direction  of  both  Saiitalistau 
and  Assam.  Skrefsriid  is  the  leader  in  the  liter- 
ary work,  in  school-books,  religious  history,  and 
language.  For  two  years  a  committee  was 
at  work  in  publishing  Santal  literature.  In 
1687  Skrefsrud  visited  the  Mecb  people,  who 


BANISH  MISSIONS 


335 


DARIiINO,  DAVID 


ore  tlui  iiliorigiiii's  of  llu.'  country,  and  have  their 
own  IjiiifjiiiiKe.  The)'  live  iioiili  fniiii  Assmiii, 
near  the  lliiiialaya  Mdiiiituins.  The  Saiiiiils 
froiu  Assam  liave  he^'iiii  iiiishioii  work  aiiiong 
ihi'iii,  anil  Skrefsnid  iiax  four  .Mecli  lioys  in  liis 
sehool  in  lOliciie/.er,  one  troni  Kaj  Jliiu^'ri,  ii 
race  easi  fmni  Assam.  'I'lie  lirsl  convert,  'I'elild, 
Is  now  w oiUinj; anionjj; liisow  n  peopie,  willi  Iwo 
Hanlals,  Siniriaiand  NnUa.  'I'lieii- lieadiiuarlcis 
urr  in  II  .Mi'iidands  villai;e,  itadsja<lliul>l'i,  Hi 
MiiUs  norlliwest  from  Assam.  Here  tliey  have 
(I  nirciinit-liouse. 

Jhiiiish  MisHion  .SV7*««/.— Tins  school 
Was  founded  near  I'oiienliau'cri  in  .June,  lS(i-, 
Willi  six  scliolars,  iiinier  llie  direction  of  Dr. 
lt<jrdan.  Its  eoursu  was  to  be  six  years, 
bnl  the  tiist  two  sclicilars,  Andersen  and 
Tlionipsrn,  went,  after  slndyini,'  tliiee  years  in 
tlie  Dainsli  school,  to  India  to  (uunplete  llieir 
BlndicH  under  .Missionary  Oclis,  where  the  tlieo- 
loirical  <leiiartnienl  was  under  Jiisliop  U.  V. 
tjlylir.  Very  soon  dissensions  arose  in  the 
Bciiool,  ami  the  result  was  that  tiii^  scholars 
went  away  and  the  seliool  was  closed.  Of 
these  scholars  two— Lowenlhal  and  II.  .leiisen — 
l)ej;;iii  their  own  mission.  II.  K.  Paulsen  went 
to  Uadsjannindri;  I.  A.  Pedersen,  the  year  af- 
ter, was  sent  out  in  the  Society's  service.  One 
of  them  ijave  up  and  went  to  America.  II.  E. 
iSniitli  w<Mil  to  iiadsjamundri.  After  the  clos- 
ing of  the  school  the  scholars  were  educated  in 
private  in  Copeidiav'en,  where  they  g.ained 
knowlediie  hut  not  traiidnir  to  lit  them  for 
their  work.  In  October,  1887,  three  siholars 
Were  educated  in  n  private  homo  under  Pastor 
II.  U-sini;  in  Aailius.  After  their  course  is 
tinislied  the  scholars  iro  lo  the  kiiiir's  nnins- 
ter,  and  by  kini^ly  peiiidssion  are  e.\amined  in 
a  written  and  oral  e.xamination  by  two  theo- 
lojiical  |)rofessors  and  two  Copeidiairen  miids- 
ters.  Tho.se  w  ho  are  litted  are  ordained  by  the 
kiiurdom's  liishop.  The  others  arc^  sent  out  uii- 
ord.iined,  and  after  studyiiiLr  .some  time  in  Imlia 
they  may  be  ordained  by  the  t'onferenco 
Lishop. 

I>»iii.>ili  V(>rNi<»ii.— The  Danish  belonirsto 
the  Teutoinc  brani'h  of  the  Aiyan  lanjruaire- 
family.  and  is  used  in  Denmark,  whose  i)opu- 
lalion  in  1888  was  tMUO.bOO.  llvidtfeld  (died 
KiO!))  stales  in  his  "  Danmarks  Kri'Muke."  tliat  in 
tlilferent  monasteries  translations  of  tlie  Old 
Testament,  especially  of  the  Prophets  tind  the 
P.salms,  were  lo  be  found.  Such  a  tiaiislalioii, 
containing  tlie  lirst  twelve  books  of  the  Old 
Testament,  inadc^  after  the  Vulirate,  is  found  in 
«  maiuiscript  of  the  year  lt;n.  i>'rom  this 
maiuiscript  the  princip:U  books  were  edileil  by 
I'rof.  ChrisliaTi  .Molbech,  Copcidiagcn,  18'J8. 

The  lirst  Danish  version  of  the  Mew  T<'sla- 
nicnt,  translated  by  Hans  Mikkelsen  of  .Malmo, 
uiul  e.\e(;uted  under  the  i)atromii;e  and  at  the 
commaml  of  Kimr  Christian  II.,  was  published 
nt  Leipsic  in  l'>'2i.  The  tirst  translation  of  the 
psalms  appeared  at  Uostock  in  l.l'JS;  the  trans- 
lator was  Flans  Wormordscn,  lector  at  Malmo. 
An  improved  version  of  the  New  Testament 
iippcared  in  1,")3!»  at  Ar.twerpen,  made  by  C'hri.s- 
ten  Pedersen. 

A  second  edition  followed  in  1531,  besides  a 
new  iraiislaiion  of  the  Psalms.  The  Danish 
reformer  Hans  Tiuisen  (died  1561  as  Bishop  of 
Kihe)  translated  the  Pentateuch, which  was  pub- 
lished nt  Masdeburir,  1.535, 1530,  nud  153T;  and 
P.  Tideniand  published  the  Book  of  Uuth  iu 
1539,    Iu  1550  tUtj  whole  Bible  was  issued  iu 


Danish,  nt  the  Instanre  of  ("hrlsilan  III.,ot 
C'openhaj;en,  under  the  care  of  Chrislen  Peder- 
sen, aided  by  other  learned  profes.sors.  Thii 
vi'ision  closely  followed  Luther's.  A  repiiiit 
was  miiile  in  \'i>^9.  In  ItlOl  KiiiLC  ('liiisii:;n  IV. 
appointed  llisiiop  Hans  Povelsen  Kesi^n  (died 
KiliNi  to  prepare  a  version  aecording  to  tlio 
original  te.\ls.  The  New  Testament  wiis  pub 
lished  in  1(1(15,  and  the  entire  Bible  in  Itilli.  A 
revised  edition  was  issued  by  liishop  Svtuiing, 
Ueseii  junior,  and  P.  Wintrup  in  1(117.  Tho 
College  (d'  ,Mis.>^ions  estalilished  at  Copen- 
hagen issued  several  editions  of  Svaiiing's  le.xt, 
1717,  1718,  17'.iJ,  imd  VrM.  After  the  "inissiou 
press  had  been  destroyed  by  lire  in  17~3  anil 
tJK' Orphan  House  had  oblamed  the  <'.\clusivo 
lirivili'ge  of  printing  tlie  Danish  Bible,  several 
editions  were  issued  belweeii  1735  and  1745. 
A  new  translation  of  tlie  Isew  Tcsliiment  was 
published  ill  17SI),  and  another  bv  O.  H.  (luld- 
l)erg,  minisler  of  the  Slati',  in  1794.  In  1815  ii 
cominissioM  of  revisal  was  appoiniid,  and  in 
1810  tie  New  Teslainent  was  published  at 
Copeiihairen,  Bishop  MUnler  and  Professors 
P.  S.  .MUller.  J.  M(')ller,  B.  Thorlalius,  and  Uev. 
.1.  P.  .Mynster  having  made  the  revision.  Iu 
187'J  the  revised  Old  Testament,  as  prepared  by 
C.  Uotlie,  Kalkar.  .Marlensen.  and  llermansen, 
was  published,  which  was  adopted  by  (he  Brit- 
ish and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  tjf  the  marginal  expositions,  which 
appeared  to  savor  too  much  of  the  nature  of 
commelit.s. 

Of  oi her  translations  we  mention  an  edition 
of  theentire  Danish  Bible  by  .1.  Chr.  l,iiidberg, 
1837-50;  by  Profs,  lleriiiaiiseii,  Fr.  Ilelveg, 
CLevinsen  and  Dr.  Ivalkar.  1847.  I'p  lo  .March 
31st,  1889.  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society 
circulated  007,350  portions  of  the  Scriptures. 

(S]>eciiiwii  veme.     Johu  3  :  16.) 
1^1  fan  fjnucr  ffluD  clffct  Ccrbtii,  at  ^an  ftaucr  fllW 
fin  Son  ben  eenbanriif,  Daa  bet  at  I)Uer  bcii,  font  troe 
Daa  (am,  iffe  ffal  fortnbca,  men  ^abc  ct  nlgt  2it>. 

I>iip<tli,  a  town  of  Bombay,  on  the  Bhima 
Biver,  Western  India,  85  miles  southeast  of 
Bombay  city,  5  miles  from  the  sea.  One  of 
the  heiUthiest  places  in  India.  Jlission  station 
of  the  S.  P.  ({.;  1  mi.ssiouary,  12  native  helper.s, 
8  .schools,  2:^1  scholars. 

■>urf\ir,  a  country  of  the  Soudan.  (Seo 
Africa.) 

nnrjrrliii^  (Darjiling),  a  town  of  Ben- 
gal, North  India,  300  miles  from  Calcutta  by 
rail.  It  is  a  liill  station  (7,000  feel)  and  sani- 
tarium, which  is  ra])idly  l)ecoini'"j:  very  itopii- 
lar.  Poiinlalioii,  7,018,  con.sistin.^  of  Neixilis, 
licpchas,  and  Bhutias,  each  speaking  its  owa 
language,  and  Plain-men,  speaking  liengali, 
Hindu,  and  Hindustani.  Condition  of  iieoi)le 
good.  ^Mission  station  of  the  Established 
Church  of  Scotland  (1870);  2  missionaries,  1 
missionary's  wife,  2  other  ladies,  18  native 
helpers,  13  out-stations,  4  churches,  189  mem- 
bers, 21  schools,  904  scholars. 

Diirliii;;,  David,  b.  1700  ;  sent  by  the  Lon- 
don Mi.ssionarv  Society  to  the  South  Seas  in  1816. 
Stationed  at  timeo  and  Ti.hiti,  making  various 
missionary  tours  from  Bunaania.  In  1884  he 
went  to  ^^ar(lue.sas  to  commence  a  mi8.sion  oa 
those  islands,  returning  the  next  year  to  Tahiti. 
He  assisted  in  translating  the  Scrii^tures  into  the 


i      ! 


• 


I 


■n, 


DARLINO,  DAVID 


880 


DEMBRARA 


i>     ; 


M  i 


11 1 


I 


ill 


Miirf|UP8un  lnnj;iiii>r<'.  Rrfiiriiiii^t  from  n  vlHit  to 
Kii;;luM(l  IH.V.',  lie  niiiili'  his  Iidiiic  in  Tiiliililili 
iHoK,  wlicn  lie  icliii'd  Iroin  iicllvf  srivicii  iiiiil 
willed  III  .Sidney,  wIiitc  lit"  died  Dccciiilicr  Olli, 
INtir. 

lliivUI,  tiirlMlliiii,  )).  in  Mornviii.  I'luly  in 
till'  INih  t'lnliiiy,  Ills  I'mIIk'I'  II  iiiiliiiniiiii,  Ids 
liKillicl' 11  (ii'iiimii.  or  Ijiiiiscll' Me  siiys:  "1  wiis 
i|iiili' II /('idol  l(ir  llic  i{(iin.'iM  Cliiiicli'.  Sosiipcr- 
xliliiiiis  wtiM  I,  iIjiiI  it  III!  iild  wdiiiiin  ci'ossi'd  inc 
in  till'  ciiily  iniirniiiL',  m-  ii  liiiri'  nin  iicmss  llic 

|mlli,  I  deemed  inysell' uidiielvv.     (Jreal  lii(i 1 

>viis  tile  diiikn<'s>.  w  Idrli  liiy  iipim  me  till  it 
pieiised  Olid  ill  Ills  nieicy  in  diieel  me,  |i(Mir, 
liiinil.  iind  iiiiserMliie,  into  llie  riniil  wiiy." 
Fiiidiiiir  little  sympiitliy  iiiiinti;;  l.iitlienins  ul  ilie 
Niiliiiiiid  Cliurcli,  iiiiil  heinu  iiiismIi'  I'liini  tlie 
.lesuils,  idler  viirions  \viinileiiii,i;s  he  went  to 
(iiiilil/,  \vliere  he  wiis  iniiiii  sireiifitheiied  liy 
iiitirenmse  will)  "  Uev,  .Mr.  Seliider  and  ullier 
cldldreii  of  tJiid."  lie  now  "tell  stirred"  to 
visit  Ids  niitive  liiiid,  wldili  he  did  twiee,  |iieaeh- 
ini:  "  repenlimee  and  t'aiili  in  llie  Lord  .lesiis." 
I'erseciilioli  followed,  anil  the  lirelhreii  siilieiteil 
him  to  Iind  some  jilaee  for  tliem  where  they 
iiiiirlit  dwell,  jieliiniin^f  to  (ii'Mlil/.,  he  for  llie 
first  time  met  Count  Zin/endorf,  who  on  healing; 
his  sliitemeiil  said  to  him:  "  If  yon  will  eoine  to 
ine,  1  will  f;ive  von  a  plaee  to  dwell  in  ;  money 
I  have  not,  for  1  too  liiive  liitheito  lieeii  an  e.vile. 
AVitli  what  I  had  I  liave  piirehased  an  estate, 
and  if  it  is  airreeable,  you  may  come  in  (Jod's 
naiiie  and  settle  there.  If  yon  are  .seeking;'  (iimI, 
I  shall  lie  jrlad  to  reeeive  you."  Of  tlds/iii/eii- 
dorf  writes:  "ChrisliMii  David  was  so  intent  on 
the  Moravian  einij^ration,  thai,  when  eniriij.'id  in 
■vvidnseotini;  the  saloon  of  my  house  at  Herlliels- 
<loifin  IT'.2I!,  and  liail  about  tiiiished  his  work, 
lie  left  his  tools,  and  set  olT,  without  hat,  a  journev 
of  nearly  '2(H)  miles,  to  Moravia,  to  lead  hiu  It 
I'lniirraiiis.  He  miidc  eleven  or  twelve  journeys 
in  all,  and  thoii^li  often  in  the  most  imininenl 
daiiucr  from  the  ollieers  of  jiiNtiee  who  iixle  in 
.seaicli  of  him,  lu^  was  jia-ssed  hy  or  i)ieserved 
from  them  in  tlio  luo.st  wonderful  manner." 
The  removal  to  Herthelsdorf  ticiiiin  in  \~'i'2  wiili 
ten  iiersons,  and  within  seven  years  300  others 
hud  joined  the  little  company,  and  huilt  the  town 
called  llerrnhut.  In  1733  Cliristiiin  David  ac- 
companied the  tlrst  ]Moiavian  missionaries  to 
(Jirenland.  After  various  journeys  in  the  service 
of  the  churcli  and  another  voyiiite  to  (Jreeiiland, 
he  in  1748  accompanied  the  iri'cat  missionary 
colony  to  Pennsylvania.  In  Annust,  174i),  aflei 
revisiliuLC  (rreenland,  he  made  another  vi.sit  to 
America,  and  assisted  in  buitdiii;;  the  cliapel- 
hoiisu  at  Nazurt'th,  Peun.  lie  died  at  Herrnhut, 
1750, 

Dii)',  Mililiiiel  MtciiriiN,  1i. Ontario, Canada, 
M'W  Kith,  1SI»H;  jri-,.,dn,||ed  ilinnilton  Literary 
iinil  Theolojiieal  Insiilnte  ;  sailed  as  a  missionary 
of  thcAmerican  Baptist  Missionary  rnioii  to  the 
Telujius.  India,  Septcml'er  20ih,  'w.]').  He  was 
stationed  lirst  at  Vizairaiialam,  then  at  Chicaeole, 
and  in  1837  at  Miidnis.  In  Madras  he  spent 
threo  years  jireachiiiir  in  'reliiiiii  and  Kn^rlish, 
and  ornani/ed  an  Knulish  chiireh,  of  whieh  he 
was  the  pastor,  Havinu;  made  .several  tours  into 
the  Telufiu  count rv,  he  ti.xed  upon  Xelloro  as 
the  most  suitable  place  for  a  mission,  and  in 
1840  removed  thither  with  his  family.  His 
health  failinir,  he  returned  home  in  1845.  Find- 
ing the  executive  committi'e  on  his  iirrival  dis- 
cussing the  propriety  "f  abandoning  the  mis.sion, 


he  earnestly  protested  a;rainst  Rivliif;  up  that 
Meld.  The"  coinmiltee  deeided  to  await  further 
indications  of  I'rovidence.  and  his  health  licin^ 
partially  restored  he  returned  in  1848  to  N'ellore. 
Ills  health  iiLcain  failiii;:,  he  returned  in  1853  to 
the  rnited  Stales.  For  two  or  lliree  years  he 
was  nil  au:ent  for  the  Society  in  Calnida.  Alter 
years  of  iireat  physical  siitlerinir.  he  died  Seplem- 
lier  17lli!  1871.  m'i  Homer,  N.  V.  .Mr.  Hay  was 
the  founder  of  the  Tcliijiii  .Mission.  Amid  nmiiy 
discourajj:eniciits  and  obstacles  he  coMlimicd  to 
labor,  ill  tirm  faith  that  the  gospel  would  triumph 
in  lliat  heathen  land. 

Ilolira,  Delini-Dun  District,  'Northwest 
I'roviiices,  India.  47  miles  east  of  Saharanpnr. 
I'reltilv  siliialed  in  a  mountain  vallev  more  than 
2,;iOO  ft.  altove  the  sea.  Population,  18,!l,"iil, 
Hindus,  .Moslems,  .laiiis,  Christians,  eti'.  .Mis- 
sion station  of  I  he  Church  .Mis-ionary  Society; 
1  missionary  and  wile,  1  school,  1(11  seholai's. 
Prcsbyleriaii  Church  .North;  1  missionary  and 
wife,  3  oilier  ladies,  10  native  helpers,  1  school, 
83  church-members. 

I>clii\vtire  V«'r!itl«ni.— The  Delaware, 
which  beloiiirs  to  the  .\lj;diii|ilin  branch  of 
AmcricMii  laii,nua;ies,  's  spoken  by  the  Delaware 
tribe  of  Indians.  The  Uev.  ( 'lirisiiaii  F.  Dciicke, 
a  .Moravian  missionary,  stationed  at  New  Fair- 
tield  in  I'pper  Canada,  translated  the  Fpisllcs  of 
.lohii,  which  he  torwarded  in  1818  to  the  .Ameri- 
can liible  Society,  by  whicJi  they  Were  published 
shortly  afterwards. 

(Specimen  verse.     1  John  2:  8.) 
Wook    necama   guliechtaguncnanall   'ffma^ 
tauchsowoaganncnanall,  taku  kiluna  ncchohaj 
Bchuk  ulaba  weml  elgigiinkibaki  omattauclisoi 
woagaoova'olieclitoncpanniv 

nrllii,  a  town  of  Punjab,  North  India,  118 
miles  from  Aiiiii,  954  from  Calcutta.  Xoted  for 
its  wonderful  old  palaces  and  mairiiitieent  old 
bnililin;;s,  in  some  re.si)ects  the  most  beautiful 
and  curious  in  the  world.  No  city  in  India  ha.* 
tiner  thoroughfares  than  Dellii;  most  of  itsliouse* 
are  of  brick,  well  built,  and  siibslaiilial.  Popu- 
lation, 173,393.  Mission  station  of  the  Uajitist 
Missionary  Society  ;  4  missionaries,  2  native 
hel])ers,  2  ont-stations,  ryi  school-children,  48ft 
church-members.  S.  P.  G.  and  Cambridge 
.Mis.sion  (1853);  9  missionaries,  9  ladies,  93  native 
helpers,  1  churcli,  l63commuiiicaiits,  29 schools, 
1,251  schoolars,  and,  since  1877,  a  tlonrishing 
College,  which  exercises  a  considerable  literary 
inllueiice  among  the  higher  classes.  Evening 
service  is  held  in  open  air  in  front  of  the  school- 
houses,  and  is  very  well  attended,  especially  by 
women  of  the  lower  classes,  .\s  Delhi  was  the 
former  residence  of  the  (Jreat  Mould,  many 
Turks,  Afghans,  and  Mongols  have  selllcd  here, 
and  life  among  the  upper  classes  has  a  decidedly 
^Mohammedan  chiiracler.  The  rich  and  distin- 
guished Hindu  ladies  live  secluded  in  their  Zena- 
nas, but  Zenana  missionaries  are  genendly  well 
received.  The  neighboring  village.  IJaniimr, 
inhabited  by  weavers,  is  entirely  Clirislian. 

Dt'iiit'rai'ii,  a  river  and  settlement  in  British 
Guiana  (q.v. ).  A  mission  field  of  the  London 
Jlissionary  Society;  1  station,  Ebenezer  (q.v.), 
and  3  ont-stations,  having  5  native  preachers, 
19(1  church-iiK'mbers,  2  Sunday-schools,  255 
Sabbath-scholars,  200  day-scholars.  In  18T8tho 
Moravian    Hrethren    eomnienccd  work  among 


DEMBRARA 


nnr 


DERVISH 


tlir  ciiiiLriiiiils  fniiii  till'  nmliadocx,  MM  II  linmi'li 
lit'  ilir  jiiirliiiiliiui  .Mi-i-iiin,  iiiid  wiili  stalion.s  iit 
(iriilmiiis  Hull  mill  Mi'Ii'I'miwiiiIiIiiii;;:  'i  iiullvr 
liii>siiiMui'lrs,  ltd  rDiMiniitiiciiiitM,  ~  .schotils,  ITU 
M'liiiliirs,  'i  SuiKluy-HcliiMilM,  Ml  Mcliolitra. 

l><'f>l»Hll<l,  II  tinvii  in  till'  Miissnrii'  disirlrl, 
I!i'Ml;iiI,  i')ii-^l  liiiliii,  mil  I'lir  IrulM  l.iiliol'i'. 
.Mi»inll      stMliiill      of    llli'     .Ml'lllmli^l      iOpIsi  llpal 

Cliuicli  Norili;  1  iiiJsNiiiiiiiiv,  1  sIii'tIi'  laily,  3 
(•liiircliini'iulu'rs,  1  siIkhpI,  ill  scliDlars. 

Itcoll,  11  town  in  Hajjiiilanii,  Nortliwcst 
I'liiviiui's,  iiiiliii,  70  mill's  Miiillii'iisl  111'  A  jiiini'. 
Cliiiiati' ln>|il('al,  i'ii|Miliilii>n.  ;(.imiii,  inriuilinu' 
liaJIMits,  low  lasti'  lliiiiliw,  Mini  .Minus,  hiiii- 
j;iiai;i's.  Iliiiili.  .MiTwari.  KrliLiion,  iliiiiliiisiii. 
All  rnli'i|>il--iiin'  |iliin\  willi  a  li'1-.k  iniilr. 
Jli-sjon  station  ot  Ilic  L'nilril  i'lisln  inian 
C'liiii'rii  of  Scollanil  (IsTli;  1  niissioiiaiy  anil 
>vifi',  ;i  niilivc  lu'lpi'i's,  1  Dili  station,  1  ilinri'li, 
17  nuMiilii'is,  H  scliools,  'JT")  sclioliiis. 

llt>|M»li,  a  villiii;!'  H)  miles  south  of  Halavia, 
.lava.  lOasI  Inilii's.  It  was  Cliiistianizi'il  in  1714, 
anil  was  till' si'at  of  a  Diitili  .Missjonaiv  Smii'ly 
(Ni'ilril.  Zi'iiiliiiir. )  siation  fioni  |.s:!l  lii  IM.")'.'.  lii 
lS7iS  till'  Klii'iiisii  Missionary  Smii'ty  I'stalilislinl 
a  .seminary  liei'o  for  the  eiliuatioii  of  native 
leachiTs. 

I>(*ni  4iiliil7.i  Kliiiii,  a  town  in  the  Pun 

jab.  North  Inilia,  near  the  Siilai'iian  Hills.  It 
eoiitaiiis  many  nio.si|nes,  a  tine  ba/aar.  Tlie  popu- 
lalion  of  'J'J,;i()9  eonsisis  of  lliniliis,  .Moslems, 
SiUlis,  Christians.  .Mission  station  of  the 
('.  M.  S.,  which  is  tryini;  to  reaeli  the  Hill 
lieliiilii'es,  a  nomailie  race  liviiii;  in  riistie  sim- 
liliiity,  who  roam  the  hills.  The  Uospel  of 
Matthew  is  the  onlv  portion  of  the  Mible  so  far 
translateil  into  Heiiiehee.  It  has  1  missionary, 
1  native  pastor,  10  eomnuinieauts,  1  school,  oT 
seholiirs. 

Dora  iNiiiail  Kliiiii,ati>\vn  of  tliel'nnjali. 
North  liiilia,  41  miles  west  of  the  Imliis  Uiver, 
iJiK)  miles  west  of  liiihore.  r,iO  miles  north  of 
.Miiltiin.  A  wcllplaniicil  town,  with  houses  of 
nioilcin  eonstruction,  hut  very  bailly  ilrained. 
it  contains  few  buildiiiLCs  of  interest,  but  is  one 
of  the  most  aristocratic  towns  in  I'unjah,  with  a 
laiiie  nnmlier  of  resident  native  noblemen. 
I'oimliition,  'J'J,  1114,  Hindus,  .Moslems,  Sikhs, 
.laiiis,  etc.  Mission  station  of  tlie  ('.  ^M,  8. ;  1 
niissjonary  and  wife,  'i  schools,  ;!2'^  scholars,  1 
native  pastor,  17  conimunieants,  1  hiuh-.school, 
;iOO  scholars,  1  day-school,  4!l  pui>ils. 

l>4'rviNli,a  Moliiimincdan  mystic.  Ktymo- 
looicjilly  the  word  sinnitics  a  mcnilicant,  one  who 
lieirs  ffoiii  (loof  to  door,  and  may  be  understood 
literally,  or  in  a  tiiiiirative  sense  as  implyiim' 
that  the  dervish  is  a  siii)pliaiit  at  the  door  of 
(toil's  mercy.  A  'I'lirkish  proverb  says,  " 'I'he 
Christian's  "la/.y  man  liecomes  a  monk,  the  .Miis- 
liin's  a  dervish,  "  ( h'rixtid/iiii  tfiilii'li ki^ln'Kh  oloitr, 
Miixiiliiiiiuiiik'i.  iliTi'ixli\.  Hilt  the  class  of  men 
coniprised  in  the  widest  iii>iilication  of  the  word 
dervish  are  rarely  meniiicanis  and  never  monks, 
'I'lwy  prefer  to  call  theinsclves  Kliii  Tcxiiveiij.  or 
followers  of  'riieoso]iliy  or  Siilism. 

In  theory,  the  oideis  of  dervishes  number 
twelve,  allof  which  claim  lo  have  derived  their 
doctrine  and  practice  from  four  orders  reputed 
to  have  been  instituted  by  the  four  Caliphs  who 
were  com]ianions  of  .Mohainmeil,  from  whom 
they  are  supposed  to  have  derived  the  "mystery." 
l{iit  in  fact  there  are  many  more  than  twelve 


orders,  and  there  is  no  evidence  of  the  existence 
of  mystics  ainoiii,'  .Muslims  betoie  the  Kill  cen- 
tury. 'I'hc  present  system  of  .Mohamniedaii 
mysticism  appears  to  have  arisen  about  llio' 
lltli  and  Itilh  centuries,  when  the  most  eminent 
dervish  teaclieis  llourished  in  ilasteiii  I'ersiu 
and  ISoUhara. 

Amonn'  ilie  more  proniinent  of  the  orders  of 
the  dervishes  now  known  are  the  .Mevlcvi 
(whirlini;  dervishes),  the  Kufayi  ihowliii;;-  iler- 
vishesi,  (he  Nakshlieiidi  iseers  of  liirhls  and 
visions),  the  Uektaslii,  the  Kadiri,  the  Klial- 
veti,  the  Sha/ili,  the  Kaleiideli  I  iiieiidieiints), 
etc.  All  who  belonn  to  any  of  the  oidcis  an* 
known  in  common  parlance  as  .s'»//*.  or  pious 
people. 

'I'he  various  dervish  orders  ditl'er  from  oiu; 
aiiotlier  in  method  of  development  ami  in  the 
intei'pietation  of  the  teriiis  of  mysticism,  and 
their  doclrincs  niiijre  from  the  most  extraviiiiiint 
I'antlicisiii  and  (•nosticisin  to  ihe  quieter  inysli- 
(isiii  of  the  (  hiistians  of  the  middle  anes.  Tim 
theories  wliich  imderlie  the  whole  dervish 
.system  are  in  outline  as  follows;  '|"he  soul 
emanates  from  (iod  and  must  return  to  Him. 
.Men  cominonly  suppose  that  Ihe  return  of  tlio 
soul  to  (Jod  occurs  after  dcalh,  but  to  certain 
ones  has  been  revealed  the  "  myslerv  "  that,  in 
spile  of  the  opposition  of  the  world  and  the 
llesh,  there  is  a  "  way"  by  which  the  soul  may 
return  to(iod  while  yet  in  theUodv.  My  follow"- 
ini;  the  "way"  the  soul  is  blessed  with  manifes- 
talions  of  the  perfections  of  (iod,  and.  becoiii- 
ini;-  insensible  to  earthly  thiiif^s,  in  an  ecstasy  of 
deliu'lit  it  attains  to  union  with  (iod;  this  ec- 
static condition  becoming;  at  length  the  normal 
condition  of  life,  its  subject  becominsx  intovieiited 
with  (iiMl  and  seeinn'  (hid  in  all  thiniis.  'I'liu 
.saint  ivcli)  who  has  attained  this  condition  of 
unbroken  union  with  (iod  is  believed  to  be  used 
as  a  channel  I  or  I  he  exercise  of  the  Divine  power, 
shown  ill  the  healinir  of  the  sick,  the  forctelliiiif 
of  events,  the  e.xcliaiiire  of  thoui^ht  with  lho.se  at 
a  distance,  etc.  'I'liese  iniraeiiloiis  exhibitions 
of  power  do  not  depend  on  the  w  ill  of  the  mail 
lliroiiirh  whom  lliev  are  exhiliileil;  hence  they 
continue  after  the  death  of  the  saint,  and  rewaril 
those  who  have  recourse  to  his  lirave.  Holh 
before  and  iif'er  death  such  saints  are  believed 
to  have  a  place  ill  Ihe  Divine  system  by  which 
mundane  all'airs  are  controlled,  which  is  a  rei;ii- 
lar  hierarchy  of  froveriiors,  of  whom  one  or  two 
are  placed  in  a  position  resemblini;  the  (inostio 
Demiurues,  witli  power  only  less  than  intinile. 
For  this  reason  the  deceased  saints  of  the  der- 
vish orders  are  always  addre.s.sed  iu  prayer  by 
their  followers. 

The  method  by  which  union  xvith  (iod  is  to 
be  attained  is  dilVerently  tauLrlit  in  the  dill'i  rent 
orders,  but  the  principle  substantially  followed 
by  all  divides  the  i)rocess  into  tliree  exercises: 
(II)  The  piiritication  of  the  mind  fioiu  earthly 
thoiijihts  and  desires;  (//)  The  concentration  of 
the  mind  upon  the  bein;;'  of  (iod  or  His  attri- 
butes; ic)  The  repeated  recitation  of  the  names 
of  God.  In  some  of  the  orders  the  purilicatioii 
is  soui;lit  by  penances  and  ascetic  auslerities; 
this  is  es|ii'eially  the  case  in  the  .Vrabian  orders. 
In  other  orders  repentance  for  sin  and  |iraycrs 
to  (iod  are  relied  upon  to  till  the  mind  with 
such  a  desire  for  spiritual  thinii's  as  will  sup|ilant 
earthly  desires.  The  zihr  or  recitaliiai  of  tlio 
name  of  (iod  is  silent  in  some  orders,  but  be- 
comes a  wild  shout  in  others.  Thus  the  Whir 
iiig  Dervishes  as  they  spin    round,    and    the 


)  «ii 


i 


n 


9*^ 

I 


\ 


I 


BERVISH 


838 


DINDiaUI. 


Howling  Ptrvislics  ns  tliey  slii)iil  in  I'l-cii/icd 
tones,  lire  iilikc  (•iii:!i!r<'<l  in  llu'  zUr,  whicli  is 
xuihioskI  to  liiinu  llicni  iiilo  ccsliilic  union  willi 
GihI  ill  I  hose  pulilic  si'iviccs  to  wliiili  inivcllcrs 
in  oriiMiliil  countrii's  lloiU  ii--  to  one  of  tlic 
"  sijrhis  "  of  ilic  iilticc.  'I'lic  ;//,/•  is  Mssjsicd  liv 
trrliiin  nii'cliiHiic:il  exercises,  mkIi  as  the  liolil- 
ini;  of  llie  hreiilli,  lioiililinii-  Imek  the  loiinue  on 
tlu'  liiof  of  llie  nioulli.  ele.  Some  of  the  or(i<'rs 
\ise  (lrn;;s  or  even  sjiirituous  li(|iiors  ;is  iin  iiid 
to  I'eliiiions  fervor. 

'I'lie  oririini/ation  of  tlie  Dervisji  orders  is  a 
jiurely  voluntary  iissoeiation,  uiiarded  in  some 
orders  l)y  secret  si^iis  and  passwords.  For  the 
i'onveiiieiiee  of  assemlily  a  chaiiel  or  Tthhf  is 
l)iiih  in  some  suitable  place,  and  endowed  liy 
le,!:iici<'s  of  rich  men.  To  litis  place  all  Muslims 
ina_\  resort  for  worslnp.  Here  may  reside  such 
nieinliers  of  the  order  as  liavo  a  vocation  to  do 
j<o.  for  such  lime  as  '  y  ch(M),se.  In  the 
T(kk<'  they  are  imder  alisohite   rule  of  the 

<'lder  or  Slieikh.  who  n  ,  >ents  in  th.il  place  the 
Pir  ov  founder  of  Ihe  urder.  No  memlier  is 
forced  to  live  in  Ihe  TiHr.  and  all  may  liave 
their  families  near  at  hand  if  they  choose.  All 
the  members  are  "  brothers  "  (yX'A )'((//.)  'I'he 
spceitic  method  in  use  is  the  "way  "  ('l'iirikiil\. 
The  man  w  ho  inclines  to  wall;  in  the  way  is  a 
novice  or  •■  seeker  "  (.V'n'/(/ 1,  and  after  lie  has 
learned  to  esca|>e  the  bonds  of  the  tlesli  lie  be- 
<'omes  a  "walker"  (t>iilik).  Any  ^'((/(7,  of  loiiir 
t'X|)eHcnce  may  be  a  Murshiil  or  instructor  of 
novices,  and  is  eligible  to  the  ollice  of  Sheikh,  or 
ilireclOi  li -A  Tekke;  this  otlice  is  often  lurcdi- 
tarv. 

'I'he  Moliannuedaiiisin  of  the  Koran,  beiiij;; 
t'sseiuially  a  religion  of  outward  oliservances. 
kt'cps  tlu' eyes  of  its  followers  tixed  upon  the 
minute  deeds  of  self,  and  has  little  for  spiritual 
natures.  'I'lie  dervish  system  appears  as  an 
fxotic  addition  to  the  doclrines  of  tlie  Koran, 
with  the  object  of  giving  to  .^lusliius  a  satislac- 
tion  for  spiritual  aspirations  which  they  must 
otherwise  1,-ick.  The  regular  religious  doctor.^ 
and  theologians  of  Islam  frown  upon  the  der- 
vislu's.  Hut  t<'iis  of  ilKiusands  of  Muslims  .s(>ek 
spiritual  content  in  the  dervish  orders,  trying 
one  afti'r  another  of  the  systems,  and  still  ever 
groping  after  the  "way"  and  Ihe  "perfect 
guide"  who  shall  give  them  rest   to  their  souls. 

The  literature  of  the  Dervishes  is  a  rich  lield 
for  research,  comprising  Ihe  liiiest  poetical 
works  of  the  Persian  and  Turkish  authors, 
.lellaluddin.  the  author  of  Ihe  .Mesuevi,  was  a 
Mevlevi  dervish,  as  was  Saadi.  .lami  was  a 
!Nakshbeudi.  The  modern  works  of  lli<'  better 
<'lass  of  dervishes  contain  imich  thai  is  spiritual 
and  lofty  and  inspiriiig. 

l>t'V«»ll  (or  I'asl.  a  town  in  ('•■inada.  A  ('. 
JI.  S.  mission  station  in  the  Saskatchewan  dis- 
trict, Northwest  .\meriea;  Kit ehureli-members, 
H  schools,  .")(>  scholars. 

l>liaru'iir,  a  town  of  nombay,  India.  '.2SS 
miles  southeast  of  Hotubay  city.  I'opulation. 
'-.'7,  l!ll,  lliialoos,  Moslems,  Jains,  Chrisii.iiis, 
Parsis.  ele.  Mission  st,iliou  of  Ihe  Itasle  .Mis- 
jsionaiy  Society;  ;!  mis>ionaries,  Vj  misvionaries' 
wives,'  1-1  native  helpers,  !K)  eommunicants, 

l>iarl»t>kir,  a  city  of  Kasiern  Turkey,  on 
the  Tiirris,  the  ancient  Aiuida,  and  ealleil  by 
the  Turks  Ktirit  (black)  Aiiiiila.  on  accotuit  (if 
Ihe  walls,  which  being  built  of  black  basall, 
Jmve  a  iieciiliarly  forbidding  aspect.     The  poj)- 


ulntion  (40,(X)0)  is  eoniposcrt  of  Turks  Aime- 
niaiis,  Syrians,  Koonls,  etc.  Iteing  Ihe  capital 
of  the  province  and  the  centre  for  trade,  it  has 
••dways  been  an  imporlant  place,  and  was  lor 
many  yearst he  seat  of  the  Uritisli  militar\  ( (in>ul 
for  Kooidisiau.  Mission  work  was  coiumeiiccd 
early  in  the  history  of  the  Turkey  missions,  lail  it 
was  (Miutineil  formally  years  ehiclly  to  passing 
visits  <if  missionaries  lo  .Mesopotamia  (see  Ar 
meniaand.V.  H.  I'.  F.  M.).  When  fully  occupied 
as  a  station  the  work  progresicd  rapidly,  and  !i 
strong,  self  supporting  cliuivh  was  f<irmed 
amon.ii'  the  .Vriueuiaiis.  \\'ork  is  also  carried  on 
.'imong  the  Syiians  or  .lacobites  of  ihe  city  and 
the  surrounding  villages,  conducted  by  Ihe 
niissionari<'s  from  .Mar(lin. 

nibble,  >>lu>l«loil,  1).  Skaneateles,  N.  Y.. 
U.S.A.,  .lanuai>  'Jlitli,  ISII!);  gradualcd  llamil- 
lon  College  li^'.'T,  Auburn  Theolo.irical  Semi- 
nary ISliO;  ordained  ItivH.  October  tilli,  lS;iO, 
Sailed  the  same  year  with  the  fourth  company 
of  missionaries  lo  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  He 
was  stalioned  at  Hilo  till  18l>('),when,  on  account 
of  illheiilth,  he  was  assigned  lo  Ihe  Seminary 
at  Jiahainaluna,  on  Maui.  Mrs.  Hiblile  died 
Fcbru.'iiy  '.'Dili,  18;iT.  In  November  of  that  year 
he  sailed  for  America,  where  he  made  an  ex- 
tended lour,  delivering  lectures  upon  the  isl- 
ands and  the  missionary  work.  An  abstract  of 
these  was  published,  eiitilled  "Hawaiian  His- 
tory" (New  York,  18:i!l).  He  returned  with  his 
second  wife  in  18;ii).  3Ir.  Dibble  was  "among 
Ihe  foietiiost  of  the  mission  eduealors."  He 
translated  part  of  the  t)id  'I'estamcnl,  pn'parctl 
eight  text  books  on  grammar,  natural  hist(uv, 
and  Scripture  history  in  the  Hawaiian  language; 
and  w  Idle  a  "  History  of  Ihe  Sandwich  Islands 
.Mission"  (New  'i'  rk'  18;i!»)  and  a  "History  of 
the  Sandwich  Isl.inds"  (Laliainaluna,  I84;i). 
He  died  at  Lahainaluna,  Ihiwaiiau  Island.s, 
,lune:J','d,  1845. 

l>ik(>lo  Vt*r«il«ii.— The  Dikeleor  Keh'  be- 
longslo  the  Hantu  family  of  African  languages, 
aiut  is  used  in  the  re,i;ioii  of  the  river  Gahnn. 
A  triinslation  of  the  (iospel  of  .loliii,  prepared 
by  toe  Uev.  Albert  Hushnell  of  Ihe  Piesbyteiiaii 
(Jaboon  .Mission,  was  published  at  Mcw  York 
by  the  American  liible  Socii'ly  in  1879. 

(iSjitcuiwn  veme.     John;!;  10.) 

Nadlambllindl  AnyamblC  a  niidinh  pOnzhe 
iiyi  ua  thudiuh  thati  thiS  tha  yiS  niiyO  Miana 
iigwi'^i  ngwadikika,  na  mutyl  jSshfS  ngwa  yd 
buudliC  a  tyi  magwa,  nji  a  bd'  na  thaki'  th' 
ndukwa  jeshO. 

I>illl0l>lli'  (T>inaipore1.  a  town  of  Bengal, 
Kast  India,  -MO  mills  north  of  Calcutta.  There 
are  no  temples,  and  but  one  mosipic  in  the 
phu'e.  TopulatiiMi,  r.'..-i(iO,  .Moslems.  Hindus, 
etc.  Mission  station  of  the  liaplisl  .Missionary 
Society:  'J  missionaries,  8  oiitsliitions,  wilh  l!iO 
toinmimieants. 

Itiiiii|iiir,  a  town  in  IJengal,  Kasi  India, 
on  the  (iaiiges.  Population  of  town  aiul  eali- 
lonment.  ;i7.H!):t.  Hindus.  .Moslems,  Christians, 
etc.  .Mission  sti:t ion  of  the  Haiitist  .Alissionary 
Society;  I  missiiaiary.  7  native  helpers,  'i\'H 
school-children.  8  cliureh-meinbers.  S.  IV  G. ; 
1  school,  25  pupils. 

l>illfliKlll, H town  in  ]S[aduia,  Madrns,  South 
Inilia,  'M  miles  northwest  of  .Sladura.      Con- 


J3INDIOUI. 


880 


DOBRUDJA 


th' 


ilh 


in'ctcd  by  railroiid  witli  tlic  rliicf  towns  of  the 
I'l't'sidi'iicy.  I'opuliilion,  14,1!S-',  Hiiulus,  Mos 
loms,  C'liristiiiiis.  .Mission  siiilion  of  tlic 
A.  15.  V.  F.  .M.;  1  niissionaiy  and  wifo,  :! 
cliuiclu's,  II  UK'diiiil  mission,  scliool,  ui\(l  semi- 
nary. 

Ilfillllllll,  a  town  in  Abyssinia,  ATrica.  ami 
.slali!)n  of  till"  Swt'ilisli  Evangelical  >ialional 
Association. 

noiiiic.  I'!«lwtir«l  Toppiiiif,  h.  Tomp 
liinsville,  SlMleii  Ishinil,  N.  V..  I'.  S.  A.,  May 
otnli,  ISv'O;  gnulualed  at  Illinois  Cnllejre,  .lack- 
sonville.  111.!  1.'<4S;  I'liion 'l'lu'iilii;:ieal  Seininai-y 
IS.")'.',  ordained  lS,")-t.  ami  einliaiked  .lniu'4tli,  the 
.sanu'  year,  a  luission.aiy  of  llie  A.  B.  ('.  F.  .M. 
foe  .>ii(  ronesia,  airi^inu'  Felniiary  (itli.  l.s.")."(. 
'I'lioniih  eiiciiinstaiiees  made  it  neeessaiy  fol- 
ium to  lie  transfeired  temiioiai  ily  to  the  Maf- 
sliall  Islands  ami  to  Japan,  yet  the  people  of 
I'lMiape.  where  he  was  stationed,  had  his  heart, 
anii  lo  them  he  relnined  and  for  Ihem  laboifil 
with  miwcaried  gentleiu'ss  and  eonraire,  ami 
witli  eheeiins;sueeei^s.  In  18S7.  when  the  Span- 
ish forces  oi'('ii|>ieil  the  island,  .Mr.  Doane  was 
seized,  pnl  in  the  hold  of  a  vessel,  and  sent  as 
a  |>risi)ner  lo  the  I'hilippine  Isl.amls.  'The  na- 
tives wer<'  so  ronsed  by  this  im warrantable 
act,  llml,  lieins;  withonl  .Mr.  Do.uu's  intluenee 
to  restrain  Ihem,  they  rose  and  look  Iho  life 
of  ihelJovernor.  Throiigh  the  etrorts  uf  .lidiiis 
Voiirt,  the  I'ldted  States  Ccinsnl  at  .Manila,  he 
was  lilierated  bv  the  Spanish  (JoviriimenI, 
iliid  was  ri'turned  with  iipoloiries  to  his  station. 
Mis  inlhieiice  thronghont  the  islands  was  in- 
creased by  what  had  happem<I.  'riiongli  his 
health  declined,  he  clumr  to  his  work  till  the 
sprin:;  of  18',)0,  when  lie  was  conveyed  by  the 
"  Moriiinu;  Star"  to  Ilonohibi,  where  in  two 
weeks  he  ipiielly  breathed  his  last,  at  the  honse 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  ilyde,  onlhe  ISihof  >Iay.  The 
evi'iniiir  before  lie  died,  loo  weak  lo  utter 
many  wonls,  he  said  lo  I>r.  Lowell  Sniilli, 
"1  ain  trustinsi  ill  .lesns."  Uev.  Lntlier  Ciulick, 
th''  only  snrvivor  of  the  early  company  of 
missionaries  on  I'onape,  exi'cpt  Mr.  IJinjihain, 
writes:  "1  was  in  Fonape  when  lie  arrived  in 
IS.-).-),  and  -.oon  learned  to  love  ami  admire  him. 
He  was  disinleresledly  allached  lo  mission.ary 
work,  and  his  hopefulness  was  very  markeil. 
He  was  ill  many  respects  a  model  missionary, 
cheerful,  manly,  and  sensible."  lie  had  been 
35  vears  a  missinnary  id'  the  .Vmerican   Hoard. 

It<il>t>r,  lA*«»liai'«i,  .'1  missiiiiiary  of  llie 
Utiiled  Hrethren  to  the  Danisii  West  Indies. 
He  was  a  poller  by  Irade.  His  attention  was 
called  lo  this  Held  fhionjrh  a  cciiiversalion  with 
u  servant  of  Count  Zinzendorr.  who  came 
with  him  lo  C'o|)enhaireii  in  ITIil  to  atti'iid 
the  coronation  of  (.'hristian  VI.  .Vnlhony  staled 
that  he  had  a  sister  wliodesired  some  one  should 
be  sent  lo  instriicl  them  in  the  \.ay  of  sal- 
vation, and  had  been  prayinir  to  (Jod  lo  hel)) 
Ihem.  Wlidcvi'r  weni  to  these  jioor  peo))le  on 
the  island  of  Si,  Thomas  must  become  a  laborer 
lo  work  ainonir  them:  and  Leonard  Dober 
otl'ered  himself  to  be  sold  as  a  slave,  if  neces- 
sary, in  order  to  reach  them.  It  was  a  year 
before  aiiythins;  was  done.  When  it  was  deter 
mined  by  lot,  Dober  was  selected,  and  went 
lo  ('oiieiiliairen  aceonipiiiiied  by  Nilschnian, 
who  was  to  go  with  him  to  St,  Thomas  and 
then  relnrn  to  llerrnhut  'I'lie  Hrethren  knew 
very   little  at   this  time   of    missionary   under 


takings,  and  gjive  them  only  these  insiriic- 
lions  :  "In  all  things  follow  the  guidance  iif 
the  Spirit  of  Christ  "  They  set  out  on  llieir 
journey  of  (ilH)  miles  lo  Copenhagen,  with  only 
their  staves  in  their  hands,  and  only  si.\  dol- 
lars in  their  pockets,  in  all  this  long  way 
they  met  many  pious  people,  but  no  one 
approved  of  their  undertaking,  or  gave  them 
the  least  encouragement,  e.\oepling  Count 
Zin/.endorf  and  the  Conuless  of  Stallberg. 
The  latter  told  them  that  "Ihe  adorable  Ke- 
deemer.  in  whose  cause  they  were  eng.aged, 
was  worthy  thai  His  servants  should  sacriliee 
no',  only  their  comforts,  liul  their  lives,  for 
His  sake."  They  were  told  at  Copenhagen 
thai  il  would  be  impossible  to  get  a  vessel  lo 
iXo  to  St.  Thomas,  and  if  they  succeeded  in  get- 
ting there  no  one  would  permit  Ihem  to  teach 
llie  slaves.  Even  Anthony  retracted  all  he 
liad  said  in  regtird  to  his  sister  and  her  com- 
panions. Nothing  could  shake  their  determi- 
nation, and  lluir  steadfastness  of  purpose 
raised  up  some  inlluenlial  friends  for  llieiii 
among  Ihe  roxal  family,  councillors  of  state, 
ami  two  of  her  majesty's  chaplains.  They  ar- 
rived in  St,  Thom.'is,  December  13th.  ITM.  after 
a  voyage  of  ten  weeks.  They  immediately 
found  Anthony's  sister,  who,  wiili  her  compan- 
ions, rejoiced  to  see  them,  A  letter  had  been 
written  without  llieir  knowledge  to  a  wealthy 
pl.'iiiter  n.'imcd  Lorenzen,  who  kindly  receiveil 
Ihem  into  his  house  and  gave  Nitschman  work 
at  his  carpenler's  Irade,  liy  which  he  support- 
ed not  only  liimself,  but  Dober,  For  four 
months  they  worked  h.'ippily  together,  when 
Nitseliman  had  to  return  lo  Kuroi)e,  On  his 
ilcparlure  Dolier  was  left  destitute  of  any  liveli- 
hood, for  there  was  no  clay  on  the  island  suitable 
for  Ihe  making  of  i)oitery.  He  was  for  a  time 
tutor  lo  the  govi'rnor's  son,  but  this  interfered 
with  his  mission.'iry  work  among  Ihe  negroes, 
and  he  aski'd  to  he  dismisseil.  He  then  went  to 
T.ippus,  a  small  village,  where  he  livi'd  in 
great  poverty.  In  {I'M  a  famine  and  riots, 
wliirli  lasted  six  months,  made  his  work  almost 
impossible.  The  only  cheering  thing  was  the 
news  that  helpers  were  coming  from  Fng- 
land.  They  arrived  the  lllhof  .)um',andlwo 
months  Later  Dober  retnriied  to  Europe,  lo  till 
the  otlice  of  superintending  cliler  in  the  con- 
greg.'ition  at   llerrnhut. 

l><>t»ni«IJll,  the  portion  of  the  Halkan  I'eiiin- 
snla  on  ihe  right  side  of  the  Danube,  c.xlendinjf 
from  Silistria  and  N'arna  to  the  monlh  of  that 
river,  otVering  Ihe  most  accessible  military  route 
from  the  norili  lo  Constant inoide.  The  country 
is  llal.  containing  several  large  swamps  and 
lakes  on  the  coast.  Some  parts  are  very  fertile, 
and  prndnee  good  crops  of  grain;  others  are 
covered  with  grasses.  'I'lie  lierbage  dries  up 
early  in  summer,  and  lloeks  of  sheep  and  herds 
of  butl'aloes  go  In  the  borders  of  the  Danube  for 
Iiastnre.  Population  consists  of  from  Ki.DtIO  lo 
'.'0,0(KI  families  of  liiilgaiians.  Tartars,  Cossacks, 
Turkomans.  Armenians,  (ireeks.  and  Jews,  who 
support  themselves  by  the  raising  of  cattle  and 
bees,  bv  the  manufacture  of  salt,  and  bv  lisher- 
i"s.  'I*he  most  important  towns  are  'I'nllclia, 
Knsteiiji.  Malta  Danh,  and  Ilirsova.  The  Hus- 
siaiis  commenced  in  this  district  their  operations 
against  Turkey  in  l.S'JS,  and  again  in  IS-)4.  when 
liiey  gained  an  imporlaiil  advanliiLic  by  securing 
M.'itchin,  one  id'  the  towns  of  Dobriidja,  It 
was  restored  lo  Turkey  by  llie  treaty  of  peace  in 


SOBRUDJA 


840 


DRUSES 


I 


■f 


1856.  Some  niissionnry  work  is  done  bv  the 
Mctliodist  EiiiHcoiml  ("hiircli  North,  uiul  Iho 
Hrilish  mid  Forcifiii  Hililu  Society  send  eolpor- 
teiirs  lo  tlie  dilTertiit  cities. 

l>o<l<l,  Edward  IVIillN,  h.  liloomtield.  N. 
.T.,L'.  S.  A.,  June  JM.  1W4;  frnidiiiilediit  i'riiicc- 
ton  ('()llcj;e  1844;  ji'niduiited  at  liiion 'I'lieoloiri- 
cul  Seniiniiry,  New  Y<)rl<,  1848;  siiilcd  inl84!)  tor 
i?niyniii  as  a  missionary  of  liie  A.  IJ.  ('.  F.  M., 
to  ilic  .lews  at  Salonica.  His  liealtli  liavinu' 
failed  in  lliree  years,  lie  returned  to  thv.  Uiiitecl 
Stales;  Inil  on  its  recovery  he  airain  sailed  for 
Sniynia  in  W't't,  where,  having  learned  I  lie 
TiirUisli  laniruaLi'e,  he  lahored  tor  eijiht  years 
aiiionn-  Ihe  Armenians.  The  Jewish  mission 
was  iiiven  up.  In  |s((!;?  lie  wiis  Iransferred  lo 
^larsovan,  with  special  rclerence  lo  his  lakiiiL? 
<liari;e  of  Ihe  iriils'  school.  His  sudden  death 
from  cholera  occurred  two  moiilhs  after  the 
school  was  oiieiied,  on  August  '201  li,  1805. 

•llis  tirst  missionary  laiiiruai:'e  was  the  He- 
brew-Siiaiiisli,  of  which  he  had  a  tine  coiiiniaiid, 
and  he  was  still  ahle  to  use  it.  When  trans- 
ferred to  Ihe  Armenian  work,  he  learned  Ihe 
Turkish,  which  lie  n.sed  w  illi  more  than  ordinary 
corrictness.  He  devoted  coiisidenilile  attention 
to  Turkish  hymnolofry,  and  contrihuted  more 
larjrely  to  tlie  collection  of  'I'nrkish  hyniiis  now 
in  use  than  any  other  iierson." 

I>'.'>(fri  Version. — The  Dogri,  a  diaU>et  of 
the  I'uniahi.  lielonsis  lo  the  Indie  branch  of  the 
Aryan  lanLniaiic-faniily,  .and  is  used  liya  iieoide 
inhaliitinj;'  the  mountainous  or  northern  districts 
of  Lahore.  The  late  Dr.  Carey,  assisted  by  some 
pundits,  ]irei)ared  a  translation  of  Ihe  New 
Testament  into  tliis dialect,  which  was  publislied 
at  Serampore  in  1824,  but  never  reprinted. 

Dolimiriir,  a  town  and  district  in  Tinne- 
velly,  India,  ;iivin<r  name  to  a  church  council 
of  the  South  India  Mission  of  the  Church  Mi.s- 
siouary  Society,  founded  in  1827  by  a  special 
gift  of  Count  Dohna.  It  includes  "70  villages, 
C  eliurehes,  505  eomnumicants,  35  schooLs,  789 
scholars. 

Dole,  Daniel,  b.  Bloonifiekl  (now  Skow- 
hegan),  Maine,  V  S.  A.,  September  9th,  1808; 
graduated  Bowdoin  College,  .Maine,  in  18;i((; 
Bangor  Theological  Si'iuiiiary  18!i9;  sailed  as  a 
missionary  of  the  .V.  H.  C.  F.  M.,  November 
14th,  1840,  for  Honolulu.  On  his  arrival  lie 
was  appointed  principal  of  the  I'unalioii  school, 
and  when  liie  school  was  ineorporati  <!  as  Oahii 
College,  he  became  the  president,  wliicli  posi- 
tion he  held  till  1855.  He  then  removed  lo 
Kohia,  still  continuing  his  laborsasa  teaclier,  in 
■which  eapaiity  he  was  very  successful.  "  He  will 
be  remembered,"  says  the  Honolulu  "Friend." 
"not  only  as  a  teacher,  but  as  a  preacher  in 
Honolulu,  Koloa,  and  other  parts  of  the  islands. 
He  was  a  pure-minded,  thoughtful,  .•scholarly, 
devout  Cliristian  missioiiarv."  He  died  at 
Koloa.  Kauai,  August  aOtli,  1878. 

l>«niUl!«i,atownof  Eastern  Equatorial  Africa, 
<ai  or  Hear  the  east  shore  of  Lake  .Nya.s.sa.  not 
far  from  Mlantyre.  Mission  station  of  ihe  Fsiab- 
lislieil  Cliurch  of  Scolliuid  (18841;  li  missionaries, 
1  pliysieian,  !{  church  inemhers,  140  scholars. 

l>4»llll»lirK,  an  important  government  plan- 
tation, lying  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Suri- 
nam river  in  Surinam,  South  America,  about 
twelve  miles  above  Paramaribo.  At  and  near 
the  village  there  is  ii  population  of  alamt  1,200 


persons  connected  with  the  Mornvian  Cliurch, 
imd  many  heathen  in  the  surrounding  districts, 
hut  hitherto  no  place  of  worship.  A  large  church 
is  now  in  process  of  const  ruction. 

Hoiiiiii|;ia,  a  town  of  Hio  Pongas,  western 
coast  of  Africa,  at  the  junelion  of  the  Hungalong 
and  Fallelan  rivers.  ^Mission  station  of  the  S, 
P.  (}.;  1  missionary. 

lloillillU'a,  one  of  the  British  Leeward 
Islands,  West  Indies.  Area,  291  s(piare  miles; 
population,  29,500,  of  whom  the  majority  are 
Koniaii  Catliolics.  Previous  lo  17,59  it  belonged 
to  France.  Sugar,  fruit,  cocoa,  and  timber  are 
the  chief  ])ro(lucls.  ^lission  station  of  the 
AVeslcyan  ^lelh(Klists;  051  chiiieli-meinbers. 

I>«>iid<i,  on  the  Coanza  River,  west  coast  of 
Africa,  180  'iiiles  from  its  mouth,  is  a  noted 
tiading  cenire,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  naviga- 
tion. I'dpulation,  5,000,  mostiy  negroes.  It  is 
a  station  of  Ihe  Bishop  Taylor's  .Alissioiidj.v.), 
when  property  worth  $5,000  has  been  secure(l, 
iuid  much  hard  pre|)aratoiy  w(jrk  has  been 
done.  Three  missionary  heroines  are  buried 
there. 

Duly,  Eliliii,  b.  1812;  graduated  at  Tint- 
gers  College  18!J5,  and  the  Theological  Seminary 
at  New  Hrunswick,  N.  J.,  U.  S.  A.,  IS'M;  was 
ordained  the  same  year  as  a  missionary  to  tlie 
lieathcn.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first' mission 
sent  by  Ihe  Peformed  Dutch  Cliurch  and  the 
A.  B.  C,  F.  >l.  io  Java,  where  he  labored  from 
183G  to  1840,  when  he  was  transferred  to 
Borneo,  and  tailored  among  the  Dyaks  till  1844. 
Thence  he  was  removed  to  China.and  was  con- 
nected with  the  Amov  Jlission  till  his  tlealh. 
Jlrs.  Doty  died  October  5th,  1845.  :Mr.  Doty 
left  Amoy  for  America,  November  12th,  1845, 
with  his  two  motherless  children  and  the  two 
of  Mr.  Pohlmun,  arriving  at  New  York,  ^larch 
Cth,  1840.  He  returned  to  Amoy  with  his 
second  wife,  August  19th,  1847.  He  left  China 
for  home  in  1805,  and  died  at  sea  in  March, 
fiMir  days  before  tlie  arrival  of  the  ship  at  New- 
York. 

"  Mr.  Doty  was  an  excellent  CInnese  scholar 
find  preacher;  an  indefatigable,  courageous, 
self-denying  laborer;  a  man  of  singular  frank- 
ness; and  was  closely  ideiitilied  with  the  mission 
at  Amoy  from  its  origin." 

DnwIaiMlivaraiii,  South  India,  a  town  in 
the  (iodaveri  district,  Madras.  ;i2  miles  by  the 
shorlesi  canal  from  Cocanada,  and  4  miles  south 
of  Hajahmundry.  Population  (1881),  8,002, 
Hindus,  a  few  Moslems,  and  Chrisliiins.  When 
first  built  the  town  was  a  place  of  much  impor- 
tance; at  present  it  is  a  perinar.ent  statiiai  of  the 
district  engiiu'cring  stalT,  and  the  government 
w(irkslio])s  here  turn  out  much  work  for  Ihe 
Public  Works  I)e|)arlment.  The  town  is  con- 
nected with  Madras  and  with  several  jxiinls  on 
the  coast,  by  numerous  navigable  canals.  Mis- 
sion station  of  the  Evangelical  Liilheran  (Jen- 
eral  ("(Mineil;  1  missionary,  52  communicants;  1 
Ixys'  school,  40  scholars;  1  girls'  .school,  20 
scholars. 

l>riiM'N,  a  i)ccnliar  race  and  sect  living  in 
North  Syria,  among  the  slopes  of  Mount  Lelia- 
non  and  ,\iili-Lebiuion.  There  are  also  some 
settlements  in  the  Hauran  and  a  colony  at  Safi'<i, 
Pidestine.  They  arc  found  as  far  iioith  as  livy- 
rout,  as  far  south  as  Tyre,  and  as  far  east  as  Da- 
mascus.    About  130  towns  and  villagesareoecu- 


DRUSES 


841 


DUFF,  ALEXANDER 


pifd  ux(;lusiv<;ly  by  tlioiii,  and  together  with  the 
jliiioiiitcs  ((i.v.J  IlifV  f()iniM)se  the  poptilalion  of 
over  "JOO  iiioic.  They  are  estiiiiateil  at  65.01K) 
men.  Deir-el-Kimiiir,  uhout  15  miles  southeast 
of  Heyroiil,  is  tiicir  eliicf  town. 

The  oriiiiii  iiiid  ethnonniiihieal  allinity  of  the 
Druses  is  liy  IK)  means  settled.  Tlie  most  cred- 
ible Iheory'is  that  lliey  luive  sprunj:  pjirlly  fmm 
tlu!  t'ulliiies,  by  whom  the  deva.staleil  filies  of 
ijainaria  were  repeopled  under  the  nile  of  Esjir- 
haildiin;  partly  from  the  warlike  Manlis.  who 
were  hroiiuhl  to  Lebanon  in  the  time  of  Con- 
stantine;  and  partly  from  the  Anibs.  who  have 
made  so  many  incursionsi  in  tlii.s  R-iriou:  with, 
perhaps,  a  little  i)f  the  IiIimmI  of  the  (."nixidcrs 
niinnled  with  this  Mohammedan  aueeslrv. 
Wliativer  tlieir  orijiin,  their  nationulity  is  dis- 
tinct Iniin  tlie  eloseof  tile  tenth  eentnrv.  They 
speak  Arabic  as  eorreetiv  as  the  i)eoplt'of  Me<-ca; 
iliey  pii^sessa  knowledire  of  the  (.'hinese  Empin-. 
with  uliiih  their  own  traditions  eounwt  tliem  ; 
and  lliey  exhibit  a  retincinent  iu  eonverxition 
and  maimers,  an  appreciation  of  (-tlueatiou,  es- 
pecially that  of  women,  which  is  in  strikinir  <-on- 
trast  t()  the  other  Syrian  races  with  which  they 
are  surrounded. 

ilakim  Hiamr  Allah,  Caliph  of  Eirvpt,  wi. 
bejian  to  reiini  ODIi  .\.D.,  is  therepiitetl  author  oi 
their  peculiar  religion.  Tweuty-tive  vears  of 
tyranny  wild  and  terrible  le.ive  little  doubt  of 
his  insanity,  under  the  intiuence  of  which  he 
claimed  to  holddirect  intercoiiise  with  the  Deity. 
and  proclaimed  himself  the  Incaniatlon  of  God. 

His  claims  were  made  known  in  a  nii>s4jue  at 
Cai'o  l)y  one  Daia/,i.  l)Ut  they  were  retvived 
wMi  such  bitter  hostility  that  l»anizi  tU-d  to  the 
11  nantainsof  Lebanon,  where  he  taiiirht  the  new 
failh,  and  tlie  word  Druse  is  suppose*!  hv  some 
to  lie  derived  from  this  first  apo.stle  Ifainzc, 
the  vi/.ier  of  Hakim,  is  rcirarded  as  the  retil 
fciniidcr  of  the  sect,  for  he  forimilaled  the  ereetl, 
and  sueceedi'd  in  gathering  together  a  large 
body  of  adherent.s. 

The  Druses  believe  in  one  and  only  one  Gotl. 
who  is  without  form  orsubstiince.  iueompreheu- 
sible,  without  attributes,  but  before  whom  man 
i.s  diinib  anil  blind.  Ten  times  has  this  Go<l  re- 
vealed himself  in  human  form,  and  Ilakim  was 
the  lentil  and  the  last.  A  ti.xed  uumlier  of 
huiiian  beings  exist  whidi  can  neither  be  addi-<l 
to  nor  subtracted  fiuiii.  and  all  who  are  living 
now  liiivc  lived  before,  and  will  eontiuue  to  live 
in  other  forms  until  the  end  of  the  world.  At 
the  death  of  one  man  the  soul  occupies  a  new 
body,  and  will  be  of  noble  or  base  rank  eom-- 
.spoiiding  to  the  deeds  done  in  the  life  liefore. 
After  myriads  of  years,  when  the  soul  lia.s  l>een 
liurilied  frcnii  every  stain,  there  will  come  a  time 
of  total  rest.  The  Druses  do  not  acknowlediri' 
the  claims  of  any  other  religions,  but  they  eoun- 
li'iiance  an  outward  profession  of  any  reuarion 
whenever  it  may  be  expedient, and  unite  with  the 
.Mohainmedan  in  his  pravcrsand  washings  with 
the  same  indilVeience  with  which  they  sprinkle 
holy  water  in  the  i\Iai'oiilte  ciiiirches."  This  ap- 
parent apostasy  isduetothefact  that  no  converts 
are  desired  or  iienuitted.  and  the  faithful  an- 
eujoined  to  keep  their  religion  sacred  and  con- 
cealed, if  neeessarv.  Seven  commaudnienl.s  of 
Httin/e  take  the  place  of  the  seven  irreat  points 
of  Islam.  Tlieseare:  Ist.  Truth  in  wonlsioulv 
between  Druses);  '2d.  Care  for  the  «ifety  of  each 
other;  yd.  Renuiieial ion  of  all  other  religions; 
■Ith.  Separation  from  all  who  are  in  ernir;  5th. 
Kecognitiouof  the  uuily  of  "  Uukiui.our  Lord,' 


6th.  Complete  resignation  tohis  will;  Tlh.  Obedi- 
ence to  his  orders.  They  do  not  pray,  forpn.yer 
is  an  iiniiertincnl  interfereiii'e  with'the  Creat(v. 
There  is  noni'  of  the  fatalism  of  Islam,  howevei, 
for  they  recognize  the  freedom  of  the  himiaii 
will.  A  special  class,  cdled  Akals,  an;  distin- 
guished from  the  rest  of  the  Druses  by  their 
deeiier  altainmeiils  in  the  mysteries  of  the  en^ed. 
The  Akals  are  supposed  to  be  of  exceptional 
sjinctily,  or  ability.  Polygamy  is  not  permitted, 
but  divorce  is  freely  .allowed.  About  the  year 
]H(iO  a  dissension  sprang  up  between  tlii!  Druse.s 
and  the  ilaroiiites,  which  ciilminalcd  in  the 
aInM'ious  barbarities  that  called  the  atliiitiou  of 
all  Kuidiie  to  these  warring  races  I'unislinieiit 
was  inlllcted  upon  them  by  the  Frcuich  troojis. 
and  the  (dinmissioncrs  of  France  and  Turkey 
drew  up  anew  constitution,  signed  in  1!^04, under 
which  the  Leliauon  is  ruled  iiy  a  Christian  gov- 
ernor apiKiiictcd  by  the  J'orie,  and  since  that 
time  the  i)riis"s  hive  peai'calily  tilled  the  sod, 
raising  nmlbcrr'  s,  olives,  and  vines,  and  manu- 
factured silk. 

Ikiialla  Version.— The  Dualla,  wliicli  be- 
longs t  1  the  iJantii  iamily  of  African  laiigujige.s, 
'"s spoken  in  the  Caincroons.  The  Uev.  A.  Saker, 
'■  the  Haiitist  .Missionary  Society,  translated  the 
'}osi)els  and  the  Acts,  which  were  published  by 
the  Baptist  Translation  Society  in  ItSOS;  jiartso'f 
the  Old  Tcslaincnt  by  the  .same  translator  were 
imblished  in  1870  by  the  British  and  Foreign 
Hible  Society. 

(Specimen  verse.    Jolin  3 :  16.) 

Loba  lo  bo  wasl  ndulo,  na  a  boll  mpom  mftii 
mo  Muna,  na  motu  na  motu  nyi  dube  tenge  na 
tuo,  a;  at  manyami,  'udi  a  ma  bene  longe  la 
bwindlau 

Dndlii  (Singrcwli),  a  town  in  Northwest 
Provinces.  India,  about  100  miles  directly  south 
of  Benares.  Has  a  native  jiastor  and  church 
among  the  agricidtural  population,  under  the 
care  of  the  Loud(m  jMi.ssionaiy  Society. 

Ikllfr,  a  town  of  Northeast  Kalfrari.a.  South 
Africa,  northeast  of  Cunningham.  Mission  sta- 
tion of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  ;  1  mission- 
ary. 6  out-stations,  1  church,  14'2  communi- 
cants, 6  schools,  y  10  scholars. 

niiir,  Alt'xaiidor,  b.  April  2.51  h,  LSOti,  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland.  He  entered  the  univer- 
sity of  St.  Andrews  at  the  age  of  lillceii,  and 
studieti  under  the  celebrated  Chalnicis,  The 
Church  of  Scotland  lia\iiig  .nvakcncd  to  the 
duty  of  .sending  the  gospel  to  the  heathen.  Dr. 
Dutf  was  ajtpointed  its  lirst  missionary,  and 
embarked  at  the  age  of  2!i,  October,  ])i-i^.  for 
India.  During  his  voyage  he  was  wreckecl 
twice,  (irst  on  a  reef  of  rock  while  rounding  the 
Cajie  of  (Jood  Hope,  aiiaili  on  the  coast  of  Cey- 
lon, .and  barely  escaped  a  third  near  the  mouths 
of  the  Ganges.  In  the  lirst  wreck  he  and  his 
wife  lost  everything,  including  his  library, 
]>laiis  of  ojieraiion,  and  many  valuable  manu- 
scripts. He  reaclieil  Calcutta  after  a  voyage  of 
eight  months.  One  of  the  chief  objects  "lie  had 
in  view  in  going  lo  India  was  the  establishment 
of  a  Collegi.aic  liisiitule  which  should  eo'ifer  the 
highest  education  on  native;  youth.  His  school 
wa.s  to  be  conducted  on  two  great  principles, 
lirst.  that  the  Christian  Scripiures  should  be 
read  in  every  class  able  to  read  them,  and  to  be 
used  as  the  entire  foiuulatiou  and  pervading  salt 


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DUFF,  ALEXANDER 


;>49 


DULLES,  JOHN   WELSH 


'!■ 


!•  . 


of  tlio  sc'li(H>l  ;  second,  that  i\s  the  vcviiikmiIiii's 
of  India  <  oidd  not  sui)iily  tlic  nu'diuni  for  all 
tlio  rcciiiisilc  inslniction.  the  sciences  of  llie 
west  slioultl  lie  tauirlit  tliioniiii  the  Knsilish 
lanirnaii'e  Tills  was  MJ:■ain^l  the  oi)lnlon  of  the 
piverninent,  all  learned  (^|•iclltalist^.  and  the 
most  experienced  missionaries  in  Ueiinal,  that 
it  should  he  in  Sanskrit.  With  the  assistance  of 
Hinnnitihiin  Hoy,  who  entered  fully  into  Dr. 
DutV's  views,  the  school  was  openid.luly  r,'lli, 
18H0,  midcr  a  haiiiantree,  with  live  yontiir  men. 
hut  was  soon  rcniovcd  to  a  eonnnodions  Imild- 
inji.  The  instruction  was  in  Knjilish,  and  the 
liihle  held  a  chief  place.  I'efnre  the  end  of  the 
tirst  week  there  were  more  than  litit)  applicants. 
Of  these  Jot)  wcj''  received.  At  the  end  of  the 
first  year  a  pulilic  examination,  ;ittended  hy  a 
larjie  mnnher  of  Kuropeans  luid  natives  of  hiirli 
rank,  jrave  jrreat  sjiti^faction.  The  next  year 
the  mnulier  of  apjilicants  was  more  th.an  trehlcd. 
In  18;i'J  l)r.  Dutf  wrote;  "  The  live  who  entered 
the  tirst  day  have  since  swollen  to  an  avcraire 
attendance  of  81)0.  The  (Jovernorticneral, 
I,ord  Hei'.niek,  considen'd  th<'  alilesi  and  most 
enlijihtciicd  (!overnor-({eneral  India  has  pos- 
sessed, did  honiiiire  to  it  hy  puhlii  proclaiininir 
in  the  face  of  all  India  that  it  had  pnMluced 
iinparallele<l  n'snlts."  The  nuniher  of  pujiils 
was  .soon  increased  to  a  thous'.nd.  Amoiiir  the 
first  converts  were  two  fropi  the  edncateil  and 
influential  class.  One  was  Hahu  Krishna  Uaner- 
jea,  a  Ihahman  of  hi;rh  social  i)osiiion,  editor 
of  a  newspaper,  afterwards  a  minisier  of  the 
Enjrlish  (."liurch,  and  a  distiniruishcd  professor 
in  IJishop's  Colleire,  Calcutta.  His  intluence  on 
natives  of  all  classes,  cspe(  ially  the  I'ducated, 
has  always  been  urcat.  The  other  was  (Jopee- 
niith  Nuiidi,  who  afterwards  hecame  a  mission- 
ary in  eoiiiicction  with  tlie  American  Preshy- 
tprian  Mission  in  the  Northwest  Provinces,  ami 
in  the  time  of  the  Sepoy  nuitiny.  when  threat- 
ened with  death,  nohly  te.stilied  "for  Chri.'it. 

In  1S84  Dr.  DutT  returned  home  in  ill-health. 
On  its  restoration  he  made  a  tour  throufih  Scot- 
land, and  ureatly  increased  the  interest  in  the 
missionary  cause  hy  his  thrillinjr  ap|ieals  and 
the  re)iort  of  his  successful  work.  The  deirree 
of  doctor  of  divinity  was  at  this  time  <'onferred 
ii])on  him  hy  the  I'niversity  of  Ahenleen.  He  re- 
turned to  liidia  in  1839.  At  the  disruption  in 
the  Church  of  Scotland  in  184'.i  he  east  in  his  lot 
with  the  l'"ree  Chtuch,  ahan<tonin<r  his  heloved 
and  prosperous  institution,  its  valuable  lilirary 
and  ai)i)anitus,  and  for  twenty  years  conducted 
missionary  work  under  that  hody.  He  huilt  a 
new  institution  from  tlie  foimdation,  and 
('(piipiied  it  as  well  as  the  old  had  heen.  The 
intluene(^  of  his  work  conlimied  to  increase. 
Interestiiifj;  conversions  took  place.  In  IS^ti,  on 
the  death  of  Dr.  Chalmers,  he  wiis  offered  the 
otlice  of  principal  and  professor  of  theolosry  in 
the  l"'ree  Church  Collcire  in  Scotlimd,  and 
thou.udi  urfred  hy  Preslivteries,  Synods,  and 
(Jeiieral  Assembly,  to  sacritice  his  own  predilec- 
tions and  ;iccept,  he  declined,  bciririnir  them  to 
"allow  him  to  retain,  in  the  view  of  all  men, 
the  clearly  marked  and  dislinLTuishinir  character 
of  a  missionary  to  the  heathen."'  In  IS.IO  he 
atrain  returned  hoTne  to  work  for  the  missionary 
cause,  and  soujrht  to  arouse  the  Free  Church  to 
more  earnest  efforts  for  India.  In  1851  he  was 
elected  moderator  of  the  (Jeneral  A.ssembly.  In 
1854,  under  the  aus|)iccs  of  .Mr.  Cieorire  II. 
Stuart,  he  visited  the  United  States,  where,  as 
also  iu  Canada,  he  addrc's,sed  tliousuud.s  on  tlie 


missionary  work  in  India,  The  University  of 
New  York  honored  him  with  the  dei;rce  of 
I.L.D.  Hetiniiinu:  to  India  in  1857,  he  opened 
his  sciiool  for  hifih-casle  jrirls  in  the  house  of  ,1 
Hrahman.  At  the  tirst  examination,  attended 
by  dislinjruishe<l  native  jicntleinen,  who  ex 
(tVi'ssed  i;reat  satisfaction,  (i^  were  on  th<'  roll. 
In  18(14,  ills  health  havinj;'  uttcrlv  failed,  he  took 
a  linal  leave  of  India.  He  received  on  his  <le- 
parture  from  Calcutta  from  all  classes  of  the 
community,  native  and  Kiiropean,  heathen  and 
Christian,  emphatic  testimony  to  the  iircat 
value  of  his  services  rendered  for  nearly  thirty 
live  years  in  India.  Durini;  the  fourteen  years 
spent  in  Scoiland  he  urji'cd  with  urcat  elo(pience 
Ulion  the  churches  their  duty  to  liive  the  irospel 
to  the  iiiillions  of  India.  His  correspondence 
was  extensive,  many  letters  bciniito  native  eon 
verts  and  Hindu  students.  He  had  the  chief 
inanaii'emcnt  of  the  foreijrn  work  of  the  i'rec 
Church.  In  187;!  he  was  aiiaiii  elected  modera- 
tor of  tlu'  Assembly.  In  18(17  he  wasaiipointed 
professor  of  evaiifrelistic  Ihcolosry  in  the  col- 
leire of  the  Free  Church,  which  otlice  he  held 
for  eleven  years.  He  died  at  Sidnu.uth,  Devon- 
shire, February  12th,  1878,  a^cd  1'2.  He  has  been 
well  descrilicd  as  "  a  man  of  diuintless  will, 
consummate  elo(iuenee,  imiiassioned  piety,  great 
self-reliance."  His  publishe<l  works  are;  "  New 
Era  of  the  Kniilish  Laiifruaire  and  Literature" 
(18:!7);  "  ]Mi.s.sions  the  Chief  End  of  the  Christiiui 
Church"  (18M9);  "  India  and  Indian  ^lissions" 
{18!i9>:  "  The  Indian  Rebellion,  its  Causes  and 
Uesults"  (1858).  "  The  Cidcutta  Review"  was 
mainly  established  by  him. 

I>iikt>  of  York'H  iMlantlN,  a  ,i;roup  of 
i.slands  beloniritiK  to  what,  since'  1884,  has  been 
stvle<l  the  Hismarck  Aichii)elairo,  Melanesia. 
Tliey  are  visited  by  Wcsleyan  Methodists  from 
Fiji  and  Totiga;   4;{5  churi'h-memhers. 

I>iik(>  of  York%  Iwlniid  Yt>rNi«>ii. — 

The  Duke  of  York's  Island  lanjruajie  belonjrs  to 
the  Melanesian  family  of  lan<;uafjes,  and  is  used 
hy  the  inhabitants  of  the  Duke  of  York's  Islands, 
sou  h  of  New  Ireland.  In  1885  the  Hritish  and 
ForeiL'ii  Hible  Society  published  at  Sydney  the 
Gospel  of  Matthew,  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles, 
and  the  Psalms,  prepared  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Australian  Wesleyan  .Missionary  Society. 

I>llk«>  T«»M'II,  a  town  in  Old  Calabar,  on 
the  Hiirht  of  Biafra,  West  Africa,  100  miles  from 
Cameroons  and  Fernando  Po.  Climate  hot, 
tmhealthy.  Population.  10,000.  Lan<ruaiie, 
Etik,  into  which  both  the  Old  Testament  aiut 
the  New  have  been  translated.  Heliirion,  fe 
ti<'hism.  Social  condition  degraded:  slaverv 
still  exists.  A  ;rreat  obstacle  to  mission  work 
is  the  existence  and  workinirs  of  a  secret  order 
amoiiij  the  natives  called  Hjrbo.  The  character 
of  the  i)eoi)lc  is  similar  to  that  of  the  natives  of 
Creektown  (q.v.).  The  mi.ssionaries  have  the 
contidence  of  the  chiefs,  and  the  schools  are 
well  attended.  Mission  station  of  the  United 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland;  1  ordained 
missionary  and  his  wife,  'i  Kuropean  colpor- 
teurs, 1  sinuie  lady,  ;i  native  heliiers,  1  church, 
93  church-members,  ;i  day-schools, 

IMilli'N,  John  WoMi,  b.  Pliiladeli>hia, 
Pa,,  U.  S.  A.,  November  4th,  182;!;  p-aduated 
at  Yale  Coliefrc  with  liijili  honor  in  1844,  luid 
at  Union  Theoloirical  Seminary,  New  "Sdrk, 
1847;  married  Harriet  Winslow,  daughter  of 
Rev.   Dr.   .Mirou    Winslow;  ordaineil   October 


DULLBS,  JOHN   WELSH 


34a 


DUTCH  EAST  INDIES 


ll'S, 


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2(1,  1848;  Miiilctl  lis  n  jiiissioiimy  of  llic  A.  U.  ('. 
]''.  M.  the  smile  year  tor  Madras.  Jlc  was  stii- 
tiiiiifd  at  Hdyapdoiimi,  liaviiii;-  cliniiic  of  \]h' 
cluircli  and  scliools.  In  IsrtO  lie  iiuuli'  a  loiii' 
■with  Hcv.  Henry  Sciiddcr  llir(Hii;ii  a  iiail  of 
Soiitlicni  India  willi  a  view  of  cslalilishiiijr  an 
out  station  to  tlie  .Madias  mission,  and  on  llicii- 
lld\!(('  Arcot  was  selected,  and  atteiwards  lie- 
eaine  tlie  Held  of  the  Aicot  mission.  Mr.  Dulles 
■was  well  lilted  liy  talents,  education,  ac((uisiiioii 
of  the  laiiLiua^re,  and  Lreiiial  mamieis  for  the 
missioiiaiy  work.  Iiul  liis  own  ill  lieallh  and 
that  of  his  wife  coni|ielle(l  ihem  to  reliiii|ui^h 
the  tield,  and  they  reliinied  ill  I^i')','.  Koi'  three 
years  .after  his  iclurii  he  ser\cd  the  American 
Suiiday-eliool  I'liion  as  Secretary  of  Missions. 
lletheii  becameeditorof  the  "  American  I'resby- 
teriaii."  In  isriil  he  was  a|ipointed  IMitorial 
Secretary  f)f  the  I'uMi^liiii^^  Committee  of  the 
Hoard  oi'  I'lililicalioii  in  the  New  School  hraiich 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  al)lioiiile(l  to  the 
.same  iiosition  in  the  reunile(l  cliurch  in  |S70, 
and  on  the  resiirnalion  of  Dr.  Scheiick  in  IXH.'i 
■was  elected  (ieiieral  Secretary  of  the  lioard. 
In  ls,-|4  he  wrote  "Life  in  Indiii.",  which  was 
Jiilblished  by  tlie  Aiiiericaii  Sunday-school 
I'liion,  and  has  had  a  larire  sale.  In  IHTti  the 
dcL'ree  of  I). D.  was  conferred  u))oii  him  bv 
Piiiicetoii  Colleire.  In  1H,SII  he  visited  Pales- 
title,  and  on  ids  return  wrote  "  Tlie  Hide 
tliroujj;li  I'lilestiiie,"  an  instructive  and  intei- 
esliiiir  book.  Di.  Dulles  died  at  his  lioinu  in 
Philadelphia,  April  13tli,  1887. 

Diimii,  a  town  on  the  northern  peninsula  of 
Ternate,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  Kast  Indies;  a 
.station  of  the  Itreeht  Missiimaiy  Society  (llStiti), 
with  KM)  liapti/ed  nieinbers  among  the  natives. 

DiiiiiHtfiKlieiii,  a  town  in  Madras.  South 
India,  on  the  (!(Hlavcri  Kiver,  15  miles  above 
llhadraehalam,  Ilii  miles  north  of  Ua,jaiiiuiidry. 
Population,  2.  l-M,  ehielly  Kois.  .Mission  station 
of  the  Church  .Missionary  Society;  1  missionary 
and  wife,  T  schools,  \'i\  scholars.  A  converted 
native,  Ha/.ii,  has  labored  with  great  success  in 
the  adjacent  villages  of  Nisaiio,  where  he  has 
formed  a  congregation  of  over  40(1  mcMibers,  of 
which  he  takes  pastoral  care.  The  (Jospel  ae- 
eording  to  Luku  and  1  John  have  buuii  tmusliited 
into  Koi. 

niirhail,  chief  town  of  Xatal,  East  South 
Africa,  ;{  miles  from  its  harbor  on  Port  Xatal 
Bay,  4.')  miles  east-southeast  of  Pietermaritz- 
liuig.  It  contains  .several  public  buildings  of 
importance,  and  has  a  large  trade.  Population, 
•"i.TiiSl.  Mission  station  of  S.  P.  (}.,  1  mission- 
ary. The  Wesleyans  have  also  laboreil  here 
with  great  success  among  the  iin|iorled  coolies, 
to  whom  they  lucaeh  in  llinduslani  and  Tamil. 

I>lirl»llillieil,  India,  a  town  in  the  liehar 
district,  Mengal,  on  the  states  raihvay,  44  miles 
north  of  Hark.  It  is  a  thriving  |)l:ice,  though 
built  on  low  and  almost  swampy  ground,  and 
has  liiK'  public  buildings.  Mission  station  of 
Gossiier  .Missiiinary  Society  ((icrmany). 

I>lll«'ll  Vorwloil.— The  Dutch  belonging 
to  the  Teutonic  branch  of  the  .Vrvaii  language- 
family,  is  spoken  not  only  in  Holland,  with  its 
4.:!il(l,Hri7  inhabitants,  but  "also  in  the  Dutch  eol- 
oniis,  in  the  colony  of  Cape  of  (Jood  Hope,  etc. 
The  tirst  complete  edition  of  the  Scriptures  in 
Dutch  was  imblished  at  Antweri)  in  l'yH\.  by 
Jacob  van  Licsvelt.     Several  .succe.s.sive  editions 


followed.  At  last  the  iirinter  was  condemned 
and  beheaded  because  in  one  of  the  editions  Ik; 
ventured  to  say  that  "  the  salvation  of  mankind 
lUdceeds  from  Christ  alone."  I.iesvelt's  liible 
was  supplanted  by  a  new  translation  of  the  New 
Tesiaiiiciil  imblished  at  Kmbdeii  by  John  van 
L'tenhove  in  l.")(),  and  by  his  Old  Testament 
])ublislied  in  l.'iCr,'.  In  ITiS;  Paul  Harkius  |)iib- 
iisht'd  a  Bible  according  to  the  (leiieva  version; 
and  an  edition  with  the  notes  of  Tremellius, 
.liiniiis,  |5e/a,  and  I'iscator  was  issued  at  .\iii- 
slerdam  and  .\rnlieiiii  in  Hill.  .\s  all  these  edi- 
tions wcic  more  or  less  a  version  of  a  versidii, 
the  need  for  a  translation  made  directly  from 
the  sacred  originals  was  I'elt  more  and  more,  till 
at  last  the  necessary  steps  were  taken  by  the 
Synod  of  Dort  (HIIH-Ut)  to  procure  a  transla- 
tion which  was  made  from  the  original  te.xts. 
TIk-  eommission  appointed  by  the  Synod  for 
that  work  coinmenced  the  translation  at  licyden 
in  lli2(t,  and  in  l(i;<7  the  lirsl  edition  of  the  so- 
calle(l  Slales.(;eiieral  version  was  published. 

For  the  Lutherans  of  Holland,  .Vd.  Vischer 
imblished  in  KMSa  new  translation  according  to 
I,iilher's  version,  which  is  still  in  use.  For  the 
Hemonst rants,  Chr.  Ilartsocker  published  in  KISO 
an  edition  of  the  New  Testament  pr(ife>sedly 
made  from  the  (ireek.  (J.  Vissering  provided 
the  .Memionilcs  with  a  New  Tcstaiiient  with 
notes,  which  was  published  at  .Magdeburg  in 
]r).")4.  again  in  1S.")4.  The  Jansenists  were  fur- 
nished with  a  translatio  <  bv  A.  vaiuier  Sehueien, 
KilH.  and  .Kgid  de  Wilt,  'lT17. 

Tint  New  Testament  was  also  published  by  C. 
Cats,  1701;  van  Hamelsvcid,  1789;  ami  van  der 
Palm,  1818. 

A  revised  edition  of  the  authorized  version, 
made  in  accordance  with  the  orthograpliieal 
.system  of  Prof.  Siegenberk,  was  published  in 
]8;!4,  but  was  not  adopted  in  later  edit  ions,  which 
were  published  with  a  iiKMlernized  orthography. 
The  vi^rsioiis  circulated  by  the  British  and  For- 
eign Bible  Soeietv  are  the  States-Oeneriil,  Luth- 
er's, and  Sehniir's  New  Testament.  The  Brit- 
ish and  Foreiirn  Bible  Society  disposed,  up  to 
March  :)lst,  1'hS!»,  of  •2,()4(i,51.")  porti(ms  of  the 
Scriptures,  besides  5,000  copie.s  of  the  Dutch- 
English  .New  Testament. 

(Specimen  verse.    John  8  :  16.) 

Want  alzoo  lief  heeft  God  de  wereld  gehad, 
dat  hij  j  zij  nen  i  eeniggelwren*!  Zoon  ^  gegeven 
heeft,  opdat  een  iegelijk',  die  in  hem  gelooft, 
niet  verderve,-  maar  het  eeuwige  leven  hebbe. 

Diitrli  Kast  IikIIom  is  the  name  given  to 
the  territorv  in  Asia  under  the  sovereignty 'of 
the  Xetherlands.  The  East  India  Company 
rreat(>(l  by  the  Dutch  in  KiOS  coiKpiered  the  ter- 
Wlory  and  ruled  it  for  nearly  two  centuries,  but 
since  170H  the  Company  has  censed  to  exist,  and 
the  mother-eounlry  rules  the  possessions  wlii(  h 
are  situated  between  (>"  north  and  11  south  lat- 
itude, and  between  !).")  and  141  Cast  longitude, 
comprising  Java,  Madura,  island  of  Sumatra, 
Uiaii-I.iiigga  .Vrcliipelago,  Baiica,  Borneo,  Ce- 
lebes, Moluccas,  Timor  .Vrcbipelago,  Bali,  Lom- 
bok,  and  XewCJiiinea,  to  141  east  latitude,  with 
a  tota'>  area  of  71i).(i74  s((uare  miles,  and  n  popu- 
lation of  a8,90«,173,  of  whom  31,710,177  are 
natives,  335,57!?  are  Chinese,  15,4fi!{  Arabs,  and 
50,71)3  Europeans,  mostly  Dutch  or  of  Du'ch 
descent.  Keligioiis  instruction  is  given  by  both 
the  Hoinau  Catholic  and  Kefomied  Church.    In 


B'  'y 


DUTCH  EAST  INDIES 


344 


DUTCH  REFORMED  MISS.    SOO. 


1880  tlii'iv  were  in  .lavii  iind  Miidiini  11,339 
C'lirisliims  iimoiiir  llic  niitivi'simd  foreign  Orien- 
tals, and  in  the  rcniiiininu;  islimdM  335,875.  la 
1H8T  liiere  wcrv  in  Nellierliinds  India  07  niis- 
sionarit'i)  of  S'arious  societies. 

l>iilcli;TIUMi4»iiiir)  M4»«'it>l).  IIea(i(|iiar- 
ters,  |{(ittenlain,  Holland— 'I'lie  Duldi  Mission- 
ary Soeiely  was  organi/ed  in  18."),s,  nl  IJolter- 
(lani,  Holland,  and  lieiraii  its  work  in  ^^'estern 
Java,  aniiin,!;'  the  Snndanese.  Tlie  tirsi  mission- 
aries senl  out,  in  IHOI!,  were  soon  followed  ))v 
others.  The  iirevailinu'  religion  of  the  Sinidii 
districts,  as  well  asof  Ihe  oilier  port ionsof. lava, 
is  ^loliannnedan,  iiiiil  Ihe  missionaries,  as  is  the 
case  Willi  all  who  lalio"  among  MohaiMinedaiis. 
meet  with  much  opixisilioii.  At  tiisl  ilieir  lalicrs 
seemed  almost  lio|)eless,  hut  hefore  long  they 
were  encourimed  liy  seeing  many  of  Ihe  Snnda- 
nese n'ceive  C'lirislianily.  The  wink  is  carried 
on  at  )iresenl  from  8  chief  slat  ions  and  10  snh- 
slalions,  Ihe  T  l-;uro|ieaii  missionaries  being  as- 
sisied  hy  34  unlive  Clirisliaiis.  .Vt  some  oi'  the 
slalions  there  are  schools.  Since  ihe  fonndalioli 
of  Ihe  Society  Ihe  enlire  Hihie  has  been  irans- 
laled  hy  one  of  ils  missionaries  into  the  vernac- 
ular: n  grammar  and  diclioiiiiry.  stories  from 
the  New  Tesiameni,  a  confession,  arilhmelics, 
rea(h'rs,  and  some  volumes  of  a  lighler  kind 
have  also  been  |i\ihlished  in  Snndanese.  '|"h(! 
incomi!  of  the  Society  is  now  between  A.';!,0(l() 
and  tJ^.OOli.  In  ils  general  outlines  e.\|ierience 
of  all  Ihe  Dulch  socielies  is  very  similar:  they 
labor  against  niiiny  discouragements,  and  with 
little  a])|)earance  of  success.  Neverllieless  they 
jtersevere,  hoping  that  they  may  yet  see  that 
their  work  has  not  been  in  vain. 

I>iil<>li  Ki'fttriiifd  ?niMMioiiHry  Sn- 
<'U'I,Y.  IIead((uarters,  Hotlerdam,  Iloliaiid. — 
The  Dutch  Reformed  Missionary  Society  wa.s 
foiuided  at  Amsterdam  in  185'j',  by  the  l{ev. 
Dr.  Selnvarlz,  missionary  of  ihe  Free  Church 
of  Scotliuid  to  the  .lews  in  that  city.  The 
original  intention  was  to  form  a  society  for  the 
propagation  of  llie  gos])el  among  the  Jews  liv- 
ing iimong  the  lieallien  and  ]\Ioliammedans  in 
the  Dutch  (Indian)  colonies,  and  Ihrough  Ihem 
to  reach  the  heallieii  and  Mohammedans.  'i"ho 
goveiiunei,.  however,  out  of  deference  to  the 
Jews  in  Holland,  refused  to  recognize  Ihe  pro- 
jioscd  Society,  and  it  was  resolved  to  commence 
woik  among  the  healhen  and  Mohammedans 
in  the  island  of  Java.  Additional  cause  for 
this  resolve  lay  in  the  fact  Ihat  the  old  Nether- 
lauds  Missionary  Society  ((|.v."l  had  become 
ralioiialistic  in  spirit  and  and  siction,  their  mis- 
sionaries being  decided  rationalists,  who  al- 
lowed Ihe  .so-called  advanced  "  modern"  teach- 
ing in  their  mission  schools  and  churches.  A 
number  of  the  supporters  of  this  Society  hiul 
withdrawn  from  it  about  30  years  before,  form- 
ing lh(^  "  T'tiecht  ]\Ii.ssion  Sociely'  and  Ihe 
"  Xelherlands  3Iission  Society,"  "neither  of 
which,  however,  though  fonndwl  on  orlhodox 
principles,  accepted  the  confession  of  the  Dutch 
Keformed  churches,  and  the  new  Society  was 
therefore  formed  lo  act  in  conformity  with  the 
recognized  standards  of  these  churc'hes.  The 
required  legal  recogiulion  wasjtrocured  in  1860. 

The  Society  acts  upon  the  principle  thai  the 
churches,  and  not  .societies,  should  projiagafe 
the  gospel  in  healhen  and  Alohanimedaii 
lands,  and  preach  it  to  the  Jews,  and  that  iiri- 
v;ite  individuals  should  engage  in  mi.ssion  work 
only  wheu  the  church  neglects  its  duty  uud 


privilege;  and  one  of  the  fundamenl;d  rules  of 
Ihe  Society  is  lo  give  up  ils  work  as  soon  as  ihe 
churches  of  Holland  will  lake  il  ui>.  The  jiolicy 
of  Ihe  Society  is  not  so  niuch  lo  establish  sta- 
tions as  lojilant  churches.  Heiiig  I'resbyleiians 
themselves,  the  missionaries  prefer  that  tlie.se 
shidl  be  I'resbylerian  cluirches.  holding  by  the 
sanu'  principle  as  the  niother<hiirch.  These 
Itriiiciples,  however,  are  not  enforced:  but  the 
Heidelberg  t'alechism,  Iranslaled  into.lavanese, 
is  given  lo  Ihe  native  Christians,  imd  cliuiches 
arc  gradually  formed  according  to  I'resbyteriau 
lines. 

During  the  years  1878-84  Ihe  Society  passed 
Ihiough  a  great  stiii":gle  in  llnancial  and  other 
mailers,  but  since  1881  it  has  greatly  increased 
ill  slreliglli,  (Miilribulioiis  liave  come  in  freely, 
a  heavy  debt  has  been  paid  olf,  and  in  every 
wav  ils  life  Ian  revived.  The  prescni  Scciciniy 
of  Slale  for  11  e  Colonies,  .Mr.  !..  C.  \V.  Keuch- 
eiiiiis,  ami  his  brother  at  Uatavia,  have  for  many 
years  furMiend  to  their  ulniost  the  cause  of 
ChrisI  among  the  Javaiis  and  .'Malays  in  DiiUh 
India;  and  in  May,  1888,  Ihe  former  ]iublislied 
a  docununi,  staling  thai  Ihe  Dulch  (Jovcnimeiit 
would  valui'  it  highly  if  the  mission  socii'lies  in 
the  Nellierlaiids  would  pul  forih  Ilieir  ulmosl 
ellorls  lo  increase  the  nuniber  of  mi.ssioiiMiics  in 
Dutch  India,  and  lo  coiliileract  the  inllueiice  of 
Islam  among  Ihe  healhen  in  the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago. Thus  the  doors  to  missionary  elVorts 
liave  been  thrown  oiicn  Ihrough  the  lenglli  and 
hreadlh  of  Dutch  India. 

iHixsifnis, — The  field  of  the  Sociely's  labors 
is  Central  Java,  ;ind  Ihe  |irincipal  slalion  is  Poer- 
Avoredjo,  where  Ihere  is  a  tlourishing  church, 
and  connected  with  il  a  iraining-school  for 
native  evangelists,  leachers,  ami  |ircacliers. 
IJiiildiiigs  have  lately  been  erected  with  accom- 
modalions  for  si.My  inipils,  besides  homes  for 
European  and  Javan  Icjk  hers.  The  iiislituiion 
bears  the  name  of  "  Keuclienius  School,"  in 
honor  of  the  Secrelary  of  Slate.  Two  mission- 
aries labor  here,  and  a  third  is  slalioiied  al  Ban- 
joemas,  w  here  lliere  are  a  church  and  school  in 
lair  condilion.  Wilhiii  ihe  hist  few  years  a 
most  remarkable  niovenieiu  has  taken  ]ilace  in 
Djocjakiirta,  which  is  still  under  the  rule  of  a 
sultan,  who  is,  however,  a  vassal  of  the  Dutch 
(Jovernmeiil.  Uiilil  the  iiroclanialion  above 
nieiilioiieil,  no  missionary  was  allowed  to|)reach 
the  gospel  lo  the  nalives,  or  be  in  any  way  en- 
gaged in  missionary  work,  wilhoul  a  special  gov- 
ernment license,  which  was  only  graiiled  for  a 
piirlicular  residency  oiieiicd  for  the  mission 
work  by  resolution  of  the  governor  gi'iicral  in 
council.  Djocjakaria  was  not  so  "opened," 
and  no  missionary  was  allowed  to  iireach  Ihe 
gosjiel  there.  N'otwilhslaiidiiig,  Ihe  gospel 
found  ils  way  in.  A  Javan  olticial  of  high  rank 
was  converled  lo  Clirislianily  tuul  baptized  (in 
I'oerworedjo),  and  afler  that  llie  Iruth  spread 
from  (/<'.v(/  to  ilcsii,  so  th;il  in  1888  ihere  were  8 
native  ehurchi  s,  willi  a  membership  of  over 
1,000.  The  Christians  sutTered  some  persecu- 
tion from  the  Jlohammedan  rulers  and  people 
iinlil  the  Dutch  (lovernnient  inlerfered,  and 
until  the  whole  coiinlry  was  opened  were 
obliged  lo  go  to  Poerworedjo  for  the  ordinances 
of  baptism  a!id  the  Lord's  Supper.  Now  till 
this  is  changed,  and  the  ])rospecls  for  mission- 
ary work  are  very  cheering.  The  mission  has 
now  53  churches,  with  a  membership  of  5  (lf)0 
in  the  fotir  residencies:  Tegal  (1800);  Pekalon- 
gau  (1800);    Uiiujoemas  (I860);    and   BugelcQ 


DUTCH  REFORMED  MISS.   SOO. 


345 


DYER,   SAMUEL 


(111 
ail 


siirc 


•I'SCC'lt- 

[tcoplo 


llUlH'CS 

nil 
lission- 


liiis 
(100 


Ikulon- 
ligelca 


(1869);  and  Djocinknrtti.  Within  tlic  piinl  year 
tt  iiu'dical  mission  Una  been  opciicil  in  ('(inncc- 
tion  witli  llii'  Socicly,  under  I  lie  cliaru;!!  of  a 
niissiiuiary  physician  fioni  llic  .Mudical  Mission 
Insliliilc  in  London.  Anniml  ini-onic  of  So- 
cicly  iihoiit    1 1,400. 

I>\«'iinilial,  a  town  in  the  Xorthwc-it  Prov- 
inces, India,  in  the  Kwinaon  district,  not  far 
Iroin  Pitliorairarh  and  NainiTal.  .Mission  sta- 
tion of  the  .\Ieilio<list  Kpisciipal  Climch  .N'ortli; 
]  niissioiiaiy  and  wife,  10  native  lielpeis,  '22 
cliufcli  Mieniheis,  'i  cluirches,  l  .schools,  ISO 
Si'lioJars. 

I>u  itfiit,  Ittv.  II.  <ii.  <».,  I>.n.,  son  of 

Heth  Dwiiiiit  anil  llainiah  .'strong  Dwiiiht,  Ii.  at 
Conway,  'Mass.,  i:.  S.  A.,  ^'oveinhcr  •J'Jd,  ISO;!. 
lint  icared  ;it  I'lica,  X.  Y.  (Jradnateij  at  Ham- 
ilton ('ollei:('  is.i.'"),  ;iial  at  Andovi-r  'riieolonical 
SeiniM;ii-y  lS'.;s.  Appointed  missionary  of  the  \. 
\i.  (J.  F.  M.  while  yet  in  the  seminary,  and  spent 
a  year  in  an  ai^ency  of  the  Hoard  amoiiii'  the 
ehnrches,  Ord.-iined  atOreat  liarrini;ton,  .\lass., 
.lidv,  1S',".»,  and  sliiirllv  afterwards  married  .Miss 
i:ii/,aheth  liarUer  of "  Ilav.'rhill.  Mass.  ,s;,.|ile,i 
from  liosloii  for  Malta  in  ls;(0.  Witli  Kev. 
Kli  Smith  he  explored  the  noi'thcrn  parts  of 
Asiatic  TniUey,  tiie  sonthcrn  part  of  ilie  Caii- 
casns,  and  the  western  parts  of  Persia,  from 
.May.  is:!i),  to  .M,iy,  ls;!l.  Tliis  tiair  of  ex- 
ploration, which  was  performed  on  horseback 
from  ''onstantiiiople,  the  two  missionaries  licin^' 
dressed  for  the  sake  of  safely  in  the  Turkish 
robes  and  turban,  ])repared  the  way  for  the 
missions  of  the  ,\.  H.  ('.  F.  .M.  anionii;  the  .Vr- 
meiiians  of  Turkey  anil  the  Xcstoriairs  of  Persia. 
In  ls;!l  Dr.  I)wii;ht  was  jissneiated  with  Kev. 
William  (loiiilell  in  the  estabhslimcMt  of  Ihe 
mission  at  Constantinople,  lie  studied  the  \r- 
menian  laniiuaiic  and  was  soon  on  the  most 
friendly  terms  with  the  I'alriaii'h  and  leadinu; 
men  ot'tlie  .Vrmenian  (  hurch.  In  is;ir  his  wife 
and  one  of  his  sons  died  of  the  plairue,  and  in 
ls;')S  he  returned  to  the  rniteil  States  to  recu- 
perate after  his  teirilile  experience.  In  |S|Ohe 
married  .Miss  Mary  Lane  of  Stuibridnc  Mass., 
and  returned  to  ('onstantinople.  His  ceaseless 
activity  broii<;ht  him  impaired  health,  and  in 
1S|S  he  w.as  obliLTcd  a;;ain  to  i^o  to  the  fniteil 
Sl;Ues  for  Irealna'nt  and  rest.  In  is.'d  he  w.as 
back  aiiain  in  his  field  of  labor.  In  IStiO  his 
hiimu  was  anain  broken  up  by  the  death  of  his 
wife;  and  ill  ISIil  he  made  an  extended  lour 
throULih  the  retiions  which  h(^  had  explored  with 
Dr.  Smith  thirt.\- years  before.  In  the  autumn 
of  the  same  year  he  went  to  the  rniteil  States, 
full  to  overtlowimr  w  .ili  the  story  of  the  wonder- 
ful chamies  of  which  he  had  seen  the  fruits  in 
his  louLr  lour.  While  occupied  in  tcllinii'  this 
story  to  (he  churches,  he  had  oci'asion  to  journey 
by  rail  throuLih  Vermont,  and  was  killed  by 
a  railrojid  accident  near  Shaflesburv,  January 
:;i5lh,   ISO;', 

The  department  of  labor  in  which  Dr.  Dwiirht 
was  chiefly  en.na.u'ed  was  the  direct  expoundinn' 
of  the  LTospel  lo  assembled  hearers  or  to  indi- 
viduals whom  he  souiihf  out  in  their  houses  or 
shops.  In  the  pcrformanci?  of  Ihis  hand-to- 
hand  work,  whicli  he  loved,  he  was  tireless,  not 
only  u'oinjr  about  the  city  confiiiuall.v,  hut  niiik- 
iiiLM'Xtended  tours  alonii'  the  coasts  of  Ihe  Sen 
of  Miirmora  or  in  the  neifihborinu;  reirions  of 
liithyni.a,  Thrace,  and  Macedonia.  He  also 
.iiavo  much  lime  to  the  ])rei)aration  of  hooks  and 
tracts  iu  Aruieuiaii,  and  occusiouully  to  the  edi- 


torial care  of  the  weekly  newspaper  pulilislicd 
by  I  he  mission  in  .Vrmenian.  His  correspondence 
was  voluminous,  includini::  in  its  sphere  men  of 
all  ranks  in  Tuikev,  in  Fiirope,  and  in  iMurland 
and  Scoll.-md,  and  it  all  centred  about  the  ma" 
idea  of  the  developinent  and  support  of  the 
ureal  work  of  reform  to  which  his  life  w.as  ilc- 
voted.  Duriiiii'  the  persecutions  whicli  followed 
the  adoption  of  e\anL;clical  views  by  some  of 
the  .\rnieniaiis.  Dr.  Dwi;:hl  took  a  Ic'adiiiL'' part 
in  the  publication  of  dclails  of  the  persecutions, 
in  order  lo  briiij;'  aid  to  the  suflerers  from 
abroad,  and  was  eiierjictic  in  Ihe  steps  tnkeii  to 
secure  the  iiitci ventioii  of  Ihe  lirilish  (Jovern- 
menl  in  behalf  of  reli;;ious  liberty  in  Turkey, 
with  the  ullimati'  result  of  Ihe  recognition,  by 
Ilie  Sultan,  of  Protcslanlisin  as  one  of  the  toler- 
ated creeds  of  ihc  empire. 

Ill  personal  character  Dr.  Dwiirht  was  of 
marked  spirituality.  His  conversation  and  his 
letters  alike  showed  him  to  be  emiiicnlly  a  man 
of  (iod.  His  executive  ability  was  vi-ry  ureat, 
and  was  coiiseeraled  entirely  to  the  interests  of 
Ihe  cause  to  which  he  had  .u'ivcii  himself  so 
wholly.  He  was  remarkable  for  his  sound 
judirmcnf,  particularly  in  times  of  |)erplexity 
or  danirer.  and  possessed  an  unfailini;-  tact  and 
<-ourlesy  in  dcalini;'  with  men.  These  trail,^ 
made  him  a  leader  in  the  councils  of  thi'  mis- 
sion, iiiive  him  very  ;j:real  iiilluenec  amoiijr  the 
native  communities,  to  whom  his  iiiinie  is  prec- 
ious, and  endeared  him  to  Ihe  hearts  of  iniiuy  iu 
diflereiit  parts  of  F,uro|ie  and  .Vmerica. 

The  published  works  of  Dr.  Dwiuht  are:  "A 
.Meinoirof  Mrs,  F.  15.  Dwiglit,"  isio;  "  C'hri.sti- 
aiiity  Kevivcil  In  the  East."  ISoO;  and  a  revised 
edition  of  the  sunie,  called  "  Christianity  in 
Turkey,"  published  in  London  in  1S.")4.  He 
also  furnished  part  of  the  material  used  in  "  Ke- 
sc'irches  of  Sinilh  and  Dwiirht  in  Armenia." 
ls;i;!.  He  wiis  a  contributor  lo  the  '"Journal 
of  the  Ainerican  Oriental  Society,"  furnishing 
such  articles  as  "  A  Catalonue  of  Armenian  Lit- 
erature ill  the  Middle  .Vges,"  "Notes  on  l!.e 
Armenian  Xamcs  in  the  X'icinily  of  Mount 
.Vraial,"  eti'.  He  was  also  a  frecpieiit  writer  for 
Ihe  periodical  press  both  in  England  and  in 
America. 

I>.vak  Version.— The  Dy.ik  (also  Da.jak) 
belongs  to  the  .Malaysian  language,  and  is 
spoken  by  the  jieople  of  IJorneo.  A  X'ew  Tes- 
lameiil,  Iransliited  by  .Mr.  .Viiir.  Hardiland  of 
Ihe  Uhenish  Missionary  Sociely.  was  puliliNlicd 
at  Siiigiipore  in  ispi.  .\  new  ainl  r<'vi>.cd  eili- 
lion  Wiis  published  at  IJorneo  in  |S.")S.  TheOld 
Testiimcnl.  also  iraiislateil  by  >Ir.  Hardiland, 
was  published  by  the  Hheiiish  .Missioiiiiry  Socict\' 
at  .Vmsierdam  in  1S.")S,  nial  in  the  .same  year 
also  the  Xctherlands  l?ible  Society  laiblished 
the  whole  IJiblc  in  3Ir.  Hardiland's  version. 
(Specimeti  verse.    John  ;i :  10.) 

ICrana  kalotii  •kapahum  liatulla  djwl  sinta 
kalunen,  sampei  iii  djari  menenga  Anake  Idja 
touggal,  uakara  gene-genep  olo,  idjiv  pertjaja 
huang_  ia, -ala  bimisa,  baja  mina  pambelom, 
awaug'  katatahi. 

Oyer,  Samuel,  b.  January  20th,  1804,  at 
Greenwich,  England;  educated  at  Gosport,  and 
Jlissioiiary  (Jollege,  IToxton;  sailed,  April  lllh, 
1837,  a  mi.ssioiiary  of  L.  !M.  S.,  for  Malacca,  but 
went  to  Peiiang,  where  he  remained  three  years. 
In  183")  he  removed  pi'rnianently  to  JFalacea. 
His  most  impoitaut  work  iu  Chiua  was  the  in- 


STER,  SAMUEL  'M{\ 


EAST  LONDON  INSTITUTE 


vfiiiioii  of  moviililc  iiictiillic  iyyn'  for  jirinlinj; 
till'  C'liiiicHL'  S(  riplints.  Hi'  liilioicd  iimlcr 
every  tlisjulviiiitiijii",  liiiviiii;  only  once  st'fii  lliu 
process  of  ly|)L'-fouiiiliiii;  in  Kiigl'iiid.  He  per- 
soimHy  sii|ienntoii(lt'(l  nil  llie  work,  iind  tlie  type 
tlmt  lie  eiist  were  reiniirkiible  for  llieir  heii'uly 
tttiil  liiiisli.  Sogreiit  wiis  tlicimi>roveinent  over 
the  old  Cliiut'so  inelbod  of  priutiug,  tlmt  iLc 


15il(le  formerly  printed  in  Imlf  ii  dozen  Vdhmies 
WHS  ledneed  lo  one,  nnd  I  lie  >iew  'restiiinenl  to 
less  lli.m  ninely  piiges.  Hi'  iilso  look  nn  n(  live 
purl  ill  llie  tiiinsliition  ami  revision  <if  llie 
Chinese  Seriplures.  While  iieliiig  us  Seerelary 
to  the  (ieneinl  Coiiventioii  of  .Slissiouiiries  tit 
Hoiifi  Kong  in  l.S4;i,  lie  wus  iittiicked  hy  lever, 
Hud  died  on  his  way  hoinu  lit  Mticuu. 


E. 


Eawt  l^oiidon  liiMtitiite  for  lloiiiv 
niul  l'\»i'i'if;ii  ^niMNUtiiH.  Huutkiuurters, 
Jlarley  House,  Bow,  London,  E. 

Jlistori/, — The  East  London  Institute  was 
founded  in  1873,  b}'  Mr.  H.  (Jraltan  (iuiiiness, 
with  a  view  to  inerease  the  iiuinlierof  mission- 
aries among  the  heathen  and  in  the  darker 
regions  of  C'hrisieiidoin,  by  luoviding  for  the 
education  and  training  of  the  many  young  men 
and  women  who,  while  earnestly  desirous  of 
engaging  iu  missionary  work,  have  ueitlur  the 
leisure  nor  the  means  to  acquire  this  training, 
nor  the  ability  to  go  forth  at  their  own  charges. 
This  Institution  helps  to  Bt  such  persons  for  ser- 
vice in  heathendom,  or  ni  other  needy  spheres, 
by  ottering  tlii'iu  freely  a  course  of  suitable 
Study  and  iiraelical  training.  It  then  introduces 
them  to  the  held  for  which  they  .seem  best 
adapted,  iind  if  need  be  sustains  or  heljis  to 
sustain  tliem  in  it.  It  seeks  also,  and  in  order  to 
this,  the  (lilfusion  of  information  by  press  and 
platform  as  to  the  world's  wants  and  the  Lord's 
■work,  sous  to  deepen  in  the  hearts  of  Christians 
at  homo  practical  com  passion  for  the  heathen, 
and  a  sense  of  responsibility  lo  give  them  the 
gospel.  iMr.  Guinness'  project  was  put  into 
execution  in  an  old  fashioned  house  on  Stepney 
Green,  and  during  the  lirsl  year  S$'2  students  were 
received.  Greater  accommodations  were  soon 
reiiuired,  and  a  second  house  was  taken,  which 
also  proving  inadeiiuate,  necessitated  the  renting 
of  a  third,  while  a  wing  was  added  to  "  Hurley 
House."  The  present  college,  with  accomnio- 
dations  for  50  male  students,  was  opened  in 
1879;  and  a  branch  college  in  North  Derby- 
shire, with  eiiual  facilities,  was  completed 
about  the  same  time.  There  are  also  in  con- 
nection wiili  the  Institute  a  "  Training  Home" 
for  young  women,  and  .several  Mission  Halls, 

The  Institute  is  hroadl}'  catholic  in  its  jirin- 
ciples  and  practice,  and  is  as  co:nprehensive  as 
It   is   possible  to   be  within  the  limits  of   evan- 

felical  truth,  training  me  i  of  all  evangelical 
eiiominatioiis,  all  nalioiia  ities,  and  all  classes, 
for  all  societies,  all  lands,  and  all  spheres  of 
Christian  ellort.  lluring  the  si.xteen  years  of 
its  existence  more  than  ;i,000  young  men  have 
a])plied  to  be  received  at  the  Institute;  of  these 
about  800  have  been  accepted,  and  500  are  now 
laboring  iu  either  the  home  or  foreign  held. 
These  students  have  been  of  various  nationali- 
ties; not  only  pjiiglish,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Anicr- 
Ican,  but  Freiicli,  Gerinan,  Italian,  Spanish, 
Swedish,  Paiiish,  Uussian.  IJulgaiian,  Syrian, 
Egyptian,  Kallir,  Negro,  Hindu,  Pav.see,  Koor- 
disli.  and  Jewish;  and  also  of  various  denomi- 
nations. The  large  majority  of  those  who  have 
gone  out  as  missionaries  are  now  connected  with 
about  twenty  diirerent  societies  and  associations, 
■while  a  number  are  working  independently  as 
self-sustaiuiug  missionaries.     Graduates  ol  the 


Institute  may  now  be  found  in  various  parts  of 
the  home  tield,  and  in  China,  India,  Syria, 
Armenia,  Egypt;  in  France,  Spain,  I'ortugal, 
Italy;  on  the  east  and  west  coasts  of  Africa: 
in  Natal  and  (ape  Colony;  in  I'rinee  Edward's 
Isle,  Cape  Mrelon,  Canada,  and  the  Western 
Slates  of  America;  in  the  West  Indies,  I'.razil, 
and  the  Argentine  Hepublic;  in  Australia  anil 
New  Zealand  'I'lie  especial  oliject  of  the  In- 
stitute is  to  send  evangelists  to  "  the  regions  be- 
yond" those  already  evangelized.  Over  100 
students  are  now  in  training  at  the  Institute. 

The  entire  projieity  of  llie  Institute  is  vested 
in  a  body  of  trustees.  I{igiilaily  audited  ac- 
counts are  pulilished  annually.  'I'he  Institute 
has  few  regular  subscribers,  lull  is  suslaiiied  by 
the  free-will  ottering  of  Christian  friinds  The 
annual  expeiidilun^  has  I)eeii  for  several  years 
about  £ia,000.  'i'he  services  of  the  Director 
and  of  the  Secretary  are  rendered  gratuitously. 

E.rtcnsion  of  ir«i7«.— In  1878,  through 
the  ett'orts  of  Mr.  'I'illy,  Dr.  (Juinness,  Midafew 
others,  tlie  IJvingstone  Inland  .Mission,  of 
wliieh  a  sketch  will  lie  given  later,  was  founded. 
In  1880  it  was  niaile  a  branch  of  the  lii'-litule, 
and  was  carried  on  by  the  Directors  until  1884, 
will  n  it  was  transferred  to  the  American  bap- 
tist Missionary  I'liion.  'i'he  policy  of  the 
A.  15.  M.  U.  is  one  of  concentration  and  radi- 
ation from  a  centre;  while  the  idea  upon 
whicli  llic  li.  I.  M.  was  organized  was  a  chain 
of  stations  to  reach  far  into  the  inleiior.  The 
Union  felt  that  the  L.  I.  ^I.,  with  its  exlreiue 
stations  800  miles  apart,  would  give  tlii'in  room 
enough  and  lo  spare  for  several  years  to  come, 
and  they  were  unwilling  to  extend  operations 
beyond  the  ciiualnr.  The  Directors  of  the  In- 
stilute,  on  the  other  hand,  were  constantly  ask- 
ing what  of  the  region  beyond,  willi  its  tens  of 
millions  of  people  yet  to  be  evangelized  '!  And 
at  length,  in  1888,  they  resolved  lo  take  up  the 
African  work  again,  extending  it  farther  up  the 
Congo  and  along  the  tributary  rivers.  Thus 
the  Congo  Mololo  Mission  was  formed  to  be  in 
perfect  "liarniony  with,  but  independent  of, 
the  A.  15.  .M.  v.  (see  IJololo  Mission).  The 
latest  developuienl  of  the  work  of  the  Instilute 
is  the  Souilan  I'ioneer  Mission,  ii  result  of 
Dr.  Guinness'  recent  tour  in  the  L'niled  States. 

j>/*.s',s/wi*.s.— LiviNos'roNK  Ini,.\M)  Mission. 
—  Even  liefore  the  great  "  waler-way  "  to  the 
heart  of  Africa  had  been  discovered  many 
jiersons  longed  lo  send  tlu^  gospel  into  the 
interior,  f.ir  beyond  tlu^  jioints  upon  the 
coasts  then  occuiiied.  One  of  the  directors 
of  the  liaptist  Missionary  Society,  the  Uev. 
A.  Tilly  of  CanlilV,  having  an  iiiteiise  desire 
to  do  "something  for  Central  Africa,  invited 
the  co-ojH'ration  of  the  Directors  of  the  East 
London  Instilute  in  an  attem]it  to  send  a 
few  evangelists  right   into  the   interior.     The 


EAST  LONDON  INSTITUTE 


847 


EAST   LONDON  INSTITUTE 


syiiipiilliy  1111(1  tliiiiiiciiil  nid  of  llic  McsHrM.  Cory 
of  CardilV  iiiid  .liiincs  Irwinc  of  Liverpool 
(ilso  liMviiin'  liiTii  ciilisiiMl  in  llic  spririi;  i^f  ISTT. 
it  wiis  icsojvcil  llml  MO  lime  slioulil  lie  lost  in 
wii(lini;oiil  voliiMli'iM'sforMii  iiiliiiid  inission:  iiiiil 
upon  ilic  puliliciilioii  (if  .Mr.  Stiinlcv's  Icilcrs  in 
the  iiiilunin  of  tliiil  yciir  it  wiis  furllitr  decided 
to  iillenipt  1111  enlriinee  iiilo  Africii  l)y  the  new 
route,  the  fiieiids  iiliove  luinied  foiiiiilif;  Ihein 
selves  into  a  Coininillee  for  ihe  eondiicl  of  the 
enterprise,  to  which  was  yivcii  the  title,  The 
Mviiiirsioiie  Iiilainl  Mission.  'I'lic  mission  was  to 
lie  eviiii.i;clical  Iml  iindenoniiiialional,  and  it  was 
hoped  at  lirsi  that  It  iiiiuht  he  made  self-snp- 
Itortiiiu  ;  liiil  sul)sc(|iieiit  experience  aliiindanlly 
prove(l  that  the  climate  of  Ihe  Con^o,  at  any 
rate  in  liii^  calacaci  reuiuii.  issiich  as  to  preclude 
the  possiliilily  of  iMiropeaii  self  support.  Aicri- 
culture  is  oiii  of  the  (picsiion,  and  Ihe  only  other 
inea MS  — trade  - i lie vilalily  obscures  the  character 
(if  a  ( 'liristiati  iiii--si(iM,  and  ;;ives  il  a  most  uii- 
desiralile  aspect  of  self-iulerol  in  Ihe  eyes  of  the 
lu'iltlieii;  liicrcforc  Ihe  idea  of  self-support  was 
noon  reliiKiuished  liy  the  {'oiiimillce.  Funds  to 
start  with  h.ivinu;  been  c(iiilriliiiteil  ehielly 
liy  the  ('omniillcc,  volunteers  lor  this  (laiiLrer- 
OILS  pioneer  work  were  furnished  by  llu^  Insti- 
tute. .Mr.  Tilly  acted  as  Secretary  for  llic  liist 
three  years,  but  in  1880  tlu!  work  had  so  in- 
creased as  to  riMpiire  more  tinie  than  lie  could 
spare  from  his  pasioral  duties,  and  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  (fuiliness  were  asked  to  iiii(lerliik(?  the  sole 
responsibility  of  the  mission,  and  its  support,  as 
a  branch  of  the  lOast  Londoli  Instil ul(^  th(!  ( 'otii- 
inillee  to  resiirn  all  share  in  its  maimi^eiuciit,  and 
act  only  as  an  advisory  council.  Mr.  and  .Mrs. 
Guinness  assented  to  this  plan,  and  the  mission 
was  thus  coiiduclcd,  Mrs.  (Juiniiess  lii-in;;  secre- 
tary until  its  transfer  to  the  A.  15.  M.  U.  in  1889 
The  pioneer  of  the  mission,  Mr.  Henry  (!niv(ii. 
(if  Liverpool,  reached  Maimiia,  at  the  mouth  of 
theC'onjxo,  in  FcbriiaiT,  1878.  He  was  accoin- 
Iiaiiied  by  a  Danish  sailor  (wlioaftcrward  prov('d 
unlit  for  the  .s('rvic(s  and  was  ipiicLly  re.'alleil). 
A  nuuchaiU  resident  at  I!aiianii  ^ave  tlieiii  a 
passa.ne  in  a  tradiiiii-vessel  to  lioma,  aliout  70 
miles  up  the  river.  Mcyoiid  this  point  the 
(1)  ly  convevance  was  by  native  canoes;  and 
at  Vellala  tSills,  100  miles  up  tiie  river,  all  navi- 
giltiim  ceased,  and  all  above  il,  save  for  Mr. 
Stanley's  letters,  was  an  absolute  ti'rra  iiiroffnitn. 
After  a  short  delay  tin-  missionaries  purcliased 
11  canoe,  and  made  their  way  to  some  native 
si'tllemenls  on  the  south  siile  of  th(!  rivers 
Masuka  and  Nokki.  Then  liei^an  the  usual  e.\- 
liericMcesiif  all  who  try  to  live  in  Central  Africa; 
liul  Molwilhslandinij;  lluaii  all,  a  landinii-staLre 
was  built  at  Maladi.^it  the  end  of  the  lo  ver  river 
naviiration,  and  the  first  iicrmauent.  siaiion 
formed  at  Pala  Vala,  a  town  some  l.")  imies  in- 
land, built  (,n  a  plateau  l,(iOO  or  1,700  feel 
iiliiive  the  sea-level,  and  in  the  midst  of  a  con- 
sideralile  iiopidatioii.  The  kinii;  of  Ihe  place 
was  friendly,  uave  land  for  a  house  and  irardeii, 
illid  couMlenaiiccd  the  sellleiiK'iil  of  the  while 
men.  By  the  beiriiininj;-  of  1879  Mr.  Craven 
had  actpiired  iIk^  lan.Lrua^'c  sutlicicntly  lo  lie  able 
to  piTOLch  a  little  lo'llie  iieople,  had  traiislaled 
the  Cdinmandnu'iils  for  them,  and  wrote  that 
the  truth  was  beninninir  to  tell  upon  their  hearts 
Ijiiter  on,  two  boys  were  sent  from  this  station 
to  FiriLrland  for  Irainin.sf,  and  are  now  succes,sful 
helpers  in  the  mission. 

Ill  the  summer  of  1878  Messrs.  Telford  and 
Johascin  joined  Mr.  Crivv(3n.   Within  sLx  months 


the  former  (lied  of  fever,  liiil  the  vacant  pliicc 
was  soon  tillcil  by  another  briive  yoim^f  volun- 
teer. |{y  the  (■ml  of  this  year  ten  missionaries 
had  been  sent  out,  and  the  third  stalioli  of  the 
mission  planted  at  Itan/.a  .Maiiteka.  since  the 
scene  of  the  tirst  !;reiil  awakeiiinir  on  Ihe  t  diuro. 
As  ihe  missionaries  made  their  way  up  llic  ri\er 
Ihe  olislacles  and  ditliciillies  iMcreasc(|,  and  the 
((iHslloM  of  transport  liecaiiiea  very  serious  (Jiie. 
The  natives  for  many  reasons  could  not  be  re- 
lied iipoh  as  carriers,  and  h'lvu-iiii  ii.  only  to  be 
oblaiiicd  by  impoiLilion  from  Sierra  Leone, 
were  the  sole  dependence.  To  hire  them,  very 
lari;e  supplies  of  barter  jtoimIs  were  needed;  c(in- 
scipienlly  more  Iransporl,  and  hence  greater  e.\- 
peiise.  K\|>eriencc  had  by  this  lime  shown  that, 
the  slations,  far  from  becoming  selfsupporlin^r, 
had  been  loo  slenderly  supplied  with  resciiirces 
and  helps,  and  the  Commillee  plainly  saw  that 
if  the  mission  was  ever  lo  be  plaii'ed  upon  Ihe 
upper  river,  stron;reralid  beltcrc(piippeddclacli- 
nients  must  be  sent  out.  .Much  eariiesi  prayer 
was  made  that  He  under  whose  providence  ihe 
new  world  had  been  opened  up  would  also  pro- 
vide the  lucu  and  iiieaMs  to  evan;.reli/'C  it.  and  in 
answer  to  these  prayers,  and  as  the  result  of 
much  hard  work,  an  e.\|M'(litioii  belter  orLrani/.ed 
and  better  supplied  than  any  previous  cme  left 
Kuijland  in  .\larcli,  18M0.  Ps  leader  was  Adam 
.McCall  of  Leicester,  who  had  li.ad  much  c.xperi- 
cnce  of  travel  in  South  and  South  C'eiilral  .Vfrica, 
and  was  in  every  respect  well  ((ualitied  for  his 
work.  Four  other  studenls  from  the  Institiitu 
had  voluiileere(l  to  fxo  out  under  his  lead.  The 
parly  reached  Ihe  mouth  of  the  Coniroin  A|iril, 
and  tlioiiizh  at  tirst  things  liKikcd  briirht,  soon 
betrail  Ihe  usual  .Vfricali  experience  of  delays, 
disappointments,  and  fevers.  The  new  recruits 
founii  that  .Mr.  KerLrow.  who  had  conicdui  iIk- 
previous  year,  was  ill  at  .Maladi;  .Mr.  Richards 
was  laid  up  with  fever  at  Bonia  ;  and  many 
another  circumsiance  tri('(l  faith  and  iialieiice: 
but  throwing  all  his  cheerful  eneriry  into  the 
task,  and  seconded  most  heartily  by  his  cdl- 
leajxues,  McCall  pressed  throufrh  I  he  "initial  dif- 
ticulties,  and  irot  his  parly,  Kroo-men,  donkeys, 
— liidUiiht  in  the  vain  hope  of  makinjj;  transiiort 
easier. —and  all  upas  far  as  Honia.  Ilere  lliey 
were  met  by  the  heavy  tidii.;rs  that  .Mr.  Petersen, 
1(11  .iloue  ainoiiLr  the  heathen,  with  none  lo 
nurse,  none  to  prescribe,  to  snothe,  nr  lo  com- 
fort, had  die(i  uf  fever  at  Haii/a  .Mantcka.  He 
had  lieen  but  a  lillle  more  than  a  year  on  the; 
CotiLro.  Oil  the  ','5111  .May  the  larty  wen; 
ready  to  proce(/d  up  Ihe  river  lo  its  farlhest. 
iiaviirable  point,  just  below  the  Falls  of  Yellala. 
The  very  dillicull  journey  w.as  acconiplislied.and 
with  a  view  to  the  (diivenieiice  of  laiidiiiir  lkkkIs 
and  travellers  a  station  was  erecle(l  at  .Maladi 
Mink.iiida.a  rocky  jioiiit  above  the  .M'p(<so  Kiver, 
and  just  opposite  Vivi.  This  parly  had  started 
with  111.'  hope  of  beinLT  able  to  jro  rii;lil  (Ui  to 
Slanley  Pool  ill  one  (liy  season,  but  iiianylhiMns 
delaiiied  ihciii,  and  by  the  lime  they  reached  a 
pl.ice  ill  the  lerrilory  of  .Manyaiura,  called 
Hciuba.  the  rainy  season  was  fully  u|ion  them, 
the  river  was  tremendously  swoHcn,  tornadoes 
and  siorms  were  frc(pient,  and  it  was  evident 
that  lillle  iieac  could  be  done  that  year  in  the 
way  of  advance.  While  they  waited,  they 
learned  what  they  c(aild  of  the  laniruaire,  made 
friends  with  the  people,  and  collected  their  iroods 
(It  that  point  to  lie  ready  for  a  fresh  start  assooii 
as  the  weather  perniilted,  for,  notwithstanding 
all  perils  and  hurdsliips,  llieir  determination  to 


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EAST   LONDON  INSTITUTE 


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rciii'li  thr  iiilcriiir  iicvit  I'uIiitimI.  This  most  in- 
fcri">liiiL'  >-iiiiy  111'  iliii  iiiissiiin  (tin  (inly  lir 
^liiiici'd  tit  lii'i'i',  mill  llir  iiicrcsl  iiiitliiii'  nl'  il 
;:ivcii;  lliiTclun'  :ill  ili'liiiN  >liiiwiiiL;'  llic  licniisiii 
of  till'  lillli' lillllil  III  Viihlllli'CI's  iiiilKl  lie  ptissccj 
over.  'I'll!' yrtii'  IHSl  wiis  n  iiiii>i  jrii|iiirliiiil  mii' 
ill  tile  lihinn  of  III!'  iiiiMidii  lit  liiHiic  ill  l.oiiiliin 
mill  on  till'  llilil  in  Atrirti.  A  ;;niit  stt'|i  lui- 
wiirij  uii^  iMtiilf  piissililc  liy  the  iiilvciit  of  the 
lillli'  stcmiiliiiiiicli  ••  l,iviiii;s|(>n(' "  ill  Miiy  ol' 
llitit  yciir.  With  tlii'  "  Mviiiir-^t(iiu'"iiriiv('il  I'mir 
nmrr  yniiiiL'  vnliintci'is  lur  tlic  wmk.  iiiul  ti  liillf 
liitiT  iiiinthir  |>tiity  of  llvr,  iiiiikiii!;  twenty  tmir 
.since  the  >liii'liiii;-  of  the  niissiDn.  15iil.' iiliis  I 
(leiith  hill  I  iiLTiiiii  visiteil  I  he  lit' le  ptirty,  while  the 
lieiillh  III  Mveiiil  WHS  liinUeii,  iiliil  t'liiir  (itliers 
htlil  lieeii  reeiilleil  lieeilllse  nf  wiilil  of  Illness  for 
the  work;  so  the  sttill.  fur  till  the  Itll'ne  leilifiiree- 
ineiil,  WHS  no  M-retiler  tit  the  end  thtiliiit  the  lie- 
jriiiniiiiiof  Iheyeiir.  Ahioiil;'  those  who  letuineil 
home  on  fillloiiirli  wereihe  Ihst  iiiissioiiiiry  on 
the  ('oii'_'o.  Mr.  Cniven.  iiiiil  his  wife,  who  hml 
jrone  out  ti  yeiii'  lutef:  they  liioiiirht  with  llieiii 
three  unlive  ehililren  -  two  Imls  tinil  ii  lillle  irirl. 
Mr.  Cniveii's  fr  lou;:h  wiiseveli  more  useful  lo 
the  niisvion  tlif.^  his  presence  in  Afrien.  for  now 
lie  liiiil  lime  to  reiliK  llie  Fioli  liiii^llilire,  ii 
lirtinch  of  the  ^'re.'it  litinlii  ftimily.  of  which  he 
hud  Lriiincd  consideriilile  know  ledue,  to  writilii;-, 
iinil  III  prepiire  in  it  Itilile  stories  mid  rend- 
iny:-lHioks  for  the  ehililren  in  the  schools,  As 
soon  lis  well  eiiouiih,  he  set  tilioni  prcpiirini;'  ti 
.Miiiill  dictiontiry.  nnd  when  the  ntilive  hiils  cmild 
.spenk  Kni;lis|i  ftiirly  well,  Mr.  (iiiiiiness  mnde 
use  of  them  lo  iis.sisi  him  in  sliidyiiii;-  out  the 
^ri'tininiiir  of  tlieir  liini;iiiiue;  mid  tificr  niiiiiv 
inoiiilis  of  c.ii'efiil.  perscveiin;;'  stiiily  nnd  work 
with  these  lioy.s,  siicceciled  in  prepiiriiiir  ii  sniiill 
eleineii'iiry  i;ftiniin:ir,  which  wtis  of  the  urciitevi 
use  lo  the  inissioiiiiries,  iinlil  they  could  thcni- 
selvL'  with  fuller  know  IciIlic  prepiirc  ti  licller 
one.  Ill  the  nieiin  time  the  work  in  .\fricii 
jmssed  throiiLdi  iiimiy  vicis-iiiidcs.  In  .fmiumy 
one  of  the  missioiiiirics  died,  others  were  very 
ill  of  fever,  tiiid  in  Feliriiiiry  .Miiltidi  st:iliiin  wiis 
utterly  destroyed  liy  n  tnrntido;  hill  lo  olfsei 
tlic'se  troubles  hopeful  siiiiis  of  |iroiiress  tip- 
])etired  in  the  sttiliolis  of  I'tiliibiilii  nnd  liiin/ti 
Miintekii.  The  new  stniioii  .it  Utiiiiinti  wiis 
erected  diirii;;;'  the  summer  of  this  yeiir.  mill 
Mr.  .MiCtill  pu>lied  forwtird  willi  ifictit  eiier'.;y, 
and  iiinidst  •sivM  dilliciilties.  the  work  of  the 
mission:  but  his  henlih,  which  htiil  for  .some 
tiliu'  lieen  fiiilinir.  utterly  broke  down  in  the 
aultlinn.  iind  he  wtis  compelled  to  le.ivc  the 
country,  lie  w;|s  nble  only  to  reiieli  M.iclcini, 
where  hi'  died  in  N'ovemlier.  In  the  smne  mniitli 
o.  >  irrcd  thedetilli  of  Mrs,  Kichiirds,  who  litid 
joined  iier  liusbtiiid  :it  liiin/ti  Mtintekii  in  1SS(), 
The  fuel  tliiit  live  detiths  hiid  ttikeii  iilnce  in  the 
mission  within  four  yeiirs  c.-iused  much  serious 
thouLrlit  to  friends  of  the  mission,  sumc  of  whom 
(piestioned  the  propriely  of  (•ontiiiiiinn'  it;  but, 
reiuemberin^-  the  similiir  eNperienees  of  the 
Church  Missioiiiiry  Soeiely.  the  London  Mis- 
.sioimry  Society,  mid  the  linptist  Mission  on  the 
Coniro,  the  Directors  could  tind  no  iir^ument 
for  the  tibtindoiimeut  of  llieir  work,  or  Hie  ces- 
siilion  of  elTort  to  evminelizc  tlie  interior  of  the 
Dnrk  Conliiient.  Therefore,  the  mission  wiis 
not  tibmidoncd;  nnd  in  Mny,  18H',>,  n  piirly  of  six, 
includiiiLrii  mcdiciil  mi.ssioiitiry  miil  two  Indies, 
left  London  for  the  Conuo.  Considernble  nd- 
vanee  wns  made  up  the  river  durimr  tliis  year. 
SutUcieut    go(xls  iind  provisions  having   been 


collected  til    Hembii.  tliri f  the   inissionmies, 

with  ti  !.'ooil  gnu  i:  of  Kroo  men,  went  up  to  St  tin- 
ley  Pool  by  the  north  side  of  the  river,  ti  .loiiiney 
of  1(10  mill's,  thirty  of  which  lind  been  clenrcd  by 
Stniilcy,  wliowns  Jiisl  now  building  Iheslnlioii 
III  Leo|iolilvilli'.  on  the  south  shore  of  the 
I'ool.  The  rond  wns  in  pinecs  fnirly  goml  mid 
ciisy.  in  other  imrts  estrcmely  dilllculi  -  ■■  like 
climbing  up  nnd  down  ti  ehiirch  lower."  On 
iiceoiiiit  of  its  dilllciillies  luid  the  grcnl  setircily 
of  provisions,  the  north  side  of  the  river  wiis 
delinitely  nlmndoiieil,  nnd  two  new  sintioiis,  the 
.sixth  mid  seventh  piniited  by  the  mission, 
were  founded  mi  the  south  side  of  Ilic 
river,  lit  .Mukiiiibiuigii,  a  liitle  out  of  llio 
direct  line  to  Slnnley  I'oiil,  mid  iietirer  lo 
the  river,  mid  Lukiiiigti,  tiboiit  :iii  miles  far 
tlier  on,  beyond  which  |ioiiil  the  carriers 
ab.soliitcly  refused  to  go.  The  burning  of 
Meinbii  station,  mid  llie  deaths  of  lliree  more 
missionaries  were  the  great  caltimilies  of  (his 
year.  In  rcgtird  to  the  lalter.  the  brnve  men 
leniaiiiing  w  mte  to  the  I  Uriel  ins;  "  \Vc  nie  not 
in  the  len-t  dmiiileil  by  these  deal  lis,  Koiwiud 
is  the  order,  and,  with  (Jod's  help,  forwtird  we 
will  go  I" 

The  liftli  year  of  the  inissioii,  ISHU,  wns  more 
eiieournging  llinii  tiny  previous  one,  though  not 
without  its  sorrows.  '  Dr,  Sims  hnd  bv  this  linie 
renelied  the  I'pper  Congo,  mid  litn)  obtained 
from  .Mr.  Sl.inlcy.  whom  he  nut  on  his  wiiy  up 
at  .Manymiga.  a  piece  of  Imid  for  n  siniion  in  ilu- 
new  selllemeiil  of  Leopoldville  -which  wiiH 
nirendy  becoming  a  consideiiililc  village,  the 
MrsI  Kiiroiieiin  selllenicnl  lui  llie  I'pper  Congo. 
To  the  missionnries  it  wtis  a  place  of  profound 
interest,  Ihe  key  of  CentrnI  Afrien,  the  goni  of 
Ii'  e  years'  nrduoiis  Inbor,  Ihe  slnrting-poiiil  of  ii 
nnvignble  v.nter-wtiy  extending  for  ninny  llioii- 
stiiids  of  miles  all  over  the  interior  of  the  Dark 
Conliiient,  of  a  rond  thai  wtis  prticticnble  and 
open,  mid  on  which  the  iiiis>ioii  could  be  inde- 
peiiilciit  of  gniigs  of  cmriers,-  nnd  their  past  ex- 
peiieiiee  hnd  immensely  cnhiiiieed  their  appre- 
eintioii  of  the  Itist  coiisidenilion. 

With  the  erection  of  n  good  stnlion  nl  Sinnlej' 
I'ool,  the  tirst  Itisk  of  the  missinn  wtis  nccom- 
plished.  The  doubtful  drenin  of  IfS^y  hnd  be- 
come Ihe  esinblished  ftict  of  I.hs;{.  A  chain  of 
.slalions  hnd  been  formed  past  the  Middle  Congo, 
the  vnrious  tribes  on  the  rond  Imd  been  coiu  ili- 
aU'd,  the  Inngiiiige  had  been  letiriied.  and  some 
fruit  had  been  gtithered  illie  liist  convcrls 
hnd  been  bapti/ed  in  ISS-Ji,  mid  the  millions  of 
the  interior  were  now  no  longer  beyond  Ihe 
reticli  of  Chrisl's  nmbnssndors.  The  next  ttisk 
w.-isthc  trniisportnlion  of  the  mission  stenmer, 
the  "  Henry  Iteeil," — n  gift  to  the  mission  from 
Mrs.  l{eed  of  Tnsmnnia, — from  Linidon,  where 
il  had  been  consti  ueii'd,  to  Stmiley  Pool.  The 
weight  of  the  boat  nnd  innchinery  coinplele  wiis 
aboul  If  tons,— over  ."lOd  inniilonds,— nnd  it  was 
no  easy  matter  to  cnny  il  all  up  over  rocky 
niounlain  |)tiths,  nnd  Ihroiigli  ninny  a  rushing, 
liridgcless  river  lor  hundreds  of  miles,  nor  to  re- 
build the  vessel  under  African  suns  on  the  I'pper 
Congo.  In  Older  to  bolt  the  Kit)  plates  into  one 
vessel  ngiiin  Kl.OlM)  rivets  hnd  to  be  driven;  the 
innchinery  nnd  nil  internal  lilliiigs  litid  lo  be  re- 
eoiistrueted.  mid  the  vessel  painted  with  sevenil 
coats  to  resist  the  water  action  of  the  tropics; 
but  all  was  sueeessfuUy  aeeomplislied,  and  a 
tenth  station  was  built— J>(piator  Staliou— 700 
miles  from  tlie  coast,  which  carried  the  work  of 
the  mission  into  the  great  interior.    It  was  ut  this 


BAST   LONDON   INSTITUTE 


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EAST   LONDON   INSTITUTE 


miry 
■mu- 
ll hc- 
liii  lit' 
111. no, 
nil  ili- 

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IS  of 

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iMsk 

iiiiicr, 
fiiiiii 

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1o  rc- 

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to  one 
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I'veral 
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iiiiil  11 
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ork  of 
lU  this 


liniiit,  ill  IHSl.  iliiii  llic  niission  whm  triinsfcrrci! 
|o  tlic  A.  H.  M.  r.  (i|.v.).  Al  the  liiiir  of  tlir 
Inmufcr  seven  siniions  were  in  woikini;  order, 
liiinu'ly,  Miikiiniiekii,  I'liliiluilii,  iSMii/.a  Man 
tekii,  .Miikiiiiliiinir.'i.  l.nkiinL!:ii.  i.eopolilville. 
unit  IviilMloi'ville.  'I'lie  "  Henry  Uieil"  wiimiIIouI 
on  llie  I'liper  I'oliuo,  anil  Iwelily  inissionaiies, 
font' of  lliein  inai'i'ieil,  foinieil  tlie  wotkini;  stalT 
of  llie  nii>^iiin. 

Siiiee  llie  fimnilaiioii  of  the  work  nearly  tifly 
liail  volnnleereil  for  il  anil  liail  lieeii  sent  lait. 
A  li'W  proveil  iinlil  ami  were  reealleil,  some 
were  Inckeii  in  liealili,  ami  eleven  had  j,dven  up 
their  lives  on  the  Coiiiro. 

('((Niio  Uai.iiiu  .Mission — In  1888  Mr.  .lohn 
MeKiiiriik  of  the  I,.  I.  M.  returned  home  on  fiir- 
lnu;^li,  lirin<;'iiii!'  with  him  from  the  ailvaneed 
outpost  of  the  mission.  Hipiator  slalion,  where 
he  had  lieeii  at  work,  an  intense  interest  in 
the  Halolo  and  /.cil  for  their  eonversioii.  and 
ulsoa  li^  iin;  speeinien  of  the  raee.  a  italolo  hoy 
iiameil  Moinpole.  'I'he  result  of  ihis  apparenllv 
Mieiilenlal  visit  was  ihe  Malolo  .Mission.  Inlil 
ulioiit  eighty  years  ai;'o  llie  dwellers  on  the  south- 
ern bank  of  the  rppei('oni;o  were  of  the  peace- 
ful Bantu  Irilie.  .\t  that  lime  a  isrvM  nation 
eanie  Iravelliiii;  westward,  and  look  possession 
of  the  left  hank  of  the  slreani.  turiiiliu:  out  the 
former  oeeupants,  and  hriiiLiini:  in  a  new  lan- 
u:na,u;i',  custonis,  and  people.  The  |iowerfnl  in- 
vaders were  si;:nitieanll>'  called  Halolo,  Iron- 
jieoplc,  or,  as  we  should  say,  l/ie  stroiit/  Irihr. 
Similarly,  Ha  konna,  means  ■' hnnliii;:  peojile;" 
lia  liwande. "  travel  I  inn-  people;"  Ma  leke, "  trad- 
ers," etc.,  etc.  (See  "  The  New  World  of  Cen- 
tral Afriea,"  liy  .Mrs.  (luinness.) 

The  country  which  Ihe  invaders  conipicreil, 
uiid  have  since  kept  ami  dwell  in,  is  nearly 
five  times  as  larnc  as  Eni;land,  and  fills  tlu' 
liorseshoe  lieiid  of  the  Coniro — extemliiii;  from 
the  I.omanii  i':  the  cast  to  Lakes  .Mantiimlia 
and  Leopold  on  the  west,  and  from  Lopi.ri  on 
the  noilh,  to  Ihe  head-waters  of  the  IJosira  and 
Jaupa  on  the  South. 

The  Halolo  are  more  civilized  than  the  na- 
tives of  the  Lower  Coniro.  Hein.ir  exjiert  in  the 
workinir  and  smellinir  of  Inass,  they  produce 
axes,  plall(^s,  lioes,  spades,  and  olher  useful  iiii- 
lilemelils  of  archilecture,  and  thus  are  ahle  to 
clear  away  the  laii'ilei!  umlcrnrowlh  of  the  for- 
est and  Id  cultivate  mai/i  and  mandioca.  "  i'.v- 
cry  villajie  has  ils  smilly,  if  not  its  spreadinu,' 
ch'est nut-tree,"  and  the  smith  is  held  in  hiij;!! 
repute  amonii'  his  ;ownsinen,  for  hesides  the 
iniplcnienls  of  (oil  and  I lu^  weapons  of  war,  he 
is  skilled  in  the  production  of  hracelels,  neck- 
laces, and  other  ornaments.  The  Halolo  canoes 
are  swift  and  serviceable,  and  are  manned  hy 
practised  i)ailillers;  a  consideralilc  llolilla  is  ai- 
lached  to  every  town;  the  tow  lis  are  la  rue  the 
streets  straii^ht  and  rcnnlar,  and  IhelarLie,  coin- 
iiioilious  houses  are  built  of  palm  fnaiils.  In 
pliices  where  the  lianks  of  the  CoiiLid  are  very 
steep  and  hiirli,  ini;enious  /iir/.a^'  paths  have 
liccn  cut  ill  the  sides  of  the  declivily  by  the  na- 
tives, and  the  way  made  slill  less' diliicull  l)v 
ladders  of  curious  construction.  In  their  physl- 
<al  frames,  as  in  everythinjr  else,  Iliesc  Ip'per 
CoiiLro  natives  are  a  ciailrasl  to  the  dwellers  on 
the  lower  river.  Stanley  visited  these  people 
and  described  llicni,  but  ihe  missionaries  of  iIk' 
L.  L  M.  wi'ie  Ihe  lirsi  persons  to  make  their 
acipiainlaiice  from  the  station  at  P-ipiatia'ville. 

When  the  new  mission  was  resolved  upon, 
Mr.  .McKiltriek  was  liberated  bv  the  A.  H.  M.  V.. 


in  onler  llmt  he  iniirht  become  the  leader  of 
the  tirst  parly  to  Ihe  Halolo  country  and  to  pre 
vent  ileiav  in  siarliiiL'.  the  L.  L  M.  sieanier.  ihe 
'■  Henry  l{ced.' was  lent  to  the  italolo  .Mission 
for  a  year.  .\  farewell  nieeliiiir  wa-  held  lor 
the  pioneer  party  of  the  (  oimo  Halolo  Mi-sion, 
al  Kxctei  Mall,  in  >hireli,  188U.  .Many  speeches 
were  made  -one  al  least  uncvpeetcd  and  iinpre 
niedilaled.  il  w  as  spoken  by  Hoinpole-.' dark  lips, 
and  in  his  liii;li.  shrill  voice.  II  mid  reds  of  llsieii 
ers  in  Ihe  ureal  hall  were  hushed  into  silence 
to  hear  the  few  and  iirnorani  words  framed 
into  broken  sentences,  for  Hompole's  vocabulary 
was  Very  limiled,  and  of  urammar  he  knew 
nolliin;;.'  The  lillle  lad  said  his  people.  "  wanted 
jiospel,  '  and  then  asked,  "  Isn't  it  a  shame — 
shame  to  keep  gospel  to  yourself?  Not  meant 
for  l'',ni.dish  onlv!  Isn't  if  a  sliaine'.'  My  people 
waiilini;'  gospel.  Isn't  il— isn't  it  ,i  -liamcY'" 
Was  ever  the  ciiuse  of  forciirn  missions  more 
forciblv  piilV  The  mission  band  siiiled  from 
Hniiliuid  on  Ihe  ISih  of  ,\pril.  IH.S'.l,  and  reached 
its  desijnaliiaion  the  Lulonpi  iiiver  in  I  he  middle 
of  .\ui;us| — four  months  only  to  aecianpljsh 
what  ten  vcars  befiu'c  could  not  have  bei^n  done 
at  all!  ifow  dilVerent  llic  experience  of  Ihis 
]>arty  from  that  of  the  pioneers  ot  the  L.  |.  .M,| 
The  hearty  co-operation  of  Ihe  missionaries  al- 
ready in  llie  tield  nol  only  faeililaled  ihe  journey, 
but  als  'iverled  lliedanu'er  from  exposure  and 
incxiierience,  to  which  llie  earlier  workers  in  so 
many  cases  had  succumbed.  .N'o  fatal  illness 
occurred  on  the  jiairncy,  and  the  missionaries 
have  since  their  arrival  continued  in  irood 
health.  Karly  in  18!l()  the  second  parly  arrived, 
and  with  lluin  the  mission's  own  sleam-launch, 
the  "  I'ioneer."  w  liich  had  l»'cn  built  in  London, 
and  was  to  be  reconstructed,  asihe"  Henry  Heed" 
had  been,  al  Sliuiley  Pool;  11  missionaries  were 
now  in  the  Held,  ami  two  stations,  I,ulonir  and 
Ikan,  had  been  jilanted.  A  third  jiarty  of  Halolo 
voliinleers  has  since  tione  out  to  form  the  .lolill 
Wallis  Alexander  Slalion  on  the  .Marinpi.  and 
a  fourth  to  found  Ihe  Herjrcr  Slalion,  probalily 
on  the  .laiipa.  will  soon  la;  ready  to  start.  Tni^ 
sphere  of  the  Halolo  luissiiais  comprises  the 
SIX  siaithcrn  tributaries  of  the  ('oiiiio  beyiaid 
Kquatorville — the  Liilonira,  Wariiiiia.  Lopori, 
Ikclcmbii,  .laupa,  and  Hosira,  prescnliiu;-  to- 
jrethcr  about  2,000  miles  of  naviirable  waterway. 

The  basis  of  the  Contro-Halolo  .Mission  is  in 
terdenoniinational,  "simply  Christian,"  and 
Ihoroiiiilily  evaiijjelieal.  .Members  of  any  of 
Ihe  cvaiiiii'lical  churches  are  welco'iied  as  work- 
ers in  it.  Its  manauemcnt  is  in  the  hands  of  the 
Directors  of  the  K.  L.  Ins.,  who  are  assisted  by 
n  council  at  hiaiie  and  a  slandiiiir  commillce  of 
.senior  mission.iries  in  .Vfrica. 

The  iieneral  suppial  of  the  mission  is  under- 
taken by  Ihe  Direclors;  the  suiiport  of  indiviilual 
missionaries  beinu'  in  some  cases  defra\cd  liv 
V.  .M.  C.  As,  V.  \V.  C.  A.s,  circles  of  local 
friends,  tlie  churches  of  which  Ihe  mi.ssionaries 
may  be  niembers,  ami  in  olher  ways. 

Till-:  I'loNKKi!  Sol  i).\.\  .Mission!  — During' Dr. 
Guinness'  recent  tour  in  the  I'liited  Slates  he 
prescnlcd  the  ilesiiiulion  of  the  vast  rej^ion 
which  is  know  II  as  the  .Soudan,  in  which  there 
are  about  I'.^.'i.dOO.Otlit  of  people  absoliilely  ne- 
.irleeU'd,  before  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.s  of  Kansas 
and  Nebraska,  and  in  each  Slate  about  twenty 
of  the  foremost  men  volunteered  to  tso  as  pio- 
neers; and  the  "Soudan  Pioneer  Mission"  was 
foundcil,  wilh  a  liraneh  in  each  of  the  towns 
in  wliich  Dr.   Guinness'  meetings  were  held. 


i 


flj 


BAST  LONDON  INSTITUTE 


;t5(i 


BOKARD,  JAMBS  RBAD 


n 


Scvcrnl  yoniij;  men  fioni  the  Y.  M.  ('.  A.  «>f 

t^t.  I'liiil.  Minn  ,  mill  iliirly  ('(ilnii'd  men  from 
llic  SdiiIIiciii  Sillies,  hiive  hIiicu  olVcreil  lliem- 
.Helve-  for  the  Soiiiliiii. 

Ill  (((toiler,  IHMil,  II  iiieelint;  III  lielmlf  of  the 
mission  was  lield  in  InpelsM,  Kmisiis,  iifler 
wliii  li  three  of  the  voliiiiteeis  lor  the  Hoiiiliiii, 
Messis,  Miiil,  llelinieU,  iiiid  K  iiifiiniili,  spent 
He. I  111  II,  iiiths  in  visitiiiu:  the  bilker  eilics  uiid 
<'olle' e>*  oi  Kmisiis,  mid  also  some  of  the  Imye 
cities  in  Illinois,  .Minnesola,  Wisconsin,  Iiidi- 
iiiiii,  mid  Ai  kmisas.  Mild  aroused  miieh  iiiteresl 
in  the  mission.  In  .laiiiiai.N,  IHINI.  ii|ioii  Ihe  iii- 
viiMiioii  of  Mr.  Ondiain  Wilinotilinoke,  ,Mr. 
Kiiiirinan  sailed  fmni  New  ^'orli  lor  lui'.diiiid, 
lo  join  Ihe  Wi'iiiol  ItrooUe  parly  for  llie  Sou 
<laM.  .Mr.  Kin.^'iiian  aeioiiipmili'd  the  parly  as 
far  as  I.ilicria.  and  there  piiiied  miiili  iiil'or- 
malioii  in  reirard  to  the  Soudan  and  Ihe  essen- 
tials for  missionary  work  there,  which  frrcally 
lielped  those  who  were  to  ,joiii  him  in  their 
preparation.  On  May'J^d,  IHill),  a  parly  of  eiirhl, 
iiiclu(liii<x  two  Indies,  tind  two  voiim.^  men  from 
the  Y.  M.  (.'.  A.  of  Si.  I'liiil,  .Minn.,  who 
wont  with   the  ])ioiieers  of  the   "  I'liiicr  Coiijjo 

]Mis 

Afi 

with  no   )>romise  of  liiiMiieial  support  except 

such  us  they  (iiid  in  the  IJihIe. 


^ ' ^    I ^ •     •■■^  *    ri"  *    *     '"n" 

lissionary  (Niloiiy," sailed  from  New  York  for 
fricii.     The  entire    party  j;o  out   "in   faith," 


IJIn'iU"/.or.— 1.  A  town  of  West  Cape  Col- 
ony. Africa,  on  the  Olifanl  Hiver,  northwest  of 
Clan-William.  Mission  station  of  the  Kheiiisli 
"Missionary  Society;  1  missionary,  -1  out -stal ions, 
','t<0  chiircii-meniliers,  whoconlriliiile  half  of  the 
expenses  of  the  mission. — i.  On  the  west  side 
of  the  Sinoe  Hiver,  Afriia,  is  one  of  the  stations 
o(  Bishop  'raylor's  self-supporlini;  mission. 
The  kin.irof  the  tribe  lias  proclaimeii  Sunday  as 
Ciod's  (lay,  on  which  bis  people  are  not  lo  work, 
bill  must  !;o  lo  His  bouse  and  bear  Mis  Word. 
A  new  bouse  lias  just  lieen  built,  and  the  prop- 
erty is  worth  |HOl)t  1  missjonarv.  1  school.  'M 
sebobirs.— ;!.  A  town  in  the  district  of  Alfredia, 
Natal,  South  Africa.  Mission  station  of  the 
Ileriiianiisbur^  Missionary  Society,  with  100 
chureli-members.— 4.  A  town  in  Ihe  district  of 
Traloiia,  'I'laiisvaal,  Soiilli  Africa.  .Mission 
slalion  of  the  Ilermaiiiisbiiri;'  Missionary  So- 
( iely,  with  JUT)  ehurcli  ineiubers.  — ').  A  city  of 
lieiiiral,  India.  The  chief  seal  of  tlie  Indian 
Home  Mission  lo  the  Saiilals,  founded  in  IHIi? 
by  Ihe  Dane,  Hi'iresen,  and  the  Norwe<;iaii, 
Skrcfsriid.  It  hasJi.iisricburcb-meniliers,  .several 
oul-slalions,  a  colon}'  in  Assam,  u  seminary,  etc. 
The  mission  is  self-supportinu'.  The  two  irreat- 
est  evils  the  missionaries  had  to  li^bt  a.iiaiiist 
here  were  not  the  perverseiiess  and  de.u:radali(m 
of  the  Sanlals,  but  the  Hindu  usurer  and  lliu 
Englisb-whiskey  dealer:  ayainst  the  former, 
the  Eiiii'lisb  (Jovernmenl  was  not  iinwillinj;  to 
lend  its  aid,  but  lliere  was  no  oilier  means  liy 
xvhicli  to  fi,i;iit  the  runi-sliops  than  by  preacliini? 
teinperance  to  the  natives.  —  (i.  A  town  in  Hrit- 
ish  (iiiiana.  South  America.  Slalion  of  the  Lon- 
don Missionary  Society,  with  si.x  native  ))reach- 
«!rs,  and  2H,5  chureh-iiiember;^. — T.  A  town  in 
the  ^ViIllela  district,  Vieloria,  Austr.alia,  200 
miles  northwest  of  Melbourne.  Slalion  of  the 
Jlonivians.  begun  in  1859.  Has  I  married  and 
1  unmarried  missionury.  Tlie  mission  buildiiiffs 
areoii  a  [dot  of  .irround  uiven  by  the  li-overnnient. 
The  success  of  their  work  far  exceeded  the  an- 
ticipation of  the  missioniiiies,  and  the  mission  is 
still  OTowing  in  nil  its  branches. 


IOIl«»ll,  the  largesl  of  the  weslern  or  Kallk 
chain  of  Ihe  .Marsiiall  Nliinds,  .Micronesia,  '.iW 
mill's  noiihwest  of  Apaimijf.  .\lissioii  slalion  of 
the  A.  U.  ('  I''.  .M.,  with  a  seiniiiary,  u  printing 
establi^nmi  III.  :i  native  ordained  pastors.  Tliu 
whole  New  'I'estaliieiil  has  been  Iraiislaled  into 
the  language  of  Ihe  island:  It  schoids.  ]~,H  pupils, 
IWM  cliiiicli  members.  The  (termini  oeeupalioii 
of  the  islands  has  proved  an  annoMinee  in  iiiaiiy 
wa_\s  Kbon  was  lined  sjirilMI,  and  then  assesseil 
for  11  ta.x  lis  great  as  tlial  for  other  ishiinls  twice 
as  large. 

IOI>«»ii  Vt>i*«i«»ii.— The  Kbon,  which  belongs 
to  the  .Mieronisiaii blanch  of  languages, isspoken 
in  Ihe  Marshall  Islands  by  about  l.'i.OIIII  people. 
In  1N,"(T  two  missiiMiaries  from  the  American 
Moard,  the  jtev.  (ieorge  I'ieisonand  I'ldwaidT. 
I  >oa  lie,  settled  upon  I  be  island  of  Kbon.  I'ortions 
of  the  (iospel  of  .Mallliew  Iraiislaled  by  the  two 
missionaries  were  priuled  on  Ihe  island  in  IN.'iH; 
other  portions  were  published  in  H^li.'.  The 
(iospel  (if  .Mark,  translated  by  .Mr.  Duaiie,  was 
printed  at  Honolulu  in  IHi;:t.  The  Hev,  I!.  (>, 
Snow,  who  succeeded  ,Mr.  I )oane,  besides  revis- 
ing the  (iospel  of  .^lark,  |irepare(l  Ihe  other  (ios. 
pels  and  the  Acts.  The  remaining  books  of 
the  New  Teslameut  were  Iraiislaled  by  Ihe  I{ev. 
K.  .M.  I'case,  who  carried  Ihrougli  the  |)ress  of 
the  American  Mible  Society  in  New  York  au 
edition  of  I, .")()(>  copies  of  the  entire  New  T(  sta- 
melil  in  ISM,").  The  liciok  of  (icnesis  was  Iiiium- 
laled  by  the  Uev.  .1.  F.  Whitney,  and -100  copies 
were  printed  by  him  at  llie  mi.ssion  press  on  Ihe 
island  in   18*7  and  reprinted  at  New  York  la 

(Specimen  verse.    John  3  ;  10.) 

Bwo  an  Anij  yokwc  lol,  oinwot  bwe  Ear  Ictok 
juon  wofNejin  K  ar  keiitnk,  bwe  jabrewot  eo 
cj  tomak  kin  £  e  jnmin  Joko,  a  e  naj  mour  iu 
drio. 

EI>illU-in<>lii,  a  town  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Ogiiu  Uiver,  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa,  oiiposite 
liiigos.  Is  visited  by  missionaries  of  the  Church 
.Missionary  Society.  It  has  ii  eoiigregalioii  of 
the  Lagos  Native  I'aslorate  Associalion,  which 
was  founded  by  fugitives  from  Abeokula 
((I.V.),  and  iminbers  (1KH8)  1  pastor,  ;JO(J  com- 
mimicanls,  1  school,  11  scholars. 

K<*kHr«l,  JlllllOM  KcihI,  I>.  Philadel|iliia, 
November  2','(1,  isO.");  gradiialcd  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  rennsylvania  IS^Ii;  studied  law  and 
])ractised  in  I'liiladelphia  and  I'illsbur.g  till 
18!51  ;  graduated  at  I'rincelon  Theologieal  Sem- 
inary 18li3;  ordiiined  at  Philadelphia,  and 
sailed  the  same  year  for  Ceylon  as  a  missionary 
of  the  A.  J{.  C.  F.  M.  ile  was  slalioned  at 
Panditeripo.  In  18115  he  removed  lo  .Madura, 
and  was  connected  with  Ihe  new  mission.  He- 
turning  home  in  1843  on  account  of  the  ill- 
liealtli  of  his  wife,  he  sjient  two  years  in  (teorgia 
under  Ihe  Home  Missionary  Hoard,  and  from 
1844  to  1841!  was  Principal  of  Chatham  Acad- 
emy, Savannah.  Heturning  north  in  1847,  he 
received  several  calls  to  churches  which  he  de- 
eliiied,  but  aecejiled  in  1848  the  call  lo  the  Sec- 
ond Presbyterian  Churchill  AN'ashington,  D.  C. 
While  here  the  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred 
npon  him  by  Lafayette  College.  He  was  Pro- 
fessor of  History  and  Hhetoric  iu  Lafayette  Col 
lege,  Easton,  Penn.,  from  1858  to  1873.  After 
that  he  lived  iu  Germantowu,  and  later  with 


BOKARD,  JAMES  READ 


8S1 


BDINBUROH  MED.   MISS.    SOO. 


)f  tlie 

IIIK'll 
III  of 
liich 
Uiilii 
c(im- 


llllUl, 
iVL'l- 

iind 
:  till 
Si'iii- 

tiiul 
)liiiiV 
(m1    ill 

(liirii, 

K(- 

w  ill- 

•oigia 

from 

Aciid- 

he 

lU!  (lu- 

c  Sec- 
D.  C. 
fonx'd 
Pro- 
to  Col 

AttlT 

f  -willi 


IiImhoii,  piiHtoi'of  iIiccIiiii'cIi  III  Aliliii;li)ii,  Pciili. 
HiMlifdihiivMiclcl.Ml.v,  .Miiith  \M\,  1HM7.  The 
writer  ol  lliis  knew  l>i.  ICckiiicI  well,  Imviiii; 
lici'ii  with  him  ill  llu'  M  inliiMi y.  iiiitl  for  hcvi'I-uI 
yrurs  ii-isuciMlcil  with  liiiii  in  llif  Ceylon  .Mis- 
hIoii.  Ill'  "MS  liijriily  olrniicil  liy  llir  IllUsinii 
U.H  li  fiiillifiil  wiir'ii'i'.  Willi  his  linllircii  lie 
wii.s  iilwiiys  tliu  i'ourlL'oii,s  Keiitii'inaiiuMil  gciiiiil 

L'Olll|IUIlioll. 

I'.t'lllMltir,  one  of  till'  Soiilli   Aincriciiii  re- 

piiijlic^,  ly  inn',  ii--  its  imiiic  iiiiplii-i,  on  cillicr  siilc 
of  III!'  r(|UMior,  is  lioiiiidt'il  I13'  Colonililii  on  tln' 
iioilli,  on  the  ciisl  liy  Uni/ril,  on  llir  soiiili  liy 
I'i'in,  !inil  on  Ilu'  west  liy  llic  I'liiillc  Oci'iiii. 
Itoiiniliiry  illspiitis  willi  Coloiiiliia  iiiid  I'crii 
wliicli  iiif  Hiill  miM'llIrd  rt'iiilrr  i!  iiiipossililr  lo 
(li'lliic  its  cxiict  liiiiilM.  Ari'ii,  ll^t,tl;t((  sipmrc 
iiiiliH,  iliviilid  poliiicidly  Into  IT  provincrs. 
Willi  ilM  lofiy  pl.ilciiiis  mid  inlcrvfiiiiii,'  viillcys 
it  iilVords  cvfiy  viiricly  of  cliiiiiilc  Drscciidinij 
from  the  snow  ciipiicd  moiiiitiiins  11  iciiipcnilu 
climiitc  is  iiic'l  willi.  which  then  iiiciriiscs  lo 
Iropiciil  warmth  iis  ihc  plains  an'  rrachcd.  'f\u' 
rainfall,  ('s|ircially  at  tin;  hcad-walciH  of  the 
Ama/.oii  iiiid  its  Irilnilarics,  is  excessive.  Hailli- 
<pial;es  frcipicnily  occur,  and  there  are  at  hast 
III  volc.'iiioes.  'I'lut  popnialioii,  estimaled  at 
1,0011,(100,  includes  piire-hlooded  Indians  ((!  per 
ceiili,  mixed  races  (It  per  cent),  and  whiles  of 
Spanish  descenl.  The  novernmeiil  is  modelled 
after  Unit  of  the  I'niled  Slates  of  Ainerica. 
There  is  a  president,  vice  president,  senai;',  and 
iioiise  of  represenlalives.  The  capital,  (inilo, 
has  a  popnlulion  of  :iO,000.  and  (iiiaympiil  is 
llie  principil  commercial  cily.  The  relii^ion  of 
the  lepiililic  is  Uoinaii  Calholic.  and  all  oilier 
reli','ions  are  excluded.  Primary  ediicalion  is 
f,'ralnili)us  and  oliliiralory.  There  is  inily  one 
rail'siy  in  course  of  conslriiclioii,  lint  there  an; 
1,20  1  niiles  of  le|ei;rapll  lines  (Jiiilo  is  coii- 
iiecled  wilh  (limyaipiil,  willi  the  {{(^public  cd' 
<'oioml)ia,  and  by  cable  with  the  rest  of  the 
World. 

Ellen,  or  \'t'W  l']«lcii,  n  town  in  Jainaicn, 
AVest  Indies,  pleasan'ly  situated  upon  the  Maii- 
chester  .Moiinlaiiis,  coniniandinLr  a  line  |irospecl. 
Tile  climate  is  exceeding;! v  hoi  and  iinhenllhy. 
The  first  station  of  the  .\fora\  ians  in  .lamaica. 
Il  was  opened  in  IS'JO,  and  has  had  jrreat  success, 
.Vl  pres(^nt  a  native  nussionary  and  his  wife  ure 
ill  cliurire. 

I'iileiitfiiiii,  formerly  C'lildwollN  Mia- 
lion,  a  lown  in  the  Tiiineve  li  district,  .Madras, 
Soiiili  Inditi,  silnaled  on  IIm  seit-<'oast.  Asia- 
lion  of  Ihc  S    P.  (}.,  with  ti!,  )  members. 

I'<ili]>n,  a  lown  in  the  Hassa-district.  Oold 
Ciinsl,  Africa,  at  the  nioiilh  of  tin;  St.  .lohn's 
Uiver,  iioitliwest  of  Buchanan  and  s,,iilliwesl  of 
Uexlcy.  Mission  station  of  the  .MelliodisI  Kpis- 
<'o|iiil  Church  (Xorlli);  ,")  native  uelpei-s,  iJOl) 
C'hnrcli-nicnibers.  1  Siindiiy-.<chool.  140  scholars. 

l^tliiihiirtfli     Hvdical      !VIiMMi<»iiHry 

SiK'ifly.  Ileadipiarlers,  ,")(')  Geoijre  Sipiare, 
Kdiiiliuiiih,  Scolland.  — In  1841  the  Kev.  Peler 
Parker,  .M.I).,  a  mi'dical  missionary  from 
Ainerica,  who  had  l;ibored  for  many  years  and 
Willi  much  success  in  China,  passed  through 
Hdinburgli  on  his  way  to  the  United  States, 
Dining  Ids  brief  stay  in  that  city  he  was  the 
guest  of  the  late  l')r.  Abercrombie,  who  l)e- 
canu-  so  greatly  interested  in  the  intelligence 
received  from  him,  especially  with  his  experi- 


ence of  I  lie  value  of  ihe  healillff  lift  liH  a  pioneer 
to  missionary  ellorl,  ihal  hi'  invited  lo  Ids  lionso 
few  friends   to   hear    |ir.    ■■    '      ■ 


a 


,.  ,.  ..    .,,...,,, Parker's   account 

of  his  Work,  and  to  consider  Ihe  proprii'ly  of 
forming  an  associaliiin  in  Md  In  burgh  for  ihe  pro- 
inoiiiiii  of  medical  missions.  A  public  mceling 
was  lii'ld  nil  November  IIOl  li,  when  llie  following 
resell  III  inn  WHS  adopled  am  I  Ihe  Society  I'ormeil: 
"Thai  this  meeling,  beiliir  deeply  sensible  of 
the  beiiellcial  I esnlls  w  liicli  may  be  e.xpecled  lo 
arise  from  ihe  labors  of  (  lirisliaii  meilical   men 

( peratiiig  willi  inissionaries  in  varioii-i  parts 

of  the  World,  llius  giving  inlelligenl   prools  of 


>i  <  >i  11 1 ,    1 11 11^  .;^  I  ,  111^    HI  Ml  II  l;  I  III     I II I II II  .1    wi 

llie  nalnic  and  praclieal  opi'ialioli  of  the  spirit 
of  love,  w  hich,  as  Ihe  fiiiil  of  our  holy  religion, 
we  desire  to  see  dilVnsed  amongsl  all  nalions, 
resolve  to  promole  this  objecl  and  to  follow  the 
leadings  of  Providence,  by  eiiconraging  in 
every  possible  way  llie  selllemenl  of  Clirisliail 
medical  men  in  foreign  coiinlriis,  ami  thai  for 
Ibis  piiipnse  a  .socieiy  be  formed  under  IIk; 
name  of  Ihe  '  I'Minbiirgh  .Vssociulion  for  Send- 
iiiLj  Medical  Aid  lo  Foreign  Coiinlries.' "  It 
was  al  llie  same  lime  resolved  Ihal  "llie  ob- 
Jeclsof  Ihe  Association  sliall  be  lo  circnlale  in- 
formalionon  llie  siibjecl,  lo  endeavor  lo  origi- 
nal e  and  aid  such  kindred  insiiiiiiionsas  may  be 
formed  to  prosecule  Ihe  same  work,  and  lo  ren- 
der assistance  al  missionary  slalions  lo  as  many 
professional  agents  as  the  funds  placid  al  its 
disposal  will  adniil." 

Dr.  Abercrombie  was  chosen  presideni,  and 
till  his  dealh  in  November,  IH41,lielook  Ihe 
wiirmesi  inleresi  in  iIk;  operalions  of  the  Socie- 
ty. Olliers  I  here  were  of  great  eminence,  whoso 
names  are  idenlilicd  Willi  ils  origin.  The  Kev. 
Dr.  'I'homas  Clialniers  and  Professor  Alison 
were  elected  vice  presidenls  al  Ihe  inaugural 
nieeliiiir.  Dr.  .Imiihs  ite!.diie.  Professor  Sir 
tieorgi'  liallingall,  Dr.  William  lliilby  (who 
siici'eeded  Dr.  Abercioinliie  as  piesiilenl ).  Pro- 
fessor Svine.  Dr.  .loliii  Coldstream,  .Mr,  .losepli 
liell.  Dr.  Ormoiid.  Dr.  Ilandyside— all  well- 
known  and  honored  iiamos — are  found  among 
the  lirst  list  of  direclors. 

Al  Ihe  second  animal  meeting  (November 
2Hlli,  l.'^l;!),  il  was  resolved  Ihal  Ihe  associalioii 
should  be  desiirnaled  "The  Kdinburgh  .Medi- 
cal Missionary  Sixiely," 

For  Ihe  liisl  year  the  income  of  Ihe  Society 
was  only  t'114,  and  al  llie  close  of  its  lirsl  dec- 
ade  the  annual  income  had  never  exceeded 
i;;iOO.  I'liiil  1S,"")1  I  lie  funds  of  Ihe  Society  were 
mainly  expended  in  dillusing  medical  ndssion- 
ary  informal  ion. 

i.eciureson  llie  subject  of  inedical  nii.ssiona 
were  lielivered  by  several  of  Ihe  direclors.  and 
aflerwaids  were  |iiililislied  and  widely  cireii- 
lated;  |)ri/es  were  olVered  for  lliebesi  essays  on 
this  siibjecl,  and  every  available  opporliinily 
taken  to  advocale  llie  claims  id' Ibis  new  and 
inleresiing  deparluieiil  of  missionary  service. 
From  time  lo  lime  grants  of  money  for  llie 
]>urchase  of  medicines  and  inslriinu'iits  were 
made  lo  Ihe  few  medical  missionaries  then  at 
work  in  tlie  foreign  lield. 

In  reviewing  Ihe  lirsl  ten  years  of  the  So- 
ciety's liislory  the  report  of  the  Socieiy  for 
IH'yi  Ihnsspcaks  of  the  work  accomplislied  dur- 
ing the  lirst  decade:  "We  feel  salislied  that 
the  subject  of  medical  missions  is  gradually  be- 
coming more  familiar  to  the  public  nnnd,  that 
there  is  a  growing  interest  in  its  favor,  and  that 
at  no  distant  day  its  importance  will  be  uni- 
versally .seen  and  acknowledged.     Let  us  lools 


';i' 


M. 

;■■?! 


'Mi 


iM 


BDINBURaH  MED.   MISS.   BOO 


352 


EDINBURGH   MED.    MISS.    SOC 


I    1 


I    I 


!,  S: 


upon  the  lii.sl  ten  years  ns  tlie  vernal  period  of 
the  Socicly.  <liiiiiig  wliicli  we  have  lueii  main- 
ly ucciipieii  in  pie|iaiiii,ir  tlie  soil  and  scalterinif 
tlie  seed  ,  and  lei  u.s  anlicipale  a  season,  not  far 
distant  we  I  nisi,  wiien  llie  sileiil  and  iinscrn 
jriTiiiinalintt  proeess  which  is  now  advancinu: 
will  declare  ilsclf  by  a  sudden  growth  of  fresh 
and  viirortiiis  nianifesiniion." 

As  ihe  lesulls  of  medical  niissionaiy  work 
become  more  widely  known  and  jrelierally  ap- 
prccialed,  it  was  (|iiile  natural  thai  ihis  parent 
sociciv  shoidd  lie  calk'd  upon  to  supplv  nu'ii 
for  the  Held. 

For  several  years  Ihe  aid  rentlered  to  students 
was  merely  pecuniary. 

Dr.  Ilandyside,  who  had  learned  in  his  be- 
nevolent wiirk  hiiw  mucli  more  readily  and  elli- 
eienlly  the  sick  and  sulTerinjr  could  lie  reached 
by  I  hi'  j;os|)el  when  Ihe  liody  was  tirsi  relievci, 
maile  an  e.xperimcM  liy  opening;'  (November 
:2.")ili,  185;!)  Ihe  '■ -Main  I'oinl  Mi.ssion  Dispen- 
.sary,"  which  was  ihe  lirsl  home  meilical  mis- 
sion in  ({real  IJiilaiii,  and  tlie  origin  of  the  So- 
eiely's  'I'lviiniiig  Inslilulion. 

Ill  1S.")8  Ihe  allendance  of  patients  liad  so 
laruely  increased  that  il  became  iniperalive  to 
secure  more  suilable  and  eominodious  premises, 
ijeeiiig  "  To  Let  "  over  a  whiskey-shop, — No. 
31)  Cowgale — liie  place  was  secured  by  Dr. 
Ilandyside  and  in  a  few  days  il  waslraiisfornied 
into  a  medical  mission  dispeii.siiry. 

I'rogress  was  rapidly  made,  and  on  November 
18th,  18(11,  the  "  I'owgale  Mission  Dispensary  " 
beeanie  llie  "  Iviinburgli  .Medical  Missionary 
Society's  'rrainiiig  Inslilulion."  Hy  Ihis  ad- 
vance the  second  decade  of  Ihe  Soeiely's  history 
was  made  memorable. 

The  Society  ill  oilier  respects  during  this  pe- 
riod made  gradind  but  decided  progress.  It 
eommeiired,  logether  wilh  Ihe  Free  (hiireh  of 
Seollaiid,  a  medical  mission  in  Madras,  and 
eonjoiiilly  with  the  London  Missionary  Soiaety 
il  siipjiorled  for  four  years  a  medical  iiiissioii- 
ary  al  Mirza|iore,  and  :',lso  eslablisiied  a  medi- 
cal mission  in  Ireland,  supporlimr  the  nicdieal 
missionary  there  for  six  years.  In  addition  to 
this  work,  sevend  well-known  medical  missidii- 
iiries  were  helped  forward  liy  the  Society. 

By  publications,  by  public  meetings  and  lec- 
tures, much  was  doiu!  by  the  Society  during 
these  years  to  promole  an  in;,  'st  in  Ihe  cause, 
and  ils  income  rose  from  .i;350in  1853  to  £1,250 
in  1S(W. 

I'nder  thesuiieriiilendenee  of  Mr.  W.  Burns 
Thomson.  F.KC.S.E.,  wlio,  while  .airenl  of  Ihe 
Sociely  from  ISOO  unlil  1870,  labored  wilh 
much  success  and  enllmsiasm  to  jiromole  the 
cause  of  medicid  missions,  Ihe  training  iiislilu- 
tion  soon  became  iiol  only  liioroiighly  etlicienl, 
bill  likewise  , a  powerful  and  much-blessed  local 
benevolent  .mihI  evaiigelislic  agem-y.  In  Ihe 
report  for  18(15  Ihe  foUowing  reference  is  made 
to  the  progress  of  ihe  work:  "  A  general  ret- 
rospecl  of  Ihe  period  since  Ihe  ainalgamalion 
of  the  Dispensary  wilh  the  Sociely  calls  for 
thankfulness  and  praise  ;  for  il  is  known  by 
those  mainly  engaged  in  Ihe  work  llial many 
of  the  lowest  and  most  degnided  re.sorling 
thither  have  not  only  Iward  Ihe  gracious  oll'cr 
of  Ihe  gospel,  bul  have  become  pailakers  of  Ihe 
salvaliou  which  is  in  Chrisl  .lesiis,  .  .  .  Year  by 
jear  Ihe  value  of  Ihe  Inslilulion  as  a  Iraining- 
school  for  missionaries  is  becoming  more  and 
more  apparent,  and  il  would  be  <liHicull,  we 
imagine,  to  lind  a  band  of  more  devoted  and 


arcomplished  young  men  than  lliose  who  have 
already  issued  from  ils  walls." 

Increased  accoinmodalion  was  secured  by 
leasing  the  adjoining  premises,  and  thus  an 
added  slep  was  taken  in  Ihe  development  of  ibis 
imporlani  deparlmeni  of  Ihe  Society's  work. 

Soon  after  the  much- fell  loss  by  dealh  (18t!4) 
of  Professor  Miller,  a  memorial  fund  wa.* 
r.'dscd  of  above  i'ti.OOO,  wilh  whicli  Ihe  coiiven- 
ieiil  and  commodious  house  5(1  tieorge  Sipiare, 
now  known  as  llie  ", Miller  ^Memorial  Medical 
^Mission  House,"  was  purchased  and  furnished, 
and  made  over  to  the  Sociely  as  a  lesidcnee  for 
the  superinlendcnl  and  sludents. 

.Medical  mission  dispensaries  were  alsi> 
opened  in  Cllasgow,  Aberileen,  Liverpool,  Lon- 
don, Manchesler,  and  oilier  c<'ntres;  and  where 
ever  Ihe.sc  have  been  cslablishcd  Iheyare  rec- 
ognized as  powerful  aii.xiliaries  to  home-mis- 
sion work. 

In  IsCii  the  income  of  the  Society  was  .t'500; 
ill  1871  i,  amounted  lo  ,fl.i!14.  The  decade  of 
the  Sociciy's  history  1871-81  is,  however,  Ihe 
pericul  during  w  liich  il  miiile  tin-  grealesi  prog- 
ress. In  1S71  tliere  were  only  sevi'ii  sludents; 
in  1881  ihercwire  si.xleen.  At  Ihe  beginning 
of  188ti  there  were  upwards  of  170  (pialitieil 
medical  missionaries  in  aelive  service  al  home 
and  abroad.  In  1881  the  income  amounled  to 
,t'5,50();  while  also,  during  Ihe  decade,  above 
i.' 15,000  weic  raised  for  special  objects,  iude- 
peiicleiil  of  the  Society's  general  income. 

The  erection  of  llie  new  and  commodious 
jnemises  in  which  the  work  is  now  carried  on 
marks  ihe  beginning  of  a  new  em  in  Ihe  Soci- 
ely'.s  history.  On  the  site  of  Ihe  "Old  Whi.skey 
Shop"  now  stands  the  "  Livingstone  Memorial 
iMedical  31issionary  Instilution,"  a  most  lining 
memorial  of  Ihe  great  African  explorer  whose 
name  it  bears,  and  who  was  both  a  medical 
niissionaiy  and  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Kdinburgh  Medical  niissionaiy  Scciet}'.  At 
the  Itiying  of  Ihe  corner-sloiie  (.liine  9lli.  1877^ 
Rev.  Dr.  Uoberl  MolVal  (the  father-in-law  of 
Dr  Livingsione)  remarked  thai  a  medical  mis- 
sionary was  a  missionary  and  a  half,  or  rather, 
he  should  say,  a  double  missionary  ;  that  il 
was  impossible  to  eslimale  the  value  of  a  mis- 
sionary going  out  wilh  a  Ihorough  knowledgi' 
of  medicine  and  surgery. 

Al  a  bazaar  Ihe  same  year  nearly  £5,000  were 
realized,  Ihe  expenses  being  only  £;J88,  whicli 
were  more  llian  mel  by  the  entrance-iiionej'. 
Il  was  a  Christian  enlerprise,  no  rallling  or  ob- 
jeclionable  fealures  being  iiermilli'd. 

The  Livingsione  .Memorial  wilh  its  furnish- 
ings cost  nearly  £10.0(10;  lids  iiniounl  was  )iro- 
vided  before  Ihe  building  was  completed.  The 
ground  tloor  conlains  (he  janitor's  re^idellce, 
the  laboralory.  consulling-rooin,  vaccinalion 
or  cl;is8-rooni,  and  a  wailing-rooni  comforla- 
bly  sealed  for  one  hundred  and  lifly.  The 
east  end  of  Ihe  room  is  adorned  wilh  a  beauti- 
ful slaiiied-glass  window,  tlii'  gifl  of  several 
liuiulreds  of  Ihe  poor  palienis  themselves;  Ihe 
centre  represcnis  our  Lord  healing  the  sick; 
on  Ihe  one  side  are  Ihese  words:  "  Himself  look 
our  inlirmilies;"  on  Ihe  other,  "And  bare  our 
sicknessis."  A  handsome  marble  bust  of  Dr. 
Livingsione  and  an  oil-iiainling  of  Dr.  .MolTat 
ornament  Ihe  dining-hall.  The  Ihird  lloiu-  is 
occupied  by  Ihe  library,  and  bedroom  parlors 
of  Ihe  sludents. 

The  wide  spread  and  successful  efforts  made 
to  raise  Ihe  funds  neiessary  for  the  erection  of 


BDINBUROH  MED    MISS.   SOC. 


353 


BL  BATADEETTA 


tlip  LivingsloiK!  Mcinoriiil  piivc  a  grciit  iin- 
imlsf  lo  llii'ciiusc  of  mcdiciil  iiiissidii-i. 

Hcsidt's  ilic  Miizimili  .Mi'iiictil  .Missimi  luul 
tlial  111  .Miidnis,  tlic  Socicly  <'siMlijislic(l  ilS7-l) 
a  must  succrssful  mcdii-al  mi-simi  Ml  Niijrala, 
Jiipaii,  and  iiunv  icciMillv  a  iiu>si(«ii  in  Damns- 
cus.  It  lias  also  licl|)i'd  lo  inaiiiiuiali'  Ilic 
Bt'lli'vlllc  Medical  .Mission  in  Paris,  and  in  Ilic 
last  few  years  has  remitted  iipwaids  of  L'2.(I(H) 
in  srranls  for  the  imreliase  u(  me<iiciues,  in- 
strumcnls,  ele.  lo  medical  missionaries  lahor- 
ini;  ill  liulia,  China,  Africa,  'rmkey,  Syria, 
lOnypI,  Uome,  and  in  other  lands  and  islands 
of  liie  sea. 

'There  is  a  ujrowinu;  appreciation  of  this  form 
of  beiicvoh'nt  ajrcncy.  The  days  of  .-ipoloirctic 
pleadiiiir  have  passed,  and  objections  \vhi<li 
formerly  prevailed  arc  now  iicvi'r  heard. 

In  1MS">  there  were  in  active  service  Howards 
of  110  (lualilied  medical  missiomiries,  and  ihc 
number  has  been  sicadily  incrcasins;.  while 
missionary  periodicals  brim;  the  news  of  iiied- 
ie.il  missionary  Irimiiphs  in  all  parts  of  the 
World. 

Ijlilli')  Ihc  southernmosi,  and  also  the  most 
bianlifiil,  island  of  the  middle  uroup  of  llic 
New  Hebrides,  .Melanesia.  It  has  about  (l.OtMl 
iiiliahitants,  all  of  whom  speak  the  same  lan- 
giKiiTc.  Mission  station  of  the  I'rcsbyleri.aii 
("liuich  of  (.'aiiada;  one  missionary  and  wife, 
9J  school  children.  Here,  as  everywhere 
in  the  arcliipclasro,  Ihc  natives  were  made 
iiiisenihle  by  the  frauds,  the  crimes,  tlic  abomi- 
nable passions,  and  the  horrible  diseases  whi<'li 
Iviropcan  traders  introduced  anionir  them. 
Ijiitcr  on  they  took  llieir  rcvciii;e.  Tlic  tirsl 
missicjiiary  wiio  visited  Efalc,  IHlill,  was  slain 
and  eaten.  Others  niet  with  the  same  fate. 
Now,  however,  there  are  five  tMiristian  villaires 
in  the  island,  with  ^80  eommuiiicanls.  .Mark 
and  ilohii  have  been  translated  into  the  HIatc 
laiiiiuaije.     (See  New  Hebrides  .Mission.) 

I'<l'al('!<l',  a  term  very  commonly  used  to  dcs- 
ifliiatclhe  laii,u:ua,ire  of  the  island  Efate,  iu  the 
New  Hebrides.     (See  Fate.) 

lOflk  Version. — The  Elik,  which  belongs  !;> 
the  Xcgro, group  of  African  lan,i;iia,ircs,  is  vernac- 
ular 10  the  people  living  by  the  old  Cl.aiabar 
Kiver,  West  Africa.  Mr.  Hugh  li(ddie  trans- 
lalcd  the  New  'I'eslainent,  which  was  published 
by  the  Xalional  Hible  Society  of  Scotland  at 
Kdinburgh  in  IWI'2.  In  18()S  "the  s.amc  Society 
issued  at  the  s,ime  place  the  (,)ld 'I'estament, 
tr.inslated  by  .Mr.  i{obb. 

I'^K^'ti^N  llailM.  (See  Danisli  MLssioii  to 
(Jreenland.) 

l'itf4Mll>lllill<l<>,  a  town  in  the  iiiMlhern  circle 
of  tirceiilaiid,  .'tation  of  the  Danish  .Mission- 
ary Society.  'I'lie  whole  circle  numbered,  in 
l^H;i,  4, -'78  Gri'cnlaiidcrs  in  70  settlements,  all 
of  whom  arc  Chrisliaiis. 

l'<tf,V|*t  (Misr),  a  country  in  >>'orthwcslern 
Africa,  e.xtcnding  froni  the  Mediterranean  lo 
Wady  Haifa,  aboiil  8()n  miles  up  the  Nile  from 
Cairo.  It  is  a  tributary  slate  to  Turkey,  and  is 
govcriM'd  by  a  Klicdivi'.  The  title  of  llic  gov- 
eihoi-  was  oriiiinaUy  that  of  Vali,  but  was 
changed  to  "  Khidewi-.Misr,"  or  more  com- 
monly Khedive.  I'rcviously  to  IS,S4  the  sov- 
ereign of  KgypI  claimed  rule  over  territories 
e.Mendiiig  almost  to  the  eipialiir  (sec  article 
Soudan),     After  the  rebellion  of  (he  Somlaiiese 


those  provinces  were  practically  ahandoned, 
alliioiorii  ^till  nominally  Kgy])tian,  and  the 
present  boundary  at  Wady  Haifa  was  provision- 
ally agreed  upon.  In  addition  to  the  territory 
inimedialcly  including  the  valley  of  the  Nilo 
and  section  between  that  and  the  Ued  Sea, 
there  belong  to  Kgypt  certain  oases  in  the 
].ib.\an  desert,  and  a  small  province.  i;i-Arisli, 
in  Syria.  The  total  area  is 4(111.0(1(1  wpiaic  nules, 
but  "thecullivaled  and  settled  area  is  only  l'M(7t{ 
s(piare  miles,  lying  along  the  Nile  valley  an, i  in 
the  Delt.'i,  and  depending  for  ils  fertility  en- 
tirely upon  the  annual  overllow  of  the  Nile. 
During  Ihc  remainder  of  the  yi'ar,  whatever  of 
irrigation  is  necessary  is  obtainccl  by  a  s\>leift 
of  small  canals  tilled  from  the  river.  The  cli- 
mate is  hol  and  unheallhy,  the  temiierature 
varying  fimn  '.Vi  to  84  dcL'rccS;  but  the  lieat  is 
Very  oppressive  and  the  sand  in  the  air  causes  ii 
gicat  dciil  of  ophthalmia,  AUuig  the  borders  of 
the  Meditcrrtinc.an,  near  AUxamlria,  there  arc  !i 
number  of  towns  where  people  from  Cairo  and 
farther  up  tlie  Xilc  arc  in  the  habit  of  going 
for  a  time  during  the  heat  of  summer.  K.gypt 
is  divided  into  two  sections;  Lower  Kgypt,  in- 
cluding tlu'  districts  of  .\ic.\andria,  Damietta, 
and  Uosella  in  the  Delta;  Cairo,  the  Isthmus  of 
Sue/,  and  the  Province  of  Kl  Arish.  I'pper 
Egypt  covers  the  section  smith  of  Cairo,  iind 
includes  the  districts  of  Kosseir,  Fayouni, 
,Minich,  Heni-Soucf,  and  Assimit.  For  mission 
work  sec  articles  United  Presbyterian  Cliurch 
of  the  I'liiled  States  and  Church  Missicuiary 
Soeietv,  and  the  bioirrai>hical  sketch  of  .Miss 
.Mary  Whately.     (See  also  Africa,) 

Klllohillie,  a  town  in  North  Zululand, 
Southeast  Africa.  Mission  station  of  the  Hcr- 
niannsburg  .Missionary  Society  (188','). 

l']|ll<>lllolll«»llH>,  a  town  north  of  the  river 
I'kulalu/.i,  East  South  Africa,  under  the  au- 
thority of  the  Hoers.  Station  (d'llie  ilcrmanns- 
Imrg  Missionary  Society  among  the  Zulus, 
Besides  Ehlomohloino  and  liethel,  tlieri'  are 
■  three  other  stations.  Eniyali,  Ekuhleiigcni, 
and  Esihlengeiii,  which  (ogether  have  thirty 
members. 

I'lliwl,  synonymous  with  Esthonian,  or  the 
root-word  of  Esihonian  (iiv.). 

I^klimt'eiii  (.Vkhinim),  a  town  of  Egypt,  In 
the  Province  of  Oirireli,  on  the  cast  bank  of  the 
Nile,  between  (Jiigeh  and  Assioot.  Mission  out- 
station  of  the  I'nilcd  Presbyterian  Church, 
U.  S.  A,;  (187U);  4  native  workers,  40  church- 
inenibers. 

I^KIitive  and  KkoiiilK*.  towns  in  East 
South  .\fiii'a,  south  of  the  river  I'limlatu/.i, 
uiidi'r  Hrilish  aiilhorily.  Stations  of  the  Nor- 
wegian .Missi(Miiiry  Society  anioiig  the  Zulus. 
Have,  logellier  with  Ingoji,  r,'0  cliurcii  ineiu- 
bcrs. 

I'ik«tiiil>('la,  a  town  in  Southeast  Trans- 
vaal, ivi^t  South  Africa,  between  lOnloinbe  and 
Ehlomohloino,  northeast  of  rirecht.  Mission 
st;ili(m  of  the  Hcrniannsburg  .Missionary 
Society. 

i]klllll('lltfi'lli,  a  town  in  South  Zuhi- 
l.'Uid,  East  South  .U'rica.  .Mission  slation  of  the 
Ilermannsburg  .Missionary  Society, 

I'll  Kh)  a4l(>c)  )  ti,  a  lo\vn  in  the  Provinee 
of  Assioot,  I'ppcr  Egypt.  Out  station  of  the 
United  Presbyterian  Church  (1870);  iucludiog 


Tf 


EL  BAYADEETTA 


8M 


ELIOT,  JOHN 


11 


) !  !| 


three  sub-stations,  it  bas  1  oreani/.cd  obui-cli, 
115  coininuulcants,  3  scliools,  08  scliolais. 

llleiilliorii,  one  ot'  the  ninilitn  islands  in- 
chidi'd  in  I  lie  IJalianias  or  IJiil'  ;■  WlsI  Indies. 
Ana,  liWs(iuari'  miles;  iioiiuhil;  'n,  5,r)00.  [Sta- 
tion of  tliL'  Wesk'van  Ali'lhod.-l  Missionary 
bocii'ty;  '2  missionaries,  8  chapels,  1,130  ebiircli- 
uu'nd)ers,  S  Sunday-seliools,  1,318  siliolars. 
y.  I'.  G.  (IS-Ji)i;  1  missionary,  4l)TeoniniunieHnls. 
liaplisl  Missionaiy  Society;  IJ  evangelists.  !{ 
stations,  313  iluircU-inembers,  31(3  sid)batli- 
scLolars. 

Tiliiii, — 1.  A  town  in  tlie  extreme  south  of 
Cape  Colony,  Sonih  Africa,  about  SI)  nules 
southeast  of  (inadcndal.  Station  of  the  -Mora- 
vian Brethren  aMlonir  the  Hottentots,  founded 
in  1834,  in  order  to  reduce  the  number  of  in- 
habitants at  Gnadciuial,  whi(  h  liad  become 
overcrowded.  It  has  gathered  a  congregation 
of  1,")00.  The  Hottentots  are  described  as  very 
easy  to  impress  and  always  ready  with  tlii' 
tongue,  but  less  capalile  of  any  real  develop- 
ment, and  always  in  need  of  watching.  8till 
the  work  of  tlu'  three  married  niissiouiiries  and 
their  wives,  wlio  are  now  stationed  at  Klim,  is 
very  successful  and  encouraging. — 3  A  town 
in  Northern  Transvaal,  South  Africa.  Stalion 
of  the  ^Mission  Homande  (Free  Churches  of 
French  Switzerland)  founded  in  1879,  from 
Valdesia.  It  has  315  church-mendiers. — ii.  A 
town  in  the  circle  of  Alfredia.  Natal,  South 
Africa.  Siation  of  tlie  llerniannsburg  Mis- 
sionary Society,  with  100  cliur<h-niend)ers. 

Eliot,  John,  b.  1604,  in  Nasing,  Esse.x 
Co.,  England.  He  had  eminently  godly  I'ar- 
ents,  "  by  whom,"  to  u.i^e  his  own  words,  his 
lirst  years  vere  "  .seasoned  with  the  fear  of 
Ciod,  the  Word,  and  prayer."  He  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  Cambridge  in  1033,  where 
h(!  acciuired  atliorough  knowledgeof  tlie  origi- 
nal languages  of  Scripture,  was  well  versed  in 
the  general  co\irse  of  liberid  studies,  had  a 
partiality  for  philology,  aint  was  an  acute" 
grammarian.  On  leaving  the  uidversily  he 
became  an  usher  in  the  grammar-school  of 
Rev.  Thomas  Hooker.  To  his  connection  with 
him  he  traces  his  conversion,  "When  1  came 
to  this  blessed  family,"  said  lie,  "I  saw  as 
never  before  the  power  of  godliness  in  itslivelj- 
vigor  and  ('tlhiency."  .Mr.  Hooker  having 
been  silenceil  for  nonconformity,  became  an 
exile  in  Holland,  and  thence  emigrated  to  New 
England.  .^Ir.  Eliot  resolved  to  devote  himself 
to  the  ministry,  and,  being  exposed  to  the 
tyranny  of  I-aud  on  account  of  his  nonconfor- 
nnty,  followed  Hooker  with  si.xty  others  in  the 
.ship  "  Lyon  "  which  reachecl  Boston.  November 
;id.  10;il.  Some  of  bis  brethren  who  c<Mitem- 
lilated  going  to  America  e.\acted  fiom  him  a 
prouMse  that,  if  they  came,  be  would  be  their 
pastor.  On  his  arrival  he  supplied  the  place 
of  ."Mr.  Wilson,  the  pastor  of  the  Boston  church, 
absent  in  England.  In  the  following  sununer 
the  young  lady  who  was  betrothed  to  him, 
and  had  pionnsed  to  follow  him  soon,  arrived, 
and  in  October  they  were  married.  In  1033 
the  brethren  whom  he  had  left  came  and 
settled  in  Ko.vbury.  Mr.  Eliot  was  installed  as 
their  pastor,  continuing  in  that  relation  till  his 
death,  nearly  sixty  years.  In  lOii!)  he  was  aji- 
pointed  with  Welde  and  Mather,  l)y  the  <'ivil 
and  ecclesiastical  leaders  of  tlie  colony,  to  pre- 
pare a  new  version  of  the  Psiduis.    This  Psalter, 


is.sued  in  1040,  was  the  first  book  printed  in 
America.  It  was  entitled  "The  I'salnis  in 
metre,  faithfully  translated  for  the  Use,  E<lilica- 
tion.  and  Comfort  of  the  Saints  in  public  and 
private,  especially  in  New  England."  It  was 
called  "The  Bay  F.salin  Book,"  but  afterwards 
"  The  New  England  Version  of  the  I'salnis.  " 
The  book  passed  through  twenty-one  tdilioiis. 
Soon  after  Eliot  was  settled  in  Boxbury  he 
became  (iee|)ly  interested  in  the  Indians,  and 
the  leui-lalure  having  passed  an  a<t  for  the 
propagation  of  the  gospel  among  them,  he 
resolv<Ml  to  learn  their  language  that  he  might 
preach  to  them.  Through  a  young  l'e(|Uot, 
who  had  learned  a  litMe  English,  and  whom 
he  had  ieceived  into  his  family,  he  obtained 
some  knowledge  of  their  language.  He  soon 
became  sullieic  iitly  familiar  with  its  vocaliulaiy 
and  consiruclion  to  translate  the  ten  comniaiKl- 
ments,  the  Lords  Prayer,  .some  te.xis  of  Scrip- 
ture, and  a  t"ew  jirayers.  In  Ociolier,  KilO,  he 
made  his  first  visit  with  three  others  to  tlieir 
ramp  near  the  site  of  Brigliton,  on  the  border 
of  Newton,  and  preached  to  them  as.sem- 
bled  in  the  wigwam  of  Waban,  their  chief, 
— the  lirst  sermon  ever  ]ireaehed  in  North 
America  in  a  native  tongue.  The  service  cou- 
tiiiued  three  hours,  the  Indians  asking  many 
questions.  Two  weeks  after  he  made  a  second 
visit,  when  an  old  warrior  asUed  with  tears  if  it 
was  not  too  late  for  him  to  come  to  God.  In 
another  fortnight  he  made  a  third  visit,  wiien 
a  deep,  serious  interest  was  manifest,  though 
many  Indians  had  been  incited  by  the  pow- 
wows against  him.  These  jiow wows,  conjurers 
or  juggling  priests,  violently  opjiosed  him.  At 
this  third  visit  Waban  was  so  impressed  that  he 
gathered  his  jieople  at  the  evening  cainii-lire, 
and  talked  to  them  about  what  they  had  heard. 
Desiring  to  civili/.easwell  as  ("hristianizcl lie  In- 
dians, Eliot  had  those  to  whom  he  had  preached 
gathered  into  a  community  on  the  site  of  their 
old  camiiing-ground.  This  was  about  five  miles 
west  of  I}ost(jn,  and  to  it,  at  tin'  siiggesiion  of 
the  English,  they  gave  the  name  Nonantum, 
signifying  njoiriiif/.  Eliot  exerted  great  infiu- 
eiice  over  them  with  rare  tact  and  sagacity  to 
encourage  tlieni  to  adopt  the  modes  of  civilized 
life.  A  simple  civil  administration  was  estab- 
lished, and  in  1047  tlie  General  C"ourt  estab- 
lished a  court,  over  wliich  an  English  magis- 
trate jiresidcd.  With  social  and  industrial  im- 
lirovenieiils  they  were  trained  with  the  aid  of 
some  native  helpers  in  religious  duties.  These 
Indians  re(;eived  the  appellation  of  "  jiraying 
Indians." 

Another  place  for  religious  meetings  and  in- 
struction was  Neponsei,  within  the  limits  of 
Dorchester,  among  a  body  of  Indians,  w  hose 
chief  was  the  first  .sachem  to  whom  Eliot 
preaehi'd.  A  sachem  at  Concord  now  induced 
Ids  iieople  to  petition  for  a  liact  luar  the  Eng- 
lish, that  they  also  might  be  instructed.  Their 
recpiest  was  granted,  a  teacher  given  them,  and 
religious  services  were  commenced.  They 
adopted  a  code  of  rules  regulating  their  civil  and 
reliirious  duties  and  their  social  comfort.  In 
1048  Mr.  Eliot  visited  Pawincket,  35  miles 
southward,  where  was  a  poweiful  eliief.  He 
and  his  two  sons  gave  evidence  of  true  conver- 
sion, and  desired  Mr.  Eliot  to  live  with  and 
instruct  them,  ollering  him  the  choicest  loca- 
tion. About  this  lime  came  an  earnest  reepiest 
from  a  chief  living  00  miles  from  Roxbury.  the 
present  site  of  Brookfield,  that  Mr.  Eliot  would 


111- 
of 

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Kliol 

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In 

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[[lU'St 

,-,  the 
ould 


ELIOT,  JOHN 

ronic  ami  ti'iich  liis  people.  As  the  journey 
vvoiilil  take  him  through  ii  .ogiou  where  his  life 
wouUl  1)L'  ill  (hingi-r,  a  siiehem  ihroiisih  whose 
<'oiiiilry  lie  must  jiass  came  with  twenty  of 
liis  warriors  lo  escort  liim.  He  set  out  on 
lioiscliack.  'I'lu'  exposure  and  fatiartie severely 
twY.'.d  liis  sliciii^lli.  "I  liave  not  been  dry,"'" 
he  slates,  '■  iiis;lu  or  day  from  the  tbiril  day  of 
llic  week  uiilii  the  sixtli.  Imt  so  travel,  and  at 
iiiu;ht  pull  oil'  my  boots  to  wrinsr  my  sto<-kinirs. 
ami  on  with  llieiu,  and  so  continue.  But  Gtul 
stepped  ill  and  helped."  Not  oidy  did  the 
sachems  vioh  nlly  ojipose  him  and"  iH-rseeule 
the  praying  Indians,  hut  lie  had  receiv»-»l  noaid 
or  clu'cr  Irom  others.  His  own  countrymen 
even  aspersed  him.  It  was  declared  Inilh  "in 
Old  and  New  England  tli.it  the  whole  scheme 
was  to  make  money,  and  that  the  c<in version  of 
the  Indians  was  a  f;ilile,"  Hut  despite  the  op 
posilion  of  the  sachems,  the  ajwtby  of  most  of 
the  English  and  the  hostility  of  some,  be  pur- 
sued his  W(Mk  wiih  heroic  faith.  Hut  in  lt>49 
Christians  in  England  were  so  stirretl  by  the 
fame  of  his  woi  k,  that  a  society,  entitletl  "  The 
Society  for  the  I'ropagation  of  the  IJosik'I  in 
New  England,"  was  formed,  and  ineoriHiraled 
by  Parliament.  Collei'tions  were  made 
throughout  England  and  NVali-s.  and  lib- 
eral supplies  were  sent.  This  S>ciety 
sent  Eliol  il'iO  per  annum  to  supplement  his 
salary  of  ilOO  at  Uoxhury.  Eliot  had  long 
desired  to  nave  all  his  converts  gnthenxl  in  one 
settlement,  tiie  Indians  favored  the  scheme, 
and  the  funds  received  from  England  made  it 
practicable.  A  site  was  elioseii  on  the  Charles 
River,  18  miles  from  Hosioii,  and  a  tract  of 
0,000  acres  set  apart  and  nametl  Xatick.  All 
tilt!  praying  Indians  except  one  trilie  were  here 
gathered  in  1050.  The  town  wa.s  n-gularly 
laid  out,  a  house-lot  assigned  to  esich  family,  a 
large  building  erected  to  serve  for  a  church 
and  school  room.  The  governor  with  «*-venil 
others  visited  Natick,  and  were  highly  gratitit'ii. 
An  Inditui  iireached  before  the  governor  "with 
great  devotion,  gravity,  decency,  readines.'..  and 
aU'ection,"  and  a  psalm  lined  by  the  Indian 
schoolmaster  was  sung  "  in  oneof  our  ordinary 
English  tunes  melodiously." 

Mr.  Eliot  now  began  to  train  native  preach- 
ers and  teacheis.  The  converts  were  fornuHl 
into  a  church  in  1000.  His  jilau  of  g;itheriug 
all  the  fdiiverts  lo  the  one  mission  ;n  Xatick 
failed,  and  li!  oilier  t(>wns  of  praying  Indians 
were  toriued.  The  industrial  and  eiiucational 
work  was  pursued  with  success,  llie  numln-r 
of  cmivcrts  uiuler  his  iuimi'<iiate  care  in  1074 
was  1,100,  the  result  of  his  ;{S  years  of  lalwr; 
and  scallered  through  Massjichusetts.  and  on 
Nantucket  and  .Martha's  Vim  yanl,  which  he 
had  visiled,  were  '.',.')00  otliers,"untler  the  care 
of  the  .May  hews,  Col  Ion.  and  Hounie,  but  whose 
coiiveision  may  be  tra<-ed  to  the  eflorts  and  in- 
Iluence  of  Eliot,  lie  lived  to  see  24  of  the 
Indians  preachers  of  the  Gos|H'I.  In  King 
Philip's  war  of  lOTo  ihe  pnu  ing  Indians  suf- 
fered greatly.  They  were  hated  and  hunted  by 
the  red  men,  and  cruelly  treatetl  by  the  whilt-s. 
Mr.  Eliol  for  protecting  them  was  reviltni  and 
suspected  hv  the  English,  but  he  remained 
their  failliful  friend. 

A  very  important  part  of  his  work  was  his 
translation  of  the  Hible.  The  New  Testament 
was,  through  the  patronaire  of  the  English 
Society,  issued  in  1061,  and  the  Olil  Testament 
two  years  later.      Eliot's  Indian   Bible  is  the 


355 


ELLIS,  WILLIAM 


first  printed  in  America.  It  is  the  grandest 
mi)nuinenl  of  early  American  scholarshi|)  and 
evangelism.  Of  this  work  Edward  Everett 
said:  "The  history  of  Ihe  Ciirisliaii  Church 
does  not  contain  an  example  of  resolute,  iinlir- 
ing,  successful  labor  superior. "  In  lOti:'.  L.'iOO 
copies  were  printed,  and  '.i.OOO  in  lOfi.").  He 
translaleil  als(>  Haxter's  "Call  to  the  L'ncon- 
verted,  "  and  various  other  treatises  on  i>raclical 
religion.  His  original  works  were  "A  Cale- 
cliism,"  an  "Indian  Psalter,"  "  Primer, "  and 
the  "Indian  (IrMniinar. "  At  the  end  of  the 
latter  he  wrote;  "  Prayers  and  jiains,  llirough 
faith  in  .Icsus  Christ,  will  do  anything.  "  In 
English  he  published  "The  Coinmunion  of 
Churches,"  "  The  Glorious  Prospect  of  the  (lOs- 
pel  among  Ihe  Indians,"  and  others.  When 
through  age  and  iulirinily  lu;  was  unable  lo 
preach  (U' visit  the  Indians,  he  induced  several 
fainiliis  lo  .send  their  negro  servants  to  him 
once  a  week,  that  he  iiiighl  instruct  them  in 
gospel  truth.  His  wife  died  three  years  before 
him,  aged  84.  Soon  after  he  wrote  to  a  friend, 
"  1  am  going  home;"  and  with  the  words 
"  Welcome  jovl"  on  his  lips,  hedied,  May  20th, 
1090,  aged  80." 

Four  of  his  sons  gradualed  at  Harvard,  and 
three  became  preachers.  "There  was  no  man 
on  earth,"  said  R.  Haxler,  "whom  I  honor  above 
him."  Souihey  pronounced  him  "one  of  the 
most  extraordinary  men  of  any  country." 

KliKii  F.  Driirj',  a  town  in  the  Cajie  Pal- 
mas  district.  Africa,  is  a  station  of  the  Protestant 
Ei>iscopal  Church,  U.  S.  A.,  founded  b^'  money 
left  by  Eli/.a  F.  Drury.  It  is  the  centre  for  evan- 
gelistic work  in  three  adjacent  villages.  A 
boarding  school  is  sustained  here,  partly  upon 
the  manual-labor  system.  It  has  1  missionary, 
4  preaching-places,  7  scholars. 

Kl-.f  nwUy,  a  ,.  .  the  Province  of  As- 
siool.  North  l-.'gypt,  is  a  mission  station  of  the 
I'nited  Preshi  leiiaii  Church  (1874);  '2  out-sta- 
tions, 1  native  minister,  1  organized  church, 
120  coinmunicanls.  145  Sabbath-scholars,  3 
.schools,  170  scholars. 

l']|IU*e  InIiiikIm,  a  group  of  small  islands  of 
Polynesia,  near  the  S.anioan  Islands,  in  a  conil 
reef  surrounding  a  lagoon.  Population,  250. 
3lission  oiit-sialion  of  tlielj.  M,  S.;  visited  annu- 
ally by  luemhers  of  the  Sainoan  Mi.s.siou. 

Kllif'lipiir,  a  city  in  Eastern  Berar,  Central 
Provinces,  India.  Population,  28,()00.  lu 
1874  an  indcpendenl  American  missionary, 
Norton,  of  the  .Slclhodist  Church,  began  to  work 
here  among  the  Karlius.  and  hapli/;'d  70.  Tlii.s 
work  is  known  as  the  Ellichimr  Faith  .Mission. 
(See  Pentecost  Hands.) 

Ellis  William,  1i.  August  29th,  1794.  in 
London.  Studied  at  Crosiiort  and  Ilomerton. 
Having  ofTcrcd  himself  at  the  age  of  twenty  liS 
a  missionary  to  the  L.  M.  S,  and  been  accepted, 
he  spent  a  few  months  in  acipiiring  a  knowl- 
edge of  printing  and  bookbinding;  was  or- 
dained Novemlier  8th,  1815,  at  Keiisingloii,  and 
.s!iiled  .lannary  2;Jd,  1810,  for  Ihe  South  Seas. 
He  labored  for  a  wliile  at  the  islands  of  Eimeo 
and  Huahlne,  setting  up  in  Tahiti  the  first 
]>rinliiig-press  in  the  South  Sea  Islands.  He 
left  Huahine  for  the  Sandwich  Islands,  Febru- 
ary 24lh,  1822,  in  company  with  Messrs.  Tver- 
man  and  Ben  net,  the  Society's  deputation, 
reaching  Hawaii,  March  21st;  visited  Oahu  in 


si 


ELUS,  WILLIAM 


866 


EMQWALI 


April,  and  beciiiisR  of  the  aflliiity  of  the  Tahel- 

tiiiii  anil  llawiiiiiin  languaircs,  was  able  to 
prcacli  to  till'  lliiwaiians  with  facility  in  two 
nioiiilis  after  his  arrival.  Ufing  reciuested  by 
the  king  and  cliicfs  to  join  tlic  mission  in  tliu 
islmids.  and  llic  American  missionaries  cordi- 
ally conciMiini:  in  the  veiiMcsl,  he  relumed  to 
liiiaiiine,  iind  removed  his  fiimily  lo  Daiui, 
February  oih,  lS^;i.  On  account  of  the  severe 
illness  o"f  Mrs.  iOllis,  lie  left,  September  istli, 
1S34,  for  Knirlniid.  Iiy  the  way  of  tlic  rnileii 
Stales,  reaching  New  liedlord.  March  litlli, 
1H2.').  There  hcNpcnl  several  moiitlis,  addressing 
nussioiiaiv  meeliiigs  in  behalt'  of  thccausc.  lie 
reiiched  London,  Angus!  ISlh,  182."),  i'lom 
lH2ti  lil  he  visiied  various  (iliices  in  Engliind 
for  Ihc  Socieiy.  On  the  ihiilli  of  Hev.  AV. 
Orme,  Foreign  Secretary,  he  was  appointed  to 
assist  in  the  conduct  of  the  foreign  department, 
and  in  .March,  18;!2,  was  appointed  Foreign  Sec- 
lelary  by  the  Directors.  In  18;!.5  ]Mrs.  Ellis 
died.  Two  years  later  lie  married  Miss  Sarah 
Slickney,  the  popular  anihoress.  In  18-11,  on 
account  of  tlie  serious  failure  of  his  health,  he 
resigned  the  Secretarvship,  and  residing  at 
lloddesdon,  gave  occasional  personal  aid  to  the 
Congregational  ( 'lunch.  In  1847  be  accepted 
the  pasiorale,  which  he  resigned  in  ISoS.  Re- 
ports having  reached  England  that  the  Mala- 
gasy Uovcnimeiit  was  favorable  to  I'hristianity, 
he  WHS  ie(piesled  by  the  directors  in  18.");!  to 
visit  Madagascar,  w  itii  the  view  of  reintroduc- 
ing missionaries  into  the  island.  Finding  the 
liaiive  government  ojijiosed  lo  Iiis  remaining  at 
the  capital,  he  went  to  Mauritius,  wliere  he 
spent  nine  months,  visiting  tlie  mission  stations 
iind  sclujols.  He  again  visiied  .Madagascar  in 
1854,  but  a  reipitst  to  be  allowed  lo  visit  the 
capital  was  refused.  After  making  many  in- 
quiric's,  and  <listril)u!ing  portions  of  the  Scrip- 
tures at  Tamalave  and  Foiile  Toint,  he  sjiik'd 
for  t'ape  Town,  December  iiOlh,  to  visit,  as  di- 
rected, the  Society's  stalions  in  Cajie  Colony. 
He  embarked  for  P^ngland,  .Iiiiie  14ili,  W't'i. 
Permission  having  been  given  by  the  Malagasy 
Government  to  visit  the  capital  for  one  month, 
he  sailed  for  the  island  March  20th,  18,-)(i.  He 
bad  an  audience  with  the  Queen,  who,  though 
friendly,  did  not  give  permission  for  mission- 
aries to  return.  He  sailed  for  home  .biiiuary 
l:!lh,  1857.  When  the  news  of  the  dealli  of  the 
(Jueen  and  the  accession  of  her  son  Uadiuna 
II.  reached  Engl.and,  Mr.  Ellis  was  api>ointed 
to  return  to  the  island  lo  arrange  for  the  re  e.s- 
tablisliinenl  of  the  mi.ssion.  While  there  tiie 
lirst  band  of  missionaries  arrived,  August,  ix&i, 
to  recommence  I  he  mission.  Hav' 'g  accom- 
plis|ie;i  Ihe  objecl  of  his  visit,  he  leturned  to 
England,  .hily  I4th,18()5.  From  this  time  he  was 
much  occupied  in  visiting  various  parts  of  ihe 
United  Kingdom  in  Ihe  inlerestsof  the  Society, 
and  in  cll'orls  for  the  progress  of  the  gosjiel  in 
INladagascar  He  died  at  Hoddesdon,  June  9th, 
1872,  aged  77, 

l'^ll«»r(>,  a  town  of  ;Madras,  South  India, 
in  tile  Godaveri  distriel,  ;{8  miles  norlli  of 
^lasulipalam,  2.').'")  miles  north  of  Madras.  Popu- 
lation, 25, 092,  Hindus,  Moslems  and  Christians. 
Mission  stalion  of  the  t!.  M.  S. ;  1  missionary 
and  wife,  Illil  communicants,  il!)  schools.  701 
scholars.  The  only  clieck  to  Ihe  spread  of  the 
gospel  in  this  district  is  the  want  of  good 
agents  to  carry  it  lo  the  people. 


T!IininH,  a  town  on  the  Gold  Coast  of  West 
Africa.  Station  of  tlie  WcsUyan  .Aiclliodist 
Slissionary  Society,  where,  in  spile  of  nniny 
dilliciiltiesaud  much  opposilion,  Ihe  church  isin 
a  healthy  coudiiion.  Hou.sc-io-liouse  visitation 
is  one  ot  the  principal  mclhods  of  dilfusing  tlie 
gospel.  Has  1  missionary,  0  chapels,  582  church- 
members,  5  Siiliballi-schools,  4ii9  scholars,  5 
day-schools,  190  scliolars. 

Kliik«»l\«'t>iii  (i.e  In  Fidth),  a  town  in  Uri- 
(pialaiid.  East  South  Africa.  A  hard  day's 
journey  east  of  E/imcuka,  of  which  it  is  an 
oul  stalion.  .Mission  station  of  Ihe  Moravians, 
ll  was  at  llrsi  deiu'tident  for  instruction  on  the 
weekly  visits  niiidc  by  the  missionary  stationed 
at  E/imcuka,  bul  the  eagerness  with  which 
the  people  received  liiin  and  welcomed  all 
words  of  religious  tcacliin.u:  convinced  him  that 
he  sliiiiild  remove  lierc  from  Ezinicuka,  and 
tills  he  accordingly  did.  The  town  soon  be- 
came the  centre  of  gospel  evangelization  for 
many  miles  along  Ihe  rivers  Tinana  and  Ven- 
yane.  At  preseni  the  work  is  most  ctlicieully 
condticled  by  a  native  pastor  luitli  in  the  town 
itself  and  in  its  out-slation,  Kohvein  (q.v.). 

Eiiiakiiliolviii,  a  town  in  Korlh  Natal, 
South  Africa,  .southeast  of  Emangweni,  and 
southwest  of  llcrmaiinsl)iiig.  Mi.ssiim  station 
of  the  Ileiniaunslturg  Jlis.sionaiy  Society. 

KiiiniitfiV'.'iii,  a  town  of  Natal,  South 
Africa,  south  of  Emniaus.  ^Mi.ssion  station  of 
the  Berlin  Fvangelical  Lutheran  So<'iety  (1803); 
1  missionar',  4  native  heliieis,  1  outstation,  56 
church-mei  ibers,  2  .school-children. 

Kiiiatlidlhntiiii.  a  town  in  South  Zulu- 
land,  Easi  Soutli  Africa.  .Mission  station  of 
the  Norwegian  Missionary  Society  (1809). 

KiiierMOii,  J«»liii  S.,  b.  Chester,  N.  II., 
December  281  Ir,  1800;  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
College  1820;  graduated  at  Andover  Theological 
Seminary  18;i0;  sailed  as  a  missicaiary  of  the 
A.  R  C.  F.  M.  for  the  Sandwich"  Islands 
November  2(itli,  1831,  reaching  Honolulu  May 
17lh,  1832.  He  was  stationed  at  Wailua,  oil 
Oaliil.  Tliere  lie  spent  tlie  wliolo  of  liis  mis- 
sionary life  exce|)t  four  years,  1842-40,  when 
lie  was  Professor  at  Lalniinaluna  Seminary. 
Willie  there  he  iniblished,  willi  the  assistance 
of  .Alessrs.  Ale.Minder  and  Uishop,  and  S.  M. 
Kamakan,  an  Eiiglish-llawaiian  Dictionary, 
bastnl  upon  Welisler's  Aliridgment,  a  closely- 
printed  volume  of  184  pages,  containing  10.000 
words  in  Enulish,  wiili  dctinitions  in  Hawaiian. 
He  was  a  strcnuoiis  advociile  for  the  inlroduc- 
tion  of  Ihe  English  hinguage  as  a  study  in  the 
seminarv,  and  willi  this  object  in  view  lie  pre- 
pared his  diclionarv.  At  llie  end  of  Ihe  four 
years  lie  returned  lo  Wailua,  where  he  spent 
ihe  remidnder  of  liis  life.  He  resigned  his 
l>asloralcin  1804.  havimrhad  an  apoplectic  stroke 
in  18.59.  and  again  in  18();'.  He  died  in  1867. 
Two  of  his  surviving  sons  studied  medicine  in 
the  I'liiled  Slates,  and  another  graduated  at 
Williams  College. 

■■^iiiuwiili,  a  town  in  Kaffraria,  East 
South  .Mrica,  near  the  east  coast,  west  of  the 
Great  K<'i  i{iver.  soutli  of  Cunningham  and 
Mbiilu,  and  norllicasl  of  King  William's  Town. 
Mission  station  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church  of    Scotland    (1857);  1    missionary,  1 


BMGWALI 


807 


ENQLISH  VERSION 


ill  Xiiliil,  Kiist  South 

I[criu:miislnii'g   Mis- 

11  luetuborsliip  of  400 

-The  p]iijz;lish  lichm; 


L'll  at 

Enst 
I"  the 
iind 
'own. 
tcriaii 
iry,  1 


iiaiivc    pastor,   219    church-members,   4  ou*- 

stalions. 

EiiiiiiHilM.— 1  A  town  of  Natal,  East  Soutli 
Afii«a.  northwc  t  of  Piflerniarit/lniix.  ilissioii 
station  of  the  IIiTinaiiiisbmir  Missionary  So- 
ciety (l.S<30)-  Merlin  Kvaiigelical  Kiiliifran  (ISlTi; 
1T:{"  I'oniiiiiiiiicaiits.— 'J.  A  small  town  on  tliu 
i-lanil  of  SI.  .Ian,  West  Indies  (V'iijrin  Group). 
Mission  station  of  llie  .Moravians  (IT.S'i);  1  mis- 
sionary and  wife,  ll  is  situated  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  island,  on  a  treiitle  eminence  near 
the  end  of  a  valley  descendin;;  to  (oral  IJuy,  a 
beautiful  inlet  of  "the  ocean  iiliouiidiiiii-  in  coial 
and  shells,  and  alTordins,'  the  peo|ile  a  plentiful 
sup\ily  of  tish. 

l-jlllll)'Uli,  u  town  in  Soutli  Transvaal,  Kasl 
South  Africa,  sonllicast  of  Utrecht.  .Mission 
station  ol  the  Ilermanusburg  .Missionary  So- 
ciety. 

Eiii|iaiiffU'('iii,  a  town  in  Xorth  Xatal, 
South  Afrie.i  noriliof  Emmaus,  south  of  Lndi- 
smith.  .Mission  station  of  the  .Norwegian  ..Mis- 
sionary  Society  (IS.jO). 

I'lll«lllliu>lli,  a  town 
Africa.  Station  of  the 
sionary  Society.  It  has 
bajitized  natives. 

I^iitfli'kli  Vt>r<<U>ii, 

to  the  IVutoiiic  hrancli  of  the  Arvan  lanirujige- 
family,  and  is  n--ed  almo.st  ;ill  over  the  world. 
Tlie  Anglo  Saxon  liteiaturc  is(|uile  rich  in  paiii- 
l)lna-es  ;iiid  traiisl;itions  of  single  parts  of  the 
Bible.  The  earliest  example  is  that  of  t'ncd- 
moii,  a  monk  of  Whitby  id.  (iSO),  consisting  of 
poetical  paraphrases  of  parts  of  tiie  Hible,  some 
of  which  were  publisheil  by  Francis  .lunius  at 
Amsterdam  in  ItM.'i,  .and  most  of  them  with  an 
English  translation  and  notes  by  ]}.  Thorpe, 
London.  W,i.  The  oldest  monument  of  a 
translation  is  Hede's  version  of  the  Gospel  of 
.Toliii,  which  however  is  no  longer  extant.  At  an 
early  period  glos.ses  or  inlerlineary  tiiiiislations 
of  tile  Vulgate  into  the  Anglo-Saxon  began  to 
be  made  liy  the  monks,  one  of  the  t'salter 
(eighth  century),  one  of  the  four  Gospels  in  the 
celebrated  Durham  !5ookil!rit.  .\Iiis.  No.  1).  iv.), 
and  another  in  the  J{ushwoitliLdosse  (Hodl. 
Libr.  D.  il,  No.  :!!HJ4),  both  belonging  to  the 
(Mil  ceiitiiiy,  and,  like  the  I'sulms,  written  in  the 
Noithnmbrlau  dialect.  King  Alfred,  too,  is 
reported  to  have  commenced  a  version  ot  the 
I*-,ilms.  The  Heptateuch,  together  with  por- 
tions from  other  historical  books  and  .lob,  trans- 
lated by  the  iciirned  monk  Aelfric,  in  the  10th 
ceiilniy.  An  edition  of  the  Anglo-Sa.xon  Gos- 
IH'ls  was  itriiiled  at  London,  1571,  by. John  Daye, 
with  an  English  translation,  and  repiinted  "by 
Maishall.  A  better  edition  is  tha'  of  lienjainin 
'I'horpe  (Fjondon,  ]Hi:i,  reprinted  New  York, 
l^h!);  later  edition  by  .losepli  IJoswoith  and 
Waring  a«(i.},  2d  cd,  ls<T4).  Hm  the  best 
edition  is  that  published  at  the  Cambridge 
riiivcrsilv  Press,  under  the  editorship  of  the 
Kev.  W.  "W.  Skeat.  1871,  1H74,  1S7S,  mid  1887. 
The  llept.-iteuch  and  .lob  were  iiublislied  by 
Tliwaites,  (.)xforil,  1099;  the  Psalter  by  Spel- 
man,  London,  1()40,  and  by  Thorpe,  O.xford, 
18:!.-).  •  J  f 

To  the  time  of  the  transition  from  the  Saxon 
language  into  the  later  English  belong  some 
paraphrases,  like  the  Ormiiliini  or  metrical 
paniphrase  of  the  Go.spels  nud  Acts  (published 


by  White,  O.xford,  IS.VJ)  and  metrical  Psalms, 
a  translation  of  the  P.salms  by  Richard  Rolle  of 
ll,inii)ole  (d.  1349).  of  i^Iark  and  Luke  and  the 
i'auline  Kpistles  (No.  132  Corpus  C'hrisii  Colhire, 
Caiubridgc),  and  of  the  Gospel-pericopes  (MS. 
llarl.  .")08.")). 

Jnhii  It'iW//' (b.  1334,  d.  1384)  was  the  first 
to  perceive  ihe  great  value  of  the  Holy  Sciip- 
ture,  not  .inly  as  the  sole  .source  of  biitli,  but 
also  in  iis  importance  for  the  people.  He  trans- 
lated, with  p(TUsal  of  the  then  accessible  ineaus, 
from  the  Vulgate,  and  endeavoieil  to  speak  in 
the  language  of  the  people.  He  completed  his 
version  in  1380,  which  was  revised  by  Hichard 
Purvey,  who  linished  his  revision  in  1388. 
Tiie  first  printed  "dition  of  the  New  Testament 
was  published  in  1731  by  Lewis,  by  H.  Haber 
in  I'-ilt).  and  as  a  portionof  the  English  Hexapla 
in  1841.  Another  e(litioii  w.is  published  by 
Pickering  in  184S.  The  entire  IJilile,  eilited  by 
.1.  For^hall  and  F.  Madden,  was  publisiied  at 
Oxford  in  l8.-)0. 

Williiiia  Ti/Hdid  has  the  merit  of  having 
translated  directly  from  the  originals,  and  of 
having  furnished"  the  basis  of  all  succeeding 
translations.  His  translation  of  the  Gosiicls  ot 
^Matthew  and  Mark  was  jirinted  at  llaniburg 
1.VJ4.  The  tirst  and  second  editions  of 'fyndal's 
New  Testament  were  printed  at  Worms  in  l.i'J."). 
The  Pcnlateuch  was  published  in  l.')30  at  ll.ani- 
Imrg.  and  reiaililishcd  by  ,].  .1.  .Mombert,  New 
York  and  London,  1884.  The  Book  of  Jonah 
was  publisiied  in  l.')31. 

Coivrddlc'K  version  was  publisiied  in  1535, 
and  regarded  with  favor  by  King  Henry  VIII. 
It  was  the  tirsl  English  Bible  allowed  by  royal 
authority. 

Mdttli'eir'K  Bilih',  or  rather  .John  Rogers's.  Jolm 
Kogers,  the  friend  of  Tyndal  and  the  proto- 
inartyr  of  Mary's  reign,  published  a  translation 
in  1537.  The  w  hole  of  the  New,  and  the  first 
part  of  the  Old  Testament,  as  f;ir  as  the  end  of 
the  Second  of  C'hronicli's,  was  nicrcly  a  reprint 
of  Tyndal's  version,  with  a  few  orthograi>ljical 
alteiiilions.  Tyndal  had  also  traiislMtcd  ii 
number  of  chapters  from  the  prophetical  books, 
which  had  been  printed  along  with  the  New 
Teslanient.  These  Itogevs  insert<'(l,  and  the 
poriions  left  untranslated  by  Tyndal  he  sup- 
plied from  Covcrdiile's  version. 

(' ni II liter' n  dn'iit  Bible  (so  called  from  its 
containing  a  prologue  by  Archbishop  Craii- 
iiier,  as  well  as  from  its  size)  is  a  revision  of 
^Matthew's  Bible.  The  edition  was  commenced 
at  Paris,  but  before  the  work  could  be  coni- 
]>lcted  at  press  the  Inquisition  interfered,  and 
the  eilition  was  seized  and  condcnined  to  the 
llames.  Some  copies,  however,  were  rescued 
and  brought  to  England,  and  under  the  correc- 
tion and  revision  of  Coverdale,  the  edition 
was  completed  at  London  in   153!(. 

Another  revision  of  Matthew's  Bible  was 
edited  by  Uichard  Taverner.  It  appeared  in 
1549  and  was  dedicated  to  the  king. 

The  (ie/ierti  Wruioii  of  the  Bible  is  a  revision 
of  Tyndal's  version,  exc<'uted  after  a  careful 
comparison  wllli  the  original  texts.  The  Now 
Testament  was  iircpared  by  W.  Whitlinghani, 
and  published  at  (ieneva  in  1557.  In  the  trans- 
lation of  the  Old  'I'estanient  Ihe  namcsof  (Jilby 
anil  Sampson  are  to  be  associated  with  that  of 
Whitlingham.  The  Old  Testament  was  pub- 
lisiied in  I.5(i0.  This  is  the  tirst  English  Bible 
which  contains  the  distiuction  of  vercs  by 
numerical  Jigurcs. 


p 

I    I  > 


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1 1 


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if 


ENOUdH  VERSION  8 

Archbishop  Parker's  or  the  Bishop's  Bible  was 
coini)k'tc(l  iu  15(>8.  It  is  ciilliul  "  Uishops' 
Bil)k',"  birause  I'iglit  of  the  rcvisfrs  of  Cniii- 
drt's  Bibh'  well'  liisliojjs.  'I'liis  Hilile  \vii.s  in 
1571  apiioiiiti'il  to  Ix'  used  in  (•huvclics,  and  for 
40  years  it  continued  to  be  tlie  chnreli  version, 
although  the  Geneva  version  was  more  gener- 
ally used  in  private  iiouses.  A  reprint  of  the 
Bishop's  Hible,  publislied  in  1513,  with  corree- 
tions  a  111  prolegomena,  is  coniuiouly  ealled 
"  Maltliew  I'arker's  IJible." 

'\'\w  RhihiiK  iiiid  Ikiiiitji  Bible. — To  give  the 
papists  a  Hilile  of  their  own,  \Villiam  Allen 
jiublislied  at  {{heims  in  157H  tlie  New  Testament. 
The  whole  Bible  was  pidilislied  at  Doiiay  in 
ItilO.  From  the  preficee  and  notes  the  real 
ciuiracter  and  objeet  of  this  version  can  be 
learned.     In  reprints  these  notes  are  omitted. 

The  impetus  to  a  new  revision  of  the  Protes- 
tant Bible  was  given  liy  Dr.  Reynolds  ot  Corpus 
Christi  College  in  (J.xford,  at  the  eonferenee 
held  at  Hampton  t'omt  in  1004.  King  .James 
appointed  a  eomniission  of  fifty-four  men  to 
e.xeeute  tlie  work.  'I'hey  were  divided  into  si.v 
companies,  to  each  of  whom  a  se])arate  jiortion 
was  assigned.  This  Bible,  which  was  dedicated 
to  King  .lames,  was  pnlilisiied  in  Kill,  and  is 
known  as  King  James's  Bible, or  the  Autliori/ed 
Version  its  it  is  sometimes  called.  A  number  of 
years  elapsi'd  l>efore  tills  new  revision  drove  all 
other  English  translations  out  of  the  field.  It 
then  held  its  own  with  very  little  question  until 
the  recent  revision  carried  out  by  eommitlees  in 
England  and  America.  At  first  it  was  thought 
that  the  "  Authorized  Version  "  woulil  have  to 
yiekl  to  the  "  Revised  Version."  BiU  as  yet  that 
has  not  proved  to  be  the  case.  The  Bible 
Societies  decline  to  print  the  "  Revised  Version  " 
until  it  shall  have  received  more  general  in- 
dorsement tliau  has  yet  been  given  to  it. 

{Specimen  verse.     John  3  :  16.) 

For  God  so  loved  the  world,  that  he 
gave  his  only  begotten  Son,  that  whoso- 
ever believeth  in  him  should  not  perish, 
but  have  everlasting  life, 

EngotinI,  a  town  in  East  South  Africa,  on 
the  river  Iiigoti,  5  miles  from  Silo,  of  which  it 
is  an  oH'shoot.  Station  of  the  Moravians.  It 
was  founded  in  1858,  in  a  circle  of  twelve 
heathen  Fingo  "kraals,"  where  the  mission- 
aries soon  giiined  intluence,  and  were  able  to 
accomplish  much  towards  elevating  the  people. 
The  luesenl  staff  consists  of  1  missionary  and 
his  wife. 

Eiii<ii»>eiii,  a  town  of  Soutli  Kalfraria,  East 
South  Africa,  southwest  of  King  William's 
Town.     Mission    station    of   the    Berlin   Evan- 

felical  Lutheran  Society  (1804);  1  missionary, 
native  helper,  24  church-members. 

Kiion,  a  town  in  f'aiie  Colon}',  South 
Africa,  3(K)  miles  east  of  Gnadendal.  Station 
of  the  Moraviiui  Brethren  among  the  Hotten- 
tots, founded  in  1818,  where  an  overcrowding  of 
Gnadendal  made  it  necessary  to  establish  a  col- 
ony so  ihat  all  could  find  means  of  sulisistence. 
The  larger  portion  of  the  colonists  were  Hotten- 
tots, yet  it  formed  an  adndrable  post  for  opera- 
lions  among  the  Kaffirs.  ']"he  station  was  burnt 
down  in  1819  by  the  savages  during  the  Kallir 


8  EROMANOA  VERSION 

war,  but  was  rebuilt,  and  has  now  468  church- 
members.     (See  Elim.) 

Kiil<»nil»(>,  a  town  in  Sontlieast  Transvtml, 
east  coast  of  South  Africa,  iioitheast  of  llreelit. 
Mission  station  of  tlie  Hermannsburg  Mission- 
ary Society. 

Kiil4»iiil>('iii  (Eiilumeni),  a  town  in  South- 
east Transvaal,  Fast  South  Africa,  norllieast  of 
Hermannsburg.  Station  of  the  Hermannsburg 
JMi.ssioiiary  Society,  with  34  communicants. 
tSee  Ekjowe.) 

Eplirula,  a  town  on  the  Mosquito  Coast, 
Central  Anierlea.  Station  of  the  Moraviaa 
Brethren;  oceni)ied  in  1800. 

I'i*|liiil<»r  >tlutioii,  a  town  on  the  Congo 
River,  West  Africa,  northeast  of  Tukeola.  For- 
mer nii.^f-ion  station  of  the  AnuTican  Ba|)tist 
Missionary  Union;  now  located  at  Bolengi,  a 
few  miles  farther  up  the  river,  as  a  more  heidlliy 
and  advantageous  location;  3  missionaries,  1 
female  missionary,  1  ehuieh,  3churcli-inen'.ber8, 
1  Sunday-school,  30  pupils. 

Krakiir,  a  dialect  of  the  F^ate  or  Efatese 
language  in  the  island  of  Efate,  ^lelanesia. 

Eral,  a  town  in  tlie  Tinnevelly  district, 
Madras,  India.  Station  of  the  S.  P.  G.;  253 
church-menibeis. 

Ernielo  IVIiMNfonury  Sorioty.  Head- 
quarters at  Ermelo,  Holland. — This  society  was 
founded  in  the  year  18.50  by  Pa.stor  Witleveen. 
At  first  missionaries  were  .sent  out  by  it  to  join 
the  Batta  Mission  of  the  Rhenish  Missionary 
Society.  Since  then,  however,  it  has  sent  mis- 
sionaries of  its  own  to  the  Talaut  Islands  in  the 
South  Seas,  and  to  .lava.  It  has  also  unde.- 
taken  some  work  among  the  Copts  in  Egypt. 
It  employs  6  ordained  ini.ssionaries,  10  native 
helpers,  has  0  stations  and  out-station.s,  30  or- 
ganized diurches,  with  700  communicants. 

KroillHIIKa,  one  of  tlie  Southern  New  Heb- 
rides, Melanesia.  Population  about  5,000.  In 
1828  the  Europeans  became  aware  of  the  island's 
enormous  wealth  in  sandal-wood.  'I'rade  be- 
gan. After  the  trader  followed  the  missionary, 
and  this  was  the  restilt:  Williams  was  killed  "in 
1850,  together  with  his  helper;  G.  N.  G:irdon 
was  killed  in  1801,  together  witli  his  wife;  Ids 
brother,  .1.  I).  Gordon,  who  translated  Matthew, 
Acts,  and  Genesis  in  Eronniiiga,  was  killed  in 
1872.  Then  followed  Rnlieitson  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Churdi  of  Canada,  and  he  has  now 
195  communicants,  1,000  chnrch-inembers,  10 
churches,  33  schools,  8  ordained  deaeons 
among  tlie  natives.  (See  New  Hebiidis  Mis- 
sion.) 

Eroiiiaiitfa  Version.— The  Eiomangau, 
which  belonirs  to  the  Melanesian  languages,  is 
spoken  on  Eidinanga,  New  Hebiides.  The 
first  part  of  the  Scriptures  tninslated  into  this 
language  was  by  the  Rev.  G.  N.  Gordon,  who 
sluatly  before  his  martyrdom  had  translated 
the  Gos)iel  of  Luke,  which  was  ]iriiited  by  the 
Rev.  S.  pjlla  in  1804,  in  the  island  of  Aneileum. 
The  Re.'.  .1.  1).  (((U'don,  a  brother  of  the  for- 
mer, translated  the  Book  of  Genesis,  which  was 
published  iiy  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society  at  Sydney  in  1808,  and  the  Gospel  of 
Matthew,  whieli  was  published  at  London  in 
18())(,  to  the  number  of  5(H)  cojiies  of  each.  The 
Acts  of  the  Apostles,  tninslated  by  the  Rev.  II. 


BROMANOA  VERSION 


809 


ESKIMO  VERSION 


A.  Robertson,  was  printed  at  Sj'dney  in  1,000 

(•(ipifs,  in  IST'.t.  DiirlML'  llu'  yt'ar  1HS4  tlie  Gos- 
|iils  of  Miitllicw  and  .Niark,  |>re|iarod  by  Mr. 
I{(ilMTts()ii  and  piintcd  at  Toronto,  were  issued 
liv  the  I5ritisli  and  I-'oreiirn  liililc  Society,  'i'lie 
cilitioii  consislcd  of  '2,0W)  eopies.  l'\^  to  Mareli 
:ilst,  1S8!I,  t,()()T  portions  of  I  lie  Seripttires  were 
disposed  of, 

{8j)ecimen  verse.    Malt,  38  :  19.) 

'Muvc  ktmi,  mo,mnmpi  ovnn  nuriS  enyx,  6vun 

fiiimpun    lO   8U,  wuiniiaptiso   iranda  ra   nin  eni 

Itcmen,  Im  ra  nin  eni  Netni,  Im  ra  nin  eui  Naviat 

Tumpora' 

ErsiC  Version. — Tlie  Erse  or  Irisli,  as  it  is 
coinnionly  called,  bclontrs  to  tlie  Keltic  hraueli 
of  the  Aryan  laniruage-fainily,  and  is  spoken  in 
Ireland.  'Maniisc'iipls  of  Erse  versions  of  the 
Psalms  and  Soiijr  of  Songs,  made  at  a  very  early 
jieriod,  are  still  extant.  The  Xew  Testaiiienl 
was  translated  by  Uiehard  Fil/.-lfalph,  Arcli- 
liishop  of  Annagli  (died  liifiOl;  fragments  of 
this  version  are  said  to  be  still  extant  in  Ireland. 
A  .MS.  conlidniiig  the  (lospels,  the  "  Cochx  Col- 
umkille,"  is  extant  at  Triinly  Colhge  in  Dublin, 
and  a  MS.  containing  tlii'  Oospels  of  Matthew 
and  Mark  is  preserved  at  London. 

The  (list  I'rolestant  translation  of  the  New 
Testament  was  i)nlilislied  at  [,oni|on  in  l(i()2. 
Tt  was  the  work  of  W.  Daidell,  Anglican  Hisliop 
of  Tuam.  Another  translation  bv  O'Doiuhn- 
will  was  iniblished  in  KWl.  In  iOH.")  the  Old 
Testament,  translated  by  W.  Hhedel  (Hedell), 
was  published,  and  in  KiilO  the  entire  Hiblo, 
Other  cdilions  followed  in  10!»0,  I.SIT,  1837, 
etc.  Till'  latter,  circulated  by  the  Hritish  and 
Foreign  IJilile  Society,  are  either  in  native  or  in 
Hoiiiaii  chtiracters.  Of  late  the  siinie  Society,  at 
the  desire  of  the  Irish  Society  aiul  the  Hibernian 
Bible  .Society,  undertook  to  publish  a  revised 
edition  of  the  Xew  Testament.  The  revision, 
which  is  limited  to  the  correction  of  grammati- 
eal  and  orlliograpliical  errors  and  arehaisnis,  is 
to  be  executed  by  the  Hev.  .lames  Goodman, 
Canon  of  Ross,  and  Professor  of  Erse  in  the 
L'niversity  of  Dublin.  Of  this  revised  version 
the  Gospel  of  Luke  was  published  in  1885  and 
the  Acts  iu  1888. 

(Specimen  verses.     John  3  :  16.) 

Ofrx  ir  n)<in  to  bo  STt^vSy.j  Of<x  at)  b6n)<x»), 
50  6cu5  re  <v  6it)3eif)  2Ul)Cic  [peit)],  }oT)\xt 
516  be  ,ctieibe<xT  Ap  i)ac  tiac<x6  t6  a  tt)<i5A, 
♦cb  50  tijbeic  At)  becA  tfon^v.bc  Aije 

Oir  is  "mar  80  do  ghrftdhuigh  Diaan  domhan, 
go  dtug  s6  a  Cinghein  Meio  fein,  ionnus  gldh.  b6 
chrcldeas  aun,  iinch  rachadh  s6  a  mughe^  &ch<i 
go  mbeith  an  bheatha  shiorruidhe  aige. 

I'iriiiitfaliir,  a  town  and  mission  district  in 
Madras,  India.  Mission  station  of  the  S.  P.  G.  ; 
'Jt  I  villages,  1  missionary,  2{  native  tea<hers,  501 
eonimunicants,  10  scIhJoIs,  373  scholars. 

ErxiliKiiii,  a  city  of  Armenia,  Turkey,  90 
iniles  southwest  of  P^rzroom.  Situated  on  the 
Euphrates,  in  the  midst  of  the  mountains,  it  is 
noted  for  the  energy  of  its  people,  both  Turks 
and  Armenians,  An  out  station  of  the  A.  B,  C, 
F,  M,,  worked  from  Erzroom. 


Erzrooni,  a  city  of  Armenia,  Turkey,  180 
miles  southeast  of  Trebi/.ond.  The  largest  and 
most  important  city  of  Northeast  Turkey.  It 
is  situated  on  a  high  jilateau,  at  an  elevation  of 
0,'J50  feet.  The  climate  is  severe,  both  on  ac- 
count of  the  elevation,  ;ind  because!  the  [ilain  is 
so  barren,  there  being  no  trees,  that  tbi!  winds 
from  the  mountains  sweep  across  it  without 
cheek.  Population,  45,000,  mostly  Turks  and 
Armenians,  although  there  are  .some  Kurds. 
Er/room  has  pla3'eda  most  important  part  in  the 
political  (piestions  of  the  last  few  years.  During 
the  KussoTiirkish  war  in  1^79  it  was  beseiged 
niid  taken  by  the  Russians,  the  inhabitants  suf- 
fering great  i>rivatioiis.  Since  then  it  lias  been 
the  seat  of  much  political  disturbance.  The 
Turkish  Governmeiit  has  looked  with  very  hos- 
tile eyes  on  the  Armenian  schools  and  meiMings, 
and  numerousanests  have  been  made  at  ditlerent 
limes.  The  Armenian  schools,  provided  by  the 
liberality  of  a  wealthy  Armenian,  are  of  a  high 
grade,  and  there  is  an  unusually  large  ]iropor- 
lion  of  the  people  who  have  some  education. 
.Mission  station  of  the  A.  li.  C.  F.  ."\L  (bSW). 
For  many  years  it  was  tlie  frontier  station,  and 
most  of  the  pioneer  journeys  through  Eastern 
Turkey  were  made  by  the  missionaries  located 
there.  At  the  time  of  the  Russiiui  siege,  the 
resident  missionary.  Rev.  1{.  M.  Cole,  refused  to 
leave  the  city  with  his  family,  and  IIk'V  sulVered 
intense  hardship  with  the  baud  of  native  Cliris- 
tiaii'i,  but  were  enabled  to  do  niueli  good,  A 
young  lady  teacher,  .Miss  Nicholson,  died  from 
the  cffectsof  the  privations  and  distress.  3  mis- 
sionaries and  wives,  1  female  missionary,  16  na- 
tive helpers,  'i'i  out-stations,  5  churches,  249 
ehurch-members,  21  schools,  618  scholars. 

I']M<*lili>ii;fiMii,  a  town  of  South  Africa. 
^Mission  station  of  the  lleriiiannsbuig  Mission- 
ary Society. 

Kiiikiiiio  YerMioii.  The  Eskimo  belongs  to 
the  Eskimo  branch  of  American  languages,  and 
is  used  in  Labrador.  The  Moravian  missionary 
Kohlmeister  translated  the  Gospel  of  John  and 
part  of  Luke,  which  were  published  at  London 
in  1810,  Retween  18i:i-l«  the  C4ospels  of  Mat- 
thew, Luke,  John,  and  the  Acts,  translated  by 
Jlr.  Naehart,  another  Moravian  missionary, 
were  issued  ;  ami  in  18^6  the  entire  New  'I'est'a- 
meiit,  as  prepared  by  .Messrs.  Ruigliardt  and 
Molirhardt,  was  published  at  London.  The 
entir(!  Hible,  translated  by  the  Moravian  mis- 
sionaries in  Labrador,  was" carried  through  the 
press  at  Stoipe,  Prussia,  by  tlu^  Rev.  S.  Wei/., 
a  retired  missionaiy,  in  1871.  A  revised  edition 
of  the  New  Testament,  prepared  by  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Rourguin,  of  Nain,  L.abrador,  was 
printed  ".t  Stoljic,  under  the  editorshii)  of  the 
Rev,  J,  Ribbach,  in  1877,  All  these  editions 
were  in  the  Roman  character.  In  1880  the 
Hritish  and  Foreign  ISible  Society  |mblislied  an 
edition  of  .500  <  opies  of  the  Gos|)el  of  Luke  in 
the  syllabic  charaetcr,  for  the  natives  who  fre- 
(pient  the  Great  and  Little  Whale  Rivers,  on 
the  eastern  shore  of  Hiidsoirs  Ray.  It  was 
edited  by  the  I{ev.  E.  A.  Watkins,  aided  by  the 
Bishop  of  .Moosonee. 

(Speciinen  verse.     John  3  :  16.) 

Taimak    Gudib    sillakaoarmiut    ntegliglveit, 

Ernetuaue   tuunilugo,  ilhiuatik  okpertut   tap- 

eomunga,   assiokoilnagit   nungusuitomigle   la- 

nogutekarkovlugit. 


BSTOOURT 


300 


BTHIOPIO  VERSION 


fl 


1    ) 
I  I 


4 
;   1 


1 


1 1. 1 


!  ■ ;  ■ 


).  li, 


■•]Nl«*<iiirl,  a  town  in  West  Ccntrul  Niitiil, 
Soiitli  Afiii.ii,  lu'lwccn  Eumntfwi'ni  und  Kni- 
puuffwrni,  sduUiwcsl  of  Kniniiiiis.  MisMJori 
stiilion  of  the  8.  1'.  G.  for  ii  district  of  ^,300 
s(|iiiiio  miles  and  40, 397  peoplu ;  1  missionary, 
i:t(l  coninninicuntM. 

INIabliNlifd  <iiiir«'li    «>f'  H(*4»llaii<l. 

Conii.iillee  for  llie  I'luiiaaatiiin  of  the  Ciospei 
in  Foreiu;n  I'ails,  especially  in  India,  ilcad- 
([uarlers,  0  Morlli  St,  David's  fSlreel,  Kdiii- 
linruli,  Scotland.  See  article  on  I'lesbyleiian 
C'linicli  of  Scotland,  wlieic  tiic  woik  (d'  that 
C'inifcli  is  tract'd  until  the  Disiiiplion  in  IS-lli, 
and  llienthu  Kstiddislicd  and  Fiee  cliiiieliesaie 
treated  se])arately. 

I'iNllloilia,  a  (ioverninent  of  Kiifoiiean 
Russia,  south  of  llie  Gulf  of  I'Mid.'iinl.  Afea, 
7,81S  sipiarc  miles.  Suiface  ircnendly  low, 
sandj',  rocky,  or  miusliy,  interspersed  witli 
more  than  'JdO  lakes,  t'liniate  moist,  cold,  and 
liealiliy:  the  winter  contimics  for  eifrlit 
months,  and  the  transition  to  summer  is  sud- 
den. 'I'he  lisiicries  are  productive  ;  ai^riculturo 
receives  jrreat  attunlion,  and  llie  rearinir  of  cat- 
tle, particularly  of  sheei>  of  the  merino  and 
Saxon  breeds,  is  an  important  interest.  I'mada- 
tioii  in  issr,  :{9:.',7;i><.  The  iiilialntants  of  the 
towns  and  the  lUiliilily  are  chiclly  ttcnnaiis, 
!ind  the  German  lan,ii;ii!ii.fe  ispredmninant  in  the 
jidnunistration  and  in  the  schoolsand  chnrches, 
but  the  rural  population,  whoconstitute  a  trreat 
nnijority  of  the  people,  are  Hsthoiuans.  These 
latter  are  of  Finnish  descent,  of  sliuht  stature, 
dariiij;',  and  vindictive.  They  enUiraccd  Chiis- 
tiiinily  about  the  l;e;rinninirof  the  l;Uh  century, 
and  fell  successively  under  the  jiower  of  llu! 
nn'rchiinis  of  Bremen,  the  Danes,  the  Teutonic 
and  ]>ivonian  knights,  and  th«  bisliops  id'  Hiira 
and  I'nji'anida.  Tlirealened  in  1')'>h  with  |{us- 
•sian  coiupiest.  lliev  preferred  to  recouiii/.e  the 
authority  of  the  Kiiii?  of  Sweden.  In  1710  the 
cinmtry  was  ((aKiucred  by  I'eler  the  Great,  luid 
delinilely  coiilirmed  to  Russia  by  treaty  in  1T:.M. 
It  received  the  title  of  Grand  Duchy. 

The  Brilisb  arul  Foreitrn  Bilile  Society  havi' 
colporteurs  in  Dorpat  Esihoinii,  and  the  Ameri- 
can Bilile  Society  in  l{eval  Ksthoiua. 

I'>lli«>iiiHii  VtTKMHiK.— The  Esthonian 
heloiiLTs  lo  the  Finn  branch  of  the  Ural-Altaic 
family  of  laniruaires,  and  is  verna<'tdar  to  tlie 
inhabitants  of  Eslhoida,  which  forms  one  of  the 
Baltic  provinces.  For  the  most  jiarl  theEslho- 
niaiis  beloni;- to  tlie  Lutheran  (  hurch.  Aver- 
sion of  the  Bible  into  the  Esthonian  was  i)ub- 
lislied  between  108(i-l(lS9,  the  translation  havini,' 
been  mtide  l)y  John  Fischer,  a  Germ.iii  jiidfes- 
sor  of  tlieology  and  general  .su)ierinleiidenl  of 
Livonia. 

As  the  Esthonian  lancnnge  is  divided  into  the 
Dorpat  ami  Ueval  Esthonian  dialects,  later 
translators  have  considered  this  dislim-tion,  niid 
thus  we  have  two  versions  in  the  Esthonian  lan- 
guatre — one  in  the  Dori)at,  and  tlie  otlier  in  the 
Keval  diii'"et. 

1.  The  Dorpai  Ettthoninn  Venion. — This  dia- 
lect is  s))okeii  in  South  Estlionia,  and, 'in  edition 
of  the  New  Testament  was  ])nblislicd  tit  Riga 
in  1727,  which  was  followed  by  editions  ])nb- 
lished  by  the  Britisli  aii<l  Foreiirn  Bible  SociiMy 
in  1815,  by  the  liussian  Bible  Society  in  1834, 
and  by  the  Dorpat  Bible  Society  in  ISliO.  A 
translation  of  the  Psalms  prcjiared  by  the  Rev. 
i\'rdiuaud  ileyer  was  also  published  iu  1830  ut 


SI.  Petersburg,  iiy  the  British  and  Foreign  Bibl(> 
Society.  Tlie  .same  Society  dispo.sed  of  ,")5,()U0 
|iortioiis  of  the  Scriptures  up  to  JMurch   31st, 

1HH9. 

'i.  Tlie  Rei'iil  h'sihoiiiiiit. — 'I'his  dialect  is 
s|)oken  in  the  north  (d'  Estlionia.  and  in  17;!0  a 
translation  of  the  Bible  was  published  at  Ri'val. 
In  lSl.'"i  an  edition  of  the  .New  Testament  was 
))llblislie(l  by  the  British  :uid  Foreign  Bible  So- 
ciety; other  editions  were  issued  bv  the  liussian 
Bible  Society.  The  American  liible  Society 
published  several  edilions  of  the  entire  Biblcanil 
many  texts  and  iiortinns  in  the  Itcval  Fsthoiiiau 
at  Berlin,  and  in  lss(  printed  at  New  York  au 
edition  of  30,oOO  Bibles. 

(bj)eciiitcii  ve,'*es.     John  3  :16.) 
I'eval. 

Sell  ncnba  on  Sunimal  itw-iliita  ininiijlitniib,  ft 
tfinmn  folnnia  nino' fuiibinub  s^Soia  cii  niinub,  ft  utffi, 
rcfl  iraiiivi  W  iiffub,  cl  pra  fiutra  fama,  luaib,  ct  ifloa- 
)Dcnnc  Clio  tcinmal  Xiaxb  ollcina, 

Dorp  nt. 
ec|l  nibn  cm  Siimmni   fcbba'ilmn  'arnindanu, •  ti 
tciiimaiommn  aino  fiiiibinu.^olgo^om  anbnu,"  ct  fif, 
fra  tcmnut  pefc  iifficn,' fjiitfa  tl  [a,  cnge  Iganmcfl  cdo 
frttra. 

r.lali  (Itn  or  Etyah),  a  town  in  the  di.striet 
of  Etah,  Province  of  Agra,  Bengal,  India,  5(1 
miles  nortlu'ast  of  Agra  cily.  'I'he  town  is  Inult 
in  a  low  region,  subje<-t  to  lloods.  Population, 
(i,.'")(l7.  Out-station  of  .Myninirie,  of  tlie  Presby- 
terian Church  Morth. 

I'ilawall,  a  town  in  the  Northwest  Prov- 
inces, India,  on  the  Jumna  River,  W)  miles  west 
by  north  of  Cawnpore.  It  is  a  iileas.Miit  idacc, 
very  pietiliesipic,  and  contains  several  buiMiiigs 
of  impcn'tance.  Population,  ;!t,7'-.'l,  Hindus, 
Moslems.  Jains.  Christians,  etc.  .Mission  station 
of  the  I'resbyterian  Church  North  (lS(i:i);  'J 
missiontiries  (1  married),  I  female  missionary,  5 
native  assistants,  2  sub-stations,  '.T)  churcli- 
members,  'i  sclaiols,  ^^4  scholars. 

I'}tlli4»|>i<'  1  oi'<il«Hl. — The  Ethiopic,  w  hich 
belongs  to  the  Semitic  family  of  Afii'can  lan- 
guages, is  still  in  use  in  the  church  of  Abyssinia. 
The  origin  of  the  Ethiopic  translation  of  the 
Bible  is  lost  in  obscurity.  Chrysostom  recog- 
nized a  translation  of  tlie  Bible  into  Ethioiiic, 
but  who  its  author  was  is  not  known.  As  for 
the  (»ld  Testament,  it  is  certain  that  the  l^lhiojiic 
te.xt  was  made  from  the  Alexandriia'  text  of  the 
Sci)tuagint.  The  Elliiojiic  Bible  as  a  whole  has 
never  yet  been  piinteil.  Whiit  has  been  pub- 
lished is  as  follows; 

1.  Ruth,  with  a  Latin  translation  by  J.  G. 
Nissel,  Leyden,  lIKiO.  'i.  TheOctatencli.'or  Peii- 
taleueh,  .roshua.  Judges,  and  Ruth,  by  A.  Dill- 
iii.imi;  Leipsic,  IH.');!.  3.  Saiiiu(d,  Kings,  Chron- 
icles, E/ra,  Nehemiiih,  Esther,  by  the  same, 
18(il,  1871.  4.  Psalms  and  Song  of  Songs,  by 
John  Potken,  Rome,  1513;  and  by  Job  Lndolf, 
Frankfort,  1701.  5.  The  Psalms  according  to 
LiidoU's  text;  published  by  the  British  and  For- 
eign Bible  Society,  Loiidon,  1815.  (i.  The 
P.sdins,  Ainharic  and  Ethiopic;  Basle,  1873.  7. 
Song  of  Songs,  by  J.  G.  ISis.sel;  Levden,  1050. 
8.  Joel,  with  a  Latin  Ininslation  by  Yheod.  Pe- 
tracus;  Levden,  IflOl.  9.  Joel,  bv  A.  Dillmann 
in  Merx.  die  Prophetic  des  Joel;  Italic,  1879.  ID. 
Jouub,  by  Tlieod.  Pelracus;  Leyden,  1660.     11. 


BTHIOPIO  VERSION 


861 


EVANGELICAL   ALLIANCE 


(!. 
I'cu- 

iicm- 
iinic, 
r,  liv 

Inlf, 

to 
For- 
■I'ho 

1050.' 
I'e- 

iiiiiin 
10. 
11. 


.lonali.liyH.  A.SlandiiUuT;  Frnnkfort,  1706.  13. 
.Idiiiili  (Cliiildcc,  Syiiiic,  .Klliiiipic.  iitid  Aiuhlc), 
liy  W.  Wiiiilil;  Luiidim  iiiiii  Lcipsic,  IM.'iT.  V,i. 
/I'liliaiiiidi.  Iiv  .1.  (i.  Nis.scI;  I,  ■vdcii,  KiOO.     14. 

Maliiihi,  liv  'rii I.    I'clnicus;"iliid.    KiOI.     15. 

Tlic  New ''I'csliiiiu'iil,  I!  vols. ;  Home.  15(8-111; 
npn'iilcd  in  Wiillon's  I'olyirlol.  10.  Thi'  New 
'ri-.l:iiiii'iil,  rdilcd  lor  llic  iiiilisli  and  Foici^rn 
Uililc  Socii'ty  bv  'I'lionias  Pell  riiill ;  London 
is:ii).  'I'lus  ('■dition,  it  is  iriM',  i.s  liciicr  ininlcd 
lli;in  llii'  ISoniMii,  lint  is  iniirrcd  liy  nuiny  cirois. 
17.  'I'lic  di;:loii  New  'I'csliinicnl  (Kihiti|)ic  and 
Aniliiii-i<-),  liaslc.  18T7,  also  pnlilislicd  l)y  tlic 
Biiii>li  Uibli' Socit'tj'.  Thu  oililioii  cou.si.stt'd  of 
2,000  copies. 

(Si»'imen  virse.     .Tolm  3  :  16.) 

'htKP:  "ncpir:  aq.4>c:  Ma^•fl^hC: 
A^A^:  hhH:  (DA*:  T&je:  (Dun:  lyi: 
H\<p:  tbA-:  HPA<pi:  p*:  a.^^j-aia: 
hW  i^'ivn:  ih£(Df:   HA^A^ri. 

I'iiirii<tiiiii,  a  term  employed  to  denote  the 
oll'spiini,'  of  EiiropciiiiAsiatic  pan'nta,u;e,  with- 
out I'L'gai'd  to  tho  pi'opoition  of  the  mi.vltiru. 
iSucli  childiTn  aic,  in  most  cases,  illciriliinate, 
tliouu;li  not  necessarilv  .so,  and  loo  often  ex- 
hibit th(!  worst  moral  characteristics  of  both 
races.  Fliysically  they  mk  well  formed,  lithe, 
frraccful,  and  often  beantiful,  and  show  j^reat 
de.\terily  in  all  that  rcipuii's  deftness  and  deli- 
cacy of  touch,  such  as  is  riMiuired  in  clerical 
woiU  Thc,ydonii  have  .stroiur  constitutions, 
anil  arc  particular!  ubject  to  pulmonary  vom- 
plaints.  J}y  reason  of  their  i)ai('ntagc,  the 
Eurasian  girls  are  usually  l)roui;ht  up  to  a  life 
of  shame,  and  at  the  present  time  the  mission- 
aries in  China  are  tryim,'  to  inauuurale  mi.  sion 
Work  amonLT  this  hitherto  ncL^iceled  class  of 
jx'ople.  In  llonu  Konjj.  ShauLjhai,  Canton, and 
otiiei'  tiHtaty  ports  of  China  they  are  found  in 
great  numbers. 

i:vaiiu:cli('ill  .tlllaiU'C',TllO.— An  Asso- 
ciation for  the  defence  of  rcliirious  libcrtv  and 
pi-omotim;  the  unity  of  all  believers  in  the  es- 
sentials of  C'hrisliunily  and  their  co-operation 
for  its  proi^rcss.  It  spranj^  from  the  labors  of 
some  ,i!;reat  exponents  of  the  Christian  faith  in 
dilferent  lands  towards  the  close  of  the  tivst  half 
of  the  present  century.  Notable  among  these 
Were  'I'liomas  Chalmers  of  Scotland,  .John  An- 

fcll  .lamesof  England,  George  Fischeof  France, 
lerle  D'Aubigne  of  Switzerland,  and  William 
Pattoii,  .Sanmel  II.  Cox,  Lyman  i?(!cclicr,  and 
others  in  the  United  Slates.  '  In  lsC2  a  meeting 
of  the  Congregational  I'niou  of  England  gave 
large  consideration  to  the  question  of  greater 
nnily  among  the  various  denominations  of 
Christi'Udom.  In  that  year  also  the  Established 
Church  (jf  Scotland  appointeil  a  committee  to 
report  on  the  .same  matter.  A  celebrated  letter, 
dated  .March,  1813,  outlining  such  an  organiza- 
tion, and  asking  that  a  meeting  siionld  I)e  called 
in  iMigland  to  consider  it,  was  written  by  Dr. 
AVilli.im  Fatten,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
L'nion  Theological  Seminary  of  New  York,  to 
John  Angell  .lames.  Tlu^  i)roject  made  an  im- 
portant topic  in  the  hicentenilry  of  the  West- 
minster xVssembly  held  in  Edinl)iirgh,  July,  1843. 
A  conference  of  dillerent  denominations  held  in 
the  Wesleyuu  Centenary  Hull  iu  February,  1845, 


also  discij.s.<ied  the  movement.  John  ITonderaon, 
H  w<'allhy  batikcr  of  (ilasgow,  collected,  and  in 
1S45  pulilishcd,  a  volumi'  entitled  "  Essjiys  on 
Chri.stian  L'niiin."  A  meeting  prelimiiauy  to 
the  oriianizalioii  was  held  in  Liverpool,  (")cto- 
bei',  1S45.  At  this  meeting  there  asscmliled  as 
many  as  two  hundred  ndnislcisand  laynien  rep- 
resenting nearly  twenty  ihnominations.  The 
"  Ihiiisii  tiuarlerly'  ivol.  iii.  p.  5','Ti  s.iys  of  it: 
'■  We  speak  .•idvis<'dly  \slii  n  we  say  that  we  ii,'- 
gard  that  meeting  as  presenting  a  more  maluro 
result  of  Cbrisiiaii  judgment  and  of  (  lirisiian 
allcclion  (ban  has  been  exhiliildl  in  the  history 
of  Christianity  since  till' age  of  inspired  teach- 
ers." A  call  was  decided  on  for  a  great  meeting 
to  be  held  in  the  following  year  in  London,  and 
the  i)rovislonal  comniiilce  held  its  meeting  in 
April,  I840.  Several  delegates  were  present 
from  the  L'rdtcfl  Stales.  Tlic  meeting  for  or- 
ganization assembled  in  llie  Freemasons'  ilall, 
in  I-oiidon,  opening  19th  August,  1840.  Eight 
hundred  delegates  represented  fifty  denomina- 
tions of  Christians,  jind  weic  in  session  tiftccti 
days.  It  was  in  this  meeting  that  John  .\ngell 
James  in  an  address  gave  to  Dr.  William  Failon 
of  New  York  the  honor  of  tiist  conceiving  tho 
idea  of  the  alliance.  A  resolution  was  jiassed 
asking  that  branches  of  the  Evangelical  .Mlianco 
be  formed  in  Great  Britain  and  Irelainl,  I  iiited 
Slates,  France.  Belgium,  French  Switzerland 
and  the  Waldeiisiaii  Valleys,  North  (Jermany, 
South  Germany  ami  (Jerman  Switzerland,  Brit- 
ish North  America  anil  the  West  Indies,  and 
additional  branches  from  lime  to  time. 

I'rominenI  among  the  subjects  of  discussion 
were  .sectarianism,  inlidelily,  I'opcry,  the  Sab- 
bath, and  Clirislian  (  ducalioii.  'l"liere  was  great 
inlcresl  in  this  meeting  among  all  the  denomi- 
nations and  in  the  missionary  centres  of  the 
world.  Some  ejirly  opponents  of  ihc  Alliance 
on  the  ground  of  liberty,  bolli  of  person  and  of 
conscience,  long  since  came  to  seetli.it  there  has 
been  no  force  more  favorable  to  such  liberty. 

This  org.inization  has  held  eight  grc'at'ccu- 
nu'iiical  meetings:  in  London  in  1851, 
Paris  1855,  Geneva  1801,  Amsterdam  1.^07, 
New  York  1873,  Basle  1879.  and  in  Copen- 
hagen in  1884.  The  ninth  such  meeting  is 
now  (August,  1890)  under  appointment  to  bo 
held  in  Florence,  after  Easter,  in  1891.  These 
conferences  have  discussed  the  foremost  ques- 
tions of  human  thought  and  progress.  No 
other  meetings  have  engaged  uu  interest  so 
profound  and  widespread. 

Briuich  national  organizations  have  been 
formed  in  Scotland.  Ireland.  United  States, 
('anada,  New  Brunswick,  France,  Switzerland, 
German}',  Iloihiini,  l/emnurk,  iiaiy,  Sj!:iiu, 
Turkey,  Greece,  Syriii,  Egypt,  South  Africa, 
Japan,  China,  Persia,  East  Indies, West  Indies, 
Piilestine,  Austndia,  New  Zealand,  Chili,  and 
3Icxico.  Among  them  nil  the  British  branch 
alone  owns  a  building  for  its  oHices  in  Lon- 
don, and  publishes  a  magazine,  "Evangelical 
Christendom." 

Besides  the  aid  to  and  the  guidance  of  the 
currents  of  thought  and  faith  throughout  the 
world,  the  Evangelical  Alliance  has  been  most 
pnictically  useful  in  averting  and  ameliorating 
persecutions  and  oppressions  from  time  to  time 
in  various  parts  of  the  earth.  By  united  action 
in  the  way  of  remonstrance  and  petition,  and 
by  creating  a  wholesome  and  strong  public 
opinion,  religious  liberty  has  been  promoted  in 
many  countries,    especially  in    Spain,  Italy, 


^  ti 


'4 


■'  t 
1 

f 


BVANOELIOAL  ALLIANOB  » 

AuHtriii,  Sweden,  Turkey,  lliissla,   .Tnpaii,  inul 

PlThill. 

lly  ein])liiisi/.inf;  {n  statcinciils  of  (loclriiic 
only  cusfiilliils  ill  wliicli  nil  mr  iif^ncd,  iiy  col- 
leciiii;;  sluil>iii's  wliicli  cxliilili  ilic  ii'Ii^'Idu.s 
comliiioii  iiMil  priifricsM  of  llir  wliolc  wculd,  iiiul 
by  tlix'ovciiiiL'  llii,'  slLinsof  the  linns  in  llicdis- 
<'ii.-sinii  of  iidvuncc  (1  UK  ii.-iir(  s,  iIicnc  I'o-optr- 

lllillg  liodics  llMVc  o|l('lll'd  MM  MIIU'lidl'lllillLt   ImIIiI 

cnce  iiiiioiil;  widely  dlllciiiiir  clnirrlics,  w  iiii  li 
rcsiills  in  Mil  rMsitr  I  (iiifoi  inily  of  llicii  dciinini- 
uatloiial  slMiidarils  tu  liie  spiiil  of  union  niiil 
proirrcss. 

\  fi'W  iiii>sioiiari('s  of  dilTrrcnl  scliools  licid 
n  lliiff  days'  inccliii;;'  for  iniivti'  in  Lodiaiin,  in 
India,  in  1S,")M.  Miid  tlic  siiirncsiion  aroM'  iIimI  a 
reiiucsl  l)c  iiiMdu  lo  all  I  lie  (lirislian  world  foi' 
an  annual  week  of  imiyiT.  'I'lic  Alliance  soon 
piiblisliid  I  III'  call,  iind  has  ever  since  seiil  I'orlli 
the  iiroiriMininc  id'  topics  to  all  I'lirisleiidoin, 
before  liie  hciiinniiii;  of  llie  year.  Many  are 
the  revivals  that,  have  followeii  this  annual  call 
to  prayer. 

Not  only  the  various  deiioininatioiis,  but 
every  country  was  ready  to  contribute  of  it.-i 
critical  scholarship  in  the  work  of  the  revision 
of  the  iScriptiires.  There  lia.s  lieeii  tliron)j;liout 
the  history  and  work  of  the  Alliaine  a  seiili- 
nieni  of  iiicrcMsiiigcoiiiitj'  anion j; all  the  denoiii- 
iDUiions,  <;radiially  leading'  to  many  iinporlant 
Qiodilieations,  and  brin^rin^'  about  niiich  of 
unity  and  cooperation  Ihroughout  uU  their 
ranks. 

The  full  organ i/al ion  of  the  United  States 
brainli  was  delayed  until  on  the  iiOtli  January, 
18(57,  it  was  consuinnmted  at  the  Hible  Ibnisc, 
New  York  Cilj'.  The  Hon.  William  E.  Dodge 
was  made  president,  anil  coiitiimed  to  devote 
superior  wisdom  and  ellicieiicy  to  that  ollice 
until  his  death  in  \titiii.  'i'ln-' lion,  .lohn  .lay 
was  elected  his  successor,  but  resigned  in  Janu- 
ary, l>iK>,  when  William  K  Dodge,  Ksi|.,  the 
Lonored  .son  of  the  lirsl  inisident,  was  elected, 
and  has  since  coiitiinicd  his  w  ise  counsels,  with 
much  skill,  time,  Mild  means,  to  the  enlarged 
work  of  the  oigaiiizalion.  Mr.  Caleb T.  Howe 
has  from  the  first  been  its  faithful  treasurer. 

The  object  of  the  Alliance,  as  framed  in  the 
coiisiitution,  is  "the  furtherance  of  religious 
opinion  with  the  intent  to  manifesl  and 
streugtiien  Christian  unity,  and  to  promote 
religious  liberty  and  co-o|)eration  in  Christian 
Work,  without  iiilerferiiig  with  the  internal 
allairs  of  the  dilVerent  denoniiiiations." 

The  hist  meeliiig  attended  by  delegates  of 
the  United  States  hiaiuli  was  the  conference  at 
Amsterdam  in  1867,  when  the  iie.\t  conference 
was  invited  to  New  York,  and  was  held  in  1S73 
— one  of  the  most  celebrated  meetings  in  Chris- 
tian atuials.  United  States  delegates  were  con- 
spicuous in  the  deputation  sent  to  Russia  in 
1871  in  behalf  of  oppressed  Lutherans.  The 
Alliance  was  very  etlicieiit  in  securing  through- 
out our  land  the  great  memorial  services  in 
1883,  on  the  occMsion  of  the  four-limidredth 
anniversary  of  the  birth  of  Luther.  It  has  been 
and  continues  to  he  most  vigilant  and  active 
In  opposition  to  the  sectarian  distribution  of 
the  school  fund  in  the  State  of  New  Y'ork,  as 
well  as  in  the  other  States. 

From  about  the  date  of  the  organization  of 
the  United  States  Alliance  there  has  been  a 
great  (iiiickening  of  thought  and  stiuly  of  soci- 
ological problems.  Perils  have  vastly  thick- 
eaed  in  number  and  in  power,  and  threaten  both 


9  BVANOELIOAL  ALLIANOB 

civil  and  reliu'loiis  progress.  Pastors,  scholars, 
reformers,  and  leaclieis  have  been  aioiised 
as  never  liel'oie  lo  the  bict  that  the  work  id'  sav- 
ing our  iialion  is  condilioned  on  our  saving 
men.  The  ({nesiioii  id'  illiteracy,  the  Indian 
(|ncstion,  the  .Mormon  ipieslioii,  iiili  iiipi  ranee, 
capital  Mild  ImIioi,  povirl\,  coniinuiiisiii.  the 
disliirliMiiee  (d' some  of  our  fundiiinciilMl  iiisti- 
tulii>ns,  MS  the  Sabbath,  the  ballot,  miiiI  the  coiu- 
iiioii  scliiHil,  Mild  this  distill  liaiice  aggravaled  by 
iiiiinigiation  these  have  becoine  eiigiossing 
sulijecls  for  the  application  of  the  gospel.  The 
president,  .Mr.  \\  illiani  K.  Dodg ',  in  April, 
IHSti,  called  a  liirge  conference  id' foreini>sl  men 
for  the  consideration  of  the  best  ineMsiires  for 
the  eiilMrgeiiienI  tind  usefulnesh  of  the  Alliiincc. 
Dr.  Josiah  Strong,  w  ho  had  laiblislied  a  stirring 
book  on  the  evils  of  the  lioiir,  "  Our  ( 'o.intry," 
was  secured  as  the  (ieneial  Scereiary.  A  na- 
tional meeting  was  called  in  Washington,  iu 
Decemlicr,  1887.  For  tlie  promotion  anil  tlio 
direction  of  evangelical  enlhnsiasm,  the  con- 
sideration of  the  perils  with  which  civil  and 
religious  inogiess  is  Ihrealened,  and  the  practi- 
cal ap|ilicatioii  of  the  gospel  against  tliein,  this 
meeting  was  the  most  distinguished,  at  least,  of 
modern  times.  The  atlention  of  the  confer- 
ence was  directed  to  a  priiclieal  movemenl  of 
co-operation  of  churches  in  family  visitation. 
A  work  of  tiiekiiid  had  been  in  practical  oper- 
ation ill  successive  pastorates  of  Rev.  Frank 
liussell,  who  was  .soon  called  to  the  held  secre- 
taryship of  llie  Alliance.  Under  the  impetus 
of  tile  U'ashington  conference  the  e.stciision  of 
the  work  is  now  seen  in  the  springing  up  of 
branch  alliances  in  more  than  one-jialf  uf  the 
S'ates.  Some  of  these  branclies  are  little  more 
than  as.sociations  of  pastors,  who  meet  for  the 
study  of  municipal  and  sociological  conditions; 
otliers  extend  these  studies  liy  iiieans  of  an  an- 
nual or  an  occasional  canvass,  to  ascertain  the 
religions  condilioii  of  the  coinmiinity.  In  some 
States  a  large  number  of  cities  have  entered 
upon  the  system  of  monthly  family  visiting, 
with  most  gratifying  results. 

Two  phMsescharacteii/e  this  greater  activity  ; 
(l)Tlie  chiirclies  eo-o|>erate  by  piitlinga  i>rop6r- 
tioiiate  number  of  their  membersliip  into  a 
force  of  visitors  ;  and  ('-')  with  the  teiritoryso 
divided  thai  a  wise  dislribiilion  is  secured,  all 
aii'cssiblc  homes  are  visited  every  month  in  the 
interests  of  a  Christian  iind  ( liurcli  life.  The 
visiting  is  also  often  elfectcd  by  each  cliuiTh 
having  its  own  district  in  the  given  leirilory, 
aiding  the  non  churehgoing  to  the  churches 
of  their  own  choice,  and  the  workers  ineetiiig 
statedly  with  those  <d'  the  other  cliiirches 
for  rejiort  and  counsel.  All  the  community 
is  thus  brought  iiinh'r  a  kindly  and  help- 
ful iieigliborliness.  Church  prcferi  iices  are 
noted.  Mild  the  wiiy  iniiile  easy  for  a  practical 
ac(|iiaintance  between  the  homes  and  the 
churches  of  their  elioice.  Among  the  most  im- 
portant fiatuies  of  the  movement  arc:  An  in- 
creased number  of  lay  forces  directly  active  in 
the  promotion  of  Christian  and  helpful  acquaint- 
ance; the  commiiigling  of  the  denominatious 
without  demitting  anything  of  the  views  or 
customs  tliat  characterize  them  ;  the  jiroino- 
tion  of  a  broad  and  fervent  Christian  fellow  ship; 
the  recognition  of  a  i)ari.sli  as  a  list  of  names 
rather  than  by  conllicting  boundaries  of  terri- 
tory; no  interference  with  any  denoniinatioiial 
or  Cliristian  activity;  the  power  of  individual 
acquaintance   as  the  visitors  repeatedly  cum- 


^'Illl 


EVANOBLIOAL  ALLIANOB  303 


BVANOBLIOAL  LUTH    CHURCH 


all  1111- 
iiiiii  I  lie 
In  some 
eiiU'iL'd 

visitinj;, 

nclivity: 
lin>i>or- 
iiilo    a 
j'iuii-y  so 
urcd.  all 
111  ill  llie 
Tlie 
■lunch 
1 11  ri  lory, 
■liurrhi'S 
iiua'liiig 
•liurclii'S 
imiiHiiiity 
lielp- 
iiccs    are 
lirncticnl 
ami    llic 
most  im- 
Aii  iii- 
aclivc  in 
lacquaint- 
niinalions 
views  or 
pronio- 
•Uowsliip; 
of  names 
of  teiri- 
ninatioiial 
individual 
;aiy  com- 


niiinl('al<'  with  the  lioiiiis  in  iluir  llelils  ;  tin; 
contiiiiiance  of  the  work  and  llic  Increase  of  lis 
usefulness  ;  its  ailaplalioii,  ils  details  lieini; 
entirely  llexilile  and  to  lie  adjiisled  liy  the 
wisdom  of  ilie  uiiiied  pasloVs  and  ol  llieir  eoini- 
sellini;'  laymen  ;  the  eorreetion  and  tlie  preven- 
tion of  mislaUes  in  llie  local  ion  of  new  ihiircli 
enterprises  ;  the  inainlenaiice  of  an  enliimllrd 
spirit ualiiy  iimonu  all  the  co  operalin.!;  elmrelies; 
the  elrvalion  of  every  pari  of  ihr  conuniiiiily  ; 
lliat  it  is  not  liiirdeli^oiiie,  not  involviiii;-  iniicli 
expendilme  and  linl  few  nierliiii^s  ;  and,  liiially, 
that  iiecordini;  lo  llie  leaeliiii.ivof  tlie  Mew  'I'esia- 
nieiit  ii  dischaiijes  llie  duly  of  the  cliurehcs  to 
the  siirromidiiiir  comnuinlly, 

For  addresses  of  llie  Secretaries  of  the  dif- 
ferent liiaiiches  of  llie  Kvaii;Xelical  Alliance, 
apply  to  l{oom  117,  IJilile  House,  New  York. 

l'iViiiiKt'li<'»l  A*t«ti»«'ialU»ii,  !ni<4Ni<>ii- 
arj  ^«»«'U'I)'.— Secretary,  S.  lleinin.ccr,  ',Jl)5- 
',.'7.")  Woodland  Avenue,  C'levelai;'  Ohio. — 
The  .Missionary  Society  of  llie  K'-angelical 
Assix-iation  was  orjrani/.ed  in  IH;!!).  New  York 
and  Canada  were  ils  lirst  inission-lields.  In 
lS,")(t  it  extended  ils  operalions  into  Germany, 
and  in  1H70  into  .lapan.  It  lias  at  present  ;!7(> 
niissioiiaries  employed  in  the  riiitcd  States  and 
Canada,  -10  in  (icnnaiiv,  and  JJ.")  in  Swil/.erland. 
In  .Iiipaii  it  has  I  station  and  3  suli  stations  in 
ToUio.  and  1  station  in  llonoj'el  i.  There  afi^  in 
addilion  18  preacliinj,'  places.  Three  American 
missionarius  and  nine  native  helpers  are  .sup- 
ported hy  the  Society. 

I'iiaiiKt^lit'iil  4'«>nliiit'iilal  Wooirly.— ' 

lleaihpiarlers,  115  Hroeilield  Street,  London 
Wall.  E.  C.  — Until  about  1S40  there  wert;  lew 
openings  for  evaiij;elisti  •  work  in  Kiirope,  ami 
only  one  or  two  .soeieth's  were  in  the  llelil.  ( )ne 
of  llii^se,  the  Societe  Evani;eli(pie  de  France, 
I'eeeivi'd  aid  for  a  time  from  the  London  .Mis- 
sionary Society.  When  this  siip|iorl  was  with- 
drawn, tlie  Uev.  .Mark  Wilks,  residinii  in  I'aris, 
induced  a  few  gentlemen  in  {..omhui  to  form  a 
correspondiiii;  eommillee  to  make  known  the 
claims  of  the  French  Socieiy,  and  to  raise  funds 
in  ils  behalf.  Then,  in  181.").  upon  the  occasion 
of  Dr.  jM  ;1o  d'Aubigne  s  visit,  lo  Fngland,  a 
public  meutinn  was  held  in  ^''insbury  t;iiapel, 
and  llu'  Evangelical  Continental  Society  was 
slarled,  umler  the  auspices  of  Sir  Culling 
Eardley  and  other  well-known  men.  The  ob- 
ject of  the  Society  is  the  support  and  extension 
of  Continental  evangelical  societies,  and  when! 
no  such  .societies  exist,  the  forinaliiai  of  mission 
slalioiis.  It  is  supported  chielly  by  the  Congre- 
gational churches  of  England.  The  Societies 
to  which  aid  has  becj,i  granted  are  : 

1.  Tlie  Societe  Evangeliipie  do,  France, 
founded  in  18;W.  Thirty-live  of  the  present  I'rol- 
cstant  churches  of  France  owe  their  exi>lenee 
to  this  Society.  Twenly-live  stations  are  now 
supported  by  it.  2.  The  Societe  fivaugeliiiue 
de  tJeiiOve.  which  supports 'J8  .si  a  I  ions  ;  it  has  a 
Theological  Faculty  in  (leneva,  and  a  Colport- 
age  Department.  It.  The  Comite  I'roteslant  de 
Lyon,  formed  for  llie  benelil  of  seallcred  i'rol- 
estanls  in  the  lligiierand  Lower  Alps.  4.  The 
Eglise  Evangeliipie  de  Lyon,  a  irov  church, 
originated  by  Adolphe  iVlonod.  It  has  now 
iiiore  than  r)l)(»  members.  '>.  Tlie  Union  des 
EgiisesEvangeliipiesde  France,  consisting  of  45 
churches  and  a  number  of  evangelistic  stations. 
6.  The  Societe  Evangelique  Beige,  which  main- 
tains 30  churches  and  stations,  and  a  number  of 


colporteurs  and  teailiers.  7.  The  Wiildensian 
Evangelical  Church  in  Italy,  eonsisling  of  47 
slalions.  .S.  The  Free  Christian  Church  of 
Italy,  composed  (d' 'Jl  churches.  !).  Spain.  In 
IHliS  ihis  country  becaine  open  lo  the  preach- 
ing of  Ihi  gospel  ;  about  '-iO  churches  have  since 
sprung   up.      One    id     these   is   sllslailled    by  the 

Fvangclical  Coniineiilal  Socieiy.  10.  Ilohemia. 
Tlie  work  underiakcn  by  the  J'lv.'iiigelical  Con- 
iineiilal Siiciei>  in  this  eounlry  is  ;i  niissjun 
amongsl  llie  Uomaii  Callioli<'  portion  of  the 
populalion,  carried  on  mainly  under  the  super- 
inlciidciicc  of  the  evangelical  pa.-'tors  of  Iho 
Ueformed  Cliurch. 

The  Society  is  under  /ibligalion  to  support 
in  Fiance,  Italy,  and  ISelgiuin  'JO  agents,  and 
in  Spain  and  Ilohemia  .")  agents.  Total  obliga- 
tions,  l''.',,'i,"iO. 

The  Society  has  expended,  since  its  forma- 
tion in  181.').  £:,^)0  000. 

I'^vaiiii<>li4>al  l.<ullu'ran  (iiiirclHiivr- 
Oral  ('«>nil<'il.  IIead(|iiarters.  English  Sece- 
lary,  Uev.  Wm.  Asimiead  Shaell'er,  47H4  (iernian- 
lown  Ave.,  I'lilladelpliia;  (ieiiiiali  Secretary, 
Uev.  II.  (Jrahii,  lOODS.  Fourth  Street.— The  for- 
eign mission  work  of  the  (Jeiieral  Council  was 
coinnienc<Ml  in  180!*,  when  tin;  slalions  of  the 
North  (jleinian  .Missionary  Society  of  the  Lulh- 
eran  Church  at  Uajahniundry  and  Saniuleolla, 
Southern  India,  were  transferred  lo  its  care  by 
the  Oeiieral  Synod.  The  work  is  now  in 
charge  of  the  Foreign  -Missiiui  Comniitlee  of 
the  General  Council,  and  comprises  the  districts 
of  Uajahniundry.  Dowlaishwaram,  Sainiihtotla, 
Tallapudi,  Velp'ir,  and  .Iiigiiriipad.  The  mis- 
sionaries are  as  isicd  by  two  native  pastors  and 
s(  veil  evangelists  and  calecdiisls.  There  are  81 
teachers  (miployed  in  Ihi-  schools,  which  have 
an  altendance  of  1073;  92(5  of  these  scholars  at- 
tend the  mission-schools  in  the  many  villagts 
of  the  dislricis  mentioned,  and  the  remainder 
are  in  the  schools  at  Uajahniundry.  The  evau- 
gelistic  work  of  the  mission  includes  regular 
Iireaching  services  on  the  Sabbath,  and  during 
the  dry  season,  on  Wednesday  evenings;  Sun- 
day-schools, which  are  a  very  iiuporiant  t'ealure, 
and  ilineraling  work.  In  some  dislricis  niia- 
sionary  and  muliial-aid  societies  have  been 
formed  among  Ihe  native  Christians.  The 
baptized  Christians,  children  and  adults,  num- 
ber 2,31!). 

The  missionary  stall,  always  inadeipiate  to 
the  needs  of  the  Held,  has  Ihis  year  met  wilha 
great  loss  in  the  death  of  Uevs.  F.  S.  Dietrich 
and  W.  Grocnning. 

l']raiiKt>li<-al  Lullioran  (iiiiiH'li  in 
IIk'  I  niliMl  ^tlalCM  of  America,  4iicii- 
crai  Myii«><i,  I'onif/ti  Missiainti'i/  So- 
rit'tl/.  lleadcpiarlcrs.  Iiallimore,  .Maryland. 
Secretary,  Uev.  (Jeo  Scholl,  I).  1).,  100,1"  West 
Lanvale  Street,  Ballimore,  Maryland. — From 
the  time  of  Ihemeeling  of  the  (ieiicral  Synod 
in  1833  until  ils  meeting  in  1837  various  steps 
had  been  taken  looking  towards  the  beginning 
of  organized  foreign-mission  work  by  the  Luth- 
eran ('liiirch  in  America.  These  ended  in  the 
org.'inization  of  "  The  German  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Society  in  the  United  States  of  America," 
on  Alay  30lli,  1837,  in  Ilagerstown,  ..Md. 
This  name  was  adopted  in  the  liope  of  thus  se- 
curing the  sympalhyand  support  of  all  German 
churches,  hut  afterwards  it  was  changed  to 
"The  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  tlie  Lu- 
theran Church  in  the  United  States  of  America." 


i 


EVANOBLIOAIi   LUTH     CHURCH 


:m 


EVANOBLICAL   LUTH.    CHURCH 


Minttlon/t  iit  Imlhi,  Ai  lii»i  It  whs  ii 
niii'siioii  wlii'ilii  r  III  lirLriii  Work  iiniiiii^  llic  In 
(liiiii^  in  Ilic  I  nihil  Slim '^<  iir  In  linliii,  liiil  iil'lrr 
Niinic  ilrlilii'riiliiin  il  wms  iliciilnl  in  rnniini-iici! 
oiii'ialiiins  in  Snutlii'in  IiiiIIm,  tinil  llir  \if\.  ('. 
!•'.  Ilcyii' «iis  n|)|iiiintiil  iis  niNsiiMiiiiv  in  lliiit 
ronniiy  in  IHin.  Ili'  irsi:;nril  liw  iippipiniinini 
a  vnir  lull  r  licciin.-i-  of  :i  |irii|ioM'il  riiniiccliDii 
wlili  llii' Ainri  iriin  Himnl  of  l''i)rili.'n  .Mi-»iiiMs, 
ilMil  WHS  IIm'M  m|i|  II  lint  I'll  In  llii'-'Mnii'  llrlil  liy  llir 
tSyiinil  nl'  l'i'nii>\  IvmiiIm,  wliirli  liiul  niiiinluinril 
H  si'imniti'  nLU>inimry  nipiiii''"!'""      H^'  siiili'l 

frnni  ilii'.lnli   Orlnliil    Mill,  1S|  1 .  iiml  imivnl    ill 

Iniliii  llii' Inllnu  ini;  Npi'liiL;.  In  ■liini' iiinl  •Inly 
III!  I'xplorili;;  tiMir  wiis  iiimiIi'  willi  ii  view  nl'  sr- 
Iccling  II  lii'ld  fill'  prinmiifiil  ri'siilcnrc  iiiiil 
work.  On  .Inly  :ilsi,  \HVl,  \\r  rcmlnil  (Imiliir, 
will  I'c  Ik;  cnniinrni'i'il  llir  wniU  iissliriii'il  liiin. 

At  the  next  inriiiii^'  nf  llir  Knirinn  .Mission 
liry  Sncicty,  liclil  in  .Miiy.  lSi;i,  ihc  piDpnscd 
uiiinn  willi  Ihr  Ainri'iciui  Itniiiil  wiis  L.'ivrn  up, 
anil  iiniiiiLri'ini'iiis  inudi'  with  iIr'  .\iissinnuiy 
8ni:ii'ly  of  till'  I'l'iiiisylviiniii  Syi'ml  In  sciiil  nut 
niinilii-r  iiiissiiinMiy  to  coopfiiili'  willi  Hrv, 
Ilcyi'f.  l{cv.  WiiitiT  (iiiiiii  rcccivril  llii'  up 
pointini'iit,  iinil  lie  iiiiil  liis  wifr  iciiclinl  (Jiiiilur 
June  IHtli,  isil.  'I'hry  liiliniTil  fiiillifiillv  wiilil 
July  5111,  IH,")!,  when  Mr.  (liinn  iliid,"  Mrs. 
Gunii  soon  iiftrr  rcturinil  In  the   I'liilnl  Slates. 

Mr'iiiw  hilr  ii  nrw  stiitimi  IimiI  liri'ii  npcnni  in 
the  I'mIiihiI  in  lM4i»,iinil  iu  isr.l  tin.  .Nniih  (Jir- 
nmn  .Mi>siiiiiiiry  Snficty  Imnsfcrrcil  tlM'siiitinn 
ul  U.'i.jiilinuiniliy,  luuMin  in  ISl,'),  tn  llir  .Vincii- 
ciiii  I.iithcnin  Sixirly,  willi  Iwn  nilssinimiics. 
Other  iiii-isioninies  were  sent  fioin  Ann  rieii  In 
reiiifnree  the  niissinn,  hill  were  soon  nhliiieil  lo 
roliini  linine.  In  1H,")7  .Mr.  Ileyer,  after  1-t 
years  of  serviee.  also  retiMiieil  In  .Vnieriea.  In 
1801  11  fniirlh  slalinli  was  npeiieil  at  Saniiil- 
foltn,  anil  Hev.  .Mr.  Lniim,  wlin  went  mil  in 
1H,5M,  was  plai'i'il  in  eliarge  of  it  anil  reiiiaineil 
there  until  18(15,  when  he  was  nliliireii  tn  tro  lo 
Eiiinpe  111  reenver  his  health,  ami  the  IJev.  .Mr. 
I'naniist  was  left  willi  eiilire  ihaiire  of  the  fniir 
stations -(Jiiiitur,  I'aliiinl,  Uajiihiiiuiiiliy,  iiinl 
Sainiileotla.  It  lieiiiu'  utterly  iinpossihle  for 
him  In  irive  prnper  attention  to  all,  a  proposition 
was  iiiaile  lo  transfer  Hajaliiiiiimhy  slatinii  to 
the  Cliureh  .Missionary  Sneiety,  hut  liefnre  the 
transfer  was  eoinpleteil  an  anaiiL;eineiil  was 
mmlc  with  the  Pennsylvania  Symul,  lo  take 
clitirge  of  this  and  llie  SMinuleotta  stations. 
They  wereaeeordingly  tiiiiisferreil  toihat  lindy, 
which  still  has  the  care  of  llieiii,  and  is  vignr- 
ouslv  and  successfully  pushing  forward  the 
work. 

Thisiirraiigeinent  left  theOuntiir  and  Paliind 
stations  iiniler  the  care  of  the  (ieiieial  Synnil, 
cuitiracinir  a  territory  ahoiit  one  liumlrcd  miles 
iu  leiiL'tli  hy  sixty  miles  in  width,  with  a  pnpu- 
lalion  of  ahoutl,()00,000  souls.  Kev.  K  Uming.st 
remained  the  only  inissiniiaiy  on  this  field 
until  1871,  when  he  was  obliged  to  liring  his 
family  to  Anieriiu.  Ueniaining  here  only  one 
year  to  recruit,  he  returned  to  India  in  IST'J 
wilhnut  Ills  family,  aceonipanied  liytlie  I{ev.  J. 
II.  Ilarpster.  Since  then  the  niissinn  has  been 
reinforced  at  various  limes.  In  1877  two  native 
workers  were  ordaiiied  as  ministers,  and  have 
since  labored  faitlifiilly  and  with  great  success. 
The  work  in  India  is  now  organized  in  the  fol- 
lowing departments: 

1.  Emngeli.ttir  Depnrtment. — The  lieport  of 
the  Society  for  1889  shows  work  in  progress  in 
333  towns  aud  villages,  iu  98  of  which  prayer- 


ImUHCs  have  been  bilill.  The  number  of  bap- 
tized members  is  l(i,','5(l,  of  whom  5,;tl0  are 
adult  eniiiiiiuiiicanlH  .Number  of  Siinday- 
hchools,  5;  pupils,  (115.  The  believolenl  con- 
tribulions  of  the  Miilivc  chinch  for  the  year 
amnuni  Inijfj.d,")!)  Oil.  The  missionary  in  ■  Imigo 
nf  this  ilepartincnl  nf  wnrk  is  assislcd  by  three 
native  past'iis  and  \'H\  evangelists,  culeehlatH, 
and  village  preachers. 

3.  h'lliii-diiiiiKi/  J)t Jill rl nil' lit.— 'MAf*  branch  m" 
wnrk  ilieliliies  Ihc  college  at  (Juntiir,  with  an 
enrnllmeiit  nf  ll^'O  students  and  11  leaehcrs; 
the  niissinn  boardingschool,  with  111'.'  pupils; 
and  the  elemcnlaiy  hchnols,  with  'J, 177  pupils 
and  I  15  tiachers. 

!J.  /jcKiiiiii  Jh/iiirliiiiiit,  under  Hie  charge  of 
two  ladies,  one  nf  them  a  physician,  einplnycd 
(lining  the  year  three  Kiirasian  assistants  and 
live  Itible -women,  and  supported  l!i  schools 
with  ;!8  leaehcrs  and  (147  pupils.  Sunday- 
schools,  Ii;  pupils,  '^75;  14(1  lioines  were  visilcd. 

4.  Mi'iiifiit  jh  jiiniiiii'iit. — At  the  four  dispen- 
saries included  in  this  (lepartincnt  I,!U9  pa- 
lienls  were  lieateil,  188  received  Ircatliient  at 
tlicir  linnies,  and  4,011  medical  inescriptioiis 
were  coinpoiinilcd. 

5.  The  /'n'liliiir/ojilri',  which  employs  a  fore- 
man. (1  coinpositors'  and  a  lionkbindcr. 

There  are  six  niissinnaries  now  in  the  Held. 

]}tisnioii  ill  A/'firfi.—  lu  1m5!»,  ihrnugh 
the  Inng-cniitiiiueii  elVnrts  nf  I'ev.  .Mniris  OMl- 
cer,  a  niission  lo  Africa  was  deciilcd  upon,  and 
.Mr.  Ollleer  was  appoinli  il  to  siiperintind  its 
establishmeiil,  and,  with  the  Hev.  Iliiiiy  Ilci- 
gerd,  sailed  fioni  liulllmnre  in  Febiuaiy,  IMiO, 
and  arrived  in  Liliiri.'i  April  5tli.  The  incation 
selecleil,  after  iiiaiiy  priiyers  and  much  pains, 
and  still  occupied  bv  Ilie  mission,  is  a  hiuh 
blulT  on  St.  Paul's  Uiver,  about  thirty  miles 
above  .Monrovia;  and  the  ex|)crienee  nf  years 
has  jirnveil  the  wisdom  of  the  selectinii.  \ 
grant  nf  one  huiiilreil  acres  of  land  was  secured 
from  the  I.iberian  (iovcriinienl  for  a  mission 
farm,  and  a  reseive  of  two  hundred  acres  more 
for  future  settlers  about  the  mission.  Suitable 
buildings  were  erected,  and  a  short  lime  after- 
wards 40  children  were  secured  finiii  a  Large 
nuinber  of  recaptured  slaves  that  had  been 
landed  at  .Monrovia.  Tlie.se  childitn  were 
bound  to  Ihe  mission  by  the  gnveinmeiil,  were 
tlicn  iiaiiieil  after  well-knnwn  wnnicii  in  ihe 
church  at  linliie,  and  thus  Ihe  .Muhlenberg  .Mis- 
sion was  begun,  and  Ihe  foiindalinii  laid  nf  the 
Christian  setllenieiit  which  has  since  grnwn  up 
arnuiid  the  niissinn.  The  childieii  rapidly  iin- 
prnveil  under  the  care  nf  the  niissinnaries,  and 
some  of  them  are  now  faithful  Christian  men 
and  wniiien.  A  native  Christian  church  was 
organi/ed  in  1861,  with  7  or  8  members;  it  has 
now  HI  coniniunicants,  and  is  self-sustaining. 
The  imstor  was  one  of  the  slave  children  with 
whom  the  niissinn  was  started.  The  work  of 
the  mission  is  now  divided  inin  tli(Mle]iartineiits 
nf  Kvangelistic,  Kducalinnal,  and  Industrial 
work. 

I.  KriiniifUxtie. — This  department  includes 
three  organized  congregations:  one  at  Jluhleii- 
berg,  a  second  at  a  point  5  miles  cast,  and  a  third 
at  a  point  10  miles  north  of  Muhlenberg,  in 
which  there  are  l".20ennimunicaiits.  Tlieinission- 
ariesarc  assisted  by  two  native  ordained  jiastnis 
and  a  number  of  laymen,  who  go  into  interior 
towns  and  hold  .services  as  opportunity  oH'ers. 

3.  Kdufntioniil. — Schools  are  kejit  up  in  con- 
uectiou  with  each  of  the  congregations.     The 


^ 


liliililc 
iiflcr- 

llCfll 

were 
,  wcri! 
ill  till' 
■<;  Mis- 

of    lll(! 
IWll  lip 

lly  iiii- 
■s,  iinil 

llll    llH'll 

h  was 

it  litis 

liiiiiiir. 

n  wiili 

Wdllv    lit' 

itliu'iils 
(liistrinl 


11  eludes 
Mlllilcli- 
i  iliinl 
licrjr,  in 
luissioii- 
1  (lastors 
inti'rioi' 
olVcrs. 
1  in  con- 
is.     Tlie 


EVANQBLIOAI.  LUTH.    OHUROH  8(V) 

nuiiiliii'  i)f  impils,  iiiMKiiiir  In  hjiu  from  5  to  31 
VriiiM  of  iii;i',  wiiH,  In  l^.W.  'i'^'i.  In  the  lust 
ilftnll  yrals  alioiit  5(H)  pupils  iiuvc  lifi'li  I'llll- 
ciili'd  in  I  ill'  mission,  who  iiri'  now  cm  rilnj;  u 
ftiral  Inllinnit'  for  uockI  amonjx  iliu  pcoplf  of 
lliiir  nsprctivi'  li  ilM>. 

;l.  tiiihiKln'ii/.  -'i'lir  iniliislrlal  ilrpartmcnl  is 
a  fcaliiii'  pi'i'iiliiir  to  mission  work  in  Africa. 
Till)  yoiinu'  people  who  are  eilucateil  in  llie 
missi('iii  ami  liroiiirlit  into  llie  eliiireli  arc  al  tlie 
same  lime  liniiMil  to  iiianiial  lalior,  so  llial  lliey 
may  earn  a  livcliliood,  and  the  ciiili\atiiiii  of 
colfee,  su'.'ar  cane,  rice,  and  vc;;elMlples  adds 
llliyely  to  llie  revenue  cif  llie  mission.  A  hlaeU- 
smilli'sand  macliine  shop  and  earpeiilcr  shop 
are  alsn  fealiires  df  the  liidii-^lrial  licpailnieiil. 

'I'lie  worl\  of  llie  iiiis^iim  i>  Lrradiially  evlcnd- 
ililt  into  the  interior  and  ainoiii:  tlie  surround- 
in«  Irilics;  and  many  chiefs  are  asking!;  for 
schools  and  prcaihinu'  services. 

Olieof  llie  Kreale^l  ohstaclcs  lo  the  success  of 
this  mission,  as  of  others,  is  llie  horrilile  Iratllc 
ill  rum  cMrried  mi  liy  ('hristiati  C.'i  countries, 
wliicli  the  liev.  Mr."  Day,  who  lias  liiiii  PI 
years  at  work,  in  .Miildcnlier!:-,  eliaiiics  with 
lieillli-  "  ailta'.''oiiislie  lo  every  elTorl  to  civili/e 
these  Irilies,  llie  nil ri ■lent ill li'  enemy  iif  all  ^'imd, 
and  the  desliiiyer  of  |ei.dliii!ale  trade,  it  ell- 
j^enders  strife,  stirs  up  wars,  denrailes  and  di- 
liases  IIk;  mind,  and  sows  seeds  nf  disease  and 
deatli.  It  rolls  Ihenciiroof  his  money,  sle.ais 
his  manhood,  and  sends  his  soul  lo  perdition. 
It  is  the  niosi  horrilile  crime  wliieh  has  ever 
lieeii  commilteil  aiiainst  a  race,"  far  excecdiii;;; 
even  slavery,  terriiiie  us  that  is.  "  All  alotiL' llie 
coast,  ill  every  port,  at  every  riveriiioiilh,  in 
cverv  town  and  liainhl,  following:  the  streams 
and  lines  of  Iravel  inleriorw mil,  liipiois  from 
other  countries  are  lieiiiic  dispensed  wholesale 
mid  retail,  Anywliere  and  eveivwhero  one 
comes  across  little  low,  diiifry  eahnis.  some  of 
llialeli,  some  of  roUi,di  hoards,  in  wliieii,  ar- 
niiiLred  on  shelves,  are  rows  of  liiack  liottles, 
wliieli  liave  been  liroui;lit  from  the  f,n-eat  wiire- 
lioilseoii  ihe  w  half.  ...  In  some  sections  of  the 
country  the  ilemijohn  of  ruin  and  tlie  ease  of  Liin 
have  liecome  tlie  units  on  which  are  reckoned 
all  values  of  food,  produce,  and  liilior. 

"'riieCliristian  world  sends  up  aery  of  horror 
lit  tlie  murder  of  liisliop  Haiiiiiiitrlon,  anil 
stands  aii;liasl  al  the  untimely  dealli  of  Martelow, 
and  al  the  same  time  sends  lloods  of  rum  lo  kill 
olT  the  natives  liy  whole  Irilies.  We  pray, 
'  Thy  kiiiL'dom  come,' and  now  and  then  .semi 
a  iiiissioiiary  in  the  caliin  of  a  ship,  wliile  we 
till  the  entire  hold  with  rum.  We  liire  a  liltle 
si.\-liy-eiirlit  room  at  reduced  rates  for  a  man 
and  his  Hilile,  while  the  remainder  of  the  ship 
is  filled  witli  the  devil's  most  etfectiial  weajion, 
nnd  then  wonder  w  liy  the  missionary  irets  on  so 
slowly  in  his  work  oi'  saviiur  souls  ami  leai'hiii!; 
people  the  wiij'  of  life. 

"  Xol  very  loiiir  airo  I  sat  on  board  a  lioat  at 
one  of  the  prominent  African  ports,  and  saw 
landed  on  a  simile  Sablialh,  from  two  lar,ire 
steamers,  about  40,000  cases  of  jriii,  twelve  bot- 
tles in  a  case.  One  missionary  and  40,000  eases 
of  ^in  comiiiir  in  at  the  same  liiiie — think  of  it  ! 
How  many  scores  of  vessels  come  willi  the  ^in, 
but  not  even  tlie  one  missionary  !  Do  you 
wonder  al  the  unutterable  loneliness  which 
ereiit  over  him  ?  I5el  iiid  him  a  continent  wail- 
im,'  for  the  jfospel;  before  him  an  ocean  doited 
W'itli  ships  loaded  with  rum!  'O  Lord,  how 
loug  !  how  long  I '    Those  people  have  asked  a 


EVANaSL.  MILITARY  OHUROH 


llsh,  and  wi^  have  fflvcn  a  Hcrpeiit  lo  bito  them 
to  death. 

"To  u'ivc  an  Idea  of  the  ;ripinil<-  jiroporlioiiH 

of  the  null  trade,  look  at  the  foil  lu  liiir  table  of 
statistics  collected  in  |HS7  at  tlie  island  of  .Ma- 
deira, where  in  iiriy  nil  vessels  from  Aiiieri<-n 
and  jliirope  to  Wes't  nnd  South  Afrii  a  call.  It 
represent-,  oiilv  pari  of  the  amoiinl  shipped  in 
one  week    aiu[  llial  onl\   lo  the  wcsl  miuI  south: 

••1»(I0,0(I0  cases  of  ^d'n;  •J4,(H)0  bulls  of  rum; 
:|0.(MI0  cases  of  brandy;  'J.'S.ono  cases  of  Irish 
w  hiski'v;  son  (lOOdemi'joliiisof  niiii:  :t(l.lM)0 bar- 
rels of'runi;  IIO.OOO  cases  of  Old  Tom;  1.">,(HK) 
barrels  of  absinthe;  HUH  liarrels  of  ale  and  beer; 
(100  barrels  of  claret;  ."lOO  barrels  of  port  wine. 

"  The  mind  si(  kens  tlie  lieiirl  izrows  faint,  lis 
the  awful  pieliire  unfolds  and  briiiLis  into  view 
the  terrible  curse  wroii;:'hl  on  hiimanily  by  this 
Slyirian  Hood,  whose  inar  may  be  heard  rising 
ill'  hori'ible  chorus.  miiii;led  wiili  Ihe  ilyiii^ 
LCioiilis  of  the  lili;:hlcd  and  the  dainiii  d.  To 
paint  a  scene  like  this,  one  needs  to  dip  his  pen 
ill  till'  blackness  «d'  peidilioii," 

i:«iiiiufliriil  MI««ioii  lo  III*'  l'|i|K  r 
Xlllllllt'oi.  Ital'iitsi  Mis-iiin  riiiler  the  eai  ' 
of  the  I'alis  I'Aiinneiical  Society,  but  supported 
by  special  funds,  lleadipiai  ters  of  the  I'liris 
Kvaiij,'clical  Society,  lOJ  Boiili'Vard  Ariigo, 
Paris, 

In  1H7T  Mr.  and  .Mrs.  Coillard,  who  for 
many  years  had  laboied  iiiiiom;'  the  IJasiitos  in 
South  .Vfiica  ill  connection  witii  the  I'aris 
Kvaiurelical  Society,  eiiihavored  lo  open  iimoug 
the  Haiiyai  tribes,  north  of  the  Minpopo  River, 
a  mission  li'lil  for  the  iialive  cliuiches  of  Hasu- 
lolaiid.  They  were  made  inisoiiers  by  the  king 
of  the  .Malabele,  and  their  project  failed.  Sllb- 
seipiciitiy  they  travelled  lo  llie  I'pper  Zambesi, 
and  found  llie  tribes  thci  J  had  been  conquered 
by  the  Masiitos,  and  sj-  ,ke  tlii'  lansjuiifie  of 
their  coiii|uerors.  This  laiiLMia.ne  bciiin  familiar 
also  to  .Mr.  and  .Mrs,  Coillard,  and  tiieir  interest 
in  tliese  Zambcsiaii  tril  .s  beiiiir  aroused,  they 
decided  to  i;ive  up  liom  and  work  in  liasuto- 
land,  and  to  open  a  mission  lieie,  where  the 
lieople  were  unspeakably  deirrailed,  and  w  here 
no  missionary  had  eviT  peneiialed.  In  18H0-81 
.Mr.  and  Mrs.  ("oiilanl  visili'd  Kiiropc  to  plead 
for  this  part  of  Africa.  As  a  result  the  Evan- 
gelical .Mist-ion  to  the  Zambesi  was  founded. 
A  committee  was  appointed  in  England  and 
Scotland  to  receive  funds  for  its  support. 

In  IHH,"),  after  a  very  dilliciilt  journey  of  more 
than  1,000  miles  froiii  liasiitoland,  Sesheke,  on 
the  L'pper  Zambesi,  the  residence  of  1.5  chiefs, 
was  reached.  Here  the  missionaries  took  up 
llieir  abode,  and  in  the  midst  of  many  hardships 
a  station  was  opened.  In  IHSli  Mr.  Coillard  left 
Sesheke  and  iinderlook  the  tlrsl  wagon  journey 
ever  made  to  the  Hiiroisi  valley,  a  distance  of 
TiOO  miles.  After  a  most  toilsome  journey  of  two 
months  he  siiceceded  in  reaching  Sefula.  He 
returned  to  Slieslieke,  for  .Mrs.  (  .,  who  in  tho 
face  of  great  perils  went  with  him  to  Sefula, 
will  re  a  station  was  opened. 

The  missionaries  at  llicse  two  stations  'now 
number  10,  witli  2  native  evangelists  from 
Hiisulolaiid;  the  work  of  the  mission  is  still  in 
its  tirst  stages,  but  iiiiudi  fruit  is  looked  for 
from  llii'  seed-sowing. 

I'iVaiitfclioiil  ^ililHry  <'liiir«'li,  Italy. 
Preaching  hall,  2.S  Via  delle  Coppelle,  Home. 
Minister's  address.  Rev.  Luigi  C'apelliui,  14 
Via  Pozzo  delle  Cornachie. 


f!l 


1 ,1. 


I 


[il 


i 


1:1; 


nm 


BVANOEL.  MILITARY  CHURCH 


Itl'ilS 


FAI.LANGIA 


!       ii 


Tlip  P>ans<'li<'i>l  Miliiiiiv  ('liuvrli  wiis 
f()un(ii'(i  in  Hdiiif  in  1S7','  l).v  Iviiijri  I'liittlliiii,  n 
vimiii;  sdldii.'r  in  llic  lliiliiui  iimiy.  lie  wms 
liniu,i;lil  np  u  sliici  Hunmii  i 'ulliolii',  liiil  n  lew 
Idiisf  leaves  (if  till'  New  'resliiiiuiit  \\  liieli  lie 
]iicUiMl  up  ill  one  of  his  wallis  uave  liini  llie 
kno\vle(i>;e  of  juslilicalicui  liy  failli;  liencefurlii 
he  hiliiireil  1"  I'.vlend  this  jiiiow  leilne  lo  his 
coninuh's.  Kacli  year  sin<'e  Ihe  eslalilislinieiit 
of  Ihe  Miliiary  (  hiinh  it  lias  heeii  aihndeil 
hy  many  -oldiers  in  llie  reLrinieiils  slalioned  al 
U'onie,  who  when  tninsferi'ed  to  other  stations 
cany  the  irospel  with  them,  and  thus  Ihe  re- 
sulls  of  Capelliiii's  woik  me  fell  Ihniiiirhout 
Italy. 

'liie  Military  Clinreh  supports  an  evanirelist, 
(lislrihnles  Seri|>tures  and  tracts,  inainlains  n 
readinj;  idoiii,  eireniatinjj  lihiary,  an.l  iiii;hl- 
seliool  for  soldiers,  ele.,  ill  an  annual  expense 
Of  k200. 

Vjw6  Vt'rsloil.— The  Ewe  helongs  lo  the 
Neirro  irroup  of  Afriean  lani;uatres  and  is  used 
in  the  western  part  of  the  (Jold  Coast.  I'ails  of 
the  New  Teslaineni  and  the  I'salms,  translated 
hy  Ihe  German  missionaries,  Messrs.  ISehlegel, 
Hinder,  and  ^^'eiLrhe,  were  puhlislied  at  Stuft- 
part  between  18i)l)-7'J  hy  ihe  Bremen  Uihle 
Soei"ty.  IJelween  18T5-7T  the  Hrilish  and 
Foreign  I?ihle  Society  puhlislied  at  Stuttgart 
tlie  remaining  jiarts  of  the  New  Testament,  the 
translation  having  beiii  made  hy  llie  Kev.  T. 
Merz  of  tlie  IJremen  .Mis.sioiiary  Society.  In 
187G  tlic  I?ool\s  of  Samuel  in  Jlr.  Mer/' traus- 
hitioli  wore  issued  al  iJremeii.  anil  in  1878  the 
Book  of  E.\odus  followed.     In  1880  the  Books 


of  Isaiah  find  .Tcremiah  were  iiuhli.shed;  the 
Iranslalion  having  also  been  made  liy  Mr.  Merz 
and  revised  liy  the  Ktv.  Uinder,  who  wiis  aided 
by  two  Kwe  students  being  eilucuteil  by  hiiu  iu 
Ciermaiiy. 

(Siifciiiun  ('('/'.St',     .lohn  3  ;  IG. ) 

Ko  St  ko  nonom  Miiwu  elo.-i  xcxc  In  mo,  bona 

ctso  ye  inlto  vidsidsi  deka  he  ua,  no  amosyaanm, 

si  0X0  edsi  ese  ko  la,  melo  tsotsro  ge  wo,  nokpo 

woakpo  agbo  niavo  la. 

liXiima,  one  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  AVest 
Indies.  Together  with  Cays,  a  si :il ion  of  the 
Baptist  Missionary  Society;  20  evangelists;  15 
oul-st.ilions.  8i)S  eiuirch-memhers,  8S> day-schol- 
ars, ()()()  Sabbatli-scholars, 

ii/.illlt>llK«>lli,  a  town  in  South  Znliilaiul, 
E.  South  Africa.  .Mission  station  of  the  ller- 
maiuisbnig  Missionary  Society, 

Fv.illCllkll  (i.e.  Among  Ihe  Wolves),  a 
town  ill  (iriiiualand.  East  South  Africa,  2-40 
miles  from  Engotini,  on  the  eastern  sloiu's  of 
the  Drakaii  Mountains.  Mission  station  of  the 
^Moravians,  occupied,  al  the  urgent  re(|ueslof  u 
Kalllr  chief,  Zibi,  by  a  Moravian  missionary 
from  Engotini,  who,  accompanied  by  his  wife 
and  four  children,  journeyed  Ihilher  in  o.\- 
wagons,  and  after  many  dangers  and  ditlieullies 
succeeded  in  opening  a  sliilion.  which  soon  be- 
came wonderfully  successful.  Under  the  ]>res- 
cnt  missionary  and  his  wife  the  work  is  ))ro- 
gre.ssing  ia  aud  about  this  slaliou  uud  its  oiit- 
stiUious. 


F. 


;;    ; 


Faai«nlelrii{;a,  a  town  on  Snvnii,  Samonn 
Islands,  Polynesia.  Station  of  the  London 
Missionary  Society  (18;!6) ;  1  missionary,  '.^4 
native  miiiislers,  1.6.')8  chureh-nienibers,  ;W  Sun- 
day-schools, 1,41)1  scholars;  ;5'.'  l-.oys'  schools, 
745  scholars;  3','  girls'  schools,  (iiiO  .scholars. 

Fairlit'ld.  a  town  on  the  slope  of  the  Slay- 
day  Hills,  ill  the  snialiwestern  moiiiilaiiious  jiart 
of  Jamaica,  West  Indies.  The  climate  is  very 
healthy,  and  Ihe  view  over  Ihe  surrounding 
country  most  i>icturesipie.  Mission  station  of 
the  .Moniviaiis,  built  on  purcbtised  land,  so  as 
to  be  eiilirely  iiidepenileiil.  A  training-school 
for  male  teachers  was  begun  here  in  ls;!!»,  and 
many  valuable  instruetors  have  been  graduated 
from  it.  One  of  the  Mortiviaii  Bret hreii  con- 
ferences in  the  West  Ttidjes  is  held  here,  the 
other  being  ''eld  at  St.  Tliomas 

Fai'/.tll)il4l.  a  town  in  Oudli.XorthwesI  Pro- 
vinces. India,  on  llie  (!oL;ra  Biver,  78  miles  east 
of  Ijiicknow  ;  a  comparalively  nindern  place, 
though  siuiiewlKil  decayed  in  ap|iearaiice. 
Populalion.  :!8,8-,i8,  Hindus,  Moslems,  and 
Christians.  Laniruages,  llaida  and  I'ldu  Con- 
dition of  jieople  low.  .\  targe  miliiary  sl;ilion, 
and  a  mission  station  of  the  Church  Missiomiry 
Society  (18(i;!);  1  missionary  and  wife.  ;>  other 
liidies,  (1  native  helpers, '2  oiitst.'itioiis,  1  church, 
4(1  ueinbers.  M'esleyan  Methodist  Missimiary 
Societv  (l8T(b;  1  missionary,  4  oulslations.  IW 
('luirch-meinbers,  7  day-schools,  HI")  scholars. 
Services  in  English  are  conducted  for  the  bene- 
tit  of  the  army.     A  female  missionary  is  car- 


rying on  u  snceessfnl  Zenana  work,  94  houses 
being  open  to  her  visits. 

Fakaraua,  one  ^if  the  Paumotu  Islands, 
north  of  Tahiti,  Polynesia;  a  coral  formation, 
with  a  lagoon  in  the  centre.  In  \i*'y'  the  French 
took  possession  of  the  islands,  and  the  Paris 
Evangelical  Society  began  the  work  of  evangel- 
ization. 

FahiNlia  Kara  or  .\sau  Version.— The 
dialect  of  Agau,  which  belongs  to  the  Haniilic 
•rrou|»  of  .African  iMiiguages.  is  spoken  by  the 
Falasha  .lews  in  the  K.aia  district  of  Aby.ssinia, 
about  Mettmimeh.  These  ,Iews,  .s;i\s  .Mr.  Cust, 
occupy -tbc  Miiomaloiis  position  of  not  being 
Semitic  either  in  blood  or  in  speech.  During 
the  year  1KS4  the  British  and  l'"oreigii  Bible 
Society  published  an  edition  of  the  (!ospel  of 
Mark  in  the  Etliiopiccharacter.  The  version  was 
made  by  a  converted  Falasha  .lew  named  Bern, 
from  Prof,  liheinisch's  Bogos  version.  The 
latter  also  revised  and  edited  the  translation. 

Falt'alili,  on  the  southern  shore  of  Fpolii, 
the  most  bcaulifiil  of  the  Samoan  Islands.  Is 
a  station  of  the  London  Missionary  Society 
(18:!(!>;  1  missionary,  'J(>  native  ministers,  !i78 
church-members,  !!','  Sunday-schools,  l.tu'i 
scholars,  ii'J  boys'  schools.  820  scholars,  'M  girls' 


scliool; 


727  scholars. 


■''allaimia.  a  town  on  the  Lesser  Poiiga 
Biver,  Sierr.a  Leone,  West  .Africa.  The  chief 
station  and  the  starting-point  for  tlie  mission 
among  the  Susus  by  the  West  Indian  Church 


:!i! 


Ipo)!!, 

pU.     Is 

SucicIV 

1  r.7'» 

:',','  iiirls' 

■  rdiirrii 

Ik'  chict 

niissiciii 

C'limcU 

FAIiLANGIA 


807 


FAYOOM 


Assoi'iation,  Harlmiioes.  The  first  \vhite  mls- 
sioiiiirii's  who  visili'il  those  ni;ioiis  wcru  killod 
by  thi'  sliuc'dcali  IS,  iiiul  in  IMIS  the  mission  whs 
iii)iiniliMU'il.  'I'hc  next  who  Iricil  succunihcd 
to  the  cliinutt';  liut  the  coloicd  niissioniiriis  fidili 
Coillinjilon  ('onci;t',  |{:irli;iiloi's,  u  ho  iinivcii  at 
FallanL'ia  in  IS.m,  have  liad  a  fair  succi'ss.  'I'lie 
.slavi's  are  less  harl)aronsly  treated,  polviraniy 
has  decreased,  several  liraneli  stations  have  heen 
I'stahlislied,  some  natives  have  heen  eonverli'd, 
and  the  Ni'W  'reslanienl  lias  lieeri  translated  into 
f^iisii.  Ill  1SI)8  ilu'  Fieiieh  laid  elaini  to  the 
whole  l'oiij;c)  reuion,  "in  oriler  to  protect  trade 
and  spread  civilization,"  hut  they  have  since 
rctireel  without  doini;  any  permaiieiil  harm. 

Fillllioillll.  a  port  of  entry  on  the  north 
coast  of  .lamaica.  West  Indies.  The  climate, 
tliouich  tropical,  is  ctpiahle.  Population,  It.lMII), 
Kiliopeans,  mulattoes,  and  iie;rroes.  Hni::lish  is 
the  prevailitijj  laiiguajri',  and  I'roteslantism  the 
relisrion.  Station  of  tlie  .lamaica  Mission,  I're.s- 
byterlan  Church  of  .lamaica  ;  1  missionary  and 
Avife,  1  church.  ItiO  eommiiiiicants;  1  Sunday- 
.scl  il,  !.")(>  scholars.  Missionariesof  the  LJaptisI 
Missionaiy  Socii'ty  at  Kini^ston  Indd  servici'  at 
Falniouih.  and  tliere  is  a  Baptist  memheiship 
of  TSIl,  with  a  native  minister.  I'nited  I'reshy- 
teriaii  (liurch  of  Scotland  (1858);  I  missionary, 
1  church,  1(54  members,  1  Suudiiy -school,  !».") 
scholars. 

Faii-«'lieii{f,    11    innrkot    town  in  Iliiiu'h, 

Cliitia.  Station  of  the  Cliina  Inland  Mission 
(1H78);  4  missionaries  with  wives  and  assistants, 
S'i  tommunicants. 

Fiiiili  Verxloii.— The  Fanti  belonj;s  to  the 
Neirro  i^roup  of  African  languaiies,  and  is 
spoken  in  Fanti,  in  he  neighborhood  of  Cape 
Coast  Castle.  During  the  year  1888  the  Hritisli 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society  published  nil  edition 
of  4.01)11  copies  of  the  Gospels  at  London,  under 
the  editorslii|)  of  the  Hev  W,  ^l.  Ciiniiell  of  llie 
Cape  Coast  Wesleyan  Mission.  The  version 
was  made  by  a  Fanti  minister,  named  Parker, 
<if  the  Wesleyan  Church,  whose  father  was  a 
fetish  prit'st.  Tlie  translation  was  made  from 
the  English  and  compared  with  the  Otji,  was 
eari'fully  revised  by  a  conimittee  of  ministers, 
and  tinally  passed  by  the  annual  districtineel- 
iiig  of  all  the  Wesleyan  ministers.  The  version 
is  iiiteiult'd  for  the  Wesleyan  Mission,  which 
occupies  nearly  the  whole  of  the  liold  Coast  for 
a  distance  of  HOD  miles,  !ind  iiiland  for  about 
l.")0  miles  They  have  'Mu  chapels  and  preaeli- 
iiii:  stations.  111,")  agents.  5.988  ineinbers,  and 
•J:(,(ili0  atlendiiig  on  public  worship.  iJcsides 
the  four(ii)spels,  tile  same  Sociely  also  published 
in  the  same  year  the  Hook  (d'CJcnesis,  in  •,',0110 
<'opies,  under  the  care  of  the  Hev.  S.  {{,  IJ.  Solo- 
mon of  Kiehniond  Collegi' ;  the  translation 
having  been  made  by  the  Hiblc  Uevisioii  Com- 
inillee  of  l';i|)e  Coast." 

I'^lirtiv«>llilra,  a  \o\\n  of  Central  Madagas- 
car, northeast  of  Antananarivo.  Mission  station 
of  the  l.oiidon  Missionary  Society  (,18(i8);  1  inis- 
sioiiarv  and  wife,  40  out-slalioiis,  3.5  sciiools, 
aU'J'.l  scholars. 

l'aro«>N«>  Version, — Faro,  wliit'h  is  a  dia- 
lect of  tlie  Icelandic,  and  belongs  to  the  Teu- 
tonic branch  of  the  Aryan  lani^uage  I'ainily,  is 
spoken  in  the  Faro  Islands,  and  Mr.  Schroeter, 
rector  of  one  of  the  eliurches  there,  translated 


the  Gospel  of  Mullhew,  which  was  published 
bj- the  Danish  liible  Society  in  181T  at  Uanders. 

Fal«*ll({llliiut>,  a  town  and  circuit  of  the 
Methodist  l';piNciipal  Church  North  in  Aoilh 
India,  comprising  l(l.")dillcreiit  villages. in  which 
there  is  ;i  (  hrisiian  coiniimnity  otl.OU.  witli 
(iTo  church-niembeis,  Ki  boys'  schools,  4  girls' 
schools,  'Jl  Sunday-schools,  800  .scholars.  This 
wdik  is'  conducted  under  the  oversight  of  a 
native  pastor,  who  is  supporteil  by  the  native 
members. 

■  ''alKlian,  !'  large  maiiufacluriiig  town  and 
river  iiori  on  the  Canton  Kiver,  :20  miles  west, 
of  Canton,  Kwangtung,  China.  A  great  part  id' 
the  trallic  on  the  three  rivers,  which  unite  to 
form  tlie  Canloii  Uiver  passes  through  this 
l>lace.  and  people  from  all  parts  of  Kwiingtuiig, 
Kwangsi.  and  even  Yunnan  are  met  with.  In 
former  years  tiie  hatred  of  foreigners  was great, 
and  at  any  time  preaching  was  likely  to  caii.sc 
commotion  and  trouble.  Within  late  years  a 
change  has  come  over  the  people,  and  (piiet 
and  attentive  crowds  now  listen  to  the  preacliing 
of  the  gospel,  .Mi.ssion  station  of  the  Weslevau 
.Missionary  Society  ;  1  missionary,  1  physician, 
1  chai)el,  1  hosjiilal,  1  boys'  .school,  18  scholars; 
4,8;!ii  people  have  been  treated  in  one  year  at 
the  hospital,  a  new  building  for  which  has  re- 
cently heea  ('ompleted. 

Fale  Version.— The  Fate  belongs  to  the 
Melanesian  liiiiguages,and  issiioken  in  Elate,  an 
island  of  the  New  Hebrides.  The  Uev.  Donald 
Morrison,  a  Presbyterian  minister  stationed  on 
I'rince  F^dward  Island,  Nova  Si'otia,  went  in 
18(14  to  Fate,  and  published  the  (Sospel  of  Mark 
lis  translated  by  him  at  Sydney  in  18(i7.  In  the 
year  1871  the  tJospel  of  .lohn,  translated  by  tiie 
Uev.  .lames  Cosh,  was  i>riiited  in  New  Zeiil.aiul, 
at  the  expense  of  the  Mritisii  and  Foreign  Hible 
Society;  and  in  18T4  the  Hook  (d' (ienesis  was 
issued'by  the  same  Society  in  Sydney.  In  1877 
the  (tOs"pel  of  Luke,  translated  by  the  Uev. 
Daniel  Macilonald,  was  printed;  and  in  1880lhe 
Acts,  translated  by  the  Uev.  .1.  W.  Mackenzie, 
followed.  All  these  i)arts  were  in  the  dialects 
s|)okeiiat  Erakor  and  I'aiigo  and  places  adjacent. 
In  188;{  11  revised  edition  of  Luke's  (Jospel,  of 
1,500  collies,  was  (irinted  in  Melbourne,  and  also 
the  Ejiistle  to  the  Hoinans.  When  in  1885  it 
became  neeessiuy  to  reprint  the  Gospel  of  .lolin, 
it  was  revised  liy  the  i{ev.  Mackenzie,  and  an 
edition  of  1,0110  copies  w;is  printed,  as  a  tirsi  at- 
tempt at  a  compromise  diiilcct,  by  the  above 
Hibic  Socictv.  Ill  1888  the  New"  Testament, 
prepared  by  'Messrs.  Macdonald  and  Mackenzie, 
was  publislieil  by  the  I'.iilish  jiilile  .Society. 
The  tianslatioii  is  made  into  what  is  eidled  the 
"coinhined  "  dialect,  so  as  to  be  siitlicienl  for 
the  whole  isliinil  and  the  surrounding  islets. 
I'p  to  .March  Hist.  188!»,  the  Hrilish  Hible  Society 
disposed  of  ;!.8',>5  portions  of  the  Sciiptiires  iu 
the  Fate  language. 

{SjHYi'mcn  twrsi:  .lohn  3  :  10.) 
•Leatii  ki  iirum  cmoroniinanin,  tewan  kin  kl 
tubulua  Nain  iskeimau  i  nmi,  nag  scruatamol 
nag  ru  soralesok  os  ,ruk  fo  tu  mat  mou,  nio 
rtik  fo  biatlaka  nagmolioa  sag  i  tok  kai  tok 
mou  tok. 

Fa)'«i<»iii,  a  large  town  of  Central  E.irypt, 
in  the  oasis  of  that  name.  Poi>ulatioii  of  town 
and  oasis,    150,000.      Mission    district    of   the 


:■  ?(. 


!1J 


m 


TAYOOM 


:m 


FETICHISM 


■  >  I 


I     8       ■: 


United  Presbyteriiin  Cliurcli  of  Amoricii  ;  7 
stations,  2  (•lunciies,  3  imtivc  lii'lpiTs,  MO 
cLiircliiiu'iiil)C'rs. 

I'Viicliiiw-f'ii,  a  city  in  tlio  Tiiiyiiiin  iiliiin 
(clcviiiidn  ;i,00()  It.),  T")  miles  south  (If 'I'aiyiiiin 
rity,  Sliansi,  Ciiina.  'I'cinix'iiitc  iliinati';  iowc^t 
tiu'iinonu'lci-  50  F.  A  iioimliilion  of  ovci'  a 
million  is  icaclifii  lii'ic,  anidiij;'  whom  arc  many 
l{oiuan  Catliolics  and  a  few  Moliammcdans,  hiil 
the  majority  ai(!  followers  (tf  Confucius  and 
JJuddha.  Mission  station  of  the  Shaiisi  .Mi>sion 
of  the  A.  M.  ('.  F.  y\.  (l>H(i);  ;iinissionarics  and 
wives,  1  pliysieian,  1  church,  (>  eoninuiiMcants, 
1  Sunday -scIkjoI. 

Forilllll<l»  Po,  the  largest  of  the  fiair 
Guiiu?a  I>lands,  West  Africa,  is  inliabited  by 
about  ;iO,()IH)  liuwi  negroes,  lieloniriiig  to  the 
Bantu  family.  In  IS-ll  some  iiaptist  nnssionaries 
from  ■lainaiea,  accompanied  by  nejiro  helpers, 
settled  here  and  made  eonsiderabh-  projrress, 
but  in  18.-),S  the  Spaidards  decided  to  reirarri.son 
the  islands.  With  their  troops  landed  six  .lesidls, 
and  the  Maptisis  were  siieedily  expelled.  After 
the  revolution  in  .Ma<liid,  W>H,  which  l)r(.keihu 
power  of  t  he  Jesidts,  two  evannclical  mission- 
aries, Prinutive  Methodists,  aiiain  visited  the 
island,  built  houses  at  St.  Isabel  and  (Jcorjxe's 
]5ay,  and  bajiti/ed  .several  Huwis.  Hut  the 
Spaniards  were  slill  op]iosed  to  the  nnssionaries, 
and  in  1ST7  they  closed  their  schoolsand  forbade 
them  toiireaeh.  In  187!)  the  nnssionary  IloUiuid 
was  even  banished.  An  appeal  to  tlu'  Sjianish 
Govern meiU  was  nnide, however;  he  was  allowed 
to  return,  and  the  ]>resent  missionaries  are  en- 
deavorinj:  to  carry  on  their  work  within  the 
bounds  of  Spanish  law  as  inttritreted  by  the 
authorities  at  Jladrid.  Station,  Santa  Isal)el  ; 
1  nussionavy  ami  wife,  2  assistants,  1  ehai>el,  98 
church-members,  1  seluKd,  !(3  scholars. 

Ft'Z,  the  capital  of  Morocco.  Africa,  and  the 
lai'Sesl  city  of  the  empire.  It  was  fornn'riy  a 
large  and  popidous  city.  It  is  tinely  situate<l, 
bia  has  decreased  in  importance.  No  mission 
work  is  located  here,  thoujrh  the  ndssionariesof 
the  North  Africa  Mission  visit  the  citj-. 

Ft'tU'IliHiii.— It  is  common  for  those  wjio 
have  a  theory  of  evolution  to  support,  extend- 
ing to  religions  as  well  as  to  physical  life,  to 
assume  tliat  fetichism  is  invariably  the  lowest 
step  ill  the  ladder  of  man's  ascent  to  higher  re- 
ligious conceptions;  that,  lieginiung  with  this 
simple  alphabet, the  race  has  gradually  ad  v.'uiced 
througli  more  and  more  complex  and  elaborate 
systems  toward  C'hristiaidty,  which  is  the  goal 
of  the  religions  of  the  world.  It  is  in  one  sense 
flattering  to  the  Christian  faith,  but  in  anollier 
it  is  utterly  subversive  of  some  of  its  most 
fundamental  doctrines. 

It  were  better  in  aiiproaching  this  sulijcct  to 
leave  theories  aside  for  a  time,  and  to  deal  with 
simple  facts. 

"What  is  fetichism  as  it  is  found  slill  surviv- 
ing among  savage  tribes  in  our  time  ?  What 
are  the  objects  of  worship  to  which  we  apjily 
the  name  of  Ft'tich  ?  They  are  found  to  be  of 
great  variety,  embracing  anndcis  ami  charms 
worn  about  the  neck,  and  consisting  of  tiger's 
teelli  or  serjient's  fangs,  or  stones  waslied  into 
unusual  forms,  or  curious  shells,  or  bits  of 
wood  carved  in  fantastic  fashion,  etc.,  etc.  A 
passage  from  the  Veda  incased  in  a  frame  of 
transparent  horn, or  n  potent  verse  of  the  K<>ran, 
or  a    line   from   the   Avesta  supposed    to   be 


powerful  in  driving  away  evil  influences, 
a  stone  or  rock  of  fantastic  shape  at  the 
door  of  an  African  hut,  or  a  skull  hung 
above  its  lintel  or  a  totem  raised  on  a 
scalVold  by  some  American  Indian  tribe, — all 
tluse  are  virtually  fetielies,  since  they  are  ailii- 
trarily  chosen  ol)jects  to  which  is  atltached 
some  su|)ernatural  powe..  As  a  rule  they  are 
not  supposed  to  be  divine  in  or  of  themselves, 
but  rather  to  emliody  a  divine  inlluence  of  a 
mysterious  and  sonu'Whai  spiritual  character. 

The  fundamental  idea  is  tliat  of  an  indwell- 
ing jiower  that  is  concelitiated  and  l>ec\diar. 
This  point  may  be  illustiatcd  by  popularsuper- 
st it  ions  which  slill  exist  among  civili/cd  nations. 
The  horseshoe  has  in  itself  no  nunc  ellicacy  than 
any  other  mass  of  iron,  but  in  that  iiart'ieidar 
form  it  issupjiosed  to  end)ody  a  lucky  inlluence. 
Certain  coins  or  oilier  sacred"  keeiisakes,  carried 
in  thi'  pockets  or  worn  upon  tlu  person,  are 
sometimes  supposed  to  be  attended  by  myste- 
rious inlluenees.  No  imlividiial  member  of  a 
group  of  thirteen  iiersons  embodies  any  baneful 
inlluence,  but  there  arc^  many  in  civilizid  coun- 
tries wild  would  fear  the  vague  falality  (if  ihat 
total  numlier  seated  at  a  labli'.  In  fact  the  num- 
ber of  objects,  incidents,  rclationsldps,  etc., 
etc.,  to  which  is  ascribed  a  sort  of  magic  inllu- 
ence, by  the  jieople  of  all  lands,  is  vciy  great. 

In  North  China  and  in  various  other  coun- 
tries certain  inicanny  animals,  like  the  weasel, 
the  fox,  or  the  serpent,  are  suppo.sed  to  be  at- 
tended by  baleful  intluenee. 

How  liave  these  i<leas  gained  currency 
among  men  '?  If  they  are  empirical,  if  they  are 
the  result  of  slow  growth  and  lui  imaginary  ex- 
perience, as  they  certainly  are,  we  may  assume 
that  fetichism  among  savage  tribes  has  had 
a  similar  development.  Men  have  chosen  their 
fetiches  as  they  have  come  to  idace  their  conli- 
dence  in  certain  remedies  for  bodily  ailments. 
A  certain  nu  dicine  may  have  been  selected  by 
mere  fancy  at  first,  but  if  in  repeated  instances 
good  results  were  supposed  to  follow,  it  ginned 
curiency.  And  .so  with  the  fetich,  indeed 
nnniy  remedies  are  mere  fetiches,  and  are  given 
to  drive  awaj'  diseases  which  are  sujiposid  to 
be  caused  by  evil  spirits.  Pharmacy  and  suiicr- 
stilion  go  hand  in  hand  among  .savage  races,  juid 
are  rarely  separated.  In  both  cases  there  is 
sujiposed  to  be  a  (onnection  between  the  objects 
chosen  and  the  mysterious  power  of  unseen 
siiirits. 

So  far  from  feiichism's  representing  alway.s 
the  first  stage  of  religious  dcvelo]mient,  and 
that  only,  it  generally  proceeds  side  by  side 
with  higher  forms  of  religion  aiul  intermingles 
with  them.  Many  of  its  objects  suiipo.sed  to 
represent  su]iernaiural  power  have  sprung  up 
long  after  the  higher  faith  was  entertained. 

Fetichism  abounds  in  China,  India,  Murniah, 
and  Ceylon,  in  spite  of  the  teachings  of  Cunfit- 
cius  and  (fautania.  It  lias  really  more  prac- 
tical inlluence  with  tlie  Jieople  than  till  the  so- 
called  book  religions  of  the  Etist. 

A  distinguished  civilian  of  Ceylon  has  de- 
clared that  nineteenths  of  the  inhabitants  of  that 
country  are  really  not  IJuddliists  at  all,  but  are 
the  devolees  of  various  superstitious  fancies.  The 
staple  of  the  popular  religion  is  devil-worship, 
or  the  fear  of  evil  spirits.  And  the  whole  jiara- 
phernalia  and  ritual  by  which  their  evil  inllu- 
enees ar(>  warded  oil  belong  to  the  category 
of  fetieliisni. 

The    absurd    and    widespread    superstition 


FX2TICHISM  Si 

known  in  China  (is  Fung  Shuaj-  is  practical 
felichisnr  it  is  n  supposed  mysterious  and 
supiMimtund  soniclliiii!.',  whidi  iidicns  in  cer- 
tiiin  ol)jc('ls,  ivsidi's  in  certain  lucidities,  or 
lioveis  over  (lic!  tilwdcs  of  thelivinir  ortliedeiid. 
It  is  a  system  of  jieoniuncy,  and  is  ojiecially 
rchlleil  to  the  iriiives  of  the  departeil. 

In  iiliiiosl  !ill  nations,  tliat  which  is  unusual — 
11  river  issiiiiijr  from  a  cave,  a  tri-e  jrrowinji  in  a 
peculiar  sliape,  a  ro(k  which  the  waters  liavc 
worn  iiilo  i,'roles(iui'  fonns,  certain  deformities 
of  llie  human  boily — are  supp"'~ei|  to  Iteatlended 
hy  weiiil  and  preternatural  intluence.  Ami  the 
functions  of  wilcli-doctors,  ju.irglers,  me«licine- 
men,  etc.,  are  supposed  to  be  din-ctcil  to  tlie 
l)roper  maiiai^cment  of  these  <xvult  fon-es. 
Tlie  elioice  of  lucky  days  nr  fortunate  >ites  for 
huildiiijrs  is  supposed  to  belong  to  their  prov- 
ince. ()f  the  same  class  were  the  haruspices 
of  tlie  Uomans,  who  iiispe<'ted  the  entmils  of 
animals  or  observed  llie  tliirhts  of  binls  in«irder 
to  direct  aright  the  inoveiueiils  of  armies  or 
plan  successful  exiiedilions. 

The  theory  of  Comte  that  fetichism  was  the 
aweslruck  recojrnili(iii  of  divine  intluence  in  all 
natural  objects  was  incorrect:  else  why  should 
pnilicular  objects  be  chosen,  wliy  ime  suine  or 
tree  or  stream  more  than  anotlier?  That  which 
makes  a  fetich  is  tlic  ditferential  which  dis- 
tinguishes it  from  oilier  objects  and  ciincen- 
trates  ii:  il  llie  divine  and  available  power:  this 
conslitules  ils  value.  It  has  In^en  unifonnly  ob- 
.served  that  one  fetich  (litters  from  another  in 
the  <legree  of  inliereiil  etlicacy.  Il  may  differ 
also  from  another  in  the  ditTerenl  kind  of  util- 
ity which  alleiids  it,  one  accomplisliing  one 
good  result,  and  another  another.  Where  the 
syslein  becomes  elaborate,  each  desirable  object 
of  allaiiimeni  may  have  its  fetich,  by  whoso 
potency  il  is  lo  l)e  gained.  One  of  thest-  preter- 
natural objects  may  avert  a  given  di>t-jise. 
another  secure  victory  over  an  enemy,  another 
insure  the  birlli  of  a  son. 

A  little  retleciion  will  convince  us  that  fetich- 
ism is  one  of  tlio  most  widespreiul  and  per- 
manent of  all  faiths,  and  that  it  ci>esists  with 
every  other.  If  we  peiutrate  the  lower  strata 
of  society  we  shall  tind  it  still  existing  in  the 
most  civilized  countries.  Among  the  colore<l 
population  of  our  Southern  Slates  it  prevails  to 
n  surprising  extent,  in  spite  of  the  widte  man's 
intluence,  and  that  of  tlie  church  and  schcK^l 
It  is  mixed  up  with  the  cure  of  disea.«es  and  the 
.selection  of  timesand  sea.sous  forenlerius  ij]xin 
any  particular  enterprise.  It  is  at  the  foun- 
dation of  the  success  of  nostrums  anil  quack- 
eries, and  manifold  expedients  sup|)os«-d  to  Ix- 
induced  by  the  experience  of  other*.  Mankind 
everywhere  tind  the  forces  of  nature  at  their 
eommand,  and  the  fact  that  they  arc  little 
understood  and  always  more  or  less  involved  in 
mystery,  does  not  i>revent  I'oustaut  ex|>triment. 
In  a  .sense  and  in  a  degree  all  are  yet  chil- 
dren groping  their  way  :iniid  i>ccult  forces,  and 
those  who  are  most  enlightened  by  science 
and  most  exalted  in  religious  'privilege 
may  well  sympathize  with  Ixnightetl  triltes 
who  ai<'  left  lot  heir  gropings  merely.  Consid- 
ering their  c<iiidition,  it  isnot  strange  that  in  the 
silence  of  nature  they  are  startled  by  the  nistling 
leaf  or  by  any  exceptional  phenomenon  th.-U 
arrests  nttentlon,  and  are  only  too  rea<ly  with 
the  help  of  fancy  to  clothe  it  "with  divine  inHu- 
ence.  It  is  not  strange  that  when  they  hear  the 
voice  of  the  thunder,  or  the  roar  of  the  distant 


9  FiaUERAS   EVANGEL.    MISS. 

waterfall,  or  the  soughing  of  the  waves  in 
some  dark  mysterious  cave  of  the  rocky  shore, 
they  are  awe  siruck.  To  iheni  '.lieie  is  no  true 
enlighlennienl :  there  is  nolhingarliculaleor  in- 
telligible in  the  voices  of  iialuie  which  they  hear, 
and  iliey  have  learnecl  no  wisdom.  Iliiving  no 
divine  revelation,  recognizing  no  Father  above, 
and  only  bowed  down  willi  vague  anil  mysteri- 
ous fear,  they  are  ready  lo  accept  any  resource. 
And  when  some  designing  iiiin-doclor  or 
juggler,  witnessing  their  bewilderment  and 
atlliction,  proll'ers  his  aid  to  lelieve  fnuu 
drought  or  inslilence  or  famine,  lliey  must 
trust  him;  Ihouirh  he  has  failed  a  humlred  times 
they  have  no  option,  Tlie  lolem  on  Ihescall'old. 
the  amulets  about  their  necks,  are  equally  dumb 
and  have  ofleii  faih'd;  but  they  hav('  no  other 
resource.  (iiiieralioii  ••ifler  generalion  they 
grope  on  amid  tMiliires;  and  su<-h  is  the  impeia- 
tive  necessily  that  man  shall  ])ut  his  lni>l  in 
something  lieyoiiil  the  range  of  his  own  powi-rs, 
that  ;illli(nigli  felichjsni  has  for  ages  proved 
barren  as  Sahara,  yel  il  still  exists  and  must 
exist  till  the  knowledge  of  <Jod  the  Father  of 
all.  and  .lesiis  Christ,  the  only  Saviour,  shall 
be  made  known.  Felichism  is  something  too 
serious  to  lie  regaiiled  with  lidicule.  It  is  the 
most  ]>atiietic  illustration  of  human  ignorance 
and  deslilulion.  To  one  who  knows  ihat  man 
is  made  in  Uod's  own  image  and  desiincd  to 
worship  and  enjoj-  him  forever,  no  spectacle 
can  be  more  melancholy  than  to  see  him  em- 
bracing willi  bootless  and  abortive  failli  a  sense- 
le>s  ;iniulet,  a  lileached  bone,  or  a  carved  stick. 
As  an  appeal  to  missionary  zeal,  the  fetichism 
of  the  world  is  pallietic  and  eioi|uenl.  Il  i>ro- 
claims  in  strongest  teiins  the  desolation  of  a 
soul  that  was  made  to  be  a  temple  of  the  Holy 
Ghost,  but  is  in  fact  worse  than  empty. 

Fillliar<llll<<4lil,  the  caiiital  of  Southern 
Betsileo,  .Madagascar,  I  las  a  Norwegian  mi.ssion 
station,  founded  in  1S7S.  with  a  training-.school, 
established  in  INSl.  It  is  the  centre  of  the  work 
of  the  London  .Missionary  Society  in  IJctsileo 
]>rovince.  Kach  of  the  three  missionaries,  besides 
taking  charge  of  a  city  church,  looks  after  the 
work  in  one  or  more  of  the  country  districts. 
Medical  work  is  carried  on  at  the  dispensaiv. 
Normal  school, 44 students,;!  Sunday-schools. :{ "15 
>(hol;irs,  girls'  school,  M(l  scholars.  The  naiive 
I'hurches  sustain  an  ev.ingelization  society,  who 
send  out  fifteen  workers  within  a  circuit  of  forty 
miles  from  the  city. 

FiSIU'raw,  a  town  of  Xorlheasiern  Spain, 
not  far  from  llarceldiia  and  l,a  l^sc.ila.  Mission 
station,  together  with  Marcelona  and  La  Kseala, 
of  the  .\mciican  Baptist  .Missionaiy  I'nion:  1 
Miissjduaiy.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  the  work  of 
Pastor  Lopez  Hoilriguez,     (See  below.) 

I'iUiieriifi     lOvaiitfi'lUlU'     ITIiMNioii.  — 

He.idcpiarters,  Calle  P(  Iro  8,  '•''ii'iieras,  Gerona, 
Si)ain. — The  Figuera  .  ..v.uigi  .i^i  ■  .Mission  was 
undertaken  in  1H7T  wi  'i  the  oin 'ct  of  spread- 
ing the  gosjiel  in  S,  lii..  Heiriniiiiig  ■  ■'  Fi- 
gnieras  as  ii  centre,  the  work  has  bei'u  extended 
throughout  the  entire  iU()>iiice  '''leiona.  (Jos- 
J>el  halls  have  been  opeiiiil  in  I'igueras,  Vila- 
iK'rtran,  Hosas,  \'ilafan.  Hisbal,  San  I'edro  I'cs- 
cador  la  tishing  \illage  on  the  shores  of  the 
Me<iiterranean).  Gerona,  and  Caslillon.  In  these 
towns  Sunday-schools,  day  and  night  schools, 
Hible-classi's.  mothers'  meetings,  sewina classes, 
etc.,    etc.,    are    conducted;    anil    at   Figueras  a 


I  ' 


nil 


flf 

■  n:^ 


M 


:iji 


'LIHf 


m 


>" 


■ 


, 


FIOUERAS   EVANGEL.   MISS. 


370 


FIJI  V.V3Rr  \)W 


mi'dictil  mission  hns  been  e.stnblished,  •wliicli  is 

iiiiiliiiuiilly  iiK  Tciisiimiii  viiluc,  iiiid  (idiiiirii  woriv 
wliiih  cdiild  nut  lie  iiccciin|ilislii'd  by  Mn\  dllicr 
imriicy  ill  iciiKiv  ifii;-  |ircju(lii'c  ■•iiid  oliciiilii;-  il|> 
IdUiis  1111(1  vill.-im's.  DiiriiiL;  llir  imvl  yi'iir  ■,'..'i!l4 
|i:iliiiil.^  were  Irciilcd  Ml  llic  di^ln•llsu■y.  mm  in- 
crcMsc  of  H;!4  cases  on  the  picvidiis  ycMi'. 

/u-iini/iiimlidii,  M  iiiosi  iiiliToliiij:' Mild  iniiiorl- 
iiiil  IhmikIi  oI'  llic  work  ol'  llic  iiii»ioii,  is  ciiiTird 
on  ill  VMvioiis  jiMi'ls  of  tlic  i'rovincc  of  (iiTon.-i, 
Mild  will  lie  fnrlliiT  cMi'iidcd  Ms  funds  iiiTiiiil. 
AlrcMdy  T4  towns  iind  villMiics  Iimvc  lici'ii  visiu'd, 
.Vniillicr  inlliicnliMl  fcMluir  is  ilicwmk  of  llii' 
]ircss,  '  Kl  llfi'Mldci,"  Mn  illiistr,-itc(l  iiionlldy 
pMpcrsiniilMi-  to  the  "  Uritish  WdikiiiMii."  is  cmcIi 
ycjir  bcconiiiii;'  more  |io|iiilMf  Miiioii;;'  I'ieli  Miid 
poor.  Mild  liy  iik^miis  of  the  post  llnds  its  wMy  into 
dnik  lionies  mikI  lietrits  which  would  otherwise 
Ix'dcstitute  of  iiDspel  liuiil.  Copies  of  tlic'iiMper 
Mfe  sent  {TiMtis  to  missionMiy  workers  Miid  stu- 
dents in  Spiiin.  miuI  in  other  count  tics  wliei-e 
iSpMuisJi  is  sjioken.  "  InleriKition.il  SundMy- 
.seliool  Lessons"  Mie  also  plciiMfed  Mitd  ininled 
bv  the  mission,  mikI  tlirouirh  tlie  SundMy-sdiool 
I'liion  in  London  an!  supiilied  witlioul  cost  to 
2t)  Sunday-schools  in  various  iiaits  of  Spain. 
Catechisms,  tnicts.  etc.,  arc  also  printed.  I'a.s- 
tor  Lope/  l{odiii:uc/.  and  his  wife,  who  have 
conducted  the  work  since  its  commencement, 
have  now  the  a.ssistance  of  four  Eii!j:lish  ladies 
an<l  eijrht  SpMuish  helpers.  'I'he  nu'ssion  liMS 
had  to  contend  with  much  oi>i>osilion  from  the 
]{omish  priests,  and  the  converts  to  I'rolcstanlism 
liavc  been  persecuted  in  many  ways,  but  have 
bravely  held  out  notwitlistiindinir.  (•ne  of  these 
converts,  who  was  formerly  a  .lesuit  professor 
at  UordcMUX,  this  year  made  a  public  recanta- 
tion of  the  errors  of  the  Homish  Church,  and 
confessi(m  of  his  faith  in  Christ,  [irovinj^  his 
sincerity  bv  exchanjrin.ir  a  i)osition  of  inlhience 
and  pecuniary  advantajje  for  that  of  a  hundilo 
preacher  of  "the  gospel  and  teacher  in  one  of 
Pastor  Hodriguez'.s  mission  .schools,  with  but  a 
verv  small  salary. 

'[''he  mission  is  supported  entirely  by  free-will 
ofTorings  of  Christian  peoide  in  (Ireat  IJritain 
and  elsewhere.  Its  receipts  for  IMSil  amounted 
to  £10,77  7s.  7d.,  exclusive  of  a  special  buildinu' 
fund  for  the  new  Gospel  Hall  at  Figiieras,  now 
almost  completed. 

Fyi  IfilaiidN,  a  group  lying  between  15' 

and  20°  south  latitude,  and  177  and  178  west 
lotigitiide.  'I'hey  are  :iOO  miles  distant  from 
the  Samoan  group  on  the  northeast,  and  some- 
what  less  than  that  dislancc  from  the  'roiiga 
group  on  the  soulheast.  In  m11  there  are  more 
thiin  '.idO  islands, of  which  about  80  areinhabited. 
Vitilcvu,  area  4,','r)(l  sipiare  miles,  is  the  lar.LresI; 
ftiid  Vanualevu,  area  ;i,(i(lO.  the  next  in  size. 
Suva,  llu'  capital,  is  on  the  south  coast  of  Viti- 
h'vu.  The  loiid  area  of  the  group  is  about 
7,740  sipiare  miles. 

There  is  very  little  level  country.  The 
gr<'al<'r  jiarl  of  the  islands  consists  of  alternating 
liills  and  valleys,  the  p(  aks  soinedmes  rising  to 
the  height  of  four  or  live  IIiousmikI  feet.  The 
climate,  though  wiirin,  and  somew  hat  enervat- 
ing to  Kuropeiins,  is  not  nnliealthy.  'I'he  sup- 
ply of  water  is  abundant,  as  then  are  numermis 
streams.  Tropical  vegetation  grows  here  in 
great  abundance  and  luxuriance.  Coeoanuls, 
bread-fruit,  bananas,  sugar-cane,  and  yams  are 
the  principal  products. 

The  nhorigiues,  or  the  Fijiaus    proper,  are 


classed  midway  between  the  3[alay  (q.v.)  ,i.  d 
the  l'a|)uan  or  K'egro  type  of  raci  .s.  The  na\iL 
Fiji  was  formerly  synonymous  with  every 
cruelty  Mild  aliiPiiniiMliciii  that  siivagi  ■  ;i re  capa- 
ble of.  (iinnibalisin  was  indulged  in,  sick 
and  aged  relations  were  killed,  widows  were 
not  allowed  to  survive  the  death  of  their  hus- 
bands, and  slaves  were  slain  to  ai'conipany 
their  deMil  masters;  yet  hospilalily  and  polite- 
ness cliiirMi'teri/.ed  this  .savMgc  rMce  in  a  remark- 
able degree.  The  government  was  in  the 
hands  of  (■hiefs,  and  was  of  ii  |iatriarchMl  cliar- 
alter.  The  Fiji  .savages  believed  in  a  future 
existence,  and  in  two  ('lasses  of  gods — one  im- 
mortal, and  a  larg<'  serpent  was  the  chief  god  of 
this  class;  the  other,  the  spirits  of  heroes  and 
<'liiefs.  The  priest  spoke  the  will  of  the  gods, 
w  ho  were  not  woisliii>pc(l  through  idols.  'J'at- 
tooing  was  common,  lliough  it  was  conlined  to 
the  women.  They  were  very  fond  of  visiting, 
and  games,  amusements,  stories,  and  songs  were 
very  popular  with  them.  The  women  of  the 
tili])er  class  enjoyed  considerable  freedom,  and 
wielded  great  iiilluence. 

There  is  one  jirevailing  langnnge,  with  sev- 
eral dialects,  Melanesian  in  its  cliaracter,  but 
strongly  intlueiieed  by  the  I'olynesisin.  It  has 
a  large  vocabulary,  is  strong  in  its  expression, 
and  llexible  in  its  forms. 

When  (irst  discovered  the  population  num- 
bered'JOO, 000,  but  European  (liseascs  have  car- 
ried awaj'  many  thou.sands.  The  measles,  it  is 
said,  claimed  40,000  victims. 

The  chiefs  and  jieople  of  Fiji  ceded  the 
islands  to  Great  Hritain  in  1874,  and  they  are 
now  governed  by  a  crown  governor,  nnder 
whom  the  colonj'  is  divided  into  16  provinces, 
14  of  which  are  under  native  chiefs.  In  1888 
the  population  was  125,441,  of  whom  111,311 
are  Fijians,  and  the  remainder  Europeans,  half- 
castes,  Indian  and  Polynesian  imndgrants. 

There  are  two  public  schools,  one  in  Suva, 
and  one  in  Lcvuka.  The  Wesleyan  Missionary 
Society  divides  the  religions  care  of  the  natives 
with  the  Uoman  Catholics:  under  the  former 
there  were  in  1888  10  missionaries,  GO  native 
ministers,  961  churches  with  an  attendance  of 
104,585,  301  other  preaching  places,  and  41,077 
scholars.  The  Uoman  Catholic  Mission  has  15 
European  ministers,  143  native  teachers,  13 
E\iropean  sisters,  10  churches,  61  chapels,  and 
y  training-stations. 

In  1880  the  island  of  Rotuma,  between  13° 
and  15'  south  latitude  and  175  and  177  east 
longitude,  was  added  to  the  colony  of  Fiji.  A 
native  minister  (d'  the  Wesle^'a'n  ^Methodist 
Church  has  charge  of  the  mission  work  in 
Kotuma. 

I'Ui  Vc>r»l«»ii.— The  Fiji  belongs  to  the 
^lelaiiesian  iMiigiiages,  mikI  is  spoken  in  the  Fiji 
Islands.  The  livsl  part  of  tlii'  Scriptures  jnib- 
lislied  ill  the  Fijian  iMiignagc  was  the  Gospel  of 
3lark,  printed  in  Lakemba  in  1S4(),  and  trans- 
lated by  the  Uevs,  William  Cross  and  David 
Cargill  of  the  Weslevan  ^Missionary  Society. 
In  'is4:i  the  Gospel  o"f  .Matthew  and  the  Acts 
of  the  Apostles  were  printed.  In  1H47  the  first 
edition  of  the  ]Sew  Teslaim'iit  in  tlu'  ^Ibau  dia- 
lect, consisting  of  3,000  copies,  was  )iriiited  at 
Vieda,  the  translation  having  been  made  by 
the  Revs,  John  Hunt  and  Jolm  Watsford.  A 
.second  edition,  carefully  revised,  consisting  of 
5,000  copies,  was  iirinted  at  London  in  1854  by 
the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society;  and  a 


FIJI   VERSION  !?ri 

third  ia  1855  by  the  same  Socict)'.  consisting 
also  oi  ."1,000  copies.  'I'bo  Iriinsliitidn  of  iliu 
C)!(l  Ti'sliiMiciit  coniinciicccl  by  .Mr.  Hunt  was 
( oiilinuL'il  and  cotiiplilcd  hy  tlic  Ucv.  David 
JlazlfWood;  and  in  lMti4  Uio  t  iilirc  S(ii|)lm(s  in 
l"'ijian  wciu  piil)li>li((l  at  I.onilnii  under  llif  caiu 
of  till!  Ufvs.  K.  I{.  Lylh  and  V.  W .  iMeller. 
Without  mentioning;  ihe  diHei-enl  editions 
which  were  issued  subsciiuenlly,  \vc  will  only 
stale  tliat  Iho  l{ev.  FreilericU  LanLchani,  wlio 
lias  liceu  H  missionary  in  J''iji  for  ov<t  lliirly 
year.s,  ha.s  been  api>ointed  by  the  Annuid  Dis- 
trict Mectin;;  to  ri'viso  liie  Hible.  I  p  to  .March 
aist,  18«9,  the  JJritishandForei^ni  IJible  Sociely 
disposed  of  ()4,10t)  portions  of  tlie  Scriptures  in 
the  Fiji  language. 

{Specimen  verge.    John  3  :  10.) 

Nl  sa  lomani  ira  vaka  ko  na  Kalou  na  kai 
vuravura,  me  solia  kina  na  Luvcna  0  dua 
bauga  sa  vakasikavi,  uie  kakua  ni  rusa-ko  ira 
yadua  sa  vakabaUti  koya,  O)o  ra  rawata  ga  ua 
bula  tawa  mudu. 

FinlaiKl,  a  grand  duchy  ia  the  northwobc 
of  the  Russian  Empire  :  area,  144,2.'i.')  sipiaro 
miles.  The  south  const  is  bordered  willi  rocky 
islel.s,  between  which  and  the  mainland  are 
narrow,  intricate  cliannels,  dillicull  for  naviga- 
tion. The  west  coast  is  generally  low,  but  in 
some  parts  not  les.s  dangerous  than  the  south 
coast.  The  rivers  are  small  and  few  ;  but  the 
lakes  are  very  numerous,  and  occupy  11  per 
cent  of  the  territory.  The  climate  is  more 
sevjre  than  that  of  Sweden,  although  resem- 
bling it  in  many  rcsj)ects ;  dense  fogs  are 
frcMpient,  and  the  autumn  rains  are  veiy  heavy. 
The  soil  is  poor  and  stony,  though  formerly  it 
produced  so  much  gniin  that  Finland  was  called 
the  "  granary  of  Sweden."  Its  mineral  weiiltli 
is  small,  suit  being  very  scarce,  and  imi)orted 
in  large  quantities.  Its  extensive  forests  are 
the  chief  source  of  national  wealth.  The  ])as 
lure  lanils  are  good,  but  ill  managed.  The  most 
populous  districts  are  along  iJio  coast,  some 
tracts  in  the  iuterior  being  wholly  uninhabited. 
Population,  2,270, 91'2,  consisting  of  Swedes  anil 
true  Finns,  Uusses.  Lapps,  iiini  Germans.  With 
the  exception  of  a  few  lloman  ami  Greek  Cath- 
olics, all  the  people  are  Lutherans.  Education 
receives  considerable  care,  and  Ihe  Russian  Gov- 
ernment encourages  the  study  of  the  Finnish 
laniruage,  almost  forgotten  in  the  universal  use 
of  Sweilish.  Less  is  known  of  the  early  history 
of  Fiidand  than  of  anj' other  European  country. 
The  pagan  inhabitants  were  governed  by  thi'ir 
own  kings  until  the  iniddleof  the  121  h  century, 
when  their  piracies  provoked  Sweden  to  under- 
tiike  a  crusade  airainst  them,  at  the  same  linii! 
inlroducin!;('liri>tiaiiity  and  planting  some  colo- 
nies among  lliem,  Ihusacipiiriiiga  bold  on  Fin- 
land which  was  ret.iineil  several  centuries. 
From  this  lime  to  H0!(  their  liisuiiy  is  connected 
with  that  of  the  kini;s  of  Sweden,  and  their 
( (luniry  was  the  fre((uent  scene  of  Swedish  and 
Russi.m  wars.  In  1721  i)!irt  of  Fiidand  was 
ceiled  to  Russia  by  treaty,  and  when  in  1741 
Sweden  tried  to  regain  it.  Russia  overran  the 
whole  country.  Sweden  did  not  reliiupiish  its 
claim  without  a  struggle;  but  in  IHOJ).  on  a  fresh 
invasion  from  Russia,  peace  was  purchased  by 
the  cession  of  all  Finland  ami  thi'  isliinds  of 
Aland.  The  princijiiil  cities,  with  Iheir  popula- 
tions, are  :  llelsinirfors,  .Vi,74()  ;  Abo,  27,21<J  ; 
Tanunerfors,  17, 20b  ;  Wiborg,  17,101. 


FINLAND    MISSIONAR7    SOO. 


^lis-ionary  work  is  carried  on  bj*  Ihe  Swedish 
!MissiiinaiT  I'nion.  'I'here  are  also  Finnish  mis- 
sion societies  (see  below).  The  IJritisli  and 
Foreign  Hible  Society  has  colporleiirs  in  the 
counlry. 

i'iiiliiiHl  :VliN>>ioiiar.v  ^)OCi<'l,v.     Head- 

qiiailers,  llelsiiigfors,  Finland.  —  Finland  was 
lln'  last  northern  land  to  become  i'hristiaiii/.ed 
during  the  reign  of  Erie  the  Holy,  under  the 
I  psala  Bishop  llenrik.  in  11.57.  The  only 
missionary  wJiowent  out  fnun  Finland  in  these 
early  days  was  a  cai  pcnter  named  Nyborg.  In 
1742  he  was  troublcii  about  his  soul's  saUalion, 
and  went  to  t'opelihageli.  He  went  to  Herrn- 
liiit,  and  was  sent  out  under  thai  society.  Some 
years  later  he  went  to  Surinam,  where  he  died. 
From  182()-l!s;iO  a  religious  inovemeiil  in  Fin- 
liind  awakened  interest  in  bent  hen  iiussions,  and 
many  (hiislian  priests  in  Ostirbroten  wished 
very  inucli  to  follow  the  example  of  Ihe  mother- 
land, Sweden,  which  in  18li.">  had  founded  its 
first  mission  society.  The  most  /.ealonsof  these 
was  Jonas  l/irgus.  \Villi  his  own  money  he 
bought  H  home  and  built  schools.  In  18;i7  he 
went  to  Stockholm  to  learn  more  of  the  Swedish 
Mission  Society,  and  returned  more  limn  ever 
resolved  to  i)usli  the  work.  He  went  to  the 
soullLof  Finland,  among  the  doctors  of  medi- 
cine and  lawjers,  but  so  many  were  opposed 
to  the  mission  movement  that  he  met  with 
many  hindrances. 

Largus  and  other  priests  were  summoned 
before  the  courts  for  having  placed  collectioii- 
bo.xes  at  their  doors  to  c(dlect  money  for  the 
missions.  Pastor  Reimpiist  in  Sodiivala  was 
an  earnest  believer  in  the  mi.ssion  wmk,  and 
collected  money,  which  was  sent  to  the  Swedish 
Society  in  Stockholm  until  the  Finnish  Society 
WHS  founded. 

It  was  proposed  by  Bishop  Burgaat,  a  theolog- 
ical iirofessor,  and  F.  L.  Shunian  that  a  solemn 
feast  should  be  held  in  all  the  churches  in  Fin- 
land on  the  18lh  of  June,  1857,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  religious  movement  700  years  before 
in  that  land.  Alexander  II.  approved,  and 
ordered  a  jubilee.  All  Finland  was  aroused, 
and  .some  young  priests  proposed  the  formation 
of  a  society.  A  petition  was  ciiculaled  and 
signed  by  200  wrileis  and  doctors,  and  jM-e- 
sented  at  the  meeting  of  the  Synod  at  Hel- 
singfors  in  l.'^.")8.  They  voted  that  the  money 
given  at  the  jubilee  feast,  some  11.520  kroners, 
should  be  given  to  Ihe  Society,  and  in  memory 
(d'  this  feast  one  Sunday  in  each  year  should 
be  devoted  to  a  collection  for  missions. 

Directors  wer(>  chosen  in  Helsingfors  for  Ihe 
Siieielv.  and  a  general  meeting  was  c.'iiled  on 
JanuiiVy  l!)th.  Is.li).  This  duy  was  chosen  in 
menioiy  of  the  tirsl  Christian  preacher,  IJishop 
Heiuik,  and  on  this  day  the  "  Finland  .Mission 
S(i(iel\  "  was  founded.  lis  lirsl  director  was 
Prof.  Sehauman.  The  income  for  the  tirsl  year 
was  verv  encouniiiini:',  and  ihe  second  vear  ihev 
received  about  ;)8.000  k.  Froni  ISIili  io  180!)  a 
famine  broke  out  in  Finland,  which  atVected  ail 
classes,  and  the  inissinn  work  binguished.  The 
money  collected  in  Finland  for  foreign  missions 
was  sein  to  Pastor  Lud wig  Harms  in  llerni;mns- 
biiri;-,|n  the  l.eipsie  .Mission  Society, and  the  (toss- 
ner  Society  in  liellill.  In  ISIlU  the  secretaiy  of 
Ihe  liossner  Mission  sent  word  to  Ihe  Finland  So- 
ciety that  they  had  missionaries,  but  no  money 
to  send  lliem.  The  two  societies  unileil  in  Iheir 
work,  and  5,700  k.  were  sent  to  the  Gossuer  .Mis- 


It  i  i 


'iJ 


M\ 


I 


,i 


FINLAND   MISSI0NAR7   BOC. 


372 


FINLAND   MISSIONARY   SOO. 


sion,  ■with  tlic  promise  to  suiiport  two  mission- 
aries for  llir<'t' vciirs.  llcniiiiii  Oclis  Wiis  scut 
to  tlio  (iossiici'. Mission  ill  Kiillicriic,  in  Clioln- 
NiiLrpiir,  iicijrliliors  to  ilic  Siiiiliils  in  Iniliii.  lu 
1801  li(^  iinivcd  Mt  licllicsilii,  in  iliii;iiiii:li:ili. 
In  lliis  yi'ar  lie  iind  lli'iirili  Itiisic  li  loundiii  a 
side  sliilioii  ciillcd  "  !?noini  "  (niilivc  niinii'  Sini;- 
Imni).  'I'lic  Kinlimd  Snciciy  sent  S.liOd  k.  to  snp- 
]iort  llicsu  two  men  ill  Suonii.  'I'lic  union  of 
tliisi' societies  continued,  1ml  llie  I'innisli  Soeiely 
liiid  nolliin^'  to  siiy  nlio^i  tlie  woik.  In  istiti 
Oelis  icnioved  to  llie  stiilioii  l'tiruli:i,  iind  u'live 
IJiitscli  an  assisiani  witliout  consiillinj;'  llie 
Finnish  Soeiely,  anil  lor  a  viiole  year  tliey 
had  no  message  from  India.  At  llie  same  time 
the  knowleilLTc  came  llial  he  had  done  this,  and 
tlie  interest  in  thework  erased,  so  tli.-il  lhe(ioss- 
ner  .Mission  work  ended  in  INCiT,  In  l!^(il)  the 
liisl  Finlander  iiresenteil  himself  to  he  ciluealed, 
and  the  lirst  two  seliolars,  .Malnislii'ini  and 
Jnrwelin,  were  .sent  to  llcrniannsburn'.  Jn  INtitJ 
Jlalnisiri'ini  was  ordained  and  sent  out  to  a  Her- 
niiinnsliurtr  station,  Alatleb,  anions  the  Jlels- 
janiers,  Soulli  Africa.  The  l''inland  Soeiely 
Avas  to  support  this  station,  and  all  tlie  informa- 
tion was  to  lie  sent  to  Finland.  Jiirwclin  studied 
(Jerinan,  and  was  ordained  in  18liS  in  llerinaiins- 
liurs.  In  l!Sli'2  a  mission  s(  liool  was  opened  in 
llelsiiiiifors,  and  nine  youiiii  men  were  chosen 
for  a  si.\  years'  course.  Tlie  Society  funds  liad 
now  reached  the  sum  of  100,(100  k.,  and  the 
mission  friends  much  desired  their  own  mission 
pround.  I5y  God's  dinction  they  wished  to 
work  in  Afri(«,  west  coast. 

In  ISti'.',  Carl  Iluiro  Hans  came  from  Ru.s.sia, 
where  he  worked  in  the  Ulienish  Society's  ser- 
vice, and  in  a  lecture  in  llelsjnirfors  he  uave  an 
licconnt  of  a  journey  he  took  to  the  Ovamho 
Country  and  nnioiiu;  the  llereros.  This  went, 
to  the  hearts  of  the  Finnish  iieoiile,  and  after 
another  journtjt-  to  the  llereros,  in  180;S,  they 
sent  8t);S  k.  to  Hans' scliool  to  educate  native 
preachers  for  the  llereros.  In  1SU5  Hans  sent 
a  diary  which  he  had  kept  of  a  jonrnoy  to 
Ovaml'ioland,  and  in  a  letter  wrote:  "This  will 
tell  you,  the  Finnish  .Mission  Soeiet}',  it  is  time 
you  rememlier  your  ])roniise  to  come  over  nnd 
iieli)  us.  TnisiiiiiT  that  this  request  will  nol 
be  denied,  I  come  to  yon  in  God's  name,  who 
wills  that  all  shall  be  saved;  and  in  our  I-utlier- 
an  Mission's  name,  that  is  so  little  known  in  this 
land;  and  in  the  poor  heatlien's  name,  to  whom 
God  has  opened  the  door,  and  ordered  me  to 
speak.  'Come  over  and  help.'  1  have,  in 
God's  name,  dared  to  jiive  three  tribes  tlii^ 
promise  that  before  two  years  they  shall  have 
missionaries  and  Christian  workers." 

On  account  of  thisappeal  an  e.\tra  nieclinir  of 
the  directors  was  held,  and  it  was  decided  that 
in  IHtiS  tive  of  the  mission  scholars  should  be 
ready  toirowilh  three  colonists  to  tiegina  mission 
in  (.tvamboland.  An  arrangement  was  made 
with  the  Uheiiish  Missionary  Society  to  divide 
the  mission  frroimd,  and  the  Finnish  missiouiuies 
were  allowed  to  slay  some  time  in  the  Rhenish 
jNIission  Institute  in  ISarmi'ii,  and  at  their  station 
in  Hereioland,  that  they  miirlit  become  accus- 
tomed to  the  haliits  of  the  peoi>le  and  climale, 
and  study  the  Ian 'luaire  with  Hahn  in  Otjims- 
liinsnie.  Missionary  ^hdmslri'm  left  the  lier- 
jnai\nsburir  service  "to  join  the  n.w  Finnish  .Mis- 
sion, and  ihe  nirreenient  was  made  with  I'astor 
Harms,  who  was  director,  that  .liirwelin  should 
conic  to  the  Finnish  Society's  service. 

Ovambo  iUissio/*. —Uvaudjolaud  is ou  the 


west  con.st  of  South  Africa,  three  mile.'t  from  the 
Kunene  Uiver.  It  was  discovered  in  l.s.")l  by 
two  travellers.  Gallon,  an  Fnirlislimaii,  and  C. 
II.  Anderson,  a  Swede.  Deceiiilier  Itlsl,  IbtlH, 
the  lirst  nine  missionaries  arrived  in  Ovambo, 
and  some  iiionths  later  reached  llalins'  station 
in  Hereioland,  one  thousand  miles  from  (bar 
Suomi,  and  tiftcen  Swedish  miles  from  the 
nearest  mission  slalion.  .Malslii'iin  left  at  this 
time  the  llcrmaniislniri;  station,  and  came  to 
join  theFinnish  .Mission, and  the  ten  missionaries 
set  about  slud\in,i;  tlie  German  laii.uuajre  and 
the  lliicro  tonjrue.  The  llereros  had  jusl 
jrained  their  ficedum  after  a  ,sevcn  years' war 
wilh  llie  >i'amaiiiias.  Peace  wiis  declared  in 
1870.  The  Ulienish  ^li.ssion  sulVered  very 
much  in  this  war.  In  ilay,  1870,  King  Tij- 
konn'o  in  Omanj.'a  s<'nt  a  messcnj:er  to  know 
how  many  of  the  missionaries  would  come  to 
his  counlry.  The  Finn  missionaries  had  just  ar- 
rived, and  they  \\(nl  filadly  under  the  conihu'l 
of  Hahn  to  the  most  northerly  Khenisli  slalion, 
Omaruru,  and  .'ifli'i- a  month's  journey  tlirouiih 
the  African  de.seil  lliey  reached  Odonjra,  llie- 
kinji's  villaj:<'.  The  kiiiir  received  Ihein  kind- 
ly. Fimr  of  llieni  stayed  there,  but  three  oth- 
ers went  on  thidUi;li  the  forest  which  ilivided 
Odonga  from  Onknambi.  Here  they  founded 
the  slalion  i;iini,  near  Kinn'  IS^ijuna.  One 
went  on  to  the  third  slalion,  Owanirandyera, 
where  the  King  Tyeya  wished  for  missionaries. 
Wliili-  .Missionary  liahns  was  away  tr\  inj;  to 
make  peace  between  the  kinixs  of  Kannupia 
and  Hercro,  ^Missionary  Tolonen  was  .sent  to 
take  his  ]ilaee.  He  .so  won  the  love  of  the  peo- 
jile  thai  they  wanted  tos<'cnre  him  from  the  Finn 
.Mission  for  their  own  mission.  In  Jsovember 
he  Went  with  Kaiitanen  to  Ovandioland,  where 
they  made  a  home  by  Kiiu:  Tyeya,  in  1871,  near 
Ow.'in^andyera,  In  1870tW()  more  had  arrived 
uiior<laiiie(l.  Ska^land  went  to  Odoiiira.  In 
lS'71  .lonrwelin  founded  a  station  called  Olu- 
koiida,  aliout  three  miles  from  Odonira,  mak- 
inij  four  stations  in  all,  Klim  station  was 
more  iirospcred  than  any  of  the  others,  but  this 
had  to  be  uiven  up  in  two  years  because  of  the 
rortuguese  slave-traders,  and  travelling  adven- 
turers who  stayed  in  the  country  and  preju- 
diced the  king  against  the  missionaries.  They 
wer<'  driven  away,  and  went  to  Taikongasland, 
where  Knrweinen  founded  the  station  Onipa. 
three  Swedish  miles  from  Odonga.  Weikkolin 
founded  Oiidyumba,  one  Swedish  nnle  from 
Onipa.  In  1873  Uikobo  had  to  be  given  nji  on 
account  of  a  (luarrel  wilh  King  Tyeya;  and 
Ueigonen  after  his  banishment  coniineneed 
the  station  Onuilonga,  while  Tclonen  tried  to 
start  a  mission  among  the  1,'ist  of  the  Ovambo 
races,  the  Onkuenj;imas,  which  the  Rhenish 
Society  had  reserved,  but  now  gave  \ip.  This 
did  not  succeed,  for  the  king  treated  the  inis- 
sionaiies  like  servants,  and  the  missions  were 
all  given  up  after  seven  years  of  prosperit}'. 
Seven  years  later  there  were  only  three  sialions 
left,  (lod  punished  these  kings  wilh  hunger 
and  war,  and  again  they  began  to  listen;  the 
missionaries  talked  singly  wilh  \\w,  people,  and 
the  jirospcct  began  to  brighten,  luid  Ihe  gosi>el 
s|ircad,  'I'lie  lirst  convert  in  this  mi.ssion  was 
a  servant  of  one  of  the  missionaries,  and  she 
was  sent  to  Finland  when  slie  was  thirteen 
years  old.  'When  she  was  seventeen  she  re- 
turned, and  is  now  a  mi.ssion  worker.  In  1880 
tli(!  first  larg(!  sihool-house  was  built  in  Omu- 
louga.    It  was  used  as  a  church.    At  Christnias 


FINLAND  MISSIONARY   SOO. 


;573 


FISKE,  FIDELIA 


thiL'c  iHiys  laiiit'  to  1)1.'  biipli/cd,  mid  WriUUoliii 
sent  lliciii  to  the  Uliciiisli  .Missimi  stiitioii 
OiiiMiiiiii.  ill  llurcro.  I'Uiiiiiicii.  lliu  woiUrr, 
li;i(l  lii'cii  iIhtc  siiice  1HT4  iis  iiiis.-ioiiaiy  a^i'iit, 
liiit  lu'  liiid  to  Icavt;  Oviiiulioliuiil  Iiccmusu  the 
UiiiLT  waiili'd  liiiii  to  work  giiiluitously  as  u 
vniiisiiiilli  for  liim  and  liis  people.  In  ISSO  the 
liii.dil>'  educated  and  useful  SUflLMaiid  died. 
Kiiii!'  Ivaniliiindi  said.  "  .My  heart  ami  my  lii'ad 
is  full  of  tears;  I  eaiinol  speak.  He  was  my 
true  friend  and  helper,  and  I  shall  in-nirn  him 
all  my  life."  After  thirteen  years  Kiiii^  Kaiii- 
hundi  wanted  all  his  people  to  he  tautrht. 

In  1ST))  the  .Jesuits  <'ame  to.Olokonda,  and 
the  kiliLC  uave  Iheiii  permis.-ioii  to  slay,  hul 
they  went  farther  north,  near  Ovainholaiid.  and 
in  IMHJ  they  overreached  the  borders  of  the 
mission,  but  the  natives  drove  them  away.  In 
188:!,  Kinir  Kambunda  die<l,  and  his  successor, 
n  lively  younj;  man.  '.^."1  years  old,  named  (ii- 
tana,  was  irood  to  the  missionaries,  and  for- 
bade his  people  to  ico  on  with  their  old  habits. 
This  did  not  continue  lonir,  and  the  mission- 
aries had  to  stand  up  for  their  rii^hts.  In  spite 
of  many  disturbances  the  work  proirressed. 
At  last  the  kiiiij:  was  so  iin!  '"iidly  that  the 
missionaries  had  to  lly  ami  irive  up"  their  sta- 
tions. The  missionaries  lost  much  |ii  •.lerlybut 
were  enabled  to  save  soniethini^  by  tli,'  couiaLre 
of  the  native  converts,  who  stood  by  them  and 
linally  followed  them  into  exile,  to  the  joy  of 
the  missionaries.  'I'hey  said  they  would  rather 
leave  their  homes  than  miss  the  teachings  of 
the  .ffospel. 

Thi;re  are  nine  stations;  the  three  principal 
ones  being  Eliiu,  liehoboth,  imd  Bethel. 

FiiiiiiMli  VcrsifHi.— TheFiiuiish  language, 
belonging  to  the  Finnish  branch  of  the  rial- 
Altaic  family  of  languages,  is  spoken  in  Fin- 
land, whose  inhabitants  received  the  \e\v  Tes- 
tiinieiil  ill  their  language  in  1.")-IS.  The  transl.a- 
tion  was  uiade  by  .Michael  An'iicola.  IJisbop  of 
Abo.  Ill  I.Mltlle  I'salms,  translated  by  Paul 
Justin,  rector  at  Abo.  were  also  publis'hed  at 
Slockliolm.  An  edition  of  the  entire  Itible, 
translated  from  the  original  le.\ts,  was  published 
under  the  iiatron.auc  of  (^iieeii  Christina  be- 
tween l(i;!0-l(U9,  which  was  followed  by  other 
eilitions  in  l(i44,  IT.IS,  and  1770. 

Another  translation  of  the  entire  Bible  from 
the  original  texts  by  Ileniy  Florin  was  pub- 
lished at  Abo  ill  l(i.s!».  After  the  formation  of 
the  Finnish  Bible  Societj- at  Abo,  and  of  the 
Kiissian  Bible  Society  at  8t.  I'etersburg  in 
ISl'-i,  ilillereiit  edition's  of  the  entire  Bible  as 
Avell  as  of  the  N'ew  Testament  were  published. 
Besides  these  .societies,  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society  since  ISll  circiil.aled  the  Bible 
.•iniong  the  peojile  of  Finland,  ami  u|)  to  March 
lilst,  18«i). this  Society  disposed  of  G'.i7, 991  i>or- 
tioiis  of  the  Scriptures.  The  same  Society  issued 
in  1888  the  New  Teslameut  and  P.saliiis  in  Fin- 
nish and  SwedLsh. 

(Specimen  verse.    John  3  :  16.) 

€i(Ia  niin  011  3iiiiwl>i  mnilman  rafadnnuf,  etta'baii 
niiboi  biiiii'ii  ainonn  ^ciMnfa,  cttii  iofiiiitcn  fuin  iiftoo 
^wiirn  l)iiallriifij,  d  bitii  f)ut(uniaii/ imittatiiaafiiitfifcii 
fiftinon  fanmnn 

Flot,  a  dialect  of  the  Lower  Congo,  Africa. 
Trnuslations  of  some  chapters  of  Genesis  and 
some  of  the  Gospels  are  in  course  of  prepara- 


tion by  the  missionaries  of  the  American  Bap- 
list  Missionary  I'nion,  and  will  be  printeil  at 
the  expense  of  that  Society. 

I''ir«»/,|>iir  ( Fero/epore),  n  city  in  the  Pun- 
jab, South  India,  ."lO  miles  southeast  of  Lodi- 
jiiia.  It  is  ill  the  centre  id'  a  populous  disirict, 
ill  which  are  hundreds  of  villages.  A  mission 
station  of  the  I'lesbyteriali  Church  (North) 
(1SS',>).  During  the  cold  season  the  mission- 
aries go  from  village  to  village,  stopping  at  the 
public  inns,  where  the  men  gather  in  the  even- 
ing for  gossip,  and  preaching  and  talking  en- 
sues, ofttimes  until  miilniglit.  During  the  hot 
season  the  work  is  contined  to  preaching  in  the 
city,  where  singing  to  the  accompaniment  of 
an  organ  gathers  the  people  into  the  chapel, 
though  they  listen  rather  carelessly.  Medical 
work  is  a  proniiiient  feature  of  the  mission. 
The  hospital  has  been  patronized  by  patients 
who  come  many  miles,  anil  during  the  last 
year  10,(11)11  visits  are  recorded.  Tliere  are  1 
niissionary,  1  physician,  1  church,  0.")  members. 

FUki>,  Fidfliii,  b.  Shelbunie,  Mass..  U.  S. 
A.,  .May  1st,  181();  in  lb;U  was  a  pu|)il  and  theii 
teacher  at  .Ml.  Ilolyoke  F'eniale  Seniinary  v.itli 
.Miss  .Mary  iiyon,  partaking  largely  of  her  spirit. 
She  embarked  .March  1st,  18i:J,  foi  the  Nestorian 
.Mission  in  company  with  .Mr.  and  .Mrs.  I'eikins 
and  .Mar  Yoliiinnaii  (returniiiir  to  I'eisiai  and 
Messrs.  i).  T.  Stoddard,  K.  H  Bliss,  and  their 
wives,  and  ..Miss  C.  K.  .Myers,  reachinL''  Ohm)- 
miah  .June  14th  the  same  year.  After  laboring 
there  foiiiteeli  years,  impaired  health  coinpelled 
her  reliiin  to  the  L'niteil  Slates  in  18.")S.  .Mis.s 
Fiske  had  been  ])receded  in  educalional  <'ll'orts 
among  Nestorian  females  by  .Mrs.  Grant,  and 
afterwards  by  .Mr.  llolladay.  Dr.  Wright,  and 
ditl'ereiit  ladies  of  the  niission.  The  school 
established  had  been  thus  far  a  day-school,  but 
Miss  Fiski^  greatly  desired  to  make  it  a  boanl- 
ing-school,  and  by  much  ell'ort  the  prejudices 
of  the  people  were  overcome,  and  the  change 
was  eJl'ected.  In  two  years  the  day -scholars 
were  dropped  entirely.  In  184(i  the  iirst  great 
revival  connected  with  the  Nestorian  .Mission 
occurred,  and  the  indications  of  the  work  were 
liisi  witnessed  in  this  female  seminary.  W Om- 
en hitherto  had  not  come  niucli  to  Miss 
Fiske  for  religious  conversation  (tiioiigh  she 
had  gone  to  them),  but  now  "the  school  be- 
caiiie  a  centre  of  holy  intluence  for  the  wom- 
en.'' "The  seminary  was  thronged  with 
visitors,  who  desired  the  time  to  be  tilled  up 
with  religious  instruction."  "  The  teacher  who 
received  visitors  always  found  enough  to  do, 
both  by  day  and  by  "night;"  and  when  Miss 
Fiske  and  her  associate,  .Miss  l{ice,  went  to  ft 
village,  the  women  expected  to  be  called  to 
gelher  for  prayer,  and  when  they  returned  the 
visit,  sought  to  be  ])rayed  with  alone.  As  she 
was  about  to  leave  Oroomiah,  the  women  and 
girls  who  had  come  to  bid  her  farewell  asked; 
"Can  we  not  have  one  more  prayer-meeting 
before  you  go';*''  And  "  !May  it  not  be  in  thai 
Bethel!"— her  room.  Due  |)"etition  of  a  touch- 
ing ))rayer  on  that  occasion  was;  ".May  our 
teacher's  dust  never  mingle  with  a  father's 
dust  or  a  mother's  dust,  but  may  she  come 
back  to  us  to  mingle  her  dust  with  her  chil- 
dren's dust,  hear  the  trumpet  with  them,  and 
with  tlieni  go  up  to  meet  the  Lord  and  be  for- 
ever with  Ilim."  >Iany  touching  letters  she  re- 
ceived from  her  puiiils. 

After  her    return  to  the  United  States  she 


lii 


FISKI!,  TDDELIA 


874 


FOOCHOW 


I' 


was  ii.MluUy  (.'iiiplipyi'd  luldrcssinjr  Siiiuliiy- 
sflumls  mill  wonu'ii's  mi'flinus  ri'spccliiiL''  llic 
inissioii:iiy  wdik.  Slio  t'imii>lic(l  ilii'  iiiiiiciiMl 
in  gniil  nicMsiiii'  for  tin- woik  "WdiiiMii  mihI 
Ikt  SMviiiur  in  I'cisiii,"  assislfd  in  iircpiiriiiu'  ;i 
"  MiniiiriMl  111  .Mouiil  Ilulynkc  Scriiiiiiiry,  "  mihI 
111  I  lie  time  of  licr  ilciilli  wiis  ciiLiiiLrcd  upon 
"  Utiiuinscciict'S  (if  Mi>-s  Mary  Lyon.  "  .^losl 
(if  her  time  was  spciil  iil  Soiilli  lliidlcy,  and 
slit' was  actively  I'll iraircd  in  llic  iX'ligious  iii- 
slniilion  and  Iraiiiiiiiiof  llw  ]>upils.  A  Inislcc 
of  tlic  iii>tinili(iii  says:  "On  i('tiirnin>r  to  llic 
United  Slates  ,Miss  Fiske's  feelilij,'S  drew  lier 
to  the  lieloved  Seminary.  Her  position  tlierc 
was  entiiely  uiiolHeial.  '  She  desired  oiilv  the 
opporluiiily  of  aidinir  tlie  teaeliers  in  tlieir  re- 
sponsililc  (iiilies  as  spiritual  irnides  of  llieir  pu- 
pils. She  was  penni'.ted  to  close  lier  lalxus  on 
enrlli  bv  taking  |)art  in  tlnit  wonderful  revival 
wlneli  "left  lull  'M  of  the  ;54()  pupils  in  tlie 
.school  without  a  hope  in  Christ.  She  died  at 
the  house  of  her  hrother  in  Shelbume,  Jidy 
3Gth,  1S04. 

Flvo  l<>laiHl<«,  a  ch.'Uii  of  live  rocky  isUs 
■which  Mank  the  shore  of  a  |ieniiisulii  on  the 
I'xtreiiie  western  end  of  Antigua,  West  Indies. 
A  station  of  the  ^loravians;  1  school.  No  resi- 
dent ndnister  is  stationed  here,  hut  it  is  cared 
for  by  the  missionaries  at  St.  .lohn'.s  and  the 
other  stations. 

FloilliMll  VerNloil.— The  Flemish  belongs 
to  the  Teutonic  branch  of  tlii^  Aryan  langnage- 
family,  ai'd  is  used  in  Jielginm.  It  dillerH 
from  the  j)utch  chiclly  in  orthography  and 
proiuinciation,  and  owing,  |)erhaps,  to  tlie 
great  aseendancy  of  the  French  language  in 
Helgium,  has  adopted  many  French  winds. 
Ill  the  early  part  of  the  I'Mh  century,  .bicob 
von  Maerland  prepared  aversion  of  the  Bihle  in 
rhymes.  In  the  year  1477 a  translation  of  the  Old 
Testament,  witli  the  exception  of  tlie  I'salnis, 
was  piililishcd  at  Delft.  The  I'salnis  were  pnli- 
lished  in  14^(1  and  after.  In  \n\H  liartliol.  van 
Grave  published  at  Loiivain  and  Aiilwcrp  an 
edition  of  the  entire  Bihle,  which  was  reprinte(l 
ill  l.")','.").  .Jacob  van  Lisvelt  of  Antwerp  pnli- 
lished  in  l.")'JO  an  edition  made  from  Luther's 
version,  and  issued  in  1540  a  Uihliu  Iktijictt 
with  the  "  .'Igate  in  jiarallel  coluniiis.  \V. 
Vorslemann  of  Aiitwer])  iniblished  in  l.j"J8 
the  Old  'I'estanieiit.  and  the  Isew  'l'(.'stanient  in 
l.')2y,  l.-)31.  and  \').\\\.  An  editionof  the  entire  Bi- 
ble he  published  in  l."!;}!.  'I'hese  An!  wer))  Bibles 
were  often  issued  till  they  were  superseded  by 
a  new  translation  made  by  Nieolaus  van  Wingh, 
(h'aii  of  the  r.ouvaiii  I'niversily.  Wingh  pnh- 
lished  li..i  version,  Jirnhdiilino  idioiimli.  ac- 
rording  to  the  Vulgate,  with  the  aid  of  Peter  ile 
t'ort  and  (ioldevaert  Stryrode.  liislio|is  at  l,on- 
vain.  The  lirsl  eiliiioii  was  publislu  d  at  l,onvain 
and  Cologne  in  l.')48,  and  was  often  repriiiled. 
After  the  authorized  Vulgate  had  been  puli- 
lished,  some  ])rofessors  of  Louvain  revised 
Wingh's  translation,  which  revision  was  inib- 
lished  at  Antwerp  in  l.")!)!).  In  this  revised  form 
it  was  often  repulilished.  A  new  translation 
according  to  the  Vulgate  was  )>iil)lished  at 
I'trecht  in  1717,  for  Flanders  and  Brabant,  by 
^Egidins  de  Wit,  and  aiiotlier  at  Liege  by  A. 
van  der  Sehueren  in  17!i'.2  ('.!d  edition  174:!).  In 
1831  a  New  Testaineiit  translated  by  Manren- 
torf  was  published  at  Brns.sels.  with  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  Archhisliop  of  ]\Ialiiies;  also  an  edi- 
tion of    the   whole   Bible  from  the    Louvain 


edition  in  LWO.  In  1859  a  translation  of  the 
New  Testaineiit  made  liy  y\v.  Lipinaii,  a  law- 
ver,  was  puhli>lie(l  at  the  Hague.  A  new  trans- 
lation of  the  New  Testaineiit  by  I'rofessor  ,1. 
Th.  Beckr  of  I  "'"■•■in  liighlv  recoiiiiiK  iided  liy 
the  Belgic  eh  pulilished  in  ;i  vol.v.  at 

Lonvain,  bef  ,    18til).     Of  the  Old  Tes. 

lament,     Vr  deekr     published     I'salnis 

(IST.-^),  l'-'  .9).  Kcclesiastes  (IM.sO). 

The  V  1  Fcreign  Bible   Six  iely  since 

1835  1  editions  of  ihe  Bihle  IKnn  the 

most   c  .e.\t.      Ill  1H7(1  the    same    Society 

ordered.  .isionof  the  FKniish  New  Testa- 
ineiit, to  be  made  by  .M.  de  .loiige  and  ..M.  .Mat- 
Ihyeseii,  the  changes  being  limited  to  oilhog. 
rapliy  and  gi;iinniar.  'i'liis  edition  was  issued 
from  the  ]iress  in  lt^77.  At  the  same  lime  a  new 
translation  of  the  Flemish  New  Testament  from 
ll'.e  (Jreek  was  nnderlaken  by  the  same  Society, 
and  the  Hev.  de  .loiige  was  a'lthorized  to  pre|)are 
the  translation,  which  was  pulilished  in  l.ssh.  un- 
der the  care  of  Mr.  !Matthyeseii.  I'p  to  Mardi 
iil.st.  18H9,  Ihe  British  and"  Foreign  Bible  Soci- 
ety disposed  of  3(i8,075  iiortions  of  ihe  Serijv 
tu'res.  The  population  of  Belgium  in  18H7  was 
5,974,743,  of  whom  only  some  35,(100  inofessed 
Piotestnntism.  'I'liere  are  about  3,000  Jews. 
(Specimen  verse.     John  3  ;  16.) 

Want  alzoo  lief  hecff.  God  d6  wereld  gehad, 
dat  hij  zijufn  ceniggeboren  Zoon  gaf;  opdat 
alien,  do  in  hem  gclooven,  niet  verloren  wor- 
den,  maar  bet'ceuwigc  Icvcn  bebbcn. 

Florida  Version,— The  Florida,  which 
belongs  to  the  Melanesian  languages,  is  spoken 
in  Ihe  Soloinon  Islands.  A  liaiisljition  of  the 
four  (iosiiels  and  Ihe  Acts  of  the  Apostles  into 
this  language  was  published  liy  the  Society 
for  Promoting  Christian  Know  ledge  in  1887. 

F««C'liOM'  (Fuhehau),  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Fiihkien,  China,  situated  on  the 
river  Min,  34  miles  from  its  month,  is  one  of 
Ihe  treaty  ports  opened  in  l.'S43.  The  eily  is 
three  miles  from  the  north  bank  of  the  river, 
and  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  30  feet  high,  12 
feet  thick,  and  5  miles  in  eireumfereiiee,  pierced 
by  7  gates.  Between  the  city  and  the  river, 
oil  the  island  of  Naiitai  and  on  Ihe  south  bank 
of  the  Min,  lie  the  e.\Iensive  suburbs,  while 
the  river  is  tilled  with  a  large  aquatic  iiopuln- 
lion.  A  long  stone  bridge  connects  the  two 
banks.  On  Pagoda  Island,  3  miles  down 
the  river,  is  the  Foochow  Arsenal.  The  tea 
trade  is  second  in  importance  only  to  llnu  of 
Shaiiiihai.  The  value  of  the  imports  of  all 
kinds  ill  18S8  w-is  over  if 4,. 500, 000,  and  the  ex- 
ports i«1 1.. 50(1. 000.  'I'lie  popnlalion  is  estimated 
at  (130,000.  Mis,sion  station  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 
(l.'<4());  7  inissionaiies  and  wives,  5  female  mis- 
sionaries, 33  native  heliiers,  33  out-stations,  10 
churches,  403  members,  3  schools,  3.50  scholars. 
Medical  work  was  begun  in  1S7,S,  and  the  hos- 
pital is  now  accomplishing  much  .i;'ood,  not 
alone  in  Fo  lehow,  but  far  up  the  hanks  of  the 
!Miii  the  jieople  are  benetiled,  healed,  and  in- 
structed. First  station  of  the  Methodist  Ejiisro- 
pal  Church  in  China  (1S47).  It  is  now  the  seat 
of  Ihe  l-'oochow  I'liiversily,  willi  its  Anglo-Chi- 
nese College  and  Medical  Deiuirtnieiil.  while 
the  mission  press  iirinted  during  the  year  1889 
15,,503,504  pages.  In  the  Foochow  district  are 
8  stations.  5  missionaries  and  assistant  mission- 
aries, 5  female  missionaries,  13  native  ordained 


FOOOHOW 


870 


FORD,  JOSHUA  EDWARDS 


prciichcrs,  ;i()l  cliur(  li  incnilicrs,  10  dn^- schools, 
170  scliolur.s,  11  SiiMmllischools,  ;)!>.")  Siililiiilli- 
scholurs.  (,',  .M,  S.  (1850);  ilicoloiricul  collcj,'!', 
yo  sluili'iits,  1  l)(mr(liii!j;-scli(inl.  lit  sHidciits,  J 
luissioiiurics  iiiul  wives,  I!  ti'iimlc  iiiissioii!iri<s 
(('.  Iv  Z.  M.  S.i,  1  jifiils'  lioiirdiiiir-sclLool,  1 
chiircli,  r)i)ciiiiuiiuiii(iiTiis,  ;' scliools,  I'jo  sclio!- 
nrs.  From  is.")!)-.")'^  ihc  liisi  C'liii>iiiiii  mission 
of  tin'  S\viMli>li  Cliiinli  WHS  cairiL'cl  on  in  lliis 
cily,  l>ul  woiU  \\  :is  Mi'.pfiiik'd  on  iiccoiinl  of  llu; 
ill'lu'iillli  of  ilif  mis>i(inai'y. 

F«»4>«-li«>«t'  4'ollo4|iiial  ^'rrNUtii.— The 

Foocliow  colJiKiniul  diiiic'i-l  of  iliu  ( 'hinof  is  spo- 
ken in  Foocliow  iind  ils  nciirliliorliood.  A  tr:ins- 
lalioii  of  ilif  Xcw  Tcstanicni  iiil(j  this  diali'cl 
was  niailc  liy  I  lie  Ucv.  \V'.\V<llon  of  tin'  Cliurcli 
Missionary  Socii'ly.  and  was  pid))ishcd  in  1M.")0. 
In  llic  sanw  year  anotliiT  lianslalion,  made  liy 
till!  Hcv.  L.  15.  I'fcl,  WHS  also  pnl>lislii'd.  A. 
third  translation,  the  joint  work  of  the  Revs. 
Alaclay,  (Jihson.  ISaldwin,  and  Hart  well,  was 
piililislicd  l)V  the  American  Hibic  isocictv  in 
1860.  At  tlic  iwincst  of  the  Hcv.  H.  \V.  Slew- 
art,  supported  hy  the  Cluireli  Missionary  So- 
ciety, tin;  British  and  ForoiLTti  iiilile  Society  pnh- 
lished  in  IS.Sl  ati  edit  ion  of  the  (lospel  of  John, 
in  the  Hoin.'in  character.  This  part  was  well 
received,  ami  the  entire  NewTcstament  in  1,000 
copies  was  published  in  the  same  character  in 
1HH8,  under  the  editorsliip  of  .Mr.  Stewart,  at 
London.  Of  the  Old  Testanienl  the  L'l'eatest 
part  has  been  translated  by  American  missiona- 
ries, and  published  by  the  .Vmciican  Bible  So- 
ciety. In  1887  a  revision  committee  was  formed, 
consistin'.;  of  American  and  Knjilish  mission- 
aries. The  books  as  revised  will  be  J)rilite(l 
\inder  the  care  of  the  Kev.  \.  ,1.  Flumb  of  the 
Atnerican  .Methodist  Episcopal  .Mission,  and 
the  cost  of  printiiifr  and  bindiiij;  will  be  shared 
by  the  American,  tiiid  the  Hrilish  and  Foreifrn 
Bible  Societies,  in  i)roporlion  to  the  copies  taken 
hy  each  Society. 

{Specimen  verse.    Johu  3  :  16.) 


1  i 


Forlirii,  .\ii<it>ri»<tii  Oliver,  son   of  the 

nn— ionaiy  Cochran  I'oibrs.  b,  .\pril  1-lth,  18;{3, 
near  Kealak  kiia  Itay.  Hawaii;  c.ime  to  the 
L'niteil  .Stales  in  181"' for  edncaiion ;  j.'raduated 
\Va>hin.i:ioii  ('olle;.'<'.  i'a.,  18.'>;!.  and  I'rinceton 
TheoIoL'ical  .Seminary,  18"i8;  ordained  in  I'hila- 
dilpbi.i  .May  "»lli,  1>*'>X;  sailed  Ihi'  IoIIowIiil' An- 
LMi>t.  a  mi^>ionary  of  the  .V.  15.  ('.  F.  .M.,  for  tlii! 
Sandwi<h  l»l:inds,  rcachiiii!-  Iliiuolillu  Septi  in- 
ber  Itllh.  ih^  >;inie  year.  He  died  .suddenly  at 
Color.ido  SpriiiL's  in  Colorado,  .liil\  Hih.  IJ'88, 
while  on  a  ti-mporary  vi-it  to  thi'  I'liiled  Slates. 
"  He  had  more  than  ordinary  drifts  a>  a  public 
speaker,  often  ri>in;x  to  eloiiucnce,  and  moved 
with  dei'p  emotion.  His  pastoral  labors  were 
repeatedly  llle^^ed  by  joyful  revivals  and  in- 
jratheriiif;  of  souls.  He  had  rare  siaial  (piali- 
ties,  chariniiiij;  in  conversation,  both  by  natural 
wit  and  widi'  and  cultivated  intellijicnce,  also 
bv  a  native  tact  in  wimiiiiL' attention  ;iiid  rej,'ard. 
lie  was  personally  very  po|iular  anions'  n.ilives 
and  whites.  He  w.is  intimately  aci|uainted  with 
Hawaiian  m<Mles  of  ihouLdil,  and  wiis  one  of 
onr  best  authorities  on  Hawaiian  customs  and 
antiipiities.  as  well  as  on  the  uiceties  of  the  Ha- 
waiian laiiL'uaL'e." 

Forln's  4'orliruii,  b.  Goshen. Chester  Co., 
Pa.,U.S.A.,.Jiily,Mst.  180ri;  frradualed  at  Prince- 
ton Theoloirical  Seminary  is;{l;  ord.iined  the 
same  yejir  by  Presbytery"  of  Philadelphia,  and 
.sailed  s(H)n  after  as  a  iiMssionary  of  the  .V.  B.  C. 
F.  M.  for  the  Sandwich  Islands.  He  was  stationed 
at  Kealakekua  ls;i;5-4ri,  when,  on  account  of  the 
ill-healti'  of  .Mrs.  Forbes,  he  rcsiirned  the  pastor- 
ate, and  became  Seamen's  chaplain  til  Lahaiiia 
until  1847.  He  then  returned  to  the  liiited 
St.ites.  He  was  ))asiorof  the  united  churches 
of  Cl.iih'  Knn  and  IJiiral  Valley  from  1848  to 
is.-di.  From  lM.57  to  isii.')  he  was  pastor  of  the 
church  at  Kend.illville.  Ind.  He  supplied  other 
churihcs  till  l.>j7'J.  In  IsT;!  he  accepted  the 
chaplaincy  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospiial.  Phila- 
delphia, which  ]>osiiion  he  occupied  till  hi.s 
death  in  ls'80,  ai^ed  7")  years.  He  was  a  faithful 
missionary  to  tlie  heathen,  and  at  home  an  ac- 
ceptable i)aslor.  He  is  said  to  have  been  "  es- 
pe<ially  Useful  as  chaplain  in  the  hospital.  His 
kind  and  irentle  ways,  his  cheerini;'  and  conifort- 
iui:  words,  won  idl  hearts;  while  his  attractivo 
and  ireni.al  character  secured  for  him  the  resjiect 
and  conlidence  of  all  his  Christian  brethren.  " 

F««r<l,  JoaIiiiii  KduardM,  b.  Oi^dens- 
hur'.di.  X.  Y..  L'.  S.  A..  Auirust  :!(1.  \s-ir>-  i;radu- 
ated  at  Williams  Collejre  1844,  and  liiion  Theo- 
loirical Seminary,  New  Yori..  1S47;  ordained 
September  of  sami- year:  .sjiiled  for  Smyrna.  De- 
cember 'J'.tih,  1H47.  lo  join  the  Syri.i  .Mission, 
rea<hini:  Beyriuil  in  the  e.irly  s])riiiL''.  He  wa.s 
stationerl  at  Aleppo  for  seveji  ye.irs.  The  state 
of  relii.'ious  in(|iiirv  at  Mosul,  then  without  a  inis- 
.sionarv.  induced  him  to  leave  his  family  al  Alep- 
po, and  make  the  Ioiil'  and  ti>ilsome  jouriu'V  to 
that  pl.iee.  where  he  spent  the  winter  of  IM49-50. 
Keturnin;:  to  Aleppo  in  the  spriiiir  hi'  contin- 
ued his  labors  aiiion'.'-llie  Arabs  and  Armeiiian.s, 
studyinir  the  Turkish  laiiiruaire.  the  Armenians 
beiii'-'-  mostly  i:naci|uaiiUed  with  Arabic.  In 
18.").^  it  was  arriin>re(l  that  he  should  remove  to 
Beyrout.  After  the  arrival  of  Drs.  Thomson 
and  Van  Dvck,  Iieioimil  Mr.  Edilyat  theSidon 
and  Hasbeiya  station  in  IS.'JH.  liiiy  after  day 
found  him  ou  hors^'back.  makhiir  the  lonir  and 
tedious  rides  to  visit  the  churches  of  Kaua, 
Alma,  .Mcrj-Ayum,  and  IIa.sbeiya.     During  the 


FORD,  JOSHUA   EDWARDS 


370 


FORMOSA 


times  succccdiiii;  tlic  nmssncrcs  of  1H(!(I  lie  re- 
iiiiivriHvitli  his  rmnilylii  lii'Vi'imt.  rciiiiiiTiiiiL'  I  wo 
liKiiillis  lor  pcrxiiiMl  --iirciv.  Mild  llicii  icliiriit'il 
til  lii-i  sliilidii.  Itcsiilc-  lii>  iiiis«i(iii:iiy  wmU,  lie 
was  ()C(U|)i(il  in  (•iiiiiiciiidii  wiili  ilic  Aiijrlo- 
Aincriciin  Hciii'lCoiiuiiillcc  finllic  iclici' of  llii' 
sulVciiii;;  iliiiii^Miiils  ilrivcii  I'idiii    ilicir  iioincs, 

tlllil  i's:m1I((I  ll'i'lll  llli'  Illlissucrcs  III'  l.rliillKHI 
ami  lliinion.  In  iSOl  Mr.  Kunl  ivimivrd  wiili 
liis  fiiniilv  liiiiii  Sidciii  III  ilif  viiliiLii'  <>\'  Dtir 
jMiiiiiis.  to  liiiil<  iil'iir  llir  cliiirciics  in  iIimI  rc- 
(liiin.  Mild  devoir  inoie  lime  In  llu'  liMiniiiir  of 
iiMiive  cMiididMies  lorijie  iiiiiii-irv.  Duiini;  iIimI 
wiiiler  lie  Mild  his  t'Miiiilv  MilTeied  iiiiieii  Iroiii 
the  iiiMlMriMi  winds  of  llie  ImUi'.  In  .Mny,  lSli.">, 
liy  the  iiiL'iiii  Milvice  of  |ihysieiMiis,  ,Mr.  Ford 
SMiled  Willi  his  iMiiiily  for  Ihe  I'liiled  SlMles, 
reMchinir  New  \vvk  in  Aiiunsi.  llMvini:  s|ieiii 
jiMll  of  llie  Miiliiiiiii  iimoiii:  llie  ehiirehesof  New 
Kii^ImihI,  he  Willi  to  (ieneseo.  III.,  where  he  re- 
sided until  his  (leMlli,  Aiiril  ii<l,  ISGd,  from  iii- 
tliininiMtion  of  the  liinus.  'riioiiLih  not  mIiIi!  to 
say  liiueh  diirinu'  his  iast  illness,  lie  left  a  iiies- 
saire,  pari  of  \\  hieli  we  Liive.  As  his  disease  lay 
heavy  upon  him,  he  suddenly  mused  himseli', 
mid  .said  with  i^reat  emiihasis:"  "'I'ell  the  Chris- 
tian  youni;  men  of  Aineriea  thai  the  respoiisi- 
liilitv  of  sMvinn-  the  world  rests  on  them." 
"  Ills  knowledi;!'  of  Aniliie  was  tliorouirh,  and 
lie  iiiiild  use  it  with  power  in  prcMehili.Li;  as  well 
lis  ill  eonversatioii.  At  .\le|ipiilie  devoted  some 
time  to  the  'I'lirliisli,  and  w  as  alile  to  use  it  to 
nilvaiita^re  aiiionu'  the  AinieiiiMiis  of  that  city. 
His  mind  was  loLiieal,  his  judnnieiit  sound,  and 
his  views  enlarged." 

INiroitfii  fiiri<>liiiii  lli<>*<ioiiar,v  Sov\- 

el  J', — Headi|Uai'lers,  Smil  Invest  corner  Fifth 
and  Walnut  streets.  Cineiiinati,  Ohio,  T.  S.  A. 
The  Foreiiiii  ('hri-lian  .Missionary  Society  was 
or::;iiii/.eil  liy  the  iliiirclns  of  the  Disciples  of 
Christ,  ill  Louisville,  Kentucky,  in  the  year  IHt't. 
Its  oliject  is  to  make  disciples  of  all  nations,  and 
to  teach  them  to  oliserve  all  tliimrs  whatsocMT 
Christ  has  eominaiided;  the  liist  intention  was 
to  preach  Christ  only  where  lie  had  not  lieeii 
named,  liill  circumstMiices  lid  Ui  the  comineiiee- 
liieiit  of  iis  work  ill  Denmark.  A  yoiini;  Dane 
who  had  been  converted  in  this  country  was  at 
his  own  request  .sent  (in  l><i()|  to  l;dior  ainoiii.r 
his  countrymen.  As  he  has  o]i|i()it unity,  ln^ 
visits  Norway  and  Sweden,  also,  'riie  Soci- 
ety was  led  to  its  second  lielil,  'rurkey,  by  a 
vounir  Armenian  who  had  fniuid  his  way  to 
l)allas,  Texas;  he  was  convened  there,  and  an 
uiniiieiichalile  desire  spraiii;'  up  in  his  heart  to 
return  to  Turkey  and  preach  Christianity  to  his 
own  iH'ople.  He  was  si  iit  to  Turkey  in  1^79, 
and  lieiranwork  in  Coiistaiitinoiile.  Twoolhers 
have  been  sent  out  since,  and  are  at  work  in 
Marsivan  and  Marasli.  Native  helpers  are  em- 
ployed in  I5aidi/M,L',  Smyrna,  Sivas,  Zarali, 
Antioch,  liiiidjik,  IlajiKeiii,  Chaishambah 
KapouKaya,  and  Aiiitab.  Work  was  enm- 
nieiiced  in  India  in  ISSi.  Four  .stations  have 
been  established  in  the  central  iirovinecs,  at 
Hiirda,  Bilaspiir,  ^Miinncli,  and  Chapa. 

In  18.Si  work  was  comineiKcd  in  .laiian. 
There  are  now  two  stations,  at  Akita  and 
Shoiiai. 

Work  was  begun  in  China  in  1884,  and  .sta- 
tions have  been  eslablislied  at  Nankin,  Chu 
Chen,  Wuhu.  and  Shannhai.  By  rcipiest  and 
at  the  cost  of  an  Fnjrlisii  fientlemaii,  nii.ssidiia- 
ries  have  been  sent  toKuglaml,  and  are  currying 


on  work  ill   London,   Liverpool,   SoiitliMmpton, ■ 
ChelleliliMiii,  Mild  Mirkeiihead. 

.Mclhodsof  uork  lolliiwcd  are:  preacbiiifi  at 
the  stations  and  tliroiiiihoul  the  mi!  iMininii  terri- 
tory; distribiition  of  Sciipliires  and  other  (  liiis- 
lian  llteiatuie;  iraiiiiiig  iiMlivc  paslors  and 
teachers;  medical,  zenana,  day  and  SiimlMy 
school  work. 

The  W'liiiiaii's  I'o.iril  of  this  Church  is  .mh 
independent  oiLiani/Mlion,  and  CMiries  on  a  work 
of  its  own  ill  IiiiIIm  and  .iMinMica;  its  receipts  are 
not  included  in  the  receipts  of  the  general  soci- 
ety. 

Keceiitly  funds  have  been  raised  by  the  slii- 
dents  of  three  of  the  eollenes  of  the  Disciples  of 
Christ  III  send  one  of  their  own  number  to  llie 
mission  ticld. 

ForoiBii  l'^viiiit;t>li;fali<>ii  MtioU'ty.— 

Seeretarv,  |{ev.  Horace  Noel,  Woking- Surrey, 
Fnglanil.  This  Soeiely  sprang  from  one  that 
was  founded  at  tlie  time  of  tlie  Franco  (Jeriiian 
war  in  luTO-Tl,  the  object  of  which  was  to  raisi! 
funds  in  behalf  of  some  of  the  Christiaii  iiistitii- 
tions  which  were  then  in  dMiiger  of  colliipse. 
After  the  war,  the  readiness  of  the  iieople  in 
France  and  elsewhere  to  hear  the  (iospel,  and 
the  success  of  llie  Mc.Ml  Mini  other  evaiigeli/a- 
tion  missions,  led  to  the  decision  that  the  Vor- 
eigii  KvMiigeli/alioii  Society  should  be  continued, 
Mild  tliMl  wliMtever  funds  it  could  collect  should 
be  devoted  to  the  Mid  of  loeal  missions,  coin  I  net  ed 
by  individuals.  This  work  the  l-'oreign  Aid 
Soeiely,  which  has  existed  for  iiiMiiy  years,  is 
unable  to  do,  being  bound  by  its  constilution  to 
bestow  all  its  funds  upon  evangeli/atioii  soci- 
eties and  natioiiMl  I'rotesianI  churches  on  the 
coiitineiil. 

The  Foreign  lOvaiigeli/Mtion  Society  transmits, 
as  desired,  subscriptions  given  for  special  l>ur- 
jiiises;  its  general  fund  is  distributed  by  tlie 
Coinmitlee  at  its  discretion. 

I'orilHum.— The  island  of  Formosa  is  part 
of  the  province  of  Fuhkieii  in  Cliina.  It  lies 
between  lalitilile  '^l  'i.i  'M  north  and  laliluile 
','.■")  ;i;!'  north.  mIioiii  !H)  miles  from  llie  inainland 
of  China,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Straitsof  Forniiisa.  Its  total  length  from  north 
to  south  is  'j;i5  miles,  and  its  greatest  width  is 
about  .SO  miles.  'I'liroiigh  the  centre  of  the 
island  runs  a  chain  of  mountains,  oi,  etich  side 
of  which  are  well-wooileil  slopes.  The  coasts 
are  rocky  and  iininviliiig,  witli  few  good  har- 
bors. The  climate  is  in  general  more  salubri- 
ous than  that  of  the  opposite  mainland.  Coal, 
salt,  sulphur,  petroleum,  and  camphor  are  l\u'. 
natural  iiroducls.  Tea  is  the  principal  agriciill- 
iiral  product,  though  sugar,  rice. tobacco,  indigo, 
maize,  and  potatoes  are  also  raised  in  the  fenile 
valleys.  So  abundant  is  the  growth  of  rice  that 
the  island  liMs  lieeii  cmIIciI  "the  giMiiMiy  of 
CliiiiM."  The  iMinfall  is  very  Iieavy,  aiur  the 
vegetation  and  fauna  are  those  of  tropical  lands. 

The  inhabitants  are  of  three  classes  — the  Chi- 
nese iiiimigrants,  the  civili/ed  aborigines  and 
the  iiiicivili/eil  ones.  'I'lie  Chinese  are  from  the 
Aiiioy  district  and  some  Hakkas  from  Swatow. 
The  aborigines,  who  have  adopted  in  ]iart  the 
customs  of  the  Chinese,  are  called  I'e-pahwan 
or  I'e])pohoans.  while  the  untamed  .savages  are 
ealleil  Che-hwan.  These  natives  are  part  of  the 
^lalay  stock,  and  are  broken  up  into  many 
tribes  and  elans.  Physically  they  are  of  middle 
iieiglit,  muscular  and  broad-chesied,  large  eyes, 
round  foreheaii,  broiul  nose,  and  large  inoiith. 


FORMOSA 


877 


lirs 
lliiili' 

mil 
y  I  lie 
Morlli 
Hi  is 
f  I  ho 
li  side 
(•ousts 
I  liiir- 
lulii-i- 

Coill, 
re  tlio 
licult- 
iiilijro. 

iVniit; 
■(•  tlml 

nv  of 
1(1    tlio 

lands. 
ic  C'lii- 
•s  mid 

(111  the 

WiltoW. 

ul  llic 
iwiin 
res  iiiL' 
I  oC  the 
iniiiiy 
iniddli' 
re  cyi's, 
mouth. 


:i  I 


FRAZER,  EDWARD 


Tlicy  lire  ri'iniirltidilc  for  tlicir  liircr  linnds  and 
fct'l.  'I'licir  liiniruiii;!'  |)o,sscsm's  no  \\  rilicn  clmr 
nclcrs,  l>ul  iliiTi' nil-  iniiTiy  diidi'cis  In  iIkmIIs. 
Irict  of  I'osiii  alone  ciiilil  inliiilv  ditlVri'iil  dia- 
Ictis  Imvc  liccn  iccoiini/ed.  'i'lic  social  conili 
IJoM  of  till'  nalivcs  i<  vi'iy  low.  'I'liey  nic  nol  so 
irivcn  lo  deceit  ami  Iriekery  us  llie  Cliinesi',  and 
lire  more  tolerant  o''  rorei;;ners,  liiit  lliey  ai'ca 
lierce  mill  warlike  i  oiile,  ami  lierce  lends  are 
conuiioii  ainoni;'  llieii..  The  skulls  of  the  foes 
Ihev  have  killed  are  part  ol  llic  ornainenis  of 
their  hills.  'I'atlooin;;  is  universally  |iiaclised. 
'I'lie  wiPiiii'ii  do  a  ;;real  |iarl  of  llie  work  in  Ihe 
tields  as  well  a.s  Ihiit  cd'  the  llonVe,  In  some 
in^l.inces  womi-u  hiive  lielil  thu  iioNJtion  of  chief 
of  (he  Irihe. 

The  ( 'liinese  claini  jiirisdiclioii  over  the  island, 
Vint  Ihat  pari  which  constiliiles  the  deparlnienl 
of  Taiwan  is  composed  mainly  of  llu^  weslerii 
.slope  of  Ihe  island,  neiriiinini;  iil  the  north  the 
principal  cities  of  iinporimice  are  Kelniiir,  ti 
Iri'aty  jiort,  where  the  I'oal  mines  are  worked; 
Tanisui,  miotlier  treaty  port  on  llii'  river  of  tlml 
name,  is  one  of  Ihe  few  harliors— it  has  a  popul.i- 
tion  of  UMI.dOO;  Haiijikii.  furlher  up  Ihe  river, 
is  mi  important  commerciid  lown;  'I"ek-cliam  is 
on  the  hinliway  which  runs  from  HaiiLcdva  to 
I'an^liaii  in  the  soulli,  and  is  the  head  of  the 
Tanisui  dislrici  with  it  population  of  ;!0,()"(). 
Chiiin^dicoi  is  the  second  city  in  Ihe  i'.land,  with 
11  poimlation  of  sixty  or  eiuhty  thousand;  Tai- 
wan is  the  capital,  and  a  treaty  port— it  w;is 
once  llu;  Dutch  settlement  of  Zealanilia;  Takow, 
anolher  of  the  treaty  ports,  is  siluiited  on  the 
coast  in  lalitude  2'.i  ;iT  north.  Many  oilier  set- 
tlements conlainiiiL;  several  Ihoilsaiidsof  people 
lire  found,  and  the  entire  populalion  of  the 
island  is  estimated  at  l..")(IO,0(l(l. 

The  island  of  Forinosi  was  known  to  tin' 
Chinese  lU  an  early  date.  In  MHO  ad.  I'lni- 
gralion  to  it  was  recorded.  In  Ki'Jl  the  Dutch 
Imilt  11  fort,  Zealaiulia,  at  the  i)lace  where  now 
slaiiils  T.'iiwan,  and  their  power  was  mainlaineil 
for  thirty-seven  years.  In  KiSJ  the  jiower  of 
the  Kmperor  Kaiiij  Hi  was  reeou:ni/cd,  and  since 
llieii  it  has  formed  a  part  of  \\w.  Chinese  i'.in- 
l)ire,  thouirh  outbreaks  on  the  pari  of  the  abo- 
ri,i,diies  are  common.  The  treaty  of  Tientsin, 
18(>0,  oi)eiieil  tln^  island  to  European  commerce, 
and  Korniosa  tea  is  now  found  the  world  over. 

UlissioilK.—'VUi'  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Eiiirlmid  (see  article)  commenced  mission  work 
on  the  island  in  lHO:i.  The  I'resbylerian 
Chnreh  of  Canada  (sec  article)  hits  taken  the 
northern  jiarl  of  the  island  for  its  lield.  The 
liomaii  Catholics  have  also  a  mission  which 
dales  from  \i<'id. 

Within  Ihe  last  ten  yeans  the  prospects  of  the 
civiliziition  of  the  island  are  rapidly  beeomiiiiij 
brighter,  as  the  island  is  becoininu-  more  and 
more  Chinese  in  its  nature,  while  the  Chinese 
government  is  building  telegraph  lines  and 
iniinoving  Ihe  means  of  communication.  The 
friendliness  of  its  jieople,  and  ils  temperate  cli- 
mate make  it  ii  most  promising  lield  for  mis- 
sionary endeavor. 

ForiiiONtiii  Version.— The  Fonnosan 
belongs  to  the  ^lalaysian  language,  mid  is 
.spoken  in  Ihe  island  of  Formosa,  i  n  the  ( 'hinii  Sea. 
The  earliest  elTorts  to  Christianize  the  island 
were  made  about  the  year  1024,  when  Dnteh 
ministers  landed  there.  In  1047  a  missionary 
named  Daniel  Gravins  landed  there  and  re- 
mained for  four  years.     Having  returned  to  his 


nntlvooountry,  he  conimeneed  ii  translaiion  of 
till'  New  'I'esianieni  iniothe  Formosaii,  mid  the 
(iospel  of  Mallhew  into  Ihe  Siiikaiig  dialeet 
was  published  in  1001.  While  the  book  was  in 
liress,  I'"oniiosa  w  as  invaded  by  (  liinese  rebels, 
and  the  aboiiginal  converls  were  exlerminated. 
Again  a  period  id'  hi  nlheii  gloom  coiiliiiiied  for 
','(1(1  years,  till  IHil,"),  whin  Ihe  riesbylerian 
Church  of  Knglanil  established  a  mission  among 
the  Chinese-speaking  people  of  Formosa.  The 
Uev.  Willi.'ini  Campbell,  one  of  the  missiona- 
ries at  Taiwanfii,  Ihe  cMpilal  of  Formosa,  con- 
ceived Ihe  happy  idea  of  arousing  interest  in 
Ihe  work  by  lepriiiling  the  Duieh-Fonnosan 
version  id' Mallhew  made  bydravius,  from  an 
only  copy  existing  in  the  university  library  at 
Li'Vden.  The  (iospel  was  issued  at  London 
(TrUbner  \,  Co.),  1S89. 

I''«>iira<-arlali,  a  stalion  of  the  We.sleyan 
jMissionaiy  Society,  near  Kapoto.  the  caiiital  of 
Linibii,  Sierra  Leone,  West  Africa,  founded 
in  1H80  ;  has  O.'i  churcli-niembers,  04  catechu- 
mens, and  l,.')l)()  eoniing  to  hear  the  sermons. 
Two  Gospels  have  been  liansluled  into  Ihe 
Limba  language.  When  Ihe  king  died,  the 
heir  apparent,  l.,almi,  refu.sed  the  crown  to  tie- 
vote  himself  to  missionury  work. 

Fray  lli>iilON,a  town  on  tin-  I'rngiiay  Hiver, 
Uriigiiav,  South  America,  50  miles  fnin  its 
mouth;  IS  the  headquarters  forcerlain  celebrated 
ineal-exlraeting  oiieralions.  Stalion  of  the 
South  American  Missionary  Society;  1  chinch, 
1  missionaiy,  10  communicants,  1  school,  mid  a 
jmrsonage. 

Fray.iT,  Fdward.— Appointed  nsmi.ssion- 
ary  to  Dominica,  under  the  Fnglish  Wesleyan- 
.Methodist  Missionary  Society,  1828.  To  use 
his  own  Words,  he  says:  "I  am  wliat  is 
called  a  colored  person  and  a  bondman,  said  to 
have  been  liorn  in  the  island  of  liarbtidoes, 
towards  the  close  of  Ihe  year  17!I8."  From  his 
youth  lip  he  was  favored  in  being  owned  by  a 
kind-hearted  man,  who  allowed  him  to  ])iirsue 
his  educalion  as  best  he  could  without  hinder- 
ance.  He  was  early  taught  by  his  mistress  to 
read  and  write,  and  at  the  age  of  tweiily-live  he 
had  mastered  the  first  six  books  of  Euclid,  read 
the  writings  of  Locke  and  most  of  the  slandavd 
divines  of  the  Cliurch  of  Ihigland.  His  love  of 
study  kept  him  secure  from  many  of  the  evil 
intluenees  by  which  he  was  siirrouiuled.  He 
siiys,"l  can  thankfully  trace  Ihe  preventing 
grace  of  God  in  many  things."  l-^'rom  a  gentle- 
man visiling  in  the  family  he  received  many 
lasting  religious  impressions,  and  was  slimu- 
laled  liy  conversiition  with  his  young  master, 
who  was  a  student  at  O.xford  He  had  read  the 
lives  of  some  of  Ihe  saints,  and  was  struck  with 
the  resemblance  Ihey  bore  to  the  Jlethodisls. 
The  dealh  of  a  brother  of  his  master,  who  had 
taught  him  bookkeeping,  turned  his  attention 
pmMicnlarly  to  serious  things.  There  was  no 
coinmunily  of  ^lelliodists  where  he  was.  so  he 
went  lo  the  station  at  Haniilion  (1819)  and 
visited  'Mr.  and  ^Irs.  Sulclifre,  missionaries 
there.  Herewith  them  he  received  ('hristian 
love  and  advice.  Two  years  later  he  was  a 
class-leader,  and  through  the  sanction  of  Jfr. 
Dunbar  lie  held  prayer-meetings  among  the 
uncouvcrled  colored  people.  He  .soon  read 
plain  sermons  to  them,  and  when  at  la.st, 
through  Ihe  advice  of  Mr.  Dunbar,  he  tried  to 
preach,  his  whole  soul  seemed  filled  with  "  di- 


fTfr. 


I 


FRAZBR,  SDWARD 


a;  8 


FRSBWILIi  BAFTI8T  MI8B.    SOC. 


vine  iiMciioii."  Willi  the  axhlHliiiicc  of  Mr.  Cox 
he  licptn  siilihci  Ijilions  Uir  llu^  l)iiil(liii;r  ot'  a 
('liii|>('l,  wliicli  iiliir  -nine  (li'liiy  wnx  iiiciiin 
plislii  il.  lit'  UiisiilH'c  I  ill  ri  (I  I  I  lie  |iiiNiliiili  of  riil- 
<'rlii><l  III  III!'  Cliuri  II  nl'  Kiif.'liiiHl.  Iiiii  ilct'liiii'il, 
a.s  il  wiiiild  iiiviilvc  lii>  ('iiiiiii(i|iali(iti,  wliicli 
would  M|iariili'  liilil  llum  tlie  socicly  In  wiiicli 
111' lirl<iiim(l  unci  |irivt'iil  liis  inililicly  iiililiosiiiu' 
tiic  .slavcM.  'i'lir  riiiiiiiiilli-i' iliil  Mill  nst  t'oiilciil 
Avitli  lliis  rcliisal,  iiml  wislnil  l,iiii  to  cnlii'  tliu 
Iiiiliittliy,  Mini  |iiii|>os*'(l  liiiii  lo  llic  t'onlt  ri'iicr 
a.s  a  ir;;ulai'  inis.siiniar}',  it'  lii.s  ina.itcr  would 
grnu\  liiiii  IiIh  ri'i'i'doiii. 

Ills  a|i|i1i<'alioii  lo  llir  niiiiinilli'i'  is  thiinic- 
tci'i/.cd  liy  llninoMi  t'liiislliUc  sclf-dciiicclalloii, 
and  Ills  ;;cnllcncss  and  inrrkmssarc  inaiiilCstcd 
pai'ticulai'ly  in  Ills  |i(is|ii<>M  as  lioinlMiian  ;  for 
iiu  siiys,  "l  know  iiol  l.ow  lo  i'\(  use  a  wlUliiu'- 
ii('s.s  to  leave  my  iniistcr  and  his  I'liiiiily,  until 
your  verdict  ini,u:lit  make  my  <iill  to  liijrher  du- 
ties uiiijiiestionalile. "  ills  (erlllieale  of  inniui' 
mission  was  sent  to  tlie  eomiuitlec  liy  l<'.  I.ijrlit- 
l)ourne,  Ksi).,  Ills  imlile  and  iiidul_ij;enl  master, 
•' without  fee  or  reward."  in  no  aecouiit  of 
any  mission  do  we  liiid  sueh  love  and  liarmoiiy 
lireviiiliii);  us  in  this  one.  In  1}:*!J0  the  society 
numliered  2UU,  and  the  school-childruu  num- 
bered auu. 

Frt'dcrickMdiil  is  the  most  soutlierly  of 
tlic  .Moravian  settlements  in  Oreeiilaiid,  lyini; 
uliout  ninety  nules  from  Lielitenaii  and  lialf 
tliat  distance  from  Ca|)e  Farewell.  It  wascom- 
meiiced  in  the  year  18'J4  witli  the  hope  tliat  the 
locality  would  he  suilahle  for  hrniging  tlie 
fiospel  messajre  to  the  heathen  Greenlanders  on 
tlie  east  coast.  'I  his  ho|>e  lia.s  been  realized  to 
n  considerahle  e.xlenl.  In  the  llrst  year  after 
tlie  e.itiil)llsliment  of  the  slation,  about  a  liiiii- 
dred  loiiverls  were  hiipli/.ed,  and  since  tlien 
many  more  have  been  brought  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  truth.  During  tlu^  tirst  two  years 
tlie  bretiiren  stationed  here  underwent  great 
liardships  and  mucii  discomfort.  Tlieir  sole 
iiabilalion  was  a  liul  of  .sods. 

FrvilerikNliiiah,  a  station  of  the  Danisli 
Slissioniiry  Society  in  southern  tireenland. 
Tlioiigli  tliere  now  are  very  few  lieathen 
among  tlie  (ireeiilaiiders,  tlie  Danish  mission 
has  not  succeeded  In  educating  native  preacli- 
ers — there  is  at  present  only  one  ;  and  though 
the  imi)ortation  of  whiskey  is  absolutely  foi- 
l)iddeii.  tlie  introduction  of  coll'ee,  tobacco, 
Danish  dress,  etc.,  has  doneniucli  harm  among 
the  lOskimo. 

Free  Cimirfli  or  Sc-ollaiul.— Head- 
quarters, 15  North  Bank  Street,  ICdinburgh, 
Scotland.  See  article  on  I'resbylerian  Cliurch 
of  Scotlaml,  where  the  origin  of  the  work  of 
the  Church  is  traced  tmtil  tiic  disruption  in 
184!!,  after  which  dale  the  Established  and  Free 
Cliurches  are  tr<ated  separately. 

Free\%-ill  Bti|»tiNf  Foroitfii  ]nif(Mi«»ii- 
iiry  NfM'lt'Iy. — Secretary,  ]{ev.  T.  II.  Stacy, 
Auburn,  ]\laine,  U.  S.  A.  The  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Society  of  tlie  Freewill  I5a|)tists  (variously 
kiiown  as  "Free."  "  Free  Comnumioii,"  anil, 
"  <)i)eii  Communion  "  Haptists)  owes  its  organ- 
ization lotlie  instrumentality  of  the  Hev.  .Messrs. 
James  Peggand  Amos  Sutton,  who  were  among 
the  earliest  missionries  sent  out  by  the  General 
Baptists  of  England  to  Orissa,  India.  Their 
correspondence  with  Elder  John  Hussell,  at  that 
time  the  leader  of  the  Freewill  Baptists,  was 


piilillshed  In  the  ".Morning  Star,"  their  religloim 
paper,  and  resulted  in  the  forimtllon,  In  IHlt^, 
of  the  Freewill  Haptlst  Foreign  Missionary  So- 
ciety in  ihe  "  old  meeting  house  "  at  North  I'ar- 
sonstleld,  .Maine  The  .Vet  of  ( 'orpniation  wa.t 
obtained  fioin  the  Eegislaliire  of  .Maine  In  .binu- 
ary,  IMIiy.  During  this  year  the  Uev.  Amo.s 
Sulloii  visited  America,  and  lectured  upon 
missions  in  the  churches  of  the  Freewill  Itap- 
tlsls  and  other  deiiominalions.  At  a  meeting 
held  at  (iilloid,  wlieie  Dr.  Sutton  ph  jided  Ihi! 
cause  of  India,  a  collection  of  ijiKHI  \mis  taken, 
which  was  consldi  red  a  marvel  lor  those  days. 
In  18;ir),  after  three  years  of  existence,  the 
receipts  of  the  Society  aggregated  |',',(IUt). 
With  this  sum  in  the  treasury  the  Society  had 
faith  to  send  four  missionaries  to  India.  The 
lirst  accepted  missioiiarv  was  ordained  at  the 
New  Hampshire  Yearly  'leeting  held  at  Elsboii 
In  ,Iune,  IHiir),  in  the  presence  of  llirce  thousand 
people.  Dr.  ('o.\  of  England  preached  the 
sermon,  and  Dr.  Hiitton  and  the  liev.  David 
Marks  were  among  those  who  to(d<  part  In  the 
services.  On  the  S^'d  of  September,  18!)."),  the 
ship  "  Eoiivre  "  saileil  from  iSost<in  with  a  com- 
pany of  twenty  nii.sslonaries.  Among  the  nuni- 
lier  were  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Noves  and  Mr.  and 
Jlrs.  I'hillips  of  the  Freewill  Baptist  Society. 
India  was  |)ractlcally  many  times  more  distant 
then  than  at  ]Mesent.  and  on  this  occasion  one 
hundred  and  thlrty-si.\  days  were  consumed  in 
the  pas.sage  to  Calcutta;  from  whence  the  Bap- 
tist nii.ssionarles  proceeded  to  ('uttack,a  station 
of  the  English  Cieneral  Bajitist  Society,  where 
they  remained  while  accpiiring  tlu!  language. 
In  .lanuary,  18117,  they  establlslKil  a  station  at 
Siimbalpur,  a  large  and  populous  town  in  the 
hill  district  of  Orissa.  After  a  year  of  sickness, 
sadness,  and  death,  the  place  was  abandoned. 
All  the  missionaries  w IMC  sick;  a  child  of  .Mr. 
and  Jlrs.  Noyes,  n  child  of  Mr.  and  JIis.  Phil- 
lips, and  Mrs.  Phillips  herself  died.  But  the 
clTort  made  at  Siimbalpur  was  not  altogether  a 
failure,  'ihe  children  gathered  there  formed 
the  nucleus  of  a  future  mission  school,  and 
among  them  was  one  who  is  now  a  trusted  na- 
tive preacher.  After  this,  Balasore,  the  north- 
ern district  of  Oii.s.sa,  and  Midniipore,  a  district 
of  Bengal,  were  consigned  to  the  Freewill  Baii- 
lists  as  their  especial  lield  of  labor.  Early  in 
1838,  Balasore,  previously  occupied  by  theOen- 
eral  Baptlsls.w  as  surrendered  lo  them.  A  station 
was  established  and  the  foundations  of  ])erma- 
nent  mi.ssionaiy  work  were  laid.  From  that 
beginning  there  has  been  steady  growth  ;  live 
adiliilonal  slations  have  been  established,  at 
Jellasore  (1840)  ;  Mldnai)ore  (temi>oi'aiily  in 
1845.  and  periminenlly  in  INIi'J);  Sanllpore(  i8(')5) 
Bliimpore  (187;!);  and  Dantoon  (1877).  'I'heie 
are  also  several  (,'lirisliiin  villages.  A  mission 
church  was  early  organized  at  Balasore;  there 
are  now  churches  at  each  station,  and  two  at 
jilaces  which  are  not  slations.  The  number  of 
communicants  in  (dl  these  churches  is  ,")27.  The 
lirst  aim  of  the  Society  is  to  proclaim  the  gos- 
liel.  The  means  used  are  cliajx'l  and  bazaar 
lircaching  and  illneraling ;  the  last  method 
is  for  the  benelit  of  those  dwelling  in  remote 
regions.  It  was  upon  one  of  these  tours  that 
the  Santals,  a  tribe  of  e.\tremely  degraded  ))eo 
ph;  living  among  the  hills,  wen;  d;seo\ered. 
iMuch  labor  was  devoted  to  them,  and  the  sta- 
tions at  Santipore  and  Bhimpore  were  opened 
especially  for  their  benefit,  ilr.  Phillips  re- 
duced their  spoken  language  to  a  written  one. 


FREEWILL  BAPTIST  MISS    SOO. 

mill  Kiivc  lliciii  porllciiiH  (if  ilic  Scriiitiin'i,  nnd 
liiKiki  tor  clcinciiiuiy  iiisinicliipii.  Kur  lln'  hi-i- 
viicM  rciicli'iiil  ill  ilicir  licliiilf  he  rt'cclvt'd  llic 
tliiiiikM  of  III!'  lii'iiisli  (.(iivniiiiM'nt. 

ScIiiidIs  liiivc  hci'ii  Ki'iiiriiUy  CNlulilislicd 
lliiiiiiLrlKHil  till-  Iciritoiy  licloiiijiiii;  to  the  Soci- 
ety. KroMl  IMIN  tlO  Ik  scliiml  WUH  siiHliiilird  lit 
HiiliiMpfc  for  viiliniM  rcsciicil  liy  llic  llrilisli 
<  invi'i'iiiiii'iil  from  liiiliiiili  Mit'iilur. 

.MiiiUcil  fciiliirrH  of  tlic  mission  iirc  the  frii'N' 
or|iliitiiiiL(i',  i'sliil)lislii'<l  III  .Iclliisort'  ill  INtU.  iiMil 
ilii'  miiiiy  Siuiliil  s(li4)ols  M'liiii'icil  llii<)ii;;li  llic 
juiiUlcM,  liiiii;lil  liy  imlivis  itiiiiicci  liy  llic  mis- 
sioimiics.  In  \Hi\'t  /.cimini  woik  wiih  under- 
liiUeii.  mid  liiis  since  liceii  ciuiicil  foiwiird  ill 
Midniipoi'c  iiiid  lluiiisore.  A  ltil)l<'  sclmol  wiim 
opciieil  lit  ,Miilnii|ioii'  in  ls71(.  |»r,  Uiicliclor, 
who  WHS  scnl  to  rein  force  llic  mission  in  1S|0, 
estitliiislicd  lidispciisiiryiit  HuImsoic,  mid  finincd 
a  meiliciil  cliiss  composed  of  mil  ivc  voiiiil'  men. 
'llic  liispcnsiiry  rcimiiiiid  III  Hiiliisore  forlwcniy 
ycms,  Willi  iiniinniml  iittcndiinc'c  of  'J  IHIO  pii- 
ileiils.  It  was  removed  in  IStiJ  to  .MJdiiiipore, 
wliereit  colli iiiiicM  ii  ;,'reiil  lilessini;  to  tlie  coni- 
iiiiiiiily.  At  Jelliisoic  mi  iisyliim  was  founded 
for  Hie  bcnclit  of  sick  and  .sulVcriiii,'  )iilfrrinis. 
Ill  ISd'j  printini;  work  was  licfjiiii.  'I'liis  linincli 
of  work  has  always  liecii  sclf-supporliii!;,  mid  in 
recent  years  lias  also  coiilrihutcd  lo  the  support 
of  the  "oilier  work  of  the  mission.  Siiiic  the 
fouiidiiiir  of  the  Hociciy  in  IHSW  38  missionaries 
have  liceii  sent  to  India. 

Fr«'c  <inir«'lu'(«  of  Frt'iMii  Swllzor- 

Uiutl.  —  lfort'iyii  Mission  Itoarif.  (Mis- 
sion dcs  EgliscH  Liiircs  de  la  Suisse  Itomandc.) 
Secretary,  M.  I'aul  Lereschc,  Jjausmiiiu,  Switz- 
erland. 

In  the  year  1874,  the  Synod  of  the  Free 
Kvanirelical  Churches  of  the  Swiss  Canton  de 
Valid  (Presbyterian)  resolved  lo  creiitc  ii  mis- 
sion of  ilsown  ainoiii;  the  hcalhen,  and  iiccord- 
iiiirly  two  yoimir  missionaries,  Messrs.  Krnest 
Creiix  and  I'aul  Herllioud,  were  sent  to  Soulli 
Africa.  They  remained  for  some  time  wiili 
the  iiiissioiiaricsof  the  b'orcitrii  .Missionary  Soci- 
ety of  I'aris  in  15asuIolaiid,  and  Ihcn  found  in 
l.HT.'ia  mission  held  for  llicmselvcs  in  llic  iiorlli- 
crii  pati  of  the  Transvaal  Uepultlic,  anioni,'lhe 
(twanilm  neifroes.  The  work  has  e.\leiMled  lo 
Hie  (iwMinl)  ilribc  livinjrlo  the  cast  of  I  he  Trans- 
viial,  (111  the  liimpopo  Uiver,  and  on  Hie  coast 
of  DcluiT'  i  Hiiy.  There  are  now  in  the  Tniiis- 
vii;il  three  stations,  Valdi/.ia,  with  two  mission- 
in  ics  ;  Hlim  mid  Shiliivmie,  each  with  one  mis- 
sionary. On  the  easlerii  coast  there  arc  also 
three  stations.  Lorcn/o  .Manpies,  Uikalla,  mid 
AntiiiUii,  with  inie  missionary  at  each  one.  The 
New  Testament  and  portions  of  the  Old  havo 
been  translateil  into  the  ({wmntiii  laiiunairc;  and 
the  work  at  all  the  stations  has  been  very  suc- 
cessful. On  the  coast  the  climate  is  very  un- 
hciilliiy,  and  the  missionaries  have  siill't'rcd 
much   from  its  ell'ccls. 

The  aim  of  this  mission  is  to  prepare  clli- 
cieiit  native  evanjxclisis  and  teachers  to  work 
aiiionjj;  their  people.  Already,  llmse  who  liiivc 
been  trained  have  done  much  useful  work. 

For  nine  years  this  mission  was  under  the 
care  of  the  Free  Church  of  Canton  de  Vmid  ; 
ill  18815  the  Free  Churches  of  >'cucliatcl  mid 
Genevailiotli  Presbyterian)  formed  a  federation 
w  ith  the  Free  Church  of  Canton  de  Vaud,  and 
the  niiasion  has  since  been  under  their  joint 
direction,  hence  its  present  nnmc. 


171) 


rREBTOWM 


At  present  the  mission  liim  ft  siiilions,  with  0 
Kuropeaii  and  lU  unlive  workers,  <l,')l  iidlier- 
enis,  ■.'.'ill  commuiiicmilH,un(l  8  hcIiooIs  with  ii'M 
sciiolars 

i'rf«'niiiii.  .I«iliii  l^iluiir,  b.  city  of  New 

York,  I  .  S.  A.,  Itcc,  'j;ili,  IMIl);  was  apprcn- 
liced  III  the  il^'c  of  llftccn  lo  a  trade;  ill  |M'.:I> 
publicly  professed  his  faith  in  Chiisl.  and  same 
year  decided  lo  study  for  the  niinisiry;  pur- 
chased the  last  year  of  his  time  tor  ijtsi),  uml 
commenced  study  with  .Mr.  .lolin  'I'.  Ilalsey; 
Hiadiiali'd  at  I'rincclon  Collc^ic  IMIt.'),  Tlieolojr. 
leal  Seminary  18:tM:  (niliilned  .July  I'-llli,  iNliM, 
by  Presbytery  of  Kli/.abcthtown;  sailed  forlndia 
October  l','lli.  samcycar.  as  a  missionary  of  I'res- 
byicrian  Hoard  of  Foieij^n  Missions;  stationed 
III  Allithaliiid,  liaviiii!;cliai';re  of  orphan  boysmid 
^drls  iiiilil  the  death  of  .Mrs.  Freeman  in  |H|<|. 
Ill  impaired  health,  he  visiied  tlii'  I  nited  Slates 
Aiiril  •^Hth,  lH,-)(),  with  ids  two  children.  In 
IN.'il  be  relurned,  willi  his  second  wife,  and 
was  stationed  most  of  the  lime  at  .Mynpuiie  for 
si.\  years.  In  IH.'iO  he  removed  lo  Fiittci^iirli. 
Al  the  lireakini;  out  of  the  mutiny  he  attiniplcd 
with  others  to  reach  Allahabad,  a  iiritisli 
station,  for  .safety,  but  was  made  a  prisoner  by 
the  Sepoys,  and  put  to  dentil  at  Cawnpore  by 
order  of  Die  rebel  chief  Nana  Sahib,  .liine  lltlli, 
1H."(7.  The  Uev.  K.  D.  (J.  Prime,  bis  classmalu 
in  llic  seminary,  Ihus  writes  of  him:  "He  was 
a  man  of  liij;li  social  (pialilies.  lie  was  very 
cheerful.  I  do  not  remember  ever  lo  liavu 
seen  him  depressed.  He  was  of  a  very  mdeia 
lempcrament,  and  earnest  in  all  his  impulses. 
His  whole  heart  was  in  Ihe  <'ause  of  missions." 
One  who  labored  witli  him  for  cigiit  years 
speaks  of  his  "ready  tact  in  nil  business 
niailers  reqiiiriug  prumptncss,  attention,  and 
energy." 

l'r<'Ol««'ii,  on  till' south  sidcof  the  estuary 
of  the  Sierra  Leone  Uiver,  West  Africa,  is  Ihe 
capital  of  llie  Mritish  colony.  It  has  an  excel- 
lent harbor  and  is  an  im|iorlmit  coaling  station. 
The  climate  iseiiuablc  and  healthy.  Popula- 
tion, 4,U;i(l,  and  of  the  surrounding  district 
18,(1(1(1.  The  Kiiropeans,  imlf-castis,  and  immi- 
grmiis  occupy  distinctive  (|iiiirlers  of  the  town. 
The  Church  Missionary  Society  commenced  its 
work  in  IHKi,  w  hich  is  now  conducted  mainly 
ill  educational  inslitulions,  as  a  Sierra  heoiie 
native  church  has  been  oru;ani/.cd;  liie  gram- 
mar school  has  147  scholms,  and  many  useful 
men,  high  in  the  service  of  the  government  and 
of  the  cliiiich,  have  received  their  education  at 
this  school.  A  college  at  Foiirah  Hay,  two 
miles  above  Freetown,  was  built  in  184(1,  and  is 
the  lu/ncipal  college  in  comicclion  with  the 
West  African  Mission.  In  187(i  it  was  reor- 
ganized, and  .■illilialcd  with  Durham  University. 
Till'  native  chiircb  withdrew  linally  from  the 
C.  .M.  S.  in  18811  so  far  ixr.  rcrciviiig  aid  from 
the  imreiil  society  is  concerned,  and  in  Free- 
town llicre  are  now  4  native  clergy,  3.012  coin- 
iiiunic.ants.  ;i  schools,  .>tl  scliolais.  The  Wes- 
Icyan-Mcllioilist  .Missionary  Society  have  2  cir- 
cuits in  Ihe  district,  12  chapels,  8  missionaries 
mid  assistants,  li,42;?  members.  1)  Sablmtli- 
scliools,  1,82.'>  .scholars.  4  day  schools,  l.OCiU 
scholars.  Inited  .Methodist  Free  Cliurclies;  'i 
itinerant  preachers.  I'd  locjil  preachers,  2.158 
church-members,  h  Sabbat h-schools,  8(i7  schol- 
ars. African  .Methodist  Kpiscopal  Church 
(1880);  1  missionary  and  wife,  2  outstations,  3 
churches,  205  members. 


i    ' 

I 

!" 

ri 


i ; 

IS 


i'  Ii 

I    :(if 


a* 


FRENCH    VERSION 


880 


FRIED£3NSFELD 


l>l 


FrciK'li  Vt'rsUni. — Tlio  Frciicli.  which  hc- 
loiiijs  Id  I  he  (.iruit)  Ijiilin  bninch  of  llii'  Arviin 
liiii,i;ii!ii;i-t';miil\ ,  is  s])okiii  in  Fniiuc,  llic 
fhaiiiul  Isl.iiuis,  Swil/.rrliiiul.  iicliiiiim,  miuI 
Fi'ciich  Colimii's.  'riic  lumihcr  of  Frciicli 
ti!iiisl:iliiiiis  is  VI  ry  iiimn'idiis.  Of  I  ho  tildiT 
Versions  we  nunlion  only  tliosc  wliich  lire  slill 
in  use.  Tliu  liiisis  of  ;ill  llu'  Ficncli  vt'isions, 
Proti'siiinl  lis  well  US  I'uiliolic,  is  llic  Ininsjiiiion 
of  llif  S('i'i|)luri's  ni.'iiic  from  llic  ]^iilin  N'uliriilc 
hy  .liunu's  Ic  l'"corc  il'I'lUiphs,  coniiuoiily  ciiilcd 
.liicol)  Filbcr  Sl.Mpiilciisis,  imhlislicd  !it  Aniwcii) 
hclwccii  ihc  yciirs  1,")1J  ami  l.");i()  iiml  oflcii 
icininlcd.  ijpcal^ing  of  I'rokxtunt  versions, 
wc  iiunlioii: 

(1).  (>//(v7((/('.«i  version  of  the  Sciii>liircs,  Irans- 
laleil  from  ihc  orij^iiial  lexis  ami  prinlcii 
III  N'eufchalcl  1");!."),  and  a,i;ain  at  (ieneva 
ITi-JO,  ami,  Willi  a  few  concclions  hy  his  rela- 
tive Ihe  eelehialcd  Calvin,  ayain  al  (ieiievu 
In  1545.  Kdilioii  afler  cdilion  followed,  hut, 
none  became  as  imiiorlanl  as  Ihe  one  familiarly 
known  as  Ihe  "  Cicncva  Bible,"  i)iil>lislied  al 
tiencva  in  l.")^'t*,  aflcr  liavim;  been  corrccled 
by  Ihe  collcire  of  paslors  ai)(l  professors  of  Ihe 
Kefornicd  t'lmrch  al  Cicncva.  A  revision  of 
the  tieiicva  llible  was  underlaken  by  Jliiriil 
Miirtiii,  who  rendered  il  more  conformable  in 
poiiil  of  slyle  to  Ihe  modern  idiom.  Marlin  was 
11  niilive  of  i.anguedoc,  and  was  paslor  in  Ihal 
pari  of  France  lill  he  wase.vilcd  liy  Ihc  rcvolu- 
lioii  of  Ihe  cdici  of  Nanlcs,  lie  ihcii  scllled  in 
llrcchi'.  as  ihe  ]iaslor  of  Ihe  \\allooii  church 
in  Ihal  cily,  and  dinl  in  I7'.21.  'I'he  Mew  'I'csla- 
mcnl  he  published  in  17(Ki,  and  Ihe  entire  JJible 
in  1707.    This, 

Ci),  .Uiniiii'H  version,  was  revised  hy  Pierre 
Ko(pii',  paslor  of  Ihc  French  church  al  IJasle, 
and  publislied  in  17;!(i  and  ofleii  since.  The 
Hrilish  and  Foreiiiii  lUble  !?oeiely  slill  cir- 
cnlalcs  .Mariiu's  v<Tsion. 

(!!k  a  iii'W  ri'vision  of  llu  (ieneva  Hible  w;is 
undert.akeii  by./.  F.  fAsYi /vri/A/,  a  paslor  of  Ihe 
Lulhcrau  church  al  Ncufclialcl,  which  was 
published  in  lilil,  ami  anolhcr  and  revised 
edilion  in  17-H.  As  Osicrwald's  Irauslalioii 
hcc.auic  Ihe  sl;iml;ird  version,  il  was  al.so  adopled 
liy  Ihc  lirilish  and  Forciiiii  liibic  Sociely  and 
issued  from  lime  to  lime.  In  ISliS  an  clVorl 
was  made  loall.ain  lo  a  uniform  le\l  of  Osicr- 
wald's vcrsi(.n,  and  ihe  liihlc  Sociil's  eon- 
eeri<  d  in  ihc  m.-Ulcr  umh'riook  Ihc  revision  of 
the  le.\l  in  such  a  manner  Ihal  words  and 
phiiiscs  Ihal  appciir<'d  aniicpialed  and  op- 
posed lo  modern  modes  of  speech  should  be 
removed  and  as  far  as  possible  Ihc  original  lan- 
guaire  of  Oslerwald  be  adopled.  The  New 
Tesiiunenl  in  Ihis  revision  was  i.ssued  in  18()!(, 
and  the  (»ld  Tcslamcni  in  1.^71.  A  Ihonumhly 
revised  V(  ision  prepared  hy  .M,  Fossaril  and 
olher  l'"reneh  pastors  was  published  hy  Ihe 
I'Vench  Hilile  Sociely  in  I.'^S7,  and  ibis  reviseil 
text  was  also  adopled  by  Ihe  Ihilisli  and  l''oreiirn 
IMble  Sociely.  licsides  ihc  lirilish  liible  So- 
ciely, Ihe  Sociely  f(U'  I'romolinir  (luislian 
Knowlcdi;-!'  imblishcd  ii  revision  of  former  ver- 
sions, so  carefully  c(urecled  as  lo  be  essenlially 
nnew  version,  beluceii  lMI'.i  and  1S.50,  Mariiu's 
revision  was  lakcn  as  Ihc  basis  of  Ihis  cdilion. 

Of  olhcr  I'rolcslanI  versions,  not  iiubllshed  by 
IJible  Socicli<s,  We  mcnlion  Ihe  New  Tcslamcni 
hv  H.  Arnauil  ((ieneva,  1S.5,S-^1S(m*.  I^illicl 
(iH.5S),  and  II.  Olliamarc  (187'.:,  Hlli  ed.  1.SS5); 
the  Old  Teslinneni  by  I'crret-lienlil  (Nciifi  halel, 
1653),  and  by  Louis  begonil  ^Geucvii,  1804— ;Jil 


ed.  1877,  at  Nancy;  3(1  ed.  1879,  nt  Geneva),  and 
his  new  Iraiislalion  of  Ihc  New  'I'e.slaiiieni  from 
the  (ircek  in  187!).  Second's  work  has  been 
acccpled  by  Ihe  I'liivcisily  I'ress,  O.xi'ord,  Eng- 
land, Ihidel's  Iransl.alion  iLausannc,  18(11  se(i. — 
'-M  ed.  1888);  I.edrain's  |l'aris,  1885sc(|.»,  besides 
Ihc  Iranslalions  prepared  for  Ihc  liililc  works 
by  Hcuss  (I'aris,  187 1-81 1  and  by  a  company  of 
thcologiims  and  p.asUu's  (Neufchalcl.  1878  secj,). 

Of  ('(itliittic  W'rsions  We  mcnlion: 

Ih'  Sdi'ji'x  >iew  Tcslamcni  Uiade  from  the 
Vulgale  and  luinleil  by  Ihc  Fl/cviis,  Anisler- 
dam,  l()t>7,  for  .Migcot,  a  bookseller  of  .Mons, 
whence  il  is  oflen  called  Ihe  Mons  Tcslamcni. 
It  appeared  under  Ihc  appidbalion  of  ('aidiiial 
Noailles,  bul  was  condemned  hy  I'ojic  Cleiucnl 
iX.  (April  tiOlh,  U>(i8).  Dc  Sacy  prepared  his 
Iraiislalion  while  in  Ihe  Jiaslille.  Tlic  enlire 
liible  wilh  nobs  (Paris,  1(1711')  was  often  repub- 
lished, and  is  still  widely  used  in  Fraliee,  espe- 
cially asil  is  circuliited  liy  the  liritisL  and  For- 
I'ign  liible  Society. 

Of  Ihe  more  recent  elTorls  among  Hoiiian 
Calholics.  we  mcnlion  Om'iiix  liiiile  (I'aris, 
1851);  I)elauniiy's(5  vols.,  185Ci  .nd  ■  :'len  since); 
(ieiioude's  (18ti5);  (iaunie's  Wew  'I'eslanient 
(18(i;{);  Ihe  transla'ion  in  Ihe  fauiousliihle  w.irk 
by  I'aul  Dracy.  (Paris,  I8«i)-8;),  Iti  vol.s.)  and  by 
Trocluui  (Paris,  1887  seq.).  The  most  note- 
W(ulhy  is  the  translalioi;  of  Ihe  gospels  by 
Henri  Lassere,  published  in  1887  under  Ihe 
aulhorilyof  Ihc  Archbishop  of  Paris,  which 
has  reached  aliiady  nunc  Ihan  20  edilions.  Il 
is  insciibcd  lo  "  Our  Laily  of  J.,oiirdes"  as  the 
"  CJuecii  of  lleavcii." 

The  lirilish  and  Fiuciiiii  liible  Sociely  up  lo 
]\larch  ;!lsl,  ISSli,  (li>po,sc<|or  I(i,il7!).!lii5  porlions 
of  Ihc  Scriplurcs,  including  copies  of  ils  diglolt 
New  'I'eslamenls.  as  follows;  of  l'"rciieli-lire- 
Ion,  5.(11(1:  Frciuh  I'.imlish.  x.",'.()(H);  French- 
Flemish,  1(1,0(1(1;   French-tieinian  18,070. 

(i^iiecimen  verse,    Jolm  '6  :  1(5.) 
CarJDloii'a  tollemont  almo  lo'mondo,  qu'il 
a  donu6  sou  Filt*  imiiiue,  atlti  qin3  qulcoiujuo 
croit  cu  lui  no  p6rifisopuiut,,aiuia. qu'il. ait. Li 
vio  eteruclltt.. 

I'lHTC'lowii,  a  town  in  British  East  Africa, 
near  Mombasa  ((j.v,).  has  been  pervaded  willi 
new  lib'  and  energy  by  Ihe  improvcincnls  of  Ihe 
lirilish  Fast  Africa  Company.  Il  is  Ihe  coast 
poll  al  Ihe  beginning  of  iwo  roiiles  lo  Ihe  iii- 
lerior.  .Mission  slalion  of  Ihe  Church  .Mission- 
ary Sociely;  "J  missionaiics,  ;i  female  luission- 
iirics,  1  boys'  .school.  1  girls'  school.  The 
mission  press  has  i.ssued  SI,  .lohn's  (Josiiel  in 
Kigogo,  besides  hymn  and  .school-hooks. 

I'^ricdl'llhllt'l'K,  a  station  of  the  Moravians 
in  Ihe  weslern  |)arl  of  Ihe  island  of  Si.  Croix, 
Wesi  Indies,  Il  was  bcgiiu  in  1771.  in  order  lo 
reach  Ihe  large  number  of  slaves  on  Ihe  sur- 
rounding plaiiliilions.  The  dwcllingand  church 
arc  advanlageously  siliialcd  on  a  hill  lo  Ihc  easi 
of  Ihe  lowii  of  I'^reilrickslcd,  commonly  called 
"  W'csi  i",nd,"  The  mission  premises  command 
a  line  and  cxicnsive  view  of  llic  roadslcad  and 
Ihe  sea  beyond.  On  line  days  Ihc  island  of 
I'orlo  Hico,  .sonu'  seventy  miles  disiant,  can  be 
seen. 

Fri(>«lt>iiMfVl4l,  a  town  on  St,  Crol.x  I.sland. 
West  Indies.  Mission  slalion  of  the  Moravians 
(1804);   1  luissiouiiry  uud  wife.     SSilualed   near 


FRIECENSFELD 


381 


FRIENDS'   FOR.    MISS.    ASSOC. 


tli<'  (ciilrc  (if  the  isliiiul.  mid  is  tlip  only  ciimitry 
cliuicli  in  St.  Croix,  nil  llic  ollifrs  licini:  in  tlu' 
towns  of  ('lirisliiiiisi('<l  nml  KrciliiiUsii'd,  which 
me  tiUccri  niilcs  npiirl.  Krii'ilrnstcld  ililTiiscs 
rcliirioiis  liirht  mid  l<no\vlrd'_'c  mimoiil;-  ii  Im'iri' 
|io|iidiilioii.  consisiiiiir  idinosi  iiilii'i'ly  of  llic 
liliick  iiiid  colon-d  liiliortTs  on  ihc  iiunicious 
csiMlcs  in  the  viiiiiiiy. 

I'ritMlcilNlllllI,  II  lown  on  St.  Cidix  Islmid, 
West  Inilii's.  Mission  stjitioii  of  the  Moiiivimis 
(17.V1);  1  niission;iry  mid  wile.  'I'liis  stiiiion 
\Mis  one  of  tlic  inniicdiiili'  |-fsidts  of  the  fnilliful 
iin<l  sflf-drnyiiii;-  liiliors  of  Fn'dcriiU  .M;irliii. 
It  is  iilc.'isiiiilly  siliiutcd  on  risini:  Lironnd  to 
the  west  of  till'  town  of  I'hiistiiinslcd.  which. 
toLTi'llicr  Willi  11  urciil  cxiiMiisc  of  occmi.  rcacli 
inii'  lis  liir  lis  St.  .Itiii  mid  Tortotii.  is  seen  from 
the  w  indows  of  the  iiiissidiimy  dwcllini;'.  .Vhoiil 
four  mills  disiaiil  is  ilic  estate  '•  (Irent  I'rincess," 
(III  wliicli  lirollier  I'rcderick  Mmlin  cmricil  on 
his  Inliors  of  love.  ,\ii(l  here  on  a  knoll  liehind 
the  villa;;!'  his  reiiiaiiis  lie  liiiricd.  lie  iiained 
the  l(v\('  111'  the  ne>;'roes  to  siieli  ;i  de>;ree  that  to 
this  day  they  venerate  the  place  of  liis  Imrial 
and  loviiijily  care  for  his  univc. 

l''l*it'IHlNlli|>,  a  town  ill  .laiiiaicii.  West  In 
dies.  Mi^sjll|l  station  of  the  riiiled  I'lcshyleiian 
Church  of  Scotland  (If'tliSi;  I  native  |iaslor,  »'S1) 
coinnuinicaiits,  1  Salihiillischool,  '.MO  scholars. 

rriciidly  <>r  'INiiiua  IkIiiimN,  a  irronp 

in  the  South'  I'acitic,  cxIciiiliMi;-  froiii  IS  ,")  to 
S3  ;.",»  south  latitude,  and  fioiu  ITI!  'I'i  to  I7l> 
10  west  loimiliide.  was  diseovered  liy  'I'asiiimi 
ill  It'll;!,  and  limned  Krielidly  Islands  by  Captain 
Cook,  hut  is  now  called 'roii^a  .ifter  the  iiriiici- 
pal  island,  'riiere  are  aii.nit  ITiO  islands,  coni- 
prisiiiir  a  total  area  of  liTl  sipiare  miles.  I'ml 
of  these  are  of  volcmiic  nature,  hul  a  niajoriiy 
of  the  islands  are  level  and  covered  wilh  rich, 
)iro(luctive  soil.  'I'lie  water  supply,  however,  is 
scarce,  as  streams  are  very  rare.  The  principal 
island  is  Toiium  ov  'roiiiraialm,  I'JO  miles  in  area, 
on  which  is  situated  the  capital,  Niilrualopii. 
Ivuih(piiiki's  are  frc(pient,  and  at  times  volcanic 
cruplioiis  liave  taken  place.  The  climate,  like 
that  of  Fiji,  is  warm  mid  liiiniid.  Southeast 
triidc-winds  lilow  except  for  a  few  months  ii; 
the  winter.  The  islands  are  now  Cliristiani/ed, 
and  arc  iiovcrncd  hv  a  Chiislian  kint;-.  (ieoriic  1. 
Tiihii,  and  their  iiKiependence  is  rcco;.''  i/.cil  hy 
treaties  with  (ireat  Hrilaiii  mid  (Jcrniai'.  .  For- 
merly Toiiira  was  noted  for  caiinihalism,  infanti- 
cide, and  other  criines  characteristic  of  saviiLTcs, 
The  jieople  are  intellectually  far  in  advance  of 
most  of  the  I'olynesian  race,  and  have  at  one 
lime  and  another  coiKpiered  many  of  the  siir- 
roiiiidiiiir  islands.  Nearly  every  one  can  read, 
and  they  are  industrious  tanners  as  well  as 
skilful  siilors.  They  niinilicr  now  "JILlKKt,  of 
whom  llii  arc  Kuropemis.  .Mission  W(U'k  in 
this  m'oup  has  until  rcccntlv  heeli  carried  on  tiy 
the  \Vesle\ai:  Methodist  'Slissioiiaiy  So(  iety, 
liut  for  s(aiic  years  past  the  niilive  church  has 
fonned  a  disirici  in  conneclion  with  the  New- 
South  Wales  and  (Queensland  Conference.  The 
trinmphs  of  the  n■(l^pel  in  'l'oiu;,a,  the  devoted 
/eal  of  the  kinir,  and  the  proud  position  which 
Toiiiran  converts  have  held  as  pioneers  of  Chris- 
tiiiiiity  to  Fiji  and  other  I'olynesian  irroiips  arc 
Klrikini;  testimonials  to  the  civili/,iii,n' and  rciicii- 
I'mtiiu;  power  of  Christian  missions, 

I'rii'iMlv'  I'ort'itfii  llfNwioiiiir)  Anko- 

tiulUm.— St'crelary,    Mr.    Clmrlcs    Linncy, 


Hilchin,  Herts,  Eiijrimid.  The  Society  of 
Friends  lias  alwiiys  licen  rcinarkalilc  for  the  de- 
votion of  almost  ("very  inemhcr  to  I  he  missioimiy 
as  well  as  to  every  other  |iliilaiitliroi>ic  cmi.se. 
From  the  times  of  (ieorirc  I'ox,  the  founder  of 
tlie  Society,  when  tliev  sent  out  missionaries  to 
China  and  to  i'restcr  .John's  country,  they  have 
shown  hy  many  inactical  illustrations  their  a|)- 
prcciatioii  ol  the  duly  of  all  men  to  preacli  tho 
irospel  of  Christ.  Many  devoted  men  mid 
wiiiiicli  have  liceii  ciiLraii'ed  ill  work  in  foreiLTii 
couiitiics,  and  in  some  instances  their  work  has 
exldided  over  considerahle  periods  of  lime  and 
extensive  areas  of  country.  Hut  these  were 
only  isolated  cases,  and,  hcilij;'  such,  were  i;-ene- 
ally  not  (d'  lastinu'  elfect,  it  was  not  until  is;!,") 
that  any  united  clfiul  was  made  hy  the  I'riends 
as  a  hoily  in  liclialf  of  ftircinii  missions,  hut  in 
that  year  the  sulijeet  was  liroiii;ht  hefore  the 
central  yearly  meeiiii:;  of  the  Society  at  Lon- 
don aiai  liivcn  serious  coiisideratioii.  The  in- 
terest thus  aroused  sieadily  trrew — Increased  in 
1S.")!(  liy  (ieori:e  Uichardso'n  of  .New Castle,  who 
himself  w  rote  and  circulated  letters  aiiionu'  Ills 
fellow  ineinliers,  uiiiiiiir  them  to  eoiiccrled  ef- 
fort for  the  salv.atioii  of  the  hcatheii.  Stirred 
toacti(Mi  hy  this  appeal,  an  address  was  issued 
in  IStil  hy  the  Society's  ceiilral  L'overniiii:  liody, 
ealliiiir(Ui  all  nicmheisof  the  Noeiety  of  Frielid.s 
to  aid  the  misslcui  cause,  and  thi^  action  wasem- 
|ihasi/ed  hv  appeals  from  William  Kills,  iuis>ioii- 
my  of  the  !-.  M.  S.  in  .MadaLrascar.  In  ISti.")  a 
imwisional  coiiuiiillee.  f(>riiie(l  to  |iroiiiote  the 
causi' of  inis-.ioiis  amoiitr  Ihe  laiuHsIl  Friends, 
succeeded  in  lalsiiii;'  funds  siitliclciit  to  send  out 
their  lirsl  missionary.  Uachel  Melcalf,  who 
s.-illcd  for  India  in  IsiKi.  'i'lius  was  formed 
the  Friends'  Foreiirn  Missioimiy  .\ssoeiatioii, 
tliroui.di  which  the  entire  Society  of  Friends  is 
cnahled  to  work  harmoniously  ami  easily,  and 
every  year  with  iiicreasliiLr ciTccI  in  India,  .Madil- 
nasear,  and  Chiiiii,  as  wcil  as  to  assist  hy  their 
hearty  cooperation  in  the  work  of  all  evmi- 
irclical  missions, 

India  tirst  deiimiidcd  the  titleiitioii  of  the 
Friends'  Association.  Kaehel  Melcalf,  cmhrac- 
liiir  the  loiur-wished  fiu'  opportunity  for  active 
service  in  a  foreiirn  lield,  olVcred  to  uo  to  Indiii 
in  answer  to  mi  appeal  of  Mrs.  Leiii>olt  of  Ihe 
C.  M.  S.  at  licnarcs,  askiiii;'  for  some  one  to 
assist  lier  in  her  industrial  scIkioI  in  that  <'ily. 
Ilcr  oiler  w,as  accepted,  and  in  Oeloher,  18(Ui, 
she  sidled,  and  upon  her  arrival  took  up  her 
duties  as  assisiant  under. Mrs.  I.eupolt;  in  which 
liosliion  slie  renialneil  until  IStiil,  when  the  ar- 
rival of  two  new  inissiiinmles,  Flkanah  and 
Irene  IJeard  of  America,  made  it  possihle  to 
open  a  se)inriite  station,  tirst  located  at  lieliares, 
hut  in  Ihe  follow  iiii;-  vear  removed  to  .liihalpur, 
III  ISTv'  Mr.  and  Nils.  Heard  were  (ddiired 
hy  reason  of  ill  licidtli  lo  reliini  to  America, 
aiid  tlteir  place  was  supplied.  Fehruary,  ISTH, 
hy  a  youn;r  KliL'lisli  Friend.  Charles  (Jayford. 
Shortly  after  this  the  station  wasajrain  removed, 
this  time  to  lloshaiiijahad,  the  centre  of  a  liir^e 
district  111  Ihe  Nerhiidda  valley,  comprising  n 
population  of  three  or  Unw  millions,  llieii 
totally  untouched  hy  any  Clirislian  iiitlueiiee. 
Here  It  has  since  remained,  Ihe  city  itself  form- 
inir  the  hase  (if  operatiiuis,  from  which,  in  the 
cold  season,  itinerant  joiiineys  are  frcipienlly 
made  into  Ihe  surroiindiiiir  villaircs.  etc.  In 
1S7S  the  mission,  reinforced  hv  f r(  sh  lahorcrx, 
Samuel  Haker  and  ,loiin  II.  W'illiams  mid  their 
wives,  opened  a  hriinch  Nlutiun  ill  Sahugpur,  ii 


frii:nt>s'  for.  miss,  assoc. 


382 


FRISIANS 


i 


I 


town  30  miles  distant,  where  John  Williams 
and  his  wifi^  are  still  ai'livuly  engaged.  In 
l!rl8l5  Kllen  Mainby  was  sent  out  to  take  charne 
of  the  zeinuia  work  and  girls'  seliool  at  llo- 
sliangiibad,  where  she  was  joined  in  18SG  liy 
Anna  L.  Evans,  wlio  now  snperiiitends  tlie 
girls'  orphanage  in  plaee  ol  Hacliel  Meleulf,  its 
loiinder,  who  died  June  liJth,  1S8!(.  llenr}'  ('. 
E.  de  St.  Dalmas  autl  his  wife  arrived  in  1880, 
and  are  at  present  in  temporary  eliarge  of  So- 
hagpur. 

MAiJAfiAscAH.— In  the  same  year  (1866)  that 
Kaclul  -Metealf  went  to  India,  two  Ameriean 
Friends,  Louis  and  Sarah  Street,  and  James  S. 
Sewell,  of  llilehin,  England,  intereslcd  in  the 
mi.ssioii  work  In-  the  addresses  of  Dr.  Klli<,  of- 
fered  themselves    for   service   in   iMaiiagascar, 
where  they  arrived  in  18()8,  "  iust  at  thai  juiie- 
ttire  when  the  adoption  of  the  C'hristian  religion 
by  the  queen  had  given  an  immense  impidse  to 
tile  existing  missions."    The   Friends  did   not 
attempt  to  start  a  separate  ini.ssion,  but  at  once 
set  to  work  to  aid  the  educational  dejiartment 
of  the  missionaries  of  the  London   Slissiouary 
Society,  who  were  nniking  every  elTorl  to  meet 
the  suddenly   increased  demand  for  C'hristian 
instruction.      As  the  work  grew,  however,  it 
was  necessarj-  to  divide  the  central  proviiu'e  of 
Imeriini   into  districts,   and   the  care    of    the 
Ambohitantely    Church    devolved    upon     the 
Friends.     The  area  of  the  entire  allotteil  mi.ssion 
district  was  a, 000  .sijuare  miles,  and  had  in  it 
when   lir.st   taken   in   charge  by  J.  S   Sewell, 
iu   1868.  6  chapels,  increased   in   1873  to  the 
number  of  62  congregations  with  37  .schools. 
At  AntaininHrivo  tlie  Society  established  a  boys' 
school,   placed   successively  in  charge  of  Mrs. 
Street  and  Helen  Giljiin.     Later  a  training  col- 
lege was  added,  whic  h  lias  thrived  wonderfully 
and  now  snpijlies  almost  all  the  teachers  em- 
ployed in  the  countrv  schools.     In  1872  a  print- 
ing office  was  started,  which   issues  a  monthly 
magazine  for  adults,  and  one  for  children,  and 
where  the  native  boys  are  taught  printing,  lith- 
ography, map-makiiur,  etc.     In  1880  the  Society 
joined  with  the  L.  .M.  S.  in  carrying  on  a  hos- 
pital and  medical  mission  at   Analekcly.     This 
l)ranch  of  their  work   is  very   inijiortant.  since 
their  kindius.s  to  tjie  sick  and  suffering  gives 
them  a  h<ildon  the  hearlsof  the  peiiple.  and  they 
have  been  able  lo  instruit  many  of  the  native 
youth  for  medical  work  or  trained  nurses.    The 
best  jiroof  of  the  noble  work  done  in   Madagas- 
car is  the  fad  that  now    the    native   clinches 
nnuntain  independenMy  a  native  missionarj'  so- 
ciety and  an  orphanage  for  boys.      There  are 
now  in  the  field  7  missionaries  and  their  wives, 
and  5  single  ladies. 

CiilNV  was  occupied  in  1H86  by  Kobert  J. 
Davidson  and  his  wife,  who  located  at  Ilan- 
cliung.  where  they  were  joined  in  18S8  by 
Caroline  >«'.  Southidl.  The  chief  feature  of 
this  work  is  the  dispensary,  whither  more  than 
6.01)0  paliciils  have  come  iluriiig  the  year,  seek- 
ing relief  both  bodily  and  spirilu;d. 

The  business  of  the  Association  is  transacted 
by  an  execniive  conunillec,  appointed  annually 
by  the  geni'ral  nieeling  held  at  such  time  imd 
place  as  is  appointed. 

FrieililN'  ITItMll^'iil  !TllMHi«»ii  amom;  the 
Armenians.— IIead(piarters,  18  Ittie  Sagh,  I'era, 
Constantinople. —This  work  was  begun  in  1881 
by  Onbrii'l  Dobrashian,  who  when  a  boy  of 
twelve  made  his  way  to  Loudou  with  t  it  hope 


of  receiving  an  education  which  would  lit  him 
to  be  a  missionary  to  his  own  people,  lie 
studied  in  Englantl  for  seven  years,  and  tinally 
obtained  the  di|)loma  of  i>LU.C.S.  After  iirac- 
tising  a  year  in  the  ^lildmay  llosjiilal,  he 
was  sent  to  Turkey  by  the  Society  of  Friends, 
to  open  a  medical  mission  in  Ilie  Armenian 
iiuarter  of  Constantinople.  Associated  with 
Dr.  Dobrashian  in  this  work  is  his  cousin.  Dr. 
Ctiragosian.  ^Meetings  for  worship  tire  held  in 
connection  with  the  medical  work,  and  a  school 
for  children  has  been  opened. 

The  number  of  patients  for  1888  was  6,500  ; 
number  of  visits  paid  to  patients  far  and  near, 
1,000. 

FrieiitlN'  Syrian  IWIxKhni.— Ileadcpiar- 
teis,l'.i  Bishopsgate  Street  AVilhin,  London.  E.G. 
—  The  Friends' Syrian  I^Iission,  fomufedin  1874, 
liiul  its  beginning  in  the  efforts  of  Eli  and  Sybil 
Jones,  who  while  holding  religious  meetings  in 
Syria  and  Palestine  lialied  at  liamallah,  near 
JeriKsidem  ;  here  they  were  imluced  to  establish 
a  day  school  for  girls ;  soon  after  thej-  estab- 
lished others  at  Jifneh  and  Htunlcli.  For  these 
three  schools  the  two  Friends  held  themselves 
responsible,  tmlil  their  support  was  sisstimed  iu 
1874  by  the  Friends' Syrian  Jlission  Committee. 
For  some  years  after  its  formation  an  important 
branch  of  the  work  of  thenus.sion  was  its  grants 
in  ind  of  girls'  schools  in  various  parts  of  Syria 
and  Palestine,  under  the  cine  of  other  societies. 
As  its  own  work  increased,  these  grants  became 
snudler,  atncninting  now  to  only  £62  per  year. 

In  1875  ground  was  purchased,  and  the  erec- 
tion of  a  boys'  Training  Home  begun  near  Bru- 
mana,  in  the  Lebanon  (listriet.  This  Himie  has 
accommodations  for  30  boarders.  In  1871  an 
industrial  school  was  established,  and  in  1881  a 
cottage  hosjntal  containing  18  beds  and  a  dis- 
pensary. In  this  year  a  girls'  school,  accom- 
modating 20  boarders,  was  erected  on  a  site  ad- 
joining Ain  Sidaam,  and  afterwards  incorpo- 
rated with  it.  The  fluids  for  this  were  raised 
mainly  by  the  New  England  Friends'  Commit- 
tee. Other  schools  have  been  estidilished,  mak- 
ing the  whole  number  eight,  having  an  attend- 
ance of  about  400. 

Tlie  Bamallah  mission  is  similar  to  that  at 
Brnmana,  but  on  a  smaller  scale.  In  addition 
to  the  boys'  ami  girls'  schools,  there  isa  cottage 
hospital  with  four  or  live  be<ls  and  a  dispen- 
sary. The  meetings  for  worship  iirc  well 
attended.  The  itaniallah  mi.s'-ion  was  in  1888 
transferred  to  theiSew  England  Committee,  in 
return  for  their  share  in  the  Brunuiua  mission. 

FriNinili*. — A  (iennan  jieople  who  inhabit 
the  northwest  coast  of  the  (.icrnian  jiortions  of 
lldlhind  and  some  of  the  adjacent  isljiiids. 
The  soiitln\est  Frisians  early  lost  their  cliaiac- 
teiistic  race  features,  laws,  and  language.  The 
small  remnant  who  still  retain  Frisian  peculiar- 
ilics  are  divided  into  three  branches  :  the  West 
Frisians,  who  live  along  the  eastern  coast  of 
Holland;  the  East  Frisians,  who  live  in  the  fens 
and  marshes  of  Saterlaiid  and  the  isliiiul  of 
Wangeroog;  and  the  North  Frisians,  who  occupy 
the  woteni  shore  of  Schhswig  and  some  of 
thejidjaeeiit  islands  The  diidectsof  these  three 
branches  are  widely  dilfereiit,  and  almost  each 
village  has  its  own  way  of  speaking.  The  lan- 
guage is  not  used  for  literary  purposes,  and  its 
forms  are  not  cotistructed  according  to  gniui- 
matical  strictness. 

The  only  work  that  is  carried  ou  among  the 


FRISIANS 


.t-i 


FUltJNA  VEESlxyW 


Frisians  is  the  distribiitioa  of  Matthew's  Gos- 
pel iu  Frisian  by  the  li.  &  F.  B.  SK-ieJy. 

FrUiaii  VtTKiloii. — The  Frisian  belonsrs  to 
tlic  'I'cutonic  l)riiuch  of  ilif  An"an  laninwire- 
f.'iniily,  iiiul  is  uscil  in  ilolliinil.  A  in«n>lati<(n 
of  till'  (Jiispi'l  of  Miiltlu'W  hail  lxt>n  prc-|»an-tl  liy 
the  l{ev.  Dr.  lliiUicrtsnia  from  the  lirei-k,  ami 
Prince  Lucien  Hoiiiiparte  |iuhlishc«l  aii  (ilitiou 
of  :.'")0  copies  in  1S.">>*  for  lin?:ui>«ic  purjKist-s. 
From  this  version  the  Hriiish  ami  Fon-iim  Bible 
iSociety  issued  an  edition  of  i.OtX  c»>|>k-s  iu  l!*<3. 

Filli-iiiilVi,  a  town  and  dUtrict  in  Fuhkieu, 
China.  Mission  station  of  the  Chiireh  Mission- 
ary Society;  1  missionary  anil  wifi-.  i  female 
missionaries,  ^0  comiuuuicaiits,  3  scliooU,  and 

58  .scholars. 

Fiikpiiit;  (Fukwini;),  a  city  on  the  north 
shore  of  tlii'  estuary  of  the  Canton  River, 
Kwanj^tunjr,  China,  iH'tween  Canl«»n  an-J  Hong- 
koiiir.  Mission  station  of  the  Kheni^h  Mission- 
ary Soc'iety;  2  missionaries,  4  native  helpers,  3 
out-stations,  with  'i'li)  ehurch-nieinbers. 

Fllkiioku,  the  prinei|vil  town  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  island  of  Kiii-!>hiu.  Ja|vin, 
is  situ.'ited  on  the  shon',  and  is  divided  into  two 
l>arts:  the  business  (juarter  and  port,  called  al^i 
llakafa.  which  contains  SS.OtH)  people  all  easier 
in  tlu!  race  for  wealth;  and  the  old  feudal  town. 
pervaded  with  the  (juiet  and  decwnim  of  the 
olden  time.  It  is  the  i-entre  of  instruction  for 
a  poi)ulalion  of  over  a  million. 

The  .MethiMli.st  Epis<'opal  Church  Xorth  !\as 
here  a  native  ))reachcr  and  two  foreiiin  female 
missionaries  in  cliarsie  of  a  eirls"  scho<il  with 
liH)  pupils.  The  Churi'li  Mis.sionarr  Society  ha.'* 
1  missionarv  and  wife  and  Vi9  ci>niniuni<'ants 
in  the  district.  It  is  also  au  out -station  of  the 
A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 

Fiillrrton,  Robert  Ktewart,  b.  Bloom- 
inL'ton.  Ohio,  U.S.A.  NovemlHT  S*!.  1.**'21 : 
frradualed  at  .Miami  University,  Ohio,  and  .Mle- 
jrhany  Theolosiical  Seminary:  «rdain«l  by  Pres- 
bytery of  Chillicothe.  lS.)();'s:»ili>d  the  stnie  year 
for  India  as  a  missionary-  of  the  Presbyierian 
Board.  Hemaininji  a  shi)rt  timeat  Fuitehgurta 
ai\d  Mynpurie.  he  was  soon  sent  to  Airra  with 
his  wife  to  commence  and  conduct  two  institu- 
tions, a  male  and  a  female  s«-hool.  for  the  Ea.st 
India  community.  He  wa-;  relieviil  of  the  l»oys' 
school  on  the  arrival  of  Rev.  R.  E.  Williams. 
At  this  time  he  bec.'ime  pastor  of  the  Pn~-by- 
leriiin  IMiurch  at  Asira.  which  ehar-n-  he  «-on- 
tinued  to  hold.  ,'ind  also  that  of  ihe  female 
school,  till  the  mutiny  in  \^'u.  which  broke  up 
tlie  scliools  luid  the  mi-sion.  Tiw  ;nrls'  x-hool. 
wliiili  he  conduiled  with  his  wife.  oMitiiiued 
for  tivr  years,  and  did  nuich  ti>  ele\-:ilc  the  tone 
of  Christian  fcclin;r  in  thi-  K.ast  Indui  commu- 
nity. The  church  of  which  he  was  pa>l<ir  irn-w 
under  hi-i  care.  .Vftcr  llie  ^uppn-vM.m  of  the 
inutiiiy  he  went  to  Futlehirurli  to  liM>k  aflertbe 
scattcfed  remains  of  Ihe  ndssion  and  pn»M-ctite 
the  mission  work.  His  laNirs  at  Asrra  had  Ut-n 
to  his  rcirret,  but  necessarily,  mainly  in  Entrli^li. 
At  FuiteliLMirh  he  nave  him-iclf  with  jm-at  dili- 
jreiiec  to  the  native  lan:iua>re.  and  soon  btH-ame 
!i  lluent  and  I'lfeclive  s|>eaker.  He  re«-om- 
iiieneed,  lis  s(M)n  as  j>ncticable,  tlieFumikhaltad 
lli'_di  School,  luid  besides  the  charir^  of  that  he 
eared  for  the  native  church  in  the  <ily.  »|«ciHlini; 
niucli  lime  also  prciichiiiir  in  theK-izaar^.  Under 
uU  his  labors  his  lie.-ilth  at  the  end  of  thn-e  v«ir> 


j  voway.  Up  went  to  the  Dehra  station  o.  ,.  e 
hills  in  lHt)4,  laboring  there  faithfullv  till  near 
the  end  of  his  life.  A  mali.uiiant  disease  at- 
tacked him,  from  which  he  died  after  three 
montlisof  great  sutTering.  His  death  occurntl 
at  Landour,  Himalaya  Mountains,  October 
•llh.  ls(),'(.  He  is  spoken  of  as  an  unusually 
devoted  Christian,  of  marked  intellectual  ability. 
"  He  was,"  says  one,  "social  in  his  nature,  fond 
of  society,  full  of  good  humor  and  ready  wit. 
It  was  this  which  made  him  ti  cheerful  and 
desirable  compiinion,  and  attached  all  hearts  to 
him."  "His  death  was  one  of  triuini>h.  '  .last 
before  his  (leal  h  he  said  to  his  family  and  friends. 
"I  am  so  unspeakably  happy  that  I  must  talk 
to  yon  a  little  while.  I  wish  to  .say  that  I  would 
not  e.Mliaii.ire  Ibis  bed  of  pain  for  crowns  and 
kingdoms.  I  did  not  think  that  I  should  be 
permitted  to  enter  the  land  of  Beulah  here  on 
earth,  but  1  have  entered  it.  Do  not  think  that 
this  is  excitement.  I  am  us  calm  as  ever  I  was, 
but  my  ])eace  and  joy  are  beyond  expression. 
Heaven  is  indeed  begun  below.  All  is  bright 
and  beautiful." 

Filliii't'k  (\ew  Fidneck),  a  station  of  the 
Moravians  in  Jamaica,  AVest  Indies,  20  miles 
from  Fairtield.  When  the  station  was  opened 
there  was  not  a  church  or  chapel  within  seven 
or  ei.irht  miles  of  the  place,  while  the  .surround- 
ing negro  i)opnlation  exceeded  20,000.  The 
mission  chapel  is  imder  the  charge  of  a  married 
native  missionary. 

FiiiiK-liWH,  the  capital  of  a  county  in  Che- 
kiang,  China,  r)n  the  coast,  30  miles  from  Xing- 
po.  .Mi.s.sion  stati(m  C.  I.  M.  (1880);  1  missionary 
and  wife,  2  out-.station.s,  5  churches,  60  commu- 
nicants. 

Fiirroedporc  (Faridpiir),  a  city  of  Bengal, 

Fiast  In<lia.  Poimlation,  10,263,  itindus,  >los- 
lems,  etc.  Mission  station  of  the  Ba|)tist  Mis- 
sionary Society;  1  missionary,  5  female  mission- 
aries, 2  out-stations,  1  school,  17  scholars. 

Flltwcliiikpili,  a  town  of  Kwangtung. 
China,  iiorllK'iist  of  Canton,  west  of  Swatow. 
Mission  station  of  the  Masle  Missionarv  SiK'iety; 
1  missionary  and  wife,  8  native  helpers,  1  out- 
station.  141  communicants. 

FiilteliKiirli,     FiirriiklinlMid,      two 

towns,  about  three  miles  ajiart,  on  Ihe  (Jange.s, 
72;!  miles  northwest  of  Calcutta.  India,  are  virtu- 
ally one  place,  and  form  an  important  station  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  (Xoithi  in  India.  The 
jiopuliilioii  of  the  surrounding  district,  estimated 
at  JtOO.OlM),  consivtiiig  chietly  of  Hindoos,  with  a 
very  few  .Mohiimmedans,  terribly  poverty- 
sirick<'ii  and  morally  dciriJided,  olTers  a  rich 
lield  for  their  labors. "  Urdu  and  lliiidustaiii  an' 
the  dialects  spoken.  Fullehgiirh  (ISIiS  '.;  the 
residenci'  of  most  of  the  foreign  workers,  while 
Furrukhabad  (lS44i  is  the  ci'iilre  of  the  itinerat- 
ing work,  preaching  services.  cvangeliMic 
sehixiis,  and  /I'liana  visiiini;-.  which  is  carried  on 
by  the  mission;  2  missionaries.  1  missionary's 
wife.  1  female  tni>sionaiy.  S  native  assisiants,  1 
out-siation.  Kid  church-members.  800  day 
wholars,  1,402  Sabbath-school  scholars. 

Fiiliiiitl  V«'i*>ti«ii.— The  Futiina,  which  be- 
loiiir-i  to  ihe  Melaiie-iiiu  liingiiages,  is  spoken  in 
Fuluna.  New  Hebrides.  In  1S)!(>  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Copeland  settled  on  the  island,  and  after 
having  reduceil  Ihe  language  to  writing  ho 
translaled  the  Gospel  of  .\iaik,  which  was  print 


FUTUNA  VERSION 


y84 


OALLA  VERSION 


0(1  at  Sydney  in  180!).  The  other  Gospels  were 
ftlso  iiul)lislie(l  at  Sydney.  Mr.  C'opeland  was 
followed  by  the  Hev.  Dr.  Williain  (Junn,  from 
the  P'ree  Cluireh  of  Scotland,  wlio  n'trnnslated 
the  Hook  of  (ienesis  and  the  Aets  of  the  A|)os- 
tles,  translated  liy  .Mr.  Copeland.  The  Acts 
were  pulilished  al  Sydney  in  1387  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  C'opelauil. 

Fu'iiiiibo,  a  town  in  Central  Africa,  M 
miles  east  of  the  soiilhern  extreinitv  of  Lake 
Tani;anyika,  has  a  line,  <'levated,  licalthy  site 
belwueii  lour  and  live  tliuusaud  feet  aliove  the 


sea.  A  mission  station  of  the  London  Mis.sionary 
Society  (1H87);  2  nussionuries  and  wIncs,  1  pliy- 
sieian.  The  position  of  these  missionaries  in  tho 
interior  of  Africa  is  danncions  in  the  extreme. 
Am  attack  was  planned  liy  tlie  Aral)s  of  I'jiji, 
which  tlire;itcne<l  the  lives  of  tlie  missionaries 
and  the  prosperity  of  the  work;  but  Mahomnied, 
a  representative  >d'  the  well  known  Tii)pu  Tib. 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  missionaries  and 
checked  hoslililies.  For  many  months  com- 
munication was  interrniitcd,  but  the  prospects 
in  the  mission  are  now  brijjihter,  and  all  cau.se 
for  an.xiely  bceins  to  liavu  parsed  uway. 


G. 


Gnliooia.  n  town  in  the  Gaboon  district, 
West  Coast.  Africa,  at  head  of  bay  of  same  name. 
Climate  hoi  and  unhealthy.  LaniruaLre,  Mpon- 
jrwe.  l{eliiri<in,  I'elichism  and  the  fear  of  evil 
spirits.  People  dciiraded;  polyL'amy  aial  slav- 
ery common.  Mis,sion  station  of  the  A.  15.  C. 
F."M.  (1842),  transferi-ed  to  Presbyterian  Church 
(North),  1870;  2  ordainecl  nussjoiKirics,  1  laily,  11 
native  heli)ers,  0  lait-st.ations,  4  churclies,  239 
mendiers,  2  .scliools,  85  students. 

fiiuvlio  V«'r!«l«ll.— The  Gaeli<\  which  be- 
loilLrslollie  Keltic  bnmeh  ofthe  Aryan  lani;ua)re 
family,  is  vernacular  to  the  lliLrhlandi  rs  of  Scot- 
land,'who  received  a  New  T<'sl;iTiient  in  their 
laniruafie  in  1707.  The  transl.iiion  was  made  by 
tlie  Kev.  .lames  Stuart  of  Killin,  and  iiublished 
by  the  Society  for  Promolinir  (  hristian  Knowl 
edire  in  1707,  and  apiiii  in  1791).  The  Old  Tes- 
tament, translated  by  dilTerent  translators,  was 
published  in  l.soi,  jiikI  in  a  revised  form,  uni- 
form in  style,  in  1807,  at  Ldiidiuriih,  under  the 
care  of  the  Rev.  Alexaniler  Stewart  of  Dinu'wall. 
Olhereditions  followed.  A  revised  edition  pre- 
pared bv  Clerk  and  .McLauLrhlin  was  |)ublishe<l 
in  18(i0"bvthe  National  Bible  Society  of  Scot- 
land. ■ 

For  the  members  of  the  ]{oman  Catholic 
Church  the  l)isho])s  Georire  Hay  and  .John 
Ge(Uler  jirepared  a  translation  which  was  inib- 
lislied  at  Edinburirh  1790-1797.  Another  trans- 
lation of  the  New  TestaTnent,  by  Colin  C.  Grant, 
was  published  at  Aberdeen  in  1875  with  epLseo- 
pill  approbation. 

{Specimen  verse.    John  3  :  16.) 

Oifls  anil  mar  sia  a  ghriidhalch  Dla  an 
eaofc'hal,  gu'n  d'thug  o''aon-ghin  Mhic  f(Sin, 
(Aiurn  as"  go  b'e  ucach  a  chrcidcas  ann,  nach 
egrlosar.e,  ach  go'm.bi  a'bheatha  ehlointldl) 
oigc. 

ftalklMH,  a  town  In  the  southwestern  por- 
tion of  Ceylon,  East  Indies.  A  .station  of  the 
S.  P.  G.  The  missiomiries  eomplidn  that  their 
converts  are  very  slow  in  devrlopinjr  an  active 
and  iudepeiident  Christian  life,  and  that  re- 
lapses are  frecpient.  Huddhisni  has  evidently 
outlived  itself,  but  it  is  still  lintrerini;  in  the 
form  of  demon-w(usliip  and  mafiic,  which  often 
show  themselves  in  cases  of  sickness  and  com- 
pel tlie  church  to  employ  v<;ry  strict  measures 
of  suppression.  It  has  2  ehiirclies,  107  coiii- 
munieants,  5  boys'  schools,  2  jrirls',  and  5 
mixed  schools;  total  atteudauce,  884. 


friiilla,  a  country  and  people  of  Abyssinia, 
Africa,  n.v. 

<iallii  V*T!«loii(«.— The  Qalla  belongs  to 
the  llamitic  group  of  African  languajies,  and  is 
vernacular  in  the  (}alla  country.  Fast  Africa. 
The  Galla  has  three  dialects,  the  Shoa,  Ittu,  and 
Hararclla.  Portions  of  the  Scriptures  have 
laen  ]iublished  in  tlie  lirst  two  ilialccts,  and  a 
translation  in  liararelta  is  in  course  of  prepara- 
tion. 

1.  Shon-(!(dlit  Vemion. — During  his  stay  in 
Shoa,  between  the  years  18;i9  and  1842,  the  late 
Dr.  Krapf  translated  i>arts  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment and  the  Hook  of  Genesis.  In  1844  llie 
Shoa  mission  was  abaiiiloiied  and  the  work  of 
translation  suspended  for  u  while.  Of  late  it 
was  taken  up  again,  and  the  Psalms  were  pub- 
lished by  the  Hritish  and  Foreign  Hible  Society 
at  the  Chrischoiia  press,  near  Hasle,  under  the 
editorship  of  Dr.  Krapf  in  1871.  In  1872  the 
Hook  of  Genesis,  lu  1875  the  New  T<'Slament, 
and  in  1877  the  Hook  of  Fxodus  were  published, 
all  ill  Amharic  characters.  As  there  are  Galliis 
who  do  not  uiiderslaiul  Dr.  Krapf's  northern 
version,  the  above  Bible  Society  issued  in  1888 
a  version  of  the  (Jospel  of  .lolm,  made  liy  the 
Hev.  T.  Wakelield,  henceforth  to  be  called  the 
southern  Galla  vi'i'sion. 

2.  Itlii-h'dllii  \'ci:<ioii. — In  this  dialect  a  ver- 
sion of  the  Gospel  of  Jliitthew  was  prepared, 
at  the  suggestion  of  Professor  Hheinisch  of 
Vienna,  by  Hajlu,  a  Galla  freedinan  from  lla- 
rar.  Iliijlu  was  trained  bj'  the  Swedish  miss- 
sionaries  at  Massowah.aiid  afterwards  travelled 
with  Pr(jf.  Hheinisch  in  Africa  as  his  servant. 
Tlie  Gospel  was  published  by  the  British  Bibh; 
Society  in  1885.  Of  the  former  version  the 
same  Society  disposed  up  to  March  'M,  1889,  of 
7,077,  and  of  the  latter  of  500  copies. 

(/Specimen  verses.     John  3  ;  16.) 

UVI;  :;   1m  :  K^X  i  h""*'  «   l^^K.  : 

lioTnan. 

Waka  «kafia  tshalatc  tshira  atami,  TJmasft 
totitsha  aka  kcno,  kan  isati  amiinc  aka  henban«, 
Uhcaan  fcia  aka  tau6fo  garra  duri. 


QAIXB  88 

Galle,  or  Point  «!('  CiiallP,  is  a  town  tind 
port  oil  tlic  .soutliwestcTii  coiist  of  Ceylon.  It  is 
iistoppiiig  place  <)f  lilt'  steiiau'fs  iiiniiinKl>elween 
Suez  iiiiil  Siiiiipore,  Ciileulla  ami  Australia. 
A  piofiisioii  of  trees — piiliiis,  coeoa-nuls,  bread- 
fruit—Krow  aloMiftlie  St  reels  and  tlie  lilulfs  along 
tlie  shore,  and  uive  a  pieusinir  appearance  to  llie 
.setllenient.  I'opiilalion,  ISIi  (HW),  of  a  variety  of 
races — Sinhalese,  Eurasians.  Moors,  Hindus, 
Parsees.  (ialle  was  tiilien  possession  of  liy  Kuix- 
land  in  IT'Jti.  Mission  station  of  tlie  Wes- 
leyaii  Metlicjdisl  Missionary  Societj- ;  4  mission - 
nries,  2  chapels,  Ui")  cliurch-inemliers,  7  Sali- 
bath-seliools.  :i(il  scholars,  8  day-schools,  0<)7 
scholars,  liichniond  Hill,  the  part  of  the  town 
separate  from  the  port,  is  tli(;  principal  lield 
of  work.  At  Uuonii  Vistii,  near  Galle,  is  a 
station  of  the  S.  1'.  G.;  1  missionary,  1  church, 
l'2t5  coinmunieants,  1  jrirls'  hoardinj^-scliool,  I 
girls'  day-school, ;{ lioys'  day-schools,  total  pnpil-s 
362. 

CiSa  Hatlulc,  a  town  in  iiorllK'rn  Transvaal, 
east  Soutli  Afric;i.  on  .'i  branch  of  the  [Jnipopo 
Hiver,  south  of  .Makhabenir.  .Mission  station  of 
the  IJerlin  KvaiiLfelical  liUtlur.ui  .Missionary 
Society,  founded  in  18(5") ;  1  missionary,  .">  natives 
helpers,  67  church-iiicmbers,  18  schoolchildren, 
and  11  branch-stations  with  1,40()  members. 
The  lirst  roads  in  this  wild  mouiituiu-rugiou 
were  l)Milt  by  the  missionaries. 

4>aii<l»  or  l.,ii-4riaii(la  ^  er.>«i«»ii.— This 
lani^uaye  is  spoken  in  I'iranda,  north  of  the 
Victoria  Xyan/.a,  ujion  the  eipm'or,  in  Kasl 
Africa,  and  till  rc<ently  was  unknown.  It  in  the 
most  northern  of  the  Haiilu  family  of  laMjrniiircs, 
and  the  reiiion  where  it  is  spoken  is,  in  fact, 
north  of  the  eipiator.  A  transliition  of  the 
Gospel  of  .M.atthew  was  made  by  the  Uev.  K.  V. 
Aslie,  assisted  by  the  Uev.  .Mr.  .Mackay,  and  an 
edition  of  .5lM) copies  wa.f  published  by  the  Urilish 
and  Foreii;n  Bible  Society  in  1888,  ;it  the  reipn'st 
of  the  Church  .Mis.sionary  Society  at  London, 
under  the  litle  "  Eiijiri  eya  .Muk;miawal'e  no 
Muloko/.i  wafe  Isu  Masiya  n^'a  Kyawjindikibwa 
Matjiyo"  (i.e.  "The  Gosjiel  accordinir  to  St. 
Maltiiew  in  the  (Jaiidii  languap! ").  'i'he  linal 
proofs  h;ive  been  corrected  and  approved  by  the 
Uev.  C.  W.  Pearson. 

Gardiner,  i'Mntaiu  .liicn,  the  founder 
of  Ihe  South  .Vnierican  .Missionary  Society.  He 
was  born  in  Knu'land  in  17!I4,  and  manifested 
even  in  childhiM)d  the  spirit  that  controlled  ills 
later  life.  When  found  sleeping  on  the  floor 
rather  than  in  his  bed,  he  gave  as  the  reason  that 
it  was  his  intention  when  a  man  to  travel  all 
over  the  world,  and  therefore  he  wished  to  ac- 
custom himself  to  Inirdship. 

Surrounded  by  Christian  inllucnces,  formally 
years  he  leil  a  Christian  life;  but  not  until  the 
death  of  his  wife  in  18:{4,  did  he  wholly  con- 
secnite  himself  lo  his  life-work:  "to  become 
the  pioneer  of  a  Christian  mission  to  the  most 
abandoned  heathen." 

He  married  a  second  time,  and  his  family 
shared  wilh  him  his  trials  and  discomforts  for  a 
loin;  time.  Never  disconragi'd,  when  he  found 
the  door  closed  on  one  siile  be  turned  another 
way.  .Vt  one  lime  he  had  joineil  the  mission 
aries  to  South  .\frica,  but  the  treachery  of  a 
Dutch  trader  forced  them  all  to  tlce.  At  last 
he  settled  u|H>n  South  .Vmerica  as  his  mission- 
gniuiid.  «nd  from  thtit  lime  on  his  lif(^  was  one 
scries  of  persevering  ellort  and  heroic  euduruuce. 


iiie   sioiy    as    loio    Jii    ni 
published  by  the  Sociel; 
tlieir   report  is  one  of 
sions,"and  .should  be  km 


QAUSEE 


closed  by  a  triuniphnnt  deuth.  The  general 
statement  is  given  so  fully  in  connection  wilh 
the  liistory  of  the  South  Americtin  .Mis.sionary 
Soc:"ly  that  it  does  not  need  to  be  repeated  here. 
The  story  as  told  in  full  in  a  little  pamphlet 
Society,  and  as  referred  to  in 
the  "  iniiacli  s  of  mis 
<nown  by  every  (Jiie.  The 
])rayer  of  ('apt.  Gardiner  found  recorded  in  the 
joiirnids  that  were  (ireserved  by  a  kind  Pro- 
vidence on  tliose  desolate  shores, places  its  author 
among  the  band  of  heroes  who  gaM'  their  lives 
that  other  men  might  live,  "  My  prayer  is  that 
the  Lord  my  God  may  be  gtorilicd  in  nie,  what- 
ever it  be  by  life  oi"  death;  and  that  lie  will, 
should  we  fall,  vouchsafe  lo  raise  up  and  send 
forth  other  laborers  into  this  harvest,  that  His 
name  may  be  magnified  and  His  kingdom  en- 
larged, in  the  salvation  of  iiiultitudes  from 
among  the  iiiliabitanis  of  this  pagan  land,  who 
by  the  instnimentiilityof  His  servants  may, under 
Ihe  diviiK^  blessing  iipo';  il.iir  labors,  be  trans- 
lated from  the  powrr  of  darkness  into  Ihe  glo- 
rious liberlj'  of  the  children  of  God." 

(itarliAt'ai,  India,  a  town  in  the  Kuniaon 
distii<t.  Northwest  Provinces,  nol  fur  from 
Naini-Tal  and  Pilhoragarli.  ."Mission  station  of 
the  ilethodist  Kpisecpal  Church  North  ;  1 
missionary,  1  single  lady,  1  other  foreign 
helper,  43  native  workers,  138church-nicmbers, 
12  schools,  515  scholars. 

<jtaro  Version. —The  Garo,  belonging  to 
the  Tibelo-Hurman  group  of  non-Aryan  laii- 
giniges,  is  spoken  in  ihe  region  of  Assam  by 
nearly  2,'),000  people  on  the  Gai  row  hills.  Some 
years  ago  parts  of  the  New  Testament  were  ptib- 
lislicd  by  the  I5ible  Translation  Society.  Since 
188.")  Ihe  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  pub- 
lished the  Four  Gospels,  the  Eiiistles  to  the 
Ephesians,  C'olo-ssiaus,  and  Philipiiians. 

fiiaua,  one  of  Banks  Islands,  the  northern 
group  of  the  New  Hebrides,  3lclanesia,  has  a 
congregation  of  .")()  nieiuhers,  formed  by  the 
Melanesian  Mis.sion. 

(lianliali,  the  largest  town  in  As.sam,  is 
on  the  Brahina|iutra  Hiver.  Climate  nnhealtjiy. 
Population,  11,695,  Hindus,  Moslems,  and 
Clirislians.  idission  station  of  the  American 
Baptist  Missionary  ruion  ;  1  missionary  and 
wife,  1  other  lady,  1 1  native  helpers,  !(  out- 
stations,  11  churches,  451  members,  5  Sunday- 
schools,  206  scholars,  11  schools,  470  pupils. 

<iiani«t*(>,  1.  a  station  of  the  ^loraviaii  Breth- 
ren in  Briiish  Guiana,  South  America,  with 
610  church-inembers  in  charge  of  native 
pastors.  2.  A  station  of  the  ^Moravians  in 
Surinam,  South  America,  situated  in  the  Bush- 
country,  a  long  distance  from  I'aramaribo. 
on  Ihe  river  Surinam.  It  is  located  near  a 
former  station  called  Baurbey,  which  had  to 
be  abandoned.  Gaiisee  has  been  served  chiefly 
by  Ihe  converted  chief  ,Iohn  Arabi,  wilh  occa- 
sional visits  from  the  niis.sionarics.  Two  other 
stations  are  connected  wilh  (biiisee,  one  lower 
down  the  river,  called  KoH'ycamp,  the  other 
farther  in  the  interior,  Gocjaba.  At  tlie.se  ad- 
vanced iKists  the  missionaries  have  to  face 
idolatry  and  superstition  more  directly  than 
within  the  borders  of  the  colony.  But  it  is  a 
matter  of  rejoicing  thiit  the  heathen  have  be- 
come conscious  of  their  unfortunate  condition, 
and  long  to  be  delivered  from  it. 


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GAZA 


380 


OEDDIE,  JOHN 


<  :    I 


4iiH'/ii,  n  city  of  Palestine,  Imilt  partly  on  a 
steep  hill,  imrtly  on  ilie  plnin  below,  on  the 
rou(l  lendiiiir  to  Hirypl.  belweeii  the  Mi'ililer- 
riiiieim  iiml  the  (les<'rl.  .■ibmil  llircc  miles  I'roni 
llie  sen.  It  is  MM  eiilreliot  Un  the  liiliiviin  triillie 
betwei'ii  Kiryi't  Mini  Syiiii,  mid  hns  ii  popiiliition 
of  iri.ODK,  niniiily  Aiiibs.  uinl  Ai'.Cbic  is  siidkeii. 
L'liiler  Turkish  rule  tlie  people  nre  viitually 
slaves.  Jlcdieal  iiiissjdn  station  of  the  ().  ,M.  S. 
(IMTS);  1  nicdieal  missionary  and  wife,  '^\  com- 
munieants,  'i  sciiools,  170  scholars,  aud  500 
patients. 

4iie«l«lie.  John,  !>.  lianlT.  Scotland.  1S1.5; 
broutrht  up  and  educated  in  Nova  Scotia, 
wliillier  Ills  parents  iinmiirrated  in  liis  infancy. 
They  were  earnest  Chrisiiaiis,  stronirly  indiued 
with  a  missionary  spirit,  and  at  Ids  birth  de(ii- 
caled  lumloljca  missionary,  Missionary  l)(M)ks 
and  ])eriodicals  in  his  father's  house.  teilin.LC  of 
thetriumphsof  theijospel  inTaliitI  and  theSoulh 
Sea  Isl;iiids,  the  son  reaii  with  avidity,  lie  re- 
(•eived  Ids  academical  and  theoloiiieal  education 
at  Dalhousie  College.  There  beini:  tlien  no  or- 
gaid/.ation  in  Nova  Scotia  to  send  him  to  ii 
mission  Held,  he  was  ordaineil  in  \H'iiH,  and 
settled  a.s  pa.stor  of  the  churches  of  t'avendisli 
and  New  London,  in  Prince  Edward  Island. 
Soon  after  his  ordination  he  wrote  a  series  of 
letters  on  foreign  missions.  addre.s.sed  to  the 
ministers  and  members  of  the  I'reshyteriau 
Church  of  Nova  Seotin,  which  were  pni)lishe<l 
in  the  provincial  papers,  and  resulted  in  the  com- 
nien(.'einent  of  a  foreign  mission  by  the  Svnod. 
The  field  selected  was  the  South  Seas,  and  Mr. 
Geddie  offering;  his  services,  was  accepted  as 
their  first  mis.sionarj'.  He  had  iH'en  settled 
seven  years,  and  had  a  wife  and  three  children. 
To  prepare  liimself  more  fully  for  his  work,  he 
took  lessons  in  printing,  and  obtained  .some  in- 
struction in  medieine.  He  left  Nova  Scotia  for 
the  South  Seas  in  1846  via  Cape  Horn,  sioppins; 
at  the  Sandwich  Islands  and  remaininir  two 
months  for  a  vessel  to  Samoa.  There  he  remained 
eiclit  months  wailing  for  tlie  "John  Wil- 
liams "  from  Kiiglaiid.  At  Honolulu  and  Samoa 
he  obtained  uuich  viduable  knowledge  from  .see- 
ing the  working  of  the  London  and  American 
Societies'  missions.  He  was  advised  by  tht; 
mis.sionaries  of  Samoa  to  occupy  Aneityuin,  one 
of  the  New  Hebrides,  and  Rev.  Mr.  I'liwcll.  one 
of  the  most  e.xpeiieneed  of  their  luimbcr.  was 
apiiointed  to  aeeompany  him.  to  assist  in  estab- 
lishing the  mission  ,^ir.  and  Mrs.  (liMldie  had 
a  h.'ird  and  trying  evperience  in  dealing'  with  a 
low  and  savage  ])eoi)lc.  llurricinies.  diseases, 
and  deaths  wen'  traced  to  the  mission.iry.  The 
natives  stole  their  proivrtv.  tlireat<'ned  to  burn 
their  liouses,  and  t.ake  their  lives.  .\lr.  Cleddie 
had.  how<'vcr.  great  aptitude  for  so  treating  tite 
he.alhen  as  to  gain  their  I'ontidence.  and  in  his 
elTorts  to  dissuade  them  fnan  the  cruel  custom 
of  strangling  widows.  Ins  success  was  m;irv<'l- 
lous.  (iradually  several  attended  ills  instruc- 
tions, and  in  two  years  forty  live  assembled  on 
the  ;'abbalh  to  listen  to  his  words  and  to  worsliip 
(lod.  .Mr.  (icddie  had  great  readiness  in  ac- 
iiuiiingllie  native  langu.ige,  .and  a  remarkably 
retentive  memory.  He  made  e.irly  and  cxlen- 
.sive  iise  of  the  press.  He  was  an  excellent 
translator  of  the  Serijitures.  He  had  great  in- 
ventive power;  was  fertile  in  expedients,  ciaild 
turn  himself  with  facility,  whetlwr  to  building 
II  ehurc'i,  translatiiur  a  (Jospel,  printing  a 
primer,    administering    meilicine,    teaching    a 


class  or  preaching  a  sermon,  to  traversing  the 
island  on  fo<il.  or  sailing  namd  it  in  Ins  boat. 
In  1S.")P  some  of  the  chiel's  and  even  sacred  men 
joined  him.  of  whoin  one,  Wailiit.  supposed  to 
have  jiower  over  the  sea.  a  man  of  lieree  and 
cruel  temper,  and  much  tcared  by  the  people, 
had  his  mind  opened  to  the  truth.  He  ^h^iwed 
great  eagcrne.ss  In  imparl  toolhersihe  truth  he 
had  himself  discovered.  Another  chief  of  great 
luithoiily  in  the  district,  and  who  joineil  the 
woishippers,  wtis  Nohoal.  To  prove  his  sine,. r- 
ity.  which  manv  diadited,  he  cut  otf  his  long 
hair,  abiuiiloned  polygamy,  and.  though  si\iv 
years  old.  attended  the  school  every  tnorning 
and  the  worship  on  the  Sabbath.  Ollicial  per- 
sons among  the  heathen,  whose  craft  was  in 
diing<'r,  and  oilier  parties,  not  native,  whose  [iro- 
ceediugs  were  interfered  with  by  the  new 
teachers,  greatly  enraged,  combined  in  re- 
jieatcd  attem|.ts  to  rid  themselves  of  the  mis- 
sionary. In  iS.-jl  Ids  house,  in  which  himself 
and  family  were  sleeping,  was  set  on  lire  at 
midnigiit.  The  excitement  among  the  friendly 
natives  over  this  dastardly  act,  though  held  in 
cheek  by  the  ini.s.sioiiary,  convinced  the  perja'- 
trators  that  such  opposition  could  be  continued 
only  at  their  peril.  Sub.se(pientlv,  when  the 
heathen  district  of  Anau-unse  planned  to  at- 
tack the  people  of  a  Christian  village,  the 
Chiistians  from  alli>artsof  tlie  island  assembled 
to  reason  with  the  hostile  peojile,  and  to  per- 
suade them  to  abandon  their  opposition  and 
live  in  peace.  These  events  rallied  luid 
.strengthened  the  friends  of  Air.  Geddie,  ami 
from  that  dav  the  Christian  cause  trium))lied. 
Tn  IS.'iS  the  first  converts,  13  in  number,  were 
baptized,  a  Christian  church  formed  on  Aiieit- 
yum,  and  the  Lord's  Supiur  observed.  In 
18.')4  the  whole  pojiulation  hud  abandoned  hetith- 
enism.  The  last  case  of  strangling  a  widow 
occurred  in  1857.  but  it  was  jiromptly  punished 
by  the  chiefs.  Woman  was  restored  in  some 
degree  to  her  place.  Mr.  Inglis,  soon  after  his 
settlement  in  1S,")3,  visited  .Mr,  (ieddie,  with  lata, 
the  principal  chief  on  his  side  of  the  island.  He 
had  been  a  great  warrior  and  cannibal.  When  he 
entered  the  church  he  saw  thechief  Nimtievan. 
whom  he  had  met  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  as 
they  came  out  of  the  church  they  iiut  their 
arms  around  each  other.  At  Mr.  tieddie's  in- 
stance tinil  with  his  aid  a  ehurch  capable  of 
holding  !tO()  persons  was  built,  the  natives  car- 
rying tlie  trunks  of  trees  50  feel  long  for  miles 
to  idd  in  its  construction.  Mr.  (ieddie  tnins- 
lated  and  printed  the  (Jospels  of  Matthew  and 
John,  iiiid  most  of  the  Kpistlcs  of  Paul. 

His  health  being  iinptiireil,  he  visited  Nova 
Scotia  in  1SIJ4,  afler  Iti  vears'  absence,  lie 
took  with  him  tin'  lionk  of  Psalms,  w  hich  he  had 
translated,  and  had  it  ]iublislieil  at  llalil'a\. 
H<'  was  received  at  home  with  great  elilhiisiasni. 
A  handsome  sum  was  placed  in  the  hands  of 
Mrs.  (ieddie  as  an  expression  of  the  people's 
appreciation  of  the  services  and  saciilices  of 
herself  and  her  liusliand  for  the  sake  of  Christ. 
Th<'(Jueen's  rniversiiy  at  Kingston  C(Uiferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  I). !>,,  the  lirst  given  to  a 
missionary  in  the  South  Seas  except  to  |{islio|i 
Patteson.  and  the  Synod  honore<i  him  with 
the  appointment  of  .^lodcrator,  which  he  de- 
clined. He  returned  to  the  isliind  in  18ti(i,  and 
though  less  vigorous  than  before,  there  was  no 
marked  debility  until  July.  1871,  when  he  had 
a  .severe  attack  of  inlluen/.a.  from  which  he 
never  fully  recovered,    lu  that  year  he  went 


OEDDIE,  JOHN 


887 


OERMAN  VBRSION 


to  ^Iclhonriip  to  cftrrj'  part  of  the  Old  Trs- 
tiiiucnt  lliroufrli  till'  jncss  iiml  wns  sci/.cd  with 
]>iinilysis,  liiit  rccovfii'd  sullicii'iitly  to  lie  rc- 
iiiovcd  to  (iitIoii);  in  VIctoriii,  wluTi'  he  liiid 
left  his  wife  mid  (liildicn.  From  a  second 
slioko  he  died,  ni'ci'iulicr  Ifdh  187'^.  He  wiis 
hiiritd  in  the  (•cinclcry  at  (Iceloiig,  where  ii 
nioniinieiil  hiis  lieeii  erected  to  his  niciiiory. 
A  wooden  tidiiet,  iirciiiired  in  Sydney  by  a  few 
frieiuls.  has  been  iiiaced  behind  tlie  (inlpil  in 
his  chiircli  at  Aneliiaidiat.  A  minute  was 
l)assed  by  the  New  Hebrides  Mission  Synod  in 
ISTIi,  recordinirtlieireslimatcof  the  fat  her  of  the 
mission,  in  which  they  say:  "l)r.  Geddie  was 
possessed  of  many  excellences  especially 
qiialifyin.iT  him  for  the  early  years  of  a  lieiithen 
mission;  such  were  his  eneriry  and  zeul,  Ids  in- 
genuity and  power  of  surinountiiif;  dilliciilties, 
his  ui.t  in  eidistinir  the  natives  in  all  bis  under- 
takinjis,  his  willinirness  to  endure  banUhip  for 
the  sake  of  the  irosiiel,  his  faith  in  God,  his 
habit  of  lookiiiir  at  the  briirht  side  of  his  work, 
and  hissirontr,  all-prevailini;  missionary  spirit," 

4iieiit'riil  Uii|iliNtlTlif«MloiiHryNof>i<>t)-. 

lleachpiarters.  Mission  House,  CO  Wilson 
yireet,  Derby.  Enj;land, — Tiie  fornuition  of  the 
Uiiplist  Missionary  Society  in  1793  awakened 
nincli  interest  in  missions.  Among  the  Gen- 
eral Haptisis  tlds  interest  was  increased  \\y  thi! 
appeals  of  tiie  Kcv.  J,  (1.  Pike,  of  their  own 
denondnation,  and  in  1816  the  General  bap- 
tist ^lissionary  Society  wa.s  orgainzed.  The 
field  chosen  for  its  tirst  elTorls  was  Oris.sa, 
India,  "  the  Holy  Ijand  of  the  Hindoos. "  Inthis 
lirovince  is  the"  .sacred  <'ity  Puri,  where  the 
national  god  Jagganath  is  worshii)ped.  !Muoh 
has  been  done  by  the  Society  to  mitigate  the 
trwel  find  obscene  rites  of  the  worship  olTcrcd 
to  this  god.  A  Christian  commuidty  of  3,000 
has  been  created.  In  the  district  of  Cuttack 
there  are  a  ndssion  college  (established  184(5), 
mission  i)ress(e.stal)lished  i8!W),  orphanages,  etc. 
The  numl)er  of  principal  stations  is  7,  siil)- 
slations  10.  Preaddng  1o\irs,  liible  work, 
zenana  visiting,  etc.,  are  carried  on. 

Tlie  Society  also  carries  on  evangelistic 
work  in  Home,  Italy,  wheie  it  has  two  stations, 
Sunda}' -schools,  etc.  Annuid  income,  about 
£8,000. 

(■ortfcnliiilx,  a  town  in  Xortheri\  Trans- 
vaal, Africii,  is  on  a  branch  of  the  Limpopo 
River.  Mission  station  of  the  IJerlin  Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran  Society  (1877);  1  missionary,  5 
native  helpers,  6  out-slalions,  '2()  church-inei 


:! 


don 


15  scholars.     Some  work  is  also 


e  by  the  rtrecht  ^lissionary  Stjciety. 

4>(>«»rK(>l4»\«'ii,  a  city  in  Uritish  Guiana, 
South  Amciica.  Populalion.  40,(K10.  A  sta- 
tion of  the  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society  ( 18151, 
and  now  the  centre  of  the  Wesleyan  mission  in 
this  region,  which  belongs  to  the  ^Vest  Indian 
Conference.  In  1884  it  bad  4,5;i(>  cburch- 
niembers  luid  240  catecliumens, 

<iii'«»rBluiiV«'r»i«ii.—(;corgi. in,  which  be- 
longs  to    the  Caucasus  group  of  languages,  is      the  Itible,  ni.'idi' bv  I'lpbilas  or  Vullila.  tin 


consists  of  the  letters  invented  by  ^Miesrob,  and 
the  alphabet  of  the  modern  Georgian  is  called 
Mkcdruli,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  in- 
vented by  the  Georgians  Ihem.selves  in  the  14th 
century.  The  former  is  the  ecclesiastical  or 
literary,  the  modern  is  the  civil  or  common. 

According  to  a  tradition  of  the  (icorsrian 
Church,  the  Scriptures  were  translated  into 
this  langinige  in  tin,'  8lh  century  by  Eiiiihe- 
mius,  tiie  founder  and  i)iitron  itf  tbi"  Iberian 
monastery  on  ^Alount  Alhos.  It  is  staled,  how- 
ever, by  other  authorities,  that  in  the  (itli 
century  the  Georgians  sent  young  men  of  tal- 
ent into  Grecs'c  to  study  the  Greek  language, 
and  llmt  on  their  return  they  fiirnisbcd  their 
countrynicn  with  a  translation  of  the  Scriptures 
and  of  the  liturgical  books  of  the  (jreek  Church. 
The  translation  n(  the  (Jld  Testament  is  made 
from  the  Septuagint,  and  of  the  Xew  from 
Greek  manuscripts  of  the  Constanlinopolitati 
family,  and  is  comiiosed  in  the  ecclesiastical  or 
ancient  dialect.  The  translators  are  unknown. 
The  trnnslation  has  been  e.xi'cuted  without 
any  critical  oversight,  ami  was  almost  un- 
known in  Europe.  In  the  18lh  .'cntury  the 
Georgian  Prince  Wnkuset  revised  it  accord- 
ing to  the  Slavonic  trtmslalion,  and  an  edition 
■was  printed  at  Mo.scow  in  1743.  From  this 
edition  the  New  Testament  was  reprinted 
by  the  Mo.scow  Bible  Society  in  181fi,  un- 
der the  superintendence  of  "the  Georgian 
metropolitan  Ion,  and  of  Archbishop  Pafnnt, 
both  resident  in  the  Kremlin  of  Moscow.  The 
types  from  which  it  was  printed  were  cast  from 
the  very  matrices  wliich  had  been  used  for  the 
former  edition,  and  which  had  been  providen- 
thilly  preserved  during  the  contlagration  of  the 
citv  at  the  time  of  Napoleon's  invasiim. 

In  1818  the  New  Testament  in  the  Mkedruli, 
or  civil  or  common  character,  wiis  printed  at 
St.  Petersburg,  because  more  generally  intelli- 
gible to  the  laity;  and  in  1878  the  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society  is.«ued  from  the  press 
nt  Tiilis  the  P.sidms  in  the  same  dialect,  with  a 
few  alterations  in  the  headings. 

(Specimen  verse.    John  3 :  16). 

0)700  Qbofvjmm-ra  BntvSojmo  3cT>^br/5 
d6u,  mScnS  ")fT>-an2T>ui5  mro-o^miuS  l(^- 

(■t'rniaii  Vrrnlwn.— The  (Jerman  belongs 
to  the  Teutonic  liraiKli  of  the  Aryan  family, 
and  is  sjiokeii  throughout  ticrmany,  Austria, 
and  wherever  tiermans  live.  At  the  head  of 
(Jerinan  literature  stands  the  Gulhic  version  of 


CO- 


siKiken  in  Georgia,  Central 


West 


em   Can-      liralcd  bi^ll(lp  of  the   Moeso  Goths.     It  is  writ- 


casiis.     In  the  course  of  time,  by  the  introduc-  ten  in  an  ••dpliMbct  he  constructed  for  this  pur- 

tioii  of  many  Armenian.  Greek,  Turkish,  and  |io.se  out   of  Greek,   Latin,  and   |{iiiiic  clianic- 

othi'r  foreign  words  into  the  Georgian,  a  dia-  lers.     liecaiise   of    the    warlike   spirit    of    the 

lect  developed  it.self  in  contradistinction  to  the  (Joths,  he  did  not  translate  the  four  books  of 

old  Georgian,  each    with  a   distinct    alphabet,  the  Kings.     Much  of  the  New  Testament    but 

The    alphabet    in  which    Iht^  old  (tcorgian   is  very  little  of  the  Old  Testament  has  come  down 

written  is  called  Khutsuri,  i.e.,  the  sacred,  and  to  us.     The  version  is  from  the  (ireek  te.\t,  and 


'}  m 


GERMAN  VBRSIO£} 


GERMAN  EVANOEL.   SYNOD 


has  therefore  crilieal  weight.  Since  Ulphiliis 
attended  the  synod  iit  Consiaiitinoph'  in  300,  liis 
version  belongs  lo  tlie  s<'ci)n(l  half  of  the  fomlli 
century.  'I'lie  four  (iospels  were  lirst  edited  l)y 
.Itliiius"  and  .Marsliall  (l)ort,  HKi.")),  and  the 
Pauline  epistles  in  part  liy  Castiglione  (.Milan, 
181'J,  18'i',»,  ami  1H;!4),  Ti"ie  liesi  editions  of  all 
the  fragments,  with  glossaries  and  introduc- 
tions, are  l)y  Gabeleiilz  and  Loehe  (Leipsie, 
18;{(]-40),  l)y  (Jangeidgli  (I'assan,  1.S4S;  4ili 
ed.  ISSti),  and  by  .Massnnmn  (Stuttgart,  1H.").'> 
-57)  8inee  L'ppstri^rn  eoin|)ared  the  nian- 
useript  anew,  inw  editions  were  published  by 
F.  1j.  Stramni,  Ttli  ed.,  revi.sed  by  M.  lleyne 
(raderboni,  lS7f<),  and  l)y  K.  liernl'iardt  (ilalle, 
1875).  The  Ciospd  of  Mark  lias  reeentiv  l>ecn 
edited  by  U.  Muller  tuul  11.  lloppe  (Ileilin, 
1881). 

.Many  eenturies  elapsed  after  the  Gothic  ver- 
sion of  Ulpliilas  before  the  IJible  was  translated 
into  German.  In  the  8th  eentury  the 
clnireli  began  to  jMit  the  German  to  use.  In 
the  luanuscripts  of  that  time  there  arc  many 
glos.ses  in  German;  and  German  translations  of 
single  books  of  the  JJible  were  attempted  Of 
the  latter,  there  are  preserved  fragments  of 
Matthew  (8tli  century,  ed.  Massmaim.  1841), 
a  translation  of  the  harmony  of  the  Gospels  by 
Ammonias  Alexandiinus  (Dili  centuiy;  ed. 
Sehmeller,  Vienna,  1841).  and  a  version  of  the 
Psalms  in  Low  German  (!)th  eentury,  <'d. 
Ilagen,  Ureslau,  181(1).  A  translation  of  the 
P.salm8  with  commentary,  by  Notker  lial)eo 
(died  1022;  ed.  lleinzel  and  Selierer,  Strasburir, 
1876),  and  of  the  Song  of  Songs  by  Willcrani, 
abbot  at  Ebersberg,  Bavaria  (cd.  llolfniaiiii, 
Breslau,  18'J7),  htivealso  come  down  to  us.  In 
the  eenturies  immediately  following,  the  inter- 
est in  the  vernacular  translation  dec fcased,  imd 
the  reading  of  (he  vernacular  Scriptures  was 
forbidden  l)y  the  ecclesiastical  authorities. 

The  e.\act  date  of  the  translation  of  the 
whole  German  Bible  cannot  be  ascertained,  but 
it  is  certain  that  one  was  in  existence  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  15(h  cendiry,  and  down  to 
the  year  1518  foiirt(!en  dill'erent  editions  of  the 
German  Bible  had  alieady  been  publishe<l, 
but  (he  great  nuisses  knew  little  or  nothitig  of 
the  Word  of  God.  In  the  person  of  Luther  ap- 
peared the  German  translator  of  the  ]5ible. 
Although  the  New  Testament  was  imblished  as 
early  as  the  yeiir  XTii'i,  yei  this  version  still  con- 
tinues to  be  the  standard,  ni)t  oidy  of  the  Ger- 
man Seripdircs,  bu(  of  the  German  language. 
Between  1523-32  the  Old  Testament  was  pub- 
lished. In  subseiiuent  cdidons  Luther  made 
many  improvements,  ami  he  lived  to  sec  ten 
original  editionsof  his  Bible.  With  the  edition 
of  1544-45  Luther's  work  of  emending  came 
to  an  end.  Immediately  on  tln^  publication  of 
Luther's  version  other  tr;mslatioiis  were  under- 
taken on  its  basis  by  friends  of  th(^  Reforma- 
tion, but  like  King  .lames'  Bibh^,  Luther's  re- 
tained its  hold  upon  the  people,  and  became 
Vie  Bible  of  the  German  Church. 

(fipecimen,  verse.    John  3  :  16.) 

.Wfo  fytl  raottb'if  fBclt-gclicbtrDdg  tr  lemrircinfli^ 
fcornrn  Scliii  gaV,  niif  bag  Slllf.  bit  an  iba  nliuibm, 
ijild)t  Dfrlortn,  iDfrtfiiAfonbrrn  6q3  Ooiflf  Stbtn  fiabco. 

(acrmaii  BapttNt  Brcthmi  riiiirrli. 

General  Church  Erection  and  Missioimry  Com- 


mittee. Headqunrters,  Mount  Morris,  111.,  U. 
S.  A. 

The  foreign-mission  work  of  the  (Jcrraan 
Ba))tist  Brethren  was  connnenced  ia  Denmark 
in  1S75,  and  in  Sweden  in  1HH5.  Five  mission- 
aries arc  now  at  work  in  the  (wo  lields.  Tlu? 
report  for  188U  shows  821  meetings  held,  and 
8  baptisms. 

In  1H87  the  committee  was  atithorized  to 
adopt  plans  to  secure  an  endowment  fuiul  for 
(he  missionary  work  of  the  Church.  !j!.50,00() 
have  already  been  secured. 

4a(>riiiiiii  l']vaiiK<>ii(>al  NyiKiil  «»!' 
\orlli  America.  Secre(ary,  Uev.  John 
llubcr,  Attica,  N.  Y.,  U.S.  A.  The  Churcli 
consistsof  (i74  miiustcrs  and  8S(i  congregations, 
many  of  the  latter  being  veiy  small  and  unable 
to  support  tliemsclvcs  entirely,  and  nearly  all 
gathered  and  established  duringthe  last  (wen(y- 
livc  years.  Tlie  Synod  did  not  jxissess  its  own 
mission  until  18H4,  allhougli  many  of  the  pa>- 
(ors,  having  proceeded  from  (he  mission  houses 
(U'  Basle,  Itarinen,  and  Berlin,  were  naturally 
interested  in  tlu'  work, ami  many  congregations 
contributed.  Tlie  contributions  were  directed 
to  the  Kuropean  societies,  and  several  attempts 
of  the  f I'iends  of  missions  tooriginatc  a  synodal 
work  among  the  heathen  failed.  This  aim  was 
not  lost  sight  of,  however,  and  the  most  de- 
voted of  these  friends  issued  a  monthly  )ieriodi- 
cal,  "The  .Missionary,"  not  only  to  further  the 
cause  iit  large,  but  with  the  avowed  intention  of 
agitating  a  synodal  mission.  Others,  who  from 
their  early  ediu'ation  were  iiKue  connected 
with  Basle  and  Barmen,  began  an  opposition 
paper,  whi<'li  advocated  the  support  of  those 
.societies,  under  tin;  title  of  "  Kvangelical 
Friend  of  .Missions."  Without  giviiiiT  rise  to 
any  jus(  complain(  as  though  the  demands  of 
chari(y  were  ever  (respas.sed  upon,  it  was  felt 
(o  be  a  s(range  discrepancy  among  the  mem- 
bers (ha(  such  oppositional  views  should  be  ad- 
vocated in  the  Synod  on  a  subject  the  Biblical 
necessity  of  which  all  wereagreed  upon.  Heiieo 
a  committee  of  nine  was  appointed  to  report  on. 
the  advisability  of  the  Synod's  undertaking  an 
independent  work  in  some  foreign  field,  the 
report  to  be  delivered  before  a  general  meeting 
of  the  Synod  in  St.  Loui.s,  October,  1883. 

Of  the  nine  but  few  intended  to  aid  a  favor- 
able report  on  their  arrival  ;  but  the  providence 
of  God  opened  doors  <luring  the  week  of  con- 
ference of  which  nobody  had  had  any  iiresenti- 
ment,  and  by  which  the  way  to  be  choseu  was 
laid  ojien. 

For  some  years  previotis  a  mission  society 
hiul  been  organi/.e(l  in  New  York  City,  eom- 
jirising  ('hristians  of  various  (ierman  (lenonii- 
nations  and  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church.  Its 
ollicial  name  was  German  Evangelical  Mis- 
sionary Society  of  the  I'nited  siates.  This 
Society  sent  Rev.  Oscar  Lohr,  in  18(!7,  to  India, 
with  instructions  to  choose  a  held  according  (o 
God's  leading  :  and  (hroiigli  a  smtdl  party  of 
Sa(wami  in  iiombay  he  was  induced  to  begin 
work  among  these  people,  the  lirst  station  being 
established  in  Bisrampore,  near  Raipore.  Tin; 
Work  proveil  successful,  inasmucli  as  a  small 
congregation  was  gatheri'd  and  formed  into 
a  colony  on  a  tract  com|)rising  l!(2f)  acres 
of  land,  the  inoperty  of  the  mission  ;  and  by 
1883  two  out-stations,  one  in  Raipore,  the  other 
in  (ianeshpore,  liai!  been  begun. when  (he  home 
Socie(y  saw  more  and  more  plainly  (hat  it  was 


GERMAN  EVANGEL.    SYNOI^ 


380 


GITANO  VERSION 


iiiiublc  to  miso  the  funds  so  iicoi'ssftrj'  in  tliu 
ixiiiiii>iiin  of  till'  work.     Tliroiiy!!  Itcv.  Julius 

(irVl  Idl'  New    \nv\i   Cil),  11  |ll(>ll()S!ll  Wll.S  IllLTC- 

lui"  lpi(iujj;iit  1)(  lore  llic  Ufuoiiii  CoiifiTcnic  of 
llic  (Jciiii!in  Kv;iiiirtli<'iil  Synod  of  Noilli 
Aiiu'ricii  in  SI.  I.oiiis  lo  liilii;  iiiliix' clmrgc:  of 
llif  proniisinn'  wufk  of  .lit'  Socicly.  'I'lie  oiler 
WMs  iicccptcd,  since  ever}  deleiriile  ill  llie  con- 
ference .siiw  in  il  11  liijilier  direclidii,  iiiul  in  l!S.S4 
Uie  Synod  look  euniplele  control  id'  llie  work, 
the  lorniul  net  of  triinsnd.ssion  lid<in,if  pliicu  in 
the  churcli  of  Uev.  Scide;;el,  New  York.  At 
thill  diitc  two  ordiiined  niissioniiries  were  in 
the  Held— Messrs.  J.,ohr  and  Sloll  ;  one.  Uev. 
Tiiiiner,  who  since  tlu'ii  wiis  sent  out,  Imd  to  he 
wilhdniwn  after  a  nearly  Iwo  years'  slrugglu 
with  the  climate. 

(Juiie  a  revival  Inis  taken  place  iu  Bisranipore 
and  vicinity,  the  increase  in  nieinliers  in  that 
station  amounting  to  'Ml,  children  included.  In 
liiiipore  extensive  grouinls  with  buildings  have 
been  purchased,  and  a  boarding-school  contains 
a  number  of  or|>hans,  besides  about  101)  day- 
scholars.  Here  the  work  is  condin^ed  almost 
solely  among  the  Iliinloo  popiiliilion. 

The  ollicial  rcpresenlative  of  the  Society  in 
Ainericii  is  Uev.  .loiin  lluber,  Attica,  N.  Y. 
Mr.  Win.  IJehreiiill  of  Cleveland  edits  the 
"Friend  of  .Missions" — sent  to  14,.")0()  sub- 
scribers. 'l"he  two  former  periodicals  have  been 
united  in  this  one.  The  contributions  show  u 
sleiidy  increase.  Although  no  inconsiderable 
sums  are  still  ilirected  lo  European  societies, 
the  nnssion  board  of  the  Germiin  Kvangeliciil 
Synod  last  year  received  fS,10!).9()  in  direct 
contributions,  and  ifiHK)  as  the  net  gain  of  its 
niis>ii)iiiiry  publications.  $8,881.41  were  ex- 
pended in  the  year  ending  Aliirch,  1890. 

4iilia'/.i|>iir,  a  city  in  the  district  of  Benares, 
Northwest  Provinces,  India,  on  the  Giinges 
River.  Population,  ;i!»,lll)0.  A  station  of  the 
(tossner  .Missiuimry  Society,  with  OTO  niend)ers. 

CjJIlt'lijf.— Alhiinian  written  iu  Greek  char- 
acters.     (See  Albanian.) 

<J  ilirallar,  11  crown  colony  of  G  real  Britain, 
situiUed  iin  a  rocky  peninsular  headland  pro- 
iectiiig  into  the  .Mediterranean  from  the  Prov- 
ince of  Andalusia,  Si)ain,  it  is  an  impregnable 
fortress,  and  commands  the  entrance  lo  the 
Mediterranean.  Its  area  is  only  1 /f,  sipiare 
miles.  The  i>opulation,  exclusive  of  the  Kng- 
lisli  garrison,  is  19.000,  of  whom  the  majority 
are  descciulants  of  Genoese  settlers.  Homan 
Catholicism  is  the  prevailing  religion,  aiul  there 
are  three  churches.  The  Wesleyan  Methodists 
work  at  Gibraltar  among  the  men  of  the  gar- 
rison, and  also  among  the  Spaiush-speiiking 
Jieople;  1  missionary,  i  chapel,  41  members  i 
Sunday-school,  20  si'holars,  'J  day-schools,  ^'i 
.scholars.  Gibraltar  is  a  diocese  of  theS,  P.  G,. 
with  one  resident  missionary.  The  Free  Church 
of  Scotland  has  a  congregation,  with  a  pastor 
and  ,')9  communicants. 

4>ill>(>rl  ImIhikIn  (Kusaie),  a  cluster  of 
coral  islands  in  .Micronesia,  on  both  sides 
of  the  eipiator.  Population  estimated  at  (iO.OOO. 
The  climate  is  c(iuable,  and  though  warm 
is  not  oi)|)res.sive.  The  inhabitants  resemble 
the  -Alalays.  The  peoi)le  are  divided  into 
three  classes — chiefs,  landholders,  and  slaves. 
There  is  no  general  authority  recognized 
throughout  the  group,  but  ther'e  are  several 
kings,  and  iu    some    places   the    goveruiueut 


is  ndmiiMsterc*!  by  public  assemblies.  The 
islanders  are  fond  of  war  and  ])rone  to  suicide  ; 
but  they  lire  kind  lo  their  children,  hospitable, 
generous,  and  more  considerate!  of  women  thiin 
IS  usual  among  savages,  'I'hey  are  said  lo  eat 
human  tiesh  oceiksionally  but  are  not  habiluiil 
cannibals.  'I'heir  clothing  is  made  of  the  leaves 
of  the  ptindaiiiis  ;  their  houses  and  canoes, 
though  constructed  of  rude  inalerials,  are  su- 
perior in  size,  sirenglh,  and  elegance  lo  any 
ollicrs  in  tin-  Pacilic. 

.Mission  station  of  the  A.  B.  C.  V.  M.  (1853) 
in  connection  with  the  Ilawiiiiaii  Kvangeliciil 
Association:  'i  niissioniiries  and  wivs,  1 
female  nii.ssionary.  12  churches,  5  llawaiiiiu 
missionaries,  1  native  imstor,  10  as.sistanls. 
Oill-slalioii  of  the  London  Missionury  Society 
iu  the  SaiiKHin  Isluiids. 

4iiilhfrl  lMlun<lM  VerNi<»ii.— The  Gilbert 
Islands  lau'ruiiire  belongs  lo  the  .Micronesiim 
languages,  and  is  us<-d  in  the  (Jilbert  Islands, 
where  missionary  operations  were  eommenced 
in  1857.  The  lirst  jiarl  of  the  Scriptures  trans- 
lated into  this  language,  were  eleven  chapters 
of  Miitlliew,  made  bv  the  Rev.  1!.  Biiiirham, 
and  piiblishi'd  in  18U0  at  Honolulu.  lii  18(>4 
the  Gos|iels  of  Matthew,  .lolin.  and  the  Epistle 
lo  the  Epiiesiaiis  were  issued  at  Apaiang,  and 
in  a  s<((>nd  edition  at  New  York  in  18<i().  In 
18T:{  the  entire  New  Testanient  was  completed, 
and  in  1877  a  revi.sed  edition  was  issiu'd  at 
Honolulu— a  priceless  gift  Io;i0. 000  people.  A 
third  edition  was  jirinted  in  New  York  in  1880, 
and  three  more  were  issued  In  188:?  Mr,  Biiig- 
hiiin  commenced  the  translation  of  the  Old 
Teslameiit,  of  which  .some  books  have  already 
been  printed.  Of  the  New  Testanient  about 
9,000  copies  were  purchased  by  the  Gilbert 
Islanders. 

(Specimen  terse.    John  3  : 1(5.) 
Ba  0  bati  taniran  to  aomata  itoun  to  Atua> 
Ina  naia  are  e  ana  Natiua  ao  to  rikitoinauai,  b» 
c  aona  n  aki  mato  auo  oaimakiua,  uia  e  uik 
maiu  a  aki  toki. 

Ciiill,  ^Villiam,  h.  Janunry  14th,  1813,  at 
Totne.ss,  Kn.irland  :  .sailed  Aiuil  lltli,  18;i8.  as  a 
missionary  of  the  I»ndoii  Mission  Society,  lor 
Biirotonga  ;  st.iiioiied  at  Arorangi  in  that  island. 
In  1842,  in  the  absence  of  Mr,  JiuzacotI  fiom 
Karotonira.  he  t<«ik  charge  also  of  his  statinii 
and  of  Ihe  inslitution  at  Avaruii.  Between 
1H43-40  he  visited  the  other  islands  of  the 
Ilervey  group,  s|iending  six  months  in  .Miiiigiiin 
and  the  New  Hebrides.  New  Caledonia,  and  the 
Loyalty  Islands,  returning  by  way  of  (samoa  lo 
Barnto'ngfl.  In  addition  lo  his  evangelistic  and 
pastoral  work  he  revis<,'d  the  Barotonga  version 
of  the  S<Tiptures.  and  wrote  several  books  in 
that  language.  His  wife  devoted  Iierself  to  Ihe 
elevation  of  Ihe  unlive  women.  In  18.')3  ho 
went  to  England  and  did  not  return  lo  Ihe  mis- 
sion tield.  Before  his  connection  with  Ihe 
Society  ciiised  he  printed  the  second  edition  of 
the  Barotongan  Bible,  besides  other  books  in 
that  languace.  In  October,  18r)(),  he  wiis 
settled  lis  |>aslor  at  W<xjlwich,  and  died  at 
Blackhealh  in  1878. 

4iiituiii»  VvrMioii. — The  Gitauo  belongs 
to  the  isolated  languages  of  P^iirope,  and  is  used 
by  the  SpaiiLsh  gypsies.  The  (losj)el  of  Luko 
w'as  translated  into  this  dialect  by  J\lr.  (ieorgo 
Burrow,  and  publiuhed  at  Mailrid  iu  1838  by 


:) 


^ 


Ill 


OITANO   VERSION  890 


OOBAT,  SAMUEI, 


«■ 


i: 


till-  Hrilisliiiml  FoiciLrn  Hiblc  Society.  In  con- 
wt'(liiciui-  of  a  fresh  denmiul  for  the  liook,  tliu 
simie  Society  iiivileil  the  triiiislutor  to  revise  it 
liffiire  priiitiiiL'  it  afresh.  The  new  edition  was 
published  iu  1870. 

(Upecimen  verse.    Luke  15 :  18.) 

Sfangne-  ardiffcTttrff,  y  choI&rO  nl  ftatusch,  y  le 
pcuarS:  Batu,  be  quftrdl  crejctc  coutra  oTarpe 
y  auglal  da  tucue. 

Giz  (Geeze). — Anotlier  naine  for  the  undent 
and  deiul  Elliioiiic  of  Abyssinia  Ui-V.) 

faleiiHOii,  .%iiN«»ii,  I).  MiinciieMtcr,  Conn., 
U.  S.  A.,  May  'id,  1T97.  In  1H2-J  he  beciune  an 
nssistiint  missionary  of  iIk;  A.  15.  (".  F.  ^I.,  and 
in  January,  IH'.M,  started  for  the  d'octaw  <,'onn- 
try.  He  "travelled  liie  lonj;  j(Mirney  on  liurse- 
back.  After  eijrht  years  of  service  amoni;  tlio 
Indians,  the  liealtli  of  liis  family  obliged  liini 
iu  iy;U  to  return  north.  While  among  the 
Clioetiiws,  50  miles  from  any  other  mission  sta- 
tion, he  "built  a  liouso,  chapel,  and  .school,  all 
in  one,  for  Sfo.-'M),  and  in  that  hou.se  he  enter- 
tained at  the  siMiie  time  .Messrs.  Evart.s,  Uying- 
ton,  Kingsbury,  and  Worcester."  Upon  the 
.solicitation  of  Miss  Sarah  L.  Huntington, 
afterwards  the  wife  of  liev.  Eli  Smith  of 
the  Syrian  Mission,  he  ciune  into  coiwieetiou 
with  "the  Mohegans  near  Norwich,  (Joiin., 
where  a  church  was  formed,  to  which  he,  liav- 
iug  been  ordained,  ministered  till  1845.  For  a 
time  he  acted  as  District  Secretary  of  the  Hoard 
iu  Vermont  and  New  llauipsliire.  In  the  fall 
and  winter  of  1845-0  he  revisited  the  C'hoe- 
taws,  who  had  been  removed  by  liu;  Govern- 
ment to  the  Indian  Territory,  taking  willi  iiim 
three  lady  teachers  from  the  American  Hoiu-d. 
AV'hile  there,  as  he  went  from  station  to  station, 
he  found  a  deep  religious  interest,  and  many 
converts  were  reported,  some  of  whom  became 
ministers  of  the  Gospel.  In  1850  he  began  la- 
bors among  the  Seiu'ca  Indians  lu'ar  IJnITalo, 
N.  Y.,  remaining  among  them  ten  years. 
After  that  he  bectune  a  city  mis,siomvry  iu 
Rochester,  Utica,  an<l  Urooklyn.  He  died  in 
Brooklyn,  February  34th,  1885.  He  had  lived 
under  the  admiiiisfriition  of  all  o\u-  Presidents 
up  to  that  date,  and  reached  the  age  of  87 
years  and  10  months.  "E.xuberaiit  cheerful- 
ness chanicleri/.ed  liim  to  tlu' last;  .so  did  love 
for  all  good  men  and  good  objects.  A  larger, 
warmer  Iteart  has  seldom  beaten.  His  iiUercst 
iu  the  cause  of  missions  kept  unabated." 

<«lt'lltll<»ril,a  town  in  Manka/.aiuv,  district 
of  Hedfonl,  Cape  Colony.  25  miles  from  Ade- 
laide. Population.  Europeans  (descend'ints 
of  British  and  Dutch  settlers),  Hottentots, 
nud  Kafirs.  Hcligion,  heathenism.  Social 
condition  on  the  whole  fairly  good;  some 
of  the  natives  drink  Kalir  beer  or  brandy,  but 
the  district  is  not  known  as  unruly.  Their  least 
ho|H'fid  characteristic  is  their  idle  an<l  indill'er- 
ent  carelessness.  ^Mission  station  of  the  Iniled 
Presl)yteri:ui  Church  of  Scotland  (1840);  )  mis- 
sionary anil  wife,  C  native  workers,  10  out-stu 
tious,  1  church.  lO'J  members. 

(■iiadt'iidiil  is  the  oldest  and  the  principal 
mission  settlement  of  the  Moravians  in  South 
Africa.  Founded  in  1737  by  (ieorge  Schmidt. 
On  his  e.xiiulsion  from  the  colony  the  work 
was  suspeiuled  for  nearly  lifly  years;  it  was  then, 
iu  1792,  renewed  by  three  brethren,  who  found 


an  ohl  convert  of  Schmidt's  still  residing  there, 
and  carefully  preserving  ii  Dutch  Testament  he 
had  given  her.  The  settlenu'Ul  is  situated  near 
the  junction  of  a  rocky  glen  called  Harian's 
Kloof  ((U'  "Cilen  of  Haboons  ")  with  the  valley 
of  the  Sonderend,  down  which  it  extends  nearly 
ti  mile  and  a  half.  It  is  about  50  miles  east  of 
Cape  Town.  God's  blessing  rested  on  the  la- 
bors of  His  .servants  among  the  Hotteitots,  al- 
though they  had  to  eiulure  nuieh  o|)positiou 
and  persecution  from  the  Dutch  farmers. 
During  the  years  1802-0  the  Dutch  governor 
visited  the  station,  and  was  so  well  jileased  with 
the  results  of  the  mission,  that  at  his  sugges- 
timi,  it  is  said,  it  received  the  present  name  of 
Gnadendal,  i.e..  Valley  of  Grace.  In  the  year 
of  emancipation,  18:58,  a  train'ng-.sehool '  for 
male  teachers  was  opened  at  this  |)lace,  which 
has  done  good  service  in  training  schoobnas- 
ters,  some  of  whom  have  become  native  minis- 
ters. 

Ciitthnt,  Slliiilicl,  b.  (Jreinim',  Berne,  Swit- 
zerland, Jaiuiary  20tl\,  1799.  At  the  age  of  nine- 
teen, having  an  eariu'Sl  desire  to  be  a  missiou- 
itiy,  he  entered  Basle  Missiomiry  Institution, 
l)revion.sly  jierfectiiig  himself  in  the  German 
language.  In  1823  he  was  sent  to  Paris  to 
study  Arabic  at  the  Missionary  Institution,  at- 
tending the  Arabic  lectures  of  Baron  de  Sacy. 
He  studied  also  Amharic  and  Ethiopic.  At  the 
end  of  a  year  he  was  recommended  by  the  di- 
rectors of  the  Basle  Institution  to  tiie  C.  M.  8, 
for  appointment  as  a  mis.sionary.  I'roceeding 
to  England,  he  resided  nine  months  iu  the 
Chiu'cii  Jlis.sionary  College  in  Islington,  devot- 
ing himself  chiefly  to  Oriental  study  under  Pro- 
fessor Lee  of  the  University  of  Cambridge.  Ap- 
pointed in  1820  to  comnu'nce  a  mission  iu 
Abyssinia,  he  returned  to  the  coiuinent,  re- 
ceived Lutheran  ordination,  and  sailed  for 
Africa,  reaching  Egypt  in  September  of  that 
year.  A  company  of  Aby.ssinians  livingat  Jeru- 
salem in  a  monastery,  he  was  directed  to  visit 
that  city,  to  obtain  fuller  information  from 
them  concerning  Aby.ssinia  ami  its  languages. 
He  spent  three  months  there  in  1827.  On  ac- 
count of  the  unsettled  .state  of  the  civil  all'airs 
of  Abyssinia,  he  did  not  couuuence  oiieratious 
till  1830.  Fiom  Massowah,  a  seaport  in  the 
Province  of  Tigie,  he  proceeded  to  Adigrat(,'  in 
the  .sauu!  i)rovince,  and  was  favorably  received 
by  Sebagadis,  the  Chief  or  Has  of  Tigre, 
Theme  he  went  on  a  missionary  lour  to  Gondar, 
capital  of  Amhara,  another  iirovince.  From 
1830  to  1833  be  travelled  extensively,  holding 
earnest  discussions  with  the  luiests  ami  people, 
and  proclaiming  the  gospel  of  Christ.  From 
Cairo  in  1833  he  went  to  Europe.  Having 
married,  he  returned  in  1834  to  Aby.ssinia  with 
Hev.  C.  W.  IsenlierL'.  His  health  having 
failed,  he  left  for  liome  at  the  close  of  1830. 
ContiniU'd  ill-health  preventing  his  laboring  iu 
Abyssinia,  he  was  associated  in  1839-42  with 
the  Society's  missiomiries  at  .Malta,  in  superin- 
tending the  translation  of  the  Bible  into  Arabic, 
and  taking  charge  of  the  ])iiiitiiig-iuess.  In 
1841  he  made  a  visit  to  Syria  to  ascertain  the 
m(>ral  condition  of  the  Druses,  and  the  expedi- 
ency of  attempting  a  mi.ssion  among  them.  On 
the"  establishmeni  of  a  Protestant  College  at 
^Malta  by  a  committee  in  London  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  youth  of  the  Levant,  he  was  appointed 
vice-iiresi'dent  in  1845,  ami  the  same  ye.ir  visit- 
ing  England    was   ordaiucd    deacon    iu    the 


OOBAT,  SAMUEL 


ilUl 


aOODELL,   WILLIAM 


Church  of  EmuIiuuI.  After  his  rcHirn  to  AFultii 
the  IJishopiic  of  tlic  Anglican  Cliiircli  iil  .Itru- 
siileni  Ijt'i'oniing  vaciini  liy  liii'dcatii  of  liisliiip 
Alexander.  Mr.  (loliat  was  noniinalcd  as  liis 
Hiu'Cfssor  l)y  llie  Kinji;  of  I'nissia  (l'"r<'(l('ii(k 
W'illi.'ini  IV'.),  and  consecrated  at  Lainhelli 
■Inly  "nil,  \HH\.  lli.s  work  in  .lerusalcni  was 
viu;oroiis  ami  successf\il.  Ks|ic(iiilly  woriliyuf 
n4enti()ii  are  llie  Dioei'.  .in  School  and  tli(M)r- 
plianage  on  Moinil  Zion.  The  former  was  he- 
jrnn  in  1H47  with  nine  children.  Wlien  he  died 
tliere  were  in  I'alesljnc  under  his  care  ;i7 
wliools  Willi  1.4(H)  children.  lie  lia<l  also 
twelve  native  chiin  lies.  He  dit'd  in  Jern.sidem 
May  lllh,  IHTK.  He  wrote  "A  Journal  of 
Thiee  Years  in  Aliyssinia  "  (I<oii(lon,  1847). 

liisliop  (iol)at  i.s  said  liy  all  who  knew  him 
to  iiave  been  a  man  of  e.vtraordiiniry  talents, 
great  liuinilily,  and  devoted  piety  and  zeal, 
lie  spoke  eight  languages.  He  hud  wonderful 
tact  in  deaiing  with  all  classes  of  men.  His 
life  WHS  one  of  "  udveuture,  hardship,  c.-iposurc, 
and  siillering. " 

(lioildil,  a  district  and  town  in  Bengal,  In- 
dia; subdivision  of  theSantal  I'ergana.s  district. 
Area  9(i(i  s(|unre  miles,  containing  i,7."i8  villages, 
ropiilalion  of  the  district,  a48.493,  Hindus, 
.Moslems,  Santals,  Kols,  aud  other  aboriginal 
tribes  of  whom  a  few  are  t'hristians.  Tho 
town  is  a  mission  station  of  the  C.  31.  S.;  1 
missionary  and  wife,  77  communieuuls,  9 
schools,  178  scholars. 

<iiotMler\vii('lil.— A  town  in  Cape  Colony, 
South  Africa,  •'">0  miles  north  of  .Mamre.  Its 
name,  which  signilies  "well  protected,"  indi- 
cates the  nature  of  the  locality,  which  is  a  deep 
glen  in  a  spur  of  the  Picket  Mountains.  Station 
of  the  Moravians,  occupied  in  1888.  This  place 
is  a  Hottentot  .settlement,  which  originated  in 
the  be({iiest  of  a  proprietor  who  died  years  ago, 
leaving  his  property  to  four  of  his  slaves,  after 
the  <leath  of  the  last  of  whom  the  estate  was  to 
be  sold  at  auction,  and  the  proceeds  to  be  di- 
vided among  the  numerous  children  of  the 
slaves.  When  the  last  of  the  four  slaves  died, 
by  her  earnest  wish  the  iiroperty  was  .sold  to 
llie  Moravians,  who  now  own  the  entire  station. 
TIk'  school  and  large  congregation  here  arc 
under  the  care  of  a  native  i)astor. 

<>«Kltliiial>,  a  station  of  lh(>  Danish  Mission 
in  soutliern  (ireenland,  founded  by  Hans 
Egede  in  1728.  It  has  a  teacher's  seminary. 
Here  the  lirst  Eskimo,  Kajaruuk,  was  baptized 
in  173!). 

4ii«>i;o  (Gogha),  a  towu  and  subdivision  in 
lioMiliay,  India.  The  town  is  a  port  on  the 
(iuir  of  (  iiinbay,  about  'J(tO  miles  south  of 
Ahmadabad.  and  contains  7.000  Hindus,  Mos- 
liiiis.  .lains,  and  Hheels.  (lujarati  and  a  mixed 
dialect  called  Mussalniaiii  are  spoken.  The 
cliniale  is  temperate  and  heallhy.  .Mission  sta- 
tical of  th<'  Irish  rrcsbyleriaii  Cliurch  <.\>*\-i):  1 
missionary  and  wife.  2oui  stations.  ;i.")commuiii- 
I'ants.  18  preaching  placi's,  4  Sunday-schools, 
'J'JO  schohirs,  0  schools,  343  scholars. 

Ciiotfo  Vorxloii.— The  (Jogo  belongs  to  the 
Bantu  family  of  African  languages,  and  is 
spoken  by  the  Wairogo,  who  number  about 
100,(1(10.  They  inhabit  the  region  between 
the  rtnyamwezi  district  on  the  west  aud  th;it 
of  the  I  .-iagara  on  the  east.  Thev  are  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  31as»ii  country  and  that  of 


the  W'litatiiru,  and  on  the  south  by  that  of 
\\\i\  Waliebe  and  the  Wastingo.  For  this 
tribe  of  east  Kipialorlal  Africa  the  Uev.  J.  ('. 
I'rice  translated  the  (jospcl  (d'  .Matlbew  from 
the  (ireek,  by  the  help  of  the  Knglish  I{evis<!d 
Version  and  Kebmaiin's  .Swahili  Version.  The 
(iogo  language  is  clo.sely  allied  to  lh<'  Kagurii, 
but  sullicienlly  distinct  to  render  the  Kagiiru 
Version  useless  among  the  Wagogo.  With  the 
sanction  of  the  Church  .Missionary  Socielv,  tli(! 
Ihitisli  and  Foreign  Hible  .Society  published 
Mr.  Price's  version  in  lHM(i.  of  which  thus  fur 
507  copies  have  been  disposed  of. 

4iioil«i  VtTnUm.— Thetjond  belongs  to  the 
Dravidiaii  family  of  the  Non-Aryan  languages, 
and  is  spoken  bv  the  tionds.  one  of  the  most 
ri^markable  of  tlie  hill  tribes  in  Cenlral  India. 
The  Hev.  Dawson  of  the  Free  t)liurcli  Mission 
translated  the  Gospel  of  .Matthew  into  this  lan- 
guage, which  wus  published  at  Allahabad  in 
187'J.  The  Gospel  of  Mark  followed  in  1873. 
In  1884  the  Gospel  of  John  and  the  Hook  of 
Genesis  were  issued.  Thus  far  L.'iOO  ])ortious 
of  the  Scriptures  have  been  dispo.sed  of. 

(Specimen  verse.    Matt.  5  :  10.) 

^ffj^  iftti  vnntf  '■f^sftV'it  w%  ^TO  *i^  x?f  f5n 

fli  %%  W^in  >»5i  wmn  rtf  J"  •ftV^  vivirt  ncnn 

•"iij^H  lilt  u 

Cino<lcll,  William,  b.  1702.  at  T(  mplc- 
ton,  .Mass.  His  father  hud  earnestly  desired 
him  to  be  a  minister  of  the  gosjiel,  but  had  not 
the  means  to  educute  him.  The  .son,  hearing 
that  beneticiary  aid  was  grunted  at  Phillips 
Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  went,  walking  and 
riding,  sixty  nules  to  Andover.  Finding  the 
charily  fund  overloaded  and  other  applicants 
wailing,  he  "footed  it  the  whole  distance" 
home  again.  The  next  term,  "  without  money, 
without  credit,  or  any  plan,"  he  put  his  books 
and  clothing  into  his  trunk.  stra]>iied  it  on  his 
back,  iind  began  his  m;ircli  of  sixty  miles  again. 
He  was  received;  and  having  at  iliis  academy 
titled  for  college,  beentend  Dartmouth,  whero 
he  graduated,  and  then  studied  theologj'  at 
Andover.  After  leaving  the  seminary  he 
.studied  mi'dicine,  andspeni  a  year  in  visiting  tlie 
cliurches  and  the  Indian  missions  at  the  South- 
west. Hesailed  December  9lli,  1822,  for  Beirut, 
where,  after  a  few  inonths  spent  at  Malta,  he 
arrived  November  Uith.  1823.  ex|)ecling  to 
proceed  to  Jerusalem,  but  the  dis'urbed  slate  of 
the  country  in  coiisecpuiice  of  tlie  Greek  revolu- 
tion prevented.  At  Beirut  he  ;iide(l  in  estab- 
lishing a  mission,  and  )iursued  the  study  of  the 
Turkish.  Arabic,  and  Armenian  languages. 
AVar  raging  between  Greece  and  Turkey,  and 
perseeulion  from  the  ecclesiastics  prevailing. 
Ids  work  was  interrupied.  and.  consular  pro- 
tection being  withdniwn.  he  was  often  in  great 
l)eril.  In  1828  he  went  witli  his  family  for  a 
time  for  sal'ety  to  .Malta.  There  he  issued  the 
New  Teslaineiit  which  he  ha<l  tninslaled  into 
Armeno-Turkish.  li.  is;!l  lie  was  ;ransferred 
to  ('onsi.-inlinople  to  begin  a  new  mission  to  tlie 
ArmcMians.  His  time  here  was  chielly  occupied 
in  translating  the  Old  Testament  into  Armeno- 
Turkish.  Two  years  after,  in  a  fire  which 
desiKiyed  nearly  a  ,s(iuare  mile  of  the  city,  all 
his  pr()|>erly,  including  grammais.  dictionaries, 
commentaries,  iranslalions,  and  nianuseripts  of 
every  kind,  was  consumed.  In  183!)  he  was  in 
the  inidst  of  tlie  plague  in  its  most  frightful 


\'i 


l:  \i 


I'?! 


I 


fU 


OOODELL,  WILLIAM 


\m 


OOSSNBR  MISSIONARY   SOO. 


11. 
I 


1 


forms,  Tlic  iicr.M'culiiiiiof  convfrlM  mid  fiiciuls 
111  iiiissiuimiics,  irurnisiii);  in  viuU'iicc,  ihrcal- 
I'liL-d  to  Iti'ciik  ii|i  llu^  iiiisNiiiii  work.  Mill  while 
III'  WHS  iiwititiii;!  till'  oi'ilt'i-  to  Iciivi',  (ioil  iriii'i' 
|iiisi'il,  ill  till!  ili'I'i'ut  of  lilt'  Hiiliiiii's  army,  tlii' 
ilnilli  of  till'  siillmi  liiiMM'lf,  a  ilrstriirtivr  liir 
ill  ('oiistiiiitiiin|ili',  1111(1  till'  iivi'itlii'ow  of  many 
ii'adliiLr  |ii'i's('(iitors.  Mis  i;n'Mt  work,  tiii'lrans- 
latioii  of  ilif  Uihic  into  Armi'iKi-'I'iiikish,  was 
(•oin|)lcl('(l  ill  IMIl;  lull  so  illixioils  was  lir  to 
si'iiiif  |MM'fcct  accuracy  I  lint  it  iiiidcrwriit 
I'l'lH'iitt'd  revisions,  anil  llie  llnal  one  was  not. 
linislied  till  IMIi;!,  four  years  licfore  his  death. 
On  the  day  that  he  linished  it  he  wrole  to  Dr. 
Joliii  Ailiiins,  Ills  Icachi'r  at  Andover:  " 'riiiis 
have  I  lieeii  perinitled  hy  the  i^oodiiess  of  GihI 
to  dii;  a  well  in  this  distunt  land,  at  wliirli 
millions  may  drink,  oras;;ood  Hrother  'I'emple 
would  say,  to  throw  wide  open  llie  tweivi' 
Jellies  of  till!  Nuw  Jeru.saleiii  to  this  imincu.so 
])oj)ulalion." 

If.  IH.'il  ho  vi.sited  his  native  hind,  wIhm'c  for 
two  years  he  liiivelled  twenty-live  tliousand 
miles,*  addressed  more  than  four  hiindn^d  con- 
fe'renations  in  aid  of  foreign  missions,  besides 
meeting  students  of  colleges  iind  theological 
.seminaries,  and  Salilmlli  una  select  sc1i(M)Is.  In 
18.");i,  he  returned  to  Coiistanlinople,  where  ho 
laliored  with  enlhusiiisin  and  success  till  18(1.'), 
when,  on  account  of  failing  hiMilth,  ho 
rei|uesledii  release  from  the  Board,  lie  returned 
home  after  fortytliree  years  of  niissiouaiy  vork, 
preached  and  delivered  addresses,  iittendeil 
ineetiiigs  of  till!  Board  at  ( 'liicagoand  IMttstield, 
and  died  in  IHUT,  aged  I'l,  at  the  roideiice  of 
his  son  in  I'hiladelphia.  "  Ho  was  rariOy  gifted, 
full  of  genial  humor,  sanguine,  simple,  coiira 
geoiis,  inodesl,  ahove  all,  lioly.  He  won  hearts 
uud  moulded  lives." 

iiiU*ty,  a  town  in  Madras,  South  India, 
50  miles  east  of  Bellary.  Cliiiiate  dry  and  Iml. 
Population,  5,:t!M,  cliietly  Hiniloos  and  .Mos- 
lems. haiiguMires,  llindiistaiii  and  Teliigii. 
Natives  poor  and  degraded.  .Mission  station  of 
the  London  Mis^^ioimry  Society  (IS."),"));  ^  mis- 
sionaries (1  married),  1,")  native  helpers,  28  out- 
stations,  1  church,  104  meinhers,  2  schools,  18(J 
scholars. 

Ciiiirnklipiir,  a  town  in  the  ><orthwest 
Provinces  of  India,  on  the  Uapli  Kiver,  80  miles 
east  of  Faizaliad,  'i'iie  town  is  lilthy,  ill-kept, 
and  overrun  with  troops  of  monkeys,  here  the 
object  of  popular  veneration.  Population, 
57,1W2,  Hindoos,  Moslems,  Christians,  etc. 
Mission  station  of  the  Church  Missionary 
Society  (188;{);  1  niissionaiy  and  wife,  4  sta- 
tions and  out-stations,  i)21  cuminuuicauts,  !•'> 
.schools,  l.-'iOO  .scholais. 

Cii<»r<loii,  Andrew, b.  Putnam,N.Y.,  U.S. 
A.,  Septeinlier  17th,  1828;  graduated  at  Franklin 
College,  O.,  IHM;  studied  theology  at  Canons- 
burg,  Pa.,  18r)3;  ai)pointe(l  by  syniMl  missionary 
toSialkot,  North  India;  ordained  August  29tli, 
1854,  by  Presbytery  of  Albany;  sailed  Septem- 
ber 28th,  18,")4.  Dr.  (lordoii  was  the  founder  of 
this  mission  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church. 
He  was  a  devoted  and  useful  laliorer  with  jieii 
ami  tongue.  He  returned  to  the  United  States 
in  ISO.')  greatly  debilitated,  and  remained  .so  for 
several  years";  but  having  gained  sutticieiit 
strength  to  warrant  active  labor  again,  he  re- 
embarked  in  1875,  and  wa.s  stationed  at  Gurdas- 
pur,  Northern  India.      Ue  returned  homo  the 


second  time  because  of  illncMM  of  members  of 
his  fninily,  and  liKiked  forward  conlidently  and 
eagerly  to  a  return  to  his  work  in  India.  He 
received  the  degree  of  I).  I),  in  188,'i  from 
Kranklin  College,  New  Athens,  ().  After  ii 
long  and  painful  illness  he  died  in  Philiideliihia, 
August  Kttli,  1S87,  and  was  biiiieij  at  \\'est 
Laurel  Hill  (  eineterv.  Dr,  (ionlon  wasprepnr- 
ingit  vei'siwn  of  the  iValins  in  the  Urdu  laiu;iiage 
wlien  he  I'l'tiiriied,  He  piiblislied  a  v;iluiii>li' 
work,  "Our  India  .Mission,"  8vo,  pp.  ,"il(i 
(1880). 

<al»r<l<tll  ^I'llKtl'illl,  astatii.^ii  of  the  Free 
Church  of  Scotland,  in  Natal,  .South  Africa,  a 
few  miles  from  the  frontier  of  Zululiind, 
opened  in  1874,  by  means  of  funds  given  by  the 
Countess  of  Aberdeen  as  a  memorial  to  her  son, 
Hon,  .1,  il.  (iordon,  (.see  account  of  Natal  Mis- 
sion under  the  Free  Church  of  Seotlandi,  and 
now  conducted  by  the  Ladies'  Society.  It  has 
2  female  mLssioiiariea,  29  boarding  pupils,  50 
day  scholars. 

(■onIivii.  — 1.    A  town  In  North  Jamaica, 

West  Indies,  near  the  coast,  soiilheast  of  St. 
Ann's  Bay.  .Mi.ssion  station  of  the  United  I'res- 
byterian  Church  of  Scotland;  (1840);  1  native 
pastor,  1  out-station,  iiHi)  members,  2  Sunday- 
schools,  270  scholars, — 2.  A  town  in  East  South 
Africa,  on  the  Windoogelsberg  l{iver,  .southeast 
of  Silo.  Mis.si(Ui  station  of  the  Moravians, 
opened  in  18.50  for  the  beiilit  of  the  'rambook- 
ies  and  Katirs.  'I'lie  work  pros|)ereil.  "One 
Katir  hut  after  another  was  erected  aroimil  the 
missionaries' dwellings,  and  the  barren  wilder- 
ness rapidly  assumed  the  aspect  of  a  garden  of 
the  Lord,"  Il  was  but  a  year  old,  iiowever, 
when  tiie  ICalirwarof  18.")1  laid  il  in  ruins.  It 
was  rebuill,  and  is  again  in  a  prosperous  condi- 
tion under  the  care  of  the  present  niissionaiy 
and  his  wife. 

<><»H<>iu'r  :vii<i<*i«»iiiiry  ^>«»oi(>l}.  Head- 
quailirs,  ;il  Potsilamer  .Stras,se,  Berlin,  tier- 
many,— .bdianiies  Hvatigelista  (io.ssiier,  born  at 
Hansen,  near  Aiigsbuig,  December  14tli,  17711; 
died  in  IJerlin.  .March  2l)lli,  l^i)H.  was  liapli/ed 
and  ediicaled  in  ilie  Uomiiii  Catholic  Church, 
and  held  a  small  benetice  at  MUiiieh,  which  en- 
abled him  to  continue  his  studies  and  engage  in 
literary  pursuits.  He  came  early  under  the  In- 
l.'uence  of  Martin  Boos,  and  gradually  hisevan- 
gelieal  tendencies  became  so  apparent,  that  in 
1817  he  lost  his  benetice.  But  he  did  not  pub- 
licly embrace  Protestantism  until  1820.  From 
1829  to  1840,  when  lie  retired  as  jiaslor  emeri- 
tus he  had  charge  of  the  Ik'thlehem  Church 
in  Berlin. 

The  missionary  zeal  which  gave  his  life  its 
peculiar  character  of  giandeur  may  have  been 
awakened  by  Martin  Boos,  who,  though  he 
never  left  the  Church  of  Bome,  was  himself  a 
kind  of  evangelical  missionary,  and  for  that 
reason  was  violently  chased  from  |)lace  to  jilace 
by  the  Jesuits.  Hut  otherwise  it  was  a  sponta- 
neous outgrowth  of  his  own  nature,  and  he  re- 
ceived his  siiceitic  ini|)uls(!  towards  the  ]ireach- 
ing  of  the  gos|iel  to  tlie  heathen  from  his  inti- 
mate connection  with  Spittlar,  one  of  the 
foiindersof  the  Basle  Mission  Society  and  a  rep- 
resentative of  the  Pietist  circles  in  (iermaiiy, 
and  with  the  Moravian  Brethren,  who  for  a 
whole  century  had  been  the  sole  representatives 
of  the  missionary  idea  in  German  civilization. 
IIo  became  in  1831  one  of  the  directors  of  the 


GOSSNBR  MISSIONARY   BOO. 


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OCSONER   MISaiONARY   300. 


(iir- 

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ni'wly  fciuiiiicil  Unllii  Ml.-mjoii  SiM^iciy  in  Hcr- 
iin,  uinl  ill  IN:M  lie  licpiii  ic  iiiiIiIImIi  "|)it> 
l<ii>iii<"  I'l'lii'  ISi'i').  wliii'ii  hiii;  lliiiiii^lilii^',  liiiM 
<'ciiiliiliiit('il  vi'iy  iiiiM'ii  Id  uuiilti  ■!  mill  ('(iii.Mill 
iliiif  till  iiiiiiTMi  of  tt.i:  Llcriiiitii  I  iililic  in  iiil.H- 
Hiiiimry  wmk. 

Ill  IMitll,  liiiwi'Vi'r,  lir  liriiki'  nlT  liis  ('(iiilifC' 
tiiiii  with  till'  Sixicty  ;  he  till  tluit  llii'y  inujil 
iiiil  xMii'k  ti)i;('lli)'i'.  Ill'  ciiiilil  iiiii  lii'iii);  li!>i 
iiii'iis  iif  wliiii  II  (  lirlHiiiiii  iiiis>ii)iiiirv  .sliiiiiiil  lit' 
iiilii  li:iniii)iiy  uilli  till'  Niiii'ly's  iifi'a.siil'  linw 
n  (liil-^liiiii  niix^iiiii  sliiiiiiil  lir  wmlvril.  Ilrliml 
liis  I'vi'H  li.xril  ii|)iiii  till'  Apiisili'  11  iiiiiii  ilri'iiii 
oiiwiinl.s  liy  till'  till'  of  liis  I'aitli  anil  lliruwiii^ 
all  Ills  ctiirH  III)  (iixi,  ami  Ihi' Sixii'lv  liail 
li(i><|ilril  llio  Kiiulisli  iiiDiji  I  iiT  a  iiii.><NUili— a 
tliiii'oii^lily  iirj^aiM/i'il  iii>litiiliiiii,  MiipimrU'il 
bill  iilsi)  i:iiv(Miu'il  liy  tlir  Cliiisliiiii  ri)iiiiiiiiiiily 
tliat  i'slal)lisli«(|  ii.  (iosMicr  fill  |iirfrrlly 
<iilaiii  lliiil  III'  was  liDl  widii^r,  but  it  was  a 
Idii^  liliir  bifiirr  111'  rami'  to  iiliilrrsliiliil  tliul 
till'  f^iiriily  was  not  wroiii;  cillicr.  He  mtiiis 
til  liiivr  ^'iveii  up  ill  ilcspair,  anil  felt  very  iiiiiili 
piiplr.M'il  wlit'ii,  siiini'  inoiitlis  laltT,  I'ijjlit 
,^  iiiiiii;  iiii'ii.  ailisiiiis,  will)  ciiiilil  anil  winilil  sup- 
purl  llieinsclvcs  wlirii'ver  lliey  went  in  llir 
wiM'lil,  canii'  to  him  anil  askcil  to  be  inslniclcil 
ami  picpiind  sn  as  lo  be  sent  out  by  some  )nis- 
sion  soiiely,  or  to  tiit  out  on  their  ow  d  aeeoiiiil 
to  preach  the  jrospel  Id  Ihi.'  hialheii.  Ilow- 
fvir,  "this  CDiiiis  from  the  Lonl."  he  saiil  lo 
hiniself,  anil  unilerlook  ilie  task.  After  about 
.si\  nioiilhs'  pjipaialioii  llioe  yoiiiiLT  men  went, 
uiiiler  the  leiiili  rsliip  of  Ilie  Seouhmiiii,  Dr. 
Laiiir,  lo  South  Aii.striilia,  anil  in  the  mean  lime 
new  pupils  hail  been  reeeiveil. 

liiit  other  ilillicillliesaio-ic.  'riieecelesiasllcal 
iiulhorilies  of  Merlin  look  iimbrairc  iil  the  in- 
foriiial  anil  iiniiulhoi  i/eil  way  in  whicli  (Joss- 
iier  acleil.  He  was  compelleii  to  pelilion  Ilie 
l;iiii;  for  a  permit  to  form  a  rei.'uliir  mission 
Kuciely,  Till'  kin;;  refuseil  liis  eon^iiit,  iiiui 
liilileil,  with  a  litlle  lap  of  the  corponirs  stall', 
that  lliei'e  was  a  royal  mission  society,  anil  that 
Mr.  (io.ssiier,  if  he  wanleil  to  do  anytbiiiL;-  in 
that  line,  must  aililress  himself  to  .sjiid  .soei- 
ely.  The  kinir  ilieil,  however,  a  few  iiionlhs 
afterwarils,  ami  bv  a  cabinet  onliiianee  of  .lime 
:.'Mtli,  IH-I-J,  his  successor,  Krieihieli  Willielm 
IV.,  alloweil  anil  conlirmeil  the  (iossiur  .Mi^■ 
.siiiii  Sociel}-.  Hut  no  real  eliaii.!;e  was  thereby 
wriiujrht  ill  (Jossiier's  method.  In  1H;{!)  he  hail 
sent,  out  anolher  body  of  his  pupils,  under  the 
liudersliip  of  William  Sliirl,  an  Kmrlislminn, 
who  sellled  them  at  llajipiir  in  Hrilisb  India, 
and  in  111:.,  way  he  eonlinueil  lo  transfer  his 
iiiis.sionaries  to  other  societies  or  lo  let  them  jx» 
on  their  own  respoDsibilitv.  It  was  the  mission 
Id  the  Kols—  that  f;ranil  trial  but  •;rand  triumph 
of  (Jossiier's  life — which  lini.lly  forced  him 
from  merely  individual  aelioii  into  a  true 
orjrani/.ntion  on  the  broader  foundation  of  as.so- 
fialiot,. 

In  the  middle  of  June,  IS-l-l,  h  number  of 
ftDssner's  pupils,  amonir  whom  were  the  Iheolo- 
(.diiii  Schiill/,  and  two  leachers,  Itrandl  anil  Fr. 
liatseh,  lift  Berlin  for  Calciittii.  They  wanted 
to  LTo  as  missionaries  to  the  heathen,  but,  as 
UMial,  lliry  had  no  very  definite  iiliins  as  to 
where  lo  iro  and  how  lo  work.  Tliev  miirlit 
.seek  a  lield  in  Karlher  India,  or  they  niiLdit  join 
.some  other  (lO.ssuer  missionaries  in  Hither 
India;  that  had  to  bo  decided  on  their  arrival 
Jit  ('aleulla.  Their  friends  there,  however, 
among  wlioin  was  the  WUrtemberger,  Hillier- 


lin,  111  the  servic''  eflbe  '-"ii 'lish  Cliiiri  •>  Mis- 
sion, were  not  in  hivor  of  either  of  lliese  pliilis. 
*,\  hill'  they  were  hesilnliiiii  what  lo  do.  their 
allenlion  was  iaeidiiilally  draw  n  lo  the  Kols, 
a  ilcKiaded  race,  sunk  in  niisery  iiiiil  siiipidily: 
and  when  the  Kiiv:li'<h  tiovernmenl  i>roniisei| 
irxsisliince,  lliey  inaile  up  their  mIniN  to  ;;o 
lliillier  The  Held  proved  very  liiinl,  and  the 
only  aid  iliev  had  from  (iossni'r  ciin>lslei|  in 
his  lelleis  •)  will  pray  more  for  you."  It  look 
live  loll:;  years  bi  fore  the  llrsi  Kol  was  bap- 
li/.ed,  .lime  Ittli,  |s,'>ll;  but  lifter  lliat  siicces.s 
caiiii'.  iivcrwhi'linini:  miiiI  rarely  cxperienceil. 

i'.videiitly  the  ipieslion  was  not  about  a  more 
or  less  slo\>  iiroL'iess  by  sin;;le  converts,  but 
iilioul  the  coin  'rnioii  of  a  whole  people.  "  We 
will  have  Iheiii  'ill,"  c.Mlaimeil  ( Jossner  in  his 
enlhiisiaslii;  "e\e;-v  one  of  them."  Mill  it  was 
as  evident  Ihal  in  it  then  orLraiii/.a'.ion— a  loo.se 
associal  ion  of  indiviii'ial  elforls  —Hie  mission  was 
iiol  ible  lo  ni'iiiatre  the  allair.  AN'lien  the  niis- 
.slon.iries  fell  out  will)  each  other,  (Jossner  had 
no  other  means  of  sellim;  them  ri^lil  than  tell- 
im;  Iheiii:  "If  you  don't  iiirree,  I  slndl  slop 
praying  for  voii."  Then  two  irreat  caliimilies 
liefell  the  unilerlakinj;  — the  Sepoy  rebellion  and 
the  dealh  of  (lossner.  At  liisl  the  rebcllioi) 
actually  Ihrealeiieil  lo  cMin^iiish  the  mission. 
The  missioiiiiries  lied  to  ( ■iilciiiia;  their  houses, 
.schools,  and  chiiiches  were  deniolished,  and  lh(! 
native  members  of  the  conureiralion  were  c.v- 
]iosed  to  harsh  perseciiiion.  When  this  news 
leached  Berlin  (iossner  made  an  oiler  lo  transfer 
the  whole  insiiiniion  to  the  KiiLdish  (liiircli 
Alissioiiarv  Society,  in  order  to  .>.eciire  its 
(■onliiiiialion.  Kor  some  reason  the  Society 
jriive  no  immediate  nnswer,  and  in  the  mean 
lime  Ilie  naliolial  feeliliL:'  in  (ierinany  beeanui 
IhoniiiLihly  roused,  and  sorely  hurt  by  the  idea 
that  this  iinderlakiim',  (icrinan  in  its  oriiiin  and 
so  p|-oniisini;  of  siieeess,  should  be  left  lo  olhers 
to  be  eairied  llirous/h.  Suddenly  (Jo>snerlook 
a  deeivioii  willioiil  waitiiiL''  for  the  answer  from 
the  Miiiili^li  society,  and.  shortly  before  he  died, 
be  traiisbried  llie  mission  and  all  his  per>oniil 
properly  to  a  ( ■iiralorium.  From  his  accounts 
it  appeared  I  bat  in  Iweiily  one  veins  he  had  re- 
ceived from  others  :tll(l. 11(10  marks,  which  he  had 
spent  on  his  mission,  besides  payimr  oiil  of  his 
own  pocket  oli.lHHl  marks.  He  left  personal 
properly  worth  l.'iil.lKMI  marks,  which  he  wished 
to  liiive  invested  as  a  permiinem  fund.  The 
total  iiiiinlier  of  missionaries  he  had  senl  out  wa.s 
Ml. 

After  the  suppression  of  the  lebellion  Ilie 
Knulish  (iovcrnincnt  jrave  Ilie  (Jossner  mission- 
aries ample  compeiiMilion  for  as  niiicli  of  their 
properly  as  Iniil  been  destroyed  by  the  rebels. 
Bui  aboiil  this  money  there  arose  an  iinforliinalR 
iliMii;reeiiient  belweeii  the  missionaries  and  the 
('iiralorium,  the  former  claimiiif:  it  as  their  per- 
sonal property,  and  the  liiltei  protcslinir  that  it 
bclonued  to  the  missiiiii.  It  was  snioolhed  over, 
IdiI  it  soon  broke  out  n.iiain  under  other  form.s. 
The  real  cause  of  the  disconienl  lay  deeper. 
On  the  one  side  the  missionaries  wanleil  to  be 
|>liiceil  in  e.Miclly  the  same  relalioli  lo  the  ('iira- 
lorium as  the  Knirlish  missionaries  to  their  re- 
siled ive  socielies.  On  the  other  side  the  Cura- 
toriiini  was  more  than  williii^^  to  assimie  the 
diirnily  and  power  of  a  liovernment,  but  it  \va.s 
as  yet  unable  lo  fulfil  its  duties.  After  ten  yearH 
of  hajfjrlinj;-  the  siilil  came.  In  IHtiK  a  niajorii^' 
of  the  older  missionaries,  teachers,  and  heJiiers 
entered  the  service  of  the  English  Society  for 


I 


_ 


It' 


I 


1 


OOSSNER   MISSIONARY    SOO.  Itlll 


GRANT,  ASAHEL 


till'  l'ri>|i,'it:Ml lull  III  llii' ( iiisiirl.  Iiiiiiiwi;!,  il  wiis 
siiiil,  liy  i.lMHI  iiiriiilici's;  niiil  llir  Wiil'sl  wii>.  Iliiil, 
fur  llic  liillow  iiii;  Irii  vnirs.  the  Iwn  >.Miflics 
liiliiirril  in  lliis  icL:ii>ii  in  ^l^illly  liviili.  willi 
cilfll  iillliT,  roilliilili;:  sliMlnii-,  rsliilili'-liiiiL; 
sriliiols,  I'll'.,  ill  ililiTl  u|i]iiiMlJiiii  111  i:irli  nlliiT. 
Tlir  inissioii  imw  li!i>.  S  sl.'ilinii^.  l(l."i  iliiiirlii's, 
17  liiilivi'   IH'cmlirls,   mill   :!0,ll'j;   cliiiirli  inriii 

bt'is. 

4a<>llu'iil«l.  .I<»iii>  *«'l,  1i.  Aiiurust, 

IMh.  17'J(i,  111  Wi'-ilior'  .isliiiiu:.   Ki'cciv- 

ilij;  II  kiiiiwlfilfit' of  I..  i'  .Irsiis  llinniuli 

a  illsriinisc  ili'livcrril  liy  .Inlin  .liuuli  l''i'iiii/., 
1711.  llr  jiiilH'il  llic  Uirliircn's  riillnirLrilliiili  ill 
llfniiliiiiii;  I  T  lit  Aflri  sci  viiii:  llii' <  liiiiili  in 
variiins  cniiiiiilii's,  lir  was  H|i|niiiil('il  In  cnin- 
ini'iicc  a  niis.siiiii  un  ilic  islaiiil  uf  Si.  Kills  in 
177(1.  wlii'ic  lie  lalidii'il  faillifiilly  ami  .'^iiii'i'ss- 
fnlly  flit'  lin  vriirs.  llr  illcil  liv  an  ii|iii|il('('lic 
slrokc  Aii>riisi"'.>Oili,  18(15. 

4inilir  llt'ilK'l,  a  lowii  of  ('a|ii-  Coliiny, 
SdiiIIi  .\fiii;i.  nil  llir  Siiiiiliiy  Uivrr.  ','(•()  iiijli'.s 
iiorlli  of  I'orl  I'^ll/alirlh.  .\  tliriviiii;  luwii. 
calliil  fnini  ils  liniiilifiil  lonilioii  "llii'  ircin  nf 
lilt'  (li'M'ii."  I'o|iiiiaiioii,  ;t,7l7.  Mi.ssioii  slii- 
lion  of  (lie  S.  I',  (i.  (IHWl). 

<arilf«>l>ll)',  a  niissiiiii  slatiiiii  of  llii'  .Mo- 
raviiiiis  ilT!ti)i>ii  lln'  isliiinl  of  Anliiiiia.  Wcsl 
liiilii'S.  (>  iiiilcH  west  of  (iriii'cliill.  'I'lic  villai;i' 
i>  liiiilt  about  a  litllc  Liioll  just  liiri;i'  ciiiiiiirli  lo 
liolil  llir  mission  iliiirili  ami  iniiiiisrs.  ami  ovit 
liiokini;  a  liraiilifiil  liav.  Oiii'  inissiiiian  ami 
his  wile  ail'  at  |iirsi'iil  In  ('liiiri;i'  of  this  station. 

4iiril4'<'ll('l(l«  a  town  on  the  iioitht'i'ii  t'oasl 
of  .\iilii;iia.  Wi'st  Imlii's.  Il  is  iilcasaiilly  situ- 
at  1 1 1  rliisi'  to  I  III'  sra,  tin'  loiil  srii  liiri'/r  nialvillf; 
it  iiiii'  of  till'  linilthii'sl  jilaci's  on  the  islaiiil.  .\ 
niissiiiii  station  of  tin'  Moravians,  cslalilishi'il  to 
rrai'li  till'  iirixi'o  |io|iiilalioii  wliowrri'  too  ills, 
taut  to  alti'iiil  I  In'  olIiiT  >  iiiii;ir<:al  ion.  .\  rliiirrli 
mill  srliool  lioiisi'  liavi'  liirii  Iniilt.  ami  an-  now 
Uliili'i'  till'  rail'  of  iiativr  worUiis  ami  llir  iiiis- 
.sioiiarir.s  at  St.  .loliii.s  (i|.v. ). 

<irii4*t>liillt a  town  of  .\iiii<riia.  S  inilisriisi- 
siiiillnasl  of  SI.  .Iiihiis.  .\  slalioii  of  llif  Moia- 
villus,  opi'iii  il  as  an  iiii\ili,'ii'y  |ii'iai'liliii:  iilair  of 
St.  .loliiis,  w  lull'  till'  inrnasi'  of  hi'.inis  iii.iili'  il 
ni'ii'ssary  to  |iroviili'  rliiiiih  iii  roiiimiiilations 
for  tliosc  liviiii;  on  till'  moil'  ilisiaiil  I'stalis. 
'I'll!'  mission  liiiililim.'s  staiiil  on  a  vriy  iiiii'vrii 
ti'iirt  of  laiiil.  till'  iiii'i|iiiilitirs  of  which  ^liavr 
linn  arliliiiallv  nimilii'il.  .\  iliapi'l  was 
liiiilt  voliiiilarily  anil  almost  cntirrly  hy  tin' 
lif^rioi's. 

laniliiiinN  lliill,  till'  ci'iitii'  of  tlir  Mora 
viiiii  missinii.iiy  .'irlivity  in  l>riii:iiaia.  Ilrilish 
(iiiiaiia.  Soiiili  .\iiii'i'li'a.  Il  is  a  litllr  villain'  on 
till'  Imliistry  I'laiilatii'ii.  10  mill's  lasl  of  (irorirc- 
town,  ami  loiisists  of  a  niiiiiliii  of  collar's  lor 
till'  liilioicrs,  a  liinUstir  slio)i.  ihr  litllr  i  lia|iil. 
ami  the  inal  looUiip.;  ii'siiliiiii'  of  ihr  school 
imistiT.  (llic  missionai  V  tiinl  his  vvilc  icsiilc 
alioiit  iiiiiih'  from  llic  viniiL"^!'.  I  I  he  |)ii|Milaiion 
is  coiii|ioscil  cliii'lly  of  nciiroi's  from  ihc  llnr 
liiiiliH'H  ami  sonic  l')ast  Imliaii  coolies.  'Ihc  suc- 
cess of  the  mission  here  has  liceii  vciy  niaiUcil 
in  spite  of  Ihc  (Iroiiiihls  ami  llcplcs^io||^  In  ihc 
siijliir  inarkct ,  w  liii  h  seriously  allcclcil  Ihc  tinaii- 
ciiil  prospects  of  the  csliKc  anil  the  eiiciini' 
HUiiicca  uf  the  [icoplu. 


4iil'lillHIIINl«»U'll,  a  town  ill  Cape  Colony, 
South  .\frica.  I'leasaiilly  siiiialcil.  well  kept, 
mill  thriviiiLT.  ropnlation.  S.iioo.  .Mission  sta- 
tion of  the  S.  r.  (!.  (|S."iHi,  since  IS.'.l  the  seaf 
of  a  bishop,  mill  since  IMtll  of  a  eojlciic.  Il  has 
several  out  sImiIoiis  with  about  ll.dlHI  aillieicnls. 

4ariiii  (iiii«>«»,  a  ilisiiiet  in  tlii'  .\ri:i'iiiiiic 
Wepiibllc,  Soiiili  .\iiicrlcii.  Inhaliilcil  by  loviiin' 
liiilliiiis.  Mission  ticlil  of  the  Soiilli  .\iiicrlraii 
Missionaiy  Society,  «  llli  one  iiijssioiiaiy  Icsiiliiij"; 
Ht  .McMimlra  (  oloiiy. 

4iirilll<l  4'll)  main,  one  of  the  Caym.'iii 
Islamls,  Wcsl  Imlies,  I7li  miles  norlhwcst  frum 
the  wcsl  eiiil  of  .lainali  a.  'Ihc  IsImiiiI  Is  I ',  miles 
loiii:  ami  I  to  7  miles  broail.  Cliiniite  tropical. 
I'opiilation.  I.Otlll,  coiiiposcil  of  I'jiirllsh  seltlcis, 
Kiiropean  ami  Afrlcin  iiil\cil.  ami  pure  iieurro. 
I<iinj;iia,!;e,  KuLrlish.  KcllLiion,  I'roiesiiini.  .Mis 
sioii  station  of  the  rniteil  I'lcsbytcrian  Cliiireh 
of  ScollamI  (IM;'.'.');  I  ortlaiiicil  inissionary  ami 
his  wife.  I  onlaiiicil  native,  I'J  other  helpers,  7 
slutioiis,  (i  chiiiclics,  (il'J  niembers. 

4ariiii4l 'I'lirk,  one  of  the  Turk's  Islamls. 
West  liiilies,  is  7  miles  loiii;  by  :.'  broail.  'I'lic 
town  has  ■J.IUMI  inhaliilmits.  ami  is  the  scat  of 
jrovernincnl  for  the  islmnls,  w  lilcli  IicIoiil;  to 
.laniaicii.  Mission  slalion  of  tlie  Uaplisi  .Mis 
sionary  Society;  I  niissionaiy.  (i  native  lielper.s, 
'■i'M  ehiirch  nicinlieis.   IIX)  Sabbath  scholars. 

4ariiiil,  .tMiilit'l,  M  l>.  'I'lic  very  name  of 
|)r.  Oram  assines  iis  that  the  foiinilations  of  his 
cliaraclcr  were  laiil  in  ..  Christian  home.  Only 
parents  who  livcil  in  the  Scriptures  woiilil  have 
eallcil  their  son  .Vsalicl.  lie  was  born  in  Mar- 
shall. N.  \'.,  r.  S.  A.,  the  secoiiil  son  of  William 
anil  Itachcl  <irant.  from  l.ltclillelil  Coiiiity. 
Conn.,  the  lion  le  of  Mel  la  my.  llic  native  place  of 
Samuel  .1.  .Mills,  .'iml  the  seat  of  the  mission 
school  where  Obookiah  ami  others recci veil  their 
eiliication. 

I>r.  (irant's  life  was  n  short  one, — oiilv  from 
Aimust  I7lli.  1S07  to  April  Villi,  ISII,  "11111  it 
was  tilleil  with  Cliristimi  service.  I'',vcii  lieloie 
his  eoiivcisioii.  when  oiilv  1(1  yeiirs  of  aL;e.lie 
laiiirht  school  with  the  iliirnltv  of  riper  years. 
At  IM  he  niarrieil  Miss  I'llccta  ^^.  l.oomis  of  Tor 
riiiirlon.  I'onn  She  was  the  moilicr  of  .SlIi 
lliisiiniis  anil  l-'.ilwln  IIinI'icsIiIs  olilest  sons,  jiml 
was  a  true  lielpinecl.  especially  in  his  reliirioiis 
life.  She  was  spareil  to  liliii  only  four  ycais, 
but  in  that  time  e\citcil  an  inlliieiice  that  was 
Icit  to  ilie  ciiil  of  Ills  lib'.  'Ihc  year  after  mar 
riiip'  he  m.'iiliiali'il  from  the  .Mciiieal  liiMiliilioii 
in  I'lllsliclil.  Mass  .  ami  the  year  after  that  lie 
si'l'lcil  ill  Itraiiilrim.  I'a  .  on  the  hanks  of  the 
Siisipicliaiina.  iiloiin  which  /clsbcriicr,  the  Mo 
riivian  missioii.iry  to  the  Iinliaiis.  freipiciill\ 
|iasscil  on  Ills  journeys  to  his  ilitVcreiit  lielils  of 
labor.  In  his  •jnili  year  he  joiinil  the  I'icsby 
tcriaii  Chun  II  In  Cliiiloii.  N  ^ '. .  ami  was  cliosrn 
riiliiiL;  elilcr  ill  Italiililiii  where  il  is  salil  he  re;iil 
more  scinioiis  to  the  conuri  Lialliin  on  the  S.ib 
liiilli  than  he  lieani  from  the  livlii'j;  preiichir 
When  Mrs.  (iiaiil  illiil  he  ciiiiel  liis  motherless 
clillilreii  to  be  carcil  for  by  his  i.w  n  iiiol  licr.  ami 
soon  resiimeil  his  mciliial  praclice  in  I  lic:i 
llele  iiirain  he  was  chosen  clilei.  tlioiii^h  only 
in  his  '.'Ith  yenr,  ami  none  of  his  fellow  elilci 
were  less  tliiiii  10  years  oliI  The  .Ximrieaii 
lloanl  met  in  riica'iii  |m;||,  ami  October  •.Wlli 
he  olTei'cil  liiinself  as  a  nicilical  inissioiiiiry. 
Apiildlh,  IH;<.'>.  Iienimricil  Miss.lmllili  S.Caniii 
hell,  a  Imly  U.S  rciiiaikiible  lor  her  .selu'liirly  iil 


GRANT,  ASAHEL 


805 


ORASSMAM,  ANDREW 


0111 

il 

OH' 
,ll>' 


nils 
:ils. 
«!!■* 
ii:ir 

loll 
\\r 

llic 

Mo 

•iiih 

■sin 

i-,ii 

iril.l 

S;|li 

■Inr. 

■  llr-s 

mill 

lii-.'i 

.nlv 

111. 'IS 

riiMii 
'.'.sill 
iiirv. 
iiii|i- 
.V  '" 


tniiiiiii'iils  ill  tlidsr  (liivs  lis  frtr  licr  jiicly.  In 
I'l'lsiii,  Ncsliiiiiiii  l)isli(i|i-;  wiic  iisl(Hii>li('il  Id  see 
II  wiinmii  coiisiill  lici  ((irck  'rcslniiiriil  wlicii 
lUi.V '1'"''*''""  '"■<>■•<'"■>  II' Mil' mcaniiii;  of  ii  piis- 
HHjn\  mill  Itiirii  Syriiic  lliiniiiili  llir  l,t'\ii()ti  ol" 
Cnsicll,  lliiit  irnvi' till' ilrtiiiiliiiiis  ill  Ltilin.  Miiy 
mil  lliry  wiilfil  liir  SiiiyiiKi.  anil  iinivrd  lliiri' 
.Imii'  '.'Sill.  Aiiirusl  I'lllli  they  snilcil  rrniu 
('(ilisliiiiliniiiilr  on  tlicir  w  iiy  In  I'nsiii.  luil  iliil 
liol  iriii'li  llii'ir  t'uliiii'  lioinr  in  (hoiiniiiili  lill 
>Jovi'nili('r  "Jdlli,  in  II  (li'iviiiu  sioiiii,  lo  liiiil  llic 
lioiiM'  unlinisliril  iiiiil  llic  \MilK  m>  wcl  lliiit  iliiys 
iiHiT  till' ,i;niins  of  linrify  sinoiilcil  iiiiil  grt'w  in 
thr  niiiil  pliisli  r. 

'riic  nu'illiiil  skill  of  |)r,  (iriiiil  was  at  oni't' 
t'lilliil  into  iirlivi'  I'M'icisc,  anil  pivi- ai  rcss  lo 
nil  rliissi's,  from  llic  prince  lo  llic  hrirgiir.  'I'lir 
liaii;;lily  inoollali  kissril  llii'  hoiili'is  of  his  };ai- 
niiiils,  anil  soinc  rvi'ii  kjssiil  his  shoi's;  unil  Ml 
il  WHS  nol  all  siinsliini'.  I'liitnis  wcnl  away 
wilhoiil  ini'ilirini'  rallicr  llian  laki'  llic  niiripc 
fniil  oiil  of  the  liiinds  of  thcii'clillilicn.  Ihoiiiih 
il  was  the  cause  of  llicii-  sickness.  'I'licn  afier 
the  luosi  e\|)!icil  ilircclionsennic  such  iminiiicH 
as  w  hcllicr  the  milk  must  he  thai  of  a  sheep, 
liiilTiilo,  iiss.  or  cow,  anil  if  the  liisl,  what  must 
lie  her  color '.'-wlmt  must  lie  Ihe  se\  of  the 
fowl  useil  in  inakinir  Inoth'.'  'I'liey  were  full 
of  stiiini;e  notions;  lilcedini;'  in  one  vein  look 
lilood  from  the  head,  and  another  from  the 
stomach;  this  one  from  the  heart,  and  thai  one 
from  the  liver.  Accustomed  lo  have  sen- 
tences wrillcn  from  llii'  Koran  lo  he  swal- 
lowed liy  the  patient,  some  asked  \vhcl her  Ihe 
p'lpcr  inusi  he  swallowed  with  the  medicine,  if 
indeed  Ihev  did  not  devour  il  al  once  without 
iiii|Uiry.  'Vheii  the  pulse  must  lie  fell  in  lioth 
wrists,  iinil  on  a  fast  day  some  would  lather  die 
than  taste  the  nourishnienl  nec('s.siry  to  keep 
them  alive.  Often,  after  all  his  cNplanalioiis 
and  ehari^cs.  the  patient  would  uo  directly  con- 
liMiv  lo  the  directions,  however  plain.  'I'lien,  on 
Ihe  other  hand,  he  somcliines  i;ot  more  credif 
than  he  deserved.  Once,  when  he  applied  a 
lilisier  lieliind  the  car  for  a  local  pain,  he  hud 
the  credit  of  thaw  im;  out  the  water  that  had  run 
into  the  ear  and  fro/en  llicrc.  I'atieiils  eaiiie 
from  all  ipiarters — Kinds  from  the  vicinity  of 
.Mosul,  anil  even  from  the  lioii'  ;■■  of  (ieoriria. 
When  he  afterwards  cntcii  d  Ihe  monnlaiiis.  on 
more  lliiiii  one  occiision,  he  was  indililed  for 
his  safely  to  his  rccoL'iiition  liy  some  patient 
w  lioiii  lie  had  preseri lied  lor  in  Oroomiah. 

\V nil  all  this,  he  was  c.'iiefiil  to  iiive  noollence 
lo  Ihe  native  doctors,  hut  rather  helped  lliein, 
holli  with  medicine  and  inslruction;  lor  there 
was  far  more  work  to  he  done  than  he  could 
hope  lo  do  iilonc. 

lie  ralherdiscouraired  wi'.illhy  palienis  unless 
there  was  some  special  reason  for  helpiiii;  them, 
and  soiiietinies  prescrilied  only  as  a  coiisiihiiiLr 
pli\siciiiii.  'I'lien.  us  patients  multiplied,  he 
thinned  their  ranks  liy  reipiiriii:;  a  ceitilic  .ile 
lioni  their  ri'lii;ious  ieachers.  whelhcr  priest, 
iiioollah  or  lalihi.  This  relieved  him  from 
trivial  cases,  nnd  prevented  li.c  eleiiiv  from  per 
Ml  mini;'  iiii|iiirers.  .\  .lacohite  liisjiop  in  Mosul 
oiii  eaiiMlhemali/'eil  all  w  ho  applied  lo  Dr.  (irant 
lor  medicine,  liiil  Ihe  people  (diild  not  he  kept 
from  coiiiiii!,',  nor  could  the  cleriry  come  lliem- 
seUcs  and  refuse  ccrlilicates  to  I  hi'  sick. 

I>r.  (iranl  fouiul  no  lack  of  lahor  in  ( )rooniiah. 
Itesides  his  daily  medical    piactii'e.  he  inslriiet 
III  yourii;  men   in   ineiiicine.  he  visited   oullyim; 
vlllage.M  iiiul  dislKiil  J)lii('es,   lie  I'sluhlislK'd   Uiul 


suiX'rinlendeil  si'hools,  and  entered  every  door 
that  opened  for  leliirious  instriiclion. 

In  person  |)r  (iianl  was  not  tall  or  laiL'e,  but 
nierl  and  full  of  vjuor.  His  complexion  was 
dark,  his  eye  hriuhl.  his  aspect  friendly,  wilhii 
dash  of  cnlcrpi  ise  and  eiithiisiasm.  in  his  walk 
and  his  altiliide  in  the  saddle  there  was  a  .ureal 
deal  of  Ihe  soldier  straii:lit.  linn,  and  eiier- 
p'tic.  Il  was  this  soldierly  lieariiii:  of  his  that 
led  a  incmlier  of  the  Knulish  Kmlmssy  to  I'ersiii, 
to  say:  "  .V  i;ood  soldier  was  spoiled  when  thai 
man  hccanica  missionary." 

The  rest  of  the  life  of  Mr.  (Irani  is  identical 
with  the  hisioiy  of  the  mission  to  tin'  mountain 
Mestorians, 

(■rilMNiiliili,  \li«lr(*W,  II.  I<Mu'uary  '.>:!tl, 
17(11.  at  Seiifllelien,  Moravia:  called  •lotlui 
i'lcarer  liiiht  of  the  sj:ospcl  "  lliroiiirli  (hrisliuii 
l>a\iil  in  l7'-.'">.  I'erseculed  in  Moravia,  he,  willi 
others  who  sympalhi/cd  with  him,  removed  in 
I7'.'S,  under  the  leadership  of  ( 'hristian  David, 
lo  an  estate  at  Merlhelsdorf,  nflerwaids  called 
llerrnhut.  provided  for  llieiii  liy  Count  /in/.en- 
dorf.  From  17!!1  till  17;!7,  he,  with  some  eoiii- 
panioiis.  travelled,  leariiiliir  successively  tlio 
iSwcdisli,  [''iniiish,  and  Uiissian  lanuuaucs,  sup- 
portin^r  tlietnselves  al  their  respective  Irades, 
and  inakin<;  known  the  i^ospel.  as  opport unities 
olTcrid,  in  parts  of  (icrinany.  Sweden,  and  Lap- 
land. Ilavins;  passports  oiilv  to  .Vrchanu:el, 
and  their  hearts  hurniim  "  w  ilii  desire  to  preach 
Ihe  irospel  lo  the  poor,  iLrnoiant  Sainoyedes," 
they  applied  lo  Ihe  Uussian  authorities  of  .\reh- 
iiiiLrel  for  li  passport.  The  result  is  i;iveii  here 
in  his  own  words;  "Our  friends  siroiiirly  dis- 
suaded us.  telling  us  what  would  he  the  it'siilt, 
liul  we  fell  it  our  duty  to  makellie  trial,  .\fler 
lieiiiir  put  olT  from  day  today  for  a  lortniiihi,  we 
were  al  last  asked  w  hat  kind  of  people  we  were, 
and  what  we  wauled  in  those  regions  where  no 
I'oreimier  was  ever  allowed  to  liavcl.  Twt) 
ilays  after,  Kchriiary  Mill,  17:!S.  we  were  taken 
to  prison,  and  conlined  in  scparale  rooms.  Alter 
live  days  we  were  evamincd  each  apart,  and  all 
our  answers  wriilen  down.  In  the  si.(jn(.|  w,. 
were  trii'il  and  sifted  in  every  possihle  way,  as 
they  look  us  for  spies  employed  either  li\  Kialicif 
or  Sweden.  After  we  had  spent  nine  weeks  in 
luison,  a  passport  was  uiveii  us  for  St.  I'eters- 
iiuruh,  and  an  escort  of  lliiee  soldiers,  our 
examinations  haxinuc  liecii  seni  liel'ore.  Wo 
real  hid  St.  retiisl.iirirh  in  safety  April  l!>lli, 
I7;ix.  and  were  taken  striiii;lit  lo  prison.  On 
the  'j;ld  we  were  separately  examined  as  licfori', 
and  nunulcs  taken.  After  we  had  liceii  at  Si. 
I'l'tersliurirh  a  i|uarter  of  a  year,  the  decision 
came  that  we  were  to  he  sent  out  of  the  count ly. 
Its  purport  was  as  follows:  Ueciiuscwe  had  un- 
ilcvlakcn  lo  no  secretly  in  her  Ma  jeslv's  domin- 
ions, in  order  to  introduce  our  rcliLTlon  ainon^ 
Ihem,  llioiiuh  we  knew  that  her  Majesty  wa.s 
cndeavorim;  toconveil  lliiiii  to  her  icIiL'^ion,  wti 
had  deserved  to  he  punished  accoriliiij:  to  llu< 
laws.  Uul  as  her  Majeslv  had  ever  liceii  cm- 
eioiisly  disposed  towards  llic  (Jeiinans.  the  pun- 
ishment should  tills  lime  he  lemilted  Itiit  in 
case  we  or  an\  oilier  niemlicr  of  our  church 
were  found  i  iii!;i'_'iil  in  similiir  cnlcrprises.  vvti 
should  without  nurcv  siiller  the  puiiishmeiil 
prescrilied  liy  law.  'litis,  as  was  explained  lo 
us,  was  to  lie  liiirni  alive."  Suhseipuntly  .Mr. 
(irassman  lahoicit  in  (Sreeiiland,  llollaiid.  |)en- 
mark,  and  (icrinany.  Ile  was  consecratod 
liisliop  of  the  iirciliren's  Cliureli  in    1750,     lu 


i  !:ll 


I 


1  f  >■ 
^11 


'  :i' 


!■( 


« 


i| 


m 


ORASSMAN,  ANDREW 


800 


aREECC 


1761-63  lie  Imd  cliarjre  of  tlio  coniirrsriition  in 
llcrrnliut,  iukI  in  1703  rruiiovpd,  as  I'loviiu-iul 
of  llic  Silcsiiin  coiifrrcpilidiis,  to  (Jniuifiilii'r.L;, 
vliciice  Ik;  was  callcil  to  siipcriiitcml  the  Bolit; 
iiiiaii  conirrciralioiis  at  JScrliii  and  Hixdorf.  llu 
diud  Maiili  S,ih,  17M3. 

(jir('l>«»  Vi'i'sloil.— The  Orebo  belongs  to 
tlie  Nci;ro  jrioup  ol  African  lan^niaii'cs,  and  is 
used  ill  llierei;i(innf  Liberia.  'I'lie  first  tianslatioii 
of  tlie  jrosjifl  into  (Jrelio  was  made  liy  llic  aid  of 
tlie  A.  H.  ('.  F.  .M  :  Hie  (ios|Hl  aei'ordin.i:  to  St. 
!Mallliew  was  iiiiiiled  al  Cape  I'abnas  in  ISiH. 
JiUlve  was  tiaiislaled  liy  llie  Uev.  .lolin  I'avne  of 
tlie  I'loteslant,  Hpiscopal  Missionary  Society  of 
America,  and  an  edition  pnbli>lied  by  tlie  Ameri- 
can Bible  Socii'ly.  Mr.  I'ayiie  also  translated 
tin;  Hook  of  (Jeiiesis,  wliicli  was  publislied  al 
New  York  in  18.)0,  and  the  Acts,  issued  in  If^'i'i. 
Ill  the  si;ine  year  the  (tosjiel  of  .Itilin  was  pnb- 
lislied  at  New  York.  Since  then  the  Kpistle  to 
the  Roiiians  and  that  of  1st  ('oriiuhiaiis  were 
|)ubli.shed  by  the  American  Bible  Society. 

(Specimen  verse.    John  3  :  16.) 

E&re  kre  Njcsoa  nuna  koD&  &h  nQw&neaa,  ft 
btijina  k  si^yd  fih  kuk&-yu  donh,  be  nyfii  be  & 
po  n&  hanhtc,  &  nch  te  wanh.  nfima  &  mu  koD&- 
se-honhnoiih  k&. 

<iirt'<'r«'.  (Hellenic  Kinplom). — The  Hel- 
lenic Kiiitrdoin  einlnaces  a  lerritorv  of  about 
25,000  Hquiire  miles,  :iiii|  has  .a  population  of 
2,liiH»,000,  (Jreeksand  Allianians.  Scotland  has 
tlie  same  I'Xteiil  of  territory  and  almost  twice  as 
many  people.  As  for  wcilth  and  natuial  re- 
sources, (irccee  is  proverbially  the  poorest 
coaulrviii  Kurojie.  Her  ruiiLicd  mountains  .and 
barren  shores  are  titled,  for  the  inosi  p.irl,  for 
only  the  scantictfl  vcp'tation.  Her  coinnierci! 
is  siill  iuulevi>|ope<l,  and  she  is  cut  oil  from 
Kuroiie  b,v  the  Ireai'lierous  Adriaiie,  and  hy  tin; 
inhospitable  stiip  of  'I'urkish  territory  ilial 
promises  to  keep  her  bir  an  indelinite  future 
i'roiii  opening;'  her  railway  connection  to  the 
north.  This  little  k.iiiid(u"ii  has  a  debt  of  if^t*, 
000,000.  and  supports  an  army  as  liirire  as  tliat 
of  the  United  Slates. 

Agriculture  occupies  the  attention  of  the  iim- 
jorily  iscven  eighths)  of  the  inhabitaiils.  Only 
»(;veti  cities  can  boast  of  more  thiiii  10.000  peo 
pie  Kifteen  <ilies  (from  Athens,  111, ;!."i."),  to 
Jlis.soloiighi.  (!.!!'.il)  contain  only  ^'.jO.OOO  inhabi- 
tant.s,  or  about  one  ninth  of  the  whole  |)opulii- 
lion  of  (rrei'ce.  Nearly  ten  percent  are  shell- 
herd.s;  as  many  are  seafarers.  There  are  10(),- 
000  Albanians  .scattered  about  the  kingdom. 
Tliey  began  migrating  Koiithwaid  over  four 
huiillred  yenrs  ago,  at  the  time  of  the  Turkish 
c'oiKiuetst.  These  people,  who  still  speak  their 
unwritten  hinguage,  have  become  largely  Ilel- 
leni/.ed,  yet  are  easily  distinguished  from  llio 
Oreeka  proper.  They  are  found  inainlv  in 
Attica,  aliout  Thebes  on  the  [sthniusof  (^'oriiith, 
throughout  an(;ieiit  Argoli.s,  in  the  .southern  dis- 
tricts of  Eubaa,  and  in  ii  few  neigliboring 
islands. 

The  war  of  the  revolution  (1821-9)  left 
Greece  in  a  deplorable  .state.  The  Protocol  of 
London  d(;clared  her  a  kiiigilom  under  the  pro- 
tectorate of  Kngland.  France,  and  Hiissia. 
Prince  Otto  of  lluvaria  a.sceiided  the  throne 
January  JiStli,  )8H;{.  King  Georp-.  von  of  the 
King  of   Deiiinurk,   succeeded   King  Otto   in 


1883.  Under  both  these  reigns  tlie  kingdom 
has  seen  slow  liut  steady  adviiiicenient.  Under 
the  present  constitution  (adopted  October 'J'.MIi, 
l!<(i4)  the  whole  legislative  power  is  vested  in 
a  single  chamber  of  represenlative.s,  called  the 
Boiile,  aii<i  the  c.vecutive  power  is  in  the  hands 
of  the  king  and  his  responsible  niinistry.  Tin; 
fact  that  only  a  fraction  ('Z  nilllions  out  of  S  mil- 
lions) of  the  (Jreck  speaking  people  in  the  Le- 
vant are  included  in  the  pn'seiit  kingdoni  of 
Greece  keeps  the  ambitious  little  country  (;on- 
tiiiually  ill  a  restive  condition,  and  the  great 
powers  have  frcipienlly  been  obliged  to  for- 
cibly compel  the  Greeks  to  keep  the  peace. 
Tills  reslriclioii  is  received  with  bad  grace  by 
the  people.  An  extension  of  the  territory  (if 
the  kingdom  to  tin;  north  (1881)  only  whetted 
itsapiietile  for  more.  The  island  of  Crete  has 
been  in  a  chronic  stale  of  unrest.  The  latest 
elections  (1890)  have  brought  the  radicals  once 
more  into  jiower,  under  Delyannis,  and  the  fu- 
ture of  the  country  is  lik(;ly  to  hi;  storm,v. 

Athens  has  been  the  capital  of  "the  Kingdom 
of  the  Hellenes"  since  18;{0.  and  has  grown 
from  a  .squalid  'I'urkish  village,  clinging  to  the 
northern  slope  of  the  Acropolis,  to  a  large  (114,- 
:i;i5  inhabitants  in  188!)\  clean,  and  bcuutiful 
city,  with  its  palace  and  gardens,  its  tine  hotels 
and  boulevnnls,  its  cathedral  and  university,  its 
art  museums  and  its  public  schools.  To  the 
s('holar  and  students  of  inodern  life  it  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  cities  in  the  world.  The 
Acropolis,  crowned  with  ruins,  is  visible  from 
every  iioint.  Lycabeltus,  to  the  northeast,  af- 
fords the  linest  views  of  the  city.  The  "cj'eof 
(ii-eece'  is  a  eliarming  resort  in  winter,  but 
from  M.iy  to  Oetolier  is  avoided  by  travellers. 
March  and  Ajiril  are  the  altraclive  months,  but 
later  on  the  he.it  and  dust  are  disagreeable. 
The  city  is  a  busy  hive  of  educational  instilu- 
tions.  M'he  school  comlucled  under  the  aus- 
|iices  of  the  Kpiscopal  (  hurch,  U.  S.  A.,  by 
Miss  Muir,  is  near  the  "  Tower  of  the  Winds," 
on  the  norlliweslcrii  slope  of  the  Acropulis. 
The  "  Hill  Iiisiiiute,"'  conducted  by  .Miss 
.Massoii,  is  on  the  same  slope  farther  to  theeast. 
The  English  church  .and  the  Protestant  Kvan 
geliciil  Greek  church  arc  to  the  east  of  the 
Acropolis,  near  the  ruins  of  the  temple  of  Ju- 
piter Olympus.  The  British  and  Anieri<:iii 
schools  for  research  in  Greece  are  on  the  soulli- 
em  slope  of  Mount  Lycabeltus.  Thesurround- 
iiiL's  of  thecapital  are  very  interesting,  there  be- 
ing line  drives  in  every  direction.  Piraeus,  the 
se.'iport  of  .Athens,  is  live  miles  to  the. soulhwest. 
The  Boele  meets  November  1st  (old  style)  every 
year,  and  the  city  thereafter  presents  a  brillianl 
scene,  in  which  the  royal  retinue,  the  deputies, 
the  foreign  ainbiissulors,  the  military  cla.sscs, 
the  church  hierarchy,  the  throng  of  students 
from  th<'  whole  (}r<'i>k  world,  logelher  with  for- 
eigners from  every  (;linic,  make  the  modern 
city  vie  with  its  ancient  self  in  picturesciueiiess 
and  interest. 

The  great  majority  of  llin  inhabitants  of  tin; 
kiiigd(Uii  are  adherents  of  the  (Jri'i'k  Orthodox 
church.  According  to  the  census  of  isso  then' 
are  l.lKt'i.HOO  (iri'ck  Orthodox  Christians.  11,- 
677  other  Christians  (mainly  Homan  Calholies 
in  the  Corfu  dislri<ti,  r),7l('<J  Jews,  and  ".M,!*""! 
Moliaiiimedalis.  The  conslitiition  of  1864  <le- 
clared  the;  Greek  Orthodox  failh  the  religion  I'f 
the  state,  but  guimintees  complete  toleralinii 
and  liberty  to  all  other  sects.  This  breadth  <>t 
view  is  suiiiewhal  lituited  by  allowing  no  school 


II- 

lic 
11- 
III 
h' 
111- 
II'- 
lio 
si. 

'IV 

lilt 

I'S, 

cs, 

lltS 

or- 
!rii 

ess 

lllr 
|o\ 
rrr 

4,- 

lies 

dc- 

lof 
idti 

lOl 

ool 


M 


Hi 


<    '    ii 


•J    -ii 


I 


ORSX 

to  f'xisi 
cliurcli 
stnic  ell 
tiiiircli 
Imtiils  CI 

^FflllilM 

and  Ills 
nnliliiMi 
(I  aiililii 

llCSiis;    1 

of  Ihc  (, 
iiiJil  10  I 
me  Ki-j  I 

IIIIIIiUm   (II 

(IM;.'l  ih  , 

'I'lic  iicriv 

«lrc«(|(i\v 

Hill  il  •«•(. 

"  ifliLridii.. 

'I'liikisli  n 

till  V  HI,,  r 

Corcc    in 

sfi'ins  iiicl 

""'   pr(i|i,.| 

^•I'liii,.,!  iiv 

•■"II     Cl.l.ssfi 

?"iii<'  (Itiiiii 

iiijrcoiivdii 

,  Tfif   111, IS 

(ircccc  is  i|. 

ill    HllOlllc-ir 

"iioiiirlKiiii 
II  liiiic  u||,.„ 
"lie   of   ,,|i 

Illlll      loilir    |,| 

Tiiikisii  ,1,1,. 
of  till'  sixicc, 

pPIKlcllc,..    Is 

''oil  liJiil  li,.,.r 
Oi'i'lioildx  (  I, 
'ioii  was,  liri, 
Ulis  clicisli,., 

l';'ticiilii,|. 

I'VI'll    iill,i„ir 

t'iri\(„r,i,.,|  , 

"f  lliis  hiijiiis, 
•■oiiscil  as  oiil 
fill  Idllsc  il    „ 

foilll    to   |,||,     ji 

1;  was  iicr.ssa 

I'llC    (•(l||,,||j 

"ii'<liiiilii.iMi 

.Slrillfirl,,  (■,„, 

jyillxilliv.      ri 

I  iliK'-i  Nialcs 

'•il'''-<'xt   lakcii 

/''•''■';  "I'l'faic 

t'Miiil,.,!  "Iiii, 

"'•'IK  o„  tiic 
J'  <'lllli(i(|i,.s  (1, 
•iiMtiias,  ,|„.  J. 
•{•  Kvnrls  an. 
AMicriciii  Ho,.,, 
.Missions,  «,!,|  ,, 
'•'''•iiicnlaiv  [ii. 
'•"iiiiiiiini.atioii 
''."'"• '"ih..„„,i 

•••••■•Kli.aiKiAi 
.'"•■'or  ill  siariii, 
i'ii.'ilcvc|,i|„„,.,„ 
•uiicncaii  iniii, 
'•"•/■'■liodx— Die 
f'lilillcscli.iois  I 
Urt'tce.     Two  Hi 


OREEOB 


\m 


ORSZ30E 


to  exist  in  wliicli  tlio  rlcrcy  of  tho  ('stablislicd 
dmnli  (Id  not  jiivc  insiniciiDn  in  rt'liirion.  'I'lic 
Mtiilc  cliiirch,  iliiin^'li  niiinintilly  iiniUr  'lie  I'u- 
triiiicli  of  Con-iiiinlinopli',  is  entirely  in  lliu 
Imiuls  of  ilie  '■  Holy  Synod,"  eoiisislinir  of  the 
.Melni|Nilil:in  of  Athens,  iind  4  tireliliisliops 
iiinl  l>isho|is.  The  --tiite  ehnieli  h:is  iilso  t) 
ftrchl)ishoiis  and  H  hishops  in  Northern  (jireece; 
(I  un'hliisho|)s  nnd  ti  liishops  in  I  he  Pelopon- 
nesus; 1  "icliliishopiind  5 bishops  in  the  islands 
of  the  (iitik  Arehipelmro;  and  0  iirehhishops 
aiKJ  Ml  Itishops  in  the  Ionian  Islands.  There 
are  Itiv  nionaslcries  and  nunneries,  with  '^.(iUl) 
monks  and  l*^')  nuns.  During  the  revolution 
(lM'Jl-!h  over  4tK(  inonaslerie>  were  destroyed. 
The  activity  of  the  tnoidis  in  the  patriotic  cause 
drew  down  special  veimeanee  upon  their  heads. 
Hut  it  seems  to  he  a  fact  that  all  these  so-called 
'•  relii:ious  "  institutions  nourished  hetter  nniler 
Turkish  nih-  than  they  have  siiuc.  and  to-day 
they  are  relies  of  an  older  lime  rather  than  ti 
force  in  modern  <ireece.  The  govirnmeiit 
seems  inclined  to  encroach  more  and  more  on 
the  pr<ip<'rty  of  the  inoiiasteries.  'I'he  land 
jrranted  hy  the  Oroik  authorities  to  the  Ameri- 
can Classical  School  was  taken,  not  without 
some  demur,  from  the  jrroutidsof  the  iicijrhhor- 
in;;-  cotivent  of  the  .Vstomaton. 

The  most  enconraj;inir  thini:  ahont  modern 
(ireeee  is  its  splendid  .system  of  schools,  which 
in  iiiiolherfreneralion  w  ill  e.vteriniimie  illileraey 
llirouirhoni  the  (ountry.  There  has  never  lieeu 
u  time  when  (ireeee  has  heen  ahsolutely  desti- 
tute f)f  educational  facilities.  Kveii  durin.n' 
that  loiiLT  period  of  ati.jcet  oppression  under 
Turkish  rule— which  lasted  from  llie  opeiniii; 
of  the  sixteenth  century  until  the  war  of  iinle- 
pemletice,  ISJI  -2!( — the  rudiments  of  lui  educa- 
tion had  lieen  lauirht  Ity  the  eleriry  of  th<'  (Jreek 
Orihodo.x  Church.  However  poor  this  instruc- 
tion was,  however  irreirular  and  unfruitful,  it 
was  cherished  as  the  oidy  friimmer  of  hope  for 
lietler  thin;.'s  in  this  land  of  I'lato  and  Sophocles. 
Even  dnriiiLr  the  revolution  schools  wcTe  cov- 
ertly carried  on.  When  the  country  came  out 
of  this  liaplisni  of  hlood  the  national  mind  was 
roused  as  only  a  i;reat  stru.irjrle  fm-  freedom 
can  rouse  it,  and  ellorls  weie  imtnedialely  put 
foi'lh  to  put  its  schools  on  a  solid  foumlation. 
It  was  neeo.sarily  a  most  dillicull  nnderlakinir. 
The  country  was  hankrupt.  The  ma.jority  of 
llu' children  in  Hreecc  wc-re  inphalis.  Hut  llie 
siruirirle  for  freedom  had  elicited  a  worldwide 
•sympathy.  Fc>w  people  are  livitif,' today  in  the; 
I'liited  States  who  can  recall  the  widespread 
interest  taken  hy  Americans  in  that  struirirle. 
There  uppearc'd  in  the  "  .Missionary  IFerald  " 
(A.  U.  C.  F.  Ml,  in  Fehruary,  1S:!(),  a  leport 
entitled  '' Intercourse  with  the  (Jreek  Govern- 
ment oil  the  Siiltjeel  of  Kdueatioii  in  Oreeee." 
It  C'mhodies  the  letters  writteii  liy.I,  A.  Capo- 
distri.as,  the  rnr-ideiit  of  Greece,  to  Secretary 
.1.  Evarls  and  Uev.  Mr.  Anderson  of  the 
American  Hoard  of  ("ominissioners  for  Forei,i;n 
Ajissions,  and  totlit^  I'lc^sident  of  the  Society  for 
Klemeiitary  Instruction  at  I'aris.  From  these; 
I'ommunic  utions  we  learn  that  at  that  critical 
hour  in  the  nation's  life  the  intlueiice  of  Kn.irlisli, 
Freiieh.  and  American  sympiithi/.ers  was  a  lurt'e 
factor  ill  slarliiiLT  Ihc'  whole  loiiji  and  inlerest- 
iiiU  development  of  educational  alfaiis  in  Greece. 
American  intlueiice  w««  fell  especially  in  two 
directions — the  study  of  the  IJilde  in  all  (treek 
public-  schools,  and  the  education  of  tlie  );irlsof 
Gruuce.     Two  more  fuudttiiieutiil  results  could 


not  Imve  been  nttninod,  nnd  from  all  appearance 
these  irontd  not  Imve  been  altaineil  but  for 
Aliiericaii  impetus.  The  wmk  of  Dr.  ai.d  Mis. 
Hill  ami  of  Dr.  .lonas  Kintj  will  he  spoketi  of 
later. 

Kiii,i;  Olho  ascended  the  throne  in  \A^'A. 
I'nder  his  inlluence  .schools  beiran  to  he  insti- 
tuted after  the  (ierman  pattern.  'I'he  univer- 
sity w;is  established  at  Alliens.  (Jueill  Amelia 
took  .'j;i'eal  interest  in  the  educaliiai  of  girls,  and 
a  lari;e  oiphatiage  at  Athens  to-day  hems  her 
name.  Kicli  (ireeks  ciutside  the  kinirilom  be- 
LTaii  to  lake  pride  in  huiidin.LT  up  the  insiitutioiii 
of  their  native  land,  (tradually  the  country 
beiran  to  rec^ovcr  from  the  desolation  of  war. 
The  leiiislative  powers  lieL'iin  to  act.  Since 
islli;!  educational  atVaiis  have  inovecl  on  faster 
than  ever,  unlij  to-day  there  are  in  this  liitlo 
kiii;:ilotn,  with  only  tiie  |>opulalioii  of  .Mas.sii- 
c'husetls.  over  'J, I  KM)  elctnc'iUaiy  schools  for  boys; 
about  ;!ll(l  schools  of  I  he  same  irracle  for  L'irls, 
w  illiover  ■^..'"(011  icacliiTs,  male  and  female,  most 
of  theiii  holdini;;  cerlillcates  from  noninil 
schools;  ;ilil  secondary  schools,  with  l,4lX) 
tc'aehers  and  more  than  I."),!!!!!!  pupils  ;  Ji.')  L'yin- 
iiasiiims,  with  ','KI  iiislriiclois.  and  in  round 
numbeis  ."i.lHMI  pupils;  a  university  w  ith  four 
dcp.'irlmeiils.  lull  piiifcssdrs,  and  ••.'..'illK  students; 
a  half  (lo/,eii  hii.di-class  normal  s<hools  ;  a  poly- 
tec'hnic  schocl  at  Athens,  wiih  'it  instiiictors 
and  rilH)  pupils  ;  and  a  lari:e  numht  r  cd'  private 
and  ecclesiastical  schools.  TeaihiiiLr  has  be- 
come a  reiriilar  profession,  and  the  olil  a!;e  of 
teachers  is  ]iidvidcd  for  by  a  judic  ioiis  pension 
system,  re!;iilated  by  theterm  of  service.  .More 
tliiin  half  the  teachers  in  the  elementary  schixda 
are  women— a  reinarkiihlc  fact  w  hen  wccoiisider 
that  Ihroiiirh  the  centuries  of  Turkish  oppre»- 
sioii  the  education  of  woman  wasalmost  entirely 
neirlccted.  To  clay  womanhood  is  coming  to 
the-  front  in  Greece.  One  cd'  the  most  interest- 
ini;  insiilulions  in  Athens  is  the  "  Arsakeion," 
named  from  its  founder,  .M.  Aisakes.  a  wealthy 
merchant,  oriL'iiially  from  Epiius,  who  lef I  ii 
fortune  of  ."KMI.IHMI  drac  liinai  for  the  purpo.se  of 
founding;  a  jrirls'  scIkhiI  at  Alliens.  It  was  the 
result  <d'  the  American  idea  fostered  b}'  Dr.  and 
.Mrs.  Hill.  To-day  it  is  by  far  the  linest  siirls" 
school  in  Greece  The  properly  consists  of 
nearly  a  whole  .scpiare  in  the  best  part  of  the 
city,  and  the  biiildinirsaccommoilate  I.TilN)  girls 
in  daily  attendance,  till  of  w  liom  are  resiclents 
in  the  boardin.u;  department.  The  government 
is  especially  interested  in  this  school,  rirognizes 
ilsdiplomas,  gives  teachers'  ccMlilieales  in  return, 
nnd  contributes  2(1, (MM)  drachmai  annually 
toward  its  expenses.  The  iiistilution  is  graded 
carefully  up  from  the  kindergarten  to  tlie  nor- 
mal department,  taking  a  girl  from  the  age  of 
four  or  live  up  lo  eighteen  or  twenty,  and  will 
compare  favorably  with  the  stune  kiiul  of 
schools  in  (iermanj'.  Kngland,  and  Amerieii. 
Uich  and  poor  are  found  together.  It  is  a  cus- 
tom for  far-away  villages  to  select  their  bright- 
est gills,  c;ollect  money  bir  their  expenses,  uud 
send  tliem  to  the  A-sakeioii,  that  they  may  have 
ettieient   teachers  for  their  village  girls.     Since 

its  start  this  scl I  has  scattered  more  than  ',',(100 

graduates    over    Greece     and     (iieek-speiiking 
lands,  unci  most  of  them  teach. 

The-  forces  that  have  helped  to  bring  the  eclu- 
eational  alTiiirs  of  Greece  to  their  present  lioiio- 
fiil  stale  inuy  be  siiminari/.ecl  as  royal,  legisla- 
tive, local,  and  private.  The  kings  ance  c|ueun8 
have  always  promoted  educutioii    cnthusiusti- 


i:,; 


if 


t 


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m 


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i:»i 

ORSEOB 


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aREEOB 


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cully.  'I'lif  HduIi' oi-  ('li;iiiil)('r  of  Urprcsi'iiliilivcs 
ims  iictcd,  is|ieri!illy  nt  liilc  yciits,  willi  /.ciil  iiiid 
wisiloin  ill  lliis  piiriiciihtr.  Loral  iiMihoriili  s 
mill  thu  populiiiion  in  iri'iii'i'iil  iiiivi'  followcil 
willingly  ilu'  iiiitiiilivr  of  iliosc  over  ilinn.  mid 
])i'iviito  individuals  have  conic  lilx  rally  to  ilic 
aid  of  till'  yoiini:  kingdom.  M,  Arsakfs  and 
Ills  Arsiiktioii  Imvc  alicady  liccii  inciitioncd. 
M.  Hailmki's  csialilisJR'd  ai  laiirr  oiiilay  a  iryiii- 
iiasiiiin  at  AiIicih.  .M.  Ilajji  Kosia  and  his 
wifr  left  nearly  half  a  million  diailiiimi  for  a 
hoys' oi|)liaiiaj;c  at  Alliens,  which  lias  a  capai- 
ity  for  -ilKI  pupils.  M.  Zappa  of  Kpirus  Ims 
founded  a  lar;;e  instilulion  for  ihe  purposes  of 
a  perinaneiil  nalional  exliiliition.  The  poly- 
technic school  al  Athens  was  erected  ami  en- 
dowed, at  the  cost  of  over  a  million  drachmai, 
hv  three  u'ciillemen  from  the  north  of  (irei ce 
M.  Georire  Siiiii.  a  Macedonian,  left  li.OilO.lMK) 
drachniai  with  whieh  to  hiiild  an  academy, 
which  is  Ihe  archilcetiiral  i^eui  of  modern 
Athens,  and  is  to  he  used  as  a  meetinj;-place  for 
the  literati.  The  university  lias  been  llie  leeip 
ieiil  of  large  sums  from  alinosi  every  section  of 
the  (ireek  worlil.  A  monk  at  .Mount  Aihos  left  a 
niillicn  diaehni.'ii  to  it.  .M.  L'onstantine  ISelios, 
a  Macedonian,  left  a  fiinil  of  'iOt),0()U  drachniai 
to  the  university ,  to  lie  al  the  s<'rvice  of  .Mace- 
donian youth  who  aspired  to  a  higher  education. 
Tlie  list  of  i>rivate  lieiievoleiices  for  educational 
purposes  might  lie  indelinitciy  increased.  In 
proportion  to  her  si/.e.  population,  and  wealth, 
ilie  little  Hellenic  kiiiL'dom  surpasses  even  open 
handed  Ameiica  in  this  point. 

The  original  text  of  the  New  Testament  is  so 
much  like  niixleni  (ireek  that  all  the  children 
can  understand  Hie  (Jos|h'1s,  and  these  are  a  reg- 
ular te.xt-liook  in  all  the  elementary  schools. 
The  children  are  reipiired  to  study  the  Gospel 
story,  and  to  learn  liy  heart  huge  portions. 
Greek  i>riests  are  reipiired  to  give  catechetical 
instruction  in  the  schools  once  or  twice  eauli 
week.  'I'here  can  he  no  doulit  that  (Sreek 
children  are  taught  more  iihoiit  the  iJilile  in  the 
pulilic  schools  than  are  American  childicn  in 
our  public  seliools.  'I'liis  fact,  as  well  as  the 
universality  of  education  in  the  country,  make 
the  outlook  for '.I recce  very  propitious.  Kroiii 
the  evangelical  standpoint  there  is  no  more 
liopefiil  spot  in  the  lands  under  the  sway  of 
the  (Jreek  ((iIIchIox  ('liiinli  than  (ireece.  and 
the  tendency  to  revert  to  the  simple  gospel  truth 
and  practice  is  sure  to  grow  stronger  and 
strongi'r. 

The  following' is  a  brief  sketch  of  the  actuftl 
mission  work  carried  on  in  Ihe  country  since 
the  revolution  ; 

Mi.tnion  Ifork, — When  the  struggle  for 
inde|>endeiice  called  the  attciuion  of  the  civil- 
ized world  lo(treece.  Christian  work  was  begun 
in  the  laml  by  various  chiirilus  of  .Viiieriea. 
The  (.'hurcli  Missionary  Society  of  Kngland  hud 
already  sent  missionaries  in  "iSlTi,  their  opeia- 
tioiis  being  luainly  contined  to  the  Ionian 
Islands. 

The  Episcopal  Church  of  America  .sent  out 
Uev.  J.  J.  Koberlson  in  IWJH  to  see  whelher 
Greece  |)re.senteil  an  encouraging  tield  for  the 
elTorls  of  this  Church.  The  sentiment  and  Ihe 
hope  with  which  this  mission  was  undertaken 
may  be  .seen  from  the  ini^tructioiis  he  received 
from  liis  society: 

"The  Greeks,  us  is  well  known,  linvc  a 
Clliirch  constituted  after  wliat  we  believe  to  be 
the  apostolic  model,  and  to  be  acknowledged  by 


by  a  coinniiitcc  ol  ladies  in  .New  i  ork  to  take 
cliurgc  of  supplies  for  the  physical  wants  of  the 
impoverished  Greeks.  His  knowledge  of  the 
langiiagi'  ciiableii  him  al  once  to  do  something 
to  meet  llicir  still  deeper  spiritual  wants,  and 
'le  was  permitted  to  remain,  supported  by  these 
allies,  till  18;{|,  when  the  American  Hoard  de- 

.:.i...i    ii..,.. ...;....:....    i;..i.i     i 


US  as  a  sister  Church,  except  in  its '•orruption.s 
of  the  gospel.  There  is  good  hope  that  through 
the  benevolent  elTorls  of  I'roteslant  Christen- 
dom, favored  by  Him  without  whose  power  all 
ellorts  are  vain,  the  darkness  that  lias  .so  loujj 
rested  upon  that  Cliunli  may  be  dispelled." 

This  mission  was  reinforced  in  lM:i(>  li)*  the 
arrival  of  |{ev.  Dr.  and  .Mrs.  Hill.  They  went 
lirsl  to  the  island  Tiiios.  where  they  spent 
six  iiionihs;  then  removed  to  Athens,  the  scene 
of  their  long  and  suiiissful  ediKalional  work, 
carried  on  in  the  spirit  of  the  in  sir  in  lions  given, 
with  a  curcful  avoidance  of  iinytliing  that 
might  look  like  a  wish  to  proselyte  from  the 
Greek  Church      (See  biogmphical  sketch). 

Ill  18'JS  |{ev.  Jonas  King,  whose  previous  so- 
journ in  .lerusalem  and  Sinyrna  had  given  him 
an  opportunity  to  aciiuirc  some  knowledge  of 
the  modern  (Jreek,  and  also  awakened  a  deep 
interest  in  their  spiritual  condition,  was  chos(>ii 
by  a  coinniiitee  of  ladies  in  .New  York  to  take 
c 

imp 
a 

to 
lie 
lad 

cided  to  enter  Greece  as  a  mission  Held,  and 
.Mr.  King  was  transferred  to  its  service  and  re- 
moved from  Tenos,  when-  lie  too,  like  Dr.  Hill, 
had  begun  his  work,  to  Athens,  where  he 
eslr.blished  schools  of  a  liigli  iide  for  boyn, 
held  preaching  services,  and  Ui  .devoted  mucli 
time  to  the  |iieparation  of  religious  litenilure, 
for  which  he  was  particularly  litted  by  his  great 
and  varied  attainments  as  a  Christian  s<'liolar. 
In  18;t4  Dr.  and  .Mrs.  Elias  Kiggs  opened  li 
school  at  Argos.  and  were  subseipieiitly  .joined 
by  Mr.  Ii4'n.janiin.  This  station  was  given  up 
ill  1837,  -Mr.  Uiggs  going  to  Smyrna.  Though 
removed  from  the  Greek  Held,  he  never  lost  his 
active,  prayerful  interest  in  the  people  among 
whom  ills  missionary  labors  were  begun,  and 
has  continued  to  assist  not  only  by  his  kindly 
sympatliy  and  wise  counsel,  but  by  his  coiis*-- 
crated  gift  in  hymiiology,  having  translated 
into  modern  Greek  many  of  the  hymns  used  iu 
the  Kvaiigelicul  (ireek  churches  both  in  Greece 
mill  Turke)'. 

About  this  lime  (18;}7)  (he  Kev.  S.  Iloiistou 
and  licv,  G.  \V.  Leyliurn  of  \'iri.'iiiia,  also  in 
connection  with  the  Ainerican  Hoard,  went  to 
Areopolis,  in  Laconia.  in  response  to  an  car- 
nest  invitation  of  I'etro  Hey  .Mavroiuihalis. 
They  .soon  had  two  schools  for  boys  in  su<'ce.ss- 
ful  operation,  in  one  of  which  the  Kev.  ,M,  D. 
Kalopolliakes.  now  so  liuig  associated  with 
cvMiigelistic  work  for  his  countrymen,  received 
bis  earliest  reliu'ioiis  impres.sions. 

The  H.iptisis  also  liei;an  a  mission  under  Mr. 
Hud  and  Mr.  Arnold. 

It  was  natural  that  in  a  country  like  Greece 
education  should  receive  at  the  oulsi't  special 
attention  from  those  aiming  at  its  spiritual  ele- 
vation, and  for  a  time  everything  seemed  to 
justify  the  hope  with  which  the  friends  of 
(ireece  entered  upon  this  work. 

.\  printing  establislmiciii  had  been  founded 
at  M.'illM.  where  publications  in  the  various  lan- 
guages of  the  Kasi  were  printed.  Very  soon  there 
was  a  much  greater  demand  for  those  in  (ireek 
than  in  any  other  laiiiruaL'e.  In  ls;HI  llii-  Hev. 
-Mr.  Temple,  who  was  in  cli;irge  of  this  depart- 
ment of  the  work,  reported  that  the  luevious 
year  the  press  hud   been  employed  wholly  on 


OREEOB 

iniKlcrn  On-ck,  (o  tlio  nmount  of  4,BTO,OftO 
imiri's.  I'liictly  scluMilliiiiik'*.  The  ilriimiul  for 
iiiii>k-<  WHS  siicli  tlijil  they  nircly  iiccuiiiulutt'd  on 
Ihi'  sliflvt's. 

'I'liipx'  \vcri>  yciirs  of  liopc  for  till  who  were 
lookiiiir  for  llit;  rciioviiiionof  ihc  (ircck  Clmrcli, 
liotli  clcruy  unci  jicoplf  sccininir  iriiiiifiilly  lo 
apiirci'ialt'  lln'  iiilvanliii.''<'H  cMrndi'il  lo  llic  coin- 
ninnhy.  Hut  >oon  a  iliainrc  canic  Tin-  imn- 
sioiiarv  ciilcrpiisf  lM'i,'an  lo  lie  rcLnirdcd  willi 
Mi-pic  ion  iliroiii;li  ilii-  •,'ro.s.>  nii^rtpic-cnialions 
of  llii' (ircrk  pri"^s,  liolli  as  Id  ilii'  inolivis  and 
praciiiis  of  forciiinrrs.  'rinrc  is  every  rea>-on 
to  liclii've  ilial  this  was  lirouLrlit  alioiil  liy  <iiil- 
siile  inlriiiiies,  workiiiK  iIiumil'Ii  iiiclividiials 
here  who  foiiml  ii  for  llieir  intere>.|  lo  appear 
verv  /ealoiis  for  tlie  "  failh  of  the  fnlhels.  " 

'iMiroMtrh  the  same  inlliieiiee  a  ehaiiu'i'  in  llie 
eonslihilioil,  wiiseneete<l,  reslrietinir  llie  full  re- 
liirious  lilierly  wlii<li  was  ;:raiiled  liv  the  tirsl 
<-oiislilution,  to  toleration  of  reeo;fni/.e(l  reliuions, 
liul  forliiddili!.'  proselytisin.  'I'hc  law,  loo.  le- 
ipiiriii'^r  "sailed  lessons"  to  \if  tauirht  in  all 
M'hoiils.  and  which  at  tlrsI  received  such  a  nat- 
ural and  lilieral  iiilerpretation  as  to  lie  niet  liy 
the  Siiiptiire  learhini;  of  the  missionaries,  was 
now  made  to  refiT  to  (he  "sacred  lessons  "  of 
the  (Jieek  Church,  particularly  the  catechism, 
ill  which  inslruciion  was  lo  1h'  j;iven  liy  a  (Jreek 
eceleslii,sli('.  After  a  somewhat  lelijilhy  discus- 
sion of  llie  point  several  of  the  missionaries 
withdrew.  The  American  IJoard  wilhdrew  all 
ii-  representatives  e.xceiil  Dr.  Kinjr.  who  wits 
iinwillini;  to  ^r,,.  '|'he  liaptist  missionaries  also 
returned  after  a  lime  to  America. 

l)i.  Kin;r's  persecution  anil  his  hniL' strutr.u'le 
with  the  u'overnnient  are  fully  recorded  in  i)r. 
Anderson's  work  on  mi.ssions  in  the  Kast.  At 
that  lime  the  need  of  u  periodical  in  the  inleresis 
of  the  evangelical  movement  lieiran  to  hideeply 
felt.  This  iinallv  led  Dr.  Kalo|>ot hakes  to  issue 
a  Christian  weekly,  "The  Star  of  the  East." — 
\lirnnj  r;7? '-''irVoA//?,  which  was  coDtiniicd 
without  interriiplioii  ','7  years. 

Duriiiir  this  period  the  native  element  berame 
proinineiil  in  the  work.  Dr.  Kalopothakes,  liev. 
<!.  Coiistantine,  and  Rev.  D,  Sakellarios  worked 
for  some  years  toirether  under  the  Ameiican  and 
Foreiirn  Christian  I'liion.  Later  there  were dis- 
tinei  oriraiii/.ations.  The  IJaplists  were  repre- 
.senied  liy  Mr.  Sakellarios.  Tlie  ('onj;repilion. 
alists  susiainccl  .Mr.  Coii-tantine.  who,  liesides 
lireachiiiL'.  did  much  valuable  work  tlirou;rhthe 
Iiress.  lie  removed  a  few  years  aL'o  lo  ."smyriia, 
where  he  is  carrying  on  a  similar  work  with 
niMiked  success. 

The  orLraiii/alioii  known  disiinciively  as  tli«! 
(Jreek  Kvaiiirelical  Church  was  under  the  care 
ol  ihe  Soulhern  I'resbylcrian  Church  duriiiL'  the 
Ihirleen  years  previous  to  Issii.  |{ev  (ieo.  K. 
I.eylpurii  and  liis  venerable  fiilher  joined  the 
iiii-^ioii  in  is;,").  The  latter  was  removed  by 
de:iili  wiihin  a  few  months.  The  former  re- 
mained till  the  close  of  1ST7,  when  he  relumed 
to  .America.  Tlie  iie.vt  year  Kev.  T.  Sampson 
Mas  sent  out,  and  wiirkcii  for  a  few  years,  first 
at  .Vllieiis,  then  at  Volo,  and  sulisei|Ueiilly  at 
Sidoniea,  where  he  still  is. 

At  the  (lose  of  18H5  the  Kvaneelleal  Xiiiive 
Church  withdrew  its  eoiiiieelion  with  the  South- 
ern I'reslivterian  Church  and  liei  nine  indepen- 
dent, 

Sitiee  that  time  there  has  been  no  "  ini.ssion 
work,"  so  called,  in  tTi-eecc,  except  the  primary 
.school  for  poor   children   foiiuded  by  the  lute 


;iftO 


ORBBCB 


Mr«.  Hill,  siistniiied  by  the  Protestant  Epliioo- 
pal  Church  of  the  United  Stales.  It  is  under 
the  care  of  .Miw*  Miiir.  a  .Scoich  lady  who  was 
lonif  connected  with  .Mrs,  Hill.  .More  recently 
.Mile  Itayiiioiid.  of  (iiiievu,  has  been  associated 
as  colltii;rue  with  Miss  .Muir.  The  school  num- 
la-rs  alMiiit  .jiNt. 

There  is  a  scIkxi]  for  the  belter  cIiis.m'S — in  a 
certain  sense  a  continuation  of  .Mis.  Hill's 
work— on  Ihe  sjimc  premises,  under  the  etiicicut 
direct  ion  of  her  niece.  .Miss  Massoii,  It  is  con- 
ducted o:i  the  same  ;;eneral  principles  and 
Willi  the  same  iibji-ct,  but  it  is  no  lonpr  a 
ini^siiiii  M'liiNil  ill  tlie  seiiM'  of  beiiiir  siislained 
or  liirecled  by  any  forei^rn  society.  It  is  now 
.Miss  MiisMin's  private  school,  iIioul'Ii  the  pro- 
|H-rty  formerly  occupied  by  the  mission  wus 
t'iveii,  by  the  friends  in  Aiiieili  a  so  Iohl'  inter- 
ested in  the  work,  toUreece  to  be  u.sed  uUvui's 
us  a  school  for  /rirls. 

The  Kev.  Mr.  Sakellarios,  too,  has  continued 
independentlv  tin-  work  he  forme  riy  carried  on 
under  the  iiapli>l  .Mis.^ioiiar)'  L'liion  of  the 
United  Slates,  but  lie  can  no  loiiL'cr  be  called 
a  misidonury.  So  alsii  wiih  the  work  of  the 
native  Greek  Kvanticliial  Church  with  which 
Dr.  Kuloptithakes  isconiiected.  This  work  even 
when  under  the  mission  dilTered  lo  a  cnnsider- 
able  e'.teiit  from  other  mi.ssions  in  Ihe  fact  that 
it  was  iiiuuv'uraied  and  curried  on  f(;r  many 
years  tliroiiL'h  native  instriinientalilies,  .so  that 
Ihe  native  element  had  u  truining  from  the  lirst 
eulciiluted  lo  develop  the  eiipacil  v  of  the  church 
for  active  forms  of  service  und  for  respoiisi- 
biliir,  und  throii^'h  this  an  incliiialion  to  inde- 
penilence  of  uelion  which  wus  bound  speedily 
to  lead  to  self-siip|>ort. 

The  pxjd  results  of  this  linve  been  manifest 
in  the  liistory  of  the  church  ut  Alliens  during 
the  tivejears  since  its  sepuration  from  the  mis- 
sion. There  bus  been  more  outward  growth 
and  internal  harmony  than  ever  before,  and  it 
seems  evident  lliat  the  church  has  entered 
ii|>on  H  gtuge  in  which  it  may  carry  on  the 
evuugelislii-  work  which  it  has  assumed  in  the 
field  it  claims  for  its  o|>eralions— the  territory 
included  within  the  kingdom  of  Greece. 

Tliere  are  at  this  dale  but  three  slulious — 
Athens,  Pineii.s,  und  Volo  :  and  a  branch 
station  ut  I.,:irissu.  The  tJreek  Kvangelicul 
Church  is  F'resliyieriun  in  doctrine  and  form 
of  goveniment.  A  local  -ynod  has  been  or- 
pini/.ed  culled  Ihe  "  Synod  of  the  Free  Kvan- 
gelical  Cliiirch  in  Greece"  li  lias  under  it.s 
care  the  Hible  work  of  the  IJri'i-h  und  Foreisrn 
Uible  Society.  The  colporteurs  employed  are 
all  Christians  who  are  able  lo  do  an  important 
evatiirelistic  work  in  conneclion  with  their  sales 
of  the  Sriptiireo.  'Ihe  I'tpiii'^ini  run-  lh\i- 
rfirii-,  a  monthly  puiH-r  for  children  edited  by 
Dr.  Kiilo|Hiihakes,  is  now  in  iis  twenty  fourth 
year  and  has  un  annual  circuhiiion  of  iiboiit 
T.tXiO  copies.  The  "Star  of  the  Kast."  the 
weekly  iw|)er,  wus  diMContinued  at  Ihe  close  of 
IW,-,. 

Thniiigh  the  kindly  n.«sistanee  of  the  Keli 
gioiis  Tntct  SiK'iety  of  I^ondoii  thousands  of 
tracts  are  printed  and  circulated  yearly.  The 
work  of  the  American  Hible  Society  was  for 
more  tliuu  35  vears  under  Dr.  Kalopolliukes' 
care,  and  on  fts  witbdruwal  from  tineco  in 
I'WK.  the  agency  of  the  Hritish  and  Foreign 
Hible  Society  being  intrusted  to  him,  the  suine 
as-istunce  to  the  work  and  moral  support  comes 
through  it. 


% 


I 


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li 


II 


H 


CIRBEOB 

I{(iinim  Catholics  iniHHiiiiiN  in  Orpc'cc  (lute  fnini 
120.")  .\.i>..  wlii'ii  llii'  two  jfrciil  <'IiuitIi('s  of  lliit 
Orient  iiiitl  till' Oci'idriil  wcif  .H|ilii  ii|mit.  'I'Ikj 
Work  WHS  incniiM'il  in  l.').'.')  a.d  ,  an<l  iiufiiin  in 
71.'>  v.i).  In  IHIII  l'<i|ic  (ircjror.v  X\'.  cstiiljiislu'cl 
iin  ti|>ostolie  ii<'li'i.'iitiiiii  in  ilic  nrw  Ik'iliaiiu 
kingdom.  'I'lic  liclil  is  ilividi'il  inin  tiiri'fiirrli- 
l)islio|iil(s  tinii  livr  ilioccsts.  Tliclf  lire  liliont 
15.(HHI  roniiniiniciiiits,  i;t(i  cliiirilics  iitid  clmp- 
fls.  1(M(  |)rii-ls,  J  suniiiiurii's,  4'i  srliools,  and 
l,0()i)  sliidonts. 

Suinniinu'  np  all  foniLrn  mission  work  in 
GiTc'i',  \\v  llnd  1 1ml  I  111'  nsiiils  have  lictii  in- 
flirfct  for  lint  ni(i-l  part,  but  Ilicse  riwulls  ar(! 
of  the  iilniosi  irnpiiiiaiicc.  'I'lif  counlfv  is 
imssiiii;  tiiioiiirli  a  Iransiiional  siati'.  Ui'liL,'ion 
18  formal  to  ilic-  I'Xirc  jiicMind  uuliclirf  is  spread- 
ini;  wiilely  and  ra|)idly.  The  (Jreek  Church  is 
looked  u|H>n  as  a  powerful  political  a<;i  iil  in 
binding;  llie  lieails  of  nil  Irue  (ireeks  lo  the 
canst;  of  the  slrujri,'liMir  little  kiiiirdoni  which 
aspires  to  irather  uinlci'  its  lianners  the  elLTlit 
liidlion  (ireeks  of  llie  Levant  'I'o  join  the 
cvanp-iical  niovenient  is  looked  upon  as  iinpa- 
Iriolic.  Hilt  frreut  iiii>een  ehan;res  are  lakint; 
]>lace  throuj.'hoiit  the  eountry.  wliich  heforn 
very  louL,'  will  lirini;  iilionl  a  stale  of  greater 
ri'liiiioiis  freedoin,  and  the  reliction  fioin  iinlie- 
licf  nuwt  result  iu  u  growth  of  evimgclicul 
feeling. 

4ar<'ck  Vrrxloiii*.  — The  ancient  Greek 
vor--i(iti  of  the  <  >ld  Totaineiil.  or  Scpluajiint,  as 
it  is  coniiiioiily  calleil,  is  not  only  the  nio.st 
ancient  hut  also  the  most  iinpiiitaut  of  all- the 
versions  of  Scripliire  that  have  heen  traiisniitled 
to  lis.  It  is  the  tirst  missioiiaiy  Uihle.  since  by 
it  the  (ieiitile  wiirld  liecanie  acipiainted  with 
monotheism.  It  oriL'iniiiccI  in  the  :id  cenimy 
Ix-fore  Christ  (ahiuil  the  year  '..'S.'i  n c  i.  lis 
history  has  heen  written  so  often  that  we  need 
not  repeal  what  is  already  known,  beyond  Iho 
fact  that  it  is  the  ecch'siasl leal  version  of  the 
Greek  Church.  A  ilialeci  of  the  ancient  (ireek 
isthe  liomaicor  modern  (ireek,  hclon^riiii:  lotlie 
(»neco-I.iiitin  hriinch  of  the  .Vryan  lan;;UH;;(;- 
funiily,  and  spoken  liy  tile  (Ireeks  of  the  present 
day.  A  New  'I'csiamenl  in  the  modern  Greek 
was  puhlisiied  at  Geneva  in  l(il!>i,  liy  .Maxiniiis 
Callieriri  or  Calliopoli.  This  edition  was  often 
reprinted  hv  the  Society  for  i'mpaifatim;  llie 
Gospel  in  Koreisfii  I'arls,  as  well  as  by  the 
British  and  Foreijfii  Bible  Society.  A  revised 
edition,  |)n'paie(l  hy  llilarion,  Archbisiiop  of 
Ternovo,  was  published  at  Con>taiilinople  in 
IH'iH,  and  reprinted  at  (Jeiieva  in  ls:io  hy  the 
Geneva  Bible  Society,  llilarion  also  translaled 
the  Old  Testament  from  the  Septiiafrint,  and 
olfered  his  work  to  the  British  ami  Forciijn 
Bible  Society.  The  latlc-r,  however,  decided  to 
Lave  a  translation  prepared  from  the  Hebrew, 
and  the  Revs.  H  1).  Leeves  and  J.  Lownd(!s 
were  ap|>oiiited  to  execute  the  work,  with  the 
aid  of  Home  Greek  scholars.  The  Hist  edition 
of  the  Old  Testament  was  printed  in  Eii);lan(l 
in  18-10;  the  New  Testament  followed,  anil  was 
|)rinte<l  at  Athi^ns  in  184-1,  A  i^eneral  revision 
with  the  view  of  having;  the  Old  and  Ni'W  Tcs- 
tuments  printed  in  one  uniform  volume,  was 
undertaken  in  \^^'>.  Tim  work  of  revision  was 
completed  by  Hmf.  Banil>as,  .Messrs.  Nicolaides 
and  Lowndes.  Editions  of  the  Old  Titslament 
were  printed  iif^ain  in  England  in  IHIHand  \iiiiO, 
succeeded  by  a  new  eililion  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment in  18.")i,  when  the  whole  Bible  was  pre- 


400 


GREENLAND 


|>are4l  for  dissemination  in  one  uniform  volumu 
for  the  lirst  time.  The  irrcat  demand  for  tliu 
Word  of  (ohI  incluceil  till'  British  Bible  Society 
to  publish  a  pocket  eilition  of  tlle  Bible  iu 
modern  Greek.  This  edition  was  issued  iu 
JHM2.  For  the  Greeks  beloiiirin);  lo  the  Boinaii 
Catholic  Church.  Ihe  siime  Society  published 
the  Gospel  of  Luke  an<l  the  .\etsof  the  .\poslles 
in  Itoinaii  type,  at  Smyrna,  in  lH."il>.  The  saniu 
.Society  issueil  also  in  iss(iii  ii,.\v  (edition  of  the 
dlu'lott  Gospels  of  .Matthi'W  and  Luke  in  niodein 
Greek  ami  AllianiaiM'i'o^k..  Of  llie  latter  llie 
.Society  disposed  up  to  .March  :il.sl,  18811  of  (\,'>m 
portions,  and  of  llie  moilern  Greek  vuibiou  uf 
(141,585  portiniis  of  the  Scriplures. 

(Specimen  rernm.   .loliu  a  :  10.) 

(Ancient.) 

Ovra>  yetp  fjydvijcTtv  6  0eo?  rou  KotTfiov, 
(orre  rbv  vibv  al/rou  tov  lAOvoyevrj  IHuKeVy  iva 
.ttS?  6  inartiatv  ew  aurov  y.i\  oTro'XijTat,  dXV 
lyrjl  %mr\v  aiwvtov. 

(Mcxler.i.) 
.JioTt  rntTOP'  rjyd-mjatv  6  ©eo?  rou  Koaiiov, 
biare  idaxe  rov  Tibv  oi/toO  rov  fiovoyetnj,  St^ 
I'd  fit)  dvoXtcrOf)  .'rrd^  6 ^VKrrevav  ei^  ainbv, 
aWa  pit  ^XU  t'^^"  auoviou. 

(.Modern.     Iti'imtii.) 

Slcothis  thelo  ipaghl  pros  ton  patera  mu,  ke 
thelo  Ipi  pros  afton,  Pat«r,  imartoa  Is  ton  ura- 
uon  ke  enopion  su.— (.^^e  xv.  18.) 

4irct>n,  Miiiiiiifl  II.,  b.  Worcesier,  Mass., 
U.  8.  A..  October  loth,  1H2-J;  piiiclised  ineduine 
for  a  while  in  Worcester;  sailed  for  ( 'evion  as  a 
medical  missionary  of  the  A.  B  C.  E.  Nl.  .Vpril 
SiOtli,  18(7;  relurned  home  on  account  of  ill- 
heallh  in  18711.  lie  continued  the  prc|iai'atiou 
of  medical  works  in  llie  Tamil  Language. 
Several  siandanl  volumes  were  prepared  by 
him.  covering  in  till  between  three  and  four 
thousand  pages,  and  are  used  as  le.xt-bcoks  in 
India.  l)r  Green's  name  stands  a  household 
word  among  lliir  people  of  the  island  lo  w  hose 
interest  he  devoted  his  life.  "There  is  recorded 
no  more  marked  expi'es.sion  of  th(!  useful  restilt.s 
of  a  life  of  self-deiiving  devotion  lo  Ihe  most 
elevated  work 
28tli,  1884. 


lie  tiled  at   Worcester,   .May 


Cirt'Clibiiy,  a  small  tow  n  on  tlu;  island  of 
-Vntigua,  West  Indies,  near  St.  .John's.  After 
till!  emancipalion  of  the  slaves  in  .\iiligiia,  Ihe 
idle,  the  vicious,  and  immoral  gathered  iierciind 
made  the  place  notorious  for  vile  deeds  of  every 
description.  The  .Minaviau  Bfelhren  then 
opened  a  preaching  place,  with  such  success 
that  in  a  short  lime  the  character  of  the  people 
changed  compielely.  A  native  minister,  the 
lirst  in  Antigua,  labored  here  from  1848  until 
his  death  in  1885.  At  present  the  work  is 
carried  on  by  a  missionary  anil  his  wife. 

<ar('t'iiliiii«l,  an  o.\tensiv(>  region,  inclndiug 
411.740  sipiare  miles,  belonging  to  Denmark, 
lying  northeast  of  North  America,  from  which 
and  lis  outlying  islands  it  is  separated  by  Davis' 
.Strait  and   BatUn's  Bay.      Cape    Farewell,  its 


OREENLAND 


401 


GUANAJUATO 


Hoiillicrti  oxti'innity,  in  a  ;)iiiiit  od  a  Nmiill  iMlitiid 
rriiiii  w  liicli  llii:  i'iinI  ciuist  (^xlcmls  iiiirtlK'iist 
iiiwiirds  ('u|p<'  Uifwstcr,  wlicitr  ii  lakes  ii  mom 
iKiillii'ily  CDUisc,  anil  fliclclicH  luwanN  tins 
i'lili^  III  an  iiiiUtiiiwii  ili>laii('c.  Tlir  siiullii'rn 
pail  111'  lliixciiasl  is  waslicil  liy  llii'  (ii'rciilaiul  Sea, 
ami  llir  iiiirlli  liy  liii'  Airlli'  <  tcrali.  'I'lic  uiitliiii! 
Ill  llir  riiasi  i^  niuui'il  ami  liancti,  wjlli  I'llll's  ami 
|irtii|iiiis  wliirii  ail'  vlsjlilc  far  mil  al  simi.  A 
iiiiiiiU'r  lit  iiili'ls,  tlic  |iiiii(i|ial  ul'  wliirli  arc 
Si'iiirsliy  ami  llavy  siiiiiids,  ixiriiilan  iiiiklinwii 
ilUlaiii  r  iiilii  liii'  iiili'iior.  CiiniaU'  vi'iy  lirallliy , 
li'm|irralinr  vaiyliif^  ai'ciirilinir  In  the  ilislaiui' 
fripiii  llic  I'lilr.  Fuirs  air  jinvaliiil  tmisi,  ul'  ilui 
ycai'.  anil  liiil  lillli'  lain  Talis.  I'ii|inlaliiiii, 
(■xcipl  aliiiul  ;tOO  Dams,  consisls  ciiliii'ly  dI" 
Ksi|iilniii,  \sliii  live  liy  hiinlini;  ami  lisliini:,  ami 
niiinliiT  !),  JMII.  A  few  live  on  llie  eiisl  cuasl, 
lull  all  llie  viiiaLres  ami  .sellliiniiils  are  on  llie 
wesi  eiiasi,  ii|iiin  llie  low  laiiils  almi;^  llie  llol'ils. 
Aller  years  ul'  (lisiouiimini;  elVorls  on  llie  part 
(il  llie  inissiunaries.  all  the  nallves  have  lieeii 
eiiliveilnl  to  (  III i^l iallilv ,  'I'hey  have  friveli  up 
llieir  nuiiiailie  lialiils  ami  enjuv  the  lieiielils  of 
eivili/.iiliun,  while  they  are  iiillieleil  with  Tewer 
III  its  vlies  lliaii  aie  the  Iniliaii>  who  have  eiiine 
illlo  (iinlael  with  the  while  man  eUewheic. 
Liipior  is  piohiliiteil  ill  all  thu  sellleiiieiits,  anil 
il  is  only  oiiee  a  vear,  on  llie  kinii's  liiiilnlay, 
thai  every  man  in  (ireenlanil  is  peiinilleil  to 
reeeive  from  llie  jroveruineiil  .stoie-hoiises  a 
^'lass  iif  seliiiapps  to  driilk  the  beultli  uf  his 
sovereiL'ii. 

(ireenlanil  is  diviiled  fur  admiiiislritlive  pur- 
pose into  twu  iii«peeluiales,  Niiilh  ami  Smith 
(tlielilaml.  eiieli  silliiliviiled  into  seven  districts, 
haviiitr  a  ilireelor  who  isassisicd  by  a  parliameiil 
cliOM'ii  fiom  the  piiiicipal  men.  'llie  soil  of 
(iieeiilaml  is  not  productive,  llie  veiielalioii  is 
sllniil,  and  if  any  minerals  e.\isl.  they  are  not 
niiiieil.  The  crow  n  of  Denmark  has  a  niono|ioly 
iif  llie  trade,  which  is  carried  on  under  Ihe 
ilireclioii  of  Ihe  (IreenlamI  'I'radin'f  Coinpany. 

.Misiionary  societies  at  work  there:  the  Mora- 
vians, with  slalions  al  New  Ilerrnhuf,  Ijieliten- 
fils,  r,icliteiiau,  Fredericksdal,  linaimk,  and 
Iglorpail;  17  missionaries,  l.OUT  cliarch-mem- 
burs.     Also  Ihe  Danish  Missionary  Socifly. 

Groi'iilaiid    Vcrnloiw.— Oreeiiliiiul  Ixv 

loiij;s  to  the  Arcti"  coast  laiijriiay:es  of  North 
Anierica,  and  is  siiukeii  in  (ireeidiind.  The 
lirst  altempis  to  supply  the  people  of  (Jreeiiland 
with  the  woni  of  (iod  were  made  hy  Hans 
Kgt'du,  a  Norwe,i{iaii  cler;;yman,  al  the  hc'ginnin.i; 
of  the  lt*lh  centurv.  Tlie  wink  was  continued 
liv  liis  son  I'aul  ftircde,  ami  in  ITtMt  the  >«uw 
'lestaiiieiit  was  published  al  Copeiihageii.  A 
NC'L'uud  atleinpl  was  made  liy  l-'atiriciiis,  wluxst? 
Now  Testament  wiis  piiblisiii  d  in  lTiK».  Holli 
these  Ininslaliolis  were  very  ileticieiit,  and 
Moravian  mis^imiarics  ni.'idc  a  third  version 
fruin  liiitlicr's  Ctcrmaii.  which  was  pulilish(i(i 
in  IM-.'-.Miy  the  Urili^band  l-'uicif;ii  liililc  Sociely, 
and  repulilisluHl  by  the  Danish  llilile  Society. 
The  hitler  also  published  in  IH'JUat  Copenhairell 
a  liaiislation  of  tiie  (Jld  'I'cstainenl,  made  by  tlii! 
l{ev.  Peter  Kiiif:lil.  In  IS,"il  the  IJrilish"  and 
Foreign  Hible  Society  published  al  Ilerrnluit 
a  levi.si'd  edition  of  the  New  Teslameni,  iimler 
the  edilorsliip  of  some  retired  .Mutavian  iiiis- 
sioiiaiio  from  (treenlalid.  A  large  portion  of 
tile  Old  'i'esi anient  has  al.so  been  published  liy 
tlie  sjinieSociity,  which,  iiji  to  .Nlurcli  :il.st,  1889, 
ili^posed  or;!,J("n)  portions  of  the  Scriptures. 


(Speriinen  wrM.     .loliii  !)  .  10.) 
Billanab     innuo    Oudib     tnlnia     nsHuklgol', 
Ernctuo  tuiiiilullugo   tnukkonuiigu,  tuniarmik 
tnursomiiugaopertiit  tnmniark(iuuugit,uukHUua« 
giUiomiglu  iuuursntekarkoUugit. 

4iir<'fll%lll«\— I.  .V  liiwn  in  Sliioe  Coiiiilv, 
IJbeiia.  .Mls>iun  siatiuii  uf  the  l'rotc-.|aMi  |':pis- 
eupal  'liurch,  T.  S.  A  ;  1  ui:rani/eil  chuicli,  1 
native  pasliir,  -Vi  eiimmnnicaiils,  1  Sunday- 
school,  IM  pupils,  1  dayschool,  (It)  pupils. — 
Vi.  A  town  on  the  Naas  l{iver,  lliili>h  Amer- 
ica. (i.Vl  miles  ninth  of  Viclmia.  It.  ('.  'Ilii: 
climate  is  wet  in  suniiner,  with  freipicnl  fmsts  ; 
dry  and  culd  in  winter.  The  '..'.'lO  inbabitaiil.H 
belling  111  the  Neseagh  tribe  of  the  'i'siiii  sheiill 
Iniliaiis.  Station  ot  the  Naas  Kiver  Missiuii  of 
the  Mithoilist  Church  of  Canaila  (IMTTi;  1  mis- 
sionary anil  wife,  :i  out  stations,  ;t  organized 
chuicbes,  1!IS  comniunieanis,  I  Sunday  schoul, 
(jo  scholars,  1  school,  "J.")  scholars, 

4arcilll(la.  one  of  the  Windward  Islands, 
West  Indie-.,  with  an  ana  of  I'-iO  --(luaic  niiles 
iiiiil  a  population  of  'Ili,;i:t7.  It  is  under  thu 
rule  of  (ileal  Ibilain.  'I'he  governor  ol  Ihu 
Windward  Islands  re-ides  al  Si  (icorge.  (Iren- 
ada.  Mission  stjiiion  of  the  S.  I*.  O.;  1  iiiission- 
ary,  124  communii  ants. 

l.rillllllH,  ItinlN,  b.  December  -.MItii  XlSVi, 
al  (ilMiimeilwch,  (  arinarthenshire,  Wales;  eilll- 
caled  at  Wre.xhain  and  (iusport  ;  sailed  as  mis- 
siunary  of  Ibe  London  .Mi^simiarv  Societv  for 
.Madagascar,  Oelober  •.'."ilh,  IN'.MI.  "lie  maiie  llio 
lirst  irniiHliition  of  Ihe  wjiole  ISible  into  Ihu 
.Mahigasy  Inngiiage,  assisted  by  Mr.  |)avi(l 
.Tones.  In  18114  liis  eonneclion  with  Ibe  Soci- 
ety was  dissolved,  ami  he  returned  to  England. 
Uelurning  afterwards  to  .Madag.'iscar,  he  settled 
at  Antananarivo  for  purpose-,  of  trade,  but  inadu 
great  elTorls  to  assist  the  perseeiiled  (.'hrislians. 
Heturning  to  Kngland  in  IH42,  he  liecanie  )>as- 
lor  at  Welsh  Hay.  He  published  "  History  of 
.Madagascar"  in  Welsh,  revi.sed  Ihe  -Malagasy 
version  of  the  liible,  and  jirepared  nimieioiis 
Works  ill  the  Malagasv  laligilaire.  He  died  at 
l\Iachynllet|i,  .March "  il.st,  18l)!5,  and  Mrs. 
Gritllilis  died  at  Swansea,  Juiiu  14th,  1M83, 

(■llllflllllOHl'll,  a  eily  of  .Mexico,  the  sec- 
ond in  importance  of  the  republic,  capital  of 
the  Slate  of  .lalisco.  is  sitniited  on  the  left  bank 
of  till-  Kill  Santiago,  in  the  midst  of  a  vast  bar- 
ren plain.  I'opnlation  aliout  7(),0lill.  lie.side.s 
till!  calliedial,  there  are  many  churches  and 
convcnls.  The  prevailing  relijtion  is  l^llnall 
Calbolii-.  'I'lic  condition  of  the  .Mexican  imd 
Spanish  popiilalion  is  low  inorallv.  but  aiming 
the  up|ier  chis.ses  there  is  a  considerable  degreo 
of  civili/.atioii.  .Mission  station  of  the  A.  11.  (". 
F.  .M.  (1872):  1  missionary  ami  wife,  1  feinala 
mis.siunary,  1  Irainingschool,  1  girls'  boarding- 
.scliuul,  ;t6  pupils.  Suiilherii  Haptist  Conven- 
tion (1887)  ;  1  missioimry  and  wife,  1  church,  20 
cominunieauls,  1  Sundayschool,  ;iO  scholars, 
1  girls'  school,  18  scliolars.  Methodist  Kpiseo 
pal  Church  South  ;  1  missioimry. 

4aiiaiii^iiiuto,  a  town  in  Ccntml  Me.xico, 
Kill  miles  northwest  of  .Mexico  city.  A  pleasant 
city,  with  many  tine  buildings.  Population, 
7(1,0(1(1.  .Mission  circiiii  of  the  .MethiKli.st  Kpis- 
copal  Church  iNorthi;  2  inissionaries,  2  schools, 
IX)  scholars,  12(1  coniinnnieanls.  Ciiiiiberland 
Presbyterian  Church  ;  1  missionary  uiid  wife. 


I        L 


n  i 


-Pi 


I 


OUARANI  VBR810N  4 

4aiiiiriiiil  Vi'r«l<>ii.— niiiirnni  l<«  n  Soiitli 
Aiiii'iii  nil  liiiiKuiip',  mill  i>  «|iiiki'ii  liy  riiNt.iiiHl 
<>iiiiniiii  III  riii'ii):iiiiv.  Ill  ilii'  vnir  IHNT  iIic 
liiiiisli  tinil  i''iir('iu'ii  llilili'  Smiriv  imlilMicil   iil 

lililllliitl    II    ll'lllllliM'    cilllDill    III    lllr    N'I'lllilll    nil 

till'    Miiiiiit.   ill  iliuliiti   Idhii  with  S|iiiiii>li.     A 

I'llViirillili'  rr('i'|itiiill  III'  this  |itirl  nt'  llir  (inspi'l 
llllliillU'  (illiinilii  schnlinN  will  ilislllr  Ihr  jilllili- 
I'litliin  III'  the  riiin|ilrt('  (tiisiirl.  'I'lii'  ti'iilisliitiiui 
WHS  iimilc  liy  a  yiiiiii^   I'lii'iii^iiiiyiiii  mIiuIki'  nl' 

AliHIIiK'illll. 

4iilill(>illllla,  II  rt'piililic  (>f  (ciitnil  Aiiirr- 
iivi,  iKiiiiiilril  nil  the  iini'tli  liy  Viiciiliili,  cast  liy 
Itriiisli  lliiiiiliinis,  thi'  Kay  of  lluiuliiras.  ami 
till' ii'|iiil>lirs  iif  lloiidurus' anil  Sail  SmIviiiIoi'; 
Miiith  liy  till'  I'ai'itii',  ami  wist  hy  ihc  .Mexican 
Slate  III'  t'liia|ias.  Its  jjicalcsi  icnixtli  fnmi  nmili- 
cast  to  sdiitliwcst  is  Wi'i  miles,  its  ;;rcalcst 
lireiiiltli  aliiiiit  :t<M)  miles;  areit,  aliiiiil  4U.S(I() 
N|ilai('  miles.  Climate,  excessively  hut  in  the 
low  anil  cool  in  tlii^  lii,i;li  reiilons,  is  ^enerully 
lieallhy.  During  lUo  wcl  season  heavy  rHin.s 
tall,  anil  allhoii^u  nikiw  \h  seldom  seen,  frosts 
nie  lieinieiil.  'I'lu'  soil  Is  exceedinnly  fertile, 
liiit  |iiNiilv  ciillivaled.  i'o|iiilatioii  alioiit  l.'^iUO,- 
OIH),  cliictly  made  up  of  wliites  deiH'cnded  from 
the  early  Spanisli  settlers  ;  nu'HtJ/.o>,  a  mixliire 
of  Spanish  and  Indian  IiIimhI;  negroes,  piirt  and 
mixed,  and  pure  I >Iih tiled  Indians.  The  Indians 
live  mostly  liy  theinselves,  nnd  thecivil  iiutluiri- 
tics  immediately  ;;overniii!;  them  nn:  chosen 
fnim  their  own  race.  Indolence  mid  licentious- 
ness arc  Ibe  liesetlinij  vices  of  all  the  people. 
Language,  Spanish.  Ueliuion,  Itoinan  Catliolie, 
l)Ut  all  other  creeds  have  liberty  of  worship. 
Till"  >rovernment  is  re|iul>licjin:  the  legislative 
power  is  vested  in  ii  Congress,  and  the  executive 
III  II  ['resident,  assisted  liy  three  uiinisters,  elect- 
ed for  four  years.  'I'liu  capital  \a  (tiiiitemiila,  by 
fur  the  liiiest  city  in  Cenlial  America,  siltiateil 
in  a  picturesi|iie  {ilatcau  in  the  soiilhwest  part 
of  tlic  republic. 

Almost  the  whole  surface  of  tlie  republic  Is 
composed  of  an  elevaled  plateau,  a  coiitiiiiialion 
of  tiie  tableland  of  Yucatan,  iiiter»«fcted  by 
numberless  mountains,  many  of  which  are 
volcanoes,  and  deep  valleys,  but  no  eontiuiious 
mountain  chains.  The  country  is  watered  by 
numberless  rivers,  the  princ'pal  of  which  is  the 
U.sumasinta,  which  risisio  the  mounlains  in  the 
central  |iart  of  the  republic,  and  flows  uorlh- 
west  into  the  (lulf  of  Mexico. 

<iiiiiil(>iiiiilu  111  \ii(>vii,  the  capiliil  of 
Guatemala,  has  a  populatioiiof  6'),7!MI.  of  whom 
only  one  teiilli  are  of  Kiiropean  ori^'in.  Mis- 
sion station  of  the  Piesbylcrimi  Cliiirch  (Norlii) 
(188'J) :  a  missionaries  and  wives.  2  female  inis- 
sionarics.  4  comiuiinii  ants,  girls'  school,  'JH 
juipils,  ,")(!  S.'ibbalh-scholars.  Hy  evmurellstii; 
tours  the  inissioniiries  are  eiidciivoriiifr  to  reach 
the  Indian  aboriirines,  who  praclisi'  their  mys- 
terious rites,  niinistnitions,  and  .saeritices  on  the 
mountains,  iinalVeeled  by  the  Spanish  Catholi- 
cism. 

<aU<liir,  South  India,  a  town  in  the  Nellore 
district,  .Madras,  on  the  (ireal  Nortliein  Trunk 
Uailroad,  'i'-\  miles  south  of  Nelloie  town. 
Population, -i,NI>'i,  Ilindli.s,  Moslems,  Chii.sliaus. 
^Mission  staiion  of  the  lit  inimiiisbiirg  Mission- 
ary Society. 

Ciiiiiniin,nn  extensive  territory  on  the  north- 
east coast  of  Soutli  America,  bounded  on  the 
iiortb  by  the  Atlantic,  uu  the  east  and  Kouth  by 


i  OUIANA 

Ilnizll,  nnil  on  the  went  by  Tlrazll  and  Vene- 
zuela. The  roiiiilry  slopes  I'lom  the  soiitb, 
where  the  mouiilaiiis  reach  an  altitude  of  «>evcii 
thousand  feet,  to  ihe  lowlands  of  the  tioilh. 
Six  Until'  rivers,  wliose  ^eni'iid  ticiid  is  iioilh, 
drain  the  country.  In  the  low  lands  the  Iml  cli- 
mate is  tempered  l'\  the  easleily  biee/.cs.  which 
blow  all  the  vear.  Terrilic  tliiiiidei  storms 
often  ocelli',  and  at  limes  iiiilbipiake  sliocks 
are  fell,  'i'lie  fcrlilily  of  Ihe  .soil  is  iiiisurpasHcd 
in  South  Ameiiea. 

This  terriiorv  is  divided  between  (ireat  Hiit- 
iiiii,  Kranee,  and  the  Nethei  lands.  1.  Hii/iii/i 
Hiiiiiiiii.  formally  ceded  to  (ireal  Mritaiii  In  1S!4, 
is  the  largest  of  the  llirce  colonies  und  includes 
the  setlleiitcnts  of  l>einerara,  Ksseipiiho.  and 
Jierbice,  named  from  the  three  livers.  It  ex- 
lends  from  tl  to  I  iiiirlh  latitude,  and  from  ')T 
to  Wi  north  loiiKiliule.  includiiu;  an  area  of 
tOD.INKI  si|uare  miles.  The  novel  iiiiieiit  is  ad- 
ministered by  a  novernor,  assisted  liy  a  coiirl  of 
policy.  There  .ire  over  15(MMK(  acies  under 
cultivation,  half  of  wiiich  is  devoted  to  the 
I'liiHing  of  siiL'iir.  I'ojuilalion.  ','TM.477,  coin- 
|Mis<'d  of  ni'griN's,  miilattiN's.  KasI  Indians,  and 
('liinese.  Kor  many  years  Cliinese  imniii;iaiits 
were  broiiuhl  to  work  on  the  sui;ar  plantalions, 
but  ,ilM>iit  \H',{)  all  organl/.eil  inipoitalion  was 
discontinued.  There  are  ITiK  s<'h(Mils.  which 
receive  govern  incut  uraiits,  with '.M,;tM4  piipil.s. 
Oeorgctown  is  the  capital  mid  priii('i|)al  city. 

Mission  work  in  IJritish  tliiiana  is  earrieil  on 
bytlic  L.  M.  S.,  with  siaiionsiit  Kbene/er;  and 
by  the  Moravian  Miethren  (IHTSi,  with  stations 
at  (iraliam's  Hull,  and  Heterverwagliingin  Dem- 
erara:  and  by  the  C.  .M.  S.,  with  stations  at 
Ks.seipiibo,  Cabacaburi.  I'olaro  Uiver,  and 
Orealla;  1(H)  conimunicants.  rntil  the  year 
ll-tHttthe  Presbyteriiin  Church  of  Canada  sus- 
tained II  mi.ssion.iry  at  Demerara. 

'.'d.  Frmcli  Hiiiiiiiii,  or  Cayenne,  wiw  nc- 
((Hired  by  France  in  Iti'.'O,  and  includes  an  area 
uf  4(1, H5()  s(|iiai'e  miles,  and  has  a  population  of 
','0.1Ht5.  It  is  by  far  the  hotlest  of  the  three 
colonies,  is  poorly  cultivated,  and  its  trade  is 
vi'i'y  iiisignitieani.  Cayeniie,  the  capital  and 
largest  city,  has  M,r)(K)  inhabitants. 

ih'd.  Ihi(cli  tiiiiiiiiii  (Surinam)  is  separated 
from  Kreiich  (iiiiana  on  the  east  by  the  river 
Marowijaiie,  and  on  the  west  from  British 
Guiana  liy  the  river  Coicntyn.  It  was  lirst  ac- 
tpiired  by  the  Nclherlands  in  l(i(!7,  and  was 
Jinally  surrendered  to  its  posses.sioii  by  the  peace 
of  Paris,  1S15.  Tliearea  is  4rt,(Mi(t  si|'ii;ire  miles, 
niiicli  of  it  consisling  of  tiat  and  swiiinpy  land, 
while  the  high  mountains  are  found  toward  the 
south.  The  popiil.'iiion  is  57,141.  and  eiigai;ed 
principally  in  agriciiltiiie.  SiiLrar  is  the  piiiici 
pal  pumIucI.  I'aramiiribo  (•,'7.4'.'".')  is  the  riipi- 
lal  The  governmenl  is  in  Ihe  haiiils  of  a  gov 
eriior  and  the  council,  who  are  noniiiiatcd  by 
the  king  Kiitirc  liberty  is  accoi<led  in  the 
meniheis  of  all  religious  eonfcssinns,  and  in 
1887  the  religious  cniim  ilioiis  of  the  people 
with  the  lieforined  and  l.iilbcr.'in  Churches 
were  15. (ii."!;  .Moravian  llrciiiren.  'J;t.(i4(i;  Ko- 
niaii  Catholii.  H.!(;!8;  .lews.  l,4(l!»:  Mnhammi'- 
dans,  l.li',>!l;  Hindoos.  47,():!1;  liiiddliists.  114. 
.Mi.ssion  work  in  Surinam  is  <'arried  on  by  the 
iMoraviaii  ISrelhren  (17115),  with  slalinns  at 
Paramaribo,  Clevia,  and  other  places  on  ihe 
Surinam  liivcr;  numerous  stations  on  the  Com 
niewyii,  Ihe  Para,  and  Saramaeca  rivers;  at 
Salcni  on  the  coast;  and  Waterloo,  near  the 
luoutli  of  the  Corentyue. 


OUINBA  COAST 


408 


OUNONO  8ITOU 


4iiiiiii<>ii  4'4iaMt :  w-<<  Afrlcn. 

4iiUiiral,  Kritisli  Imliu.— Tlio  iiiimo  Uii- 
jiiiiil  (Tiio  hill  ri'lcr  III  itiiy  |Mililiriil  (llviMimi  of 
tlic  liiMiiliav  I'riMiilciiry.'liul  riillicr  tn  llir  iircu 
uilliln  wliirli  llic  (iiijui'iillil  liiiii;iiiii;i'  in  llic 
(tnliiiiiry  vrriiiiiiiliir  ul  llir  llimlii  iiilmliiiaiit.i. 
Tliix  r<');iiiii  is  i'iiiii|iii«ril  in  |iurl  i>{  ilisiiiriH  Im'- 
li)iii.'iii^'  III  till'  KiMiiliiiy  I'li'slii'iiiy,  anil  in  part 
of  till'  li'i'iitiiiirMiif  iimiiy  liillri'i'iil  nalivi' Htali'H. 

II  Ill's  aliin^r  tlir  mIiiiii' iif  tlii'  liiilian  Oii'jiii,  at 
lilt'  liiiitliraslnn  iiiii;l<'  iif  that  ffirat  Imily  iif 
WMliM'  Hut  It  iliM's  nut  riiicli  iiilaiiil  lirymiil 
tlir  iiinirr  III' liliiiintainH  kliiiwn  its  llii'  wr-trni 
(iliats,  wliii'li  slrrtrli  uIoiik  aUiiil  :tll  iiiIIch 
ri'iitii  tilt'  M'a,  niiilli  anil  so'illi.  On  tlir  mhiiIi  it 
icai'lirs  til  lalihiili'  'JO  liDitli.  siiini-  70  iniirs 
niii'lli  of  liiiinliay:  Iih  nuiHt  nurtlii'iii  imint, 
wlicir  it  tiiiirlii's  l{a||iiitana.  i"  in  latilinli'  v'l 
'l.'i .  It  ini'liiili'^  llir  |ii'iiinsnla  uf  Kalhiawar, 
K'li'lirlih,  tilt'  ii:ilivi'  stall's  ipf  IJaioila,  Cainliay, 
tliiist'  tif  .Mali!  Kantlia,  Iti'wa  Kantlia,  anil 
l'iilan|iitr,  ami  si'viTal  iillirr  iiifrrinr  rliit'ftaili- 
Hliips.  It  also  inrluilrs  livr  ilisliicts  or  ciil- 
li'rliM'shi|iH  iif  till'  liiiiiiliay  I'ri'slilrncy,  wliicli 
<iilit,'iin  tiijfrllli'i-  a  ))ii|Mllilliiiii  of  :i, 000,000. 
'riic  liital  aiiti— IJiilisli  anil  native loniliini'il  — is 
70,0^ts  s(|uiii'('  niik's,  iinii  tlii'  total  iiopulatioii 
aliont  10,000.000.  Till'  Irish  l>r<'sliyt<'rian  Mis- 
siiin  is  till'  only  inis.sioiiary  boily  priisct-utini; 
inissiDiuiry  work  in  Oiijiirat.  'I'lii'  city  of 
Hiiral  is  oiil-  of  llii'  olilcst  iiiissioiiary  stations  in 
India;  it  was  occupicil  by  inissionarit's  of  the 
liomlon  Missionary  Socit'ty  as  I'lirly  as  IHl.'j, 
In  IHIH  till'  niiH.sii>n  was  traiisfcrri'il  to  the  Irish 
I'rrsliyti'rians,  who  hail  iilrcaily  ocriipii'il  si'vcial 
tiiljari'iit  stations,  iiinl  liy  whom  tlir  work  hiiH 
since  lici'ii  piislicil  with  much  vi;,'or mid sufcess 
in  the  principal  cities  of  Oiijariit. 

<iiiOiir»llii  Vt>rHioii.— The  Oiijartilhl  bt;- 
liin^s  totlie  Inilic  liranch  of  the  Aryan  laii;;uai;e- 
family,  anil  is  spoken  in  Sural  and  in  the 
I'riivineeof  (Jujarat,  The  New  Tesliiinent  into 
the  (Jujarat hi  was  inade  bySerampore  mission- 
uries,  ami  in  isao  iheir  translatiiui  was  published 
at  Si'ianipoie.  A  revised  eilition  of  the  New 
Testament  piepiireil  by  the  Irish  I'resliyteriaii 
inissionuries  was  piiblished  bv  the  Hoinhay 
Auxiliary  Society  in  1HH7.  A  ilinloll  ediiion  of 
:lie  (iiispels  of  liiike  and  .lolin  in  (•iijaralhi  and 
Kmrlish  was  also  published  lietwecii  lHH)l->t7. 
Another  version  of  the  entile  Hible  was  made 
bv  the  Ui'vs.  Skinner  and  Kyvie  of  the  Londiin 
Jlissinnarv  Society,  w  ho  were  slatiolieil  at  Siirat. 

III  IS'J7  the  New  Testaincnt.  and  in  lx:Vi  the 
Old  Testaincnt .  was  issued  at  Siiriit,  whence  this 
version  is  called  the  Sural  version  A  revised 
edition  of  the  Hible  was  issued  at  Hoinbay  be 
twceii  lS."»li  (tl,  prepared  by  a  Hoinbay  coiuiili! 
tec.  TheOld  Tcslallient  is  now  also  in  the  h.'inds 
of  a  translation  coininittee.  Up  to  .March  :t|st, 
lX"<!t.  the  Itrilish  and  ForeJL'n  Hible  SiK'iety 
ilisiiostd  of  101,87s  poi  li.iiis  (if  the  Scriptures, 
and  of  t*,UOO  portions  of  the  iliiiloti  (iospels. 

{Six'ciiinu  rei-Ki'.     .lohn  !!  :  1(1.) 

'i>t^  l*^  e/airi  t(:j.  ;Dici5i  ^IPt   TbHl;  & 
<iQi"Hini^L  ^ili/l^ptt  \^^  A  ^l^«ll^l 

811=^.  HQl.  a^«lcl  On«l  Hl>l. 

4aHjriiiiwillii,atowii  in  the  Punjab,  North 
luditt,  4U  miles    north  of    Lahore,   33    miles 


soiillienxt  of  Slalkol.     . 
in  winter,  cxtreinely  hot 


Climate  cool,  with  fniiit 
in  suinmer.     I'lipula- 


.Mission  station  nt  Itie  l.nileil  I'rcsliylerlail 
(liiiich  of  America  (|Hti:ti:  :t  ordiiliied  niission- 
iiries,  'J  inissionuries'  wives,  it  siiiirle  ladies,  183 
native  III  I  pel's,  'J  cliiirches,  l^tl)  ineiiibcrs  In 
t'liiirchcs.   'J,'.'78    ailliiients,   'J  ((li;i   school  clill- 

ilrf'ii         'I'liii  U'firL    fill-  fiiitivi*  wmni'ii    iiicliiili'H   fi 


■  ■-,        ■.!-_... 1111'^  I        v.irtFti        '*tl|ii<ri'tl|ll> 

drcii.     Tlii!  work  for  native  wonieii  includes  a 
iiorinid  hcIkmiI  iiiid  Zeiianii  inisMloii, 

lilOnit,  niown  of  I'linjab,  North  Iniliit,  bo- 
twecn  Ihe  rivers  Chenab  and  .Iheliiin.  70  miles 
north  of  Lahore.  Climate  unusually  cIiiiiil;ii- 
able,  subject  to  very  severe  extremes  of  tuni- 
perutiire.  I'lipiilalioii,  I8,7-I;t,  Sikhs,  I'aiipill 
farmers,  Hindu  shopkeepers,  low-casie  Ilindiis. 
Laiii:iia|j:i' of  the  cductiled,  Hindustani;  of  tint 
i^'ilorant,  i'an^'all.  Mission  station  of  the  Ks- 
tablislied  Church  of  Scotland  (isiil-il.'i);  1  niis- 
sioiiary  iiiid  wife,  1  other  lady.  8  native  helpers, 
!i  out  stations.  1  church,  lb  church-members,  5 
seliuuls,  588  seholai's. 

4iilll('<lKHrll  (Oiiled^'ud),  u  city  of  Ilombny, 
AVeslcrn  India.  I'opulation,  10,il41),  Hindus, 
Moslems,  .laiiis,  and  Chrlstiatis.  Mission  station 
of  llie  Hiisle  Missionary  Society;  'i  missionaries 
and  wives,  10  nutivu  liulpcrs,  3  out-slatiuus,  284 
communicants. 

fiiiilU'k,  IVIor  J.,  b.  FriH'hold,  N,  J., 
U.  S.  A.,  March  r,'th,  171)7;  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton Colle(;e  IH'J,*),  and  Tlieolofficul  Seminary 
18'i7;  ordained  at  Freehold  (Jtlober  Jld,  18^7  ; 
Hulled  November  3d,  the  same  year,  a  nilu- 
sioiiary  of  the  A.  H.  (.'.  F.  M.,  with  Iho 
second  leinforeemetit  for  the  Sandwich  Isl- 
iinds.  He  was  stationed  first  at  Waimea;  then 
Koloa  on  .Molokai  till  1847;  then  at  Waialuft, 
<Jahu,  till  18,*)7,  when  he  reinovcd  to  Honolulu. 
In  1874  be  went  with  his  wife  and  diiiiifhter  to 
reside  with  his  .son,  ().  H.  Oiiliek,  in  .lapan. 
He  died  in  Kobe,  Dicemlier  8lh.  1877.  A  few 
ila.Ns  after  bis  death  his  son  wiole:  "  \V(^  had  a 
liappy  ihaiiks^ivini;  day  with  father  and 
mill  her  SeptemlKT  ."iih.  the  liftiith  anniversary 
of  their  weddiiijir  day.  On  November  !fil  we 
had  a  missionary  irathcrini;  at  our  lioiise.  which 
father  enjoyed  very  much,  that  beiiii;  the  tiflielh 
anniversary  of  their  sailin^c  from  Hoston  for  the 
Siindwicli  islands.  "  The  funeral  discourse  wiw 
bv  Uev.  .1.  I)  Davis.  Five  mcnibers  of  the 
I'ipiscopal  mission  of  Kobe  iiinl  Os;iUa  were 
present,  one  American  Prcsbyicriiiii  missionary 
from  Os.'ika.  and  several  foreiirn  icsiilenls.  .Mr. 
(iiilick  bad  eiu:lit  cliildren,  all  of  wliiiiii  were 
converted.  Of  the  seven  liviiiir,  four — three 
sons  and  the  daiiLrhter — are  now  in  .lapan,  two 
.sons  are  in  Spain.  'I'licse  six  lire  now  in  the 
service  of  the  A.  H.  C.  F.  .M.  One  son,  HeV. 
Liilher  II.  (iiilick.  .M.I).,  was  one  of  the  foiin 
ders  of  the  .Mil  roncsian  mission  of  the 
A.  H.  C.  F.  .M  ,  and  from  I87il  Isiio  a^'iiil  of 
the  AmcricMii  Hibie  Society  in  .laiian  and  China. 

<iiilll«>litf  Mil«>ii,  a  town  of  Central  Xias, 
East  Indies,  west  of  Sumatra.  Mission  station 
of  the  lihenish  .Missionary  Society;  1  mission- 
ary, 3  uativo  livlpers,  14  schouls,  38  coiuuiuni- 
cauts. 


■'■h 


^r 


1? 


m 


OURDASPUR 


J   ! 


<riiirKii<»ii,  II  liiwii  in  Norllicrn  liiiliii,  in  ilii 
J,.'lll<>ll'l|i^l^i('l,  l'uiij;ili.  Mission  siiiticiM  (if  ilic 
8.  1'.  ({.;  1  iiiiiivc  \vi>ik(  T,  1  (•iiuifli,  M  mctiilHTs. 

(a II I'll u II I i  V<>r<«i«»ii.  'I'lu'  (•iirhwMli  lic- 
lonjisld  llif  iiiilic  ImiMcli  iil'llir  Arviiii  lMiiLril;i;;('- 
I'liiiiily,  iiiid  is  uscil  in  llic  rinvinii-dl'  (iiirli\v;il, 
wcsi  of  KiiMiucm.  A  Ir.insliiliiin  of  llic  New 
'rtsliiininl  was  nincli' l)y  Sciiinipnrt'  iiiissidiiiirit's 
anil  |iulilislii'(l  III  S(  ritin|ior(;  in  IH'Vi.  ll  lias 
lu'vir  lii'in  icpulilislicii. 

4.iiil#.iali;  Karl  rrioilrifli  An- 
Kii»t,  l>-  III  I'yiii/  in  I'oiiii'i'iiniii,  .Inly  Hih, 
ISo;!.  lie  curly  sliowcil  iirciit  /.nil  in  slinly, 
iind  ixpiTssfd  !i  .slnin^  ili'sirc  to  !»•  ii  mission 
aiy,  lini  his  pmcnis  ticinir  loo  poor  lo  ciliu'iili' 
him,  lie  WMs  iippii'iiliccil  lo  ii  sadilliT  at  Slcllin. 
At  Ilu:  iiL'!'  <d'  ciLrlilrcn  lie  made  known  liis 
wishes  U)V  a  missionary  lil'i'  in  a  soiinri  w  hicli 
111' iiddrcsscd  to  till'  Kiii^of  Prussia,  whirli  IimI 
lo  his  licintr  adinillrd  lo  llic  I'iidairo^dnm  iil 
llallc,  and  iil'lcrwards   to  the  mission  insiiiulc 

of  .lilnickc  in   Itcrlin.     ( »ii   Icaviiii:  llic  scl I 

he  visilcd  Kiijriand,  ami  mccliiii;  l>r.  Morrison, 
the  Chinese  missionary  and  selmlav,  his  mind 
turned  siromrly  lo  China  as  his  iiltimale  Held 
of  lalior.  In  IS'Jd,  under  I  he  auspices  of  ilie 
Nclhcrlands  .Missionary  Sociely,  he  sailed  for 
JJalavia,  «  here  by  close  study  and  inlereourse 
with  ( ■hiriese  residenis  he  maile  trrciil  prolicieiicy 
in  the  Chinese  laiiiruiiire.  In  IS'.'.s  he  si'vi  red 
his  conneciion  willi  llic  Nellierlands  Sociely. 
anil  resolved  lo  i;o  on  his  own  aeccjiint  lo 
China.  .Meeiinir  .Mr.  'I'omlin,  an  Kiiiilish  mis- 
.sionary  in  Siani,  he  went  with  him  lo  jtankok, 
where  he  remained  three  years,  learnint;  Ihe 
Siamese,  and  willi  him  Iranslaiinu-  Ihe  New 
'restamcnt  into  that  lonicuc,  al  Ihe  same  time 
pillsuiiiL'  the  stiidv  of  the  Chinese.  Ik'  also 
praciised  his  prol'essioii  as  a  iihysiciaii.  In 
IS'Jit  he  married  a  rich  Kii'^dish  lady,  who  aided 
him  in  preparim:  adiilionaiy  of  CocliinCliinese, 
lull  she  died  licfoie  its  completion.  Afler  hi'r 
death  in  li^Itl  he  .sailed  for  .Macao,  in  China, 
which  now  liecame  his  principal  slalion.  Ileic 
he  formed  an  inliinale  friendship  willi  Dr. 
Morrison,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Medluirst 
mill  two  others,  licnan  a  nrw  liaiislalion  of  ilie 
Hiltle  into  Chinese,  lie  also  piililished  a  Chi 
111  se  Monlhly  .Mapizine,  and  preached  the 
gospel   at   Macao.     IJcfwucu   IHiJl  luiil   lb34  he 


OTA 

miulc  three  voyufjos  nloiii;  the  const  of  Oiiim, 
Siaiii,  Korea,  and  the  Loii-C'Iuki  isliindx.  In 
these  he  went  al  lirsl  in  Ihe  disjrujse  of  a  Cliilia- 

nan.  aflerwaids  as  an  inlerpreler,  siirireon,  and 
chaplain  on  Ihe  liriiish  ship  "  Lord  Amherst." 
On  the  dcalli  ol  |)r.  .Morrison  he  was  appoinleil 
in  ls;'l  inlcipietci' and  secretary  to  Ihe  Urilisli 
amliassador.  with  a  salary  of  t'HlMl,  and  liniilly 
superintendenl  of  trade,  which  olllie  he  heldlill 

lis  dealli.     Diirini;   ihe   opium    war,    and    Ihe. 

icLrolialion  of  ihe  lieiily  of  peace  at  Nankin, 
•May  ■-".nil.  IMl','.  he  rendered  valualiK;  service  lo 
the  Itiilivji  liy  his  knowledne  of  the  lailgllMgu 
and  cii>loiiis  of  the  people. 

Ivvcepi  when  he  lirsl  went  lo  Ihe  Kiist.  he  wii'* 
mil  coiinccled  with  any  missionary  society;  yet 
he  continued  lo  devole  so  much  lime  as  was  not 
reipiircd  in  Ihe  service  of  Ihe  (iovcriiment  lo 
IcachinLC  classes  al  his  house,  lo  visitiiiL;'  Ilie 
people  in  llieir  houses,  and  picacliinir  in  pulilie 
places  In  his  elVorls  to  spread  Chrislian  liulli 
lie  was  regardless  of  privalioii  and  ilani;er. 
Willi  the  e\ceplion  of  some  conliiliulioiis  from 
friends  in  New  York  and  London  for  the  pur- 
chase of  luHiks  and  mcilicincs.  the  work  wan 
mainly  carried  on  at  his  own  cost.  His  medical 
skill  and  i;re,'il  Icarniii;,'  won  the  respect  and 
coiitidcnce  of  the  people.  All  allcmpi  made  liy 
him  and  otlieis  in  1m|  1  to  spread  ( 'liii--lianily  liy 
means  of  native  airi'iils  proved  piemalilie  and 
imsilccessflll.  Hut  his  indel;ilii;.ilile  personal 
elVotis  for  the  cause  of  lelii^ion  and  Chrislian 
civili/.atioii  in  China  deserve  lo  lie  held  in 
i;ialeful  remcniliraiice  liy  the  Clinrch.  In  1S|!) 
he  visited  IJiLrland.  (leiniany,  and  oilier  coiiii- 
hies  in  I'hirojic.  and  liy  his  addresses  irave  a  new 
impulse  (o  missionary  elTorl  in  China.  lie 
reliinied  lo  China  in  IS.'ij.  and  died  at  Victoria, 
lloi|H-  KoiiLT,  .Viiiiiist  Dili  of  the  same  year. 

4aU'aiill»ii  V('i'fti«iii.  The  (iwanilia  he- 
loiiL'stothe  Manlii  familv  of  .\fricaii  lanuuaires, 
and  is  spoken  in  several  parts  of  the 'rraiisvaal 
liepiililic.  ill  the  di'<tricts  of  .speloiilka  and 
lli'kaha.  liiil  the  L't'caler  niiinlicr  of  the  (iwamliii 
are  to  he  found  lailher  east,  in  the  liasin  of  the 
Minpopo.  and  near  Ihe  I'orlii^uese  sellleineiit 
of  I.orcii/.o  .M.iripies.  The  (iwamlias  are  siip- 
poseil  lo  numlier  nearly  a  million  siails,  aiiioiu; 
win  111  missioniiries  of  ihe  Swiss  Homaiide  .Mis- 
sion have  lieeii  l.ilioriiiir  for  lliirlecn  years, 
and  have  made  a  few  hundreil  converts.  A 
Iranslaiion  of  the  New  Teslaiuenl  was  made  liy 
two  lirother  missionaries,  the  Uevs.  I'aiil  .uid 
Henri  Itcrtholld.  At  Ihe  lecpicsl  nf  I'rolcssiir 
(iautier  of  Lausanne,  on  lichalf  of  the  Swiss- 
lioinanilc  missionaries,  the  Krilish  and  KoreiL'ii 
liilile  Socieiv  piililished  in  18!)7  an  eililimi  of 
t.lKII)  of  the  I'oiir  (iospel.s. 

4avii,  a  station  of  Ihe  KiiLdisli  ItaplislH  in 
the  Norlhwesi  I'ldvinces.  India,  not  far  from 
Hcnares;  'J  sl.ilions,  l.s  church  inemhers,  (11  day- 
scholars,  7^  Salihalh-scholars. 


HADJIN 


40.') 


HAJI-KEUT 


III 

nil 

'y 


H. 


llll<Uill,  II  tdwii  III'  Soiillii'asti'rii  Asia 
Mitiiir.  iiliiiiit  :i()  iiiilcs  niMili  ol  Aihiiiii,  in  llii' 
lii'iirl  III'  llic  'riiiini-i  Miiiinliiiiis  Thr  |hi|iiiI!|' 
lion  is  iilniKst  I'lilirrly  Ariiiiniiiii.  Alissidii  \miiU 
liiis  Ihcii  (iinicil  on  i|iiilr  sinicssfiilly  liy  Mrs. 
(  (illln>:.  wlidsc  IiiisIimihI.  Ucv.  .1.  I,.  ('i)liiiiL'.  ii 
inissldiiiin-  df  till'  A  H.  ('.  !•".  M..  was  ininiitrnl 
liy  rdlihcrs  on  a  jdiirncy  Irdiii  Marasli  to  llir 
Cdasl  in  IHtl'J.  'I'lifii'  is  al  |irrsriil  a  laii:("<('liddl, 
anil  till'  cliiinli  is  vitv  prdsiin-dus. 

Illli«llirtll>ll<l  I  ilvilrraliail.  Ilviiralimli  —1. 
A  ili'-liii'l.  siiliiiix  isidi  .  anil  lily  in  Siiiilli.  India 
Till'  lily  is  a  nalinally  ami  arliliiially  Idrtilircl 
tdwn,  ci'dwili'il  wiili  liiiililini:s,  soini'  df  tliiin 
<|iiiii'  larirc  ami  iin|idsini;,  ami  siin'diimlril  liy 
gaiilriis  dl  icinarkalili'  liraiitv.  'I'lii'  iidimlalicin 
ot  llir  lily  is  dviT  lo.iKMi.  ami  .((HI.ihh)  |.cd|iK' 
arc  roiiml  in  the  ilisliicl,  anidiii;  wlnini  si\  ilil 
tVii'iil  laiii;na'_n's  arr  ri'iiri'sriilrd.  'I'lir  p^iii 
<'l|i,il  laimnairi's  ari'  Ilimliisiarii.  'I'l'lii:;!!,  and 
.Malinillii;   ,Mdlianinii'dani>'in  and  IlindiiiNin  air 


is  iiiiiri'  inoili'ialc  lliaii  tlia*  of  the  inaiiilaiid  ; 
!»7  R  is  llir  rxlri'iiir  dl'  lifal  even  diiriiiu:  llie 
liralcd  liTiii.  lis  inlialiilaiils  aii'  cst'i-i'iti'd  at 
a  iiiillidii  and  a  liall,  and  cdiisisi  m  'lure  dil'- 
Irnnl  cli  inciils:  Ilic  Cliiiirsi'  iniini^ianls,  lliti 
partiallv  rivili/rd  alidiiL'iiirs,  and  Ilir  iiidi'  sav- 
ai:<'s.  rin-  Cliiiirsc  laii^iiai;!'  iisiil  in  Ilir  island 
is  a  dialrcl  wliiili  lias  linn  nillid  llii'  llainaii- 
csf  and  irstinlilcs  llic  FiiliUicn  ilialicl.  It  is 
undiislddd  cvi'ii  liy  llii'  iilidiii;iiirs.  Many 
dllirr  Cliini'si'  dlalnts  arc  iilsci  I'diiiid,  aniiniv.' 
wliirh  Miindann,  ilakka.  and  ('aiitdiiisc  arc 
llii'  niiist  iHdiniiii'iil.  AnidiiL:  llic  aliiiri^incs 
niiincniiis  dialccis  arc  Idiind.  'I'lic  |iuii|ilc  arc 
ilis|idscil  Id  III'  I'liiiiilly  Id  I'di-ciiiiicis.  The  isl- 
and is  a  iicilitical  |>ail  nl'  K wiiiii^liiiii;  iii'iivincc, 
and  llic  dlislaclcs  In  inissidiiiiiy  wdik  arise  I'rdiii 
llic  diticials  tiidic  lliaii  fidni  lliccdiiiindii  |icd|i|c. 
Tlic  alidiiiriiics  dillci  I'ldin  ilic  (liincsc  in  liav- 
ini;  liiLilici  rlicck  lidiics;  llicy  arc  nl  a  cd|i|icr 
cdliir,  and  llicir  eyes  arc  ni'l  dlp|ii|iic.  Tlic  cap- 
iial    is   Kiiinv'cliaii.   iin    llic    l.iniii    Kivcr.  I'diir 


the   prcvailiiii;   rcliLiiiiiis.     The  Mclliddi-l   Kpis       iiiilc>  lidiii  its  imnilli,     It  Is  a  wcll-liiiill  cilv  of 
Cliiircli    (Norlli)   has   three   lini 


cdpal 

work:   Ijiiilish,  willi 


lelies   dl'      lod.lMIII  inlialiitiinls.      Ildihaii,  al   Ihc  iiidiilh  of 
a  church  ami   lldiirislhii..'     n,,.  Hvcr,  islhcporl.     All  llic'  lliirlecn  disiiici 


Sunday  schddl;    llindiisiani.    I     iniNsidiiary.  M      | 


ms  Ii 


>ii  Ih 


e  cuasl.  and 


til 


c    lllteildl' 


cdniniiinicanls.    •,'   day  scl Is,    Kill  Mlidlars,    1      inland  is  i:ivcii  up  iiiainlv  tii  the  alidiiL'-iiic> 


>l   the 


Siimlav  s( 


hddl,  ;t"i  scholar'.;  Telili;u,  I    inissi4)||. 


aiv,   1  Siiiiila\  -chddls,  Itii)  scholars. 


Wcv 


J//.«.s/'i)//*.  —  1  n  Miiiilihc  Udinan  Catholics  coin- 


MclhiMlisl    .Missidiiarv    Socielv 


•■>'■'"      nniiccd  a  mission  al  Kiiiiit'chaii.     All  that  ri 


iinidiiLr  llic  lliitjlish   sdldicrs:  ','7  coiiiinunicaiils 


<'diidiiiis    wiirk      uiains  df  llicir  work  now  is  the  ccnietcrv  of  the 


inisNionarics  anil 


lew  hundred  desi  cmlaiit^  of 


Church   -Missionary  Society    ilS.VI);    1    niis>ioii.      ihc  carlv  converts.    I'rotcslaiil  nii-.idiiarv  w..rl 
ary,  lit  (■oiniiiiinicanls,  :!  schddls,  ||(i   sdidlars.      i„.n„u  jj,  |hh|  with  the  medical  and  missidiiarv 

••   '\    ";,''i^V. '"'"'''    ',"")•''''",'.'''. '!'i'-^  x'-''    '''•"      lalidis  df  .Mr.  .IcreiiiiasM'ii.  an  indcp.ndeiil  self- 

iili|iortiiiir   inis.sioiiaiy.      In    INS:i    Itcv.    H.   C. 


siuiie,  ill  the  Deccaii,  India,  called  the  Ni/.aii 


(loiiiinidtis 


Iv,  the  IJritish  I'orci 


At  Scciiiideialiad.  :t  miles  from  the      || 


slatldlieil 


Till 


is  llic  lart'i'sl   Mdhanimcdaii  cilv  in   India,  am 


Catitd 


if    the    I'lesliylciian    lina 
mad 


III 


.Missi 


iin  at 


c  a  visit  Id  Die  Is 


nc.M  to  Cdiistanlimiple  ihc  lari;es|  in  the  world,      ym] 


preaehilii;  pit 


ICC  to  the 


III 


1" 

tidii  of  the  \Vi 


iplllalioii   of    'JIlli.lMiri. 


Missi 


ilal< 


d.     In   lN,s.|  ,1 
was   d|ieiicd   at 


sellh  nieiil.     In    IW") 


Ml 


ddjst    .Missiunaiv  S- 


on    sla-      Iciiv'ile  of   .Mr.  Ilenrv's,  Kev.    II.  V.  Nnves,  vis- 


led   Niiiliia  and   linpti.rcil   nine  applicants.     In 


cielv;  1  inissidnaiy.1cliipel,.-i(ichiiich  inemlKrs,      is^i  Uie   I'rcslivterian  Itdiiid  sent  two  missi 
4  .sehodls,  'Jill  sclidlais. 


Ilairtl.  a  Idwiidti  .Mdiint  Cannel,  I'alcsiine, 


has   a    settlelilelit    of    "  Tellipclfreillidc, 


whose 


lines. 

I  heir  work 

have  lieell 


who    niiiile    I\iiin>:cliaii   tin 


centre 


of 
■  rk 


iiiin  is  Ihi'  formation  or(!eriiiaii  iiiihIcI  eoiiiinii- 


liiaiiy  places,  a  chapel 


At   prcsenl  ihe  results  ,,f  the 

it  the  jiospcl  has  liceii  pleached  in 


lieeii  liiiilt   al    KillliL 


njtic^ 


The  Church  Missidimrv  Socielv  has  here 


cliaii,  hospitals  have  liecii  iipencd  in  Nddoaatid 
Kiiinuehiiu,  iind  a  I loaidini;  school  has  liceii 
(•omliiiicd  111  Nodoa  for  two  veals,     'I'licrc  arc 


it    inissionarics. 


llllssldiianes   wives. 


native 


iclpcis, 


1 


dill  stalidii,    ir»   chiirch  inemliers,    1 


a  irlrls'  school,   under  the  ehar};c  of  a  fcinalc 
lulssioiiaiy. 

Ililiiiaii.  an   island  lyiiii:  olT  the  const  of 

Kwiiii:;liiii^   province,  China,   liclwccn   lal.  ",''1  school.    14   scholais.      At   Ihc   Kiiinu'chau  lio.s- 

8  N.  anil  lal.  17    .VJ   N.     It  has  a  total  leiiiilh  pital    1,771   paiieiits  were  trctitcil  in    1W9,  and 

of  I'tO  miles  from  north  tosniilh,  and  a  w  idlli  of  7.ll(HI  attended  al  Noiloa. 
1011    miles    fidiii   cast   In   west.      It    is  scpiiraled 

friiin  the  pcniiise'    nf  Liiicliaii  iiy  the  Strait  ol  llllillllll     <'«»ll«>«|lliill     Vfr«ii»ii,     The 


Hainan,  which  i    .  aciitv  ni 


wide.     Tliroiii:h      Hainan  lieloii„'s  to  the  lair^naves  of  China,  and 


till  centre  of  the  island  fioin  norlli  losoiitli  runs      is   used    Iin    the  aliorii^im 


•f    Mr 


It   Iricklidtie    riiliic    iif    iiidiintains.  tl 


l.i 


d. 


mil      translation  of  the  (Jos 


of   .Matthew,  made  liv 


Sliiiii.  whose  irrcatcsl  lieiLdit  is  (i.lMiO  feci.     With  .Mr,  .Icremiasseii.  was  piililished   li,\  the   ISiitisli 

the  exccplion  of  sciinc  level  coiiiitrv  al  Ihe  norlli  and     KorciLin    ISililc  Society  in   Itdinaii   Icltcis. 

iind  west,  tli(>  (.'renter  part  nf  the  island  ciinsists  in  ISHH.  the  cditidii  ciitisisliim  df  501)  eiipics. 
of  jiiiurle  covered,  hilly  u'loiind.     The  products 

df  Ihe  isliiiiil  arc  nuts,  leather,  cl'lts.  and  L'n  al  IlllJI-lit'llj  ,  a  lnwii  In  Nditlnrii  Asia  Minor, 

iiiiiiilicrs  df  Imtrs.     Its   forests  cdiitain  valualilc  nut    far   from   Marsovan.     The  work   was  com 

tinilicr,  and   iniiics  of  gold,   silver,  and  copper  inenced  here  and  sueccssfiilly  carried  on  liv  llii 


'iwiiil  dcvclopinetil 


Westirn  Turkey  Mission  of  the  A.  It.  C.  f'.  .M. 


On  aucdiint  of  IIk  Insular  position  Ihc  cliiniilc      II  is  now  iK'ciipieii  us  a  station  of  the   Fon  itrii 


I, 


li 


111 

1 

1 

sK] 

4- 

f  M 


HAJIKEUT 


406 


HALL,  WILLIAM   NBLTHORPB 


Cliiivliiifi  Mi'^sinimrv  Sdcicly.  Ili<mj;li  llir  nlil 
cliiiK  li  i-<  slill  |ir<iN|ii'riiiis. 

Iliikkii,  II  ilisiiiii'i  nice  iif  CliliicHi-,  fdiiiid  in 

Mil-  (  null  HI  |iiiiviiiic,  iii'jir  Ciiiilcti  anil  Swiilmx . 
\\  liii  MM' III  II  lovMc  scii'iiil  nink  lli.iii  llir  I'liii  li 
nr  lliilivi'  I'liillr-r,  iiliil  wlm  -|iiiik  ii  ilillilrlil 
•  liiilirl.  'I'liiy  llir  aUo  rniinii  in  lli>  iLiml  nl 
ll;iilillll.  'I'lli'  I'ri'slivli'liitli  Climrli  nl  l'ji;;liiliil 
liiis  II  inissjiin  III  IIki  ilukkiix,  with  lis  rrnin-  iil. 
Ni:  KiiiiL'  I'll. 

Iliikkii    <  «»ll«i<|iiiiil      V4T«l«»ii,      Till' 

llllkka,       Wllil'li       lll'lllllL'S       III      llll'      lllllLMIIIL'I'S      llf 

<'llillii.  is  Iisi'il  irillir  pl'iiviliri  llf  Iv  WIIII^'IIIIIL'^. 
'I'll!'  Ilisl   |illll  III'    llll'    N'i'W  'ri'stllllll'lll,  till'   (ins 

iH'l  III  l.iiki'.  ».'is  jiiililisiii'il  III  llll'  llllkka  llll 
liK|iiiiil  al  li.'i'^li'  ill  Mil'  vr.'ii  IMt;i.  iinil  in  Ihn'J 
llir  I'liliri'  Nrw  'rcslaiiirlil  was  i'-siicil  'I'lii' 
Ininslltlinll  is  llic  jiiinl  \Mil'k  nl  tllr  Itrvs  |{. 
Lrrlilfl-,  WiiiiH's,  '1'.  H.  LiHiliir.  (lias,  riluii, 
llriiili'i',  <i.  A  I iiisNiiiiiiin,  niisviiiriiirii's  ul  ihr 
Hash'  Missiiinarv  I'lvaiiv'iliial  Smiiix .  anil  IIh' 
Ui'V.  Kiiii;:ii  Villi,  a  iialivi' niissiiiniirv  nliiralril 
nl  Itlislr.  'I'lli'  ilill'i'l'i'lil  |iilt'ts  ui'ir  rairl'llllv 
irvisi'il  liy  llll'  Ui'V.  I.irliirr,  scriinr  niissii.iiMi y 
III  llmiv'  KiiliL'.  anil  rililril  liy  llir  \li\-.  (hiss 
iiiaiiii.  v\lii>  lias  lii'i'ii  lliii'li'i'ii  yiais  in  (  liina 
'I'liis  cililiiiii  was  in  llir  Kiuiian  ilmiarli'i  In 
|HS7  I  III'  111  ilisli  anil  |''iiiiiL;n  llililf  SiMiily  iilsii 
|iillilis|ii'i|  an  ri Ml  Inn  llf  rillll  i'ii|iirs  nl'  Ilir  I  iii>|irl 
III'  .Malllii'W,  irvisi'il  liy  llii'  Ucv  l.i  sliin  I'iii.  a 
niilivc  niissiniiaiy  « Im  was  iiliirali'il  ul  Uaslr 
|)i  lint'  llll'  yiar  1HM7  llir  sainr  Smiily  |iiililis|ii'i| 
till'  Ni'W 'IVsliiiiii'iil  ill  (  liinrsi'  rliariiilirs 

A  lir^'iniiiiiL;'  lias  ahi'aily  lirni  iiiailr  wllli  llii' 
IHlliliiallnn  of  llll'  Olil  'ri'slalllinl,  Ihr  llnnk  nl 
(ii'llcsiM  liiivili);  Im'I'II  pillili.slK'il  ill  IHUn. 

Illlkl>«ltll«',  a  si'a|ini't    nil  III)' siiiillirrtl   i'\ 
Iniiiily    111    llll'    i--laiiil    iif    Vi'/n,  .hi|>iiii.     'I'lii' 
liiwn  is  liiiill  alnliL'  llll'   liiisr   llf  a   rnrky  lirail 
liiinl,  iinil  is  mil    iinlikr   (iilnallar  in   IN  siina- 
linii.      .\  hiiiillni'ki'il  liay  tilTniils  ain|ili'  slirhiT 

lltlll   lllirllnni'jr   Inr  llll'  lai'L'I'sl  Vl'ssl'ls,      'I'lli-  |lii|i 

iilalinii  III  iivrr  IT.IHMI  inrliiiii's  niaiiv  <  liiiirsi' 
anil  l''.iiiii|ii'ans  'I'lii'  irnMi'iinr  nl  ^'r/n  ti'-iilis 
at  llakiKlalr.  ami  lliirr  is  a  l'uvi'I  iinii'iil  linspi 
llll  ami  imillral  rnlli'ui'.  Anii'lirali  rniiinii'n  r 
was  ailniillnl  In  llaknilali'  in  |H.'i|  (  liini-^r  .Mis 
hionaiy  Sni'ii'ly  ilHMi.  |  inissinnarv.  :t'.' rninnni 
liiriinls.  .Mi'iliiHlist  K|iisi'ii|iiil  (liiiK'li  iNntilii, 
'J  nilHsiniiarii's,  ^  Iriniili'  inisHiiiiuii'ic.s,  llliniriii 

lll'I'S. 

llllll.4iior«l»ll.li  'I'nll.'iml.  Mass..  l'  H  A  . 

A|iiil  ^t'li.   I7M|  .  u'lailii.ilnl  ,il  Williams  Cnlli'i;!' 

ISIKtwilll  llll'  hi.illi'sl  llnllnlsnl'  lli-l'lass;  sllnlil'il 
lllrnliiL'y    «illl    l>r     rnlllT    lal'li  TW  mils  |)rnri>-sn|' 

lit  Amlnvi'ii:  was  lirnisi'il  In  (iii'iuli.  ami  lirrliii 
ini;si'M'ial  Invilaliniis  in  si  lilr,  lii-.  Ih'mi  I  liiiPLr 
Hi'l  nil  LiniiiLi;  tn  llll'  liralllrll,  III'  riilriril  A  IK  in  Ml' 
Srnilliarv  in  IH|0  Hiii'  lir  was  assnrialiil  willi 
Mills.  |{iilia|i|s.  ami  a  IVu  nllii  r  kimiri'il  sjiiiits. 
w  llll  |ir.'iyri|  ami  imilii  n  4  in  ri'liri'iiri' In  |iii 
HI  Ilia  I  lalmr  aiiiniiL'  llir  Inalix  n  A  Hi  r  s|iii|\  inM- 
inriiii'iiii'  III'  s.iiliil  |''i'liiiiai  V  !.'<lli.  1^1-,  a- .1  mis 
Niiinary    nl'   llir   A.  It.  ( '.  I''.  .\i    Inr   Imlia,  ami 

ri-lirlll'll  (llirlllla  Allirilsl  Hlh.  I'rlrllllllnlily  ir- 
(|ilirril  liy  llll'  j'iasl  Imiia  ('nm|iaiiy  In  li  avr  ils 
trrrllnrlis,  ami  iinsiiirrssriil   in  his   allrin|ils  In 

lllllain  |lrl  lllissinll  In  rs|{||i|i..h  a  Illi'-'-iiill  III'  |iri' 
pHI'I'ii  ami  plrsrlllril  In  llir  iin\  I'l'm  it  nl'  tlnniliay 
nil  raiiir-t  appral.  anil  smm  aftrr  was  nllirially 
iiil'nniii'il  llial  piTiiiissinii  wa^  ■.'ivrii  him  In  ir- 
liiaili.  In  lliimliay  lie  liiliiii'ril  Ihirlrrii  yrars, 
vUll ill);  llll-  ((iinplcH  Mliil   liu/iiiii's  with  llir  ^'i in 


pil  mrssaiji',  ilisciissini.'-  with  Ihr  ItrahniaiiNanil 
liaiislal  iiur  llir  Mililr.  I  laviiiL'  pirp:iri  il  a  ' '  l.ri 
III  In  (  liiilians  in  tlir  I'nilrii  Stairs"  in 
lirhair  nl  Ihr  iilnlal lulls  Miniliis.  ami  ■'nmplrti  i| 
llir  liaiislalinli  nfllirNiw  'Irstaim  lit  illln  I  lir 
Maniliii.  Iir  Irl'l  Mninliay  Inr  a  prrarliiiiL'  Iniii' 
nil  till'  inlltillrnl.  At  Nasirk.  II  lllinilrrii  niilr.H 
liislaiit.  hr  rntiml  liillllitlliirs  ilylli<.'  nf  rhnlria, 
mill  Ininisli'iril  In  llir  silk  till  his  mnlii  ini's 
wi'ii'  i'\liaiisirii  Staitiiir  Ini-  linnir,  hr  mil  Ik'iI 
DiHii'lir  Dliapnnr.  anil  at  iii<ihl,  sprrnillni.'  Iiix 
mat  in  tiir  vrntinla  nf  a  hrallnii  Irmpir,  hr  lii.v 
ilnwn  til  slrrp  Itisinir  at  Iniir  III  link  in  tlir 
ninrnili);  In  Irsiinir  his  |niiilir\  .  hr  was  v  inlriilly 
.sri/.ril  with  rhnlria  llr  liilil  llir  atlrmlanls  hr 
shniilil  llir.  ;.'avi' iliirrtiniis  i  niiiri  niir.'  his  liiir- 
iai.  •'\iinitril  Ihr  hrathrii,  piaM'il  Inr  his  rainilv, 
till'  missinn,  ami  llir  hrathrn.  ami.  nrirr  liplil. 
Iiniirs  nl'  i/irat  siillrrini;.  Iirralhni  his  last,  at  tlii' 
a'_ir  111  Inrly  Iwn.  ill  Ihr  Wnliis.  tinier  rrpratrii. 
"  <ilniy  In  'I'llir,   <  >    (iikI"      'I'llr  lails  w  lln   wri'r 

Willi  him  liiiiiril  liiin  slirninlril  in  his  hlaiikri. 
williniil  a  I'liMlii  A  slnnr  H  ilh  an  iiisri'iplinii  in 
l')tiL'lisli  anil  Maniliii  marks  ihr  plarr  nl  lii-^  in 
Irrmrnt.  "  .Nn  mis-iniiary  in  Wrsirni  Imlia," 
says  mil',  "  has  i'M  r  lirrn  iniiir  rrsprrli'ii  anmnif 
till'  llrahmaiis  iiiiil  liiu'hrr  rlassrs  Inr  his  ilisriis 
sinus  ami  pulpit  ilisrniiisr  ;."  Ilislriirt,  "  'j'lir 
<'iin\risinn  nllhr  NViirhl,  nr  till-  ('iailiis  nf  Si\ 
lliiniliril  Millinlis,"  wliii  h  hr  prrparril  ill  inn 
lirilinii  willi  Mr  Ni'Wrll,  Was  wiilrly  riri'illalril 
ill  .\nirrii'a  ami  l')ii|;liin;!,  ami  priMliiiril  a  ilrrp 
iniplrssinn. 

■  lull,  IVilllaiii  \«>lllior|M>,  Il  in  Sill  r 
lirlil,  Cnimty  nf  ^niksliirr,  I'jiL'lamI,  April  llllli, 
IH'JK.  His  lallirr  was  an  arrrplaliir  l.iy 
pirililirr  nf  till'  M<tlii«|is|  Nrw  ( 'niilirxinii,  ami 
III'  liriaiiK'  a  mrnilirr  nf  tlir  (liiiri'li  al  Iwrlvi- 
yrars  nf  ai.'r  Wlirii  Iwriily  yiars  nhl  hr  was 
callril  intn  Ihr  rr^/iilar  minisliy,  aflrr  liaviiiLf 
lii'i'li  a  lav  pnarlirr.  Mr  travrllnl  in  sr\rral 
I'irriiils  with  irrral  sinrrss  His  rariirsi  l.'ilinrs 
nvrrlaM'ii  his  slt'rni.'lh.  his  hrallli  failrii.  alnl 
In  \K'i^>  III'  rrliiril  finni  tlir  ininistry  iiiiil  in- 
tirnl  illln  lillsinrss  in  his  nillivr  Inwil.  \  ll'K- 
iilllllnll  was  passril  liy  Ihr  Mi'lhniiisl  Nrw  (  nli- 
lirximi  ( 'iiMl'rIi'lii  r  nf  |M.')M  In  attrmpi  a  mis-inii 
III  till'  lirathr II.  ami  till'  run Irrriirr  nf  jS.'it)  |i\ri| 
llpnll  (  hintl  as  llir  sprrial  splirrr  llrv.  .Inhn 
.\iii!i'll  .lanii's  llf  Itii  inlni'lni'ii  at  ihislimi'  piili 
li^hi'il  a  I  Mini  ill'..'  appral  fm'  i  lii'r\  anurii/alinii  nf 
(  liina.w  lilrli  arniisri!  an  riilliiisiasiii  in  Mr  Hall  s 
iniml  ill  its  lirlialf.  In  Ihr  aiiliimn  nf  iN'il)  hr 
sailrii  frnlll  l'',li|.'lai|ii  w  il  h  Ihr  Itrv.  ,1  Iniiniilil 
ir-a  IniH^innaiN  nl  Ihr  Mi'llinili^l  Nrw  I  iiliiii'\inn 
<  III  tlirir  arrival  in  <  liiiia,  lliry  rriiiainnl  Inr  a 
lirirf  |H'iiiii|  in  SliaiiLihai.  .Ml.  Il.ill  wa'<iin\iniis 
ly  ilrsirnlls  nf  srltlill^  at  SnnilinV.  ,  wliirh  was 
thru  ill  all  its  iilnry.  He  \  {'ilril  tlir  plai  r,  thru 
inailr  it  tlir  irutrr  nf  Ills  npiriilinii-,  wliilr  Mr 
Iniiiiirnl  Willi  III 'rirnlslii,  wliirh  hail  jii^l  In m 
npi'iiril  liy  I  ri  aly,  ami  uhiili  piniiii^rl  tn  hr  a 
plarr  nf  rnmiiii  rri;il  anil  pnliliial  inipnl'lalii'i'. 
riir  'I'ar'pinL'  rrlirls  ilrvasl.ilril  Snnrhnvv  ,  ami 
pn  VI  iilnl  till'  rsialill-liniriil  nf  a  missinn  tlinr. 
ami  Mr  Hall  wml  In  'ririil-.iii  ami  iinilrii  wllli 
.Mr.  Iminrriit  in  layiiiLT  Ihr  fniimhillniis  nf  a 
very  prnsprrnils  mi'^sinn,  'I'-aii  rhapilM  wrlr 
nprnnl  in  Ihr  ril\  ami  ilaily  si  i  vii  rs  v\  i  rr  inn- 
ililrtril,  wliicli  liiivr  llll  II  I'lnuiliil  ultli  alli  n 
tivr  allilirnrrs  lIlllillL'  Ihr  W  hnir  hi^lnry  nf  llir 
inissiiin.  I'l'rarhiiii.'  plai  rs  wrir  al-n  npinnl  al, 
'I'akii  In  Ihr  rasi  alnl  Ijsin;;  <  hi  liillii>  wi".| 
llf  'ririilsin,  anil  llir  HiililicrM  Hlntinnnl  in  Takii 


HALL,  WILLIAM   NBLTHORPB 


107 


HANKOW 


ciiiii)'  III  till'  siTvii'i's  ill  Iiiriri'  iiiiiiilikT*.  milt  iiiiiiiv 
wrir  iiitivi'iliil.  III  \^Vi  nil  nn'^l  liitili  fimii 
(  liii  (hill  'I'siii.  11  villiiL')-  ill  Miaiiliiiii'.  HOiiijIcs 
siiiilli  III  I  irrilsjii.  iilti'iii|<<l  llic  <l:til>  |ii<-Mt'liiiiL.' 
Ill  'lii'iilsiii  mill  Mils  <  i>ii\i'rti<l.  Oil  ntuniiiit; 
III  Ills  liiiiiir  III'  i>|M'iii'it  Ills  Ihiiiv  f<ir  M-rviri's. 
mill  iiimiy  rmiii'  l>>  liiiir  llii- iii-u  <l<airiii<'.  iml 
iiliiv  III  IiIn  iiriL'tiliiir",  lull  fri>in  IIh-  ml  JHriiit 
villiini'h.  Ily  i'\|iri->->  mill  iiriri-iil  •'■ilni«l\  Mi 
Hull  VM'Ml  iliiwii  mill  fi>iiii>l  .-i  iii.ir\<-ll<Mis  umk 
III'  (.'iiui'  ill  |iriiL'ri'>'->.  Il»-  |in-ai  Iml.  Iii|ili/ii| 
niiiiliiliilrs.  ami  oIiiIiII^Im-*!  •  Iiiik-Im'"-  in  iiimiy 
liiwti'^  mill  vllliiL.'!'-*  i>f  iIm-  •li->lii<i.  miil  iiii» 
llirlr  mr  llinli'  lliiili  lifl>  •liiin  Im->  >a»Mi'lii| 
■  ivri  mi  mi'ii  III  iiliiiiil  '.V»t  M|iiaff  iiiili -.  oii  Ihr 
iiniilii'11-.l  |initiiiM  i.f  ilii'  I'riiviiH-i- ••(  Mialllllllt' 
jliiiiiii'  llii-  'ririii^iii  iiiuH-jtirt- tif  MT'MIk-  I'H'I 
I  xtmil  I'liiiiii'N.i'lu'lii  in  iiuiiilNr.  «t«-r<'  mim  il  miil 
llir  iiii'iiilii'i'<  ■li^|i<'r'«il.  iiiaiiy  ••(  lliriii  iH-ini; 
liriilrii  mill  NiiiiK'  iif  llifiii  IkilWil  Ml  llnll  Ir 
iniiiiiril  ill  llir  i  ily  iliiriiii;  iIh  awful  oiilliDiik . 
i'Iii'I'iIiil;  iIii-  fiiiiil  liiarti'il  ninl  ■«■<  kitif!  Ill  n-M  III- 
llliHl'  wlln  will'  III  ilitllifrr  Till-  ■4>>Illl  I'Vllllll'-l 
III  llHill.  ijiiii'l  WHS  ri-sii.ritl.  ■••iii|M  ti>4iliiiii  wii- 
ili'iiiiiiiilril  mill  III  soiiii'  •■xit'iil  iiui<l<'.  mill  llii- 
wiiik  III'  till'  iiiissinii  M.'i>  n-^iiiiii-'l  Itiit  il  tiN>k  ii 
ImiL'  llini'  til  irliii'vi'  tin-  li.-.'O'-.  iii<  iimsl  In 
|h;:I  hi'  I'i'liii  iii'il  liiiiiii'  nil  ftirbMieli,  mul  ili'Viil 
I'll  his  whiilr  liiiH  III  iililiiiniii^r  iikhm-v  In '-up 
|iiiil  an  iiislitiiliiiii  fur  lli>-  tminiiii;  <if  iialivi- 
|>ii'iii-li<'rs  III'  iililaiiMsl  l':{.'^Mi.  aii<l  iIk-ii  H' 
jiiriii'il  III  Cllilia  III  slarl  IIm-  s<  limil  <  Ml  his 
irliiin  III'  riiiiiiil  Cllilia  s|iiiiii-ii  siili  n  wiilr. 
siuraii  mill  IIH  I'lil  taiiiini'  Hi-  Uliiiri'<l  li>  riilsi' 
IiiihIs  fill'  ilii-  siitTrnrs.  hi-  \i«ii«tl  iIh-  liiiiiinr 
ili-lili'ls  mill  ilisiillinti'il  iIh- ri'lh'f  •■iilni^li'il  In 
liiiii.  mill  till'  |Mii|>li'  »)'!•■  ■••id-IhiI  uilh  tin- 
ii'.illi\  iif  ( 'hilsli.'iii  I'Imrity.  hihI  ««ti'  iII^imi-j'iI 
li\  Il  liirasi  away  th<-lr  iilnU  ami  liii^i  in  tin- 
llviii''(iiHl.  Ill'  tlnii  nliirTM-fi  !••  Tit-iilsin  In 
liiillil  Ihi'  'riainliii;  <'iilh'i!i-  Il  UaiiiU  in  iIk' 
|ji!.'ll--li  ( 'iiiii|iiiiiiii|  Il  is  iH-aiiiifiil  ill  ils<|i-^ii.'ii, 
with  a  Irrliiri'  hall,  hmi'^'s  ft>r  IIh'  |<iini'l|>iil. 
iialivi'  liiliii.  anil  all  ■'■iiivi'nii-ii<<'«  f<ii  (In-  train 
iiii.'  iif  I'l^'lili'i'ii  ymini;  iikii  fi>r  Ihr  <'liil>liaii 
iiilnisliy.      Il  is  ralli'il  the  lit'.l  M<-iiii>riftI 

Mr    Hall   was   |iiirsiiiiit;  hi^   iiuiiiifnhl   wiiik-- 
with  iiilinsi'  I'lilliii-iasiii.  whaii  in  lh<-  -|>iliii.'  ••{ 
|h;s,  iilri''ii|y   ui'aki'iitsl    l»y  hi-   Ulmi-s.  '.«■   was 
^niillin    liy     lyiilnis    ffvir.  ami    •.|m'»lil\     sin- 
riiiiilii'il   til  it.       Ill-    ilii'il    .Mny  '.'lsl.  aL-^sl     4U 
yiais.         Ill-    was    a     iiiiiii     of    \i-^H'iiii«     ninl 
riiltlMi'il    inli'llrrl,  rii|iiiii|s  •'li>|iia'iio-.  ami   iili 
il>  iiiL'  I'liiTL'y.      Ill'  hail  an  inai  «ill  »ml  il.uini 
li'Ms  riiiiiaL'r.    His  mil'  |iiir|M»<-  f<i>in<l  «-\|iii--siiiii 
in   wiinl'-  whiili  wi-n-   riiii>laiilly  oii    his  li|iN— 
"  (   liilni  fill   I   hrisl." 

Ilillllililllil,  n  I'lly  III  KM*t  IVixia,  ih>-sji<-<if 

till   niniiiil    I'.i  liatmia      Ciiiiiali-  x-mi  lni|iii'iil, 

II  lii!l;j  I'V  rii|iiilatii>n  •".•■•«».  I'rt-i.-iii-.  I'lik-, 
i\  I  tiii'iiiiins.  .liWM,  Kunis.  .\ial»  Mi— 'imi 
sliiliiiM  I'li'^liytiriaii  riinrrh  i  Xoilhi  <  H^l ,,  ;i 
iiij'<^|i>ii.'ii  ii's  ami  wivi'M.  '.^••llKr  Icilias^.  4  tiuiivi' 

III  Ijii'i'^.  I  mil  stalimi,  I  i-bilirli.  T'J  imiiilMTs,  :i 
si'liniil>,  illio  ^1  liiilam. 

Ililin|>«l«>ll,  It  i-ityof  Jain.iii-a. \V<-s(  |mlii-N, 
7  mills  tiMin  l''aliiimilli.  Ml  mili-s  fmiii  M<iiitci.'ii 
ISay.      I  liinati' lrii|iiriil       'Vtf-  p>|MilaUi>ii  inn 


■'IsIS      I 


if 


'.IMn|M'alls. 
KlIL'li^ll 


N. 


U'Mi 


ami     I  liiin-M'. 
I'mlj-siaiil. 


Iliiiid*,  .loliii,  II.  Dili  mill  I  .'ith,  l>«).  nl 
Ifniuli',  Nmlhmii|iimistiiri';  slmliiil  at  (iiis|M>rt; 
sailiil  .Miiv  ''iih.  IHIItt,  IIS  II  iiiissinnary  nl  llii- 
l.nmlnn  Sli-.simiiiry  Snclrty  fm  Imliii  lli- 
was  llisl  slatiniiril  at  Itrlhiry.  In  l*^','!)  hi- 
vi^ili'il  l';n).'hinil,  mill  iitiiini'il  in  Imlia  in  |H:t|. 
Ill'  trmislali'il  llir  w  linlr  liililr  iiiln  ( 'aiiarrHi-, 
mill  sii|ii'iinii'iiili'il  Iim  |iiii,iiii).'  'riiiniiL'li  fall 
llir  III  ImiiIIIi  III'  avMin  lill  Im  Imtin.  MrritnlN'r, 
Ih:|.'i  On  July  '.•7ili,  |m;ui  U,-  wi  nt  In  Si. 
I'l'lrisliiii  M,  |iiirtly  fm  hi-  hiallh.  ami  nUi'  li> 
liiUi'  I  liaiL'i'  nf  Ihi'  All-in  .\nirilrmi  <  'liiinli  in 
Ml  llinwn's  alisi'iKT  llrlinnini'  In  l.niiilnii 
III'  n  I  inliMiki'il  Inr  Imliii.  I'lln  iiiiry  Vfltli.  \K\X, 
mill  w.'is  slatimiril  at  ItmiL'iilmi'  In  |NII  (niii 
|ii  llril  liy  ill  hrallli  liniilly  In  liavr  Imlia.  Iir  rt- 
liiinril  In  l'.i-)r|mii|,  iinil  in  IHt-.^  irtiinl  frnm 
tiiTiii.'ii  siTviir.  Ill'  was  .siilisi'i|iii'iilly  m|i 
jiiilntril  aL'i'iil  nf  till'  Sni'irly  ill  lirlaiiil.  ariiv 
nil'  in  Diililin  .laniiaiy  L'ltli,  IHlit,  wlii-ri-  hi- 
(lii'il  .liini'  llotli.   IMtil.  iiL'i'il  HI. 

IIiiiiiiiiiii«-i>ImIii,  a  liiw  n  in  thi'  Ni/ain's 
ilnmiiiiniis.  Hyiluniliiiil.  Imlia.  Hit  in ihs  iinrtli)-asl 
nl  Si'i  iimhiniliail.  (  limiiti  lrn|iiral  l'ii|iiilatiiiii, 
H  iKKi.  |liiiilii>-  nl  si'Vi  nil  lyiM's,  a  liw  Anilis, 
I'arsi'is.  .Mnsh'in-.,  I'^uiniiiaii'-.  I.aii(;iiiii.'<'s. 
Trliii;!!.  t  Hill.  Himliistani  Missinii  siatlnii  nf 
the  Annriniii  lfa|ilKl  .Missinimiy  1  ninii  i  l><T!(). 
I  nii--.slmiar\  ami  wlir,  I  nlliii  laily,  ii  tuilivf 
lii'l|i<'i'H,  'J  ('iiurrhi'H,  ii:i  liiciiiliiTH. 

llllllU4-ll4>\l',thr  rii|iital  nf  till'  |irnv!lir<'  nf 

(  hi'liklmi).'.  <  lilnii.  is  sitliiitril  ai  llir  smitlii'ril 
ti  rininiis  nl  Ihr  ( iiniiil  Caii.'il  alimit  till)  mill's 
sniilliwrsi  nf  Slimit^hal  It--  liiailly  nf  liMiilinii 
is  I  I'li'liiaii'il  in  a  |iii|iiilm  (  liimsi'  jirnvrrli.  ami 
n  illi  till'  lirmil  Ifiil  wi'-'Irin  liiUr.  ill  w  liirh  arc 
faii\  likr  i--lamls.  ainunil  wliiih  staml  villas 
ami  Mimiiimi'iilv.  with  its  cxtrnsivr  riniiil  nf 
twrlvi'  iiiiirs,  its  will  piivril,  (Iran  slii'i'ts.  anil 
niiini'tniis  |iiilillr  IiiiIIiIIiil's,  it  well  lirsirvi's  Ihi- 
Miiiiir  nf  an  rmlhly  |imaiiisi'.  It  is  tin-  v'>iat 
rintii'  nf  ('hiiH'si'  rmniiirrri'  iinil  li'.'irniiiL'. 
Mann  I'liln  trlrliialril  its  licaiity  iinilil  llii- 
nainr  nf  Kiiisai,  ami  in  a  nmlliriist  immr  nf 
till'  lily   is  till'   Ni'stuiimi   rliiinh  nf   wliiili  hi- 

s|il'hks.       Till'  I  in  I II I  hit  inn  isi'vtilnillril  III    71  HI.  (N  Ml 

Missinii  slalinn  nf  llir  l'irs|i\  III  Ian  I  Iniiili 
Nmlli  ( ln."ilti,    willill  nils'-lnimiiis  I'J  niatiirili, 

I  rlllin  II.  CiM  rnlninilliirmits  I  lii'V'v'  linalilin^' 
SI  hnnl.  rill  si'liujiiis,  ;|  ihlV  scllnnis        Till   <    lllin  II 

Mi-^innmy  Smii'ly  i|h(1Ii;  'J  inissimiatii  s,  -^ 
nii'illi  III  inis'iiiiiarlrs,  '.i  riiniilr  inissinniii  ii  s,  I  |o 
I  niiiniiinirmilN.  I  srlmnls,  ,Vi  ^rhnliirs.  M  INNI 
|iatii'iil^  Till'  rii'^li\  Il  rimi  Chiinli  iSmillil 
(lHi7i  lias  "J  niissiniimirs  (mii'  inaiiiiili.  '-  fr- 
iiialr    niissimiaiirs,    I    rhiirrli,    7ll    ini-inlHrH,    5 

Mh'inls.       |li:i     srllnllUN        ('       IM        llMtOii.     ||i> 

f  miiL'ii  ini'-'-innm  its,  -J  niitivi'  |iiistnis.  I  assist  mil 
pl'i'irthi'is,  7  I  liii|iils,  limit  still  inns,  It  iirfriiiil/r«l 
■  hull  lir^.   llHl  I'mnniniiii'iitits. 

llilliii-liliilK.  'I    piili'i  tiinil   I  ily  in  Slii'tiiii, 

(  liiiKi,  ilmiliil  nil  till'  iip|iri  hi'inlwalirs  nf 
Ihi' rivi'i  llmi  .Missinnnf  thr  <  .  I  M  il>>7Ui. 
Ill  inNsiniiiii  irs.  wIm's,  ami  iissmiuli's,  I  mil 
stalinli,  '-i  nipilli/ri!  llllllihi'S.  iHv  rniillliillii- 
I'aiits,  |"i  ijiiy  srliiijiiiM.  I''i  ii'iiils'  |''iin  Il'Ii  .>lis. 
simiary  .Xs^nialinn :  I  mi'iliial  liiissinnaiy  ami 
w  ifi',  I  ilisprnsaiy,  11,001)  patiiiils. 


Illllili«»%t,  IIH  ils  niiMii' 


thr    llmi 


llllptii 


Mnilth  of 


silliiilril    nil    till-   linrtli  siilf  nf  tin- 


ICmiimi  Catlinlir.      Missinn  •iMii--n  I  nilis)  I'ri- 

li>  li'iimi  (  liiiri  II  nf   Kii'^rl.tml  il?'"^!  .   I  inissinn  ^  miL' l^/    Uivri,    at    Its  jiimiimi  with  tin    Han. 

my  ami  wifr    I    iiativi-  hi-l|N-r,  I  tuil  lOjitiou,  'J  alimit  I.MI  iiiiirs  wist  nf  Slimi>.'liiii,  in  tlu-  I'mv- 

I'hiii'clii'H,  7'JU  im'iiilM'M.  Iiii-L- of  lliipi'li,  f'liina.     It   Im  llu-  lurgiml  (-uin- 


p    1 

i       i 

1 

f 

f 

■                                I 

I 

{U 


;i- 


HANKOW 


4(M 


HANNINaTOK,  JAMBS 


iiii'ifliil  (ciilri'  (if  Middlr  f 'liltin,  whh  (ipcnrd  lo 
(iivi\l!U  liiidr  in  IM">M.  mid  i-  idiiiirf  iid  willi 
hliiiiiuliiii  liy  M';.'iiImi  litii ".  nt  sl<'iiiii>-lii|is  'I'lic 
llillisli  si'ltli-iiii'iii  i'<  on  llii'  river  rmnl  in  ilii- 
iiish'in  pdrlion  nf  llir  <ily,  wlicrc  lnrciu'ii  Inni-cs 
iind  riiiidwiiys  iiir  liiiilt.  Tlir  iiiilivi' city  is  vm  . 
rniindi'd  Itv  II  Willi  I  i^lili'i'ii  li  <-l  liifli  and  r>iiii 
mill"-  in  rlnunili'ii'iii  r.  Il  <  utiliiins  a  |hi|iiiI.1' 
lion  I  -limiili'd  Ml  Hilo.lMMI,  who  s|inili  ii  dialril  o| 
llic  Maiidaiin  \Vii<  liiin).',  Ilir  ra|iiliil  ot  llir 
pioviiK  ■',  !'-  on  III!'  Hoiillii  I  M  liaiiU  oT  IJH'  I  ivrr,  o|i 
poKili'  lliililiow.  ami  llii'  Iwii  arc  iiftrn  ^poki-ii  of 
loL'i'llii'i  willi  tlir  drcavini;  rlly  ot  llaiiMin^'  H)^ 
omi'ily  MinHion  hImIioii  oI  I  In  l.ondon  Mis 
sioiiaiy  Sorirly  MHdl  i,  wlio  liavi-  ."i  Miis.sionarirH 
in  llnnkow  mid  oiif  in  Win  lianv'.  A  liospliMl 
liiillillii):aiiil  --iilialiii'  liiiildiiii;~  loi  a  ttii  i'^^i'lniol 
ami  a  lioys'  sriiool  have  Imi  ii  cri'i'lcd.  <tn(r 
mw  and  inirn  stln^  liianrli  of  (heir  work  Is  llii' 
school  for  Ihr  liainiiiL'  of  Kiirasian  (i)  v.)  t'irlv 
I  invaids  of  lU.lMHt  iiiscm  havf  liccn  licaird  In 
Ihr  liisprinaiy  during  llir  yiar,  sonii-  of  whom 
cuini'  mIx  liiindri'd  inilis  foi  iriatmciil  ,  II  oiii 
stalioiiM,  l.ltt'i  (hiiri'h  m<-iiilirrM,  ^IXt  Salilialh 
Hcliiilal'H,  'i  hoys'  mhools.  In  Mcholars,  :i  I'irW 
Hrliools,  70  scholiiiH.  'rill'  Wislcyaii  MilhodisI 
ui....: u. .,.:,.!. i...x^  I,    ;..!.. 


Missionary  Soricly  rany  on  llnir  work   mainly 
In  Wmlimi;;  ii|  v.),   hiil  Ihry  liavr  I  mi    •   


loiiarv 


III  >v  miimi;;  ii|  v.),  mii  incy  navi'  i  missioiiar\ 
III  lliiiikow.  lilt)  rhiinli  mi'iiihcrs,  .V.t  Salihalli 
scliolms,  \i  lioys'  schools,  .V.l  HcJiolarM  'I'lii' 
I'rolcslanI  Kplscopal  (liiirch  of  llic  ('nilcd 
Slalcs  of  America;  I  missionary,  I  chapel,  'J 
conKi'cijjalioiis,  :i  hoys'  Hcliiiols,  'J  girls'  hcIiooIs. 

lliiiiiiliiUloii,  JaiiM-o,  h   lliirsipjcr|Hiiiii, 

Klltrliind.  SepleiiilH  I  ;M,  IMt?  Love  of  nallirc, 
of  fun.  and  of  advcniiiic  uiili  llannini'ioii  was 
phcnoiin  n:il.  lie  sliraiik  from  no  risk  which 
promised  a  view  or  a  specimen.  A  veise  lo  si|ii|y, 
he  lefl  school  ill  Ihc  iii;e  of  lifleen.  and  was  piil 
in  his  father's  coiinliiiL'  room  at  liiii^lilon.  To 
whalevei  suited  Ills  lastcs  oi  lialiils  he  applied 
himself  wilh  iiiilirilli.'  peiseveiancc  nevci  to  he 
oiildoiie.  and  never  lo  he  foiled  As  captain 
(if  a  liattery,  and  as  commander  of  a  steam 
yachi  lie  em  ly  dlsplaNcd  aliility  in  llieionliol 
of  men,  and  lesoiiicc  under  exitfencies  |(iil  he 
was  as  disini  lined  to  Imsiness  as  lo  study.  In 
lioyhood  the  love  of  his  mother  was  Ihc  mIici'I 
anchor  of  his  life.  In  \oiiih  licncalh  all  his 
fjayety  llicie  was  an  inipicssion  ot  'the  set  of 
llic  world  tide  lowaid  eternity  '  which  held 
him  in  ilieck.  Me  not  only  mvi  i  ncLrlccicd 
the  exiernals  of  rclii;loii,  liiil  was  never  wholly 
satjslied  willi  a  life  apail  from  <iod  Alioiil 
Ihi'  ai'c  of  twenty  one  he  dci  idcd  to  prepare 
for  Ihc  minisliy  of  the  (  Iiiik  h  of  ICni^land, 
and  lo  that  end,  in  OiIoIki  |h(Is  cnlercij 
Si.  Mary's  Mall,  Dxfonl.  lie  soon  cslalilislied 
an  ascendency  over  his  fellow  sinilenis,  which 
lie  iiiiiinlaincd  without  a  liviil  Ihroiiuh  his  mil 
vcrsiiy  coiir-ie,  anil  this  inllncnci  was  often 
liencliciiil,  hill  it  calimil  he  miiIiI  that  he  was 
Ktiidiiiiis  I'xci'pl  in  the  line  of  his  pursuit  as  a 
naturalist. 

In  .March,  |H7'.',  occurred  the  dci,lh  of  his 
idoli/.ed  mother,  which  niade  on  him  a  deep 
Imprcssioii  In  IH7H  he  tinik  his  U  A  decree  ; 
was  ordained  ill  1^71  a  deacon  ;  liiil  was  re 
(piircd,  owlii|r  to  di'ili  iency  in  preparation,  to 
wait  two  years  licforc  licirit;  admitlcd  to  full 
ordeis  Mennwhile  he  IikiU  ch.ifL'c  of  a  small 
coiinlrv  parish  in  |)evoiishire.  The  endeavor  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  his  olllce  convinced  him 
lliat  till  wiiH  not  ri^ht  hi-lwct'ii  himself  iind  (iod. 


He  was  in  jrrciit  dislress.  lie  wrote  to  a  friend: 
"  I  am  I  don't  know  in  what  sinle,  unless  1  uin 
heini.'  hound  hy  the  devil  hand  and  fool  Kiit 
I  mean  to  llv;lil  him  dcspciatcly  haul.  If  only  I 
am  helped  "  At  another  dale  he  w  rote.  "  I  caii- 
iiol  helleve  that  I  can  rvii  lie  saved,  and  I  feel 
tli:it  I  have  no  liidit  lo  preach  lo  others."  TIiIm 
friend,  ulioh'il  orayed  eariieslly  for  a  year,  si  til, 
him  a  iiook  'I  wice  hr  'hiew  it  down  fioili 
di  li'.\e  of  its  conlents,  hut  lakini;  il  ai^'iiiii.  read 
III!  its  irulliM  opened  Ills  eyes.  He  says:  "|  was 
ill  Ihc  lied,  leadint;.  I  spiaii)^'  out  and  leiipeil 
aiioiil  llic  loom,  re|oicin^  am',  praising;  (iod  that, 
.lesiis  died  for  me  Kioiii  that  day  to  this'  | 
have  lived  under  the  shadow  of  His  willies,  In  the 
assurance  of  faith  that  I  am  His  and  He  is 
mine  "  He  could  now  piem  h  as  one  who  had 
hiiiiself  found  "  peace  wllhOod  lhroiij,di(  'hrisi," 
He  soU).'lil  to  save  souls  with  the  same  overilias- 
teiiiiL;  /.ciil  as  had  heforc  iirircd  him  in  the 
lescueof  a  mall  falliiu;  from  the  criiKs  of  .\lar- 
liiihoe.  To  reform  a  diiinkard,  or  to  lead  to 
riiiist  a  hoy  dyini;  with  smallpox,  now  called 
out  the  same  couia;;e  and  enihiisiaiii  as  foriiierly 
moved  liim  in  liuiilin;;  lielow  water  iiiaik  In  the 
"  Seals'  K  ilclien,  "  orclimliin;;  for  sea  jf nils'  c^fL's 
anion;;  the  cllll's  of  l.iiiidy.  Whenever  Ihe 
people  were  in  (lan).'cr,  dislress,  in  dilllcnlly  they 
knew  lo  whom  they  iiii;.'lit  apply  for  help  with- 
out fear  of  refnsid.  He  was  foremost  in  all 
worthy  reforms,  aidiim  Ihcin  willi  his  voice  and 
pen.  He  liccame  a  total  alistainer.  and,  tliou;;h 
alone  in  his  views,  laliond  indi  falii/alily  for  the 
reform  of  the  intemperate.  In  Im;."!  u  conversii- 
tion  on  missions  witli  two  ladles  lid  him  In 
study  that  siiliject  IhoioiiL'lily .  Three  years 
lalci-  Ihe  cruel  death  of  Missrs  Smilli  and 
ONiil.  two  missionaries  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
\  il  loria  N'yiin/.a,  L'ically  moved  him  liclicv- 
iiiL'  that  lie  had  ci  itain  clcmciits  of  character  as 
well  as  experiences  of  life  that  lilted  him  for 
pioneer  lilissioii  work,  he  olTcred  himself  to  Ihc 
(liurcli  Missjoniiry  Soi  iety  for  the  .\fricaii  Held 
for  live  years.  The  olfer  was  accepted,  anil  the 
consent  of  his  wife,  who  could  not  iicconipany 
him,  liavin^'  heen  ohlaineil,  he  was  entrusted 
with  the  leadership  of  a  patty  of  six  to  reinforce 
the  ( 'enlial  .\fiicmi  mission  at  Uuliapi.  .Snap 
peal  from  him  in  the  "  l.i>ndon  Times"  for  snli- 
scripllons  to  eiiiihlc  him  lo  take  a  hoat  to  navi 
(,'ate  the  lake  was  successfid  He  sailed  wilh 
his  parly  May  I7lli.  IHH'J,  for /an/iliar.  On  the 
VoyiiL'e  he  sludicil  Swahili,  Ihe  laiiL'Uii(.'e  spoken 
liy  the  imlivcs  on  the  coast,  and  Ihe  know  hi  lire 
so  olilained  was  very  useful  lo  him  Thepaily 
set  out  for  I  L'anda  liy  the  "old  route.  "  via 
.Mamliola.  Myiii,  and  Nisalala.  thence  liy  hoat 
acioss  Victoria  Nyan/.a  to  Uuliai;a.  They  were 
accompanied  liy  .Mr.  Stokes,  whose  experienic 
in  dealiiiL;  with  the  iialives  was  of  i.Meat  value. 
Haiiiiini.'lon  soon  had  scveic  iitlaekH  of  African 
lever,  and  on  leaving  .Mwapwa,  had  to  he  carried 
in  a  liammock.  Soon  aliei' airivlni;  at  Myul  he 
was  sei/.ed  with  dyM'ntery  and  rheumatic  lever, 
when  his  life  was  despaind  of.  Ilaviiur  siiHI 
ciciilly  iccovered  lo  Havel,  the  parly,  proceed 
iiiLT,  reached  ihe  lower  end  of  Ihe  lake  Han 
nmi'loii  now  set  out  for  Ihe  capital  of  Koniwii, 
KiiiL'of  M/in/.a,  to  olilain  from  him  canoes  and 
men  to  lake  them  to  Uiilia;;a.  TliedislricI  he 
travejsed  had  never  In  loie  liceii  visited  hy  ii 
while  iiiiui.     The  inlerview  Willi   Itoiiiwii  was 


•Till"  noli' wiiH  wrilleii  JiihI  liefuri'  Ills  him-ihmI  iiiIh 
Hliiiiiiry  Jiiiiriii'y  In  Afi  leu 


' 


HANNINOTON,  JAMES 


400 


HARPOOT 


III    tlllH 


iiiiMjiliNfiu'torv,  hikI  rriiiii  ilif  liiiri|slii|iH  iinil  )'X 
■  iii'-iiii-s  "if  llii»  trip  lir  liiiii'ly  i'>.<  iipiil  «illi  Ills 
liri-.     ili'<   liiiilili   liiiiii.'  "ii  ^'li'iiily  --liiiiii'ii'il.  ii 

WHS  i|r<'i<lril  lliril  lir  liiiivl  lillllli  In  I'Jil'ImIhI 
III  .liiliiliirv.  I'-Xi,  lie  situ  It'll  riir  /,1111/iliiii .  .'Hill 
riiiliiiikiii!.'  iIk'K'.  ii-ik'IiiiI  IJii'liiml  .Iiiik'  IOiIi 
AM'  I  lli--  lli'iillli  i\as  |i'«li>ri1|,  In  wii-  rnlisci  inli'il 
lil^liii|>)if  l'ii|iiiil<iiiMl  Ariii'ii.iitnl  ill  .liiiiiiiii  V,  IMH.'i, 
UM^  nil  Ills  Miiy  lillllli  III  llii'  Miiik  I  iiiilitH  III. 
On  Miii'liiliK  I'lcii  l<iu  II  uliirli  lii'  iiiliiiili'il  In 
l;i:iki-  \iU  liniiK'.  Ill'  Im'i'Iiii  llir  vi'<iliil  inn  nl  rvi  ly 
|iiiillillifllt  liii  --ioii  sliiiinii  uilliili  :yiO  liiijr'-  nt' 
llir  riiifl.  'In  ii'iii'li  III)'  iliipnrliint  sliilinii  Ml 
'I'liilii,  nil  III)'  liiniiiiliilii  Niliil'ii.  :.'..VIO   lii'l    ilinvi' 

III)      pllllll      III'    liml     In    IIIIVII    I'    sVN.'lllipx    Mini    'JMll 

MIlli'H  ot  <lilliriill  :ilii|  ■liili^.'rinil-' i|i'-><'l1.  I'inily 
ill  tHH,*!  llir  iili'ii  nf  nprlMiiu  up  ,'i  lirw  I'liilli'  In 
I  l'iiihIii,  llirnii);ii  ii  slmilii,  iiinir  cli  viili'il.  iiiiij 

lii'iiilliii'r  ri-L'inii  lliiiii   II Ill' wlili'li   liiiil    -liMl 

li'M'il  hi"  rnlixlitiitinli  lun  \  i  ill  h  i  iii'llii ,  anil  ill 
tiiiiiilrly  III  pllllll  II  I'liiiiii  nt  sliiliniis  rimii  'I'liilni 
In  I  sii!,'ii.  Iiii'l  Iri'ipii'iilly  InriiiiiJMli'il  ilsclf  In 
Ills  iiiiiiil.  'llir  rliii'f  i|mii(.'I'|'  nf  lliin  riiiilc  \mim 
irniii  III)'  liiwli'ss  mill  wiirlikr  .Mii.hiiI,  ImiI  iimiIIh'Is 
liail  liiinli'  lilt'  jnliriiiy  ill  Niircly,  lie  lirlirviil  lliiil 
llV    prillli'lK'l'    mill    .skill    III'    rnillll    lln    I  lir  .siillli'. 

Aliir  I'iiri'liil  iiii|iiiry  miil  rniisiilhitinii  willi  Sii 
.Inliii  Kirk  anil  nliiiis,  hr  viiiriril  willi  ;.'II0* 
|inil)Ts  mill  11  niiliv'  pM'iirlii't  Irniii  .Mninlinssii. 
.Ml  Ills  ilminL',  tnrl.  iinil  inilniiiiliilili'  pirsrvir 
mill'  Wrrr  lilXrii  In  llii-  llliiiiisl,  lull  llir  ilrnnlnl 
MasMi  mill  III)-  iiinri'  liniilili'sniiii'  Wii  kikiiyii 
uiTi-  riiiniiiili'iril  iiiiil  liiilllril,  mill  llir  piiliy 
ri'iiilinl  Kwii  Siiinlii,  iii'iir  llir  hikr.  in  MilVly. 
Ill'  iliridi-il  lo  |iiihIi  Iniwiiiil  willi  lilly  nl'  lii.s 
iiii'ii. 

On  NnVI'MllHr  Mill  wnlll  WIIM  lllnllj.'lll  lllllnisi' 
It'll  lit  K  uii  Siimln  llial  llic  liislmp  .umI  lii^  pally 
IkhI  lirin  kilW'il.  Kniii  only  nl  llii'  lilly  isinpi'il 
In  liiiii'.'  Ill)-  siiil  iii!Ws  mill  In  III!  Ill)'  initniii'i  nt 
his  ili'.'llll.  'llir  rnllnwillL'  lin'ls  will  llllp  In  III 
I'niiiil  fnr  lliis  Icirilil"'  ilrril  Till'  rnrlniirli 
liii'liN  nf  till'  VliriiMIs  fnrrimi  pnwiis  nil  .Miir.in 
snil  niitiiiiilly  iiwiiki'iM'il  snspjiinti  nt'  svliili".,  in 

•  lulling  iiiissiniiiiiii's.  'I  hiii'  wits  ii  slmn:'  pn  j 
mill  r  ill  l'i;iiiiilii  iitfiiiiisl  Mil'  iippiniH  Ii  nt  Inr 
I'i^riiiis  frnni  lUr  nnrlli  Winn  .Mr.  'riinin-nii 
|H'in'liiiti'il  III  I  siiuii  I  wn  yi'iir«  lirtnir,  liisiin  iviil 

•  M'nisiniii'il  ni'w  iiliiriii  mnl  sn^pirinn.  \  n  pml 
nf  llii.  Iii;;li  limnliil  prm  ii'ilini's  nf  llir  (h'I  iii.iiis 
ill  /.mi/.ilHir  inlili'l  fm  I  in  llir  tlmnr,  iinij  lli< 
rliii'fs  lit  iiiiri'  iniinsclli'il  killlii(r  all  llir  nii'i 
Ninriarli'H.  "  wlm."  Ilicy  siiiil,  "  vvrii'  nnlyllir 
fnn  lUlirKTM  nf  iiivtisinii  "  .\l  this  nil  inil  liiiir 
llir  arrival  (if  Kislinp  llaliiiilil.'lnii  al  llir  linilli 
siilr  nf  till'  lakr  WIIM  millniinrril,  iiinl  llir  rniiii 
ill  ilri'iili  i|  llial  III'  hIiiiIiIiI  lir  piil  In  ilriilli. 
Mwanifa  «iis  at  lirsl  iinwilliii);,  mnl  siiirL'rsiril 
tlial  III'  sliiiiilil  Ih'  si'tit  liark,  In  wliirli  llir  kali 
kirn  (vi/.irr)  rrplii'il  "  Will  yiiii  lit  llnirpmils 
Ifn  also  y"  'I'liils  till'  tlinil^'lil  nf  linni  v  ilrriilnl 
tin-  pniiil,  ami  mi  nrili  r  was  sriit  liy  .\(wali'.'a  In 
l.iiliwa,  a  I  liirf  nf  I'wijfa.  triliiilaiy  ii>  I  L'amla, 
In  kill  liiiii.  'I'lir  liisliiip  wiiK  I  nllrril  frniii  his 
iiirii  li\  a  hiinil  iril  liy  all  Aiali.  lir  was  iliairi'iil 
Willi  U'rriil  vinli'lif  r  itvrr  III!'  jrinllinl.  mnl  Inn  I'll 
intna  tillliy  hut,  ami  nfli^r  iiiiil  ilayM  Icil  fnilli 

•  It  is  lo  siiiiii^  lilifirriMlllllllilM  tliul  MM  llianv  IHil'liTH 
wpri-  rri|iilrri|  TiiiU'IIimh  in  Afrli'ii.  If  lln'V  v^(ll  inl 
(liflil  llii'ir  HHV.  iiiiisi  Ihiv  11,  (tint  as  iiMiiii'v  H  III  no 
viiliir  (tin*',  niiil  HM  siiiiir  iirr  mil  ullllliif  Im  iitiy  In  arms 
himI  iiiiiriiiiiililiMi,  or  III  wliislo'V.  IIk'V  iiiiisI  iI.mI  In  rl'ilti 
nii't  Iriiikt'ts.  'I'li**s««  (liitiifs  iiniHl  In-  riu-iii'il,  iiimI.  iih  I  In* 
iHiriiTs  iniiHt  !»•  f'Ml  llii'ii"  iniisl  («•  I'lniiiifli  nf  Itils  kliiil 
"f  riirrf'iii:y  (•>  Iniy  riHMl  F'lr  llii-iii  nil.  ikii'l  tli«  liinicr  IIih 
Jnuriittjr  Ibn  K^'atT  tlin  i|iiiiiilM>'  rt-qiilrnil. 


to  )»>  kl1l(!i1.  IIIh  mrn  wi-rc  Mprmnl  in  ilratli- 
III'  was  ■-hnl.  willi  lii^  nwii  lillr  ||i  ilinl  willr 
mil  Irai,  mill  Miiil  In  lln  Mililiri"  appnintril  In 
kill  him  "<in.  It'll  .Mwmii]rii  Ihal  I  <lir  fur  llin 
llaL'iilnIa,  mnl  lliiil  I  liiivr  piinlia  til  llir  mail  In 
I  rainln  ullli  iii\  lilt"  'lln  niailytilnin  tif 
llii.  linlilr  man  niiiiniil  Oilnlit  i  '.'itili.  IMH.'i. 
Duiilll.'  llir  i\n\\\  ilays  nf  liis  I'lilitiln  niriit  lit) 
I  niiiiiiiiril  tnwiitr  in  his  iliaiy  in  wliiili  urrii 
I  mil  I  In  I  trnm  iliiy  In  liny  his  In  i  llili  Ml  tin  in^M 
finm  llir  siivai;rs,  mi  iiirrkly  mnl  Inavily  iiirl, 
Mini  Ills  I  \p|i"-siiin-  nf  lt'-i(.MIMlinli  In  llir  will  llf 
(Jii'l.  'riiri|iMi\  WMs  liiiiit.'|il  tiy  M  (  lirisliiin  hill 
nl  I'lfiimlii  linill  nlir  nl  his  III  iiilrirrs.  miiiI  finlii 
il  finii  rviiMiis  art'  lirrr  iiivrri  "  Oiinlin  'J'Jil 
In  a  I'liir  si/.nl  hnl,  Init  with  nn  vriiiilatinn. 
Iwrnly  nirii  tirnilinl  mr,  mnl  nils  ami  vrrmlti  ml. 
Ii/' ;  sliiiinril  in  ivriy  liiiili  ,  (jit'iit  piiiii,  ami 
tniisilinril  willi  lliiisl.  |''|i.iir  rnvrrril  with  rtit- 
tiliK  haliana  prri  mill  lift'.  (iilMlil^  rnnk  i.lifl 
ill  ink  pnnilir.  Srinii'  (mwri  In  linlil  up  -mall 
Itihlr  Shall  I  livr  IhrniiKh  It'.'  .My  <itiil,  I  am 
'riiiiir  I  fi  ar  I  mil  in  a  tii^nl  Inm  fiMiiir  nf 
liiiinl.yrt  I  nii^'hl  In  lir  piaisiiifi  His  linly  iiiiinr, 
mill  I  lln."  Oi  Inhrr  ','!til  ".My  iirrvrs  havr 
rrrrivril  sili'h  II  Hinirk,  thai  Miiiir  Ininl  \rlls  mnl 
war  clirHiirisili);,  I  rxprilnl  In  III'  iniinlriril.  Mini 
.sim|ily  liiriiril  nvti  mnl  ^iiiil  '  |,i  I  lln  l.mil  iln 
as  III'  srrs  til  ;  I  sliiill  linl  iinikr  llir  ^lit'litrst. 
lisistmnr.'  'I  III' rliii  f  Mini  mIiiiiiI  a  liiinilinl  nf 
his  w  ivi  .s  I  liliir  III  friiHl  lliril  ryrs  nn  lin  ill  rrili'l 
t  iiriiiNily.  I  sal  .>.lill  mnl  innl  .Miilth.  v  II,  ITi. 
mnl  Irii  irfii  hIiiiI.  '  Oi  Inln'i  IJH:  'A  Iniililn 
nit'lil,  lliNt  with  nni^y  ilriiiikni  i.'<«>iil.  sfrnml 
with  vrriilin  I'^rvri  fast  ilrvi'lnpini;  O  l.nril, 
lit)  lillVI'  llirity  nil  liif  mill  irlriisr  iiir.  (  niii 
Inrlril  liy  iraililiL'  I'sallll  wvii.  mill  I'siilin 
wviii"  Oi  Inhrr  ijlllli  "Wmh  Iii'IiI  lip  liy 
I'-alm  .w.v.,  whirhiMinr  with  irrriil  pnwn.  A 
liMiiii  linw  li  il  mar  iiir  liisl  iiit'lil,  sun  Iliii);  ii 
HI!  k  man,  Inil  I  linpt'  il  is  mil  In  liiivr  inr  yi-l." 
'I'liis  is  till'  liisl  I  niry  in  llir  pnrkri  iliiirv. 

Hi-  last  wniils  In  his  f i  irmls  in  |',n|.rlliml, 
sri  ilililril  liy  llir  li^lil  nf  siiliii'  i  alllp  till',  wrrr: 
"If  lliis  is  till'  l.'isl  rhaplir  nf  my  rm  lilly  his 
IniV.  Ilirll  llir  inM  w  ill  hi  I  lir  lii  s|  pii^rrnflhi: 
hiMVrnly  mi  hlnl.s  anil  sminl^'rH,  lin  iiiinlii'r. 
rmr,  hiif  nwiM'I.  cnlivrrsr  in  llir  iirrmiirr  of  llii! 
I<miili," 

llllll)IIIIK,a  low  II  in  llir  lliipi  h  prnvinrr, 
III  till)  ('iiiitliinirr  nf  llir  llmi  mnl  Vmi^'  Ik/, 
rivris,  W'r,sl  nf  Wiirhaii^'  .Missimi  MlMlioii 
Wi  sirymi  .Missinnaiy  Siiriily  ,  'J  iiiiMHinnarirH, 
il.'i  rliiirrh  ninnhris,  ;t  .schnnlM,  'Id  srhnllUs, 

llantiill  1  fr«l<»ii.     Till'  llnninti,  which 

!>rlnli^s  In  llir  liiilir  liianrh  nf  llir  Aryan  Ian- 
^jilaL'''  family,  is  iisril  in  a  prnvilirr  wrsi  nf 
Ihiinlalkhaml,  ( 'rnli.'il  [mliii  A  vrrslnn  nf  lliit 
Nrw'  'rrslmnrnl  WIIH  plililishnl  Ml  SnampiMi', 
ill  \>*'S4,  hill  lint  lii'iii^  fniinil  nl'  priniaticllt 
valiM!,  it  was  iii'ViT  ri'prinli'il. 

Illll'll<»r     InIiiimI,    nnr    nf   ihr    MiiliiiinaH, 

Wi  I  linlirs  lirs  inn  III!  MSl  nf  I'ilnilhria  I'npll- 
lalinii.    :.' .M.'  Missinii    siiiiiini    Wt'slryiin    .Mi«- 

siniiaiy  Sntirly  ;  'J  liiisHiniiiirirs.  H  mil  slaliniiH. 
KHil  rhiirt  II  liU'inhri'M,  II  Siinilay  niIiihiIm,  HUH 
Hi'hiiliirN. 

Illirill>ih«»|»«',  a  town  In  'rrmitviial,  Sniitli 
.Vfriiii,  in  llir  ilisirirl  nf  .Mmskn;  a  ilrrmmiiiH' 
Inir;.'  slalinn,  with  II7U  ihiirih  iiii'inlirrH, 

lllir|MM»l,  a  rily  of  Arini-iiia,  :.MH)  inil(!« 
Hiiiitliwo.st  llf  KrKriNiiii,  ahtiiit  UO  iiiIIl-h  ciimI  of 


HARPOOT 


410      HA8TINOS,  EUROTAS  PARMELBB 


llii'  KiipliiiilfM.  ItM  ohii'f  lmp(irlimcn  IIch  in  'Im 
|MiMiliiiii.  Il  i~^  till'  rnilli'  iif  M  l.'il'L'i'  lliliulirr  (if 
villlk;;i'Hriivi'l'iliir  Itli  r\l<'liili(l  |il.'iili.  Mini  ciiih;!- 

Iiiilri)?  Ilir  "Illy  sciiiiiii  111  AniKiiiii  wlicri' 
III!'  Ariiii'iiiiiii^  iviii  taiily  cliiiiii  in  niiistiliili'  it 
lii:ijiii'ily  (if  llir  |iii|iiihilli>ii.  A<ixii(  h  il  liii'<  liiiti 
f"ir  iu:iiiy  yciiis  ilic  nkisI  iiniiniliiiil  iinij  nik- 
C(W'*fiil  Htiilioii  of  III)'  A  |{  I  I'".  \|,  ill  KiihI- 
iMii  'riiikcv.  'I'liccily  ilscH  Ims  a  Imil'i' 'I'lii  kisli 
|iii|iiilaiiiiii,  lull  llii!  plain  is  :iliiiii>l  cniin  l\ 
Ai'iiiciilali.  1 1  is  I  lie  K(  III  III'  I'.iiplinili  s  ( '(illi'..''i', 
mill  liiis  It  iiiIhsIiiiiiii  V  t'liii'i'  III  I  iiii>(Niiiii.'irii'K  ami 
wives,  ;<  fi'iiiiilc  iiiissioiiiirlcM.  'I'licrc  itic  in  (lie 
cily  'J  cliiirclics.  Iiiilli  xtvll  Mippoilin;.',  willi  'A'lH 
cliiircli  incnilii'i's,  't  scliiiiiU,  itnil  HXi  .sclidlitrs. 
(See  Arnicniit  ) 


lliirly  years  nf  iisifiil  seiviee  in  KalTiiriit,  Sdiilli 
Alriia  A  (liiiiL'liler  wits  inarilcd  lii  A.  VV. 
Ilcyili',  wild  was  a  iiilsHioniiiy  itt  Kyulitn^,  on  llie 
IkiiiIi'I'  III  'I'liiliel. 

llllMoiIll,  a  illslrii'l  and  tnwn  in  Myvdic, 
India  ,  Malidii  (if  llie  \V(s|(yiin  Melliddisl'  Mis 
siiin  Sdcit'ly  ;  '■i  inissioMiiries.  HI  I'liiirili  nieni 
Imi'h,  !  Snndity  scIkmiI,  .s|  Hclidlars,  I  day 
.seliuiils,  ^.'iS  pupils. 

lliiH|liiKM<     I'Uimliit    I*iiriii<'l4'<',     Il 

Cliiil N.    Y.,    {'.    S     A.,    Apiil    Kill,    IK'JI. 

i;iadiiaK'd  at  lliiniillnii  ('iiliiL'e  |M|'.',  niid 
I'nidii  I'liiMildifieal  .Siininaiy  IHIfl;  diilaiiii  il 
at    <  linliin,   ()i  loliir  liili,    Ml'tl.    miliaikid    loi 


Cevldii.  Ndvcnilici   IHili  II 


ic  same  year,  as  mis 


lliirllr).  Kl«>liar«l   <;rlllllliM. 


.Il 


Kidiiaiy  of  the  A    It.  ('.  F,  M.     On  Ids  anival 
•il    11 


^itlth,    is;m    at    Man.  lies,,  r,    Knir  .  sindied    at      Z..^:':l  /ll'lr'".*;'' .^i!'..'.!' u.."''''!"!'    ',^,.;'!'    '," 
liitncasliire  Indepindenl  ('nlleLre  ,  was  ela^sicitj 


tiitiir  at  Aindali  (iillcL'e  :  sailed  lor  .Madit);ir 
lai'.liine  I  nil.  |M(|:|.  as  a  ini^wiiimtry  (if  llie  Lmi' 
(Inn  .Misslniiary  Sdciely.  lie  wit.s  detained  in 
.Maiii'itiiis.  Iiy  disliirlmnees  in  .Madau'aseai'  and 
the  nnfitvdr.'ilile  seiLsnn.  (ill  llie  fiilliiwimr  yi  ar, 
lie  paid  sjieeial  allentlnn  In  the  Clnisiian  lilei- 
iililii'  in  lh<'  Malairasy  hini;iiaL'e.  At  .Xiidnlidid 
lie  Iddk  eliitiL'e  df  llie  native  elinich  mid  the 
dill  slatidiis  eiinneeted  with  it,  lint  was  com- 
pelled Id  leave,  in  IMIIH.  Iiy  ||ie  ill  lii^altli  iif  liiin- 
Bclf  and  his  wife.  Siinii  after  his  return  to 
JOni;laiid  he  carried  tlirciii;;h  the  press  it  new 
edilidli  of  the  New  'reslainent  in   tlie  Malaifasy 


aiii'iiai;e, 


and   df  the  li\  inn  liiink  in  the  saint- 


htriictdr  in  the  liatlicdttit  Seininitry,  where  he 
reinained  live  years,  and,  (in  a  lirief  visit  in  ihe 
I'liited  Stales,  married,  and  in  IH.Vt  re-emliai  ked 
fdr  ('eyidii.  lie  resnnied  his  cdiineclidn  with 
the  seminary  iinlil  il  was  cldsed  two  years  later 
liy  the  di'piitiilidii  fi'diii  llie  itoard;  was  llien 
stalidiied  for  two  years  at  ( 'liavai;iiclieiy.  and 
then  for  twelve  years  at  Mancpy.  In  ]H',{t  he 
airaiii  visited  the  I'niled  Stales,  and  eiiLriined 
with  .Mr.  Sanders  in  ciiilecliiif;  funds  for  a  c(i| 
h  :;e  in  .lalVnit.  Uiliirnin;;,  lie  was  apiHiinled 
ill  IHT'J  prisidetil  (if  the  cdll(i.'e.  In  |sn-J  he 
made  a  lirief  visit  linine,  and  while  there  re 
ceiv('(i  the  deL;ree  (if  l>.|).  frnm  llamiltnn  ( 'dl 
lejle. 


After  dceiipyinir  the    jiresideiiey  (if   Ihe 

collejfi'  for  seventeen  years,  he  nliicd  in  IHHU, 

on  accdiint  of  increasintr  pliysii  a!  inlliiiiilii  s. 

and   i(  iiiiived   to  the   Manejiy  elation,  of  vtliich 

llarf  lllllll,    ^rM.,  ^dr  ciL'tileen  years  wife      lie  Iddk  cliiii'L'e       lie  died  , Inly  ;!|s| .  iNllil.  aflii 


ldni.'iie.     lie  died  III  ISdiiiin'indiii h,   Feliniary 
l:{lh.  1H7I>. 


of  niis-iriieii  \  (if  lliil    ii.iine,  wlm  went  in  IH-.'K      an   illness  df  two  or  three  dav 


The   fiiiK nil 


Id  Sill  iiiaiii 


III 


lis  sialiiined  for  eiirhl  years  at      timk   plai c   Ail^'Usi    |sl   at  .Maiiepy.  the  (  Inin  li 


I'aniniariliii,  and   linn   fur  ten  years  at  ('liaihil  lieinir  eriiwded  with  llinse  who  had  ciniie  linm 

teiiliiirL'.  where  in    1^11   he  died,      Dislrcs^   for  all    parts  df  .lalVnii.  and    his  reniiiiiis   were  de 

his  death  drove  her  Id  Ihe  |,(ird  for  consnlal ion,  posiled    in    the    ceinetery    at    Oodonville    with 

ttnd   the  joy  of  His  presence  eniililcd   her  lode-  tlidse  of    Dr.    and    .Mrs.  Spallldilifr,    .Mrs    Wilis 


Vdle  lier  life  .mew  tii    His  servic( 


'riieiicefor-      low,  and  oll|i|> 


ward  it  was  no  exa<.'i;eratiiiii  to  sav  that  "  w  liei 


I'lie  follnwini?  extnicis  from  a  letler  of  Mr. 


ever  Ihecliimtte  was  iniisi  iinheitllhy,  w  herever      Aslmry,  a  native  preacher,  shiiw  hiiw   he 
the  service   was    must    lalinriniis,    wheri  ver   the       reiraided  liV  till'  unlive' 


^'icitest    self  denial    was    reipiired,   Ihilliei 


" 'I'lie  death   (if    Dr.   Ilastiii);s  liitH  iTl'ltleil   ill 

departed  siller  deli'.diled  to  repair."     Wherever  the  minds  of  Inindreds  in  .lalTiia  a  sense  of  per 

asiation  was  vacated   Iiy  sickness  nr  death,  slin  sdiial  loss.      Mow  itie  we  L'dinir  In  iret  on  wiili 

liiisteni'd  Id  dccnpy  the  i^rdiind  till  a  ini'-idnarv  (Hit  his  inatiire  counsel,  his  kind  adinnnitidiis, 

shdiild  he  sent  Id  till  it.  liviiii.' aliiiie,  keepinir  I  he  his  lieiiiirn   words  df  i  nc(iiiiai:einent,    the  IV. 'ii 

fiirsaken  thick  to'jelher.  adiiiiniisliiii^r,  cdiiifnil.  and  dlLfiiily  of  his  presence,  llie  aiilicipalidii  ■>!' 

inu'.    inslriiclin'.'    tln^  adults,   and    teitchiiiLr   the  his  approval,  his  spirit   thai   nnived  lis  all  as  if 

chilili'en.  iM'casiiiii.'illy  makiie.'  "  inenrsiun^  inio  by  maiiic.  his  Christiiin   fathership,   his  /cal  in 

the  siirriiiindiii'.'  heathen  neiLdilidrlnidd.  '     lier  the  .Master's  cause,  vi  s,  even  lii'i  piitiidlisni  in 

lidine,  when   iidl  ihiis  iicciipied,  was  ainiinir  the  the  eniiiltry  of  his  ailnplion  '.'     The  heallii  n  iiiid 


III! 


It    Knir\   ( 'iiiii|i.  a   free  iicL'td  vil        tin 


state  and  Ihe  erriiiL' ( 'hrisliitii  he  iicm 


ihere  she  lived  ill  all  nidinarv  tn'i^ro  In 


handled  rniiL'hlv  and  with  a  men  iless  scnldiiiir: 


endiiriii'j   cheerfully   all    Ihe    pri\ali(iiis    which  and    he   never    sliiiwid    his  di'^i.'iist    and    disap 

such  a   residence  invdived,  iinwilliiiL'  when  she  pnivitl    (if    lliiir   dninirs    Iiy    keepintr   clear   nf 

visited    her  missidn.ny    frii  nds   (wliicli    iiid I  .  tliein.      Itiii  In   preferred  in  treat  all  nf  them  In 

wif;  iitrei    tn  slay   iiKire  than    a    day    lesi    iheir  the  spirit   iil    the   Mailer,  shiiwinir    tin'  iiliiinsi 

HiH'icIv  shdiild   make  her  less  willini;  In  retiiin  kindness  under  the  variiiiis  circnnislanees,  and 


Id 


lie     ncL'tdcs. 


Sh 


e    lidf    (inly    enjnyii 


I    the      let    Ihein  invari.iliU  see  thai   IIicn   were  dealin: 


tinliniinded   'jialiliide  nf  these  pnnr  p(  uple.  lint       wilh  nm   wlin  knew  tliein  wi  II.  and  w  Ini  liesidr 


had  I  he  privilcL'C  ■  ■  in  see  inaliy  nf  l  In   nli  jecis  nf 


a  thnrniiLrli   l'chiIi  inaii  and  an   cxeiiiplaiy 


her  care  truly  cnnverleil.  tind  iiepared  fur  ( 'hrisli.in.  Tin  yniini.'  -md  Ihe  nid,  the  liili 
heaven  "  She  llnished  hei  wiirk  al  I'ltiiiniitrilid,  and  the  dcsijtiile  Hi  •  leaiin  il  .iiid  tin  i;;iioraiil, 
D('(  (inlier,  Ituth,  \^~hi,  liaviii;;  lieeri '.'T  yi  itrs  in      men  nf  pn-iiinii  .iinl  ihn^c  nf  ihc  Inwer  ranks 


Siirinani. 


Mie  was 


Iriilv  <  'hri-ti 


hernine 


Of  her  cliildreii,  (ine  snii  was  fill   several  vear- 


all  alike  llncked  In  him  fnr  advice  mi  matl<  r-' 
spiritn.'d  as  w  ell  as  teiiipninl.  Snine  df  lis  who 
missidiiary  amoiiL'  the  almriirines  nf  .Viislialia,  had  the  piivile'.r('  nf  siMiic  al  his  feel  for  lliiri\ 
and  afterwards  aiimni;  He'  Indi.'iiis  in  Canada,  and  fnrty  yeiirs  know  hiiiI  feel  thitl  he  wit.s  it 
A  Hccdiid  sdii  returned  Imme  after  more  tlntii      ^rfut  fiicliir  in  our  ttfter-udiicHtiuii,  uud  thai  we 


F 


i^\ 


i 


i 


I 


e« 


m 


to 


C"-^^ 


A 


•l 


^i\r 


^.^ 


</v 


-      i 


X 

o 


o 


Ui 


41 

1 
J 

I 

r 

^ 

^ 

o 


CO 


I<^ 


J 


HASTIN08,  BUROTAS   PARMELEB       III 

iiwr  Miiii'li  of  iiiir  icIiiHiiiriil  mill  M|ilrlliiiillly  )'• 
tlir  liirl  III'  ■MM'  lillviM).:  I  iillir  ill  riililitt'l  with  llJH 
IKilil)   rliMnirti  r  Mini  Imlv  iiiiliiii'." 

'I'liiMiL'li  |)r.  Ihi~iiiit.'s  iji'Miii'ij  liiiiiNi'ir  liirifi'ly 
til  liulivr  rilnriiliiiM,  ill'  liiiii  till'  iirlivr  sii|m  ijii- 
tt'llili'lirr  III'  Mi'Mliil  I  iilirrjli"-  nil  Ills  liiiliiU  III 
llir  'iiliir  tiiiir  willi  IiIm  ciliiriitiiitiul  wink. 

■Ill 'r«ii*tll*«*,  H  tiiwii  in  N'nrtli  'riMn'^viiiil. 

I'ji--I  .Siiiilli  Aliini,  siiiilli  lit  ilii'  |,iiii|iii|»i  ICivrr, 
Miillllii'M^I  III  Viililrsiii  .Ml>siii|i  .|,'il|ni<  lli'illii 
ICviiii^'i'linil  I, mill  run  Smirlv  i  Is;-,'),  I  iiiis^liiii 
iiiV.KI  iiiiilvi' lirl|iri>,  |:liint  stiitiiiMN,  •'illrlniri  h' 
llirinlii'i's,  Ut  srIiiHils,   IT  sriiiiliiis. 

Illllloil  %«T*i«»ll.      'I'lir   ll;iiisii,  lii'liiiiL'ilii; 

Id  I  III-  Nr'jrii  'J  loll  |i  111  All  ir.lM  liiliL'imi;iH.  js  till' 
vrniMi  1 1  III  I  I  if  II  niiniri'iiiis  Wr-t  Aliii  iiiitrilir.  iiiiil 
JH  vri'V  mill  li  till'  iiiiilliini  111'  riiniiiiiiniraliiiti 
(iViT  I'Mili^iM'  lii^lrii  Is  nil  lintli  sjili',  till'  i-jvirs 
Niiirr  iiiiil  'IMiiiiMii.  iMiiinir  iIk'  nihi'  M">T  iIk- 
lliillsli  mill  l''iiri  iu'ti  llililr  Smirty  |iiililis|iril  iil 
liiilnliili  llir  (tn'-|irlsnr  MmIIIu'VV  iiihI  l.ilkr,  llic 
Ai'i-<  111  ilii'  A|in^ili'4,  mill  ilii-  |Siiiil\  111  <ii  iii'xii. 
'rill'  liMii-l.'ilinn,  wliiili  WHS  iniiilr  li\  iIh  Itcv. 
.1.  I'".  Sriii'ill  111  till'  (  llilirll  Mls^inliiin  Sni  ii'ly.  ill 
|H|;i  WHS  rmrliilly  ri'Visi'il  liy  llif  lirlp  nl  t'\i. 
niilivrsnl'  till'  llmisti  ('iiiiiiliy  |iiisni'shi'i|  nl   run- 

hillrl.'lllll'    illll'lllLCrlK'l',    W  III!    llllll    llll'tl     ri'-illill^ 

llir  nini'i'  tli'in  si\  mnnllis  nmlir  llir  liiiiisl.'itnr's 
I'linr.  In  IN.'iN  till'  liijiik  111'  I'Aiiiliis  mill  .Inlin's 
•  iii-|irl    Wcir   inliliil.       Ill    \X'i\>    tlir   rliliir    Ni  w 

'ri'simni'iii  wiis  i'iiiii|ilrii'i|  Ml  till'  |ii'i  s^  ill  (  liiit' 
liMiii,  iiiulir  till'  siiiicriiili'iiili'iirr  uf  Mr  Si'limi. 
A  lliitislMlii<il  III'  tlir  I'silliis  liy  l>r.  Iliiiki)'  wiis 
|iiilili.-lii  i|  ill  \>*K>1  iiiiiliT  till' I'Mii' 111  Mr  Srlii'iri, 
will!  iiImi  sil|irrililrlii|i  iI  IIii'  |i|  ilil  ill'.'  nt  Ills 
tl'Mllsliilinll  111'  till'  lliiiik  III  UmImIi.  |illlili>|iri|  ill 
IKHI. 

(S/Mirimeu  ver»e.    .Inliti  :i:  Id.) 

Dnn  Alia  ya  no  dvnin  hpUcanan  m  yn  Au'/'i- 
l)(inm  niifari,  en  knwil  ya  tjiriiu  da'.u,  Imi  i.'i  tjlialu 
ltd,  (imimi  ji  yi  rat  hal  ahhuli. 

Iliiwtili,    or  Hiiii«lu'i«-li    loliiiiil*.     A 

L'iiiii|i  \\  iiiir  ill  till'  niiilillr  111  till'  I'Mi'itir  i  tmni. 
in  III.  Ill  In  '."J  nmlli  mikI  Inn;.'  I'l.'i  In  Hill 
wi'^l,  iiliiiiil  '.i.lMHI  mill's  frniii  Smii  h'tMiirism  mihI 
'l,><iKi  mill's  •'mm  IIuml'  Knnu.  'I'lir  i.hiiiili 
wiri' ilisinvi'iril  liy  ( 'M|ilMiii  I  link  in  ITTh.  Mini 
will'  iimiinl  liy  liim  tin-  SiiiiilvNiili  I-ImihIs;  IhiI 
IIu'V  li.'ivr  iilwiiys  In  in  imIIiiI  lliiUMii  liv  tin- 
IIMllVrs  tlll'lllsi'lvcs,  mill  lllMt  is  linw  till'  ili-lillit- 
ivr  iiMliir  III'  tlir  klliL;ilnni.  'I'ln-  |iiiiiri|iMl  i>l 
Mills  Mini  llii'ir  II  siii'i'livi'  iiniis  mi'.  llM'.Miii, 
•l.x.'iO  si|iimr  mill's;  Mmii,  ".V)  sijnmi'  mihs; 
OmIiii,  7110  si|iiMii'  mills;  Kiiimi.  7><(i.s(|niiri'  milrn; 
.Mi'lnkMi.  I  ill  si|iiMi'i'  mill's;  l.tiiiMi.  1 7ii  -iinmi! 
nulls;   N'iili.iii.  I  in  si|ii,'iri' milis,  Mini  KmIiiiImwi', 

llllnlll    III  si|l|MII'  mill's. 

I'lijisiiiil  h'liiliiiiH.  AlmnsI  till' I'litiri' siirl'Mi'i' 
nl'  llnwiiii  is  riim|nisi'i|  nl'  Hir  s|ii|ii'.,  nl  rmii  vnl- 
iMIlli'  iiiiimmImIiis;  MmiIIim  Lum.  I:!. llllll  I'lit  lii'.'li, 
i^  niir  .'I  llii'  liw  Mi'li\  I' vnlriinnrs,  MiiiniM  Iv'M. 
nil  till'  ii|i|iii'.iii'  iiiiilli  siili'  lit'  III!'  i'.lmiil,  is 
1:1  Nii.i  I,  (.|  ji,  liriiilit  mill  Is  ilii'  liiulii'si  |ii  Mk  In 
ilii'  I'lH'ilii' I  »ri'mi.  Tills  islMiiil  is  111  lii-.|iiiiriil 
inlin-sl  .'IS  lii'iiiL'  tlir  |i1mii'  win  ir  l':i|ilMili  CiMik 
WMs  killiil.  Mini  M  miiiiiinnnl  is  m  rliil  nl  Kiii- 
liiki'Mkii.'i  liny.  Mmii  Iims  mNh  mniintMins  nl'  vnl- 
I'Mliir  iil'iL'ill,  with  I'lrlili'  VMllrys  lyiiiL'  liiUMrli. 
KmIiiiImwi.  tiiLiitlirr  with  l.iiiii,  isii  lm'i.'i' slii'<'|i 
|iMs|i|ii'.  .Mnlnkiii  is  rnrini'il  liy  a  liiirklHiiic 
liiltri'.  Willi    IuIi'imI  s|iiiis  rill  Insiiii;  riiviiii'K.     A 


HAWAII 

jl'IMT  M'lllcllll'lll,  wlicll-  till'  rmilnlls  KmIIiit 
l*illllii'll  liilxin-)!  llllll  iliril,  Is  I  III'  ntily  jnlrii'sl. 
ill);  si'iili'iiii'iil  IIII  llijs  isliiinl.  Oiiliii  Is  iinlnl 
fur  llir  Im'IiiiIv  of  lis  srriirry.  I'l'iiks,  rlill's, 
nivitirs.  I  ii'-i'iiiirs  anil  l:n|iii'Ml  vi'LrrlMliiin  imlli' 
In  |i|r!i<<'  llir  r\r.  |l  is  IrilVrrsiil  fi'iiin  snnlli 
I'llsl  Id  iinithwi'sl  liN  Iwn  iiiiriillrl  rmiL'isnl  liills. 
Itv  xiiiir  tnlriinir  ii|ilii'iiMil  M  liny  111  llir  srn  Iim  < 
iM-rii  I  niiM'rlril  jiiiii  m  (ilMili  snmr  Iwiiily  tivr 
frri  iiImiVi'  llir  li  vrl  nl  llir  nrriiil.  mill  this  is  l|ii> 
silr  III  llnlinllllil.  tin  rMjiilnl  nl  llir  kint'ilnm. 
Kllll'ii.  likr  Ihr  IrsI  nf  ihr  islnnils,  is  mniilil  iiii- 
nllH,  lull  tills  iiililiy  \Mllrys  w  liirli  mr  vriy  fir 
tlir.  mill  llir  iinrlli  >ii|r  nf  llir  islmnl  is  ||ir 
I'linirr^l  liiinl  Inr  L'inwint''  sllifMr  ill  till'  W  linll! 
•.'rnit|t  Nllliiiil  liiis  II  iliy,  frrljlr  Mill,  mill  Ih 
ll^i'il  Inr  |>i|sli|i  iiiL'  '■liri'li. 

I'liiii'iti  'I'lir  I  limiilr  nf  iniirly  nil  tlir  isl- 
IIImIs  Is  iinttti  Inr  its  lirMlllifilllirss.  Inr  llinil^'ll 
k\iiriii  il  is  r)|ii:ililr.  mnl  llinr  is  vny  lilllr  vm  i 
lilinii  ill  lrlii|H'riililir  IhIwi'I'Ii  llir  W'ililrr  Mini 
Niiiiiiiirr.  I  triir  skii's  mnl  rrLMiliir  Imnl  mnl  srii 
htir/i  s  rniiiliihr  In  irinlri  llir  i«luinls  niir  nf  tliu 
llin^l  l|rlii;||lflll  Inilillllt  inns    ill    tlir  Wiillll.       'I'lltl 

niiiifiill  is  i|iiili'  I'Mi'ssivr,  rsiiniiilly  mi  lliii 
wiinlwMiil  >ii|i  nf  llir  liirL'rr  islnnils. 

/'i'>/i/<  'IIk  iiMlivrs  nf  llir  lliiwiiii  IsImmiIk 
iN'Inii'.'  Ill  iltr  Maliiy  riirr.  lis  ninilitlnl  liy  tin* 
|'nl\iir<imi  l\|ir.  I'liysinilly .  liny  mr  iininii;; 
llir  lilM -t  rair^  in  llir  I'lirilii  ,  mnl  I  liry  liiivr 
slinw  II  rnii'-iili  lalilr  iiilrllrrtiiMl  rM|iMi'ity.  I'rr 
vinii-  In  llir  iiiiiniluriinii  nf  I  liri^limiily  liny 
wrrr  Mill  llllll  II  sii|H'rinr  in  iiininl  i  limiirlrr  lit 
any  il  llir  nllnr  sivm'jis  in  tlir  I'm  ilir  I'nlyu' 
aiii>.  iiilMiiiii'iilr.  anil  |Mil\mnliy  all  |in'VMiliil. 
'I'lir  jilnlairy  nf  till'  K.'inMkiis.  ms  thr  niilivrs  air 
rallMl,  wm'-  liarliarnns  ami  lilnmllliiisty,  fur 
liiiiiiaii  «arritiir«  wr:r  liri|iirntl\  nlVrrnl  ilnriiiir 
III!' sji  klir^s  nf  a  rliii  f.  at  llir  ill  ilinitinii  nf  a 
Irlllplr,  ni  llir  illir|ilin||  nfll  war.  I  III  llirnllii  r 
liainl.  llir  lialivr-.  mr  rvrli  li'ni|ii'rril,  lit'lit- 
hraitiil.  mill  :i  |i|rasiirr  Inviiii;  larr.  Uiilini;  in 
a  favnrjir  miin'^'iiirtit.  mill  linrsrs  air  |ili  iilifiil. 
Surf  swiiiiiiiiii:.'  i^  uiiivrrsally  rn  jnynl,  mnl  i;ii  af 
skill  is  I'vliiliitnl  in  llnaliiiL'  in  llir  liirakns, 
Wlirii  llir  islainl~  w i  ir  ilisrnvrii  il  tlir  lialivi'M 
will'  r-iiiii!ilr<l  Ml  IIHI.INMI.  lint  liny  si  rin  In 
Ih'iIvIii:.'  mil  Inr  llir  I  rlisiis  nf  |SH|  ^.jvrs  iiiily 
.Ml.lNNI  iiMlivrs.  anil  il  is  IrMiril  llllll  in  t  lir  rmil's'r 
nl  a  frw  yriir^  llir  tnllil  iMllirlinn  nf  tlir  linr 
willrli-iir  'i'lir  rrlliMllnlrl'  nf  llir  |iii|ii|l:il  inn 
i'misi«|,  nf  i/i\H  liall  iMslis,  'J.l  ;o  nf  InniL^II 
ilr^O'lil.  i;.l>:i)M  llilir>r.  ami  I'-^.'^Mi  fnrrit'lirls. 
'I'lir  <  liiiii-H-  arc  ra|ii<lly  iiinnii|inli/,inK  llir  Ini  nl 

IIMilr.  llllll  arr  VMIIliI  lalinlrls  nil  llir  sliirar 
|il.'iiitalimis.  'I'lir  ImiL'iiMU'r  is  M  liiMtirli  nf  ilin 
.Mal'in  rnl«  iir-ian.  ami  ran  lii  iinilrrslnml  liy 
Nrw  /I'.ilaiiiirr' .  It  is  a  snfi,  lii|iiii|.  vncallr 
tnliL'llr.  iniilailliliL'  nlily  livr  rnlisiinmils,  i,  t,  III, 
II,  /I,  all  asiiiraliil  /',  livr  vnwrls,  anil  a  vii- 
ralir  if. 

'I'lir  fnrillrr  Maiity  rnsliiiiir  nf  llir  IliliMliilMlltH 
lias  linw  L'nrii  placr  in  mmlrrii  l'jll<i|ii'mi  illrss, 
lllnlf.-ll  llir  wnllirll  slill  rlillL'  In  llir  IliilnkM.  II 
Innsr  wliilr  nr  i  ninlril  vaillirllt  willi  Imnr 
sirrvrs. 

l>-|irn>y  is  |irrvalriil.  tiinl  tin-  ^'nvrrntiiriit  liiiH 
rxtalilisliril  II  si-llliliirnl  nil  Mnlnkiii.  wlnir  siif. 
frriTs  fmm  l|ii'>  i|i>4'asr  iin-  i-njiilril. 

'I'lir  '.'nvrrniiii'iii  is  11  Iimiinl  mnnmrliy  'I'liii 
kiiit:.  K  ilakana  I.,  is  nf  |iiiii'  llauMiimi  lilnnil. 
Tlirrr  mr  Iwn  llniisi'N.  llir  llmisr  nl'  .Nnliirs  alnl 
llir  llnii-4'  nf  |{r|iirsriiliilivrs,  rlri  Iril  llliili  I  II 
limilril  fimii  liisi'  law.  'I'lir  in<lr|ii'nili  iirrnf  ihii 
kilM/ilolll  WilH  ni'<));ili/ri|    liy   llir    (irnit     I'nWrrH 


IttI 


!l 


H 


^ 


m 


li 


RAWAn 


419 


HEBREW   VERSION 


I 


ill  1H|:I  liy  iiri  iirrimu'i'iiK'nt  inmli'  in  Imnd,  tlir 
pivi'riiitii'iit  iif  till'  (  iiiii'il  Siiiti's  riitiii'iiU  Mil* 
f(iri-i;.'ii  ii'ltiiiiiii^  Willi  lliiwiiii. 

Hiliijiiiii.  ^inrr  llic  ■.|M)iilaiiii)iis  inovi'lliriil 
(if  IHll)  '.'0,  will  II  iijiils  iiinl  lr|li|il)'s  wcD'  ill' 
Hll'o.M'ij  liy  III!'  liiiilvi's.  llii'  i;ii>|ii|  |iii-<  till  II 
|ircMrliril  illllil  llli'  w  liiili'  littlliili  Is  now  |iliirli 
Cllllv  (  III  i-liiill  'I'lir  Aliii'l  Irilll  liijs^iiiiiiii  li'..  III'. 
I'ivi'ij  ill  IH'.'II,  mill,  ill  llllilililill  In  III  rii||||llis||i|lir 
llli'  riilivi'l''<ii>li  III'  lilt'  iNliillili'ls  III  llii'  I  lilislJMIi 
r<'liL.'ii>ii,  tlii'N  iii>ii.'lil  IIh'Im  III  I'l'inl  mill  wrilr, 
rriliK'iii'.'  ilirir  immuiii,')'  fur  IIk-  IIi'hI  tiini-  tii  u 

Wlilll'll    tlll'lll.        All    l'<lllll^  llf  ll'llLrillll   IIK'  tnll'l 

iilcil.   Kiiiii'iii  (  iiilioiii's,    AiiL'lirmiH,   mill   Inn 
);r<'i;iiiiiiiiiili~N  mi'  ilir  |>riiii'l|iitl  i|riiiiiiiiiiiiiiMii>i. 
Sriiiiiilo  lilt'  I'siiiliji-lii'il  III!  iivi  r  III!'  is  lull  1 1  1 1  III  III' 
till' K'livt'iiiiiii'iit    mill  ill   Hhm   iIiiii'  wiif  H,^;(i 

|iII|i|Ih  llllrliilill^   |H!)  •.I'lllltils. 

i'lii'   |iriiii'i|>iil  rilii's  mi'    llonnliilii.  III!'  f'ii|i 
ilill.    nil    till'   islmnl    ol'    Oiiliii    Mj.v.i:    mill    (Mil 

wilii,  |Ni|iiiliiiiiin  l.'JiMii;  Liilmiim  i.Mmil,  |in|iii 
littinii   ;i,iNNii,  mill   Weiiiii'it  (Kmiiil,  |in|iiiltiiiiiii 

1    -'<Hli. 

Mifniiill    Work     -'I'llf  lliHlnl'V  nf  llll-tsinli   will'k 
ill    IlllWltii    ll'llltl'M   IHll'   of    llli'    Mln-<l    sli;|ii|ji'mil 

li'iiiiii|ili'-iil'ilii'L'"-|ifl.  iSrt'A.  II  ('.  I''.  M.)  Mi'- 
hIiiii  W'lirk  in  llir  isJuinlM  it  imw  iniili.iril  In  Hint 
uiiintiL' t  Ih' ( 'liiiM'Ni'  mill   .liiiimii'Hr      A   rnii'iL;ii 

HII|H'l'illll'lllll'lll    is  Inl'llti'll  lit    llnlinllllll,   wlllll'  II 

t'liiirt'li  liiiH  lii'i'ii  fiiiiiii'il,  mill  lilt'  nllit'i'  isliimls 
llff  visili'tl  liy  rviillL't'li'-tM  nr  lilt'  liiiliisli'iiil  !ii 
liy  ri'siili  III  li'iii'liifs  Mill!  Ih'1|m'|h.     Uvit  m  Iiiiii 

llri'll  |ll||iils,  llnvsiiliil  U'ltls,  lllf  I'lllllll'I'tl'tl  W'itll 
till-  '<rlin<iU.  I'llf  S.  r.  (J.  Iiiivi',  williili  tin; 
Inst  yi'iii'  ur  two,  liiki'ii  linlil  nl'  llii'  w'nrU  mnntii; 
till'  ( 'liini'si' iilsn  Till'  wnik  mi  u,;;  lllf  .liijimi 
(•sf,  wlin  Miiw  lillinlifl  iiliniil  l;l,(HHI  nil  lllf  i'^l- 
ntiil,  is  iinilfi'  lllf  cmi'  nf  llif  M.  \\.  ('Iiiiiili, 
wIhi  liiiVf  fsl.'ililislifil  sliiliniis  iltliiir  liiistnl'ill 
I'lii'f  III  liniinliilii  mill  nil  Kmii,  .Maui,  iliiwiili, 
mill  OiiliM  Kill'  iilliiT  wnrk  tlml  is  fmritil  mi 
liy  tlif  lliiw'iiiimi  iiaiivf  fliiircli,  hcu  iluw';iiiiiii 
i:<vuii);(-li<'ul  AH.siiciiiiiiiu. 

iiiitt'iiiiiiii    i:«iiiitf<*iiciii    /%MM«M'iii- 

litlll.  -  llfaili|Ual'lfrs.  Ilniinliilii,  Siiiiilw  if  li  Isl- 
uiiiN. 

In  INIIHlif  lirst  |iarly  ol'  tiiissiniiiirifs  to  the 
Sniiilw'ifli  Islaiiils  I'f'iflifil  llnlinllllll.  'I'lii; 
iifii|ilf  nf  Hawaii  liiiil  alifiiily  fast  iiwiiy  llifir 
Itlnls.  mill  wfi'f  riaily  tnri'ffivf  Cliiislimi  Itacli- 
\u)i.  I'llf  wink  innifi'fsHfd  i'a|iiiily,  mnl  assnnn 
lis  M'.'U  tlifi'f  was  rniiiifil  lllf  llawaiimi  Kvmi- 
Jlfllial  Assnf iaiinli,  fnnsislilijV  nf  lllf  niissinii- 
iirifs  nf  lllf  .\.  It.  C.  V,  ,M.  in  lllf  SiiMilwifh 
Islmiils,  tnt'fllifi'  with  nlliff  ri'siilfiil  fvaiiL'fl- 
ical  inissiiinarifs  nf  fni'iiL'n  liirtli  wlm  wtif  in 
Hyiiipatliy  with  llifin  .\s  tlif  islmiils  liftaiiif 
iniii'f  mill  iiini'f  ( 'liri.stimii/.fil,  tlif  ilisirf  lifiainf 
gri'iitfl'  til  f  Mfiiil  lllf  wnrk  In  nllifr  islanils,  mnl 
III  IH.Vi,  with  till'  lifl|i  mill  fii'iiiifratinii  nf  the 
Alllfrifilll  Mnmil,  lllf  lnnplf  ilflfllliini'il  tn  t'H- 
tiihlisli  niissjiins  in  thf  far  Smith  anil  W'fst, 
til  Iff  thniismiil  iniifHawiiy,  atiinii;.'  thf  <  ainliiif, 
Marshall,  mill  ('illiirt  Islanils.  Thus  lifeaii  tlit- 
fm'fiirii  wnrk  nf  Ilif  Hawaiian  K\aiiirf liitil 
AKsiifialinn.  In  1Hli;t  it  was  ri'nrtraiii/.fil,  ainl 
the  wnrk  nf  thf  A  \K.  < '.  1''.  M.  in  ilif  Smiilwiih 
Islanils  was  trmisff rrfil  tn  il.  thf  .Xnifiifan 
linanl  fniiliiMiini;  In  en  ii|ifratf  with  thf  lla 
waiiaii  Sniifty,  fspffiiilly  in  its  wmk  ainmi'j. 
tlif  Chiiifsf  and  .fa|imii'sf  iiiiniivirants.  Tin- 
Hniinl  nf  tilt!  Ilawaiiiin  Kvaii);flifal  Assncialinn 
(■(iiiHlHtK  nf  lint  less  tliiin  fi^hlffii  iiifinhfrs,  niif. 
tLird  of  whom   tmiHt   Ix;  iiativt-.s,  iiiiil  who  mv. 


lilvldftj  Into  llirt'c  cImsm's,  fiiili  si'rvlii);ii  pitIinI 
of  llirif  yiars.  Thf  llnaid  ihtls  lis  own 
oMIi'fis  anil  appolnis  sin  h  i  ninliiillff.s  as  Ilif 
wnrk  it'ipilri  s.  tlif  I  M'l  nlivf  ollliir  lifliii;  u 
I  Mill  spmiilintf  M'cnlmy  who  is,  i'\  nlllfio,  u 
im  nilitr  nf  all  loiiiiiiiitti  s.  'I  his  nMli  f  Iiiih 
III!  II  hfid  III  ilillfri'iil  llini's  li\  ai  Ifiisi  tniir 
fhililn  II  nf  lllf  inissimi.  Thf  work  is  iliviih'il 
inin  fiiiir  ilfpailliiftits.  full  i I'll  wmk,  liniiif 
Wnrk.  wnrk  miimiL:  ihi  Ifpiis.  mnl  piililifiiilnii 
ilfpartiiniit  Thf  last  lllf iitimiid  issins,  with 
lllf  hf  Ip  nf  thf  .Xiiifiii  an  ItiMf  Sniif  ly  anil  thf 
Aini'iifaii  llnaril  Hawaiian  ISililis  and  lis  inn- 
linnks  in  lllf  illalffis  III  ihf  .Marshall  and  \lnrt 
liKk  Islanils.  Thf  wnrk  nf  liaiislatiiiir  thi" 
inliii'  Kihlf  liilo  thf  tnimuf  nf  Ihf  Oilliirt 
Islands  has  also  littii  aii  ninplishfd  liy  this 
assiH'iatinll  in  inlinfi'tinll  with  Ihf  Itililf  Sniifty. 
Thf  wnrk  aniniic  ihf  Ifpirs  has  hfin  fiiriifti 
nil  ipiiflly  hut  sili'ffssriilly  .  wllliniil  atlrai'liliK 
all  lllf  liotiff  llilll  has  hffii  u'lvfii  tn  nlliiT 
ili'partnifnts,  Imt  afininplishiiii;  fully  as  innili, 
if  iml  innri'  Thf  fori' ii;ii  work  is  in  .Mifionisiu 
mill  till!  .MaripifsitK  IsIiiiiiIh.  (Su(!  .Mii'riiiit'Nimi 
.Mission  ) 

llll«tllilllll  %«-ri>ll>ll.  Thf  lliiwaii  l<f- 
Inniis  tn  lllf  I'niMifsian  laiinuaL'''s,  and  is  iisid  in 
lllf  Smidw it'll  Islanils.  .Xnifiifiin  inissinnarifs 
havf  thf  honnr  o|  Iia\  in:.'  proiluffti  a  I  laiislatinn 
Intn  Ihf  Imiu'iiai;!'  of  a  pf  nplf  w  linin  thf  \  Inn  ml 
fl'wiw  up  In  liiiiharisin  and  idnhitiy.  'I'lif  lirsl 
hand  of  inissimiai  its,  mnniiu:  '.\liniii  w  fit' I  hit 
|{f\s.  II.  ISiii;:hmii  anil  .\.  Thursinn,  liindftlfarly 
in  Ihf  ytar  l»'.'o,  and  Ihf  lirsi  |iarl  of  ihf 
Siriptiirt's  irmislalfil  inl  n  Ihf  Hawaii.  I  hf  (inspfl 
nf  .Mallhfw.  int'paritl  hy  .Missis.  ItiiiLrhain  mill 
Thnisinn,  was  piihlishfd  iil  lint  hf  sit- r,  .N.  V., 
ill  IH'JM.  In  Ihf  saiiif  plat'f  and  in  thf  Miiiif  ytar 
will'  alsn  pulilisln  il  ihf  (inspfjs  nf  .Xiark.  hy 
thf  l{fv.  Win  Uifhmils,  mnl  .lolin,  hy  .Mr. 
'Ihiirslon.  Thf  ollifi  parts  wtif  thin  piinlftl  at 
llonnlnlii.  Thf  liisl  i  tlilinii  of  ihf  .Niw  'I'fsla- 
intnl  was  puhlishftl  in  |H:;tl,  ihf  fmirih  in  IHliH; 
ill  iHi'ill  an  ftlitinii  nf  Ihf  .Ntw  Tt'simnfiil  anil 
I'.s.'ilnis  was  piinliil.  \  diu'lnlt  fdilinii  nf  llif 
NfW  Tfsimiifiit,  Hawaiian  Knirlisli.  with  rfltr- 
I'nt'fs,  was  issiiitl  ill  |><."i7  'jhf  ijist  fdilion  nf 
Ihf  Kililf  was  issiifil  in  |H;il).  ilf  iraiislalinn 
hfiiiL'^  Ihf  work  of  thf  Ufvs.  II  llinuhmn.  A. 
Thursinn,  Win  Hiihaids.  A  Mishnp,  I,  An- 
tlri  ws.  v..  W  (lark,  .1.  S  (irt'tn.  S  Hihhlf.  Thf 
sfftmil  ftlitinn  of  tin  Kihlf  was  issuftl  in  IH|:i  ; 
a  lliird,  with  rfffitiiffs,  in  Iwnsi/fs,  in  IMIiH.  In 
1MH((  an  fililinii  w  as  issiitil  in  thf  saiiif  si/.f  as  thf 

Ntw  Tfslann  111  nf   ls(H((lHi Thf  Aimri- 

tan    Itihlf  Sntifts   has  rithly  aidfil  in  thf  piih- 
lif'alion  nf  ihf  Hawaiian  Itililf. 

(iS/«'f/'//«'/t  w/'*('.      ilohn  !t :  10.) 

No  ka  mca,  ua  atuha  nul  mai  ko  Akiia  I  ko 
ko  ao  iK-i,  iiolalla,  ua  houwl  inui  uia  1  kaiia 
Kt'iki  liiwuhiwa,  i  olo  c  muku  ka  iiifa  iuuuut>ii>, 
ia  iu,  uka,  u  Inaa  la  ia  ko  ola  mau  loo. 

ll<>l»r<'\V  V«T<«I«H1  fnf  the  New  Tfsia. 
Illf.'lli.  Till'  III  hriw  hflnliL'S  tn  lllf  Srniilii' 
family  nf  lllf  laiiL'uaiTfs  nf  Asia,  mill  is  thf  *•!■■ 
flfsiaslifid  ImiLniiiL't'  nf  tin-  .It'ws.  Thf  lirst, 
trmislalinn  of  llif  fiitiif  New  Ttslanifiil  inin 
Ilfhrt'W  was  iiiadf  h\  Klias  Hullfi',  and  puh 
lishfil  at  Nrirfinhfrj:  in  liiiHI.  In  HWII  a  ifvisfil 
fililinn  wiis  puhlishftl  at  l<nntlnn,  iinilfr  thf  sii- 
III' liiilfiitlfiife  of  W.  Unhtrl.soii.  Ainithf  r  triilis- 
latioii  wan  iiiiitlf  hy  tlu;  Uev.  U.  Ciitltlock,  auil 


fl 


HEBREW   VERSION 


4i:t 


HERMANNSBURO   MI88.  800. 


imiIiIUIk'iIiiI  l.oiiiloti  ill  ITItH  WIk'M  in  IMOOllic 
l.ciiiiloli     Siiili'ly     I'lir     I'liiiiiiiliiiL.'    ( 'lirl<<liiiiiily 

IllllnllU  III!'  Jl'WH  MIIHfcillMllcil.il  IIMlll'llllIlk  II  II'VI- 
hIiiIi  III  llir  lAi'-lillK  lliillillllinlH  III  IHII),  iillil  rulll' 
iilcli'il  it  ill  IM17.  Ui|iiiMts  \vi  IT  siili-.ii|iiiiilly 
ImsIii'iI  ill  \H-i\     |n:||,iiII<I   iHliri.   A  Hrriiiiil  iTVi^ioil 

fiillowi'il  ill   |h:i;  h  :  ii  iliinl  rcvi^sinii  wiin  ctiiii' 

|llrtr<l    ill    jHIUI. 

Ill  iIk'  Mill'  |h:i|  Mr    (iKJliilli'liI  |iiilili>'li<'il  III! 

I'lliliiili  >>t'  llii'  N'rw  'I'l  "liillM'lll.  wllii'll  III'  llinl  pl'i' 

|lllil-l|     for    llllL'^ll'l' '••     I'l'lVL'lllI    Itillll'  IVll    Mill's 

iilii'i'  till'  |>iililiniiinii  III'  ilii>  iliiiil  ri'vlxi'il  I'lliiimi 
liv  llii'  l.i>i:il<ili  .Ii'Wh'  Sni'ii'lv,  llir  HriliNll  iiliil 
l'inri;:ll  Uililf  Siiriily  |illl>li^lici|  mI  l,ir|i>ir  ill 
1h;*1  n  Nrw  llrlilrw  ilMli^liiliiui  liiiiiji'  iiy  I'luf. 
KlMII/.  Mclit/xl'll.  i'iililiiill  lllll'l'  rililinll  1,1  lliis 
Vrisimi    riillnwril  ;    llir    jOlli  \H|.<    is^Ufll   ill     I HHH. 

'I'lii'  H'iim^ImIiii  i-  iiiuML'i'il  ii|>iiii  II  liiiiil  ri  visimi. 
Ill  |HH"i  iiiiiiiliir  lli'liri'w  Mi'-iiiii,  |iii'|iiii'i'il  liy 
llir  lull'  I'lilli'  K  Siiikiii-<iiii.  II  iiii^-liiiiiiry  iiliiiilil.' 
Ilii'  .IrvS".  \MI«  i'-iili'il  liy  llir  'I'lilliliiriMII  Hiliir 
Hoi'ii'ly  III'  l.iiiiilnii,  iiinlir  llii'  iijilnr-liiii  ul  llii' 
|{i'V.   ('Ill'    ( >.   I  •iii'-liiirL'.  Ill    Vii  Mini.      A  M'riiliil 

I'llitiiill    t'lilliiVM'il    III    IHSIi. 

(S/Hi'i'iii  II  rirni-.     .Idlili  it:    HI.  > 

Tx  pr-D  DbvnTx  n'nbx  nn»  no  "o 

:Tb  vn-  Dbv  •"t:-0»  "3 

llclmtll  i.  A  tiivvii  iif 'rniiiHViiiil.  Siiiitli 
Afi'iiii  :  Hiiiiimi  iif  tlir  III  riiiiiiiii'-liiii'i;  .Missinii- 
my  Siiiii'lv  ;  (lllT  I'lmiili  iniinlirl't.  ».  A 
NiiiiiiiM  iif  till'  .Miiniviiiiis  ill   l.iilii'MiliM'.  Miiiiiiti'il 

(III  llli'  linrllirrii  ><linli'  iil'  ii  |ii'liilisMlil.  Ill  llic 
till iiiiH'i' III  KiiiiL'i'i'lliiUviiik.  Ill' till' (iri'Ml  Uny, 
iiliuiil  iiiiii'ly  Miilo  iiin'lli  III'  (Ikiik.  This  lliir 
liilrl  ruii><  Iwiiily  iiiili'-^  ililiiiiil  ;  uiiil  tis  llir 
Mirl'iii'i'  iif  lliriii  run  liiilli  ill  ils  liii'^i'ii  Nliilr  iiliil 
wlirli  I'rrr  of  iir  riil'lll'-  llii'  lll<>-<l  nili vi'llirlll 
lliiililllll  fur  Inivrllili;:,  llli'  |iiisilii>li  i>r  llrliluli  IS 
II  fiivnriilili-  iiiif  iiH  fur  US  fmilily  of  iir('rs>»  in 
•  'onrrrncil. 

Till' rliiimir  of  llli- purl  (if  Liilii'iKJiir  is  must 
li^roiiiiis.  'I'lir  iiii'iTury  imi  iiiilrii|in'iit Iv  sinks 
I  liirly  ilriiiiis  liiliiw  /.mil  Knliniiliiil ).  I''riirlil- 
fill  siiHinsdfli'il  iiirill',  wllirll  ri'liiirr  it  illl|iiissl- 
lili'  111  lie  mil  iif  iliiiii's.  'I'lir  wlmlr  iiiii.'^liliiir- 
liuiiil  is  I'.xcri'iliiiu'ly  slirilr.  All  vmhmI,  wlii'llirr 
for  fiii'l  iir  liuilililiLT  |iiir|iiisrs,  Ims  In  lir  lirniiL'lil, 
ollin  with  ^.Ti'iit  liiliiii'  iinil  iiiiiih  lisk,  fioiii 
Nii|iiirliik,  a  iiinrr  shrlinril  Inriilily  iiii  II  liny, 
iiliiiiit  twciily  mills  til  till' siiiilh.  Ilrliniii  uiis 
t'stalilislinl  for  llir  lirlirlil  iif  tlir  Ksi|iiiiii(i 
(l\M'lliii>r  III  till'  (iri'iil  iliiy,  mill  lit  pimrs  siill 
fiirllirr  mirth. 

Ili*t*r<'ii«lik,  H  stMiinii  iif  ihi'  Miiniviiiii 
Itniliii'ii  ill  Uiili  h  (iiiiiiiiii.  Siiiidi  Aiiiirii'ii. 
It  is  mil'  iif  It  iiiiiiilii'r  iif  pliiiitiilimis  siliinlril  mi 
llir  iiiirllii'rii  liiiiiks  iif  llii'  ( 'miii'wyiir,  wlii'ir  a 
liiiiri'  miiiilMr  of  rmiviTis  witi'  iruihiii'd  In  tin' 
liavi'ljiii;;  iiii-.siiiiiiiry.  In  Is.Vi  a  pii'i  r  of  liiiiii 
was  piiii'liiisril,  a  rliiirrh  anil  mi-'s|mi  hmisi* 
oi'irlrij,  mill  a  rririilar  I'miiri'i'Lralimi  fiiriiii'il 
iiiiili'i'  till'  miiiii' of  III  rri'iiilyk.  It  is  Miliiiili'il 
.soiiir  ilislaiii'i'  from  I  111'  rivrr,  almilt  liflri'ii  liiilr.s 
cisi  of  ii-  jmiciioii  wiih  llir  Siiriiiaiii. 

Il<>i«lfllt«>r|{,  a  liiwii  in  Smilli  'rnin-viial, 
J'la-I  South  Afririi.  iimlli  of  (IniiiL'^r  Uivcf, 
iiorllii'asi  of  I'olsi'hi'fstromii.  .Missjiin  slnlimi  iif 
till'  lirrlin  I'lviiiiLrrliial  Liiilicraii  Smii'ly  i  ls7rn; 
1  mi-sioMiiiy,  7  iialivi'  Iii'Iih'I's.  ."i  mil  slaiimis,  <t:l 
cliiiiili-mi'iiilii'i's.    S.  I*.  <i.  ilHN");  I  iiii.ssiiinarv, 


'V-ii  ('omiiiiiiilrmiis.  'fill'  lliriiiaiinsliurg  U<v 
rii'ty  liiivr  also  a  sialiiin  ai.  Ili  iijillitTK' 

llfjil'/. :  HIT  Ariililii. 

Il«-l<-iiii  4'r<'<'k,  HiiKli  Oiilana,  Soiiih 
Aiiii'ilra.  is  II  siiitill  Miriam  llouiiiu'  frmii  lliii 
KOI  I  III.  u  liiili  I'liipiiis  ihio  till'  <  111  III' wy  III'  oppo- 
sill'  till'  >lmiivi;iii  slatimi  llriiriiilvk.  On  liolli 
iKlllksof  tlli-i  '•llilllll.  nrirln  llMllllrls  mi'  lii  |ii> 
foiiiiil.  uiili'ly  M'liltri'i'il  from  mir  aiiothi'r. 
Kortntrly  llir  ni'v'riirs  lisiiit'  at  thi'ir  limiililH 
liiliori'il  mi  llir  liirL')'  |iliilitaliiilis  Miiriii).'  tliiil 
liiiir  till'  mis-imniry  fniiii  lli  rrrmh  k  paiil  ir^rii- 
Inr  \  i-lls  III  thi'M'  siiiiimis.  anil  liilil  sirvlrrH  in 
lillili|llii:-<  pliicril  III  his  ilivpiisiil  liy  till'  lillillil- 
).'rrs  ;   liiit   ill  latrr  \i  iirs  llirsr  I'sliili",  wrrr  alillll- 

iliiliril,        Sitirr    llirll    llir    | plr    lillVr    lillill    a 

roiii.'li  plair  of  NVor>liip,  tlialrliril  with  Iiiim'.m, 
ill  wllirll  srrvirrswrrr  liilil,  lull  I  III- i  Villi  lliilly 
fill  illtii  ilrriiy,  mill  II  lirw  iliiiiih  aliil  il  wrliin;;- 
limisr  for  a  iiii-slonary  wrir  crrriiil  in  Inms. 
Thr  slut  loll  irri'ivril  llir  nmiir  of  I  Irlrlia  (   rrrk. 

ll«'H%ll(lll  I  lli'iilliailiii,  an  impmlanl  mill 
Vrowlii!.'  town  in  l.owrr  lliiima.  !iiili:i,  on  tliu 
litiw.'iili  Kivrr.  Iiilliiilli's  niirihursi  of  l(iiiit.'omi. 
1 1  Is  Ihr  I  riilrr  of  a  liirv'r  I'irr  trinlr.  I'lipillaiimi, 
'..'II, null,  Itiirinaiis  mill  Sl'iiii  Karriis.  l.aiiL'iiai:u 
llninii  sr.  KrIiL'loii,  lliii|illii-iii  Sm  ial  iiinill- 
llmi  ipiilr  L'ooil.  Ilirrr  liriiiLT  f I'i'i'iliilll  from  cii-lr, 
prrsonal  IHiritN ,  aiiii  no  In '.".'iirs;  Iml  mariia^u 
lirHiirr  loiisr.  a  In  I  liomr  rmnfort  luck  in:.' or  iii><>- 
I'lnr.  .Mi— loll  station  of  thr  Ainiri<aii  Kaplisl 
.Missionary  I'liion  lis,"!)!;  -J  orilaiiinl  mis-ioti' 
mirs,  t  luilirs,  17  lialivr  prrailiris,  ID  iilhrr 
lirlprrs,  77  nut  siatioiis.  70  rhiirrlirs,  H.HHi 
liirinliirs,    II!  scliiKils,   I,  INO  srholal's, 

llcr('r«l  ^'«*rMi«lll.— 'I'lir  llrrrro  lirloliuH 
to  thr  Mmilii  fmilily  of  Afriran  lmii;iiaK<'s,  anil  Ih 
hpokrii  Iti  I  ).'imaraliini|.  'I'lir  Urv.  II  Itrinrkrr 
of  llir  Klirnisli  Mi-sionary  SiM-irly  trmislatril 
thr  I'-iillils,  wllirll  wrrr  |<rillti'i|  at  Cllprtowil 
ill  I'S'."!,  for  thr  Itrilish  mnl  ForriLrn  llililr  So- 
cirty.  'I'lir  siimr  mi—ionary  also  trmislalnl  ihi! 
N'rw  'ri".|:iliii'iit,  wllirll  Iir  riirririi  lliroll^rll  tliu 
prrss  at  (ll'ilrrsloli  ill  1^70. 

llrrllfrlnllalC,  a  town  of  Capr  Colony, 
.Smith  Afiira,  jii-l  iiilmiil  fioni  Mnssrl  Hav. 
.Mission  station  of  thr  Krrlin  I'lvmi^'rliriil  l,iil)i- 
rrmi  .Sorirty  (|m7','i;  I  missimiaiy,  II  imtivo 
hi'lpris.   I  mil  -lalimis.   107  riiiiiiiiiinicmils. 

Ili-riiiiiiiii»l»iiru.  — 1.  A  town  of  Natiil, 
South  .Sfrira.  11  siuiimidf  ihr  I  Irriniiiiiisliiirj} 
Sorii  ty,  Ihr  si'iit  nf  thr  sii|irriMli'liiliiit,  williii 
rmiLri'i'L'iition  of  ;!."i(»  Katlrs,  iiml  lloiirishin^ 
sriiools. — 'i.  .\  town  in  South  Aiistriilia,  fmiinlril 
in  |h77  hv  till'  llrrmiiiin-liiiri.''  .MisMimi.  whirli  rr- 
rrivnl  a  laiiil  u'raiil  lirir  in  |s7ti  of  itdll  sipiiiro 
iiillrs.  It  Works  ammiL'  Ihr  lilaiU  nativrs,  who 
liavr  provril  iliniisrl vis  vrry  apt  in  Irurning 
mill  us  apt  in  foriirllin'.'. 

ll«-riiiiiiiii«l>iir|{^UMi<>iiar)  M<»<>i«'l). 

I  li  ,11  li  1 1  111  It  I  IS,  I  Imi.iimisliurL'.  ( imiiaiiy.  — 
'I'lli- I'Mlrrprisr.  thr  il;;lilliof  I  lir  iiiiir  ( irriliail 
sorii'lirv,  was  iiiiiiii.'iiriilril  in  IMIO  hy  I'a-lor 
I.oiiis  Harms,  In  ii-  work  it  is  so  intimalrly 
roiinrrlrd  with  Ihr  lliiriiis  family,  mill  .so  rx- 
arlly  mmililril  liy  thr  rii'i'iiiiislaniis  of  its  own 
iiriLnn.  that  it  ran  Iir  lust  iinilrrMliioil  liy  a 
skrtrli  of  llir  fmmilrr.  Louis  Harms  (IHdK- 
|Hli.''()  was  Ihr  son  of  a  piislur  \\  ho.  from  |H17 
on,  livnl  ill  HrinimiiisliiirL',  a  Illllr  paii'-h  In  lliu 
Li'inrliurir  llriith.  ill  thr  kln^ilom  of    llanovor. 


li 

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12.0 

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I 


HERMANNSBURa   MISS.  SOC. 


414 


HERMANNSBURO  MISS.    SOO. 


It  was  not  unlil  .shortly  bcfon.'  li-aTing  the 
University  of  UiVltiiiiicii  Hint  the  yoiinir  man 
was  conviTlcil.  Knmi  tlial  (hite,  \f*'i9,  he  was 
privale  tutor  in  LaiU'uliiirj,',  where  he  >howe<l 
inucli  /.t'al  in  Ilie  cause  of  iiii.>.si<>us.  In  1^40 
lie  went  to  Ll'incliurir  as  tutor;  here  ttM>  he 
enjfiiiicd  in  imbiii'  work,  and  showetl  hini^<-lf 
•sliiiful  in  inlluciuinL'  tlie  in-ople.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Morlh  (ierinaii  -Mi-^ionary  Ski- 
ciety,  wliicli  llien  eonipr'xil  lM)th  Lutheran  and 
Uefornied  (t  alvinislie)  eleinent.s,  with  he:td- 
(piarleis  in  Ilaniburir.  and  lie  was  i>ffere«l  a 
jiosjlion  as  second  teaclier  iu  its  Institute,  but 
iie  declined  I  lie  oiler;  lie  also  deelim-d  a  mil  to 
New  York,  iis  pastor  of  a  Liithenin  church 
there.  In  lS-1;!  lie  reluriieil  to  IKriiianusliur'r. 
As  lie  failed  to  secure  a  position,  he  renia:ue<l  at 
lionie  in  cliiiiireor  his  father's  private soliool.  and 
nssisiinu-  liini  in  such  parish  work  a.*  couhl  lie 
peii'oinicd  by  an  uiiordaiiu-d  man.  It  wa.«  in 
this  way  that  be  began  to  exercisf  the  wonder- 
ful intlueiice  I  hat  continued  till  his  lU-ith  and 
descended  to  bis  successors.  Especially  wa.«  it 
in  his  jnivate  eon  versa!  ions,  and  later  iu  his 
popular  lectures  on  Siiiiilay  aftenii-on-s.  «leliv- 
ered  in  Low-(ierniaii, — for  the  i>ari>h  was  ixmi- 
posed  of  ])eMSiiiils  who  spoke  only  that  di;dect. — 
that  bis  hold  upon  the  people  showed  itr*lf. 
Ko  olher  iiositioii  presenting  itself,  the  father 
.secured  for  him  appoint nieiit  a.sliisa.s.sistaDt,  and 
lie  was  ordained  to  that  olllce  in  October.  1844. 
His  earnestness  :uid  /I'al.  as  well  as  his  syn 
palhy  with  the  needs  of  the  pari-sh.  could  n  t 
fail  to  cause  a  great  religioas  awakening  j'  <. 
accompaniniei.t  of  which  wa.-  the  an^usiui;  .<f 
missionary  zeal;  this  was  in  p:irt  a  n-sult.  but  at 
tlie  same  liiiie  the  means  of  the  former.  Yestrs 
before,  Harms  bad  learned  the  value  of  mis- 
sionary interest  in  <piic'vening  spiritual  life, 
and  he  used  thi.s  means  as  well  a*  others  to 
further  the  desired  work.  Thus  alrtwiy  the 
inner  imimlse  was  given  that  resullol  in  the 
eslablislimeiit  of  a  missionary  .society;  but  cir- 
cunislaiicesalso  conspired  to  the  same  enti.  Not 
only  money,  but  also  men,  were  offend  to  the 
service;  but  the  men  were  une<hR'iti.«l  |>ea.sauts, 
and  many  were  rejecteil  by  the  various  socie- 
ties. What  was  to  be  done?  Send  them  luick 
to  the  farms?  Moreover,  the  union  of  the  two 
Proteslanl  bianchisinthe  NorthGernian  Mission 
fsociety  piiived  impracticable;  the  ;?o«-ieiy  ln-- 
came  [{etoiiiied.  and  was  tninsferretl  loBr«-nien. 
AVhal  were  tlu'  Liitlienns  to  do.  who  wen-  thus 
left  without  organi/.atioii  ?  Hanns  wa.s  urge<l 
to  form  a  sociely;  he  declineil  so  l<.n:ra.'  he  wais 
simply  assistant.  His  father.  Iii-ncver.  soon 
died,  and  the  son  was  ap|)ointe<l  i>;i-tor;  so 
nolhing  longer  hindered  the  undertaking,  and 
it  was  iiiaugnratcd  in  184t). 

From  these  beginnings  the  course  of  the  mis- 
sion can  be  easily  iindersti.xul.  Fnim  the  first 
it  was  supported  by  the  |)easanls,  and  that 
without  any  canvas>ing  for  funds;  the  offict-rs 
have  always  re))udiatedsiic-h  methods  of  raising 
money,  and  yet  money  ha.s  not  iK-en  lacking — 
as  mission  gifts  go — to  carrj'  on  the  work.  .As 
the  financial  support.so  were  the  men — from  the 
peasants.  ('iHid  pidilic-school  training  was  the 
onl}' editcaiional  (|ualification  re«iuirt-il  for  ad- 
mission to  the  institute  that  was  at  once  e«ilab- 
lislied.  The  eoiirse  was  at  tirst  four  years,  later 
lengthened  to  si.-c  In  this  school  not  only  Inxiks 
were  taught,  but  nls.-*  fnrrainir.  carpentering,  ami 
the  like,  for  one  prondnent  feamre  of  the  pro- 
posed mission  was  that  colonbation  should  Ije 


united  with  eviingeli/alion.  Cliristianily  and 
the  arts  of  Clirislian  civili/ation  sliouhl  be  intio 
duced  togetlier.  Moreover,  the  mission  slalions 
.should  be  largely  self  supporting,  in  older  ilial 
the  lioine  CI intiibulii)iis  might  bedevilled  chielly 
to  defniying  the  expenses  of  .sending  out  n.i  li. 
Music  was  eiii|>basi/eil  fiiim  the  lirsl,  as  is  also 
the  case  on  the  lield.  I'raclical  holiiiletical 
tr:iiiiing  was  gained  by  the  |)Upils  bv  hnliling 
inissiuii  meiiiniis  in  the  nciglibdi  hnnil.  These 
meetings  led.  lliough  in  a  soniewhal  uniiliMsanI 
way.  til  llie  tirst  recognilion  of  Ihe  new  iiislilule 
by  the  cliiircb  aullinrilies.  Neilher  Ilarnis  jiim- 
s«'lf,  nor  the  imiiils  who  breiilhed  bis  spirit, 
could  always  retrain  from  unfavorable  cnni- 
nieiits  on  the  laxness  and  iireligion  of  the  aver- 
Uiif  clergyman  of  thai  day.  The  young  men 
expresMii  themselves  occasionally  to  that  elVect 
in  the  nuelings,  even  on  ihe  lerriloiy  of  those 
same  )>aslors.  Accordingly  they  look  occasion 
to  regulale  Ibe  nieelings,  a  ciinrse  llial  evenlu- 
ally  led  to  gratifying  resulls.  Dilliciilly  wiis 
naturally  eiicounlei'cii  as  regards  Ibe  ordination 
of  the  inissiiinar'cs;  but  the  Slade  ('onsislory 
volunteered  to  underlake  il,  and  later  Ihe  Han- 
over Provincial  ('onsislory  assunieil  Ibe  ollice. 
In  lS."i;i,  llie  tirst  men— eight  missionaries  and 
as  many  colonists— wire  ready  to  eiiler  on  Ihe 
Work,  and  they  were  late  in  thai  year  sent  out 
on  Ihe  '•  Canilace,"  llie  llrsi  of  the  mission  ships 
that  play  so  ini])orlaiil  and  romaiilic  a  pari  in  Ihe 
history  of  missions.  "We  ])idceed  to  conclude 
the  skelcli  of  the  homework  before  following 
the  workers  to  Africa,  Ihe  Held  of  their  aclivily. 
In  1S54  the  "  Herm.iiinsburger  Mi.ssionslilalt " 
was  slarled.  wliicb  siill  remains  ibe  organ  of 
the  mission.  A  printing  eslablishineni  was 
founded  in  lS.")l}-7.  and  in  the  latter  year  Ihe 
mission  was  chartered.  It  was  lo  remain  a  pri- 
vate all'air,  yet  to  be  under  direction  of  llie 
Hanover  ('onsislory,  in  so  far  as  that  ordina- 
tion was  to  be  by  this  body;  a  report  was  to  be 
made  to  il  annually,  and  the  right  of  inspc'lion 
to  be  •.•eded  lo  il.  An  advisory  commillee  of  ten 
to  twelve  persons  was  eslablished,  to  which  the 
property  of  Ihe  mission  was  transfi  rred.  In 
1 8150  a  second  Mission  House  was  creeled,  the 
two  allernaling  in  receiving  pupils  for  Ihe 
whole  course.  The  Iiislilule.  drawing  al  first 
only  from  Ihe  imniediale  iieiglibnrhoiiil,  is  now 
so  widely  and  favoralily  known,  Ihnl  il  is  ]ml- 
ronized  from  all  pans  of  Morlliern  (Jermaiiy. 
Louis  Harms  (lied  in  ISO.'"),  and  was  succeeiled 
in  the  Director's  otbce  by  bis  brolher  Theiiiloro 
Harms,  until  liisdealli  in  ls8,"),  'I'jieodore's.son 
KgmonI  is  now  FirsI  Direclor.  In  1H7JS  look 
place  a  schism  in  Ihe  Hanover  cburcli,  an  ac- 
count of  which  belongs  ipiiie  as  much  in  the 
history  of  the  mission  as  in  ihe  liislory  of  Ihe 
cliiiri-b.  In  IMTT  a  new  marriage  forinula  was 
adopted  by  the  Stale  churcli,  Ihe  use  of  wliidl 
was  of  course  compulsory  upon  the  |iaslors  of 
the  land.  Theodore  Harms  regarded  the  new 
fiirmula.  which  acknowledged  Ihe  validily  of 
civil  marriagi',  lo  be  Ibereby  contrary  to  Bible 
teaching,  and  declined  lo  employ  it.  He  was 
suspended  and  shorlly  after  deposed  from  bis 
otHce.  Xevertlieless,  he  continued  iireaching 
inde|K'iideiilly,  and  was  followed  by  his  people, 
who  thus  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  Fiee 
Church  in  Hanover.  Other  pastors  followed 
his  example,  and  the  division  became  ])einia- 
nent.  The  iieojile  of  the  province  were  so  de- 
voted to  the  mission  that  they  still  in  Itir^e 
measure    couliiiued   their  contributions  to  it; 


iifl! 


HERMANNSBURO  MISS.  SOO. 


415 


HERMANNSBURa  MISS.  SOO 


even  the  collections  In  the  state  churches  were 
for  a  time  turned  over  to  the  now  sepuniteil 
Institute;  but  liiis  was  soon  rorbidden  l)y  the 
aulliorilies,  after  an  unsuccessful  !itleiu|)l  on 
tlieir  part  to  secure  sucli  a  eoiu|)roniise  as  would 
render  tlie  continuance  of  the  beslownient 
lepil.  The  persistency  of  Harms'  followers, 
no  less  llian  their  devotion  to  llie  mission  cause 
tlial  started  with  liim,  slmws  llic  w()n<lerful 
personal  inlluenci!  of  llie  l)rolhers  among  the 
peasants  of  Hanover,  and  illuslrales  \hc  siijril 
that  has  made  successful  the  mission  entcritrise 
that  was  at  first  scorned  and  despised  by  the 
wise  and  ffieal.  In  1H!)()  an  ariangement  was 
•eonsummaied  l>y  which  the  pntciice  alreiidy 
prevalent  was  made  law,  viz.,  nn  .'.ibeis  of  ilie 
Free  t'hurch  can  comTuune  in  the  .Slate  (.Muirc  li. 


and  members  of  the  Slate  Cli 


the  Free 


<;hurclies  oru;aiiizcd  by  the  iiiissio'i  ir  foreign 
lands;  the  Conimillee  is  to  be  composed  of 
iit\iin\  nundiers  from  the  two  churclies;  one  of 
llie  two  directors  is  to  be  from  the  Slate 
Church,  the  other  from  the  Free  Church;  the 
Consistory  of  the  Stale  Church  is  to  h.ive  right 
of  examination  of  tlie  alfairs  of  the  Instilule. 
Tlie  income  is  slated  in  1890  to  lie  :.'."i4,000 
inarks,  of  which  18'.J,(H)()  are  from  the  home 
churches,  and  lli(>  remainder  from  the  mission 
field,  from  contributions  and  other  sources  of 
income. 

Of  greater  interest  to  the  reatler  than  a  de- 
tailed descriplion  of  the  stations  occupied  is 
the  sketch  of  Ihe  policy  of  the  founder  as  to 
work  on  the  field.  As  has  been  already  stated, 
his  purpose  was  to  Clirislianize  Ihe  land  into 
which  his  laborers  should  go:  nol  simply  to 
convert  certain  lieallien,  and  attend  lo  Iheir 
spiritual  welfare,  but  to  infuse  into  heathen- 
<loni  the  leaven  of  Cliristianily,  that  .should  in- 
fluence the  whole  land,  and  that  Ihonnighly. 
This  was  his  reason  for  sending  out  colonists; 
this  led  him  to  be  sal'sficd  with  slow  advance 
if  only  his  object  was  reached  in  the  territory 
already  occupied;  this  led  him  also  lo  counsel 
the  establishment  of  a  central  station  from 
which  the  new  ones  should  be  sui)ported  and 
supplied — a  veritable  swarming  process.  There 
wa.s  in  his  scheme  not  a  Utile  touch  of  old 
apostolical  fervor-  for  example,  among  Ihe 
.settlers  upon  a  .stalion  there  should  be  perfect 
comnumily  of  properly;  each  was  lo  work  for 
the  common  good,  and  all  !U'i(uisition  was  to 
be  applied  to  mission  purposes  The  ordtdned 
missionaries,  though  nol  working  for  the  male- 
rial  prosperity,  were  none  Ihe  less  employed  in 
mission  work:  and,  on  Ihe  other  hand,  the  colo- 
nists were  lo  be  regarded  as  of  (Mpiiil  rank  with 
the  clergy,  though  Iheir  chief  w<irk  was  lo 
supply  llie  physical  needs  of  the  <'onununily. 
There  has  been  from  Ihe  lirsl  a  nio>l  intense 
Lnlheran  spirit  in  Ihe  nus-ion.  Hiuies  woidd 
have  all  Ihe  ordiiiaiiees  of  that  cluircli  intro- 
<lueed  on  Ihe  ndssion  ground;  liturgy  ami 
church  government,  as  well  as  <reed,  should 
be  identical  with  the  home  church.  The  sta- 
tions should  liave  a  comiilete  orgaidzation, 
ecclesiastical  and  also  political. 

In  all  these  respects  the  influence  of  the 
founder  has  nniintained  itself,  and  yet  many 
changes  have  been  iiilroduced  in  Ihe'course  of 
the  years  in  the  details  of  practical  manage- 
ment, often  with  great  personal  ill-feeling,  that 
.'feriously  allecfed  the  work.  The  stations  were 
never  quite  self-supporting.  Conuuimily  of 
property  has  been  abandoned;    it  was  found 


impractical, for  it  was  but  natural  that  the  fann- 
ers attached  to  the  mission  disliked  to  be  en- 
tirely deslilute  of  property,  while  those  not 
atlached  to  the  station  were  making  provision 
for  Iheir  fanuiies.  So  long  as  the  colony  re- 
mained composed  of  unmarried  men  cuid  none 
olheis  were  seni)  life  in  conunoii  <'oul(l  be 
maintained;  but  so  soon  as  their  brides  were 
sent  to  I  hem  from  home  it  was  found  iinpo.ssible 
to  maintain  the  cuslom.  Separate  homes  must 
be  established.  Moreover,  there  was  fric:li(m 
continually  arising  belwien  the  ordained  nus- 
sionaries  and  Ihe  colonists  as  to  the  division  of 
the  work;  Ihe  latter  demanding  more  assistance 
from  the  fornu'r  than  they  were  inclined  to 
give,  Ihe  former  asserting  Iheir  superiority  in 
unpleasant  ways:  so  Ihe  coloiust  feahire  of  the 
work  was  discontinued  in  IHii!),  (iuite  early 
in  Ihe  histoiy  of  the  ndssion,  superintendents 
wer('  appointed  over  Ihe  various  sections  of  the 
field;  this,  at  {Iw  linu!  of  Ihe  appointment  of 
lh(^  lirsl  one,  catised  considerable  ill-feeling, 
and  led  lo  Ihe  withdrawal  of  three  or  four 
missionaries  from  woik;  but  on  the  substitution 
of  a  less  otlicious  person  lo  Ihe  i)osl,  tln'y  re- 
turned lo  their  work.  The  mission  has  never 
Kwerveil  from  Ihe  strict  Lutheran  basis,  though 
it  has  been  found  necessary  to  modify  the 
forms  of  the  churches,  lo  adapt  them  lo  the 
pecidiar  needs  of  mission  eommimities. 

The  first  colony  was  directed  to  the  Galla  terri- 
tory in  East  Africa;  but  on  arrival  oil  that 
coa.st  diflieulties  and  hindrances  developed  in  so 
great  numbers  that  the  ship  turned  Imck  to  the 
south.  (Another  allempi  was  nnule  four  years 
later  lo  reach  the  Gallas,  b\it  was  equally  unsuc- 
cessful.) At  the  advice  of  nnssionaries  well 
acquainted  with  ine  stale  of  affairs,  the  colony 
settled  iri  Ihe  northern  |)art  of  Natal,  near  the 
Ztdu  botuidary.  Their  plan  was  to  press  across 
the  border  as  .soon  as  possible.  Tiie  stalioa 
founded  was  named  Hermannsburg;  it  re- 
mained until  188;i  Ihe  centre  from  wliich  the 
whole  field  was  nnuiaged,  and  is  still  the  head- 
(juarters  of  the  Zulu  .Mission,  the  residence  of 
the  superintendeni,  and  llie  seat  of  a  .school 
for  Ihe  education  of  the  children  of  mission- 
aries. On  the  station  four  missionaries  are 
emploved.  In  IHo^  a  second  station  was  opened 
at  Ehianzeni,  only  a  few  miles  distanl.  Here, 
after  waiting  in  vain  for  frinl  of  Iheir  harjl 
labor,  Ihe  experiment  was  tried  of  rerpnring 
all  natives  who  wei'e  cidtivaling  nussioii  land 
to  si'iid  Iheir  children  lo  scliool,  or  pay  rent, 
or  vaciile:  the  lirsl  Ihey  would  not,  Ihe  sec- 
ond lliey  could  nol,  and  the  third  Ihey  did, 
\uilil,  Ihe  experinieni  thus  proving  unsuc- 
cessful, they  were  allowed  to  come  back.  An- 
other more  successful  scheine  was  the  eslab- 
lishment  here  of  a  seminary  for  traiiung  native 
lielpers.  Pujiils  came  from  Ihe  whole  field, 
and  Iheir  presence  and  example  finally  secured 
the  interest  of  Ihe  natives.  Attached  to  the 
station  are  ■)  blanches,  some  of  which  were 
for  a  liim^  independent  pos's;  li  missionaries 
and  T)  paid  native  helpers  are  cmiiloyed.  The 
principal  ex|iiuision  of  tlie  work  lias  been  to- 
ward tlie  north,  into  Zulidand,  across  the 
Tugela.  In  Alfredia,  however,  some  distance 
to  the  south,  a  few  stations  were  also  opened, 
two  of  which  are  still  maintained.  These  are 
(ombined  with  Ihe  group  on  the  Tugela  to  form 
the  Natal  Zulu  district,  which  has  15  sta- 
tions, wilh  IJ!  branches,  and  15  preaching 
places ;    20  missionaries  are  stationed  in  the 


'  fc  I  f,i 


I 


I 


J' 


III 


H^RMANNSBURO  MISS.  SOO. 


416 


HERZEGOVINA. 


\.m 


district;  there  arc  15  native  paid  helpers,  and 
about  lis  many  more  unpaid.  Isorthwcst  of 
this  reijiou,  in  the  soullieast  corner  of  tlie 
Tnuisvnal,  near  Itrechl,  lies  a  second  little 
group  of  8  stations,  manned  with  C  missionaries, 
which  lorn)  a  district  h\-  themselves.  Tlieie 
are  hut  few  out-stations.  These  two  districts 
tomprisc  the  Zulu  Mission.  At  the  annual 
meeting,  1890,  tlieie  were  reported  SSGhealheii 
baptized,  total  niiiuher  of  nn'inhers  of  parishes 
l,T8i,  580  schoolchildren,  and  444  Ixiiif:  in- 
structed for  haptism.  (Collections  during  the 
year  ainounteil  to  3,000  marks.  'I'lie  sinall 
succ'ss  tliat  has  attended  this  mission  is  ex- 
plained liy  the  chaiiKter  of  the  natives,  and  the 
numerous  iuterniplioiis  cau>e<l  by  ]iolilical 
emergencies.  This  last  often  led  to  al)amion- 
mentof  slatioiis,whose  missionaries,  then  wiili- 
oul  work,  established  others  in  places  ill  suited 
for  permanent  posts,  and  these  in  turn  have 
an  uneven  bisiorj'. 

3Iore  encouraging  by  far  is  the  work  of  the 
Bechuima  .Mission.  As  early  as  1857  a  call 
came  from  a  Becliuana  king,  supported  by  a 
letter  from  the  Dutch  authorities,  for  the  un- 
dertaking of  work  in  West  Transvaal;  the  mis- 
sion was  therefore  started,  though  ((uite  foreign 
to  the  origiiud  plan.  .Moreover,  it  was  wiih 
hesitiition  that  the  missionaries  turned  in  that 
directiou.  as  for  ninny  reasons  it  did  not  prom- 
ise well.  It  is  now,  however,  one  of  the  most 
promising  and  fruitful  lields  of  labor.  The 
colonization  scheme  was  never  employed  in 
the  mission.  Ik'ginning  in  1858,  gradiiaily  a 
network  of  .stations  has  formed  over  tlie  whole 
western  half  of  the  South  African  Uepublic, 
and  extended  also  into  the  British  Becliuana 
.land  on  the  west.  This  extreme  western  sec- 
tion had  been  occupied  by  English  mission- 
aries, but  they  had  retired  before  the  Dittch 
Boers;  later  the  llerniaunsburg  .Mission  gave 
up  the  tield  to  the  London  Jlissionary  Society. 
The  mis,siou  is  divided  into  three  groups.  The 
eastern  one,  about  P.  'toria,  has  (i  stations  and 
as  many  branches.  Bethany,  with  4  branch 
stations,  is  the  most  important  post,  employing 
2  missionaries  and  15  helpers.  The  training- 
school  for  native  helpers  for  the  Be(  huana 
mission  is  located  here.  The  central  group 
about  Rustenburg,  with  Sharon  as  the  seat  of 
the  superintendent  of  the  whohi  mission,  has 
9  stations  and  7  branches.  The  western  group, 
west  of  the  Morico,  has  9  stations.  The  whole 
Bechuana  Mis.sion  numbers  24  stations,  18 
branch  stations,  23  preaching  places,  28  mis- 
sionaries, about  30  paid  and  100  unpaid  native 
helpers.  The  reiKjrt  in  1890  was;  baptized 
1,401;  members  of  parishes  13,315,  reiiresenting 
about  10,000  communicants;  school-children 
1,987;  399  under iu.struetion  for  baptism;  18,187 
marks  were  raised  for  the  support  of  the  work. 

While  the  chief  activity  of  the  mission  has 
been  in  South  Africa,  it  has  since  1806  main- 
tained a  few  missionaries  in  South  India.  IJur- 
Ing  that  year  came  a  pressing  call  for  work 
among  the  Telngus;  shortly  afterward  a  large 
sum  of  money  was  put  at  the  disposal  of  tlie 
director,  and  "men  were  at  once  sent  out.  The 
centnil  station  is  Naidupett.  Tlie  report  of 
1890  shows  9  mis.siouaiies  working  in  10  .sta- 
tions, 25  heathen  baptized, 871  Christians.  The 
Work,  as  is  seen,  progresses  but  slowly. 

South  Au.stralitt  was  entered  by  the  mission 
in  1866.  at  the  call  of  certain  German  churches 
on  the  coast  near  Adelaide.    After  eight  or  nine 


years  of  fruitless  work  in  the  interior,  the  mis- 
sionaries returned  to  the  coast,  and  entered  the 
service  of  the  German  churches  there,  lie- 
newed  atlempts  have  of  late  resulted  in  the  es- 
tablisliment  in  the  interior  of  the  station  of 
Henna  nnsburg. 

Simihii'  uiiiniportant  ell'orls  have  been  made 
in  iS'ew  Zciiland  since  l.s75,  when  the  mission 
assumed  sonic  work  that  had  been  unsuccess- 
fully aii<'ni|)icil  by  the  Knglish. 

Several  iiicii  tiained  at  lleriiiannshurg  have 
been  fnmi  lime  ui  lime  t^vul  to  the  I'liiled  Stales 
to  take  cliaigc  of  J^ullieiiin  churches  liere 

The  wiiole  number  of  stations  occupied  by 
the  llermaiiiislnirg  .Mission  is  59,  with  tJ8  mis- 
sionaries jiud  227  native  helpers. 

Ilei'llioii,  a  town  in  Basuto  Land,  South 
Afiica.  A  station  of  the  J'aris  Kvaiigelical 
Society;  1  missionary,  3  evangelist.s,  78i  coiu- 
municants,  570  scholars. 

lll>l'IIIONill«>,  a  town  in  Soiiora,  Mexico, 
110  miles  north  of  Guaymas.  In  lss<)  ;i  tine 
new  chapel,  the  tiist  Congiegational  cluirch 
building  in  .Mexico,  was  erected.  ^Mission  sta- 
tion of  the  A.  15.  ('.  F.  M.  (1882);  1  missionary 
and  wife,  1  out-station. 

Ilervcy  (^r  C'«>ok^N  iNlaiulN,  a  small 
group  in  the  Pacific,  belween  18'  and  22'  south 
latitude,  and  157'  and  163'  west  longitude 
There  are  in  all  six  islands,  besides  nine  islets, 
which  are  little  more  than  coral  reefs.  The 
inincipal  islands  are  Paratonga,  30  miles  in 
circumference,  iiopulation  ;),000;  Mangai,  2  (100 
iiihabitanis;  Valui,  20  miles  in  circtimfcrence, 
1,200  inhabitants;  and  the  Hervey  Islands 
proper,  three  small  islands.  The  poiiulation 
consists  mainly  of  emigrants  from  Tahiti  and 
Samoa.  In  1889,  at  the  invitation  of  the  chiefs 
and  ]M'ople,  a  British  protectorate  was  i>r(i- 
claimed,  which  at  |)re.seiit  means  simply  ihat 
no  other  iiower  is  to  l)e  allowed  to  annex  the 
islands.  The  importation  of  strong  drink  is  a 
sadly  growing  evil.  Owing  to  the  elTorts  and 
careful  work  of  the  London  Missionary  Society, 
whose  missionaries  conimenced  evangelizing 
these  islands  in  1823,  the  majority  of  the  inhab- 
itants are  now  Christians,  and  take  high  rank 
among  the  converts  in  Polynesia.  A  tiaining 
institution  at  Raratonga  supplies  teachers  and 
pastors  for  the  other  islands  of  the  groii]).  and 
also  for  New  Guinea;  3  missionartes.  18  or- 
dained ministers,  1,047  church-members.  7 
Snuday-schools,  632  scholars,  7  boys'  schools, 
318  scholars,  5  girls'  .schools,  149  scholars  (in 
Piiratonga  and  Atutaki  only). 

Hervey,  William,  b.  Kiniisburir,  Warren 
('o.,N.Y.,U.S.A.,,lanuary22(i,'l7!t9;'gra(luiited 
at  Williams  College  1824;  tauglil  school  a  year, 
and  then  was  tutor  in  the  college.  He  studieil 
theology  at  Princeton  Seininary,  and  while 
there  the  reading  of  David  Brainerd's  Life 
iiwakened  in  him  an  earnest  desire  to  engage  in 
the  foreign-missionary  work.  lie  was  ordained 
in  Park  Street  Cluircli.  Boston,  September,  1829, 
as  a  mi.ssidiiary  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  JL,  and 
sailed  August  2d,  ls;j(),  for  Calcutta,  arriving 
in  Bombay  Mincli  7tli,  1831.  lie  died  of  cholera 
at  Ahmadnagar  Mny  13th,  1832.  Sirs.  Hervey 
died  May  3d  of  the  previous  year. 

■lerxeKoriiia  or  llerwek,  a  country  of 
the  Balkan  Peninsula,  forming  tlu;  southwest 
part  of  the  Province  of  Bosnia.     Area,  2,420 


HERZEOOVINA  417 

square  miles.  Surface  mountainous,  well 
(Imiiied  l»y  the  Nureiita  ami  its  tributarifs. 
(.'iipilal  mid  priiicipiil  city,  .Mo.star.  Poi)ula- 
tioii,  2!)(),()()0,  of  whom  1«(),0()(>  iMc  Greek  ami 
48,000  Uomaii  Ciilholies,  and  02,000  Moliamiiie- 
(laiis,  many  of  whom  are  renegades.  They  are 
chielly  of  l!ie  Slavic  race,  ancl  speak  a  Slavic 
dialect  akin  to  that  of  Dalmatia  aiid  Croatia. 
'I'he  ])roviMC(!  formcily  heloniced  to  the  kingdom 
(if  (hoatiu,  hul  in  the  14th  centuiy  it  was  an- 
nexed to  Bosnia,  from  wiiich  it  was  wrested  liy 
Fiederick  III.,  who  made  it  an  independent 
duchy.  This  was  coiKpicred  in  1047  by  the 
Ti.rks,  who  after  sever.il  contests  were  tilially 
conlirmed  I))'  treat}',  in  1000,  in  the  pos.session  of 
all  hut  a  small  portion  eontainiiiLC  the  former 
capital,  which  then  hclonijed  to  Venice  and  is 
now  part  of  Dalmatia.  Si:ice  ISTS  it  has  lieen 
under  the  administration  of  Aiistria-Huni:r,ry, 
though  not  as  yet  formally  in<'orpor,'it(Ml  with  it. 
The  only  missionary  work  is  by  the  British  and 
Foreij^n  Bible  Socieiy. 

Ilitflnvayw    iiixf    lle«iu;i>N    :Tli>i>iioii, 

South  Ari'ot.  Indi.i.  Se,  .''lary  in  Kiiirlan<l, 
Miss  C.  M.  S.  Lowe,  Upper  Tootinir,  Ijondon, 
S.  W.,  Enuland. — The  Ili^'hwavs  and  Uedires 
Mission  is  carried  on  by  .Miss  l'\  M.  Heade,  an 
Kmrlish  missionary,  in  Piinrooty,  India.  The 
nussion  house  and  chapel  are  at  Trivady,  on  the 
highway  from  (,'uddalore  to  Madras,  (^lose  to  a 
great  idol  temple,  and  from  the  crowds  of  pil- 
grims on  their  way  to  this  temple  large  audi- 
ences are  secured  for  the  open-air  |iieaching 
which  constitutes  the  .special  feature  of  Miss 
Reade'.s  mission.  These  services  are  held  not 
oidy  at  Trivady,  but  also  in  the  villages  in  the 
district  of  South  Arcot.  Medical  work  is  an 
important  branch  of  the  work  also,  aiul  Miss 
Ueade  is  frecpiently  sent  for  from  long  dis- 
tances to  attend  the  sick  and  the  dying,  and  by 
this  means  ihe  gospel  is  carried  into  many  a 
house  otlna'wise  closed  against  it.  With  the 
assistance  of  native  men  ami  women,  whom  she 
has  trained  to  be  nurses,  teachers,  and  Hible- 
readers,  Miss  Headc  carries  on,  besides  the 
prea(;hing  and  medical  work,  schools,  a  postal 
mission,  visiting  among  .Mobaiuiuedaus,  etc., 
etc. 

Hill,  Jnliii  Ilciiry,  b.  1791;  graduated 
at  Columbia  College,  New  York,  U.  S.  A.;  for 
several  years  was  engaged  in  commercial  pur- 
suits; pursued  a  theological  course  at  the  semi- 
nary, Alexandria,  Va.,  ami  was  ordained  deacon 
and  presbyter  by  Bishop  Jleade  in  Norfolk, 
18;i0.  At  this  time  his  sympathies  were  aroused 
for  the  Greeks  in  their  struggle  for  freedom 
from  the  rule  of  the  Turks,  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  American  Kpiscopal  Missioiniry 
Society  with  Dr.  Robertson  as  missionary  to 
that  coimtry.  They  sailed  October,  is:i(!,  limd- 
iugon  the  island  of  Tenos,  where  they  remained 
si.x  months,  and  then  removed  to  Athens.  In 
1832  Mrs.  Hill,  aided  by  her  sister.  Miss  .Mulli- 
gan, opened  a  female  school  in  their  own  house. 
From  the  lirsl  the  school  was  crowded,  and 
two  years  after  more  than  iJOO  children  were 
daily  instructed  in  ii  stone  bidlding  erected  for 
it.  The  Bil)le  was  a  te.xt-book.  ami  three  gen- 
erations of  (Jrcek  women  have  there  received  a 
(Mnistian  education.  Other  schools  for  boys 
and  girls  were  soon  established.  The  sclu)ols 
of  the  ndssionary  were  the  models  for  the  mu- 
nicipal ami  national  schools  afterwards  estab- 
lished, and  furnished  teachers  for  them.     The 


HILL,  JOHN  HENRT 


normal  school,  ton,  was  placetl  in  charge  of 
graduates  from  the  Hill  institution,  and,  in  the 
words  of  an  Athenian,  •'  from  it,  as  from  a  cen- 
tral university,  was  constantly  shed  forth  the 
light  of  female  education  throughout  the  whole 
of  free  Greeic  and  beyond  its  iiorders."  Once 
a  week  .Mr.  Hill  nwt  the  boys  of  all  the  schools 
for  the  study  of  the  Septuiigint,  which  they 
translated  into  modern  Greek,  and  which  he 
then  explained.  On  Suinlay  the  schol.ars  were 
taught  the  Gospel  for  the  day,  or  the  Bible  in 
course  containing  ihi;  history  of  Chri-il's  life. 
Four  years  later  he  wrote;  "  "When  wc  think  t>f 
our  humble  origin  from  a  dark,  dirty,  vaulted 
cellar  of  an  old  Venetian  tower,  our  progres-s 
thence  to  an  old  Turkish  house  and  two  miser- 
able chambers,  and  gradually  to  our  own  resi- 
dence, and  the  tilling  up  lirst  of  oc.e  room  and 
then  of  another,  and  now  look  at  our  l.-irge  and 
coiiunodious  schoiilhouse,  the  lariresi  in  .Vtliens, 
completely  tilled  fimn  top  to  bottom  with  indus- 
trious childnn  numbering  nearly  six  hundred, 
wc  are  asloiiished." 

In  IS  J.")  .Mr.  Hill  was  appointed  chaplain  to 
the  British  Legation,  and  for  many  years  offi- 
ciated as  such  in  the  Knirlish  Chapel  of  St.  Paul 
at  Athens.  The  appointment  was  unsolicited 
by  him,  ami  made  at  the  instance  of  Adndral 
Lord  Lyons  and  other  distinguished  men  in 
England.  Their  application  was  based  on  the 
ground  that  "it  was  justly  due  to  him  for  his 
gratuitous  services  to  the  English  residents  for 
twelve  years  past."  He  was  the  first  and  only 
AniericiUi  clergyman  ai>|)ointe<l  chaplain  to  a 
British  Legation.  In  l.^")G  hi'  received  from 
Harvard  College  the  degree  of  D.D.,  and  in  18«8 
that  of  LL.D.  from  Columbia  College.  In  186!», 
in  view  of  his  advanced  years  and  that  of  his 
wife,  he  handed  in  his  resignation  to  the  Board. 
The  committee  resolved  to  "  provide  for  Lis 
comfortable  s\ipport  in  Athens,  the  city  of  his 
adoption  and  life's  work,  tmtil  his  death." 

In  token  of  the  ai)preciation  by  the  nation  of 
his  educational  work.  Dr.  Hill  receivct  .rom 
the  Minister  of  E<lucation  an  otlieial  document, 
dated  June  18th,  18HI.  in  which  occurs  the  fol- 
lowing paragra]>h:  "  Upon  the  liftieth  anniver- 
sary of  your  school,  which  was  the  beginning' 
of  the  more  systematic  education  of  the  young' 
women  of  Hellas,  I  take  plea.sure  in  transmitting 
herewith  the  congratulations  of  his  .Majesty." 

While  Dr.  Hill's  main  work  was  the  educa- 
tion of  the  young,  he  performed  other  tisefiil 
labors.  In  connection  with  Dr.  Robertson  and 
others  of  the  mi.ssiou  he  translated  valuable 
English  te.xt-books,  secular  and  religious,  into 
moclern  Greek  By  his  preaching,  teaching, 
and  personal  intercourse  he  conmuinicated 
much  t'liristi.-m  truth  to  the  clergy.  He  died 
at  Athens  .Inly  1st,  1882,  aged  ninety.  The 
cabinet  ministers  requested  of  his  wife  that 
they  ndght  give  him  a  public  funeral.  "The 
procession,  iieaded  by  a  band  of  nmsic  and  ii 
file  of  soldiers,  and"  followed  by  the  king's 
chaplain  and  the  Greek  archimandrite,  wa.s 
nearly  a  mile  long,  lliough  they  walked  si.K 
abreast,  and  the  .streets  were  tilled  with  all 
classes  of  the  people."  He  was  buried  in  the 
English  Protestant  Episcopal  cemetery  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ilyssus.  At  the  gate  the  "children 
of  the  inis.sion  school  sang  a  beautiful  hymn  in 
Greek,  and  chanted  the  9<)th  Psalm  in  English. 
At  the  grav<'  addresses  were  made  b\-  an  old 
teacher  in  tlie  mission  school,  now  the  head  of 
the  bureau  of  instruction;  by  Dioniedes  Kyria- 


IP 


Ii 


if     U 

t., 

% 


HELL,  JOHN  HENRT 


418 


HINDUISM 


kos,  ft  professor  of  theologj'  in  the  nntioniil  uni- 
versity; and  liy  the  incsident  of  the  cily  ('(iiiii- 
cil,  wlio  iiiinomiced  tluit  "  tlie  cifv  of  Athens, 
wishinur  to  show  its  iippreciutioii  to  so  (k'seiviiig 
a  l)('ia'f(i(t(ir,  would  raise  a  inoininieiit  over 
tliiit  f,'iave  whieh  should  l)e  iiiseiilied  with  the 
love  and  gralilude  of  the  people  of  Athens." 

Hindi  Vcrinioii.— Hindi,  which  lielonjrs 
to  the  Indie  bruueh  of  the  Aryan  lanfruau'e- 
family,  is  the  veruaeular  of  lifty  millions  in 
Norlheru  India,  and  is  jreneraliy  written  in  the 
Devanairri  or  re^rular  Sanskrit  ehamcler.  He- 
sides  the  Devanagri,  oilier  characleis  are  also 
used,  especially  liy  the  trailing  community. 

In  1811  Seranipore  missionaries  pidilished  an 
cdiiion  of  the  New  Teslanient,  and  the  entire 
Bible,  as  translated  hy  Carey,  Marshinaii,  and 
Ward,  was  eompieted  in  1818.  This  edition 
was  iivised  hy  the  Uev.  John  Chamberlain, 
and  also  published  at  Serampore.  Another 
Version  was  undertaken  by  the  Hev.  William 
liowley,  for  many  years  missionary  at  Benares. 
The  iS'ew  Testament  was  published  in  18^1),  the 
Old  in  18iJ4.  This  translation,  known  as  the 
Bowley  version,  was  merely  an  ada])tation  of 
^lartyn's  Hindustani  translation  to  the  Hindi 
dialect.  E.xeellent  as  was  the  idiom  of  the  ver- 
sion, il  was  felt  that  a  revision  for  the  purpose 
of  conforming  the  version  to  the  originals  was 
necessary;  and  after  the  formation  of  tlie  North 
India  Bible  Society  in  1845,  a  committee,  con- 
sisting of  the  Revs.  Leupolt,  Kennedy,  and 
Schneider,  was  appointed  to  revise  the  /5owley 
New  Testament.  Their  revised  edition  was 
brought  out  in  1850-51,  and  was  in  use  until  the 
mutiny,  when  all  the  copies  that  were  in  the 
depository  at  Agra  were  destroyed.  The  Rev. 
J.  F.  Ullinann  was  then  sent  to  Kngland  to  bring 
out  a  new  edition.  Mr.  Ullmanu's  tdition  was 
issued  at  London  in  18(10 

Abotit  the  same  time  that  the  committee  was 
appointed  to  revise  the  New  Testament,  a 
committee  consisting  of  Messrs.  Schneider, 
Kennedy,  Leupolt,  and  Owen  was  appoin- 
ted to  bring  out  a  revised  edition  of  the 
Hindi  Old  Testament.  The  i",rst  volume  was 
brought  out  in  1852,  the  second  in  1855.  All 
the  copies  that  were  at  Agra  were  destroyed  in 
the  mutiny,  and  as  the  500  copies  that  were 
given  by  the  Calcutta  Society  were  soon  ex- 
hausted. Dr.  Owen  was  appointed,  in  1803,  to 
bring  out  a  new  edition,  of  which  the  first  vol- 
ume was  issued  in  1801),  the  second  in  1809. 

In  1883  a  Revision  Committee,  composed  of 
the  l)est  scholars  of  the  dilferent  missions,  assist- 
ed by  native  Christians,  was  formed  to  bring 
out  a  thorouglily  revised  edition  of  the  Hindi 
Scripluies.  In  1888  the  four  Gospels  were 
published  in  the  newly  revised  form,  the  trans- 
lators having  followed  the  text  that  underlies 
the  Revised  English  Version. 

Besides  the  liible  in  the  Devanagari.  there 
cxi.sts  also  an  edition  in  the  .so-called  Kaithi,  or 
writer's  character,  commonly  used  by  the  lower 
class  of  natives.  The  lirst  edition  was  pub- 
lished in  1857,  and  mimy  editions  since. 
(Specimen  verse.     John  3  :  16.) 

^WfftR  t5R#  ^iPTcT^T  ^OT  VJJX  fwmt 

f^  ^^5%  ^rcRT  5*^1  dr  ^  f^  fsB 


IlilKlili'tiii.— In  order  to  gain  a  clear  un- 
dersiandiiig  ol  the  religious  ..systems  of  India  it 
is  important  to  ob.serve  a  distinction  in  names. 
Brahnumism  and  Hinduism  are  not  inter- 
changeable. Brahmanisni  properly  denotes  an 
earlier  stage  of  development  in  the  failh  of  the 
Hindus;  Hinduism,  that  more  complete  iind 
composite  system  which  embraced  all  jirevious 
stages,  and,  like  a  spreading  banyan-tree,  cov- 
ered all  the  superstitions  and  philo.sophies  winch 
liad  been  known  to  the  IikIo- Aryan  race.  If 
we  go  back  to  tlie  earliest  teachings  of  the 
Vedas  and  atlem;>t  to  eharacteri/eihe  faith  dis- 
closed in  those  ancient  hymns,  we  may  proper- 
ly cidl  it  Aryanism  or  Vedism.  It  is  a  simple 
and  well-nlgli  monotheistic  nature-worship, 
largely  im|>orted  by  the  Indo-Aryan  conquer- 
ors from  the  original  cradle  of  the  Ary;in  race 
in  the  high_  tablelands  of  Central  Asia.  Nature, 
under  the  more  fre(iuent  name  of  Varinia  or 
Purusha,  is  worshijiped  as  the  source  and  the 
upholder  of  all  tliings,  and  is  invested  with 
moral  attrilnites  and  a  moral  government  of 
the  world.  Some  of  the  hymns  to  Varuna 
seem  truly  devout.  At  that  early  period  we 
tind  no  well-defined  i)olythei.sm,  though  there 
is  a  tendency  toward  il  in  the  disposition  to  ad- 
dress separate  powers  of  nature, — tlie  sun,  the 
sky,  the  dawn,  the  rain,  tire,  etc., — as  embody- 
ing the  one  deity  w  ho  is  supreme. 

Tliere  is  no  trace  of  idolatry  or  the  worship 
of  images  and  symbols,  there  is  no  developed 
pantheism,  no  system  of  caste,  no  doctrine  of 
transmigration, nor  widow-buniing,  nor  author- 
ized infanticide.  The  dead  were  buried  in 
that  early  period  insl<'ad  of  being  burned,  and 
tlie  oppres,sion  of  woman  was  comparatively 
mild.  There  was  no  hint  of  divine  incarnations, 
and  no  Trimurii  or  Hindu  Trinity. 

The  next  development  may  be  called  Brah- 
manisni. It  was  a  galling  and  opi>ressive  sys- 
tem of  sacerdotalism,  instituted  and  enfor<ed 
by  the  Brahman  or  priestly  caste.  It  was  well 
developed  by  about  800  years  B.C.,  and  it  bore 
undisputed  dominion  for  300  years.  Il  made 
use  of  such  portions  of  the  Vedas  as  sup|xirteil, 
or  .seemed  to  support,  its  assumptions;  and  by 
comment  and  interpretation,  and  iulditions  to 
the  sacred  hymns,  it  prodiwed  what  were 
known  as  the  Uralmianiis.  Tliese  were  based 
upon  such  allusions  in  the  Vedas  as  were  suiv 
posed  to  relate  to  forms  and  acts  of  worship, 
and  they  became  under  the  Brahman's  hands 
eoniplete  rituals.  'I'liey  dealt  with  every  <pies- 
tioii  aiid  every  interest  which  concerned  the 
Brahman  caste.  They  traced  its  divine  origin, 
set  forth  its  superiority  and  its  relative  rights. 
They  assigned  bouiuls  and  limitations  to  the 
three  siiboidiuate  cla.sses,viz..  the  Knh'trefia  or 
soldier  caste,  the  Vnini/it  or  farmer  caste,  and 
the  lowly  Siidni  or  the  menial  caste.  These 
distinctions  were  li.\ed  immovably.  Barriers 
were  iiiised  which  might  not  be  passed,  and  dis- 
abilities were  Laid  upon  the  lower  orders  from 
which  there  was  no  escaiu".  Marriage,  social 
relations,  industries  and  vocations,  military 
service,  rights  of  property,  laws  of  inheritance 
—every  interest  of  human  life  was  subordinated 
».o  the  dominion  of  caste. 

The  privileges  and  exemptions  of  the  Brah- 
mans  involved  an  intolerable  oppression  of 
every  other  caste.  The  life  of  a  Brahman  was 
inviolable  even  by  kings. 

In  connection  with  this  caste  system  the 
most  absurd  and  burdensome  system  of  sacrifice 


HINDUISM 


419 


HINDUISM 


spniiiu;  up.  It  has  been  common  for  the  rnros 
of  miinkiud  to  observe  the  euslom  of  olfering 
saeriliees  to  deity.  Tliey  Imve  ^eiienilly  liien 
t'xpiiitory;  often  lliey  were  oirermgse.vijre.sNive 
(]|  i,niilitii(le.  or  Iliey  were  free  gift.suiiule  in  llie 
hope  of  securing  favor  iind  the  beslownient  of 
some  desirable  boon.  In  V'edic  times  there 
were  siginlieanl  traces  of  vicarious  sacritice  — 
even  of  a  divine  and  altogetlier  vohintary  .saeri- 
liees made  by  deity  for  ihe  benetit  of  others. 
(Jne  is  reminded  of  tlie  Great  .Sacritice  made 
once  forall.asset  forlli  in  tlie  New  Testament; 
luid  it  lias  been  cluiined  by  eminent  Oriental 
scholars  that  these  Vedic  references  denote 
sir.inge  tnulilioiial  reminiscences  of  a  prediction 
once  made  to  man  of  the  "  Lambshiiu  from  the 
foundation  of  the  world." 

Hui  unilcr  the  teachings  of  the  Bruhmana 
period  the  doctrine  of  sacritice  became  a  mon- 
slrosily.  It  was  a  system  of  bargaining  be- 
tween earth  and  heaven.  A  sort  of  tarilf  of 
values  was  lixed,  which  the  gods  could  not  liis- 
regard.  If  one  were  rich  enough  in  .sacrilicial 
gifts  he  might  bankrui)!  the  gods  by  hopeless 
obligations.  It  was  claimed  that  tlie  sjicritice 
of  a  hundred  horses  might  demaml  the  throne 
<d' Indra.  Sometimes  even  denjons  placed  the 
gods  in  their  power  and  wrought  anarchy  iu 
the  universe  by  the  abundance  of  their  sacri- 
tices.  (.)f  course  the  explanation  of  these  ex- 
travagances is  found  in  the  fact  that  the  Brah- 
man or  priestly  caste  derived  an  immense  rev- 
enue from  their  bloody  offerings.  In  a  real  sense 
they  ate  what  the  gods  were  supposed  to  eat  in 
a  spiritual  sense,  and  in  all  the  endless  ritual  of 
worship  they  were  handsomely  paid  for  their 
.services  Not  only  for  the  living  but  for  the 
dead  were  sacrifices  demanded.  Not  even  the 
Church  of  Home  in  the  palmy  days  of  Tet/el 
and  Leo  X.  derived  such  reveiuies  from  the 
doctrines  of  Purgatory  and  Indulgences  as  ac- 
crued to  the  Brahinanical  priesthood  of  India. 
'1  he  land  was  deluged  with  sacrificial  blood, 
the  people  groaneil  under  the  awful  burden, 
and  the  day  of  reckoning  drew  near. 

About  .lOO  H.c.  the  more  intellectual  classe.s 
of  India  became  restive  :  .schools  of  iiliilosophy 
spriuiir  up;  men  were  led  to  consider  the  great 
mysteries  of  life,  and.  if  possible,  to  solve  the 
)>roblems  of  human  destiii)-.  They  were  no 
longer  content  to  be  mere  ignorant  slaves  under 
a  galling  sacerdot;disni.  ".Men  rose  up  and 
threw  oil  the  syst(!m  of  sacrifice  or  greatly 
weakened  its  power.  At  the  same  time  Buddh- 
ism arose  with  its  protest  not  oidy  against 
ca<leand  s;icrilice,  but  against  the  whole  system 
of  sui)erstition  which  the  Hrahmans  had  cre- 
ated Tired  of  the  extreuKs  religiousness  of 
BraliMianism,  it  went  to  the  opposite  extreme  of 
rejecting  all  religion.  (Jautam.i  bec.'ime  athe- 
istic. For  six  yi'ars  he  had  tried  ascetic  Brah- 
manism  and  found  it  barren  and  illusive.  Ho 
therefore  taught  a  .system  of  ethics  and  of  .self- 
reliance  and  self-righteousness,  as  a  substitute 
for  the  national  religion 

The  development  of  Buddhism  and  the  Dar- 
sanas  or  Six  Schools  of  l'lulo.sophy  had  been 
jireceded  by  the  ri)anisliad8— a  system  of  si)ec- 
ulative  teachings  partlv  drawn  from,  and  partly 
reared  up(m,  the  jihilo.sophic  portions  of  the 
Veda.s,  as  the  Brahmanas  had  been  built  up 
from  their  scattered  references  to  ritual.  These 
L'panisbads  were  the  earliest  sources  of  Hindu 
philosophy,  and  from  them  the  weapona  were 


first  drawn  which  crippled  the  iwwer  of  the 
Brahnnins. 

But  over  against  this  raoveraent  was  a  (h'sper- 
ate  effort  of  the  Brahmans  to  resist  its  rational- 
istic influence.  Its  results  are  .-een  in  the  so- 
called  Dharma  Sasiras  or  C'ikIc  of  .Manu.  It  is 
not  detiniiely  known  in  what  pree'i.se  order  these 
confllcliiig  movements  of  the  great  niiiids  of 
India  proceeded  Strict  chionology  is  the  one 
thing  wanting  in  all  Hindu  literature:  it  has  well 
been  said  that  the  historic  instinct  is  wholly  un- 
known III  the  Hindu  mind.  But  it  is  sup|)osed 
that  the  dangerous  philosophic  tendencies  of 
the  times  specially  .stimulated  tlii'  Bndimaus  to 
guard  and  butlros  their  a>>-umplion->  by  those 
laws  which,  though  pnnliiceil  by  different 
authors  and  in  ditfereiit  pericMis,  arc  thrown 
together  iu  the  ma.vsive  conipilatiou  a.-cribed  to 
Manu. 

A  brief  account  of  the.se  various  eleiwnts  in 
Hindu  literature  will  set  forth  their  relations 
more  clearly.  The  Vedas,  cla>sitied  umler  the 
various  divisions  of  .Vantrax  or  Hymns,  Jirnfi- 
tmiiiiiK  or  Uulcs  of  liitual,  and  L'/Hiiiixhiiilx  or 
Vedic  Philosoiihy.  are  known  as  Snili  ov  Direct 
lievelations.  Those  subse(iuent  works  now  to 
lie  considered  are  called  Smrili  or  unrevealed 
teachings  of  eminent  sages. 

The  JhirKiinan  or  Six  Philo.sophic  Schools 
were  all  in  agreement  on  certain  iioints,  such  a.s 
the  eternity  of  nnitter  past  ami  future;  the 
eternity  of"  sold— both  the  infinite  and  the  indi- 
viduated soul  ;  the  neces-sjiry  connection  of  .soul 
with  matter,  in  order  to  enable  it  to  act  (even 
the  infinite  soul  is  unconscious  until  it  evolves 
the  universe  which  is  its  bodyi;  the  attendant 
evil  of  all  such  connection  with  matter  however 
necessarv  ;  the  need  of  transmigration  in  order  to 
throw  ofV  by  long  discipline  tlie  evil  conseiiuences 
of  such  connection  ;  anil  that  iR'ssiniistic  doctrine 
which  makes  it  the  great  end  of  human exi.stence 
to  get  rill  of  itself  by  being  absorbed  into  deity. 

in  their  .sepanite  and  distinctive  characters 
the  Six  Schools  were  these: 

(1)  The  A'l/iii/ii.  founded  by  the  Br.ahman 
Gotania,  an<l  which  maiutaineil  that  all  the  evils 
of  life  result  from  false  knowle<lge  or  inisiip|)re- 
liensiou,  and  that  the  remedy  is  to  be  found  in 
aci|uiriiig  right  nieihi>il>  of  inve>iiiration  and 
reflection.  It  ])ropi>sed  an  elidiomteclassiiicalion 
of  knowledge,  and  framed  a  syllogi-m  more  elab- 
orate than  that  "f  AriMotle.  It  was  really  a 
system  of  salvation  by  logic. 
"  (2)  The  Viii.sexliikii,  founded  by  Kanada.  was 
an  .'idvancc  upon  the  Nyay.a.  though  in  the  sjimc 
direction.  Boih  were  ;inalytic;ii.  The  latter 
applied  logical  and  analytical  |iriiies.scs toall  the 
facts  of  nature  and  of  life.  It  claimed  to  solve 
the  mysicrv  of  creation  on  an  atomic  theory  like 
that  lif  Lucretius  and  the  extreme  evolutionists 
of  our  day. 

As  evolutionists  are  now  divided  as  to  the 
existence  of  a  first  .omI  moving  Cause,  sfi  the  atl- 
liereuts  of  these  two  -vslems  resolved  them.sel ves 
intotwoela.sscs:  the  Agnoslicor  At  heist  ic  school: 
and  those,  especially  of  a  later  day,  who  recog- 
nized the  being  of  isvara  iG'  d). 

(:i)  Another  inii>iirtanl  school  wjis  \\w  S<inkhi/a, 
founded  by  Kapila.  This  was  synthetic  rather 
than  analytic.  It  a.scribed  the"  origin  of  the 
vi.sible  world  to  an  active  principle,  regarded  as 
the  pre-existing  substance  (hypostasis),  the  sub- 
atomic entity,  the  "  rootless  root  "  of  all  things. 
In  order  to  the  energizing  or  activity  of  this 


It 


I; 


11 


HINDUISM 


480 


HINBmSM 


universal  stnirce  of  being  it  must  eonio  into  con- 
tact or  co-operiilioii  with  soul.  It  is  iiclivcs  liut 
not  iiiti'lligi'ul.  Soul  is  iiilcllife'cut,  but  inaclivo 
and  lu'lplcss.  Kai  li  supplciuonts  ilic  otbcr. 
TIr'  I'xisliiig  subslanct'  called  I'rakrili  cdn- 
stantl}'  cloilu's  tlic  souls  wliicli  ii  iiii'cis  wiib 
bodies,  and  invests  lliein  willi  life;  and  so  Ibe 
teeniiiijr  iiniveise  is  iiKMliiced. 

'I'liis  duiilism  of  I'lakiili  iiiul  sold  was  illus- 
tialeil  anmiii;  |)liil(is(i|ilieis  ]i\  the  veliiiioii  ol' 
tile  two  sexes,  iiiid  willi  the  low  and  iinpliilo- 
Sophie  classes  this  led  to  the  nolion  ol'  the  male 
and  female  principles  in  the  ir(Hls,  and  to  the 
endless  coiiiiplions  which  liiive  been  devulopeil 
in  India  iilung  these  lines. 

(1)  A  fomlh  system  of  pliilosopliy  was  tlio 
Yo;/'i.  by  i'aiilaljidi.  In  one  view  this  was 
rathei'  a  litiial  than  a  philosophy,  since  it  iclatcd 
■wholly  to  the  oliserviiiK cs  of  the  ascetic  life,  and 
gave  endless  lilies  therefoi'.  Ibit  in  iireseribiiig 
methods  for  lidding  the  soul  of  the  corrupting 
inlluenee  of  matter,  it  dealt  with  subtile  meta 
physics  and  finely  elaborated  processes  of  logical 
analysis,  and  often  evinced  a  marvellous  i)hilo- 
soi)hic  acumen. 

^^))  A  liftli  school  was  tlio  MdimmiKii  by  .Tai- 
nnni.  It  was  a  reaction  against  llie  ration.ilism 
of  the  Nyaya  and  the  Sanlihya,  and  aimed  to 
exalt  the  word  and  tesliuuiny  of  the  Veda  even 
to  the  place  of  God.  In  its  root-])rineiple  it  wa.s 
a  system  of  book -worship.  It  made  the  Ycdii 
selt'-exi'j^ent  and  eternal:  even  tlic  sound  of  its 
spoken  words  was  eternal,  iind  had  idway.sbeeu 
audible,  In  its  details  it  was  an  elaborate  ritual 
for  the  right  reading  and  interpretation  of  tliu 
sacred  hymns.  A  false  .syllabic  (piantity  in  read- 
ing, or  an  inspiration  wliere  there  .should  have 
been  an  expiration  of  the  breath,  was  a  heinous 
if  not  an  unpardonable  sin.  The  Veda  was  a  fe- 
tich in  tlie  fullest  sense. 

(0)  The  sixth  school  was  XhaVedanta,  founded 
by  Vvasa.  This  was  ont-and-ont  pantheism — 
a  fuller  development  of  it  than  has  appeared  in 
the  Upaiiishads.  "  IJrahman  (neuter  noun  for 
the  Self-existent)  is  this  very  universe,  and  he 
has  no  second."  From  him,  in  liini,  and  for 
him  all  things  exist.  The  visible  world  and 
even  our  consciousness  are  only  i)heiioinenal 
and  illusory,  as  wlien  in  his  evening  walk  one 
thinks  he  sees  a  snake  and  makes  it  very  real, 
while  in  fact  it  is  only  a  rope  lying  across  liis 
path.  The  Vedanta  school  has  nionlded  the  in- 
tellectual classes  of  India  through  all  subseciuent 
ajjcs.  Whatever  sup<'rstition8  have  grown  out 
of  the  Sankbya,  and  whatever  extravagances 
may  have  attended  the  asceticism  of  the  Yoga, 
the  men  of  thonglit  have  been  Vedantists,  and 
are  to  this  day.  In  the  famous  Sanskrit  scliools 
of  Benares  this  is  the  prevailing  philosoi)hy.  And 
it  is  that  which  chietiy  gives  to  Indian  thought 
its  stronghold  upon  tlie  nou-Chrislian  and  nat- 
uralistic minds  of  all  lands. 

The  Iaiii's  of  3 f  an  ii.— 'Then'  is  .some  evi- 
dence tliat  the  Laws  of  !Maiiii  jireceded  tlie 
full  development  of  the  Schools  of  Philosophy, 
though  they  bear  internal  evidence  of  having 
followed  the  rpanishads.  They  do  not  allude 
to  Ibiddhism  by  name,  thougii  certain  refer- 
ences to  "  Atheists"  are  sujiposed  by  some  to 
refer  to  tlie  followers  of  Gautama.  The  sup- 
position is  not  neces.sary,  as  there  were  otlicr 
Atheists  besides  Buddhists,  5Iaiiu  makes  no 
reference  to  the  Trimurti, — Brahma,  Vislinu, 
and  Siva,  nor  to  tlie  Doctrine  of  Bakti  (faith) 
in  relation  to  Krishna.    Both  that  and  the  doc- 


trine of  Saktisni  (tlie  worship  of  the  female 
energj')  were  of  later  date.  JIauu  was  severe 
in  his  Immiliation  of  woman  ;  yet  her  position 
in  his  time  was  not  so  hedged  or  so  degrading 
as  in  later  days.  Widowburnim;  is  not  al- 
luded to  in  his  code,  though  in  tlie  tune  of  Alex- 
ander's coiKpiesI  it  had  been  introduced,  and 
from  '.Vil  11. c.  (or  earlier)  to  18','!)  its  Icrribie 
cniillics  were  perpetrated  by  the  sanction  and 
even  insligalion  of  the  jiriest hood. 

Sir  -Moiiier  Williams  has  cla.ssilied  the  con- 
tents of  the  Code  under  six  lieads:  (1;  Its  re- 
ligious tcacliiiigs,  embracing  doctrines  of  Vedio 
revelation,  dnlies  of  Brahimins.  the  rites  of 
Sraddha  or  olVeriiigs  to  dead  ancestors,  etc.  'i) 
Its  pliilosopliy.  'I'his  is  supposed  to  have  been 
antagonistic  to  the  rational  li'iidei^cies  of  the 
times,  and  yet,  so  f;ir  as  was  consistent  w  ith  its 
piiiiiouiice<l  Brahmanical  Ihioiics,  it  was  itself 
])liilc]sopliical.  Siiiiie  of  the  principles  siihse- 
(|Ueiitly  evolved  by  tlu'  sehcols  it  had  already 
laeseiiled.  Its  unicpie  account  of  creation,  found 
in  Book  1st,  represents  many  subordinate  jhu- 
tions  of  llie  creative  work  as  Iiaving  been  de- 
l>uled  to  eininenl  i"\lanus.  Its  fatalism  is  uneom- 
piomisiiig  and  complel(>.  It  is  .also  pessimistic, 
and  tinds  the  usual  Oriental  explaiiiilioii  i>f  life's 
mysteiies  in  the  doctrine  of  transmigration. 
(3)  lis  .social  regiihitions.  Whiilever  rehites  to 
caste  disliiiclions  is  liere  set  forth.  Also  the 
•'nties  and  inivileges  of  Brahmans,  the  regula- 
tion of  trades  and  vocations  of  tlie  respective 
cla.sses,  tlie  rites  of  marriage  and  tlie  duties  of 
the  householder,  etc.  (4)  Its  penal  laws  and 
rules  of  government.  Aside  from  their  intense 
and  absurd  partiality  toward  the  Bndimans. 
these  laws  were  in  the  main  iiist  andwi.se.  The 
.system  of  taxation  discriininated  in  favor  of 
the  poorer  classes.  The  duties  of  a  king  were 
carefully  prescribed,  and  that  on  ju.st  princiides. 
He  slionld  hold  court  for  the  administration 
of  justice,  iiccompanied  by  counsellors.  The 
laws  of  property,  covering  transfer,  deposit, 
entail,  and  the  rates  of  interest,  were  strict 
and  Ju.st.  Even  laws  on  bottomry  were  pre- 
scribed. In  criminal  law  the  principle  of  tlie  lez 
ttiUonis  was  ai>plied  generally  and  rigorously. 
(5.)  Lawsof  ])enance.  (6)  Its "doetrineof  fulnre 
recompenses  by  transmigration.  This  occupies 
au  important  place.  It  was  one  element  of 
great  power  in  the  Laws  of  Mann  thai  tlieir 
penalties  reached  beyond  the  grave  and  in- 
volved man's  future  estate. 

Two  or  three  points  presented  in  the  Code  of 
Manu  claim  special  attention.  (1.)  Its  pecul- 
iar tlieory  of  creation.  A  seed  is  said  to  liave 
appeared  upon  tlie  expanse  of  waters,  which 
became  a  golden  egg.  From  this  egg  the  In- 
finite himself,  after  the  elapse  of  a  year, 
emerged,  and  became  the  inogenitor  of  the 
worUT.  From  this  Fir.st  Cause,  which  is  indis- 
cernible and  eternal,  was  ])idduced  that  male 
"  I'lunslia,"  who  is  known  in  tlie  world  as 
Brahma.  lie  divided  himself  in  lialves.  which 
became  heaven  and  earth  From  himself  also 
he  drew  forth  the  mind,  tind  from  the  mind 
that  ego  which  lias  the  power  of  .self-con- 
scionsiicss;  also  the  ,sonl  and  the  live  senses. 
15y  joining  jiarticles  of  the  last  six  witli  par- 
ticles of  himself  he  created  the  living  bodies  of 
all  being.s,  lie  also  created  the  gods,  who  are 
endowed  with  tietion, 

C-i)  The  fatalism  of  ]\fanu's  theology.  "In 
the  lieginning  he  (Brahma)  a.ssigned  names, 
actions,  and  conditions  to  all  beings.  .  .  In  order 


HINDUISM 


HINDUISM 


to  ilisiiiij^uish  lU'lioiinlio  septirntcd  merit  from 
<lfiiiiMit.  To  wliiili'vcr  courst'  of  iiction  llie 
Itoril  liisl  ii|i|)oiiil(Ml  ciu'li  kitiil  of  hi'iiii;.  tliai  it 
Ims  spoiilaiicoiisly  iidopled  in  t'.'icli  siicccstive 
iTcHiioii  (liniisinijjriilioii)  Wliiitt'ViT  lu-  (limb- 
ma)  ii.ssii;iu'(l  lo  lacli  al  ils  liisl  cnalioii.— n<».\- 
iouHiii'ss  or  liarnilrssnf.ss,  uciiilcm--i  or  fcnxiiy. 
viiluc  oi-  sin,  tnilli  or  falsfliooil.  —  tbat  clings 
lo  it.  "—(.Maim,  Hotil;  !.,  O-i;!) 

(3)  Tlii^  singular  placi'  ii.ssijriicil  to  aii>*fri- 
tics.  Dividiiiir  liis  own  Itody,  ilic  Lord  K-fiinic 
iinlf  fiMnalu.  Willi  llial  tCinalf  hi-  priMliiit-il 
Viraj.  Viraj,  liavini;  p<  it'oriiit  d  aii>tfritii's. 
produced  Mann,  i'luis  .Mann,  spt  iikiui;  to  thi- 
•saijes,  say.s;  "  JJnl  know  me,  O  most  holy  of 
tin;  Iwici'-liorn,  to  lie  llie  Crt-alor  of  tlii.-j  wlioli- 
world,  whom  Viraj  liiinsi'lf  prodncfd.  Inivin? 
purlorinrd  anstcrilics.  Tlicn  I,  desiriii.:;  (<» 
|)ri)  luce  crcaii'd  bciiifjs,  performed  very  grrat 
nnsteritie.'t,  and  tliert'liy  called  into  exi^itencv 
ten  great  sa;^cM,  lords  of  created  beings.  They 
created  .seven  oilier  Manns,  posses.Ning  gri-al 
brilliancy,  fH><ls  and  ('las.ses  [rank.s]  of  gmls 
«ii('i  great  sages  of  measiireles.s  ]iower.  Tbi-n 
niany  oilier  creations  are  named.  Thas  was 
tlie  whole  creation  produced  by  those  high- 
miudeil  ones  by  means  of  unslerities,  ami  at  luy 
command." 

(4)  Woman's  .sad  estate.  Though  3Ianii  is 
exonerated  from  even  a  mention  of  the 
Suttee,  which  liecame  u  custom  l)efore  Ale.\- 
ander's  invasion,  yet  there  is  little  doubt  that 
the  inlluence  of  his  Code,  by  a  logical  proci'ss. 
led  on  to  it.  Hamabai  cpiotes  many  ici-wages 
from  the  Vcdic  literature  wliich  l)esp«'ak  kind- 
ness and  honor  for  woman,  but  >he  adds  many 
.strong  contrasts  from  the  Code  of  Manu.  In 
.strict  accordance  with  the  fatalism  above 
named,  we  read  in  Book  9.  17,  th!it"when 
creating  them,  .Manu  allotted  to  women  a  love 
of  their  bed,  of  their  seat,  and  of  ornament. 
impure  desires,  wrath,  dishonesty,  malice,  an>l 
bad  cDiiduct."  Manu  made  woman,  and  yet 
Mann  has  pronounced  upon  her  the  mi>st  blight- 
ing ciir.se. 

(5.)  Transmignition.  To  the  great  sages.  Bhri- 
gu  sprung  from  -Manu,  answered  thus:  "Hear 
the  decision  concerning  Ibis  whole  connection 
with  actions:  Actions,  which  spring  from  the 
mind,  from  speech,  and  from  the  botly,  pnxluce 
either  good  or  bad  results.  IJj'  action  arecau.sed 
the  various  (^ondilions  of  men;  the  highest,  the 
middling,  and  tlu^  lowest.  Know  that  the  mind 
i.s  the  instigator,  here  below,  even  to  that  action 
which  is  connected  with  the  body,  and  which  U 
of  three  kinds,  has  three  locations,  and  falls  un- 
der ten  heads.  [The.se  are  given.]  A  man  obtains 
the  result  of  a  good  or  an  evil  mental  act  in  his 
mind,  that  of  a  verbal  act  in  his  speech,  that  of 
a  bodily  act  in  his  body.  In  consequence  of 
many  sinful  acts  committed  with  his  bo<ly.  a 
man  becomes  in  the  ne.vt  birth  .something  inan- 
imate; in  eon.setpience  of  sins  committed  by 
speech,  a  bird  or  a  beast;  and  in  consequence 
of  sins  of  the  mind,  bo  is  born  in  low  <a.ste." 
The  above  is  a  verbatim  statement  [)Ianu. 
Book  XII.]  of  the  threefold  principle  of  all 
transinigralion. 

The  Fultj/  lU'veloped  Ilitiiln  Sifstem. 
— Without  dwelling  longeron  this  remarkable 
code,  probably  the  most  widely  influential  that 
was  ever  promulgated,  we  notice  briefly  the 
irruption  of  Buddliism  into  the  Hindu  system, 
and  its  influence  upon  it.  Springing  up  aljout 
450  to  500  B.C.,  it  gained  such  power  within 


two  (-cnturies  that  it  became  the  slate  religion 
of  India— not  that  it  suiiplanted  Biahmanism  : 
it  merely  dimiinaleil  it.  The  Immense  system 
of  <»cri!lces  it  elTeclually  crippled,  and  it  re- 
hukeii  Htnie  of  the  most  extravagant  H.ssiiinp- 
tion*  «if  the  i>riesls. 

It  pHMluci-d  a  more  buniiine  spirit  toward 
man  ami  beast,  and  exemplilled  a  higher  code 
of  ethit>.  To  MuneeMenl  it  alleviated  the  con- 
diliou  of  woman.  Above  all,  it  resisted  the 
eslreuie  rigors  of  caste,  though  ils  theories  of 
human  cipialiiy  and  muiual  rights  were  forced 
to  ci>nipr»mi--e  with  a  system  wliieh  it  could  not 
wholly  overthrow.  By  ils  more  sympallietic 
character  it  so  won  the  ])eoi)l<'  that  after 
Buddha'silcath  the  Brahmans  asa  slioke  of  pol- 
icy included  him  aiuoiig  Vishnu's  iiicarnatinns. 
Jleaiiwhile  both  syslems  largely  inllueticeil  each 
other.  Bnihm.'tnism  embodied  so  much  of 
Buddhism  as  served  its  purpose,  while  it 
sirongh'  o|iposed  the  inlluence  of  the  Saiigha 
or  Bu<fdhisl  order.  Thus  it  gradually  super- 
st-deil  and  linally  persecuted  tlie  rival  .system, 
and  drove  it  from  India.  Nevertheless,  liiiddh- 
ism  'jore  with  it  to  other  lands  many  funda- 
mental principles  borrow  ed  from  the  Mrahman.s. 
)leauwliile  Brahmanism  had  caplured  the  two 
popular  e|iic  jMiems  which  celebrated  the  niili- 
tary  exploits  of  the  heroes  Uaina  and  Krishna, 
ano  turn»-d  them  toils  purposes  by  inlerweav- 
insr  Willi  them  many  doctrinal  and  mytholog- 
ical elements.  The  popularity  of  these  heroes, 
IxMhof  whom  belonge(l  to  the  soldier  caste,  had 
esciled  the  jealousy  of  the  Hrahmaiis  ;  yet  they 
could  not  resist  the  tide:  they  must  illilizeit. 
They  therefore  raised  Kama  and  Krishna  to  the 
rank  of  deity,  and  so  brought  them  within  the 
same  lines  of  pedigree  with  themselves.  Mean- 
while they  had  gradipdlj'  developed  I  lie  doctrine 
of  theTrimurti  or  Trinity  of,  Brahma  the  Creator, 
Vishnu  the  Preserver,  and  Siva  the  IKwtroyer 
and  Kenovator.  Vishnu  was  the  most  popular 
as  I  he  pn-server  and  sympathizer,  and  it  was  a 
na1iir.il  and  easv  device  to  make  all  the  alleged 
deliverers  of  iJindu  tradition  incarnations  of 
Vi-hnu.  Buddha  was  linally  added  as  the 
ninth  avjitar,  and  prophecy  predicted  a  tenth, 
who  shall  yet  come  as  a  spiritual  deliverer  to 
establish  a  kingdom  of  righteousne.ss. 

Tims,  by  an  accretion  of  whatever  wasdesired 
of  Vedism,  Brahmanism,  Buddhism,  and  phil- 
osophy, was  developed  the  all-embraciug  system 
which  we  may  call  lliitduinm.  Its  distinction 
from  the  earlier  sacerdotal  system  known  as 
Brahmanism  will  readily  be  seen. 

It  not  only  embniced  the  systems  above 
uame<i.  but  it  also  borrowed  many  popular  su- 
perstiiiims  from  the  Dravidians,  KOIs,  Sanllmls, 
and  other  previous  invaders  whom  the  conquer- 
ing Aryans  found  in  the  country.  The  system 
hii  been  compared  to  .some  old'btulding  which 
through  a  long  iH'iiod  has  I)ecn  patched  and  re- 
paired and  enlarged  by  additions  till  nearly 
every  original  aspect  has  disaiipeared,  and  the 
result  is  an  entire  hamlet  rather  than  a  simple 
sJructiire.  Certain  elements  of  Mohammedan- 
ism havelieen  incorporated  into  Ilinduisin  since 
the  Mogul  invasion,  and  some  writers  claim  to 
have  found  traces  of  an  inlluence  borrowed 
fn>m  the  so-called  Syrian  Christians  who  migra- 
ted to  Malabar  in  the  early  centuries  of  the  Chris- 
tian era.  In  anj*  case,  it  is  certain  that  in  our 
own  time.  Hinduism  is  borrowing  largely  from 
Christianity  and  the  ethics  and  liumanities  of 
our  Christian  civilization.     Under  British  rule, 


% 


1 


i  '., 


HINDUISM 


HINDUISM 


luiil  ill  ronlnrt  wllli  llie  odiicnlionnl  liifliiciice 

of  inissioimrv  iiihI  jrovci  iiniuril  iMliicMlicm,  it 
liius  tliidwii  oil' Millie  i'{  ils  iiid.sl  (Iclm.-iiiu:  iiis- 
iDiiis,  iiiul  iiiiilcr  lliu  lillc  ol'  Ucvivcd  Ar.viiii- 
ism  is  now  pidcliiiiiiiiiir  ('lirisiliui  flliics  on 
wliiil  clniiii.'-  Ill  lie  Vrilic  uiilliorily. 

As  ulitiiily  iiiliiiiMii'il  ii  is  in  ilic  •rrciil  Kpics, 
lli<-  HiiMiiiviinii  anil  llic  Miiliiiiiliiinilii.  llnil  llic 
'I'riinmli  willi  llirir  iiiciirniitiiiiis  luc  ilevclopcd 
in  llic  inosl  popiilur  I'm  in.  'I'lioy  lui!  uncicnt  as 
IhioIi'  poiiiis  ;  llicy  llic  of  liilcr  (lute  lis  linili- 
iniiiii/fil  iiliicioii- 'trciitiscs.  I'roliiilily  llicy 
were  inoiili  It'll  into  tlii'irpiiscnl  foinisoiiiiwlii'io 
liilwccn  llir  I'oiirlli  mill  the  secoml  century 
liefoif  iiiir  em,  lliiiinrli  parts  were  adileil  later. 

The  iSliiijiaviiil  (iita. — Tiie  eclectic  poem 
known  as  the  Hliaj;aviiil  Gita  was  enilicilileil  in 
the  (Micyclopeilic  mass  of  the  iMiihaliliaiata 
pidlialilv  as  late  as  tlic  lirsl  or  second  cenliiiy 
of  Our  Lord.  The  inicrpretatioii  f;iveii  ti}'  liie 
great  coinnieutiitor  SaiikariicLarya,  benisu  niueh 
later  dale. 

The  oriirinal  author  evideiitlj-  f,'athered  what 
he  re;,'ariledas  the  pure  honey  froinall  llowersof 
Hindu  liteialiiic.  Il  is  certainly  a  remarkalilc 
production,  and  seems  to  iiresent  iiiiiny  par- 
allels to  the  New  Teslameiit,  till  one  discovers 
that  ils  mystical  pantheistic  meanings  arc  often 
the  very  (ippo^itc  of  Christian  truth,  and  that 
the  similarities  are  only  in  phrases. 

Very  much  has  lieeii  made  of  the  iilleireil 
rcsriiilihinces  of  certain  imssages  in  the  Hliaga- 
vad  liitii  and  selected  le.Ms  from  the  New  Tcs- 
taineiit.  Triiiislators  who  have  proceeded  with 
this  theory  in  view,  and  especially  those  who 
have  desired  to  discredit  the  Christian  Scrip- 
tures a.s  a  probahle  ])la,i:iarisni  upon  the  Hindu 
poem,  which  claims  to  lie  of  an  earlier  date, 
liave  read  into  llieir  translation  many  phrases 
and  many  concepiions  liorrowed  from  Chrisli- 
anity,  and  of  which  a  Hindu  translator  would 
never  have  ilreiimcd.  J.,iir,ire  numliers  of  al- 
leged p.'irallels  have  been  pointed  out,  most 
of  which  are  fanciful  and  strained,  while  others 
seem  plausihle  till  we  take  into  account  the 
dilVeienl  ideas  which  the  same  language  would 
convey  to  Hindu  and  to  Christian  minds  res|iec- 
lively.  "  Union  with  (iod,'' which  to  a  Chris- 
tian means  fellowship,  would  to  u  Hindu 
pantheist  signify  displacenient  of  the  human 
ego  by  tlie  divine.  In  the  oni!  case  it  would 
imply  loyalty,  ill  the  other  the  removal  of  all 
liersdiial  responsibility.  The  words  "sin," 
"  righteousness,"  ".saviour,  "  salvation,"  "  hea- 
ven." tiiid  no  corresponding  lernis  in  Sanskrit 
which  convey  our  meaning,  and  the  use  of 
these  and  similar  terms  in  translating  Hindu 
liteiiitiire  is  wholly  misleading. 

The  hero  of  the  Mahabharata  is  Arjiina.  a 
cousin  of  Krishna,  but  in  the  Mliagavail  (iita 
Arjiina  is  eclipsed.  Indeed,  he  becomes  a 
hunible  suppliant,  while  Krishna,  a  hero  of  the 
old  border  wars  of  the  I'liniab,  a  brave,  larire- 
hearled,  but  dissolute  leader,  is  made  divine — 
nay,  the  Supreme  :  He  is  the  One  only  existing 
God.  He  is  Vishnu,  not  the  Vishnu  of  the 
Trimurti,  but  the  sole.  self-e.\isling  and  all- 
governing  One. 

It  should  be  said  that  under  the  strong  iiillu- 
cnce  of  a  surviving  monotheistic  feeling  the  last 
two  representatives  of  the  'I'rimurti  became  each 
Bupreme  in  the  worship  of  his  respective  fol- 
lowers, and  to  this  day  the  worshippers  of 
Vi.shnu  and  of  Siva  are  distinct  sects.  Krishna 
■Wfis  a  further  development  of  Vishnu  worship. 


Ill  the  Inter  PurnniiH,  diiling  not  earlier  tiian 
the  (till  century  .\.i).,  the  inylhology  of  Vishnu, 
Kri>liiia,  and  others  runs  wild,  and,  as  lias  been 
shown  by  the  late  |)r.  Wilson  of  Hombay,  the 
eharaeler  given  to  those  deities  in  the  Visliiiu 
I'uralia  will  scarcely  bear  the  light. 

In  alluding  to  the  I'antlieistic  ineaningof  the 
Hhagavad  (!ita,  we  have  touched  the  secret 
springof  that  rare  subtlety  which  the  mission- 
ary so  often  eiiconntcrs  in  the  Hindu  mind, 
and  which  enables  him  to  parry  all  alleniptsto 
tiiid  a  lodgment  for  the  saving  truth  of  the 
gospel. 

|{cv.  Ham  Chandra  Hose  has  said  that  the 
first  ihallengc  which  an  agnostic  foreigner  in 
India  presents  to  the  missionary  is  the  alleged 
parallels  of  the  niingavad  Gita  to  the  >(e\v 
Testament,  and  geneially  with  the  assertion 
that  the  former,  as  being  theolder,  must  be  the 
source  of  the  latter.  The  most  ■.xlravagant 
laudations  are  heaped  upon  its  ethics  and  ils 
philosoiihy.  The  IJhagavad  Gita  is  supposed  to 
liave  been  written  by  some  unknown  author 
about  the  beginning  of  the  I'd  century  .\,i)., 
and  il  was  Iheiicel'orlli  embodied  in  the  epic 
jioeiii  .Mahabharata.  It  attempted  to  reconcile 
the  conllieting  schools  of  |)hiloso]iliy,  and  to 
gather  into  one  dramatic  production  all  the 
loftiest  sentiments  found  in  previous  literature. 
Itsalli'ged  resemblances  to  the  New  Tesliimeiit 
arc  largely  due  to  the  Christian  conceptions 
which  liave  been  read  into  il  by  modern  trans- 
lators, and  by  the  use  of  words  which  winild 
convey  to  Hindus  and  Chrislians  respectively 
entirely  dilTerent  meanings, 

Siihtif  lnjiinnct'  of  thv  Sjistiw.— 
The  practical  iiitluciice  of  Hinduism  on  in- 
dividual life  and  character  presents  a  niaiked 
contrast  with  that  of  Chrisliaiiity.  The  life  nf 
the  high-caste  Hrahmaii  is  intensely  religious; 
no  other  system  is  so  c.xartiiig  as  his.  and  yet 
his  wearisome  service  is  abortive,  and  even  be- 
liilling.  The  code  of  ISrahmaniMii  never  deals 
with  general  principles  in  the  regulation  of  con- 
duct, as  does  the  gospel.  It  iinuleales  no  such 
great  central  iiiolives  and  sources  of  action  as 
faiili  and  love.  Instead  of  prescribing,  as  Chri.st 
did.  the  comprehi  n~ive  law  of  love  to  (iod  in 
sii]ireme  degree,  and  love  to  our  neighbor  as  to 
ourselves,  il  makes  endless  petty  exactions. 
"  Unlike  Cliiistianity,  which  is  all  spirit  and 
life,  says  Dr.  DulV,  '"■  Hiiidiiisni  is  all  letter  and 
death.'' 

The  Infinite,  Brahin,  left  no  thinking  or  judg- 
ing to  be  done  by  man  in  the  siihere  of  religious 
duty,  but  revealed  from  heaven  every  act  and  ob- 
servance, every  ]iosliire  and  mction  of  the  hand 
or  turn  of  the  eye.  comiecled  with  worship.  A 
devoted  Hrahman  must  in  the  morning  clean  his 
teeth  with  llie  twig  of  a  particular  tree,  utter- 
ing at  tile  time  a  iirescribed  jirayer;  and  he  must 
be  s|iecially  careful  in  throwing  away  the  twig. 
He  must  bathe  in  ii  ])aiti(ul,ir  kind  of  water, 
mill  if  it  be  an  inferior  stream  or  fountain,  he 
mnsi  )iray  the  Ganges  "to  be  included  in  this 
small iiuantity  of  water,"  by  what  Hoiiian  Cath- 
olics would  call  a  "real  iire.scnee."  He  must 
also  sip  the  water,  sprinkling  it  in  i>rescrilied 
directions,  and  oll'ering  certain  jirayers.  An- 
other of  his  morning  duties  is  to  .salute  the  sun, 
which  must  be  done  with  a  lock  of  his  hair  tied 
in  a  particular  way  on  the  top  of  his  head, 
while  a  huge  tuft  of  ca.sa  grass  is  held  in  his 
left  hand,  and  three  spires  of  a  dilt'ereiit  grass  in 
his  right  hand.     He  mu.st  also  be  sure  to  sip 


r 


HINDUISM 


488 


HINDUISM 


Wilier,  imd  witli  liis  wet  liniids  tourh  bis  liciid, 
cyi'S,  fins,  nose,  sIkihIiIlms,  liri'iisl.  mid  Icfl. 
^(lioiild  liu  ImiipiMi  lo  siici'/e  or  spit,  lie  iniiy 
not  !iip  wall')' till  liu  lm-<  IIinI  hiinLiKl  his  ri^rht 
car.  In  liif  tiiilii.'rs,  i'>p(  riiilly  amid  llic  cKiwds 
111  UcliMics,  iir  al  llir  i^rcal  .Mclas  ipi'  liallilliL,'  I'o- 
liviils,  lliis  sipping  irocs  mi,  liuwtvcr  lillliy  llic 
wiili'f  may  liavc  lK'(:(»mt'  by  thu  coii^laiil  Ircad- 
iiiL'  "f  iln-  iiiiiliimdcs. 

The  wholi'  lilc  III'  a  liraliiiiiii.  if  Ik;  b(*  sup- 
piisi'd  III  liilliiw  his  riiii.'il,  is  a  sliivisli  riiiiiid  uC 
pfiiv  oliscrvanri's — sippiii'/s,  ami  linsiiiirs  ul  iln' 
nioiilli:  chaiiLri's  ol'  alliuidrs  and  nl'  appairl: 
ilruwiiii.rs  of  Mill's  on  Ihi'  Ljriiuiid,  and  siiii'aiiniis 
with  clay,  or  meal,  or  cow  iliiiiLr;  kiiidliiiiis  of 
rtrcs  Id  "t'xpi'l  evil  spirit'*:  sliifiiniis  of  sacred 
tbreiids  or  hallowed  dishis;  conipoundinj^H  of 
hcrlis,  and  rice,  and  fruit;  wreailiinirs  of  lloweis, 
and  repclilions  of  endless  prayers,  and  lexis  of 
the  Vcdas.  and  sacred  iianics. 

We  have  liiveii  only  a  small  porlion  of  llie 
daily  roiiline,  to  say  iiolliinn'  of  the  liiealer  acts 
of  vviirship  I'eiiileiiil  to  parlieiilar  <r'>ds  in  llii; 
teniplcs.  All  acis  of  life  are  accoriliiii;  lo  pro- 
L'riiinine.  In  marryinir.  a  Ibahmin  niiisl  select 
a  >:irl  with  nelllur  loo  much  nor  loo  litlli!  hair, 
and  il  iiiu>l  mil  lie  red.  She  shoiild  not  be 
deliirmed  imr  lalUalive.  nor  altlietcd  w  ilh  an  un- 
lucky name. 

This  holy  man  must  lie  a  close  siiidcnt  of  the 
Villas.  Iiut  sliiiiilil  never  lead  lliem  willi  a  sour 
sliinia<'h.  nor  with  his  limbs  iros-id,  nor  with 
his  feel  on  a  bench,  lie  iniisl  iiol  read  in  a  cow- 
pasliire,  nor  in  any  place  of  oll'en>ive  oilms. 
lie  must  cliiM'  his  book  if  a  do:;'  has  barked  or  a 
jackal  liowled,  or  an  ass  has  luaycd.  lie  must 
never  cul  Ills  o'vn  hair,  imr  bile  his  nails,  nor 
step  upon  hair  or  a-lies.  lie  must  not  look  at 
his  wife  when  eatiiiLr  or  siiec/.iiin-  or  yawiiiiiii'. 
Me  must  not  siaiid  under  the  same  irce  with 
idiots  or  washermen,  lie  iiiiist  never  run  w  lien 
il  rains,  nor  spit  in  a  strcaiu  of  water,  nor  step 
over  the  lether  of  a  calf,  nor  ride  alter  o.\cii 
with  inipcifect  horns  or  raiiL'eil  tails. 

Ilcf'oi'ins  iiml  ('lniHf/fn.—'Vhi'Vf  have 
been  iiianv  altempis  to  reloiin  or  to  supplant 
Iliiidui^m.  and  all  e.xcciil  that  of  Clirisijanity 
have  failed.  The  iiiiprcs>i(iii  made  by  Ihuldli 
i>iii  was  allojrither  the  most  iirol'ouiid,  and 
caiiu'  nearest  to  permanent  success.  Hut,  as 
wc  have  .seen,  after  cenliirics  of  (contact  and 
rivalry  il  failed.  Tlioiiirli  its  atrirressivc  mis- 
sionary work,  which  Hinduism  did  not  atlempt 
to  eniiilatc.  exlended  into  many  lands  where  it 
still  prevails  yet  on  the  same  tielil,  and  in  what 
seems  to  have  been  a  fair  trial  of  strength, 
Hiiildhism  tinally  succumbed  to  its  older  and 
more  subtle  rival.  Hinduism  had  Ihe  advan- 
tage of  an  appeal  to  llie  supernal iiral,  toward 
which  the  hearts  of  men  naturally  incline. 
Moreover,  it  ieco;rni/.ed  the  beiiiii;  of  (iml  and 
the  real  entity  of  ilic  liiimaii  soul.  Doiibllcss, 
also,  it  found  substantial  aid  in  the  intieiicli- 
iiients  of  caste,  and  in  llic  power  of  venerable 
custom.  Each  system  was  ureal ly  intliiriiced 
by  Iheother,  but  the  inaslery  remaiiieil  with  the 
Bralimans.  Even  in  far-dislant  lands  Miiildli- 
isni  ha.s  always  recoirni/id.  however  iiicon- 
sUlentlv,  the  power  of  llindiiisni.  Tli  •  twelve 
Biuldhislic  .sects  of  .laiiaii,  as  wc  lind  ilieni  in 
our  day,  have  one  Ihiiij.?  in  common  — it  nia.v 
almost  be  said  only  one,  vi/  ,  lliat  in  all  their 
temples  Ihe  images  of  the  ijods  of  Hinduism  are 
invariably  found.  Prolesiing  as  il  does  against 
polytheism  and  idolatry,  and  virtually  atheistic 


as  it  iy,  111  least  In  its  ild  orthiNlov  Icachuigs, 
Huddliisin  vet  clings  lo  Hindu  pol,)llicisiii  snIiIi 
all  ils  duiiili  idols. 

Nearly  ii  ihiiiisaiid  ,\ea.s  ago  Molianiniedaii' 
ism  swept  into  India  wiih  all  Ihe  power  anil 
prestige  of  a  conipiiring  race,  iiiid  a  fanalical 
and  evi  rywhere  viclorioiis  biilli.  liaised  to 
the  seals  of  iirliitraiy  power,  and  stniiii:'  in  the 
clear  and  consi>tciir  iiiiiiintlieisin  wliirli  it  liail 
borioweil  from  Ihe  Old  Testament  Sciiphires, 
it  iniLi'lit  have  been  expectiil  to  supplant  llllidll 
idolalry  as  it  had  overconic  other  tall  lis  in  many 
lands.  Vet,  after  more  Ihaii  eight  cinliuies  of 
uppoiliinity  and  power,  il  left  lliniliiisin  still 
tiiiiinphanl :  and  tlie  forty  inillions  of  .Mohaiii- 
niedans,  less  than  a  lifth  of  the  total  population, 
.still  give  evidence  of  having  I eceived  Iroin  the 
old  Mrahmanical  cull  ipiile  as  inu<  h  as  they 
imparted. 

Sikliisni  was  anolher  atlempt  at  the  reform  of 
lliniliiisin  Naiiak,  its  foiiiiiler,  in  his  disgust 
with  the  luevailiiig  idolatry,  hoped  to  ellect  ii 
compiomlse  between  llinduisin  and  Islam, 
rpon  the  iiioiiothcism  of  the  latter  a  super 
siriiclure  of  the  best  teachings  of  'he  Veilas 
was  to  be  reared,  and  an  ideal  lailli  thus  secured. 
Hill  Sikliisni  has  also  failed  lo  make  iiny 
serious  inipiession  on  Ilindiiism.  For  a  lime  it 
won  military  and  political  supriinaiy  in  lliu 
I'lliijab,  but  it  is  little  more  than  the  worship 
of  a  book:  it  knows  nolliing  of  Ihe  Hue  God; 
llie  esM'iice  of  lliiidii  idolalry  still  remains. 

The  intlnence  of  the  Soma.jcs  of  our  own 
lime  upon  Ihe  helerogeneous,  changeful,  and 
vet  ever  vital  Iliiidiiisiii  has  not  been  slight. 
'riu!  Hralimo  Siuna.ies  of  .Mohiin  Hoy  anil 
t'hiinder  Sen  were  indeed  disappoiiiliiig  in  their 
resiills,  yet  lliey  proiiioted  the  disiiitegiation  of 
the  old  system,  and  did  much  lo  bring  discredit 
upon  the  fiiiil  corriiptioiis  of  modern  ilindiiism. 
Like  .Moliammcdanism  and  Sikliisni.  tlicy  urged 
a  reliirn  from  polylheism  lo  the  siniiile  mono- 
theistic worship  of  Vedic  limes,  and  they 
opposed  the  iii.jusiicc  and  cruelty  so  long  visited 
upon  woman.  ('Iiimder  Sen  exalted  llie  .Mes- 
siah of  the  Chrisliaiis  as  the  chief  of  all  Ihe 
worlds  prophets  and  teachers.  IJiil  his  sy.sleiu 
has  declined. 

The  most  iiniiosing  of  all  lliese  monotheistic 
iiiovemenls  at  the  present  lime  is  the  Arya 
Soina.j.  A  b'W  points  in  iis  remarkable  creed 
are  wortliv  of  special  notice;  (a)  Its  lesliinony 
for  the  nionotheism  of  the  Vediis  is  clear  and 
explicit.  (/<)  It  is  inconsistent  in  adoptiiig  the 
schools  of  ])liilosopliy  in  general  terms,  at  tlio 
same  time  that  it  dilfers  from  some  of  them  so 
widely  in  its  j)iisitivc  theism  and  in  its  theory 
of  cri'iilion.  (r)  lis  huinane  elomenls  in  ri'spect 
to  woman  and  child-marriage  are  evidently 
borrowed  from  Cliristianily,  and  the  higher 
seiitiniciil  which  il  has  created.  ((/)  itsdoclriue 
ill  respect  to  caste  is  a  virtual  arraignment  of 
the  eiiiiri'  Indian  ciiltiis  and  civili/.atioii.  (ci  It 
strikes  a  blow  at  Ihe  all-prcvailin.i;  |iessiinisiii  of 
liiilia  ill  iisiribiiig  benevolence  of  design  lo  the 
supreme  and  personal  creator  of  all  things.  In 
this  re-;|,ccl  it  a|ipioaclies  ver.v  nearly  to  the 
Chrisiiaii  view  and  to  that  of  I'laloand  Aristotle. 
(J)  Il  is  less  grossly  anlhropomorpliic  and  more 
spiritual  than  IIk;  old  Hindu  faith  in  its  concep- 
tion of  heaven  and  hell,  wlii(!h  it  looks  upon,  not 
as  places, but  ascharaclersaiid  conditions;  on  the 
same  priiici|)le,  caste  is  character  and  not  au 
accident  of  birth,  (ff)  It  is  elevated  in  its  etliical 
standards,  and  it  gives  to   ethics  a  godwai'd 


11  :u^}  ■  '  . 


HINDUISM 


424 


HINDUISM 


side.     Obrillotipo  to  Oixl  la  otio  of  its  foremoHt 

rciiuirciliriits,  (A)  [is  (Irllllll  of  nil  IllciiriliitloilM 
of  ilcllv  i^  II  Iwo  cilu'cd  Hwiiid,  which  siiikt's  al, 
biiili  ifiiKliii-'in  mimI  Clirisiliiiiiiy'  It  is  ho  t'lir  In 
llccDid  wilh  Isliiiii.  ui  'riidiiirh  It  iipinovcM  of 
YiipMir  as(cli<i>iii  ill  Ihcoiy,  _vil  lis  ilclliiilii)ii 
of  Inic  r('li;;ioii  is  ms  inMcliciil  as  lliiil  of  Ihc 
liposlk' .lainis.  Il  ciiiIm'.mcs  Ihc  canlinnl  viilucs 
of  lifi',  lidlh  aclivc  ami  passive — Htich  as  con - 
ti'iitiiii'iit,  icprc-.«i():i  of  ihr  iiassidiis,  ihc  riMiiin 
of  u:""(i  for  I'vll,  kiio\vli(l;i'('  of  ihc  V'cdas, 
olicillclici'  lo  (tiiil,  ami  Irulhfwlncss  anil  jiisl 
dcaliiijfs  toward  itll  men.  (J)  lis  iiositivcly 
Diis^ioiiarv  characlcr  is  In  synipalhy  willi 
hiiildhi^iii  and  (lirislianily,  railici'  llian  wilh 
llindui^iii.  (/i )  lis  advocacy  of  female  cdiicalion 
is  a  piciiif  ihal  il  lias  caii;rhl  lliespiril  of  Chiis- 
tiaii  lands.  In  no  one  fculiirc  docs  llie  Aiya 
iSoniaj  sliike  nion^  deeply  al  llie  rool  of  old 
lliiiduisni  than  In  ils  Jiolicy  wilh  ivspeef  lo 
uonien.  (/)  Il  apparenlly  allcnipts  a  eoin- 
Jiioinise  belweeii  line  Iheisni  and  Ihc  prcvailinj; 
iiaiilhcisiii.  It  ins|ihei'es  the  hninaii  soul  in  llu; 
liilinile  soul,  and  apparently  expects  ils  ahsorp- 
tioii  into  deity;  yet  il  speaks  of  the  soul  as  a 
real  enlily,  and  niainlaiiis  ils  free  w  ill,  and  Ihere- 
forcils  inOral  rcspoiisihility.  (»<)  Ils  doctrineof 
tntii.siiiii;ralioii  is  cxcccdinu'ly  plausihie.  No 
belter  reasons  could  he  given  for  nueli  a  theory 
of  csclialoloiry. 

The  relation  of  the  Aryii  SoinnjtoCliri.stiiinity 
tiiid  to  Western  tlKMiirht,  is  uniipie  and  full  of 
interest.  If  is  e.veeeiliiij;lv  hostile  to  Christian 
luopairaiidisni,  and  yet  it  Is  a  far  more  ellicient 
iiandniaid  of  Christianity  than  was  the  Hrahmo 
^«oniaj  ill  ils  iiiosl  palmy  days,  il  is  more  elli- 
eiciil,  heeauso  it.s  altitude  toward  all  Hindus  is 
more  <<mcilialory,  and  llicrefore  more  persuasive 
and  iullueniial.  It  is  less  ra<lical  as  to  chanircs 
in  doctrine,  and  yet  not  one  step  inon^  radical 
Nvitli  respect  lo  those  great  social  inovement>. 
Aviiicli  Christianity  is  striving  to  promote. 
3Ioreover,  the  Arya  Somaj  is  a  real  ally  of 
Christianity  agaiiisi  the  various  current  phases 
of  Western  intidelily.  Il  laUestlic  side  of  truth 
against  the  agnoslicism  of  Ilu.xley  and  Ilerliert 
Spencer.  It  is  stronglv  llu'islic.  It  lielieves  in 
an  intclligc'iil  and  omnipotent  First  Cause,  and  a 
real  ereation  of  the  world.  It  niainlaiiis  benev- 
olence of  design  in  the  creation  and  government 
of  the  world,  which  Tyiidall  and  Darwin  reieet. 
It  is  in  advance  of  .Ma.\  Midler  in  I  he  doctrine  of 
n  prelernaliiral  revelation  of  (Sod  lo  man.  It 
brings  all  virine  and  pliilanlliri>py  within  tlic 
domain  of  religion,  and  is  a  rebnUe  to  all  those 
wbo  would  dispense  with  (}od  in  the  govern- 
ment of  human  alfairs.  It  challengeM  all  forms 
of  pessimism,  aiu'ient  or  jiiodern,  Kastern  or 
AVestern.  and  maintains  that  the  one  God  of  the 
universe  is  wi.se  and  good,  and  therefore  worthy 
of  all  reverence  and  love. 

Nevertlieles.s,  while  modern  Arvanism  is  in 
some  sense  an  ally  of  Clirisiian  (Civilization,  it 
must  not  lie  forgotten  that  il  is  more  or  les.s  of 
the  n.itnre  of  an  iiitieiiclimciit  of  essential  Hin- 
duism. The  more  nearly  it  eounlerfeits  the 
truth  of  (Jod  and  shuns" disgusting  rites,  the 
more  ])l,iusible  does  it  become.  It  considers 
that  it  has  adjusteil  itself  to  modern  science 
and  progress,  and  needs  no  further  change. 
Besidi's,  it  is  a  religion  of  India,  and  so  far 
appeals  to  the  national  pride.  It  boasts  a  very 
ancient  and  honorable  pedigree. 

(So  far  as  the  Arya  Somaj  or  any  other  form 
of  revived  Aryauism  hopes  to  regenerate  India, 


It  Is  doomed  to  disappointment.  It  cannot  long 
iitili/.eihe  forcesof  Cliristianethicsaiid  Clirisiian 
(•ivili/Mlion  under  Vi'dic  labels.  The  fraud  will 
be  d|s<-overe(l.  The  world  cannot  beconviiMcd 
that  lliis  miMlern  creed  is  real  Hinduism,  and 
the  reaiiion  will  be  proportloiiale  lolhe  illusion. 
On  the  other  hand,  when  the  real  teacliings  of 
the  Veda  come  to  be  known,  as  they  are  sure  to 
be,  the  einpliiiess  of  the  old  cisterns  will  fully 
appear.  I'rof.  .Max  Mrillerinone  of  his  many 
lectures  has  dwell  upon  the  dis.'ippointmenl  anil 
dismay  wilh  which  intelligent  Hindus  have 
observed  the  disclosures  which  modern  scholar- 
ship has  made  of  the  sterility  of  the  S'edic  liler- 
aliire,  and  he  ascribes  to  this  cause  the  virtual 
collapse  of  the  earlier  Somajes. 

In  ic'ily  to  the  conlident  assumptions  of  {\w 
leading  Aiyas,  Kev.  .Martin  Clark,  D.I).,  of 
Amrltsar,  has  also  exposed  the  rotten  founda- 
tion on  wlii<'h  Ihev  biiilil,  by  publishing  some 
literal  and  dain.ignig  Vedi<'  translations. 

77/r  Coiifmsfs  of  llhnlnisin  anil 
Ch  fist  in  itif  I/.-  lli\u\\i\^n\  has  some  elements 
in  common  with  Christianity,  which  it  is  well 
to  reeogni/,e.  It  is  tlieistic  ;  it  is  a  religion,  as 
distinguished  from  the  agnostic  ethical  systems 
of  the  world.  Ilindnism  recognizes  a  direct 
divine  revelation  which  it  regards  with  (iro- 
fouiid  rever<Mice,  and  through  all  ils  variations 
audits  corrupti<ins  it  has  inculcated  in  the  minds 
of  the  Indian  races  a  dcejily  religious  feeling. 
It  has  been  claimed  that  the  Hindus  are  the 
most  thoroughly  religious  people  in  the  world. 
Like  Christ ianity,  iliiiduism  appeals  to  man's 
intellectual  nature;  it  Is  inwrought  with  pro- 
found philosophy;  it  has  its  triiiitv,  ils  incar- 
nations, and  ils  predii  lion  of  a  AJessiah  who 
shall  restore  the  truth  and  establish  righteous- 
ness. 

Ibit  compared  wilh  (Christianity,  the  con- 
trasts (d' Ilindnism  are  far  greater  than  its  re- 
semblances. First,  as  to  the  nature  of  God. 
There  isan  inliiiite  dislanee  between  the  cold 
and  unconscions  Hralmi,  slumbering  age  after 
age,  without  thought  or  emotion,  or  any  moral 
attribute;  and  the  God  of  Israel,  whose  jxiwer 
and  wisdom  and  goodness,  whose  mercy  and 
truth  and  tender  compa.ssion,  are  so  conslaiUly 
set  forth  in  the  Scriptures.  The  latter  com- 
pares Himself  to  a  father  who  cares  for  his 
children,  and  who  has  redeemed  the  world  by 
an  intinite  .saerilice.  AVro/irf,  there  is  a  striking 
contrast  in  the  comparative  estimates  which 
Hinduism  and  Christianity  place  uixm  the  hu- 
man soul.  Unlike  Huddhism,  Hinduism  does 
recognize  the  existence  of  a  real  soul,  but  it  is 
onlj-  a  temporary  (Miianation,  like  the  moon's  re- 
flection in  the  water.  It  resembles  ils  source  as 
does  the  moon's  image,  but  coldly  anil  in  a 
most  unsatisfactory  sense  ;  there  is  no  capacity 
for  fellowship,  and  the  end  is  absorption.  On 
the  other  hand,  Christianity  teaches  us  that  we 
are  created  in  God's  image,  but  not  that  we  are 
His  image.  We  are  separate,  though  depend- 
ent; and  if  reunited  to  Him  through  Christ, 
we  shall  dwell  in  His  presence  forever.  Third, 
the  two  sy.stems  are  in  strong  contrast  in  the 
comparative  encouragement  and  hope  which 
they  hold  out  for  the  future.  Tha  doctrine 
of  transmigration  casts  a  gloom  over  all 
conscious  being ;  it  presents  an  outlook  so 
depressing  as  to  make  life  a  burden,  and 
the  acme  of  all  possible  attainment  is  individual 
extinction  ;  Christianity  promises  an  immedi- 
ate transfer  to  a  life  of  unalloyed  blessedness. 


HINDUISM 


42ff 


HINDUISM 


aud  nil  i'U(lli-H.M  growth  of  nil  tliu'nolilcNt  hiiiniin 

PUWLTM  lllllj  rU|lll('it{('M.        Ilillllllislll  tllllJH  till'  l'\- 

plaiiillioii  of  lifcH  inyHtcrii's  itini  iiiscniluItU' 
triitis  ill  the  llicory  of  hIiii  coiniiiiltcd  in  a  pro 
vioiis  fxlslfiico;  Clirisliiiiiily  ii'ioj^iii/.t's  I  ho 
suiiitt  liiiils,  but  iiiili^itti's  thirn,  witli  tlic  linpt- 
of  siihltioiiN  to  III'  fiiiliiil  ill  it  fiiliiri-  lift'  of  roiii- 
pt'lis:il{ll>;  |ov.  'I'lir  Olii'  liiriis  In  tliiit  wllii'li  is 
pHMt,  llll^llllllKnll)ll^  ami  lioprli>M,  iiml  liiiils 
only  Niillcii  (Irspiiir;  llii'  ollirf  Illicit  I'licoiiniiri' 
iiiiMii  ill  iiiiiiinrial  lio|ii'.  F'Htrl/i,  lliiuliii^iii 
lilts  MO  Siivioiiriiml  iioHiils'alioM.  Il  is  lliiii'roi't' 
not  H  ii'liifioii  ill  III!'  liii;licsl  sfiiM-,  for  by  tlm 
very  ili'iivalioii  of  tlii'  wonl,  rcliirioii  is  tin'  re- 
unit  iiiir  of  I  lii' soul  to  UinI  :  it  iniplii's  till'  ruin 
of  sill,  but  proviilcs  11  ri'scui'  from  it.  'I'liai  is 
uiiwortliy  of  ilic  iiainc  wliirli  prrsi'iits  no  oni- 
nipoicni  arm  stri'tcliril  forlU  to  save,  lliiuluism 
proviilcs  111)1  liiriL'  abovt'tlic  low  level  of  unaidi'd 
liiiiiiMii  stru;;trle  iiiiil  me'.-!t,  ami  then;  is  no  ili- 
viiie  helper,  no  sacritiee.  no  mediator,  no  reijeii- 
cratiiiir  spirit.  It  has  no  ;;lad  liitiiiirs  to  pro- 
claim,  no  comfort  in  s..rn)W,  no  victory  over  !hi) 
.sliiii,'  of  death,  no  resnrreclioii  unto  life. 

'I'here  arc  a  lliousaiidotlier  pcciliar  principles 
ill  lliiidiiism  whose  subtle  intluence  is  fell  in 
.society  and  i;i  the  stale,  ami  to  which  the  faith 
and  inlhicnce  of  the  gospel  present  the  Verv 
.strongest  contrasts. 

Christ i.aiiity  has  raised  woman  to  a  jiositioii 
of  respect  and  honor,  and  made  lier  iiillnence 
felt  as  .sometliinij  .sacred  and  potential  In  the 
family,  in  all  society,  in  the  stale.  Hinduism 
has  liroui;ht  her  down,  even  from  the  place 
which  she  held  amoii!;  the  primitive  Aryans,  to 
<'vcr  incrcasinLt  dejrradation ;  it  lias  iiiade  lier 
lite  a  burden  and  a  curse. 

The  followiiiLj  impassioned  prayer,  quolcd  by 
Kamabai  from  the  lips  of  a  high-casii!  woman 
who  hail  spent  her  life  from  childhood  as  a 
"child  widow,"  reveals  the  niiiriii>li  which  falls 
to  the  lot  of  woman  under  the  Hindu  social  mid 
reliirioiis  sy>|em:  "()  Father  of  the  world,  hast 
Thou  not  created  us?  t)r  has  iicrchanco  soiiio 
other  God  made  us!  Dost  Thou  only  care  for 
iiienV  Hasi  Thou  no  thoui;ht  for  us  women? 
Why  lia'~t  Thou  created  us  male  and  female? 
i)  Almiirhty  i)ne,  hast  Thou  not  power  to 
make  us  other  than  wo  are,  that  we  ton  may 
have  some  part  in  the  comforts  of  life  ?  The 
cry  of  tlie  oppresM'd  is  heard  even  in  the  world; 
then  t'aiisl  Thou  look  upon  our  victim  hosts, 
and  shut  Thy  doors  of  justice?  O  Ciod  Al- 
luiirhiy  and  iinapiu'oachaiple,  think  upon  Thy 
mercy,  which  is  ii  vast  .M'a,  and  remember  us. 
O  |.,oril,  save  us,  for  we  caiinoi  bear  our  hard 
lot."    (lliLrli  caste  Hindu  Women,  p.  HS). 

lu  its  broad  inllueme  ('hrisiiaiiiiy  has  raised 
the  once  ..avafre  tribes  of  Europe  to  the  hiirhest 
<tei!;ree  of  culture,  and  made  them  Icadiws  in 
civilization,  and  rulers  of  the  ivorld.  Hindu- 
ism has  so  weakened  and  humbled  the  onci! 
ci)iii|ueriui;  Aryans  that  they  have  loiiif  been  an 
easy  prey  to  every  invadim;  race,  (,'hristiauity 
.shows  in  its  sacred  books  a  manifest  ))ri)nress 
from  lower  to  hi<jher  moral  standards;  from  the 
letter  to  the  spirit;  from  the  former  sins  that 
Were  winked  at  to  the  perfect  example  of 
Christ;  from  the  narrow  excliisiveness  of.Iuda- 
ism  to  the  broad  and  all-einbraeinir  spirit  of  the 
gosjiel;  from  prophecy  to  fultilment;  from 
types  and  sliadows  to  tlie  full  liirlit  of  redemp- 
tion. The  sacred  books  of  lliuduisin  have  de- 
generated from  the  lofty  aspirations  of  the  Ve- 
dic  uuturu-wursliip  to  the  vileness  of  Saktisiu 


and  the  Liiina,  from  the  noble  pn»is<'s  of  Va- 
niiia  to  the  low  seiisiialiiy  of  the  Taiiini-«,  from 
V'eilie  eonceplions  of  the  creation  sublime  lis 
the  opening  nf  .lohn's  (iospel,  to  the  myths  of 
the  divine  turtle  and  the  boar,  or  tlie  aiiioioiH 
escapades  of  the Niipremu  and  "adorable  Krish- 
na." 

Christianity  breaks  down  all  barriers  which 
divide  and  alienaie  manUind,  and  establishes  a 
universal  biolliciliiiiid  in  Christ;  Hinduism  ha.s 
rai.s«'i|  the  most  in^iirmiiiinlable  barriers,  and  de- 
veloped the  most  iiie.\orables(H'ial  tyraiinv  eviT 
inllicled  on  the  human  race.  Christianity  en- 
joins a  higher  and  purer  ethic  than  it  has  ever 
found  in  tlu!  natural  moral  standards  of  any 
people;  it  aims  at  perfection;  it  treats  the  least 
infraction  as  a  violation  of  the  whole  law; 
it  regards  even  corrupt  thoughts  iis  sins;  it 
bids  us  be  holy  even  as  He  is  holy  in  Avllo^o 
sight  the  iK^aveiisare  unclean:  Hinduism,  on  tho 
contniry,  is  below  the  ethical  standards  of  re- 
spectable Hindu  society.  The  beltiT  classes 
are  eomi)elli'd  to  aimlogi/'e  for  it  by  asserting 
that  that  which  is  immoral  and  debasing  in  men 
mav  be  sinless  in  the  gods.  The  oirences  of 
Krishna  and  Arjiina  would  not  be  condoned  in 
mortals;  the  vilo  orgies  of  the  "  left-hamled 
worshippers"  of  Siva  would  not  bo  tolerated  but 
for  their  religious  oliaruier.  Tho  murders 
eoinmitted  by  tho  thugs  in  lionor  of  Kali  were 
winked  ut  oiily  becau.'-e  a  goddess  demanded 
them. 

It  is  tho  |)ecu1iar  di.stinctioa  of  Tnilia  that  it 
has  been  the  theatre  of  nearly  all  tho  great  re- 
ligions. Bralimanism,  IJiiddliisin,  and  -Moham- 
medanism liave  idl  made  trial  of  their  social 
and  ])olilieal  power,  and  have  failed.  Lii-st  of 
all  came  Christianily.  The  systems  which  pre- 
ceded it  had  had  leiilurics  of  opportunity,  and 
yet  Christ iaiiily  has  done  inoro  for  tho  elevation 
of  Indian  society  in  tho  last  lifty  years  than 
they  had  aecomplis'ied  in  all  the 'ages  of  their 
dominioii.  Xeiihcr  iJudillii-.in  nor  Jlohanime- 
danisiu  iiad  iu;  I  iiiiy  serious  impression  upon 
caste;  neither  had  been  able  to  niili'.'ate  tho 
wrongs  wliii'b  Urahiiiaiu'sm  had  lieaped  upon 
woman — ^loli.ammedaiiism  had  rather  iiicre.-ised 
them.  Tho  horrors  of  the.'satti  (Suttee)  and  the 
inunlcr  of  female  infants,  those  bitterest  fruits 
of  priestly  tyiMiiiiy,  were  left  unchecked  till  the 
British  Government,  inspired  by  missionary  iii- 
lluenee  and  a  general  Clirisiian  seiitiiiieiit, 
branded  them  as  infamous,  and  made  them 
crimes. 

The  sentiment  even  of  tho  better  cla.s.ses  of 
natives  ill  Imlia  is  now  greatly  changed  Iv 
these  inlluences,  and  tlie  conventional  morality 
is  rising  above  the  te.ichings  of  the  niitional  re- 
ligion. Wiiiowburniiig  and  infanticide  belong 
almost  wholly  to  the  jiast.  (■|iilil-iii;irriago  is 
coining  into  disrepute;  and  caste,  though  not 
destroyed,  is  crippleil,  and  its  iireiioslerous  as- 
sumptions are  falling  before  the  march  of  social 
progress. 

Perhaps  the  very  highest  tribute  which  Hin- 
duism has  paid  to  Christianity  is  scnni  in  tho 
fact,  already  noticed,  that  the  modern  Arya 
Homaj  has  borrowed  its  ethics  and  some  of 
its  religious  diK'trines,  and  is  promulgating 
them  upon  Vedic  authority.  It  has  renounced 
tho.se  corruptions  of  Hiuduisin  which  can  no 
longer  bear  the  light,  together  with  such  .social 
customs  as  caste,  child-marriage,  cliild-widow- 
hootl,  and  the  genera!  oppression  of  woman. 
It  deuuuuces  the  incaruatiouii  of  Vishnu  tw  mere 


HINDUISM  420 

Invt'Dlidiis,  and  therefore  cuts  up  by  the  roots  the 
whole  Ivrislmii  ciih,  with  its  divine  assunipl ions. 
It  iiliiioi's  polytheism,  and  not  only  proclaims 
the  supremacy  of  one  only  true  God,  self  ex- 
istent, the  Creator  and  upholder  or  all  things; 
but  it  maintains  that  such  was  the  teaehiug  of 
the  Vedas,  and  that  when  various  names  were 
used  Ihiy  all  referred  only  and  always  to  One 
and  the  Same. 

IliiKliiMlaiii  Version.— Tlie  Hindustani, 
01  Urdu,  is  a  dialect  of  tlie  Hindi  and  helouj^s 
to  the  Indie  branch  of  the  Aryan  l,inLi:uai:<'  tair. 
ily.  It  is  vernaculiir  to  the  Mohannncdans  of 
Inilia  and  others,  and  is  jrcnerally  understood  in 
all  tlie  larger  towns.  The  first  missionary  who 
supplied  the  .Mohammedans  with  any  part  of 
the  Scriptiue  was  Hen  janiin  Scluiltze.  In  1T4<) 
Lis  translation  of  the  I'.-.alms,  and  in  IToS  iliat 
of  the  New  Tes'.iment,  was  published  by  Calleii- 
berjj^  at  Halle.  This  translation  was  sujicrscdcd 
in  1814  by  the  version  of  Henry  Marlyn  and 
Mirza  MatFilrool,  wliich  was  published  at  Ser- 
anipore.  This  version  was  so  e.veellent,  that  an  edi- 
tion in  the  Devanagari  (or  re.i;ular  SunsUi it) char- 
acter, for  the  l)enelit  of  the  Hindus  in  the  upper 
provinces,  w:is  made  necessarj^  and  was  pub- 
lished at  Calcutta  in  ISIT,  by  tlie  same  translators. 
Between  the  years  1823  an"d  1844  the  Old  Testa- 
meut  was  p\il)lislied,  both  in  avabicand  roman 
character.  The  translation  was  Ui'ide  by  ^lessis. 
Fitrool,  Corrie,  and  Tliomasen.  .'n  185o  a  re- 
vised edition  of  the  Kible  into  Ili'idustani  was 
Issued  from  the  Miv/.apore  Press—.  :e  so-called 
Benares  version  of  .Sehiirman,  Buyers,  and  Ken- 
nedy of  the  Loudon  .Missionary  Society.  From 
the  same  pres.s  there  issued  the  Testament  in 
romau  character  in  1858.  In  1856  a  revision  of 
tlie  Xew  Testament  in  Urdu  was  executed  by  the 
Rev.  J.  Hoernle,  at  the  expense  and  iusliuue  of 
the  Xorth  India  Bible  Society,  but  after  a  por- 
tion of  this  edition  was  set  up  in  type  it  was  de- 
stroyed iu  the  mutiny.  Jlr.  Hoeride  was  then 
appointed  to  j:(f  to  England  to  brinj;  out  a  larirc 
edition  of  the  New  Testament  in  the  arable  letter. 
This  edition  was  issued  in  liondon  in  186(1.  At 
the  siune  time  and  place  the  Uev.  I{.  ('.  Mather 
brought  out  &u  edition  of  the  entire  Bible  in  one 
volume,  and  the  New'l'estanient.  nionoglott  and 
diglott,  in  roman  letter.  In  1870,  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  Mather,  lu'w  editions  of  the 
Bible  iu  both  arahie  and  roman  letters  were 
printed  at  Jlir/.apore,  and  large  editions  have 
followed  since.  A  slight  revision  of  the  Bihle, 
continod  chielly  to  jirintcr's  errors  ami  palpahle 
mistakes  and  want  of  tuiiformiiy  in  spelling,  was 
carried  through  in  1887  by  tlie  l{ev.  F.A.  P. 
Shirrell  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society,  and 
the  Uev.  J.  A.  Lamhert  of  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society.  'l"he  Bible  thus  revised  was 
placecl  in  the  hands  of  a  Revision  Committee  in 
India,  with  a  view  to  tlie  preparation  of  copy 
when  a  new  edition  shall  be  recpiired. 

An  edition  of  the  Uihle  in  Urdu,  with  refer- 
ences in  Persian  character,  was  i>id)lished  by 
the  Amerieau  Bihlc  Society  at  Lodiana,  1883. 
(Specimen,  verge.     John  3  :  16.) 
(Persian.) 


HISLOP,  STEPHEN 


(Arabic.) 

j^t*  ■ 
(Roman.) 
KynnkTIthuda  ue  JahflnTfeo  aisd  plyflr  klj'il 
hai,  ki  us  ne  apna  iklauta  Betftbakhsha,  trtki 
jo  kol  U9  par  fmiin  Iftwo,  halflk  na  howe  Imlki 
bamosha  kl  zindagf  jt.two. 

liiiS-liAva,  a  prefecture  (with  city  of  the 

s;i  <■  name)  on  the  sea  coast  of  Fuhkien,  China, 
extending  from  (iO  to  12t)  miles  soutli  and  west 
of  Foochow.  It  includes  two  counties,  and  the 
population,  of  over  one  million,  speak  a  dialect 
sindlarto  the  Foochow,  but  diileiing  enough 
to  render  intercommunication  dillicult. 

The  cit^'slanilsat  the  foot  of  hills  looking  out 
over  a  beautiful  fertile  plain,  15  miles  beyond 
which  stretches  the  Hing-liwa  Bay,  with'  the 
Lamyil  Islands  in  distant  view.  The  houses  are 
well  i)inll,  and  the  rity  is  enclosed  with  a  wall 
four  nnles  in  circumference,  25  feet  high,  with 
four  massive  gates.  It  is  the  principal  literary 
and  otticial  centre  for  the  nnllion  of  people  who 
speak  the  Hing-liwa  dialect,  and  its  Examination 
Hall  will  accommodate  3,(H)()  students.  Mis- 
sion station  and  circuit  of  the  M.  E.  Church 
(North)  witli  1  missionary,  85  church-menibers, 
2  high-.schools,  34  pupils^  1  Sabbath-school,  and 
59  scholars,  in  the  city.  C.  .M.  8.,  with  work 
in  the  district  carried  on  from  Foochow  ;  63 
conmuuiicauts,  11  schools,  156  scholars. 

Hi«>s;o,  Japan,  a  town  on  the  const  of  the 
main  island.  Pleasahtly  situated,  having  the 
l)est  Inirbor  of  all  Japan,  and  great  conunercial 
activity.  Pojiulal ion,  20,000,  including  a  small 
number  of  foreign  nierchanls,  nu)stly  GerniMn. 
!Mis.si{m  station  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  (South)  with  Kobe  (q.  v.). 

Ilirampiir,  a  station  of  the  C.  M.  S.  among 
the  SantaN,  Bengal,  British  India,  founded  in 
187().  In  lonnection  with  Barharwa,  it  has  1 
missionary  and  wife,  3  native  clergy,  764  com- 
municants, 517  scholars. 

If  irnwaki,  a  town  of  .lapan,  northwest  part 
of  main  islaiid,  between  Akita  and  Aomoei. 
Mission  station  of  the  Jlethodist  Episcopal 
Church,  (North);  1  missionary  and  wife,  1  na 
tive  pastor,  l'-3(i  church-members,  1  school,  40 
.scholars,  170  Sabbath-.scholars. 

llir«»Mlifnia,  a  town  of  Japan,  200  miles 
west  from  Osaka;  75,800  inhabitants.  Aiission 
station  of  the  JFelbodist  Episcopal  Chuich 
(South);  1  missiomiry,  1  female  ndssioiiary. 
4  out-stations.  Presbyterian  Church  (North); 
2  missionaries  and  wives. 

lliNl4»|>,  ^ileplii'H,  b.  Scotland  ;  studied 
at  the  Universities  of  Glasgow  and  Ediid)urgh, 
and  the  New  C'oUege.  In  1844  Major-general 
Hill,  stationed  at  Jaliui,  in  the  Nizam's  terri- 
tory, presented  to  the  Free  Church  of  Scotiaud 
the  sum  of  i;2,500  for  the  founding  of  a  uew 


w 


HISLOP,  STEPHEN 

mission,  yiv.  ilislop,  who  luul  (listiiiguislicil 
liiiiisi'it'asiiii  accoiiiplislu'd  sclioliir,  was  securt'd 
f(]r  till'  iuissii)M.  llu  lii'naii  liis  work  in  Ki'biii- 
aiy.  1^45,  at  Kiinipti'u,  iimi  miles  from  IsajJiiiir 
cilv,  cordially  wi'icoiiu'd  by  (aplaiii  Hill  and 
iilluT  I5iitisli  olliccrs,  who  hundi'd  over  lo  him  a 
school  which  they  had  cslalilishcd,  and  olhci- 
wise  i;icaily  ciicoiiraircd  him.  He  was  assisted 
by  thi'ee  (.tciinaii  aitisans.  In  ISifi  he  removed 
to  the  capital  city  of  Na.irpiir,  coiilainiiij;'  a 
lari;e  .\lahralta  poptdatioii,  and  opened,  with 
thirty  scholars,  a  school  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Uajah's  palaco.  '!'he  school  soon  took  a  liii.;h 
posilion  as  a  missionary  institution,  and  for 
many  years  sent  fortli  aniinally  between  '-IM 
lUKl  ;l(l(>  pupils.  It  is  callcil  the  Ilislop  Missioii- 
iiry  College.  The  t'enlral  I'rovinces  beinn 
rilled  b}'  a  heathen  irovcrnment,  and  lhei>eople 
liaviiii;  no  desire  for  ediicalion,  his  position  was 
a  trying  one.  His  life  was  often  in  peril.  In 
18"):).  ill  <-oiniectiou  with  caste  prejudices  and 
the  baptism  of  .several  natives,  a  serious  riot  oc- 
curred, and  an  attack  was  made  on  the  mission- 
house,  which,  but  for  his  lieroic  defence  by  the 
native  (  lirislians,  would  have  resulted  in  tlit^ 
death  of  the  missionary.  The  ne.\t  year  he  was 
attacked  by  a  fanatical  Moslem  mob,  but  res- 
cued by  the  aid  of  an  old  pupil  and  .some 
Sepoys.  He  was  conveyed  to  the  mission- 
liousu  in  an  apparently  dying  stale,  ten  deep 
gashes  appearing  on  his  head,  and  his  body 
greatly  bruised.  In  ISoT,  having  received  in- 
formation privately  from  a  Mohammedan  of  a 
conibineil  plot  of  the  up-country  Sepoys  and 
the  .^[ussulmalls  of  the  city  to  mas.sacre  all  the 
Kuropeans  on  a  given  day,  he  informed  the  au- 
thorities, so  that  the  design  was  frustrated,  and 
the  .Madras  and  Hombay  Presidencies  saved 
from  the  rebellion.  This  devoted  missionary  met 
with  an  early  and  tragic  death.  In  ISti;},  Sep- 
tember lid,  he  accompanied  Sir  Itoberl  Temple 
to  IJoreenem  Tagulghat ,  lo  study  the  stoiu's  lie- 
lieved  to  be  of  Scythian  origin.  .Mr.  Hislop,  on 
the  afternoon  of  the  4th,  reinained  behind  lo 
classil'y  some  antiipiities  and  to  examine  a  na- 
tive school.  The  almost  dry  bed  of  the  stream 
nc.ir  'I'akulghat,  which  they  had  crossed  in  the 
uiorning,  had  during  the  ilay  swollen  by  tln^ 
rains  to  the  deiHh  of  ten  feet.  The  man  whom 
!Mr.  'I'emple  had  placed  at  the  spot  to  guard  .Mr. 
Hislop  against  danger  was  not  at  his  post,  and 
in  the  darkness  he  rode  into  the  stream  and 
Was  drowned.  His  loss  was  greatly  deiilored  in 
India  and  at  home,  llcwasa  man  of  "earnest 
piety,  high  intellectual  gifts  and  scientilic  iit- 
taiiinients.  heroic  eouriige,  iron  will,  large 
amount  of  tact  and  common-sense,  of  rare  jio- 
lilical  insight  and  administrativt!  power,  and 
above  all  an  enthusiasl  in  the  spiritual  work  he 
had  undertaken." 

Ili>>l«»i'i('iil  <ii(>4»{fra|»li,v  «>f'  !tli!«*>ioiiN. 

—The  historical  geography  of  the  Christian 
church  deals  with  the  geogra|iliical  march  of 
Chrislianily.  "beginning  at  ■lerusalem."  it 
traces  the  lioundary  lines  century  afterceiitury, 
showing  the  vaiions  teriitorial  stages  of  the 
conllict,  and  giving  the  iminediate  causes  for 
the  retreats  and  advances.  Though  an  integral 
part  of  church  history,  such  an  investigation  of 
the  geographical  expansion  of  Christianity  has 
vituily  io  do  with  the  history  of  Christian  mis- 
sions, for  the  missionary  has  always  been  the 
pioneer,  without  whom  the  church  could  not 
have  spread.     A  .series  of  maps  showing  this 


437 


HISTORICAL  OEOO.  OF  MISS. 


growth  must  be  n  stimuhis  to  fiiith.  At  ils 
beginning  we  can,  on  an  ordinary  atlas  map, 
cover  up  all  tlicrc^  was  of  Christianity  in  the 
world  with  the  point  of  one  tinge.;  at  the  end 
of  a  century  a  whole  hand  will  not  sullice;  at, 
the  end  of  three  centuries  the  whole  Uoiiiau 
Kinpire  must  be  included;  by  the  close  of  the 
leiilli  century  .•ill  of  Kiirope,  including  the  l{us- 
sias,  has  become  Clirisiian;  while  I'cisia.  Sviia, 
Africa,  and  Spain  are  lost  lo  .Mohamnicdanisiii; 
llie  lifteeiilh-centuiy  map  shows  Icjsscs  in  Asia 
Minor  and  tlii'  lialkan  regions,  gains  on  the 
Hierian  peninsula,  and  displays  a  new  heini- 
spliere  which  brings  the  full  extent  of  the  mis- 
sionary problem  to  the  heart  of  Chrisicndom. 
From  that  day  to  this  the  march  has  been  stead- 
ily forw.ird,  until  at  the  close  of  the  ninetieiith 
century  every  section  of  the  globe  has  been 
reached  with  more  or  less  elTcct^ 

1  T/tr  I'eiiftcosfa/  t'/i iirrJi. —Thi:  tirst 
ina))  shows  the  geogiaphical  conditions  which 
surrounded  the  infant  church  assembled  in  that 
upper  room  in  .U'lusalem  .May  'JSih,  ;!0  .\.i). 
AVIiat  most  impresses  us  is  the  .small  extent  of 
the  known  world.  As  far  as  civilization  was 
concerned,  it  was  a  ,A[editerraiiean  world.  A 
stretch  of  three  thousand  miles  east  and  west, 
and  of  lifteen  hundred  miles  north  and  south, 
(ontains  it  all.  lirilain  was  still  uncoiKpiered. 
'I'lie  warlike  Parthian  was  the  gieatest  organ- 
ized enemy  of  Home.  This  Scythian  moiiarchy 
had  learned  some  of  the  relinements  of  civilizii- 
tioii  from  the  downtrodden  Persians,  but  was 
still  essentially  barbaric.  India  was  known  to 
navigators,  and  caravan  routes  were  open 
through  to  China.  Travellers  occasionally 
brought  in  accounts  of  strange  lands  and  peoples 
but  all  about  this  contined  area  of  terra  roi/nilii 
lay  the  great  cloudland  of  Icrni  iiiriH/iiild.  The 
Pentecostal  church  praj'crfully  faced  the  Ro- 
man civilization;  but  what  of  the  vast  stretches 
of  sea  and  land  still  veiled  from  their  eyes,  but 
included  in  their  .Master's  last  command?  The 
apostolic  leaders  were  able  to  grasp  the  thought 
that  "every  knee  shall  bow  and  every  tor. gue 
sh.ill  confess  to  dod."  To  the  follower  of  the 
Nazarene  there  could  not  be  "Greek  and  .Tew, 
circumcision  and  uncircuincision,  barbarian, 
Scythian,  bondman,  freeman;  but  Christ  is  all 
anil  ill  all"  (Col.  ;i  :  11). 

But  the  immediate  task  before  Christianity 
was  the  coiKpiest  of  the  centre  of  civilization — 
the  Konian  iMupire  Let  us  notice  the  geo- 
graphical cli!irac(eris|ics  of  this  .Mediterraneaa 
eivilization  as  related  to  the  company  of  Cliri.s- 
tiaii  believers  in  .lerusalem.  (1)  It  w,is  an  em- 
jiire  of  cities,  Chrisiianity  must  nceils  handle 
centres  of  population,  especially  in  the  west. 
From  four  to  tive  thousand  cities  must  be 
reached.  (3)  The  Mediterranean  furnished  ea.sy 
access  from  city  to  ciiy.  It  was  covered  with 
s.'iils  employed  in  a  thrifty  commerce  (!i)  Io- 
nian roads  conni'ctcd  all  parts  of  the  em|iire  so 
that  news  was  carried  rajiidly.  Along  these 
splendid  highways  trudged  the  ines.sengcr  of 
the  gospel  from  city  to  city.  (41  One  hundred 
million  people  were  thus  by  land  an<l  water- 
ways compactly  drawn  together  in  a  territory 
containing  less  than  two  million  s(piare  miles. 
Geographically  considered,  no  portion  of  the 
globe  furnishes  so  interesting  a  tield  for  religious 
coiKpicst  as  the  territory  of  the  old  lioumu  Em- 
pire. 

Homan  civilization  spread  it.self  oul.side  its 
own  regions  bv  two  methods,  — coinmerciill  and 


'  ''J 


I' 


f  , 


m 


W 


HISTORICAL  GEOG.   OF  BOSS. 


428 


HISTORICAL  QEOO.   OF  MISS. 


luilitary, — and  Cbristiiinily  must  needs  follow  in 
the  truck  of  nmiits  and  "mcrchanis.  Cnnivan 
routes  conu'  stii-aniiug  in  like  rivers  iiilo  tlie 
common  t)iisiii  of  the  Mediterranean:  fronit'cn- 
tial  Afiicii  through  Sahara  by  several  ways; 
down  llic  Nile:  from  Yemen  along  the  Ked 
Sea;  from  tlie  Persian  Gulf  through  The  Syiian 
desert;  and  from  iIeso|H)tamia.  where  was  cen- 
tred the  trade  of  Central  A>ia.  To  this  mart 
came  pourimr  in  the  treasures  from  the  Persian 
Susa,  from  Ilyrcania.  and  fn>ni  Baciria.  which 
in  turn  drew  upon  China  through  Statio  >Ier- 
catonim.  and  from  ilindiLstan  and  Farther  In- 
dia via  (lisohra.  Turning  to  the  .sea,  the  routes 
are  (iiiile  as  mnneroiis.  Tlie  whole  coast  of 
Soiitlierii  Asia  wa.s  familiar  to  the  merchants, 
and  rejriilar  routes  by  s«-a  were  open,  finding 
their  natural  termini  in  the  Pei>ian  Gulf  and 
tlie  Red  Sea.  Another  thrifty  line  of  com- 
merce came  pouring  into  the  outlet  of  the  Med- 
iterrane;m  fnan  di>tant  Britain,  and  daring 
navigators  pushed  along  the  coa*t  of  the  North 
Sea  and  penetrated  the  Baltic  lands  in  search 
of  trade.  If  a  little  later  we  find  C"hri.sti:uiity 
tirmly  planted  in  far-away  places,  let  us  not  be 
astonished.  Tlie  door  was  oiK-n.  and  the  disci- 
ples cdiild  easily  go  in. 

(Jarrisons  of  Koman  soMiers  were  .stationed 
all  along  the  borders  of  the  empire.  These 
miliiary  barracks  soon  W-anie  centres  from 
which  Christianity  c-ould  spnad  outside  the 
civilized  world.  The  new  religion  took  ejtsily 
to  the  Hoiiian  camp,  and  these  isrjlated  spots 
along  the  Rhine,  the  l>.uiul»e.  the  Euviue.  and 
the  Euphrate^^  liecame  i>a.se:-of  the  faith.  AVhen 
the  armies  pushed  iR-yond  the  Ijountlaries  i>f 
the  empire.  Chri.-tianity  was  sure  to  go  with 
them.  Christian  soldiers  captured  and  en- 
slaved by  barbarians  were  tl";  means  of  ton- 
verting  whole  nations. 

Another  geographical  condition  of  the  great- 
est importance  to  Christianity  was  the  wide  ex- 
tent of  terntory  over  which  the  Greek  and  Latin 
languages  were  s[>oken.  At  the  oi>euing  of 
theChristiaii  era  Hellenistic  Greek  was  the 
linf/iii(  fniui-ii  of  the  Konian  world.  Greek  col- 
onies had  been  established  all  around  the  Medi- 
teiianeaii,  and  these  luid  dctemiin«-d  the  lan- 
guage of  commerce.  Greek  lettere  and  arts 
had  coiii|uered  Home  more  effectually  than  the 
legions  of  the  republic  had  overcome  the  iK-nin- 
sula  of  Hellas.  The  Xew  Ti-siament  was  com- 
posed in  this  universal  lan:niage,  and  all 
through  the  early  centuries  Chri?tian  churches 
were  llelleni>tic.  Liiter  on  the  Latin  tongue 
took  the  supremacy  in  the  wi-stern  world,  and 
still  remains  the  lilurginil  langiLige  of  the  ma- 
jority of  (  hristians.  But  more  imjxirtant  to 
the  Christian  church  than  any  of  the  conditions 
mentioned  was  the  geographical  distribution  of 
the  Hebrew  race.  Everywhere  synagogues 
were  the  early  preachinir  places  of  the  ajiostles, 
and  the  majority  of  the  Christian*  of  the  first 
ceiituiy  were  of  Jewish  extraction.  Christi- 
anity, as  the  ftiitilment  of  the  Old  Testament 
religion,  mitunillv  turned  to  the  l»elievers  in 
that  revelation.  Provident  Lilly,  it  seems,  these 
seven  millions  of  jwople.  with  their  monolheLsm, 
their  nobler  conceptions  of  GkI  and  their  purer 
ethics  and  life,  had  f>e«n  scatteretl  broadcast 
over  llie  Roman  world,  ami  even  l>eyond  its 
boundaries.  Let  us  notice  where  tbey  were 
settled.  There  were  altout  four  million  Jews 
In  Syria  and  Palestine  at  the  o|M-ning  of  our 
em.     One  milliim   live«l   in   Mes«itotaniin  and 


down  the  Tigris  and  Kujihrates  rivers.  One 
million  more  were  dwelling  along  the  Nile  and 
in  the  Delta,  Alexandria  having  a  large  iiuarter 
eulirely  devoted  to  this  people.  A  million  more 
were  estimaled  to  have  beeti  distributed  else- 
where about  the  Mediterranean.  Paul  and  the 
other  apostles  found  them  eveiywhere.  .Most 
cities  had  a  .lewisli  section.  Tliis  race  was  es- 
pecially numerous  along  the  north  coast  of 
Africa,  in  Spain,  ii|)  the  Rhone,  and  about  Rome, 
the  cominercial  centre  of  the  world.  The  Sibyl- 
line Oracle  says  that  "every  land  and  evi'ry 
sea"  was  tilled  with  lliem.  Sirabo,  writing  of 
the  centuiy  before  our  era,  says  that  the  .leVvish 
l>eople  Inui  already  come  into  every  cily  and 
that  it  was  not  easy  to  llnd  a  place  iii  the'workl 
which  had  not  received  this  race  and  was  not 
occu]iied  by  them.  AVe  liiid  them  in  Soullurn 
-Viabia  (Y( men),  Etbioiiia  (.Vbyssini,;),  Armenia, 
Partliia,  Iberia,  Crimea,  Hyrcai.ia.  and  even 
China.  Wherever  there  were  .lews  the  door 
was  oiH'li  to  the  preachers  of  the  .Messiah. 

Such  were  the  geogr!i|iliical  conditions  which 
surrounded  the  Penlecosial  cluirch.  It  did  not 
flinch  bel'ori'  the  known  or  the  unknown  ele- 
ments in  the  problem.  Willi  a  Roman  govern- 
ment to  ])oli(e  I  lie  world,  with  highways  and 
harbors  facilitating  journeys  by  land  and  sea, 
will  a  universal  iangnage  at  their  coniniand, 
and  with  Jewish  ]ieople  and  prayerhou.-es  dis- 
tributed all  over  the  eiiii)ire,  llie  apostles  went 
forth  to  eon(|uer.  ,\s  the  centuries  went  on  we 
shall  find  the  (hristian  churches  most  numerous 
and  thriving  where  these  conditions  were  most 
favorable. 

II.  Tlie  Aposfolir  CIiiireli.—Thv  second 
map  shows  the  rondition  of  the  Clirisliau 
church  at  the  close  of  the  first  tcntuiy  (100 
A.D.)  AVe  must  lie  content  with  a  veiy  iiuide- 
quate  presentation  of  the  extent  of  the  iidvance 
at  this  era.  The  persecuted  cluirch  was  more 
or  less  in  hiding  for  three  centuries,  and  the 
notices  of  geograiihical  matters  in  Christian  or 
heathen  literature  are  only  incidental.  1-egeiuls 
and  doublfnl  trailitioiis  "have  thrown  a  lia/e 
over  the  whole  subject.  By  the  time  of  the 
death  of  the  aiiostle  John  we  are  certain  that 
there  were  Christian  churches  all  over  Syria, 
Asia  Minor,  ]\Iacedonia,  Greece  proi>er,'  the 
Islaiuls,  and  Italy.  There  seems  to  be  eveiy 
l)robabilily  that  Paul  may  have  carried  out  his 
desire  to  visit  Spain  between  the  two  inipiison- 
ments  at  Rome.  Peter  was  ju-obably  at  liabyloii 
and  MarK  in  Kgypl.  Beyond  this  we  are  in  grave 
iloubt.  The  list  of  llie  converts  on  the  (lav  of 
Pentecost  (.Vcls3:  \)-V2)  would  lead  us  to  infer 
that  Christianity  got  a  fooling  in  Parlhia,  Me- 
dia. Elam,  Ciipiiadocia,  Ponlus,  Asia.  Phrygia, 
Pamiihylia,  Egypt,  Cyrene,  Rome,  Crete. ".\ia- 
bia,  and  "in  eveiy  nation  under  heaven"  (Acts 
2:  ;5).  Ethiopia  (of  doubtful  location)  may 
have  learned  of  Christ  through  the  ( iinuch 
bajilized  by  Philip.  The  apostle  .lames  famil- 
iarly addresses  "  the  twelve  tribes  which  are  id' 
the  dispersion."  Peler  addresses  the  "sojourn- 
ers of  the  dispersion  in  Pontiis,  Galatia,  Cap- 
padocia,  .Vsia,  and  Bithyiiia."  He  sends  greet- 
ings from  Babylon  (Rome?  in  Egyi)t  ?  or  on 
the  Eniihratesy— probably  the  latter).  The  iii- 
niimer.'ible  traditions  about  the  apostles  and 
early  disciples  we  must  dismiss  as  unreliable 
luid  misleading— such  as  that  of  Paul  in  Britain, 
Lazarus  in  Gaul,  Tliouias  in  India,  Bartholo- 
nu-w  in  Parlhia,  Andrew  in  Russia,  Thaddeus 
in  Edessa,  Philip  in  Scythiu,  Matthew  in  Elhio- 


7<l 


mSTORIOAL  GEOa.  OF  MISS. 


429 


HISTORICAL  OBOa.  OF  MISS. 


pta,  and  Judas  the  Zealot  in  Arabia.  Yet  we 
cauuut  d()iil)l  that  these  men  were  busy  -some- 
where preaehiuj;  the  gospel  and  building  up 
churches.  Further  research  may  clear  up 
the  dilUeulties  in  the  way  of  accepting  some  of 
thes(!  traditions. 

Of  this  we  can  be  sure — Christianity  found  a 
lodgment  during  the  first  century  from  Spain 
to  Babylon  (ll.tiOO  miles),  and  from  Uome  to 
Aluxiindiia.  It  iiad  talien  the  whole  ,'Mcditer- 
raiiean  as  its  Held  of  work.  In  30  .\.d.,  at  Jeru- 
salem tliere  were  at  most  oOO  (Jliristians  ;  100 
A.iJ.  tliere  were  proljably  oOO.OOO.  A  map  of 
the  Christian  world  at  this  diite,  containing 
only  certainties,  would  not  give  a  true  impres- 
sion of  the  geograpliical  extent  of  Christianity. 
From  the  um'xami)led  siiread  a  little  later  we 
nuist  allow  a  large  growth  in  these  early  times 
before  the  great  persecutions.  The  map  should 
siiow  the  routes  Paul  took  on  his  missionary 
journeys  and  on  his  way  to  Koine.  The  cities 
of  vElia  Capitoliiia  (Jeru.salem  after  70  A.U.), 
Samaria,  Joppa,  Ctesarea,  Ptolemais  (Acre), 
Tyre,  Sidon,  Damascus,  Salamis,  Anliocli, Tar- 
sus, Derbe,  Lystra,  Iconinm.Antiociiia,  lliera- 
poi  s,  Colossaj,  Philadelphia,  Sardis,  Thyatira, 
Pergamum.  Ephesus,  Smyrna,  Pliilippi,  The.s- 
salonica,  ]{er;ea,C(uii'tli,  Ceiicliiiea,  an<l  Home 
should  be  plainly  marked.  The  following  cities 
and  coinitries  should  be  put  down  as  probable  : 
Babylon,  Edessa,  Arabia  Petriea,  Alexandria, 
Cyrene,  Ancyra  (in  Galatia),  Perga,  Troas, 
Athens,  Kliodes,  Crete.  Jlileta,  Puteoli,  Car- 
thage, and  Soutliern  Spain.  It  is  possil)le  that 
Daimatia,  Britain,  and  ilie  Hhone  valley'  should 
be  included.  Clemen.,  of  Rome  (;{0.\.d. — 102 
A.D. ),  iu  his  first  episi  le  to  tlie  cliurch  at  Corintli 
(Sii  42),  says  that  thep;  was  "preaching  every- 
wliere  in  comitry  and  town." 

The  Apostolic" church  was  to  all  intents  and 
purposes  a  Greek-speaking  church.  It  was 
largely'  drawn  from  tlie  .Jewish  element,  al- 
though Gentiles  took  more  and  more  a  promi- 
nent part.  Christian  prejudice  against  the  Jew 
as  a  Jew  had  not  yet  arisen.  Tlie  hopeful, 
buoyant  tone  of  the  apostolic  letters  indicates 
a  growing  success  in  the  work.  The  churches 
do  not  seem  to  have  i)een  thoroughly  organized 
as  one  eluu'c'h,  and  so  we  note  no  internal  geo- 
graphical divisions. 

III.  The  Ante-Xiveiti'  C/mt'ch.—Tho 
Church  of  the  second  and  third  centuries  is 
under  even  a  denser  cloud  than  that  of  the 
first.  We  no  longer  have  apostolic  writings, 
and  we  have  to  rely  for  data  on  the  wiiereabouts 
of  [{(unan  persecutions  and  casual  references. 
The  era  of  representative  cliurch  councils  was 
just  beginning.  Justin  -Alartyr  (105  a.d.— KiT), 
a  fairly  reliable  Christian  writer  living  in  Pales- 
tiui;,  says  .somewhat  rhetorically:  "There  is 
not  a  nation,  either  Greek  or  barbarian,  or  of 
any  oIIku'  name,  even  those  who  wander  in 
tribes  and  live  in  tents,  anioiig<t  whom  prayers 
anil  thanksgiving  are  not  olfered  to  the  Father 
and  Creator  of  the  universe  by  the  name  of 
the  crucilied  Jesus. "  The  still  more  reliable 
"Episllc  to  Diognetus "  of  the  same  century 
says  (Chapter  VI.):  "To  sum  up  all  in  one 
word,  what  the  soul  is  in  the  IkmI^',  that  arc; 
Ciiristians  in  the  world.  The  soul  isdisjicrscd 
through  all  the  members  of  the  body,  and 
Chrisiians  are  scattered  tliiough  all  the  t'itics  of 
tiie  world."  Iremeus,  liisliop  at  Lugduaum 
(Lyons),  on  the  upper  Ulioiie  (130  a.u. — 202 
A.U.),    says  (Adv.  llaer.    i.  10):    The  Cliurch, 


though  dispersed  throughout  the  world,  even  to 
the  ends  of  the  earth,  has  received  from  the 
Apostles  and  their  disciples  this  faith.  .  .  .  For 
though  the  languages  of  the  world  are  dis- 
similar, yet  the  import  of  the  tratlition  is  one 
and  the  same.  For  the  churches  which  have 
been  planted  iu  Germany  do  not  believe  or  hand 
down  anytliiiigdilYerent;  nor  do  those  in  Spain, 
nor  those  in  Gaul,  nor  those  iu  the  East,  nor 
those  in  Egypt,  nor  those  in  Liliya.  nor  those 
which  have'  been  eslablisbed  in  the  central 
regions  of  the  world  (Home  or  Palestine)." 
Tertiilliaii,  who  wrote  in  the  second  and  tliird 
centuries,  speaks  of  the  Christians  as  a  "great 
niuhitude,"  "  a  majority  of  every  slate."  "  We, 
though  of  yesterday,  iiave  tilled  every  sphere 
of  life— cities,  castles,  islands,  town.s,  the  ex- 
change, the  very  camps,  the  plebeian  populace, 
the  .seals  of  judges,  the  imperial  ))iilace,  the 
senate  and  the  forum.  They  {enemies)  lament 
that  every  sex,  age,  and  condilion,  and  persons 
of  every  rank  also,  are  converts  lO  thut  name." 
Among  Other  nations  he  eiinmeiiite  .he  Gtetu- 
lians  (Aloors),  "all  the  limits  of  Spain,"  "the 
diverse  nations  of  I  he  Gauls,"  "  the  haunts  of 
the  Britons,  inacessible  to  the  Poinans,  but  cou- 
ipiered  bj'  Christ."  the  !-arinaiiaiis,  Daeiaus, 
Germnns,  ami  :         'aiis. 

Beyond  these  r  le.  highly  colored  generali- 
zations we  are  largi,iy  dependent  upon  Church 
councils  and  mariyrologies  for  our  informa- 
tion concerning  the  spread  of  Christianity  in 
this  obscure  period,  iiight  savage  Roman  per- 
sei.'iitions  of  the  Cluir<li  took  place  before 
Christianity  won  for  itself  impe'ial  recognition. 
Tho.se  instituted  by  Marcus  Aurelius,  Sepiimius 
Severus,  Deciiis.  and  Diocletian  were  most 
notable.  The  Diocletian  persecution  was  in- 
descriliably  savage.  Tlie  universalitj'  of  seveml 
of  these  persecutions  shows  iiow  widel}'  the 
faith  had  spread.  The  wisest  Roman  emperors 
ordered  the  severest  persecutions,  because  they 
feared  the  spread  of  this  secret  religio-political 
cultus,  as  they  considered  it.  This  is  another 
indication  of  the  numerical  strength  of  the 
Ciiristians.  It  is  estimated  by  the  most  careful 
students  that  by  the  opening  of  the  fourth  cea- 
tury  there  we're  10,0(lO,Ot)d  Christians  in  the 
lioinan  empire,  as  contrasted  with  the  ."lOO.OOO 
at  the  close  of  the  first  century.  We  can  hardly 
account  for  such  a  gain  in  the  face  of  such  ob- 
stacles. A  conservative  guess  as  to  tlie  number 
of  clmr(;!ies  at  tlie  close  of  this  period  places 
them  at  1,000  Oriental  and  800  Occi.'.ental.  We 
have  very  unsatisfactory  data  on  which  to  lean, 
linportanl  Cliurch  councils  were  iield  at  Car- 
lliiige  (2.)4  A.D.),  Elvira  (Spain,  305  a.d.),  Aries 
(Gaul.  314  A.D.;,  Ancyra  (Asia  Minor,  314  a.u), 
and  Nica'a  (Asia  Minor,  325  a.d.).  Contem- 
porary docuineiils  give  us  tlie  names  of  the 
l)islio|)s  or  presbyters  who  were  present.  But 
not  a  third  of  the  churehes  could  have  been 
represented.  .Mnrtyrologies  help  us  out  some- 
what. In  all  W(!  can  give  the  names  of  525 
cities  where  there  were  churches  at  the  time 
Chrisii.'inity  was  coming  out  from  under  ])erse 
cution  They  are  dislributed  as  follows 
(see  Liu'tures  of  Pi-ofe.s.sor  R.  I),  llilchcock. 
D.D.,  L'nioii  Theological  Seminarv):  In 
Europe  iss  in  all  (Britain  3,  (Termaii  lands  3, 
Gaul  3S.  Spain  45,  Italy  02,  Southeastern 
Europe  37);  in  .Vsia  214  (Asia  .Aliimr  136, 
Northern  Syria  3(i,  I'alestine  24.  Aiabiii  IH);  in 
Africa  123  (Kgypt  and  Lybia  2H,  North  Africa 
95).       The   map  indicating   this  condition  of 


I 


: 


iimmmmH 


HISTORICAL  QEOa.   OF  MISS. 


480 


HISTORIOAJ.,  OEOO.  OF   MISS. 


thiugs  is  spriukk'd  ftll  over  willi  I'iiies  coiilaiii- 
Iiig  C'lnistian  churchc.-;.  Shilliply  IlicMii  ]>y 
tbiee  or  four,  mid  wo  slinll  sri-  wliy  llio  nillur 
secular  iniiui  of  Constiiiitinc  the  Urwit  k'd  liiiii 
to  throw  in  his  lot  with  the  Cliristiiiiis.  IJc- 
sidos  York,  Lincoln,  and  London,  rcprcscnicd 
at  the  Council  of  Aries,  814  A.D.,  there  were 
douhlless  chur<'hes  scattered  all  over  the  land 
nn  far  north  as  the  Honian  wall.  All  aloni;  the 
Khine  anil  Ihinuhe  fiontierwe  see  a  siriiiij;  of 
Ohristian  fortresses  Uonian  .soldiers  wer<'  the 
missionaries  in  this  danucrous  region.  The 
En.xine  is  fiiiiired  all  .■iiniind  with  churches. 
Italy.  Asia  Minor,  .Syria,  K.ir.vpl,  Norlh  Africa, 
Southern  ^>|)ain,  and  the  lihone  valley  are 
thickly  clotted  with  churches.  Christianity  is 
still  strictly  inuuicipal,  as  we  might  have  pre- 
dicted. 

What  Were  ! he  airencies  of  this  vast  urowlh 
of  the  lailh  '.'  We  can  f.islen  niion  few  names 
■which  We  can  call  strictly  missionary  in  their 
associations.  Tliere  were  the  church  fathers — 
Polyearp.  Ignatius,  IJarnahas,  'I'lieophilus, 
Julius  Africanus,  and  .lustin  .Ala'cyr,  of  Asia 
Minor  and  Syiia  :  Panta-nus,  I'hinent  of 
Alexandria,  and  Origen  of  Egypt  ;  Tertulliau, 
Cyprian,  and  Arnohius,  of  North  Africa  ; 
Ireuitusof  Gaid,  Clement  of  Konie,  llippolylus 
and  Lanclanlius  of  Italy  :  these  are  the  more 
promini  nt  leaders.  The  great  aim  was  to  con- 
vert the  centres  of  civili/alion.  It  was  an  <'ra 
when  there  \>as  m)  disiinclion  IxMween  home 
and  foreign  missions.  The  vigor  of  Christian 
thought  was  shown  in  an  unfortumile  hut  iii- 
C'vitahle  way,  hy  the  outcropping  of  dilTcreuce.s 
of  theological  opiinons.  Ilerclicd  sects  sprang 
up  in  all  directions— the  Ehioniles  in  Syria;  the 
Alogi  Gnostics,  .Monlaidsts,  in  Asia  Minor;  the 
JIanicha'ans  in  Persia;  Allans  and  Meletians  In 
Egypt;  the  Donalists  in  North  Africa  ;  the  No- 
vatians  and  Saliellians  in  Home.  Tin;  most 
prondnent  work  of  the  church  fathers  was  in 
defending  the  church  from  these  and  olhcr 
errors,  and  their  distinctive  missionary  iiclivity 
was  not  -o  maidfcst.  But  underneath  all  this 
controversy  the  most  active  propag.anda  in  favor 
of  the  new  religion  was  going  on.  Gregory 
Thauinatnrgus  was  uuide  bishop  of  his  native 
city,  Neo  C:e.-area  in  I'ontus.  At  the  start  there 
were  twenty-seven  Christians  iu  the  city;  at  the 
close  of  his  ministry  there  were  said  to  lie  only 
twenty-seven  p.agans  left.  The  almo.st  incredi- 
ble expanse  of  Clirisiianily  was  brought  about 
largely  by  (»bsc\ne  men,  who  voluntarily  gave 
their  lives  to  this  work.  The  laily  ligured 
prominently  if  not  overwhelmingly  in  this 
labor,  women  as  well  as  men — nierchanls, 
miuers,  .sjiilors,  stddier.s,  craftsmen.  Kv^ry 
true  Christian  was  a  nnssioiniry,  ami  thousands 
sealed  their  f.aith  with  their  lilood. 

Translations  of  the  IJiblc  into  the  vernaculars, 
always  foremost  agencies  in  missionary  work, 
appciired  in  ditrerint  jiarts  of  tin-  empire — the 
"  Peshitto "  in  Syria,  the  "Ilala"  in  North 
Africa  iind  Italy,  and  the  Coptic  in  Egypt. 

During  this  period  there  were  no  geographi- 
cal divisions  vithin  the  Christian  churcli. 
Bishoiis  had  contiol  over  particular  cities,  but 
■were  all  eipnils.  At  the  close  of  the  period  we 
see  the  beginidngs  of  the  metro])olitan  digidty 
that  was  to  gi-ow  into  the  jiatiiarchal  contnU 
and  the  clear  geographical  demarcaliou  of 
C'liristendoin. 

IV.  The  Ini/Miial  Chinch  (311-(i()0 
A.D.  I. — With  Constautiue'sdecree  of  uiuuesty  to 


('hrisliaus  (811  a.d  1  the  clnnih  entered  upon  a 
new  era.  Under  imiH'rial  favor  Christiaiuly  be- 
came a  state  religion,  and  the  Itonian  Ein|iire 
found  that  its  vital  force  was  no  longer  pagan- 
ism, but  the  longiierseculed  religion  of  the 
cross.  The  centres  of  civili/alion  were  won 
The  era  of  foreign  ndssions  proper  now  began. 
The  imperial  system  of  goveiiiment  was  adopU'd 
in  the  home  church.  The  emperor  wasvirluaily 
at  the  hi  ad  of  both  churcli  and  slate.  What 
the  piefectures,  dioceses,  cparchates  and  states 
Were  lo  the  .--eculai'  power,  the  lialriarchales, 
dioceses,  metiopolilanales.  and  bishoprics  were 
to  the  religious  |iouer.  Tliis  terminology  was 
suliject  to  change.  The  divisions  wire  more 
and  more  dehnilely  drawn  as  time  went  on, 
until  the  palriarchates  of  Conslaiilinople, 
Antioch,  Jerusalem,  iind  Alexandria,  were 
lirndy  esUiblished  t.nd  the  Hishop  of  Home, 
although  never  ciilled  .'i  patriarch,  was  iipial 
in  dignity  and  power  to  liis  Ea.steiii  brethren. 
IJishops  at  the  capital  cities  of  the  various 
provinics  were  called  in  ibe  Easi,  Metropoli- 
tans; in  the  West.  Archbishops.  'I'liese  milio- 
polilans  had  control  of  the  bishops  within  ihe 
provinci 

Wilhin  the  empire  paganism  was  slowly 
going  lo  pieces.  I  ndir  .Iiiliiin  the  Aposlale  it 
made  one  spasinoiiic  etVort  lo  regain  its  ascend- 
ancy, and  then  gradually  disappeared,  or  was 
absoibed  by  the  church  or  by  some  of  die 
herelii'al  sects.  At  the  close  of  this  iieriod  llu  re 
were  probably  thirty  or  forly  million  Chris- 
tians in  the  territ;irv  occupied  by  the  empire 
when  ill  wii'.esl  e.xlension.  I'esiile.s  Ihe  heretical 
.seels  already  nienlioned,  some  of  which  did 
most  of  their  work  in  this  period  (Ariaiiisin, 
Douatism,  and  Manicha'isni),  we  note  the 
Neslorians  at  work  in  the  far  East  early  in  the 
tifih  century,  the  ^lono])liysites  in  Syria  iind 
Egypt  a  little  later,  and  a  century  after  the 
Monothelites  ;  later  we  shall  have  occasion  lo 
.speak  of  the  missionary  zeal  of  the  Arians  and 
the  Ncstoriaiis,  and  the  di.saslers  to  the  south- 
eastern provinces  of  llie  empire  Ihrough  the 
disalfection  of  the  .Moiioph} sites. 

Let  us  look  now  at  the  I'orcign  Held.  Lay 
lU'caching  was  condemned  in  898  a.d  .  but  this 
decree  could  not  allect  Ihe  foreign-niission 
work.  Laymen  still  did  the  major  part.  Dur- 
ing this  period  the  workers  included  nierchanls, 
.soldiers,  captives,  exiles,  hermits,  embassies 
from  the  emperors,  and  regular  missionaries. 
Wlieii  we  consider  the  voluntary  nalnre  of  the 
work,  xve  are  assured  of  Ihe  vigorof  Ihe  young 
church,  and  are  amazed  at  the  far-reaching 
results. 

In  fact  this  propaganda  outside  the  empire 
had  been  going  on  for  .several  centuries.  It 
now  came  to  nolice  and  was  carried  on  more 
syslemalically.  Ariiieiiia,  the  balllelield  be- 
tween Hoinaii  and  I'crsiau,  was  the  tiisl  nation, 
as  such,  lo  embrace  Christianity.  Early  in  the 
fourth  century  these  mountaineers,  under  their 
king  Tiridalcs,  were  I'onvcrted  by  (»reg<uy  the 
Enlighlener.  who  was  their  first  patriarch  and 
ecclesiastical  writer.  The  wliolc  country  scenis 
to  have  received  the  new  religion  Schools 
and  churches  were  built,  and  Ihe  IJibIc  was 
translaled.  An  alphabet  bad  to  be  invented 
for  this  last  undertaking,  and  Ihe  Scriptures 
became  Ihe  fountain  head  of  Armenian  liteia- 
liire.  Owing  to  some  inisunderslanding  at  the 
time  of  Ihe  council  of  Chalcedon  (4.'»1  A.D.),  the 
Armeutaii  church  became  estraugeii  from  tlie 


HISTORICAL  QBOa.   OF  MISS. 


431 


HISTORICAL  OEOG    OF  MISS 


iiii|wr!)il  cliiircli,  uiul  in  401  A.i).  it  set  up  a 
s('|iiinit('  coinintiiiioii.  Since  tliiit  date  it  lins 
linci  ii  c'.inliiiiious  life. 

We  liiivc  seen  li  )\v  dmiiip:  days  of  piMsecii- 
tinii  C'liiisliiuiity  liad  niiulc  its  wiiy  iiioiind  the 
liordiT  of  the  lOiixiiii'.  'I'lii'  jrospel  now  imslies 
iiilo  '.lie  intt'i'JDi'  of  llic  Ciuiciisus  laniri'.  and  llif 
All)aMiaii  and  l!;(.:iian  tribes  an;  iracliid  and 
won  ovur.  Tlie  record  .'s  not  as  clear  as  we 
could  wish,  l)Ut  n  female  captive.  Nino  by 
name,  is  said  to  have  been  the  au'enl  that 
opened  the  country.*  All  the  tribis  of  I  Ids 
reuion  were  under  l{onian  i.atlier  than  I'arlhian 
or  l''rsian  inllucnce. 

Tlie  most  iiuerestini;  mission  of  this  period 
was  to  the  (jolhs,  various  tril.es  of  whom  had 
been  movini;' . -lion ir  the  north  shore  of  llii!  ICu.xine 
and  up  the  l)anul)e.  Durini:  their  inroads  they 
penclialed  in  the  third  century  as  faras  Kphesus 
and  .Vlhens.  A  lari;'e  number  of  L'hrisiian 
captives  from  ('api)adoeia  were  drafTLTcd  norlh- 
wai'd  ai'ross  the  Damibe  to  the  Dacian  rende/. 
vous  of  these  rude  northmen,  and  thus  the  lirsl 
tiospel  seeds  were  plaiUed.  ProL'ii'ss  inusi  have 
been  made,  for  the  (jothie  bishop 'I'lieophilus 
was  present  at  the  council  of  Niciea,  'M'>  a.d. 
The  apostle  of  the  (Joths,  however,  came  a  little 
later  in  the  person  of  L'llila,  usoii  of  C'appado- 
ci.in  captives.  Hejiinninj;  early  in  the  fourth 
cealuiy  {<>Vi  a.iv),  his  work  wassprea<l  over  the 
century.  He  and  his  converts  went  throuLrh 
liery  persecutions  (;i.-)i)  a.d.  and  IJTO  a.D),  but 
the  work  of  conversion  .seems  to  have  none  on 
Willi  increasliii:  momentum.  Both  the  Kasi  and 
West  (Jolhs  were  reached  elVeclually.  and 
throujrh  all  llieii'  w.uidci  lugs  di.ssemiuated  a 
more  (U'  less  bel|iful  Cluislian  faith. 

From  the  IIi-nI  Chrislianily  had  been  pushing 
rapidly  eastward.  Mesopotamia  nuisl  have 
had  a  large  t'hristian  population.  15i~hops 
Clime  to  Nicica  from  as  far  eaNi  as  Arbela  and 
Misiliis.  Persia  had  been  reached  at  an  early 
period.  Durini;'  the  reiirn  of  Sapor  II.  (;>ill(  a.d. 
— iii!)  A.D.)  we  learn  of  terrible  peiseculions 
which  indieaic  a  large  Cliristi.in  popul.'ition. 
When  the  Xestorians  were  driven  from  the 
Jlom.in  dominions,  they  connnenced  iheir  mis- 
sionary march  east  w.-ird,  m.akinga  first  liHlirmeiU 
in  I'ersia  in  the  tiflh  centur.\,at  a  tune  when 
t'hristiainty  was  tolerated.  The  Persian  church 
seems  to  have  adopted  the  Nestorian  phase  of 
the  failh.  The  slory  of  Nestorian  mis>ions  does 
not  belong  altogether  to  this  period,  but  the 
grealesi  coniinesis  of  territory  were  m:ide  dur- 
ing the  sixth  and  si'venth  centuries.  They  sent 
nussionaries  soulhwesi  ward  into  Ar;d)ia,  to  the 
southeast  into  India  and  t'eylnn,  .and  eastward 
to  China.  .V  Nestorian  monument  of  the  ih-ite 
7.S1  A.D.  has  lieen  discovered  in  the  latter 
couiury;  but  w<'  are  wholly  at  a  loss  to  know 
the  exlcMl  of  the  spread  of  Chrisliaidly  in  these 
vast  reirions.  The  St.  Thomas  Chiislians  in 
India  and  the  ('liri>tiiuis  of  llie  Syrian  cult  at 
Oroomiah  in  northwesicrn  Persi.i  are  all  thai 
have  remained  faithful  up  to  moilern  times. 

Turning  to  Africa,  wi'  hnd  a  mo^t  interesling 
expansion  of  (  hristianily  in  Abyssinia  (i|.v.) 
during  this  perio<l.  Under  the  Syrian  mission- 
ary Frunu'niius  this  great  upland  of  Africa 
seems  to  have  received  the  gospel.  Axuni,  the 
ciipibil,  was  lirst  reached,    The  Itiblc  was  trans- 

•  See  Moses Choreneiisis,  11   §  .S:  Rufluiis  EccI   Hist., 

I.  10;  Plilf 'StorKins  I  H;  Socrates.  Hist ,  I  •M;  Sozomen, 

II.  T:  \jf  Qnien.  I    p.  1333;  AKsenmuus.  Ill   p.  ii.  fol.  3ii, 
ibiil,  fuliu  lUU. 


laled  inio  Kthiopic.  and  long  U'fore  the  Moliaiu- 
niedan  invasions  the  wliole  'lation  had  iN-conic 
Christian.  The  king  or  Negus  wiis  in  coininu- 
nicalion  with  tiie  court  at  Constant iuo|>le,  and 
at  various  limes  championed  the  cail.st-  of  Chris- 
lianily in  Arabin.  Nubia  and  the  upix-r  Nile 
were  reached,  but  not  as  efTcclively  ;i-S  the 
inountainoiis  it  gions  of  Abyssinia  pro|HT. 

We  are  not  cellMin  when  missionary  work  on 
the  peninsula  of  Arabia  bcgiiii.  Doubtless  the 
deserls  south  anil  ciisi  of  Syria  furnishetl  a 
refuge  to  Christians  during  limes  of  lioinan  per- 
secutions, and  the  much-free jienled  caiavan- 
loiitcs  gave  easy  access  to  all  parts  of  the  pen- 
insula, llerinits  lielook  theuiselves  to  the  i<M-ky 
laslnesses  of  Pella  and  the  Sinailic  |)CMiiu>iila. 
and  at  an  early  date  came  in  contact  with  Bt-il- 
oiiiii  tribes.  During  the  fourth  ceiilnry  we 
he.ar  of  missionarii's  among  liie  lliniyaritcs  in 
the  extreme  souihwcsl  of  Arabia.  Alxiut  the 
same  lime  we  are  lold  of  a  IiavelliiiLr  bi-hop  w  ho 
followed  the  wandering  Iriboof  the  Syrian  des- 
crt.  A  number  of  tribes  were  completely  won 
over  to  Chrislianily — the  Ghassanites,  ilie  iu- 
habilants  of  Najraii,  part  of  the  tribes  of  Tay 
and  Kudaa,  the  Habia,  Taghlali,  Iiahra,  and 
Tiiniikh  tribes,  as  well  as  tlii'  .Vnibs  of  llira 
(Nestorian  intluencei.  We  hear  of  a  terrible 
lierseciilion  of  the  Christians  of  Najran  by  tlie 
Jewish  usurper  l>liu  Now;is  isee  jirticle  .Moham- 
medanism), Uy  tJOt)  A.D.  we  shall  lind  the  map 
of  Arabia  thickly  sprinkled  over  with  iudica- 
tions  of  Christianity. 

Turning  to  theextreine  northwi'st  liin't  of 
the  known  world,  we  find  ihe  Chiisii.in  faiiu  in 
this  jieriiMl  laying  hold  of  an  inland  that  long  \k-- 
fore  it  le.inied  ol  Christianity  was  caileii  •The 
Sacred  Island."  Ilibernia.  tir  Scotia  Major,  or 
Ireland,  was  well  known  to  the  early  n.-ivigjitms 
and  the  Romans.  Prudence  rest raimd  the  lat- 
ter power  from  at  tempi  ing  its  couipicst.  althouu'h 
they  well'  frcipieiilly  tempted  to  do  so  at  the 
solicitation  of  lully  chieftains.  We  are  tohl  of 
the  anger(>f  the  Druids  against  Corinac.  a  prom- 
inent inonareli  in  the  island  about  the  middle 
of  Ihe  third  cenliiry,  who  turned  from  them  "to 
the  adoration  of  (icKl."  For  many  years  Chris- 
lianily seems  to  li.ive  ipiietly  spread  from  iiiili- 
vidiial  to  individual.  Cndesiiiis,  an  Irisli  Chris- 
tian, w.i- a  follower  of  Pelagiiis.  thechampionof 
Pel.-igiaiiism.  e.irly  in  the  liftli  century.  It  wa.s 
not,  however,  uiilil  this  century  that  Chii-lianily 
had  any  subsi.intial  following  in  Ireland.  The 
career  of  Patrick  a  native  of  Brittany  in  Gaul, 
as  ,1  missionary  lo  Ireland  bcL'an  early  in  the 
fifth  ceiiluiyaiid  lasted  prob,ibly  until  very  near 
ilscloM'  I'll  roll  ;:h  his  exertions  ihe  laith  st-enisio 
have  sprciid  in  every  direction  and  lo  luive  taken 
|iossessiou  of  ilie  island,  alihoiiLrh  pairaiiisin 
slid  lurked  aboiii.  The  inroad  of  tlie  priLom 
Picis  from  the  north  of  Great  Britain  ainl  the 
heatlieii  Angles.  Saxoiis.  anil  Danes  from  the 
east,  during  this  cenluiy.  drove  the  British 
Chrisiiaiis  into  ihe  wesiern  mountains,  and 
thousands  of  them  must  have  tlixktnl  acros*  tlie 
channel  to  Ireiand  Tims  reinforced.  Patrick 
made  the  mosi  siibsiantial  advance,  so  that  at  his 
ilealh  I  !!»','  .\  i).?i  the  whole  i-lalid  was  Chris- 
tian. It  seems  that  about  VM  a.d.  a  monk,  by 
name  I'alladius,  was  ordained  and  si-m  by  Po|ie 
Celcsline  lo  those  far-away  Irish  Christians  tolie 
their  liishop.  They  st'cm  to  have  cao'd  very 
little  for  this  intruder  .and  clung  to  their  :iiw>stle, 
who  drew  his  inspiration  from  the  Bible  nttlier 
than  from  Home.  Palladins.  discour.iia'*!,  retired 


I 


;« 


HISTORICAL   OEOO.  OF  MISS. 


to  Brilniii.  Tradition  1ms  mixod  the  cinri'i's  of 
l'iitri<iv  iiml  I'alladius  so  Ihorouiilily  that  llii? 
facts  of  tlio  (•a>o  are  much  ol>scurc(l.  It  is  (|uilo 
certain  tliat  for  sonic  centuries  licland  did  not. 
receive  connnands  from  Home.  The  statement, 
that  Pat  ride  founded  ^ti.')  churches  in  the  island 
must  1)0  reeeivi'd  as  leL;endary.  lirolheriioiMls 
and  si^t<Mli(iods  of  celiliates  seem  to  iiave  heen 
in  existence  in  Irelaml  l)cl'ore  tlic  time  of  l'alri(  k, 
and  tliey  irrew  iilcntifu!  during  Ids  lifetime. 
]!ri;zid  (St!  IJridirct)  llourished  from  45;}  to  5^.') 
A.n.  and  founded  Ilio  faniou.s  muuiery  of  Kil- 
darc.  IJenignus  at  Avmavdi,  Fiiinian  at  t'lonard, 
3Iocliay  at  Ncdrum,  IJrendaii  at  C'loid'ert, 
Kiuran  at  L'loumaciiois,  Comirlial  at  Jiangor 
were  [irominent  leaders  A  jiui)!!  of  the  last 
named,  (.'olundianus,  in  the  next  iieriod,  was  ii 
mo.st  prondnent  mi>sionaiy  on  the  continent. 

The  mo.st  illustrious  of  the  Irish  ch\irchmen 
of  the  si.\th  (  cntuiy  was  I'olumha  (or  t'olundi- 
kille),  who  was  liorn  a. D.  5:21  and  died  ."iDT  at 
lona.  After  a  rather  imiu'tuous  career  on  his 
native  island,  in  ."itiJ!  with  twelve  ((im|ianions  lu; 
ri'tired  to  this  lonely  island  olT  the  Scottish  tiiast 
and  estahlished  a  monastery  which  hecamea  lica- 
condight  of  the  faith  in  northwoteru  Kurope. 
From  this  ishind  retreat  Columba  benan  mis- 
sion.ary  work  among  tin'  I'icts  of  the  mainland. 
St.  Ninian  seems  to  have  heen  at  work  among 
the  southern  I'icts  a  little  earlier  than  this. 
C'olund)a  and  his  zealous  followers  entered  into 
the  laliors  of  others,  and  before  ins  death  tlie 
whole  northern  part  of  the  island  seems  to  have 
become  Christian. 

As  we  have  .seen,  Britain  pro]ier  was  l(>st  to 
Christianity  and  the  heathen  Saxonsand  kind- 
red tribesexterminated  the  faith  <'xcept  in  Corn- 
wall. Wales,  and  Cunihria.  The  Isle  of  Man 
.seems  to  have  l)een  Christianized  during  tins 
period.  Clovis  the  Frank  became  a  Cliristiau 
after  the  lioman  type  and  led  his  followers  to 
acceiit  the  gospel.  " 

The  German  border  was  in  constant  turmoil 
owing  to  the  ceaseless  invasions  from  the  north 
and  east.  The  Golliie  hordes  that  swept  over 
the  eoimtry  had  icceived  a  crude  sort  of  Chris- 
tianity, and  so  had  the  Vandals;  but  Attila  the 
Iluu  was  a  heathen.  Many  of  the  Christian 
institutions  founded  in  the  fourth  century  were 
swept  away.  However  we  hear  of  Valeiitinus 
l>reaching  the  gospel  in  the  Tyrol  in  441  x.u. 
I'aulinus  was  martyred  at  Halisbon  4Tl)  a.d. 
Severus.  bishop  of  Treves,  was  making  elforts 
to  spread  the  truth  in  Germany  4'.i')  a.d. 
Scverinus  was  preaching  in  Xoricum  and  I'an- 
n<iniain453.  Tlie  Hurgundians.  the  Franks,  and 
the  Lombards  were  readied  elleelively.  as  well 
as  the  Alans  and  the  Suevi.  The  Slavonians 
and  Avars  in  Illyria  and  ^lu'sju  received 
Christianity  about  .jSO  a.d. 

It  will  be  seen  that  few,  if  any.  Teutoidc  or 
Slavonic  tribes  were  converted  "during  this  era 
before  they  entered  the  coMtilus  of  Christendom. 
The  map  at  the  clo^e  of  this  period  shows.how- 
ever.  all  alxaU  the  borders  of  ChrisleiMloni  a 
lacework  of  Christian  missions.  The  only  strik- 
ing loss  was  southern  Britain,  which  was  soon 
to   be  W(ai  back. 

V.  The  Feiulul  Vhiivrh  ((i(K)  a.d.— 
IbU.J  a.u.  ). — Tliero  are  great  changes  in  the 
geography  of  Christendom  during  the  feudal 
l)eri(Kl.  The  gains  and  losses  balance  each 
other.  The  greatest  organized  enemy  of  Chris- 
tianity, Islam,  began  its  decimating  work  early 
in  the  seventh  centurv.     Arabiai,  Svria.  I'ersia, 


433  HISTORICAL  OEOO.    OF  MISS. 

'Fgypt,  the  north  roast  of  Africa  to  the  Allauiic, 
Spain,  and  the  .Mediterranean  islands  were  suc- 
cessively eon(piercd.  Christianity  was  wIimmI 
out  in  .Vrabia,  Nubia,  and  North  .\frica.  Feeble 
churches  remained  in  I'ersia,  Kgy])l.  and  Syria. 
In  S|iaiii  Christianity  .still  was  vigorous.  "Tin- 
mountainous  regions  of  the  peninsula  wen- 
never  wholly  eoiii|uercd.  and  even  in  the  eon 
(picrcd  jiortions  Christianity  tlourishe«i  tiudi  r 
the  lenient  reign  of  the  Kaliphate  of  Conl<>v:i. 
In  tlu'  .Vsturias  and  ISavaire  the  Christians 
were  in<leptndent  of  >I  islem  rule.  In  Ei'ypt 
iind  Mul)ia  the  monophysite  Chiisiians  for  "tlie 
most  i)art  t\irned  traitors,  caring  less  for 
orthodoxy  from  Constantinople  than  fancied 
protection  fnan  ^ledina.  Ne>toriani>m  wr-.s 
cut  in  two  by  the  comiuest  of  Persia  ami  already 
iiegan  to  decline.  (See  Mohammeilanisn  .)  Its 
work  went  on  in  the  far  cast.  Tinoiliy, 
J'atriarchof  Syria  ("TH-ftiO),  sent  nn.s.si()nsiries 
Xo  China  and  India.  In  84.5  we  hear  of 
Christians  being  lUdscribcd  in  China,  al  hough 
they  had  bci-n  tolerated  all  through  the  ?th 
ciiitury.  The  Taunis  range  and  the  hi;:hl:inds 
of  .Vrmenia  remained  tlie  frontier  fortiv^xsof 
the  Eastern  church  for  many  centuries,  but 
as  this  jieiiod  was  closing,  were  being  success- 
fully penetrated  bj-  a  new  .scourge  from  the 
East— the  Turk. 

.VII  through  Europe  missionary  work  made 
substantial  geographictd  gains.  Pagan  England 
was  reclaimed  and  thoroughly  Cliristiauized. 
The  marriage  of  ^EthellK-rdt  of  Kent  ami 
Bertha  Christian,  daughter  of  the  Frank  king 
Charibert,  of  Paris,  opened  the  way.  A  Chris- 
tian  bishop  followed  her  to  Canterbury  and  the 
ruined  church  of  St.  MaHiri  was  rejiairwi  .and 
put  at  his  disposal.  Thestoiy  of  how  Gregory 
the  Great,  then  deacon  and  later  bishop  at  Home, 
noted  captive  Angles  from  Deira  in  the  slave- 
market  at  Home  and  .said  whimsicaily,  "  Xoi 
Angles  but  angels,"  and  wished  to  .sjive  tlieir 
people  "deira"  (from  the  wrath  of  G<k1i.  is  very 
familiar.  As  soon  as  opiuirtunity  came,  Gn-gory 
sent  Augustine  (St.  Austen)  with  a  band  of 
monks  to  the  court  of  the  Christian  Ik-rtha. 
They  landed  in  5!)7  on  the  island  of  Tlianet  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  on  the  very  spot  where 
Hengest  the  .sea-rover  had  landed  a  century  or 
so  before.  Kent  was  won  over  within  a  year. 
Es.sex  and  East  Anglia  followed.  Northumbria 
was  reached  through  Paulinus.  The  hcjilhen 
made  a  fierce  struggle,  but  lietween  the  Irish 
church  on  the  north  and  west  and  Augu.stine  and 
his  zealous  follower"  on  the  south,  the  victory 
of  Christianity  w.is  the  inevitable,  ijsw.ald.  king 
of  Northumbria  had  tied  for  refuire  in  his  youth 
to  the  monastery  at  lona  and  now  in  his  "regal 
capacity  applied  there  for  missionaries.  .Vidau 
was  sent  who  founded  churches  and  monasteries. 
The  Mercians,  having  lost  their  indomit.able  |ia- 
gan  king  Penda  (ti.'to  a.d.)  "  rejoiced  toM-rve  the 
true  king,  Christ."  Monasfi'ries  weree.stablishetl 
all  over  the  island — at  Lindi-farne,  Melrose  (St. 
Cuthbert),  and  Whitby  iwliere  English  Chris- 
tian iHietry  arose).  A  Greek  monk.  Theodore  of 
Tarsus,  was  dispatched  as  archbishop  to  Eng- 
land (()6!)  A.D.-flitOi  and  systematized  the  whole 
English  church.  Then  followed  Biwia  and 
Alfred  the  Great.  Danish  heathenism  of  the 
Otli  century  was  warded  off,  and  England  with 
Ireland,  Scotland,  and  Wales,  was  thoroughly 
Christian  at  the  close  of  the  feudal  peri(Kl. 

In  the  meanwhile  the  fervid  missionary  zi-al 
of  the  Irish  church  wasat  work  on  a  larger  arena. 


HISTORICAL  OEOO.   OF   MISS. 


433 


HISTORICAL   OEOa.  OF  MISS. 


In  Ihc  Till  icntuiy  Iii-laml  was  ciiUod  "  tlic 
Isle  of  Siiiiiis,  "  liirC'ily  tn'causc  of  its  miincrons 
liiciiiii-^lic  I'^laltlisliiiicnls.  Ilaviiij;  won  over  tlic 
I'iclsunil  Scots  to  tlic  faith,  Iliousands  of  Irish 
monks  looked  loii;;inirly  towards  ilic  heaihcn 
wilds  of  the  Conl incut.  W'l'camiol  follow tlicni 
all  M>  ihcy  went  foilli  to  the  danircious  work. 
C'oluniliatms.  a  disciple  of  C'oiiiLrliall,  Abhot  of 
Haniiiii',  lioni  alioiit  .")|;t  \.i>.,  was  the  most  dis- 
tiii.:iii>hed  of  llicsc.  8laitinir  in  .VJ"»  with  a 
nuinlici' of  coni|iaiiioiis.  he  went  from  jilacu  to 
pliicc,  ami  liiiully  settled  anions  the  Vosires 
.MoiiiitMllis,  on  the  (icrinan  frontier.  Later  wc 
lic.ir  of  liini  in  Swit/crlaiid  and  Loniliaidy.  St. 
Gullus,  his  .iisciiilc,  worked  in  Swit/.crland,  and 
irave  name  to  an  illustrious  monastery  ami  to  a 
Canton.  Another  Irishman.  Killaii  (martyred 
(JX'.(  \.i).).  was  "the  iipostic  of  Fr.inconia  " 
Fiiiscy,  Ijivin,  I'ri(h)liii,  and  many  other  Irisji 
missioiiMiics  set  the  rather  sluir.irish  churches  of 
the  Conliiicnt  examples  of  simplicity,  piety,  anci 
missionary  zeal  that  clectrilieil  the  whole  of 
western  ("hrislciidoin.  From  (Jaul  went  forth 
Aniandus(d  (Wl  or  084)  and  Kliirius  id.  (),")!(). 
From  FiiLrlaud  came  Willehrord  iCleiiienl), 
and  Boniface  fWinfrid),  "the  apostle  of  (Jer- 
many."  The  Frisians  were  slowly  won  over  from 
an  unusually  savairi'  pairanisin.  The  last  and 
overwhelminirarirumcnt  came  from  the  sword  of 
Pepin  D'llcrisial.  Willehrord  maile  a  futile 
atleinpt  to  reach  the  Daiii's.  A  century  later 
Aiisuar  (!S()()-.S(),")  ,v.i). )  hec.ime  the  apostle  of 
I>enniark.  Ahout  this  time  the  sword  of  Charles 
the  (iruat  (Charlemagne)  compelled  Ihestuhliorn 
Sa.xons  to  cast  away  their  idols  and  accept  the 
cross.  Sweden  was  reaclieil  hy  AnsL'ar,  and  in 
834  Gauthert  was  consecrated  bishop  of  that 
country.  The  real  intluence  that  brought  Den- 
mark, Swedenand  Norway  toChrtsti.anily,  c.ime 
soinewlial  later  from  Kngland.  Siegfred,  Tryg- 
vason,  and  St.  Olaf  were  the  leaders.  In  bvi 
Kollo  the  Xormaii  obtained  Xeustria.  and  wus 
bapii/ed  as  Kobert  Duke  of  Xormaudy. 

While  the  Belgians,  Normans.  English. 
Fri-ians,  D.ines,  Swedes,  Norwegians,  Saxons, 
and  other  Teutonic  tribes  in  Gerniany  were 
being  won  over  largely  if  not  exclusively  by  the 
Irish.  English,  iind  G.iclic;  missionaries,  the 
Honian  church  was  lighting  for  life  itself  with 
repciited  marauders  from  the  north  and  the 
Saracens  from  the  east  and  soiilli.  North  Af- 
rica and  Spain  were  entirely  lost  to  the  Muslims. 
Sicily,  Sardinia,  and  Corsica  soon  fell  before 
the  crescent.  Later,  its  the  tlood-lide  of  Islam 
began  to  subside,  the  missionary  etTorts  from 
J{omi'  became  more  noticeable.  The  liej'then 
Mai;yars  (Hungariansi  crossed  the  Carpathian 
.Mounl.iins  in  tlic  Dili  century,  ami  settled  on  tlie 
Theissand  Danube.  In  KTi  their  leader,  (ieyza, 
married  .i  Christian  princess.  Sarolta.  d,iui.diler 
of  I  lie  Transylvania II  prince  ( J iul.'i.  who  had  been 
converted  during  a  stay  at  Constaniiiiople.  The 
(iiinian  missionaries  pushecl  d(iwn  into  the 
country  more  and  more.  In  !)ii4  Adelbert  of 
I'lagiic  baptized  (ioyza's  son  Voik.  and  gave 
him  the  name  of  Stephen,  who  was  afterwards 
famous  as  St.  Stephen,  the  patron-saint  of 
Hungary.  Under  his  lead  Huiiirary  bee  iinie 
thoi'ouirhly  Christianized,  and  lais  ever  been  a 
firm  adherent  of  the  Homai:  church.  Turning 
lo  the  Greek  church,  we  flud  a  more  promising 
field  for  missionary  zeal.  The  liulgjiriaiis  are 
]irst  heard  of  as  a  race  of  Finnish  or  Tartar 
blood,  living  on  the  Volga.     In  llie  Ttli  century 


a  portion  of  them  moved  southwest,  crossed  llie 
Danube,  and  spread  over  the  country  between 
that  river  and  the  Balkan  Mountains.  The  .Sla- 
vonic Irihesoi-ciipyiiii;  this  region  submitted  to 
the  newcomers,  Init  in  turn  gave  their  language 
to  their  barbaric  compierors.  Tiie  BulL'arian.s 
received  Christianity  during  the  SJth  century. 
Cyril  the  theologian  and  .MelhiKlius  the  painter, 
both  natives  of  Salonica,  were  thea|K(sllcsof  thi^ 
race.  King  Biuogis  was  impressed  by  a  painting 
r<'pre.s<-iiiing  the  .ludgment  Day,  and  the  con- 
version of  the  whole  nation  followed.  After  Ji 
sharp  contest  In'twei'ii  llic  ecclesiast;<  al  jiowcrs 
lit  Uome  and  Constantinople,  the  Buhrarians  re- 
ceived an  archbishop  from  the  Greek  church, 
and  have  ever  >iuce  been  loyal  to  that  body. 
Cyril  .•mil  .MetliiMlius  conslrneled  the  Sla- 
vonic alphabet, and  tnmsiated  the  Bible  into  that 
language,  thus  laying  Ilie  foundation  for  .Sla- 
vonic liiiralure.  The  Servi.'ins  and  Croats  were 
reached  by  these  sjime  missionaries. 

The  Czechs  of  Bohemia  .and  .Moravia,  also  a 
Slavonic  race,  learneil  of  Christianity  a  little 
late  in  this  s:inie  century  (lllh).  Methodius 
spent  the  last  yi-ars  of  his  life  in  this  work. 
The  Czechs  had  alre.'icly  Ix-en  reached  by  (jer- 
man  missionaries,  but  not  until  the  lia]itisin  of 
Barziw.iy.  the  lUike  of  Bohemia,  and  his  wife, 
and  the  arrival  of  MellnMlius.  w.as  much  progress 
made  Even  then  there  were  si-veral  reactions. 
Under  Boieslas  II.  the  German  inlluence 
predominated,  and  a  bishopric  was  establislied 
at  Prague  (!iT3>.  A  century  later  all  traces  of 
paganism  had  vanished,  and  in  WJi  the  sacred 
forests  were  cut,  and  the  lu-sl  lieatbeu  priests 
banished. 

The  most  important  conqticst  of  Christianity 
during  this  periinl  was  the  conversion  of  the 
Hnssiaiis  at  Kiev.  The  traditions  linking  the 
Apostle  .Vndrew  to  this  country  must  l)e  set 
aside  entirely.  During  ii'hi  Princess  Olgii 
visited  Constantinople,  and  was  so  ini])res.sed 
with  the  Christian  ceremonial  that  she  was  bap- 
tized, and  she  ailopted  the  Christian  faith.  He- 
turninir  to  her  northern  lioiiie.  her  attempts  to 
spread  the  faith  were  for  a  lon^  while  inellec- 
tivc.  When  her  grandson  Vladimircameto  the 
throne  missionaries  from  .Moslems.  .Ti'ws.  Uomaii 
and  (Jreek  Christians,  urged  u|)on  iiim  their 
respective  religions.  After  some  superlicial  in- 
vestigation the  clccisioii  was  in  favor  of  Greek 
Christianity,  which  brought  with  it  the 
hand  of  the  sister  of  the  Byzantine  emperor  ia 
marriage.  In  988  Vladimir,  his  court,  and  all 
his  subjects  were  baptized  at  one  lime  in  the 
river  Dnie|)er  at  Kiev.  This  was  the  beginning. 
The  story  of  ihespreailof  Christianity  Ihrough- 
out  the  vast  European  Inicts  owned  by  Kussiii 
to  (Lay  is  obscure.  The  consequences  of  the 
conversion  of  Vladimir,  however,  are  imineus- 
nrable. 

Another  Slav  race,  the  Poles,  were  reached 
early  in  the  imli  century  by  Greek  mission- 
aries coining  from  .Moravia.  In  SMili  their 
ruler,  who  had  marriid  a  Bohemian  |irincess, 
was  baptized  and  a  large  number  of  his  court 
and  iH'oplc  foUoweil  him.  The  work  of  Chris- 
tianizing Poland  was  greatly  interfered  with  by 
a  slrugirle  bctwirn  Greek  and  Latin  mission- 
aries. The  liturgy,  rites,  discipline,  organiza- 
tiiui.  ;iiid  service  were  all  in  the  Polish  tonirue, 
acioiding  to  the  Greek  method  of  ndssjonary 
work.  i5ut  the  German  ami  Latin  missionaries 
gradually  buppluutud  the  Oreck,  and  by  the  lltU 


I      !i 


1      I 


II 


HISTORICAL  OEOO    OF   MISS. 


434 


HISTORICAL   OEOO.  OF   MISS. 


I 


reiiturv  tin-  whole  imtioii  wiis  thoroujrhly  orpnn- 
i/.L'd  iillci  lilt'  l.iilin  iioiiiiiis,  iiiiil  till'  Polestodk 
tlii'ir  fcck'sjiisliciil  Inw  I'niiii  Hniiii'. 

The  iiii>>ii)rKiiy  woik  llml  iinisl  Imvf  nslon- 
islii'il  (liiisicml.ini  inosl  (liiiiiiL;  lliis  pi'iiml  wiis 
tli;it  (Imic  111'  iiciMss  ilic  Ndi'ilu'i'ii  .Vllaiilic.  in 
Icclniul  Mild  (ircciilaiul.  Ici'liiiid  wiis  vi-ilcd  in 
lilt'  lalltr  imrl  til'  llit'  Sih  ttnliirv  hy  lii>li 
iiiDnU'i,  iinti  WHS  st'lliit!  a  ci'iiliii y  latiT  liy  Nur- 
wi'yiaii  i>ii;riin  fiiiiirr.'iiii>.  'riiroiiL''li  ilifir 
iiiiillifi-iiMiiiiry  tlifV  litfanif  afi|iiidiilfil  willi 
till'  iiti>i)i'l,  ami  hy  llifyfiir  l(i(l(»('liii-.liMiiily  was 
olUfially  iffufriiii'.fd  as  llic  rtlii:itiii  nf  tiif  sflllf- 
incnt.  Grfiiilainl  was  disci ivt-ntl  in  Ilit'  itili 
ct'iitiiiy,  and  two  small  (.'liiistiaii  stiiltiiiiiiis 
■Nvt'R'  I'slalilislii'ii 

Tilt'  iiicisi  fiir-rfacliiiij,'  rt'sults  t-aiin'  It)  C'liiis- 
tciitliiiii  iliiiMiLrli  ilif  tlu'i'kiiiij:  tif  ihc  Sanufiis 
lit  C'linstanliiiiiplf  liy  j.fo  HI.,  I  lit'  Isimiaii.  aiitl 
nt  'riiiirs  by  t  liailt's  ,Marlfl  (7.j;.'l.  (rtlf  antl 
C'ypius  wcic  soon  \v till  bat-k  liy  llii'  Hy/.'iiiliiii' 
Einpiii'.  Tilt'  .Mosli'iiis  wtit!  tnit  of  place  in 
Fiaiict'.  ami  soon  wcrf  tliivcn  out  of  Narlioiinc. 
Aries,  ami  Niiiics.  Cliailfs  the  Grt'al  pu>lictl 
tlii'in  liatk  in  Jspaiii  to  tlic  i^liro.  Hy  KKiO  tlic 
kiiiirdoin  of  l.t'cin  was  well  cstaUlislicil  in  llu' 
noilliwcst  cojiitr  of  Spain;  antl  Navarre,  Ara- 
j;on,  ami  Caslile  were  lie;.Miiniiiu'  to  irallier 
headway.  In  1017  Saiilinia  was  veelaiineil  from 
the  barat'cn,  ami  in  10."iO  Coisiea. 

Such  was  the  ireojjrniphieal  slants  of  the  feu- 
dal cliuifli.  AJtlioiigli  it  was  11  tlaik  a.L'e,  ami 
Molianiiiietlanisiu  idniost  ]ir(sseil  out  I  he  life  tif 
the  {'lun'eh,  we  must  coiisitlef  it  on  the  whole 
an  Hire  i)f  astouisliinjr  progi-ess.  The  ilark  aire 
Was  ahove  all  a  missionary  aire.  It  ju'eparetl 
the  soil  for  the  more  sulislaniial  Imrvests  that 
Were  to  be  rcai)e(l  in  a  laler  anil  happier  era. 
Its  irains  were  mainly  superllcial.  ami  w  hen  we 
scan  well  its  losses  we  shall  eouiil  those  super- 
fleial  also.  Vital  Clirisiiaiiitj'  was  not  swept 
awav  liv  I.slaiii. 

VI.  The  Cnisadiiif/  Church  (1095  \  n.— 
1500). — The  i;-eoLi'iapliii-al  spread  of  Christian- 
ity iliiriii!i-  this  iieriod  wiis  almost  alloirelher 
military  in  eliaratter.  The  appeal  everywhere 
was  lO  the  sword,  It  was  a  tles|icrale  liirlil  for 
life  willi  Islam  antl  ])agaiiism  in  Spain,  Sieily, 
Palestine,  Asia  .Minor,  the  Balkan  peninsula, 
Kii'ssia,  and  alon^'  the  IJallie,  It  was  an  era  in 
■which  C'hrislentlom  was  orirani/.injr,  unifyiiiir 
itself,  t'enlr.ili/alion  was  the  watchword  of 
the  hiuir  in  cliiireh  and  state.  The  jrreal  na- 
tionalities of  i;iiro|ie  were  carved  oul,  ami 
modern  ])oli!iial  life  bejran.  Intt'lliirence  was 
awakeninir.  universities  were  sprinirini;  tip 
everywhere.  This  was  the  iieriod  of  Ihe  irreal 
monastic  orilers.  Since  5'.i0  Ihe  lieneiiitline 
Ortler  hail  been  siireadini:  all  over  Europe,  but 
with  the  elevenlli  century  a  new  imimlse 
seemttl  It)  come  to  the  chureh,  ami  we  see  a 
tpiick  succession  of  oriranizations  basetl  on  ihe 
monastic  1)1  iiiciple.  The  mosi  imporiani  orders 
were  the  Auirusiiniaii  (not  thoroiiuhly  ori;an- 
ized  until  iliis  periotDi  the  Carthiisiaii  llOS-ti, 
the  Cistercian  (U)!»b\  the  Carnielile,  Alciinliira 
(1150),  Calalrara  tll5tH).  Santiajro  (n75>,  the 
Dominicans  (I',M(i).  ami  the  Franeiseans  (I'JKI- 
33).  Then  came  the  military  orders:  Kniirhts 
of  St.  John,  Kniirhls-Templais  (lllOi,  Teulonic 
Kuijrhisor  Knifriiis  of  St.  Slary.  anil  the  Sworil- 
brotliers  or  the  Order  of  Christ 

The  Crusailes  proper  did  lillle  or  nothiiw  for 
the  jreographical  .spread  of  Chrisleinlom.  Thev 
may,  liowuver,  buvc  put  u  check  upon  the  bel- 


jiik  Turk,  which  irave  Murope  a  respite  befire 
the  more  serious  onset  of  ilie  Otliimiui  Turk. 
The  Seljiikiaii  Turks  took  pos.sc.s,siiin  of  llajitlatl 
as  early  as  1U.5S.  and  niatle  their  way  lliroiiirli 
Syria  lo  the  .Medileiranean.  Tliey  ciini|iiere(l 
.\riiicnia,  and  seiiously  ihrealelied  Ihe  liy/aii- 
line  Knipiic  by  cstaiilishinu'  in  Ceiilrar  Asia 
.Minor  Ihe  forinitlablc  kingdom  of  Icniiiiu  or 
Ktiiini,  I  iirt  111  appeals  from  Coiisianlinople, 
ami  pitiable  tales  of  peiseculion  of  pilgrims  ai 
Jerusalem,  aroiisctl  the  reslle.ss  cliiv.-ilry  of  wt-si- 
ein  Chrisiciidiini.  The  lirsl  crusade  was  pro. 
claiiiutl  by  I'ope  I'rbaii  II.  at  t  lermoiil  ]il9.j 
.\.l)  .  and  in  TJOl  Acre,  ihe  last  Christian  slronsi- 
lioltl  in  Syria,  fell.  briiiLdni;'  the  Crusailes  to  liii 
entl.  The  Crusaties  broke  the  airirrcssiveness  of 
the  Seljuks,  bill  the  lapliiie  of  Coiisijinliiiople 
by  the  Criisaileis  wtakt  iieil  ihe  l>y/aiiliiie  I'm- 
pire  so  thai  il  was  powerless  aLraiiisi  the  Olio- 
man  Turks  thai  soon  foUowtil,  who  were  lo 
lolally  change  Ihe  Lreography  of  Asia  .Minor  ami 
Souiheasterii  Kurope,  These  orlhodox  JIos- 
Iciiis  appearctl  on  llie  scene  of  aclion  duriiiL' the 
niitltlle  of  Ihe  Ihiilcenlh  cenlury.  Hy  l-,'!l!Mhey 
were  tlrinly  cslablishetl  on  the  boideis  of  ili"c 
alreaily  lesseni-,i;  Hy/.anline  Kiiipire,  with  lirusa 
as  their  capital.  With  the  exceplion  of  Trcbi- 
/olid,  Cilicia.  the  strip  of  laml  alouir  ihe  Ho.s. 
phorus,  and  a  few  frairmeiils,  the  emperors  at 
Conslanliiiople  hail  lost  all  llieir  Asiatic  liosses- 
sioiis  by  1;M0.  The  well  disciplined  Olloiniill 
army  entered  Europe  l;!.>4,  and  IhIiI  Adriaiiople 
wilhin  seven  years.  Then  followed  a  rapid 
advance  lo  the  Danube  ami  ilow  n  alonir  the 
Hellenic  peninsula,  Serviaand  Wallacliia  from 
beinn'  tlependent  stales  soon  became  a  jiarl  of 
the  Siillan's  doiniiiions.  A  momeiilary  check, 
causetl  by  the  vitiiiry  of  Timour  iTaiiierlaiie) 
over  Haja/el  at  Angola,  14(ii.  trave  Coiistaiili- 
liople  a  brief  respile;  bill  in  145:!  the  last  ves- 
tiges of  the  Easlern  Koinaii  Empire  fell  with 
the  capiial  city.  Ivan  III.  of  Hus.sia  marriid 
the  niece  of  the  bist  Greek  emperor,  and 
ailopted  the  double  headetl  eagle  of  the  Hyzan- 
line  Empire  on  his  banners,  thus  taking  up  the 
long  tjuarrcl.  The  movement  of  the  Ottoman 
now  was  norlhward.  The  heroism  of  the 
Christian  iialions  of  Soullieaslern  Europe,  un- 
aided lo  any  valuable  e.Menl  by  Wcsiein  Eu- 
rope, was  of  no  avail  against  the  fal.'distic  Mos- 
lem balallioiis  armetl  willi  the  most  approvetl 
weapons.  The  whole  soulhern  shore  of  the 
Eii.xine  was  gaiiieil.  The  remainder  of  the 
{■reek  mainlaml  followetl,  with  Albania  ami 
IJosnia.  Euboia  fell  ami  the  othei  islamls  fol- 
lo.vctl,  the  brave  Knights  of  St.  John  holding 
on  1.'  Khotles  to  ihc  last.  Early  in  the  next 
period  the  .lani/.aries  crossed  ihe  Danube,  look 
Ilungary.  Transylvania,  I'odiiia,  ami  controlled 
the  whole  coast  of  the  Euxine  (Hiack  S'.a). 
During  the  last  part  of  the  sevenleenth  c  ntuiv 
the  title  lurned,  and  thcOlloman  rule  in  Europe 
has  ever  since  slow  ly  but  surely  been  ebbing. 

In  the  nieanwhile  another  .Mongol  horde, 
)iagHn  as  to  religion,  had  been  penetrating 
Christeniltim  further  to  the  north.  Geiurhis 
Khan,  after  spreailing  his  rule  through  vast 
regions  in  Asia,  moved  westward  north  of  the 
Ca.spian,  invatleil  Uussia,  capluretl  .Moscow, 
Kiev,  burned  Cracow,  and  defealeil  the  iJcrmau 
armies  linikr  Henry  the  Pious  at  Wahlslatt 
(1241).  Then  the  Mongols  relired  from  Europe, 
leaving  llie  "  Gohleii  llortle"'  on  the  lower 
^■|)lga,  which  for  two  centuries  kept  liussia 
iu  turmoil.    At  length,  lute  iu  the  15th  ceu- 


HISTORICAL  OEOO.  OF  BSISS. 


435 


HISTORICAL  OEOO    OF  MISS. 


tury,  Moscow  and  Novgoroil  ami  other  (lep^nd- 
ent  [tUNsian  stiilcs  threw  lln'iii*flri.-«  a^iiiM 
thi'  siviTiil  klmimliv.  iiiiD  whirh  ihc  '"  lloni»-" 
liiiil  lii'cji  liroUi'ii  up,  mill  iinilcr  such  louUr''  :tt 
Iv.'iri  llir  (ii'ciit  Miiil  Iviiii  III.,  «uccf«d<^l  ill 
iniikiiii;  tlic  Tiiitiirs  (li'[>ciiili'ii!.  Tlif  1«jIi:;- 
(liiiwii  biiitlu  hciwi'cii  Kii.^'titiii  nnii  Tan.ir 
('liirki  slill  LTocH  oil.  and  iiiu-l  to  tbei-iid.  Tlie 
Nt'sliiiiuiis  si'eiiifd  lo  li.ivi-  bteii  favoreil  by  ibe 
Tallin's  dC  iliis  time.  .Missiidiarit-s  wtiv  s*-m  Jo 
tlicin  'I'lic  iii.vslcrious  I'roter  Jolin  wasa  Tar- 
tar priiuc  coMVcriid  in  I  lit-  r.Jili  cfntiiry.  L:i't* 
ill  lliis  pcriiid  aiiollii'r  .Mniiirol  :i[>|)f:ir>>, — Taiutr- 
laiii',  II  lii'NCfiiiluiil  of  (iciijrliis  Kliaii.  w In > nuwle 
hiiiisi'll'  master  of  llie  coiiiiiries  from  (.'hina  to 
the  Medilerraiieaii  ami  from  the  Vi-l^  lo 
Egvpl.  He  defealed  the  ■  tioldt-n  HonK-." 
and  thus  iiidireelly  helped  tlie  Rii-«i:ui  fhri»- 
liaiis,  Imt  in  his  bloody  advauri's  in  A>ia  he 
made  havoc  willi  the  ^(t'^*toriall  chiin-he*  iu  \Ue 
far  E:isi  and  Central  Asia.  Chrisiianiiy  w:i* 
alinosi  completely  blottid  out  of  those  rv^oii*. 
A  few  colonies  of  Nestoriaus  reniain»il.  wbi«-h 
were  visited  by  Itumaii  Catholic  nii-sionarie«  in 
X\u-  loth  and  14th  eentiirie'i.  Tuinerlane  dit-d 
in  1405. 

Turnini^  to  the  southwestern  rornerofEiinipc 
n'c  witness  lliroughoiit  this  ihtIimI  siib>tantiiii 
ireosriaphical  irains  for  Christendom.  Durins 
the  previous  period  the  iroo<l  work  bad  bw-n 
well  beu:un.  A.s  in  Itiissia  so  in  :?pstiu,  no  out- 
side forces  were  called  in  durinir  the  long  suc- 
cessful crusiiiie.  The  iSanicens  at  the  0|)»-ning 
of  this  period  were  liroken  up  into  small  kins- 
(lonis— Cordova,  Seville,  I.,islxjn,  Zarajoza, 
Toledo,  and  Valencia.  Moors  werv  calletl 
over  to  help  the  Moslems.  The  ChrisiLtn 
kiiifidoms  tended  toward  unity,  and  made  a 
common  cause  aj^ainst  Lslnm.  Portugal  began 
its  national  existence.  Leon,  Cit^lile.  Xavarre. 
Araiton,  and  Harceloiia  pushed  forwanl.  There 
were  advances  and  retreats.  The  Balenric  Isles 
•were  won  bj'  Arairoii.  At  the  midille  of  the 
14tli  century  the  .Aloors  were  heiniiteil  up  in  the 
mountainous  retreats  of  Granad.i.  At  lensih. 
throu.!;li  the  joint  elforts  of  the  King  of  Ara- 
pon  and  the  Queen  of  Castile.  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  the  la.st  rainp.irt  w:i.s  taken,  and  iu 
14t)'2  Hoabdil,  the  la  t  Suniceu  ruler,  sailed  away 
to  Africa, 

Turning  to  the  land  of  the  Balti<-.  we  find  a 
mosi  iuterestinj'  ireoiriaphie  gain  to  Chrisleu- 
doiu  during  this  period,  coining  through  ihe 
valor  of  tile  Teutonic  kniuhts.  In  the  11th 
century  some  jnogiess  had  been  made  among 
the  Wends,  a  Sl.ivonie  people  living  on  Ihe  Bal- 
tic between  the  Elbe  and  the  Vistula.  G"tt- 
sclialk,  their  ruler,  suffereil  raartynlom  in  1066. 
Vic'clin  worked  among  them  in  tlie  following 
century  .successfully,  ami  tlie  Wends  slowly 
accepted  Christianity.  In  ll,">o  S:uni  Eric,  the 
Swedish  kiiii:.  undertook  the  (  onqiiest  and  con- 
version of  Finland.  acros,s  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 
This  crusade  against  heathenism  went  on  for 
centuries  with  varied  succes.s,  but  the  Chrifs- 
tl«'  'ty  of  Finland  was  superticial  until  after 
the  Ueformation.  The  Knights  of  the  Sword, 
or  Sword-bearers,  conquered  Livlaml  tarlv  in 
the  13th  century,  and  Pru.ssia  was  gained  by 
ihe  TeutoLiie  I^nights  or  Knights  of  iSi.  Mary'a 
little  later.  Lithuaniaaiid  Poineninia  were  nesct 
won.  Heathenism  gave  way  to  the  cn>«s  at 
nearly  every  point,  and  at  last  Kusisian  Chris- 
tianity was  met  more  than  half-way  by  the 
militant  faith  from  the  west. 


Enough  has  been  said  to  justify  us  in  calling 
this  the  crusiidiiig  era  of  Chris'iiaii  missions. 
Verv  little  niissioiiaiy  work  of  tlie  tiidinary 
kind  wa.sdoiie  during  these  stirring  ceiiliiiies. 
In  I'JtM  mciidicanl  fiiais  wi  re  si  iil  among  .the 
.Moguls  by  Iiinoeeiit  I\'.  In  iai."i  a  ilisasiruiis 
attempt  Wiisiniide  to  convert  .Moslems  in  Africa. 
Franciscans  in  Northwistcrii  Persia  aic  aid  to 
have  had  several  lliousa!:d  adlii  rents  at  the  close 
of  the  14lh  centuiy.  In  l;i44  the  Canary  Inl- 
ands, off  the  .Vllainic  coast,  bec.iine  a  lief  of  tlio 
Pol>e.  The  .Mndeiias  (1418-20),  the  A/ores 
(14;lJ-57i,  and  the  iiortliwcst  coast  of  .Vfriia 
(l-WO-K?)  received  iiiissionai  ies.  The  t  ape  of 
Gotxi  Uope  was  reached,  the  way  to  the  Kast 
Indies  opened  up,  and  a  new  world  was  dis- 
covered ju>t  at  the  close  of  this  period,  and  tlie 
whole  ge<igiaphical  inoblein  thai  faced  the 
Christian  iliiiich  beiraii  lo  be  uiider>too<l, 

VII.  Thr  Vttintiizhiif  i'hinrh  (l.-.OO- 
1700). — Great  as  had  been  I  be  spieail  of  Chris- 
teudoin  in  each  of  the  previous  periods,  the  cx- 
]mnsion  during  llie  Kitli  and  ITth  eeiilurics  w.as 
mieXHinpleil.  The  Uussian  churcli,  after  the 
defeat  of  the  "  Golden  Horde."  (piickly  spread 
all  over  the  territory  now  occupied  by  Euro|Han 
Russia.  In  l.")!SOGcn.  Verniak  criisseil  the  L'ral 
.Mountains,  and  witliin  eighty  years  tlie  Pacific 
was  rejicbed  and  ov'.m'  4,00(),0()0  siiuare  miles 
were  added  to  Clirisiendom — the  whole  upper 
half  of  the  largest  continent  iu  the  world, 
t'hnrch  and  state  went  hand  in  liaiid.  The 
Zeal  of  the  church  cairied  it  over  the  straits  to 
Jap.'iu.  and  across  the  arm  of  the  sea  to  .Vlaska. 
The  conquests  for  Christ ianity  in  this  vast  ter- 
ritory Were  assiibstanliid  as  those  we  were  deal- 
ing with  in  the  jirevious  period. 

But  the  great  expansion  of  CJhristendom  took 
place  across  the  Atlantic,  largely  under  the  baii- 
nersof  Sjiain,  Portugal,  and  France,  and  tliioiii^h 
theiiistnimeiit.ility  of  Dominicans,  Franciscans, 
and  Jesuits.  The  missionary  work  w;is  almost 
altogether  colonial  in  its  nature.  The  fervid 
imagination  of  the  church  was  set  on  lire  liy  the 
great  discoveries  of  Ibis  period.  The  chivalric 
spirit  threw  itself  into  the  work  of  the  dis- 
coverer and  the  missionary.  15y  158.5  ^Mexico 
was  conquered  and  brought  iioniuially  to  Chris- 
tianity, somewh.at  in  the  same  way  as  the  greatir 
part  (if  Europe  had  been,  A  little  later  Ceiitial 
.\merica,  Peru,  Chili,  and  the  rest  of  South 
.\merica,  with  the  exception  of  the  extreme 
soutlie'ii  peninsula,  were  dealt  with  in  a  simi- 
lar fashion.  Paraguay  was  a  republic  under 
the  Jesuits  as  earlv  as  1.5S(i.  California,  New 
Mexico,  and  Florida  were  reached. 

The  earliest  attempt  of  Protestants  to  do  for- 
ei<rn  missionary  work  was  colonial  in  its  nature. 
Under  the  patronage  of  Coligny  a  missionary 
colony  wa-s  undcrlaken  in  Hrazil  in  1555,  but 
the  venture  soon  collapsed  Ibrouglithe  treach- 
ery of  the  leader  In  15.5!)  Gustavus  Vasa 
began  mission  work  in  Lapland,  and  .substantial 
progress  was  made.  Another  attempt  at  plant- 
ing a  missionary  colony  in  America,  made  by 
Coligny  under  Ribautin  Florida,  was  unsiic- 
ces-sful,  the  colonists  having  licen  savagely  butch- 
ered by  the  Spaniards  in  the  so-called  "last 
cnisade."  In  the  meantime  the  English  colo- 
nies in  North  America  brought  substantial  gaias 
t<»  the  geograpliy  of  Christendom.  France 
puslie<i  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  Jesuit 
missionaries  found  their  way  lo  the  great 
lakes.  In  1046  John  Eliot,"  the  first  great 
English   missionary,    began  work   among    the 


U 


BISTORIOAL  OEOO.  OF  MISS. 


486 


HOISINOTON,  HENRT  R 


11 


New  Kn^liind  Indiiinx.  Tlic  Mfvliiwn  followwl 
in  HIkhIi'  Island  and  nii  tlir  islands  iilT  llic  ciuist. 
lu  l)i'(U  llii'  Liaik;  I'arlianiiril  li'i:ali/i'd  a  "Cur 
piiralii^n  lor  I'lduiolini;  and  I'lopagalini;  tlic 
(i()s|ii'l  of  .k'sus  Cliiisi  in  New  Kn).dand.  "  Ai 
tlic  (lose  of  tills  period  ilic  '•  S(M'icly  lor  I'ro- 
nioiinu'  (lirisiiiin  Kno\vli'(lj;<'"  was  csiahli.slicd 
in  KiiLilaiiii  iKIWH).  in  llic  nicantiinc  ndssioiiary 
work  was  piislicd  vijroroiisly  in  the  Kasl.  'I'lit' 
Kranriscans  wvrr  llic  vaujinard  'llic  hishopric 
»>r  (ioa  was  cMalilishcd  in  I.VJO.  In  l.V.'H  llic 
Capiiiliin  order  was  I'oiindcd.  In  l."it()  the  .S'"- 
ckIii.h  ,/t:iii  was  csialilislicd  at  Koine.  Francis 
Xavicr  went  to  India  and  .lapaii.  l-'allier 
Hicei  was  in  (  liina.  In  Wi'i  the  Propa^'amla 
was  or^aiii/ed  at  lioinc.  (ireat  lint  incllcetuiil 
c'llorls  were  niailc  to  do  missionary  work  in 
Al'ric;.  especially  on  the  Conpi  and  in  Moroccti. 
In  HISS  the  iMis>ionaries  were  expelled  from 
.Japan,  and  a  tcrrilili'  iniissacre  of  native  Cliris- 
fiaiis  occurred.  (See  I'oniaii  Calliolic  .Missions.) 
The  Diitcli  followed  Upon  the  licels  <if  the  I'or- 
tiiirncse  in  the  llasi  Indies.  In  l(i(r.>  tin'  Dutch 
East  India  Company  uas  chartered.  Ceylon 
was  taken  (Itioli),  iis  well  as  .lava,  Formosa, 
Anilioytia,  Sumalra.  CeUlies.  and  other  islands. 
The  natives  were  forcibly  Christ iani/.ed. 

The  map  of  the  u'lolie  liy  the  ytar  ITOO  w.  i 
fairly  complete.  '^Iie  ureal  discoveries  had  idl 
lieeii  made.  The  Cliristi;ui  world  was  al  lust 
fiill3'iiware  of  the  nature  of  the  world-prohleni. 
The  Greek  and  Latin  churches  had  made  deter- 
mined etTorts  lo  spread  the  faith,  and  hud  pat- 
terned their  work  on  the  eru-adinjr  model  in 
vogue  duriiif;  the  i)reee(linir  period.  Silicria, 
tsouth  Anierlcii,  Central  Ainciica  tiiid  .Me.\ico, 
the  West  India  I.slands  and  the  Atlantic  scii- 
lioard  in  North  America  wimc  the  special  ad- 
ditions to  the  territory  of  Cliristendoni;  in  all 
fully  l-2,()(ll),t)IH)  scpiure  miles.  It  is  true  tliut  the 
Ottoman  Turk  nuide  further  inroads  beyond  the 
Dannlic,  i)cneiratinjr  us  far  us  Vienna,  liut  there 
the  advance  was  checked,  and  ever  since  the 
tide  has  been  steadily  rollinj;  buck  to  the 
Ijosphorus. 

YIII.  The  Oigunized  f'hiinh  (17iH)- 
IH'Mh- — It  is  not  until  we  enter  into  this  lust 
jieriod  of  the  c.vpaiision  of  the  jreogrupliy  of 
Christendom  that  we  find  the  chur<h  or 
elunehes  systematically  imshini;  forward  to 
the  eoixpiest  of  the  irlobe.  It  is  true  that  the 
Propairandu  was  founded  at  Home  in  HVii.  ilur- 
ina  the  previous  period;  but  durini;  the  18th 
niul  IDlli  eeiiluries  all  the  rcliirious  bodies  of 
Christendom  have  been  one  bj-  one  aroused  to 
the  work  of  overcomiiiir  heathenism  and  Mo- 
liumnu'danism.  Hy  17;)'J  the  little  ^Moravian 
i^hnrch  centerini:  at  Herrnlnit  was  tlioroufrhly 
orjraiii/.cd  on  the  missionary  i>lan.  National 
iigirrandizemeiit  was  still  a  prominent  motive, 
but  now  a  new  sjiirit  appears.  The  desire  to 
follow  the  simple  command  of  Christ,  without 
reference  to  political  alTairs,  bciran  to  spread. 
The  irreat  missionary  societies,  beginniiisr  with 
the  Baptist  .Missionary  Society  of  Eiijriand 
(179'-')..  followed  onenfterthe  other,  until  to-day 
the  whole  world  is  systematicalh-  parcelled  out, 
and  the  gospel  is  being  preached  in  almost  every 
dialect.  It  would  be  imiiossible  in  an  article 
of  the  length  allowed  to  this  to  give  even 
tiie  briefest  account  of  the  geogniphicul  expan- 
sion of  Christendom  during  the  past  two  hun- 
dred years.  The  great  advances  liuve  been 
made  in  the  interior  of  the  great  continents. 
JJorth  Americu  us  a  whole  hus  been  brought  iu. 


Boiith  Africn,  AuHlriiliii,  New  Zeulantl,  the 
I'ticilie  IhIuikIs,  have  shown  the  most  substtinliul 
gains.  .Missionary  work  lias  made  great  ad- 
vances in  .lapaii.  China,  India.  I'ersiu,  Turkey, 
and  Africa,  lleullimism  sciiie- evciy  where  to 
be  wuniiig,  vldle  .Mohammcilaiiisin  has  shown 
great  vilalit\.  and  is  still  spicading  in  Africa, 
India,  and  Australasia. 

Iliiclicofk,  lliii'vc)  K«'xt'oril,b. Great 
Harrington,  .Mass..  U.  S.  A.,  March  Kith.  1799; 
graduated  al  Williams  College  ls:.'H,  Auburn 
Tbcoloijical  Scmiimry  ls;t();  sailed  as  a  mis- 
sionary of  the  A.  n.  C.  F.  M.  Nov.  •.'(Sth.  is:ti.  for 
the  Siindw  icb  Islands,  an  iviiig  at  Honolulu  .May 
17th.  Wti.  He  was  stationed  on  the  island  of 
Alolokai,  where  he  labored  faithfully  and  suc- 
cessfully for  twenty  three  years.  He  visited  IiIh 
native  land  for  the  bcnclit  of  his  health,  but 
without  --uccess.  lie  died  at  .Molokai  August 
2!)lh,  lS."ir>.  .Mr.  Alexander,  who  atteinled  lik 
funeral  and  wrote  an  obituary  notice  of  him  for 
the  •'  Friend,"  thus  writes  of  him:  "  He  died  re- 
joicing  in  the  hopes  of  the  gospel.  Ills  doini- 
naiit  pas.sion  liadidways  been  to  preiich,  and  his 
great  desire  to  live  longer  seemed  to  be  sinij)./ 
that  he  might  preach  more." 

Il«»,  a  town  near  Wegbe,  on  the  Slave  Coast, 
West  Africa.  A  station  of  the  North-German 
Missionury  Society,  with  218  members  und  sev- 
eral out -.stations.  Human  sucrilices  are  still 
common. 

llotK'liiiiiiii*,  Naninquu  Land,  Southwest 
Africa,  on  ii  tributary  of  the  Orange  Hiver, 
north  of  Berseba.  ^lission  station  of  the  Hhen- 
Isli  .Mis.sionary  Society  (ISSiJ);  1  missionary,  5 
native  helpers,  307  members. 

■lohNOii,  nt'i^aiiiiii.b.  Jantiary2d,1810, 
at  Welford,  Eng.  ;  studie(l  medicine  in  Lon- 
don ;  sailed  July  28th,  1839,  as  a  medical  mis- 
sionary of  the  L.  M.  S.,  for  China,  reiiching 
Macao  December  18th,  'I'here  he  performeil  his 
medical  work  till  the  beginidng  of  1843,  when 
he  removed  to  Hong  Kong,  and  on  .June  1st 
opened  a  hospital.  In  184.')  he  went  to  Eng- 
land. Heturning  in  1847,  he  look  charge  of 
the  hospital  at  llong  Kong.  The  ne.xt  year  he 
removed  to  Canton,  to  which  he  was  oiiirinully 
nppointed,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  iu 
Canton,  in  18.")(),  he  retired  with  his  family  to 
Hong  Kong.  Invited  by  the  missionaries  in 
Shanghai,  he  removed  to  that  station,  and  on 
the  departure  of  .Mr.  Lockliart  for  iMiglund, 
took  his   place  in  the  .Mi.ssion  Hospital. 

In  18.")9,  his  health  having  failed,  lie  returned 
to  lOngland.  and.  being  unable  to  resume  work 
in  China,  be  retired,  after  a  while,  from  the 
service  of  the  Societ3'.  Besides  his  labors  in 
Chinese  hosiiitals,  he  wrote  and  translated  into 
Chinese  treatises  on  anatomy,  surgery,  medi- 
cine, midwifery, and  natural  iiliilosojiliy,  which 
have  had  a  very  wide  circulation.  He  died  !tt 
Forest  Hill,  near  London,  February  10th,  1873. 

lIoirt'iilliHl,  (I  town  of  Natal,  East  South 
Africa,  between  Harrismith  and  Emmnus. 
^Mission  station  of  the  Berlin  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Society  (1868i  ;  1  missionary,  4  native 
helpers.  3  out-stations,  50  church-members,  10 
schools,  30  scholars. 

lloiNlngton,  Henry  R.,  b.  Vergennes, 
Vt.,  U.S.A.,  August  23d.  ISOl;  learned  the  print- 
er's trade  in  181.")  in  Hullalo,  and  pursued  it  in 
Utica  anil  New  York.     He  fitted  for  college 


BOISINQTON,  HBNRY   R 


4a7 


HONO  KONQ 


umliT  Dr.  ArniHtrong  at  Blooinllcld  Ariidi'iny; 
f,'iiiiliiiilc(l  III  Williams  (;till('>r(.  in  im.:h,  mid 
Aiiliiirii  'l'licol(ii;i(iil  Sniiiniiry  in  IHUl ;  oiiliiiiifd 
iiiid  .scilk'd  ill  Aiiiorii,  N.  V.,  Ilic  siiiiic  yciir; 
siiiliii  iiH  II  missioimry  of  tiic  A.  It.  (J.  r.  M. 
for  C'cyliin  ill  lis;!;i,  I'li  I8:i4lic  was  sciil  wiili 
Mr.  'I'lidd  Id  IIk;  city  of  Madiiru  li>  i-nIuIiMsIi  a 
new  inissioii.  In  iNltd,  Dr.  I'mii-  liaviiiLr  re- 
llliivi'd  to  .Madura,  Ml.  lliiiHiii;;liiii  icluiiii'd  In 
JalViia,  and  was  itjaccd  at  llic  licad  of  ilic 
sciiiinarv.  On  lUMoiint  of  111  licaltli  he  visiird 
liif  L'nllcd  Slalrs  ill  lHi2,  anil  ictiiincd  to 
.ialfiia  in  1S|:S.  TIioiiltIi  fit'lilc  in  licaltli,  lii^ 
ucciiiiiplislicd  a  !;noil  work  for  tlic  sciiiiiiaiy.  in 
wiiicli  lie  toolc  a  deep  interest.  (  oiiliniied  ill- 
heallli  coniiielled  liiiii  lo  leave  Ids  mission  work 
and  return  home  in  is)!).  With  health  par- 
tially  restored  he  speiil  two  vears  visilin;;  tlio 
ehiiiilies  of  soiilheni  .New  kinjland  as  iiireiit, 
of  the  Hoaril.  From  1854  lo  '.'di  he  supplied 
the  CoiiijreLMlional  ehiirch  in  Williimisiow  n, 
k'ctiirini;  also  lo  the  eolle^'c  siiidents  on  Hindu- 
ism. In  .Vpril.  IH'tT,  he  was  installed  past  or  of 
the  ('liMi'eh  in  Centre  ISrook,  Conn.,  and  died 
suddenly.  .May  Kith,  l.'^.'iS.  Mr.  Hoisii|i;ton  pos- 
sessed  a  vi<;oroiis  and  acute  niiiiil,  and  his  work 
as  instructor  of  Tamil  youth  le<l  him  to  study 
])rofoundly  Hindu  .science,  inetai)hysics,  and 
il."oloiry,  and  in  the  dciiartmcnt  of  hiirla'r 
Taii.il  lilcrature  nc  hail  perhaps  no  superior  in 
Soiitliern  India.  Aflcr  his  return  home  he 
wrote  for  the  .American  i)rienlal  .Society  a 
Syllabus  of  the  Siva  (inan.t  I'othum,  a  'I'andl 
translation  of  an  old  .Sanskrit  Aijanm.  which 
trealsof  deity,  soul,  and  iiialter;  also  an  Eiiirlish 
translation  of  the  s.ime  work,  with  an  introduc- 
tion and  notes.  He  pulilished  also  in  the 
"  Hililiotheca  Sacra  "  an  es.say  on  the  tenets  of 
philosophical  Hinduism. 

Il«»k<'liiiiiiu,  a  town  in  Fiilikien.  Cliinn, 
.southeast  of  llinjj;hwa,  adisliict  of  ihcFooeliow 
mission  (d'  tiic  .M!.  L.  ('hiir<'li  (North);  1  mission- 
ar.\,  1  native  pastor,  10  out  stations,  til  churcli- 
memhers.  In  the  town,  1  day-school,  i;j 
.scholars,  3  Sabbath  schools,  2()  scholars.  C. 
M.  S.  Work  is  carried  on  in  the  district  by  the 
missionary  from  Foochow.  The  turbulent, 
lawless  chiiiaeter  of  the  people,  added  to 
jioverty,  sickness,  and  famine,  have  proved  seri- 
ous olislacles  to  mission  work,  but  ti.'^  !,'rowtli 
lias  been  steady  and  ,i?ratifyiii.r.  <>!.')  com- 
municants, 1  pastor,  10  schools,  :ii)li  sc'iolars. 

Il<»llll'  ^^DliJiiiloils.— The  li:;e  between 
Home  .Missions,  City  .Missions,  and  ordinary 
fhiirch  work  ison  ;  that  it  is  almost  impn.ssililc  lo 
draw  shari)ly.  Us!ii;e  varies  accord  insi'  to  the  cus- 
toms of  diU'ereiit  denominations,  dilferent  coun- 
tries, and  dill'erent  sect  ions  of  the  same  country. 
In  ifeneral, however.  Home  .Missions  may  hi;  con- 
sidered as  thai  department  of  the  work  of  the 
<liurcli  in  which  lb  oullyini;'  sections  of  its 
own  country  are  provided  for.  It  includes  the 
providing  of  ministers  and  ehurches  for  plaices 
(leslitute  of  either  or  both,  the  a.ssistance  of 
churches  that  for  one  reason  or  another  are  not 
stroiiir  enoujrh  to  stand  alone,  the  fiiniishini^ 
of  facilities  for  Christian  education  in  new 
communities,  and  themeetini;  with  Christian  iii- 
dueiiee  the  jrrent  mass  of  immiirralion  that  .so 
often  threatens  to  overrun  and  l)reak  down 
Christiau  institutions.  As  America  is  the  great 
field  of  Home  .Missions,  the  subject  is  more 
fullv  considered  umLer  the  article  United 
States. 


lloiidiiriiM,  a  republic  of  Ceiitriil  America, 
lies  between  the  Carildiean  Sea  on  the  east,  the 
I'acillc  Ocean  and  San  Sidvaiha-  on  llie  west, 
and  separates  Nicaragua  from  (fUiitemala.  It 
became  part  of  the  Central  American  Confeder- 
ation ill  1H2'.',  but  as.serted  its  independence  in 
1h;)s,  and  is  now  govi  rued  by  a  president 
elected  by  iiopular  vole  for  four  yens.  Ilsarea 
is  estimated  al  Hi,  lull  siiuare  miles,  with  a  pop- 
ulation of  4;il,!)l7.  the  iiiMJoiily  of  whom  are 
aboriginal  Indians  and  .Mesli/os,  with  .'i.lMtO 
descendants  of  ihe  early  Spanish  settlers  and 
■'i.lHMt  negriM's,  In  general,  the  coiintrv  is 
inoimlainoiis,  ihe  Cordilleras  crossing  it  Iroiii 
north  to  soiiih.  There  hit  many  rivers,  most  of 
them  Mowing  east.  On  the  highlands  the 
climate  is  pleasant  and  eipiable,  but  along  the 
Caribbean  coast  it  is  hot  and  malarial.  The 
soil  is  extremely  feriile  and  lii.xuriaiit,  and 
tropical  vegelation  is  found  along  the  coast. 
Silver,  gold,  and  other  metals  are  aliuinlanl, 
though  the  mines  are  alniosl  ibai:  toned  on  ac- 
count of  Ihe  dilliculty  of  Iraiispoilalion,  The 
principal  cilyaii<l  capil.il  is  the  aiicicnl  town  of 
Tegucigalpa  (r,',lilHI  inliabitanlsi,  nearly  in  the 
ceiiire  of  llu-  state,  whii  h  will  be  tlie  chief 
station  on  the  prospective  interoceanic  railwa}'. 
Human  Calliolicisiii  is  ihe  religion  of  tlio 
coimliy,  and  ^0,."<I8  scholars  allciid  the  .")T3 
schools  under  Ihe  sup  vision  of  the  govern- 
ment. A  few  of  till'  .Moskito  tribe  of  lndi;iiis 
live  near  the  Nicara^niaii  liorder,  and  arc  reached 
by  the  .Moravian  Itrelhreii. 

ll«>ii<liiniM,  Ili'ilUli,  a  crown  colony  on 

th(!  Caribbean  Sea  soii'h  of  Yucatan,  east  of 
(Juatemala,  and  liHK  miles  vest  from  .faniaii  a. 
It  has  an  area  of  T,.")!)'.'  s(piare  miles  and  a  pop- 
ulation of  27, 1."),!.  'The  capital  is  Meli/c,  with 
.'i.HOU  inhabilanls.  .Mission  field  of  the  Wes- 
leyaii  .Methodist  Chureli.  with  si.x  principal 
stations:  lielize,  Cinngal,  Slann  Creek,  Toledo, 
Uuatan,  and  San  I'edro;  2'>  chapels,  8  missiiai- 
aries  and  jissislaiils,  l,79;t  churcii-meiiibers,  2.1 
Sabbath-schools,  ],ti'ili  .scholars,  17  day-schools, 
l,!i;W  day-scholars. 

II«>iitf  KoiiK,  an  island  at  the  mouth  of 
the  I'carl  or  Caiitiui  River,  on  the  southeast 
coast  of  (.'liina,  is  a  lirilisb  possession,  liaviiig 
been  ceded  by  the  treaty  of  Manking  (sec 
China).  It  is  a  rocky,  mountainous  island, 
nine  miles  long,  and  from  two  lo  ;  i.\  broad, 
and  comprises  an  area  of  2i>  sipiare  miles. 
Previous  lo  the  occupation  of  the  island  by  the 
liritish  it  was  the  lionu!  of  a  few  lisherinen, 
who  oftentimes  ch.anged  their  <iccupation  to 
that  of  piracy  when  opportunity  olVered.  Is'ow 
it  is  one  of  the  most  important  Hrilisli  posses- 
sions in  Ihe  East.  Victoiiii,,  the  capital  and 
main  city,  is  on  th<'  northern  shore  of  the  island, 
by  the  side  of  a  safe  and  ample  harbor.  Fine 
streets  and  teriiu'cs  cut  in  the  side  of  the  moun- 
tains, laid  out  with  the  best  of  engineering 
skill,  and  beautilied  with  trees  and  tropical 
plants,  have  changed  the  entire  apju'aranee  of 
this  rocky  island.  Other  settlemenls  on  the 
island  are  Aberdeen,  on  the  south  side,  and 
Kowloon,  a  strip  of  land  on  the  peninsula  of 
that  name,  which  was  ceded  to  the  British  in 
18(il.  The  healthiness  of  the  colony  is  as  good 
as  any  in  a  like  latitude.  ()|)|)re.ssive  heat  and 
humidity  last  from  May  to  October,  but  during 
the  four  winter  months  the  bracing,  cool  at- 
mosphere makes  residence  there  delightful. 
lloug  Kong  is  u  port  of  call  for  the  lutes  of 


III 


!! 


I 


«l 


BONO  KONO 


mail  HtftimcrH  rtinninfir  frnin  Eiiropr  to  SImiif; 
liiti,  iinil  iHtlic  Icriiiiniis  lit' iwo  liiii'sof  HtciuncrH 
ruiiiiiiiu'  I'loin  Ciilil'iii  Ilia,  and  (iiic  fioiii  Van- 
foiiviT's  iMlaiiil  1111(1  Aiislralia.  Dully  NlcaiiUTs 
run  lii'lwccii  V'ii'liiriii  ami  (uiilini  ami  Macao, 
%vliil('  iiiiincriiUM  liiii'M  ply  lii'Uvciii  Vii'liiria  and 
tlic  ('(laHl  |iiii  In  III  China.  'I'lic  |iii|iiilatiiin  (IHHI) 
vas  iivii'  liid.lHKI,  of  whiiiu  (1,(1(1(1  were  uiiltfof 
all  naiiiinaliiirs  (only  oiii'  iliitd  Kn.i;li.H|i),  anil 
i;t(t,(KK)  Cliinisi'.  Tlif  piviinnicnl  sdpciviscH 
07  scIiiiiiIh,  aili'iiilid  liy  (l,:.'.")S  piiplN.  In  llusc 
srhoiils  Knjrlisli  is  taii>;lit.  Mission  wock  in 
lloM^  Koii^'  is  idi'niillrd  witli  ilii'  rarly  liisioiy 
of  the  viiiioiis  ndssiiiniiiy  soririiiH  who  work  in 
(hiim  (i|.v.).  'I'lii'  Jjondon  Missionary  ^ocicly 
(1m4;!)  has  li  iiiiHsionaiiis,  :i  ti  malt'  niissionarics. 
Onr  of  till'  missionaries  issupriinlcnilcnl  of  the 
Alice  Memorial  llospiial,  which  is  supported 
by  the  lloiijf  Koiiir  piililic,  and  is  a  centre  of 
iiiedical  Irainiiii;  lor  Chinese  sliidents.  One 
<liiircli,  2.")7  nicMibers,  IJ  jiirls'  schools,  7117 
scholars,  H  boys'  schools  with  7r>7  scholars, 
Clnireli  .Missionary  Sociely  (iMtCJ);  1  inissionary, 
2  female  missionaries,  1  jrirls'  Ixiardini:  school, 
with  5.J  scholars;  the  Anj;lo-('hinesc  school 
(supported  by  the  Chinesci,  21(1  boys,  lit  day- 
schools,  H(M»  |)upils,  1(7  coninuiuicants.  Wes- 
leyaii  Methodist  Clmrch;  1  native  preacher,  4U 
church-niembers  Work  is  also  carried  on 
amon^f  the  Ktiirlisli  pirrison;  1  niinisicr,  50 
mcnibcrs.  IndepenileiU  Diocese  of  S.  I',  (t, 
(1H41();  1  bishop.  The  ini|)ort,Mnre  of  lookini; 
after  such  Chinese  as  may  have  been  converted 
in  the  Inited  Slates  has  led  to  the  appoinlmeiit 
of  a  unssionarv  by  the  A.  U,  C.  F  m.,  who  is 
stationed  at  lloiiir  Konjr,  but  who  cairies  the 
work  into  the  districts  on  the  miuidaiul  from 
which  the  immijrraiils  almost  universally  come. 
Two  oulstations  liave  been  located  on  the 
maiidiuid,  and  in  IIoniT  Konjf  are  4  boys' 
schools,  1  jrirls'  school,  318  pui>ils,  Hasle 
Mission  (1^(47):  lot*  cominMnicants,  !5  schools, 
lli  scholars.  The  Herliii  Ladies'  Association 
.iiaintains  a  I'uunilling  hospital  and  a  native 
preacher. 

ll«>lloliilll,  the  seat  of  <rovernnient  and 
principal  .seaport  of  the  Hawaii  Islands,  situated 
on  the  soiillieastern  coast  of  Oahii,  is  a  tlior- 
ouirldy  civili/ed  commercial  city.  Its  mild  and 
eipiable  climate  ranircs  from  (17°  in  Jaiuniry  to 
8;!'  in  August,  nuikinjr  the  annual  nu'an  75  , 
with  a  variation  in  eitlier  direction  of  only  7  . 
It  is  a  iiorl  of  call  for  the  steamers  plyinir  be- 
tween San  Fianeisco  !Uul  Australia,  and  occa- 
siomdly  for  the  steamers  belwccn  San  Francisco 
and  Ilon,u:-Konjr,  while  it  is  the  icrininus  of  a 
line  of  steanuTs  nuuiiiii;  semi-weekly  to  San 
Francisco.  The  inhabitants  number  20,487, 
amoni^  whom  are  a  f^rcal  many  Chinese,  lialf- 
lirceds,  and  natives  of  various  islands  of  the 
Pacitie.  Christianity  is  the  iirevailinir  relifrion 
of  the  islands,  and  the  Chiux'h  of  I'^n.i^land  has 
a  bishopric  at  Ilonohdu.  Mission  work  is 
carried  on  by  the  Hawaiian  Evan uelieal  Asso- 
ciation (<i  v.),  and  there  isa  (.'hinese  churcb  and 
mission  to  the  Chinese  in  eharjie  of  a  miinster 
supported  by  the  A.  U.  V.  F,  M.  The  Japanese 
are  also  under  the  ('are  of  the  Association,  The 
S.  I'.  G.  has  2  missionaries  in  Honolulu,  320 
comimudeants;  work  is  also  carried  on  among 
the  Chinese;  31  eommuiucants. 

Ho|iednlt',  a  station  of  the  Monivian 
Brethren  in  Labrador,  is  sitmited  about  150 
miles  to  the  south  of  Main,  on  the  spot  where 


488  HOTTENTOT  BUSHMAN   RACB 

the  lirst  aitenipt  to  establltth  the  mlHulon  hait 
been  nnide  3(1  ycais  before,  in  1752.  .lens 
llarcn  served  here  the  last  two  yeaiH  of  IdM 
liini;  stay  in  Labrador,  The  eai;ernesH  with 
which  till'  Kskimo  listeru'd  to  the  message  of 
the  gospel  shed  a  bright  light  upon  that  veter- 
an's last  days  of  failhful  sclf-dcnving  servic'e. 
Subseipuiiily  much  ininry  was  iluni'  here  by 
the  evil  inllnence  of  Kuropi  an  traderH.  who 
Used  every  means  to  induce  ihe  (  hristian 
Kskimiis  III  withdiaw'  from  the  nilsslon,  and 
succeeded  to  a  sad  degree;  but  in  l.'S(M  the 
Jjird's  lime  of  refreshing  came,  A  wrelchcd, 
(lespised,  outcast  won<an  « as  .sivingly  con- 
verted, and  a  powerful  work  of  grace  liegnn, 
by  which  the  w  hole  coninuinity  was  intluenei  ', 
The  Kuropean  sciilers  in  the  soul h  of  Labra- 
dor are  regulnrly  visited  and  ndnisleicil  to  now 
from  Hopi'ilale. 

Il«»pilllll('',  a  town  in  the  I'va  district  of 
Central  (eylon.  Cliniiile  varied,  that  of  l'p|)er 
Uva  being  guild,  and  of  Lower  I'va  mduallliy. 
I'opiilatioii  of  province,  170. (Miu,  Sinhalese, 
Tandls,  Kelitdon,  liuddhismand  dcmon-wor- 
ship.  -Mission  station  of  the  Wesleyan  Mission- 
ary Society  (ISH(l);  1  ordained  ndssionary  and 
wife,  2  unorilaiiied,  3  ladles,  (inadve  helpers,  H 
out-slat  ions,  2  churches,  ."A)  nuinliers,  1(  schools, 
351  scholars, 

ll<»«tliailUill>H«l,  a  town  in  the  Central 
I'rovinces,  India,  near  the  Nerbinlda  Hiver,  on 
the  high-road  to  liombay,  having  an  excellent 
trade.  I'opulation,  15,HI>3,  Hindus,  Moslems, 
Kabir-pantliis,  Christians,  Jains.  Jews,  non- 
Iliiulu  aborigines.  Mission  station  of  the 
Friends'  .Missionary  Society  (IS74);  1  missionary 
and  wife,  2  female  missioiniries.  1  boys' schooi, 
50  scholars,  1  orphanage,  30  girls,  10  church- 
members,  1  dispen.siry,  ."^^K  iiatients  (IH.'^H). 

ll<>Hliiiir|>lir,  a  district,  with  capita!  of 
same  mmu',  in  the  Centnil  Provinces,  India,  it7 
nules  bv  30,  contains  2,100  villages,  with  a 
populatioi\  of  .'■>(K),000.  The  city  of  Iloshiarpur 
IS  50  miles  southwest  of  Lodiana:  has  a  popula- 
tion of  20,000,  nudidy  Moskuis,  .lains,  lliinius, 
ami  Sikhs.  A  conservative  theislic  movenu'iit 
has  been  .slarleil  among  the  half-educated  men 
who  are  dis.sniislied  with  lliiuluism  and  are  not 

Frepared  to  accept  Christiaidly,  by  a  ISrahinan, 
le  teaches  monolheism  along  with  nu'tcnipsy- 
cliosis,  and  strongly  ojiposcs  idolatry,  con- 
tending that  ilie  hynnis  to  Agin,  Inilia,  and 
Surya  m  I  he  Vedas  are  hymns  tonne  Ciod,  who 
is  without  shape,  or  any  second.  The  40  or 
more  adherents  to  this  doctrine  are  bitter  op- 

iionenls  of  Christianity.  Mission  station  of  the 
'resbyterian  Church  (Xorlli)  (IS(i7);  2  native 
pastors,  .57  members,  1  girls'  orphanage,  14 
girls,  2  girls'  schools,  50  scholars. 

lli»IU>iilol-BiiMliniaii    KiK'C— When 

the  soviihern  angle  of  Africa  was  discovered 
by  Diaz  and  De  Gania  four  centuries  since,  as 
when  it  began  to  be  coloin/.ed  also  l)y  Kuro- 
peans  in  l(i52,  it  was  found  to  be  occupied  bj 
a  soiuewhat  peculiar  aboriginal  race,  whi 
soon  came  to  be  known  as  the  Hottentots.  Out 
of  this  parent  stock  have  come  several  alliliated 
groups  known  as  Bushmen,  Namaipias,  Koran- 
nas,  and  Griquas.  The  Hottentots  called  them- 
selves, origiindly,  KhoiKlioi,  tlie  Men  of  Slen. 
Priehard  regarded  their  present  name  as  a  cor- 
ruption of  Houteniipia,  the  name  of  an  extinct 
tribe.       But  those  who  know  the  language. 


lieu 


BOTTBNTOT  BUSHMAN  RAOB  l:m 

tiiKliri^  In  It  no  r(xits  of  hucIi  a  wdhI,  preftTllic 
(>|iiiiiiiM  ii(lv:in('i'(l  liy  T.  Iliilin,  u  srlinliir,  who 
ktirw  the  liini.'imf,'i'  iis  liis  inoilu'r-tDnjfiic,  Imv- 
In;;  Imtii  liorii  anil  lircil  miioii;;  ilniii  mh  tlic  sun 
(if  a  nii'<'4ii)ii:ii'y,  lliat  llic  Diilcli  L'avc  tlicin  this 
iianii*.  Iliiiii'iiiiit,  lii'itiiisc  (if  ilii  nniiiUH  HiMinds, 
cspitiiilly  till'  clicks,  in  wliiili  llnir  ianirnairc 
mImhiii  is.  as  if  llicy  -laninu  rcil  iiiiii  sliillrri'il. 
Imlri'il.  in  Low  (iiTniiui  llic  woul  ilntM'iiUit. 
nr  llUllrnlUI,  is  siiil  Id  nii'un  "a  i|iia('k." 
.Miiir  ilutn  Iwci  iTnlniics  since,  liicy  were 
ri'|>rc>e!ileii  liy  tile  liavellcr  Dapper  as  "  speak- 
inif  willi  clicks  like  t'liliciil  liens."  These 
Clicks,  of  which  Ihcie  are  several  kinds,  us 
lahial.  palatal,  itcnlal,  or  lateral,  seem  to  liavi; 
hail  their  oriirin  in  the  onoinatopoelical  prin- 
ciple, with  licadipiarlci's  in  tlii>  Hottentot. 
tlnl^^lle.  anil  fio'ii  this  to  have  liecn  taken  over 
anil  adopted  into  sonic  of  the  neiLrhlioriiii; 
laiiLruMiies.  c^pcciMlty  into  the  Kalir  and  the 
Zulu.  The  llotleiitot  alioiinds  also  in  harsh 
coiisoiiaiils  and  aspirated  i;iitliirals,  which,  wiih 
tile  c'.icks.  are  hard  for  a  l'oreii,'iier  to  acipiiie. 
The  cmineiit  coniparativc  philoloifUt.  l>r. 
HIeek.  who  had  tin-  hest  of  means  for  foriniiii; 
a  correct  opinion,  calls  the  llotteiilnl  a  siillK- 
pronomin.'il.  se\-denotiii^  laiiirnaire,  and  classes 
11  with  the  llamiiicof  North  .Vfriia.  Accoidini,' 
to  T.  Ilahii,  in  correspdiideiice  with  Dr.  Ciist, 
it  is  strictly  inoiiosyllahic,  and  every  root  ends 
in  a  vowel  It  uses  siillives  and  postposjiions. 
has  three  .i;ranimatical  slenders  and  three  niini- 
bers,  four  clicks  and  three  tones.  It  has  an 
extensive  oral  literature  of  .sonirs  and  aniinal- 
stories.  is  hiirhly  developed,  and  anylhinir  hnt 
the  mere  jariron  which  the  curly  Duicli  settlers 
fancied  it  to  lie. 

In  respect  to  the  oritrin  and  early  history  of 
iliis  ancient  race,  the  writer  has  permission 
from  those  wlio  hold  the  copyiii^hi  to  (luotu 
from  his  "  Ziiliiriaiid  "  as  follows: 

"  The  ueo^Taphic.d  position  of  the  Hottentot, 
from  the  time  he  was  lirst  known  to  the  Euro- 
pean, situated  as  he  was  at  the  soiilherii  ex- 
treme of  the  African  continent,  and  lliinked 
from  sea  to  sea  on  his  north  or  inland  side  liy  ;i 
hro.id  hell  of  people  of  a  very  dill'ercnt  laiifiiiaire 
and  appearance,  would  .seem  lo  indicate  that 
nnv  search  for  his  peiliLMic  and  ancestry,  pro- 
viilcd  the  present  he  not  his  orii;inal  home, 
must  lie  niaile  in  rei.'ions  far  removed  in  respect 
to  lioth  time  anil  place.  Happily,  within  tin; 
la^t  few  years,  a  careful  study  of  his  l.uiiriiai;e 
and  a  comparison  of  this  with  the  old  Kiryptian 
and  Coptic  tonjjjnc  have  u:iven  us  a  clew  lo  h  s 
ancient  atiode.  If  we  may  creilit  some  of  tie 
most  learned  ami  acnte  philol  )i;ists  of  the  jiri  s 
cut  (lay,  and  those  who  have  had  the  hest 
opporlunilies  for  stndyini;  \\u'  Iloltenlot  and 
Ilnshman,  toirether  wilii  other  African  dialects, 
this  (riiriepine  tonirne  of  the  southern  extreme 
helomrs  to  the  same  f.imily  as  the  old  Kir.vptian 
and  Coptic,  the  lierlier.  itaussa.  and  Klhiopic, 
in  the  farthest  north  of  tlie  continent ;  and  what 
is  also  hiirhly  intirestiiii;  and  important,  this 
southern  hraiieh  of  the  family  is  found  to  snr- 
jiass  .-dl  the  rest  in  the  integrity  with  which  it 
lias  preserved  the  more  essential  chuniclerisiics 
of  the  original  stock. 

"  Admitliii!.;-  tlie  correctness  of  tliese  views, 
we  can  have  no  doiiht  as  lo  the  earlier  ancestry 
of  our  iieiirhhors  of  the  Hottentot  and  Hushman 
class,  inciudinir  the  Korann.'i  and  Nainaipia, 
and  that  their  orifjin  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
nations  of  northern   Africa,    the  old  Egyptian 


HOTTENTOT  BUSHMAN  RAOB 


and  kilidreil  trihes;  inclililini;,  perhnps,  the 
Liliyan  or  lierlier  and  the  (inaiKhes. " 

This  conclusion  is  siip|Hirled  liy  other  con- 
siderations. The  appi'iirance,  nianners,  cuh- 
tonis  of  tlit^   lliiltelilots  arc  nil  dillerent   fl'olll 

those  of  the  Itiintll  race,  while  they  iitToid  L' I 

ri  iison  for  classini.'  them  with  the  old  Egypliaii. 
The  aiitiipiilies  of  El'x  pi  irive  us  inipless|<inH 
and  pictures  so  like  the  llotteiitot  as  to  make  it 
ipiitc  certain  that  persons  of  this  class  must 
have  formed  the  orii;inal  of  thc>c  icpreseii- 
tatloiis.  The  llotteiilol  of  oldi  n  lime  wor- 
shipped the  moon,  and  from  am  lent  history  it 
is  evident  that  sidereal  worship  w a>  not  un- 
coniiuon  aliioiiLr  sume  of  the  northern  nations 
of  Afric.'i;  hut  of  this  we  timl  no  trace  anion;; 
the  lianlu  Irilies  The  HoltentiM  trihes  dilVer 
from  the  Itanlu,  hut  airrec  with  many  a  nalioii 
of  olden  lime  in  llic  u«c  of  the  liow  and  arrow. 
Hill  the  slroiu:isl  reason  for  rcL'ardinjr  the  Hot- 
tentot and  old  E'/ypliaii  or  (optic  as  one  in 
oriirin  is  found  in  the  likeness  of  the  l;,iii.'uai;e 
of  the  one  lo  that  of  thi'  other.  With  facts  like 
these  hefolc  us.  it  is  c.-oy  to  helievc  this  stock, 
orii^inallv  one,  was,  at  an  early  aire,  split  and 
separated  into  the  two  parts  we  now  lind,  one  in 
the  cMreme  iiorlh  and  another  in  the  <  xiremi; 
south  of  the  coiiliiicnl,  liy  the  iiicomimr  of  the 
suiideiiiiir  wedire  ofallollier  race,  as  the  li.uilu, 
from  the  nortlicasi.  Irruptions  from  thut. 
(piartcr.  in  lliose  early  a l'is.  were  not  uncom- 
mon. MS  we  know  from  the  incoinini:  of  tin 
Israelites  and  of  the  Shepherd  KiiiL's.  As  the 
f.imilies  ill  the  norllieast  irrcw  and  iniilliplied,  it 
Wiis  lint  natural  that  sume  of  lli  in  should  press 
to  the  soiilh  and  wes|.  as  from  the  Kuphrates 
into  Eiiypt.  Finilinir  Egypt  already  tilled  hy  a 
previous  family,  some  of  which  had  douhtless 
Ix'^uii  to  move  on  up  the  Nile,  siuilliw.inl.  it 
was  easy  for  the  new  raic  to  split  the  <ilil,  and 
push  a  part  licfore  it,  each  adv.'ineinir  up  llie 
Nile  and  onward  to  the  south,  like  one  wave 
after  aiiollier.  till  linally  that  in  the  lead  was 
crowded  into  the  extreme  sonlh  and  lliinked  liy 
the  other  on  its  northern  border.  I  he  former  now 
calleil  the  llotleiitot,  the  latter  the  li.'intu  race, 
each  of  them  contiiiiiiiiLr  to  keep  up  its  dis- 
tinctive ahorigiiial  traits  in  a  r"iiiaikalile  niaii- 
uer. 

In  ])Prsonal  appearance  the  Hottentot  is  short 
in  stature,  of  a  yellowish-lirown  in  color,  like  'i 
failed  leaf,  witii  hiirh  eheekliones,  chest mit 
eyes,  uosc  Hut.  hair  twisted  into  clusters. 
When  lirsl  discovered  liy  the  I'oitiignese  they 
were  reported  as  pastoiiil  in  their  pursuits,  rich 
in  callle,  scant  in  dress,  living  in  huts,  and  re- 
ma  rka  I  ilc  for  I  he  excellence  of  their  mm. ils.  Hut 
almost  everythiiiL''  in  respect  tu  their  frceiioni, 
mode  of  life,  and  morals  was  irre;itly  chaiiired, 
often  for  the  worse,  by  the  coniini.''  in  of  the 
vliite  man.  Subseipicntly.  by  the  introduction 
of  a  better  rule  and  much  missinnary  work  in 
tilt  Ir  behalf,  the  condition  of  many  of  them  was 
greatly  improved.  Some  of  the  tribes  liave 
liccn  civilizi'd,  and  niaiiy  of  llie  people  become 
good  <itizens.  inlelliL''ent.  steady,  and  industri- 
ous, and  not  a  few  are  brouirht  to  enibnice  the 
gosjiel.  Many  are  in  the  employ  of  the  Diltcll 
farmers;  but  their  trib.al  home,  so  f.ar  as  they 
have  any,  is  on  the  Oniiige  lUver,  north  and 
south,  and  from  tlic  Atlantic  eastward  half 
across  the  continent. 

Ont  of  tliis  original  Hottentot  slock,  at  an 
early  diite.  came  a  large  bramh,  the  San  tribe, 
now  called  the  Bushnien.  an  AiiLdieized  form  of 


I    i 


;ll 


11 


il 


I 


HOTTENTOT  BUSHMAN  RACE 


440 


HOWLAND,  WILLIAM  3. 


li     ,1 


the  Dutch  Bosjus-iiiuii.  Iiulet'd,  soiiif  ."peak  of 
till"  (irijrinal  stock  ns  <)|iciiiii!r  mit  iiilo  two 
branches,  the  Khoikhoi  .iiiil  the  San,  the  foinicr 
hein,:r,  |)niiiarily,  jriveii  to  llie  )iaslonil  nio(h'  of 
life,  the  hitler  to  liunliiijr.  Foi  this  waiuleiinj;, 
Ininliiiir,  pri'chilory  kind  of  life  the  Hushmeii 
of  to<lay  have  the  same  love  as  their  ancestors, 
the  San,  had  when  lirst  discovered,  centuries 
ajro.  by  the  Kuropeans.  Their  habitat  is  here 
and  thi're  ainonir  I  lie  wild  reirionsof  I  lie  ()  ran  ire, 
in  the  bush,  anionir  the  rocks  and  ravines  of  the 
bills,  or  secluded  recesses  of  the  nioiuitiiins,  on 
the  outskirts  of  oilier  tribes.  'Ihey  build  no 
houses,  have  no  leiils,  luir  herd,  nor  Hock. 
They  are  very  diiniiiulive  in  slalure,  of  a  dark 
yellow  color,  llieir  hair  like  wool  Iwisled  to- 
Irelher  in  small  lufls.  They  have  no  iiational- 
ily,  and  il  would  .seem  thai  their  reliirion  con- 
.sisls  eliielly  in  a  few  superslilious  notions  eon- 
cerniiii,'  evil  dcinoiis.  In  their  unsettled,  wan- 
deriiiu' ctaidition  it  has  been  dilticull  to  carry  on 
mission  work  amoiijr  tliem.  Ihouiih  some  liave 
been  induced  to  join  slalions  anionir  other 
tribes,  and  been,  in  this  way,  brouuht  to  a 
knowlediie  of  the  irospel.  They  s|ieak  essen- 
tially the  same  l;in;ruai:e  as  the  Hottentots,  and 
yet  ilie  )>oilits  of  (iilferenee  are  many.  In  one 
res])ect  'hey  are  an  eiiiirma,  that  is,  in  the 
''sit;-|)S  they  have  n'iveii  of  inlelliir<'nce  and 
artistic  skill;  for,"  as  Dr.  Cust  saVs,  "they  have 
exhiliited  a  wonderful  power  of  irraphic  iHustra- 
tion.  'i'he  rocks  of  (.'ape  Colony  and  the 
Drakeiiber;;'  have  everywhere  e.xamiilcs  of 
San  drawin;;'.  liirurcs  of  men,  women,  and 
children,  aniintds  chiiraclcrislically  sketclicd, 
and  as  a  proof  that  the  ail  is  not  e.vlinet,  liirurcs 
of  their  enemies,  the  lioers.  apjiear  unmistak- 
ably. Hinus,  crosses,  and  oilier  siiiiis  have 
given  rise  lo  llie  speculation,  (piile  unsu|ipoiled, 
that  they  may  represent  .some  form  of  indiire- 
nous  writiiiLL',  but  the  facts,  such  as  they  are, 
must  not  be  slrelclud  beyond  what  they  actua- 
ally  evidence,  and  this  is  sulliciently  note- 
worthy.'' 

Another  tribe  of  liriltentols,  the  >>'aniaipias, 
livimr  as  nomads  near  the  Atlantic  aloiisi'  the 
OraiiiTc  River,  the  (ireal  Nanaupiason  the  north 
side  and  the  Utile  on  the  soulli,  speak  essen- 
tially the  same  laiiLruaL''e,  li.Mve  the  sanic  coin- 
l>lc\ion,  kind  of  eyes  and  hair,  as  the  Bushmen 
and  other  llottenlols;  and  yet  are  tall,  well-jiro- 
]iortioiied,  and  under  the  trainin;r  of  mission- 
aiies  have  come  to  be  somewhat  enler]irisinir 
and  industrious.  Some  of  llu  in  have  been 
cducaleil  and  led  to  embrace  the  Christian  fiiitli. 
Xot  unlike  lo  these  are  the  Koraiinas  and  the 
llotlenlot  tribes  who  live  al.soaloni:-  the  ()rani;<', 
to  the  east  )t  the  NauKUpias.  Goiiii;' still  rarllier 
east,  lo  a  iVLrion  near  to  where  the  Vaal  and 
Plodder  entir  the  OraiiL'^e,  we  come  lo  where  tlii^ 
Holed  (iriipia  tribes  beuaii  lo  be  pithercd  and 
('onsolid.-ited  with  others  a  century  since.  lieiiiii- 
a  mixed  race,  many  of  theni  the  olfspriiiji-  of 
colonists  and  Ilolteiilot  women,  they  speak  Iwo 
laiiiruajies,  the  llollentot  and  Ihe  Dutch,  thonj;h 
the  1,-ilter  is  fast  supplantiiin-  the  former.  Their 
Well-watered  valley,  a  little  north  of  IheOraiiiiC, 
had  an  attraction  for  others,  and  soon  bec.-mie 
theabodeof  free  blai'ks  and  llottentol  refuirecs 
from  the  Cape  ('olony;  and  soon  Ihey  were 
ioined  by  two  companies  of  mixed  bands  from 
Little  NRma(|ualaiid,  in  the  lend  of  Adam  Kok 
and  his  sons,  all  of  mixed  blood.  Neiiihborini!; 
clans  of  Korannas  and  IJushmen  became  a  part 
of    the    suttlemuiit.      A    missiuu    btutioa    was 


formed  among  them  at  Klaarwater,  and  Messrs. 
Anderson  anil  Kianier  began  lo  teach  them  the 
gospel,  how  to  read,  to  cullivale  the  soil,  and 
build  houses  more  substanlial  than  mat  huts. 
Their  history  for  all  these  generations,  like  that 
of  other  llotlenlot  and  Huslimen  tribes,  has 
been  remaikably  diversitied — in  many  respects 
sad,  and  full  of  wrongs.  .Many  of  Iheiii,  protit- 
ing  by  the  teachings  of  the  missionaries,  as  the 
years  have  gone  by  have  become  intelligent, 
indiistriiuis,  Clirislian  men,  while  others  have 
continued  to  prefer  Ihe  savage  life, 

A  negro  race  on  the  west  coast,  north  of  the 
Orange,  having  been  subjugated  by  the  Nama- 
ipias  and  called  Dainara,  or  "  coiupiered," 
though  iidoi)ting  the  language  of  their  coiupier- 
ors,  do  not  really  belong  lo  the  llollentot  race, 
though  someliiiies  spoken  of  as  such,  Those  (if 
the  Danu'ia  who  sjic'ik  Ihe  llottentol  are  called 
the  ll'.ll  I)aniara,  lo  distinguish  llieni  from  the 
llercro,  .vho  arc  of  the  JJanlu  race,  and  called 
Cattle  Daniaia. 

For  all  tlHse  tribes  much  good  mission  work 
has  been  diMie.  'i'lirongh  Ihe  iiatienl  eiiiluraiice 
of  many  trials,  in  face  of  iiuicli  opposition  from 
those  who  shoidd  have  been  hel|)ers  logellicr 
with  ihcm.  the  missionaries  laboring  lo  raise 
these  benighted,  persecuted  tribes  lo  a  better 
plane  of  life  on  earth,  and  lit  them  for  the  life 
lo  come,  have  seen  their  labors  greatly  blessed, 
have  seen  great  secular,  social,  civil  good 
brought  to  them  ami  souls  not  a  few  lilted  for 
a  blissful  immoitality.  The  tlrsl  mission  work 
ever  (huie  in  Siailli  Africa  was  begun  and  done 
f(M'  this  llollenlotlhishman  race  when,  in  17<iT, 
GeOige  Schmidt,  .sent  out  by  the  ^Moravians, 
liegan  to  tell  llie  slory  of  Ihe  cross  lo  a  lillle 
com])any  of  Ihis  dark-skinned,  dark-minded 
l>eople  at  I'avian's  Kloof,  afterwards  called 
Gnadeiidal,  or  Vale  of  (irace,  I'M  miles  out 
from  Cape  Town.  ]5ul  after  a  few  years  of 
violenl  opposilion  on  Ihe  ]iarl  of  colonisis  the 
work  was  suspended  for  lialf  a  century,  and 
Iheii  renewed  and  carriei!  on,  lill  now  Ihe 
■Moravians  have,  among  them  and  other  tribes 
in  that  south  liUid,  no  less  than  Hi  slalions,  00 
missionaries,  and  more  than  I-MIOO  converls  lo 
the  Chrislian  failh.  In  17iti»  the  (U'voled,  faith- 
ful Vanderkenip  was  sent  out  by  the  London 
.)iissionary  Soi  iety  to  work  for  Ihis  jieople. 
Then  others  came,  tuid  the  work,  beginning  to 
take  ill  Ihe  Kalirs  also,  went  on  to  prosper,  de- 
velo)!,  and  exlend,  lill  Ihey  have  now  rjiised  u]i 
more  ihaii  100  native  lu'cachers,  brought  ((,(100 
souls  into  Ihe  church,  and  wiin  to  its  instrnclion 
aboul  liO.OOO  adlierenls,  'i'he  Wesleyans,  work- 
ing for  lliisaiid  Ihe  Itanln  race,  now  number  10 
slalions.  (illmissicinaries.  and  (i.OOU  church  inein- 
hers  in  that  .south  land.  The  Hhenish  Society, 
which  has  done  much  for  this  race,  especially 
for  the  Xjimaipias,  as  well  as  for  lianlu  tribes, 
began  its  o]ieralions  in  Ihal  Held  in  'i^'iU,  and 
now  numbers  nuae  llian  10,000  members.  'I'he 
I'erlin  and  other  societies  hiive  also  done  soine- 
Ihiiig.  The  Dulch  lioers,  who  have  had  so 
many  of  Ihal  peojile  in  their  employ,  are  begin- 
nini;'  to  show  a  eominendable  interest  in  their 
si)irilual  well-being. 

Il4»tvlaii«l,  William  N«>iilliw«»rtli,  b. 

Uatlieotta,  Ceylon,  July  m\.  ISIG,  son  of  Rev. 
William  W.  and  Susan  I{.  Ilowland,  of  the  Cey- 
lon Mission;  graduated  at  Amherst  College  1H70, 
Andover  Theological  Seminary  1878;  ordained 
Jlay  7lli.  1873;  sailed  Ihe  same  year,  as  u  mis- 
siouury  of  the  A.  B.  C.  V.  M.,  for  India;  wassia- 


■L« 


HOWLAND,  WIIiLIAM  S. 


441 


HUNGARIAN  VERSION 


lioiR'il  at  Miindiipiis.'iliii,  in  tlicMmlurn  Mission. 
Tlic  iiiimbfr  of  villiii;i'sc()iiMci'l('(i  willi  tlic  sl:i 
tiiiii  is  lOiJ,  conl;!!!!!!!!^  '2,hi>l  Ciiiisliiiii  mllicr- 
t'lils  mill  ()IM  (•oiiiiimiiiniiils.  IIcit  lie  liilioitil, 
Willi  4  pMslors,  .VJ  culicliisls  iiiiil  Icailifrs.  Hi- 
wii-i  (liliiicnt  ill  all  tiic  dclails  of  his  woik,  faith- 
ful in  scckiiiir  Dill  llic  iiicinlicis  of  his  coiiiirf- 
ffalion,  piaclical  in  applviiiLr  his  inrchaiiical 
skill  for  llu'  iroocl  of  ilio  pcoiilf,  t'spfcially  in 
the  (M'cclloii  and  iniprovt'inciil  of  suilalilc  laiiUi- 
iiiiTs  fill'  cliiircht's  and  schools,  and  in  providing: 
wells  where  needed.  Hesides  a  larire  niiinliei- 
of  small  |)iiiyer  houses  and  leinporaiv  mission 
liiiildinirs.  Ill"  planned  and  hiiill  sev.  ral  peiiiia- 
neiil  einu-ches.  His  prowniii!,'  elToil,  was  the 
boaulifnl  church  he  erected  at  Mamlapasalai. 
"Willi  unskilled  hnildeis,  and  rude  instniHienls 
he  wi-ouf,dit,  siipplyiiij;  in  himself  the  necessary 
skill,  and  slinuilalinir  his  workmen  by  his  own 
peisonal  labor  on  the  roof  as  well  as  on  the 
lloor,  until  he  sitcceitded  in  coinpletinira  church 
that  marked  a  new  era  in  the  archil'clnie  of 
inission.s.  His  pholo.i-'raplis,  taken  b\  himself, 
and  the  slides  jirepared  from  them,  make  up  a 
colloelioii  unequalled  in  its  illuslralions  of  In- 
<lian  life." 

After  thirteen  years  of  mission  service  he 
returned  home  with  Mrs.  Howland,  but  in  less 
than  a  year  they  were  removed  by  death.  Thej' 
both  died  at  Auburndale,  .,Ma.ss.,  slie  ^March  5tii, 
iiud  he  Mareh  7lli,  1H8T. 

Elowrali,  a  large  town  and  important  rail- 
way centre  on  the  Hnjili  Uiver,  iJenjral,  India, 
op|iosil<'  Calcutta,  wilii  which  it  is  connected 
by  steam-ferries  and  a  pontoon  bridire.  Mis- 
sion slalion  of  the  S.  1'.  (i  (is.'ili);  1  missionary, 
H!)  comniiiincants,  1  boys'  school,  'i',>')  scholars. 
]5;.ptist  .Missionary  Society;  1  missionary,  &i 
church-metnbers,  .')4  day-scholars,  y.")  Sabliath- 
scholars.  Station  of  llie  IJaplistMissiou  Society; 
1  missionary,  M  scholars. 

Iliialiiiit',  out',  of  the  Society  Islands,  was 
theearlicst  Held  of  the  London  .Missionary  Soci- 
ety. Its  sole  missionary  is  now  conlinuinjr  on 
the  island  simply  to  prevent  tin'  nller  wreck  of 
Christian  work,  for  on  account  of  the  French 
amicxalioii  of  the  Isliuids.  the  work  was  to  Ik' 
handed  over  to  the  care  of  the  I'aris  Kvanilelical 
Missionary  Society,  but  the  people  have  utterly 
refused  to  have  anything  to  do  with  the  French, 
uril  seem  deterinined  to  provoke  a  contlict  by 
ii  suiting  tli(!  French  Hag.  The  outcome  of 
such  action  cannot  fail  to  be  disastrous  to  the 
welfare  and  Christi;ui  life  of  the  people. 

Illlhli,  a  city  of  liombay,  India,  13  miles 
southwest  of  Dharwar.  on  the  main  road  from 
Poona  to  Hariwar.  The  center  of  the  cotton 
tr!id(^  of  the  Maratha  country.  Population, 
38,077,  Himlus.  Moslems,  .lains.  Christians, 
Pursis.  Mi.s.sion  station  Hasle  Missionary  Society 
(1840);  2  missionaries  and  wives,  8  native 
helpers,  1  out-station,  303  cliuiTh-meinbers. 

lllK'lloU'-ni-fllc-killllU.  >  hiw  n  and  de 
parlmeiit  of  the  province  of  Fasi  Cliiiia,  10(1 
miles  west-soiitiiwest  of  Shanghai,  on  the  Tal- 
lin Ijjdie.  Climate  of  plains  damp,  malarious; 
hill-country  heallliier.  Poimlalion,  7(1,000. 
Mission  .station  Aineric;an  Hajitist  Missionary 
Union  (1888)  ;  1  missionary  and  wife.  ','  native 
lielpers,  1  out-station,  7  '  chureh-meml)er.s,  1 
school. 

IIikInoii'n  Rii)'.  I'  dialeot  of  the  (^ree  lan- 
guage spoken  by  Indian.s  iu  tlie  part  of  Canada 


bordering  on  Hudson's  Bay  on  the  east,  and  dif- 
fering widely  from  the  .Mooiisoiiee  on  the  west. 
(See  Cree.) 

lllllllV.  KolX'I't  WilNOII,  b.  Stamford, 
Conn  ,  I.  S.  A.,  .Nov,  Olli,  18i)SI;  graduated  at 
L  iiion  Ckillege,  183:!, taking  high  rank  as  a  scholar 
in  a  large  class;  studied  theology  at  Andovcr 
and  I'riiicetoii;  acted  as  an  agent  for  the  A.  I!. 
C.  F.  M  part  of  the  time,  and  p;irt  of  liie  time 
studied  Marathi,  and  attended  medical  li'cturcs; 
ordained  in  1S:;!I;  iuid  .sailed  April  1st,  the  same 
year,  as  a  missionary  of  ihe  Hoard  for  liombay, 
with  .Mr.  Burgess.  ll(^  was  stationed  for  tif- 
teen  years  at  Bombay,  spending  a  part  of  the 
cool  nionths  making  tours  on  the  continent.  In 
the  cause  of  tempenince  betook  a  dt'cp  interest 
and  an  active  part.  For  some  jcars  In  was  Sec- 
retary (d  the  lioinhiiy  'riiiijh'niiur  Ihiinn,  and 
editor  of  its  journal  called  the  '•  Tciiipenuice 
Kepository,"  which  attained  a  high  place  for 
iibility  and  usefulness.  For  ten  years  he  was 
Secretary  of  the  Bomliay  Tract  and  Book  Soci- 
ety, and  did  much  to  make  it  one  of  the  most 
etlicicnt  institutions  of  the  kind  in  India.  It 
was  through  his  iiillueiice  that,  instead  of 
gratuitous  distributions,  as  had  formerly  been 
the  custom,  colporteurs  wei<>  employed,  who 
went  into  all  the  districts  of  Western  India,  and 
sold  hiiudrt'd  oftliousandsofthc.se  publications. 
One  of  the  Bombay  .lournals.  referring  to  this 
Soi'iely,  says;  "The  rapid  advance  the  Society 
has  made  of  late  j'cars  has  been  due  mainly  to 
Mr.  Hume's  prudent  and  energetic  inanage- 
incnl."  Soon  after  his  arrival  in  India  a 
monthly  maga/.ine  w;is  co'iimenced  by  the 
Maraiha  missions  in  the  native  laiignage.  with 
a  view  to  ditluse  correct  religions  knowledge, 
and  to  refute  the  falsehoods,  cavils,  and  objec- 
tions contaiiu^d  in  native  journals  concern- 
ing the  Scriptures  and  Christianity.  The  mag- 
a/.ine was  called  "  Diiyanodaya," — Uise  of 
Knowled,ire;  at  tirsi  monthly,  then  semiinonth- 
ly.  A  small  part  (d'  il  was  in  Knglish,  but  most 
of  it  in  the  native  language.  .Sir.  Hume  was 
the  editor  for  ten  years.  I'lie  labor  was  great, 
as  he  had  to  ju'cpare  most  of  the  matter.  It 
was  the  oidy  Christian  journal  in  any  native 
language  in  N^'.'stern  India.  His  labors  were 
highly  aiipreciatcd.  In  isr>4,  in  the  rainy  spji- 
.soii,  he  was  taken  very  ill,  and  the  phy.sicians 
decided  that  his  life  could  bi^  .saved  only  by  his 
going  to  a  colder  climate.  There  bein.ir  no 
American  vessel  at  Bombay,  he  proceeded  in  an 
Knglish  vessel  to  Caiie  Town  He  was  so  ill 
that  it  was  feared  he  would  not  live  to  embark. 
He  sailed  with  his  family  September  iJOth.  The 
lias.sage  was  long  and  the  weather  stormy,  and 
lie  dicil  Novenber  'Jlith,  in  sight  of  the  coast  of 
Africa,  a  week  before  the  arrival  of  tlie  ship  at 
C;ipe  Town.  He  was  highly  respected  by  the 
ICnglisli  anil  nalive  comniiinity  in  Bomiiav, 
and  his  death  was  a  heavy  loss  to  the  mission  in 
its  various  operations,  to  the  native  church,  and 
to  thedilTerciit  religious  societies  with  which  lie 
was  connected. 

Iliiiiffiiriaii   V(>rMl«»ii.— The  Ilungnrinn 

language  belongs  to  the  Finn  branch  of  the 
I'ral-Altaic  fainilv  of  languages,  and  is  spoken 
by  the  Magvars  of  Hungary  and  Transylvania, 
w'ho.  according  to  the  census  of  ISSO,  num- 
bered about  (vl'J^i.OOO  sinils.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  parts  of  the  Scripture  wen'  triiLS- 
latet",  at  an  early  period  into  Hungarian.  Of 
Jlargareth,   daughter  of  King  Hela  IV.,  'who 


K: 


-t. 


i_  it 


I  il 


HUNGARIAN  VERSION 


442 


LARINDRANO 


died  in  1271,  we  are  tokl  that  *he  natl  iwrlions 
of  the  Bible  in  tlie  Hungarian  dialet-t.  Tlu-re 
lire  iilso  rxtitnt  s<ini«-  MSS.  tiiniaininir  portions 
of  11  Hungariun  ver>ion- 

Tlae  lirst  to  tnia^late  the  Xi-w  Ttr>taiiicnt  into 
iliiiigarian  was  Joaunt'>  J^vlvoier  (d.  alHiiit 
ir)5"i).  The  lirst  f)iilii«  a|>|K-arv(l  in  ir>41 
(2(1  cd.  1*>74).  from  the  printing-press  s<-t  up  liy 
Count  Nadasfii,  the  chief  pro««-t4ir  of  tli'c 
Heforniation  in  Ilunirary.  Towards  the  fiul  of 
the  Kith  ceninry  the  Jesuit  Stepht-n  Szanto 
made  a  translation  from  the  ori^nal  text,  ..liieh 
was  never  printed.  In  1626  a  tnin>lalii>n  niudu 
from  the  Vidgate  by  the  Jesuit  Georjre  Kaldi, 
and  still  used  among  the  Itoman  Catholics,  was 
published  at  Vienna,  and  often  since. 

For  the  Protestants.  Gaspani  Kamlyi,  a  Jlag- 
yar.  translated  the  Bible  into  Ilunjpirian.  which 
was  published  at  Visoly,  near  Ciuus.  in  l.V.K);  a 
revised  edition  was  i.>sued  by  AiJiert  Molnar  at 
ilanau  in  ItiOS.  Iliis  eiiition  <i>ntains  also  a 
Magvar  translation  of  the  HeidelU-ri:  Catechism, 
the  lituru:}'  of  the  Ilunmrian  churches,  and  a 
melrieal  version  of  the  P?«lm*.  Kepriuts  were 
issued  at  ( >p|>enhein>.  1612:  Utrecht,  1794; 
Pesth,18;{7:  Koszcjiren.  I>f52.  Anothertninslatiou 
was  pid)lished  by  Ca-spar  Ileltai.  1.V>1-1.564.  at 
Clausenburjr;  by  Geors  Esipkts.  Leyden.  1717; 
by  Andreas  Torkos.  \Vittenbersr.  1736:  by  G. 
Uiinmy,  Lauban,  17.>4.  In  1*^  the  British"  and 
^^lreign  Bible  Siciety  engaged  a  R-formed 
l>astor  in  Hungary  to  revise  Kaldi'.-:  Xew  Testa- 
ment. Whether  "this  e<lii ion  was  published  we 
are  not  awaie.  In  1-S<1  a  can-fully  revised 
edition  by  Bishop  Filo  was  piiblishetl  by  the 
above  Swiety;  a  .■*cond  editi<Ha  fonowi-d  in 
1885.  In  the  same  year  a  repn-s«-ntative  com- 
mittee under  the  presidency  of  Bi-Jiop  Szji.sz  of 
Pestli  was  foniied  to  prejrare  a  version  of 
the  Old  Testament,  retaining  as  much  of 
Kiiiolyi's  te.xt  lus  Tva«  consistent  with  a  faithful 
rendering  of  the  original,  and  a  style  iulelligible 
to  the  people  generally.  The  Bivk  i.f  Genesis 
was  i)ul)lislied  in  18)**.'  The  British  Society  has, 
u|)  to  .Match  ;51st.  1888,  di6pu>i'd  of  861,502 
portions  of  the  Scriptures. 

Hunt,  Phinea»  R..  b.  Ariington.  Vt., 
I'. S.  A.,  January  30th,  1816.  Fn>mhisc<inversiou 
in  early  life  he  wj»s  an  active  aivl  zealous  Chris- 
tiiin.  He  went  to  India  in  1»<S(»  as  a  missionary 
jiiinter  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F  M..  aiMl  wa<  stationed 
!it  .Madras.  His  wannhe:irted.  Christian  efforts 
amouL'  the  English— fiestkins  p<>()ulHiion.  native 
find  foreign,  and  his  giiK-n>u.s  sympathy  en- 
deared him  to  a  wide  circle  of  friends.     He  had 


the  charge  of  the  mission  i>rpss  in  Madras,  and 
was  also  treasurer  of  the  mission,  in  both  which 
dep!ii;ineiits  be  discharged  his  dutie.s  with 
grei,  tidelily.  He  great iy  impidved  the  style 
of  '1  .ituil  printing.  The  Tamil  Bible  and  the 
l)i(ti(.i.  y  of  Dr.  Wiiislow,  both  jirinted  by 
him,  are  monuments  of  his  skill  and  painstaking 
ctToits.  In  18G1  the  iiiilive  and  foicign  ("hris- 
tians  of  ^Madras  presented  to  him,  as  a  tok<'n  of 
their  regard,  an  elegant  gold  watch,  beaiiiig 
the  following  insciiptioii;  "To  Pliineas  H. 
Hunt,  Esii.,  Irom  native  Christians  and  friends 
of  mi.ssi(]ns  in  Southern  India,  in  token  of  their 
appreciation  of  liis  labors  for  the  imiirovement 
of  Oriental  Typography,  .lanuarv,  ISOl." 

On  the  discontlmiance  of  the  Madras  mission 
he  gladly  accei)led  the  olTer  of  the  American 
Board  to  send  him  to  I'eking,  to  till  a  sinnlar 
]iost  in  that  city.  He  went  to  Peking  in  18(58, 
a  veteran  of  20  years'  service  in  a  foreign  field. 
His  labors  were  invaluable  to  the  mission  in  the 
care  of  the  Tieasuiy,  and  of  all  its  secular  con- 
cerns. He  establislied  the  tirst  prinling-oflice 
in  Peking  in  which  the  foreign  press  and 
nietallio  movable  type  were  used;  and  he  printed 
a  new  translation  of  the  enliie  Bible,  a  version 
of  the  Pia.ver-book,  and  other  viduable  works, 
in  the  J\landarin  dialect.  Mrs.  Hunt  died 
March  2!)tli,  1877,  and  he,  of  tyiihus  fever,  Jlay 
2!)th.  1878.  There  have  been  few  more  wholly 
consecrated  missionaiies  than  Mr.  Hunt.  A 
brief  note  from  Kev.  Mr.  Goodriehof  the  North 
China  Mission  says:  "  Of  the  nearly  forlj'  years 
of  his  hai(l-woi"king  and  useful  life,  none,  I 
think,  have  been  more  important  and  fruitful 
than  the  jiast  three.  Through  hetivy  trials  and 
deep  s])iritual  exercises  his  lieait  has  been 
almost  ov(M-clmrged  with  love,  iind  hiisoverllowed 
in  blessing  upon  us  all.  !Manj-  of  his  words 
have  liurned  thent.selves  into  my  lie.irt,  and  .stir 
nie  still  with  strange  ])ower.  He  had  a  ceaseless 
and  insatiable  desire  to  proclaim  the  gospel," 

Iliirdii  (Harda\  a  town  in  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, India,  48  miles  southwest  of  llosliangabad. 
A  very  thriving  place,  constantly  imiiroving. 
Population,  ll,20;i,  Hindus,  Moslems,  Jains, 
Christians,  Parsis,  Jews.  Mission  station  For- 
eign Christian  Missionaiy  Society;  1  mi.ssionury, 
65(1  Sabbath-scholars,  72  dayseholars. 

Until  Biir{H:ot    and   Until  Kiniliiirn, 

two  stations  on  the  Angkola  ])lateau,  Sumatra, 
East  Indies.  Founded  in  1804  by  the  Java 
Connte.  The  Gospel  according  to  Mark  has  been 
translated  into  Aiigkolage  by  Uammerboer. 


I. 


Ininn  or  I'rea  Ver»ion.— lawn  Inlongs 
to  the  Melanrsian  langiuigesw  and  is  s|Hiken  in 
Uvea,  a  i)ortion  of  the  Ixyaliy  I^land-^.  For  the 
1 .20(1  I'rotestants  of  Uvea  and  two  triU-s  in  Xew 
Caledonia  the  Kev.  S.imuel  Ella  of  the  London 
Missionary  So<-iety.  who  arrived  then"  in  18<U. 
tnuislated.  tirst,  sele<-ti<)ns  frrmi  the  Gosjh'I  of 
^Matthew,  which  were  publislM^I  in  I8*i7,  and  in 
lSt)8  the  (ios|X'l  of  Luke  ^%as  issued  from  the 
mission  press.  The  Xew  Te«tainfnt  was  printed 
in  1878  at  Sydney.  Tlie  P>alm«  were  published 
at  the  stime  time  at  the  ex|«-n-<-  of  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  S<x-i»-iy,  which  up  to  March 


filst,  1889,  had  disposed  of  1,000  portions  of  the 
Scriptures. 

{SpeeiiiK  n  rersc.     John  i? :  10.) 

Helang  ibetengia  anyin  Kbong  ka  ang  mele- 
dran,  e  ame  ham  Nokon  a  khaea  thibi,  me  me 
ca  he  ka  mok  kc  at  ame  labagcju  kau,  kamo  be 
ka  bu  moat  ame  ca  ba  balua. 

Iiirindriiiic,  a  mission  district  of  thi'  Lon- 
don ^lissionarv  Society  (18(M)  in  the  lielsileo 
province,  Madagascar;  1  nnssionary,  .')7  out- 
stations,     4ii5    church-members,     14    Suudtiy- 


lARINDRANO 


448 


IFUMI 


schools,    408   sdxolars,   50   day-schools,   1,226 
pupils. 

IIhuIiiii,  a  town  in  Yorubii,  West  Coast  of 
Africa,  70  iiiilc^s  norlli  noiili<'iisi  of  Laj;(»'.  A 
pleasant  town,  with  widi'.  slraijilit,  well-kept 
slreels,  ete.  Mission  station  of  the  ('hureli 
Missionary  Society;  1  native  jiistor.  It  was 
founded  iii  IHW,  and  was  in  the  heijiiuiinn  very 
prosperous,  hut  became  in  1HT7  compleli'ly  in- 
sulali'd  on  acenunl  of  the  Irilial  wars,  'riie 
native  Jiastor,  however,  suc'ceeded  in  keepiru; 
lofjelher  the  <'()ni;rej;ati()n,  numbering  120  inem- 
IxTs,  with  5,")  eonimunieants. 

Il>«»  Vl'ri*l«Il. — The  Ibo  beloiii^s  to  llio 
Nejiio  f;rou|>  of  llu;  laniiua;;es  of  Afri<'a,  and  is 
spiiken  by  tlie  Ibos,  a  West  Afrieiui  tribe  dwell- 
ini;  on  the  banks  of  tlie  Niger,  who  received  tlio 
Gospel  of  Matthew  in  their  dialect  in  the  year 
IS")!!.  In  the  year  1M(U  the  (}()spe!s  of  Mark 
and  Luke,  translated  by  the  Rev.  ,lohn  Cliris- 
toplier  Taylor,  were  published  at  London  by 
the  Hrilish  and  Forelun  Bible  Society.  Since 
181)5  oilier  books  w<'re  added.  Altog('IIier  the 
Ibos  have  now  eight  books  of  tlie  Xew  Testa- 
ment, the  translation  being  the  joint  work  of 
the  lievs,  ,7.  F.  Sehi^n  and  J.  Ch.  Taylor  of  the 
Church  Missionary  Society. 

(iSpecimeii  verse.    John  3 :  16.) 

ifa  otuiXan  Tiviu  Hinru  Un^-ioanainaldnya,  oi 
■j/a  m/^e  olu  gli  Qpdraya,  ma  oitya  Quina  kvireja^ 
ogagi  ifi,  ma  g*  &eeta  ni»  iUgeii. 

Iceland,  a  large  Island  in  the  North 
Atlantic  Ocean,  subject  to  the  Danish  crown, 
160  miles  northeast  of  Greenland  and  COO  miles 
west  of  Norway.  Area,  including  adjacent  isl- 
ands, ;!9,7r)8  scjuare  miles,  of  wliicli  10,243  are 
liabitat)le.  Iceland  is  of  volcanic  origin,  and 
therefore  all  its  mountains  are  voli'anoes.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  numerous  geysers  and  inler- 
mitieiit  hot  springs.  The  climate  is  colder 
llian  when  it  was  first  settled,  since  great 
masses  of  ice  yearly  drift  from  Greenland  to 
its  shores  and  reniawi  for  months,  encircling  the 
island  in  a  compact  mass  The  Gulf  Strciuu 
makes  the  soiitliern  portion  wanner  and  more 
rainy  than  the  northern.  The  mountains  are 
bare  and  destitute  of  herbage,  but  the  lowlands 
and  sheltered  valleys  atford  excellent  |)astur- 
age.  Many  are  lilli'd  with  a  surprising  depth 
of  rich  soil,  but  the  ignorance  of  tlu^  people  in 
regard  to  agriculture  prevents  their  being  util- 
ized. Iceland  is  almost  a  treeless  eounlry,  and 
its  only  vegetable  production  is  the  leel.and 
moss  of  commerce.  Mineral  deposils  have  been 
fiiuiid,  but  no  allempis  have  been  niiide  to 
work  them.  Population,  72.445,  who  are  de- 
sccndarilsof  the  lirsl  Norwegian  settlers,  speak- 
ing the  purest  Norse.  The  mm  are  tall,  fair- 
coinple.vioiied  and  blue-eyed,  willi  fr.imes  Imrd- 
ened  by  fre(iueiit  e.\posure  to  rough  weather. 
Though  perhaps  inclini'd  to  idleness  and  in- 
leinperanee.  they  are  strictly  upriglil,  truthful, 
generous,  and  hospitable.  The  women  are  in- 
tbwlrioiis  and  chaste.  Religious  faith  luid  lliu 
doineslic  virtues  are  Iradilioiial  in  every  house- 
hold. Kduealion  is  iiniveisul,  and  it  is  hard  to 
lind  an  adult  who  is  unable  to  read  and 
write.  Their  church  is  exclusively  Lutheian, 
but  lately  three  missionary  stations  nave  been 
established  by  the  Roman  Catholics.  Foreign- 
ers have  the  same  rights  of  residence,  holding 


propeily,  and  trading  as  the  natives.  The  lish- 
erijs  would  prove  an  e.xhauslless  source  of 
wealth  if  they  were  carried  on  with  a  proper 
degree  of  inlclligenci^  but  only  10  per  cent  of 
the  ])eople  are  tishermen,  and  the  methods  u.sed 
are  iiisullicieut.  Commerce,  once  nourishing, 
declined  when  Iceland  lost  its  independence, 
but  it  is  now  improving.  In  early  limes  Ice- 
laud  was  a  monarchy,  ruled  over  by  Viking 
princes  and  Norwegian  chieftains,  some  of 
whom  lirst  settled  Reykiavik,  the  i)resent  cap- 
ital; but  in  928  it  became  a  rei)ulilie,  and  .so 
continued  for  !W()  years.  In  l;j87,  after  the 
union  of  Ueiimark  and  Norway,  the  King  of 
Denmark  was  acknowledged  sovereign  of  Ice- 
land, and  ever  since  it  has  remained  iiiuler 
Danish  rule. 

■oeliiiidio  or  \orMC  Version.— The  Ice- 
landic belongs  to  tile  Tenlonic  branch  of  the 
Aryan  language-family,  and  is  spoken  in  Ice- 
land. ()d<l  Gotlskalkson  of  Norway,  who  had 
attended  Luther's  lectures,  was  the  lirst  trans- 
lator of  the  Rible  into  Icelandic.  Having  re- 
turned to  bis  native  country,  be  entered  the 
services  of  Bishop  (")gniuiid  at  Skaalholl.  In  a 
stable  b(!  translated  ihe  New  Testameni,  which 
was  published  al  Rolskilde  in  1540,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  RingChrislian  III.  It  wasrepriuled  in 
Iceland  in  1554  and  1557.  In  1584  the  entire 
Bible  was  published  in  Iceland,  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Bishop  Gudbrand  Thorlakson,  in  Hole. 
In  1044  a  revised  edition  was  issued  by  Thorlak 
Skuleson.  Other  editions  were  published  in 
1728,  1747,  1807,  18!:!,  anil  1841.  A  new  trans- 
lation, nnule  by  Bishop  I'jetur  Pjelur.son  and 
Sigurd  Melsted,  was  iiublished  by  Ihe  British 
and  Foreign  Bil)le  Society  at  London  in  1800, 
and  Ihe  New  Testament  at  Oxford  in  1804. 
Ip  to  .March  Jilsi,  1880,  the  British  Bible  So- 
ciety disposed  of  30,113  portions  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, 

{Specimen  verse.    John  3 :  16.) 

tvi  8V0  elskaSi  GuiJ  heiminn,  a5  hann  ga( 
einn  eingctinn  Son,  til  pcss  ao  hvor,  sem  &  h&ari 
tnSir,  ekki  glatist,  heldur  hafi  cilift  lif. 

lelinn^,  an  important  inland  town,  which 
lies  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Yang-lsz  River,  in 
the  province  of  llupeh,  3()3  geographical  miles 
up  the  river  from  Hankow.  It  was  opened  to 
foreign  trade  by  tri'aty  in  1877.  Lying  al  the 
outlet  of  the  river  after  it  has  come  350  miles 
through  mountain  pas.ses  and  rocky  ravines,  the 
town  is  exposed  to  considerable  risk  from  Hoods, 
and  in  1870  many  houses  were  washed  away. 
I'opulalion.  34,(H)0.  A  mission  slalion  of  the 
Kslablished  Church  of  Scotland  (1878);  1  mis- 
sionary and  wife,  1  church,  'JO  communicants, 
3  day-schools.  The  work  that  is  being  done  at 
Ichmig  is  most  encouraging,  not  only  for  the 
interest  that  is  exciled  in  the  city  itself,  but  it  is 
a  centre  of  intluence  for  the  country  around 
within  a  radius  of  lifiy  miles. 

l«l'/4>,  a  language  spoken  on  an  estmiry  of 
Ihe  Uiver  Niger,  \Vcst  Africa.  Through  lalM)rs 
of  missionaries,  under  Ihe  auspices  of  the 
Church  Missionary  Society,  portions  of  Ihe 
Scriptures  have  been  translated,  which  are 
printed  in  Roman  characters. 

iniuii,  a  town  in  Southeast  Nalal,  Ka.st 
Africa,  south  of  the  lUoro  River,  32  miles  soutli- 


m 


mssm 


wm 


['■I 


1FUMI 


east  of  Diirbnn.  Climate  excellent;  natives 
(Zulus)  (|iiite  civilized.  Mission  station  of  the 
A.  H.  C.  F.  M.  (18.")i));  1  niissioniiry  and  wll'e. 
21  niilive  helpers,  2  ont-stiitions,  Sehiirehes,  100 
church-iiieniliers,  a  seli(U)ls,  To  scholars. 

iKbiril  V€'r<iloil.— The  lijhini  belongs  to 
the  Neiri'o  irroup  of  African  lauguaires,  and  is 
spoken  on  ihe  river  ]S'iger.  A  translation  of 
tiie  Kew  Teslanienl  was  made  in  1885,  l)\it 
awaits  revision  before  its  final  publication  bj' 
the  British  un<l  Foreign  Hible  Soeiet}'. 

lK<llorpiiil,  a  small  town  in  Greenland  ; 
mission  station  of  ilu-  .Moravian  Hrethren;  is  on 
a  small  island  south  of  Liehtenau.  A  separate 
congregation  was  organized  here  in  18()4,  as  it 
was  often  ditticult  to  visit  this  station  from 
Lichteruui  or  Frederieksdal,  and  tluMe  were  a 
large  number  of  Greenlanders  residing  on  this 
and  on  the  neigboring  islands.  The  word  I.gd- 
lorpait  means  "  many  houses,"  and  the  .siation 
is  so  called  because  of  the  number  of  ruins 
there,  evidently  formerly  inhabited  by  heathen. 

Ikwexi  l^umaoi,  a  town  in  Alfred 
Count}-,  Natal,  South  Africa,  near  Harding. 
Mission  station  of  the  Young  Men's  Foreign 
Missionary  Society  of  Birmingham,  England 
(q.  v.). 

Ilulaii{filin,  a  mission  district  of  the  Lou- 
don 3Iissionary  Society  (1870),  in  Hetsileo  prov- 
ince, Madagascar;  1  nussionary,  (W  out-stations, 
1,221  churcii-members,  ;!,  170  Sabbath-scholars, 
44  schools,  8,7r>(3  scholars. 

ImniKlandritiiiii,  a  mission  district  of 
the  London  Missionary  Society  (18()9)  in  Hetsi- 
leo jirovince,  Madagascar;  25  out-stations,  54 
native  iireacbers,  250  church-members,  25 
schools,  1,;}54  scholars. 

■iiajiiia,  an  island  of  the  Hahamas,  West 
Indies  ;  length  50  miles,  breadth  25.  Popula- 
tion, 1,575.  Mission  station  15a|itist  Missionary 
Society;  1  missionary.  2  out-stations.  111!) 
church-members.  158  Srbbathscliolars.  S.  P. 
G.  (1853):  1  mi.ssionary.  82  commuincants. 

■naiida  (Lindley),  a  town  in  Southeast 
Natal,  Africa,  southeast  of  Verdlam.  .Mission 
station  of  Ihe  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.;  1  missionary  and 
wife,  2  other  ladies,  7  outstnlions.  There  is 
a  large  Sabbaih-sehool,  and  much  interest  is 
shown  in  the  study  of  the  Bil)le.  A  station 
school  and  three  schools  in  Ihe  surrounding 
kraals  are  sustained;  14  members  baptized  in 
1889;  SIS  girls  are  being  educated  in  the  se- 
minary. 

India  is  that  part  of  Asia  between  the  Hi- 
malaya Mountains  on  the  north,  the  Arabian 
(or  Indian)  Ocean  on  the  west  and  southwest, 
and  the  Bay  of  Bengal  on  the  east.  Its  extreme 
northern  point  is  in  latitude  35'  ;  on  the  south 
it  stretches  to  within  8'  of  the  K(i\nitor. 
North  and  south  its  greatest  length  is  about 
1,900  miles;  east  and  west — from  the  mouth 
of  the  Indus  to  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal — 
the  distance  is  about  as  great.  Yet  the  shape  of 
the  land  is  not  four-sided,  but  triangular  ;  its 
northern  j)arts  are  the  broadest;  towards  the 
south  it  narrows  gradually  to  a  point  at  Cape 
Gomoriu.  Politically,  Burma,  lying  east  of  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,  though  peopledbv  races  bear- 
ing slight  altinities  with  those  of  India  proper, 
is  now  combined  with  India  as  n  provmce  of 
ibe   Anglo-Indian  empire.      The  area  of  the 


444  INDIA 

whole  vast  territory  is  nearly  one  and  a  half 
million  sciuare  miles,  and  the  population  (ac- 
cording to  the  <ens\is  of  1881,  the  last  taken, 
which  will  he  the  basis  of  reference  through- 
out this  article)  more  than  250,000,000.  Three 
well-marked  areas,  each  characterized  by  its 
pe<uliarities  of  physical  structure,  divide  India 
between  them.  These  are:  1.  The  Himalayan 
strip, lyingalong  its  northern  frontier,  and  form- 
ing on  that  side  a  wall  of  protection  and  de- 
marcation from  the  rest  of  Asia.  Much  of  the 
Himalayan  terrilorv,  however,  is  outside  of  the 
political  limits  of  India.  3.  The  great  valley 
of  the  Ganges,  of  which  the  Himalayan  area 
forms  the  northern  slope.  i{.  That  part  of  In- 
dia bounded  on  the  north  by  the  valley  just 
mentioned,  on  the  southwest  by  the  Indian 
Ocean,  on  the  east  by  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  This 
is  for  the  most  part  a  tableland,  of  which  the 
western  edge,  buttressed  by  a  mounlaiu  range 
(the  western  Ghats)  rising  in  some  cases  to  4,0()0, 
5,000,and  even  8,000  feet  above  sea-level, is  about 
2,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  slopes  gradually 
eastward  towards  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  India 
presents  to  our  observation  not  a  united  and 
coherent  nationalitj'  pervaded  by  the  oneness 
of  a  national  life,  but  merely  a  vast  number  of 
races,  dilTeriiig  in  language,  in  religion,  often  in 
race,  and  forcibly  held  together  by  the  strong 
and  external  pressure  of  British  might.  Physi- 
cally also,  though  India  can  hardly  hu  called  a 
continent,  yet  it  is  certainly  the  epitome  of  a 
continent  on  a  very  large  scale.  Vr.st  mountain 
chains  and  mighty  rivers,  arid  dcirts  and  fer- 
tile valleys,  wild  jumrles,  forests  (f  tropic  den- 
sity, broad  alluvial  deltas,  and  plajis  rolling  iti 
gentle  undulations  over  wide  areas  of  surface, 
are  all  found  within  its  limits.  Its  climate  em- 
braces the  Arctic  cold  of  the  Himalayas,  with 
their  perpetual  snows  and  their  glaciers  which 
feed  ferlili/ing  and  iiavi.irable  rivers,  hot  desert 
winds,  deluging  rains,  atmospheres  now  like  a 
vapor-bath  and  now  like  a  blast  from  a  furmice, 
bracin.ii:  breezes  from  the  sea,  and  the  paiching 
heal  of  unclouded  suns  falling  upon  treeless 
plains. 

This  vast  and  various  territory  is  for  the  most 
part  \iiuler  the  nde  of  Ihe  British  crown  and 
I'arliament.  A  few  small  districts  on  the  west 
coast  constitute  the  feeble  relics  of  what  was 
once  Ihe  Portuguese  jiower  in  India  ;  and  on 
the  eastern  coast  a  little  area  still  in  the  jiosses- 
sion  of  France  is  the  oidy  visible  reminder 
that  a  huiulred  years  ago  France  contended 
with  Kngland  for  the  |irize  of  Indo-Europt'iin 
sovereignly.  Furthermore,  in  man.v  scattered 
portions  of  Indian  territory  the  original  power 
of  native  rulers  is  still  acknowledged  ;  these 
states,  not  yet  absorbed  into  the  Anglo-Indian 
eini)ire,  somelimes  cover  large  tnicis  of  country 
with  their  millions  of  inhabitants,  and  some- 
tiiiu's  embrace  but  a  single  town  with  its  de- 
pendent villages,  or  a  bit  of  mountain  jungle 
where  the  authority  of  some  half-savage  abori- 
ginal chief  is  owned  by  the  handful  of  his  tribe. 
But  even  these  native  slates  are  under  the 
''protection  "  and  watchful  care  of  Ihe  para- 
mount English  power  ;  the  authority  of  their 
ostensibly  independent  native  rulers  is  circum- 
scribed within  definite  limits  at  the  dictation  of 
that  power,  while  its  actual  exercise  is  care- 
fully superintended,  with  more  or  less  minute- 
ness of  detail,  by  English  ofticials  appointed  for 
that  purpose.  Territorially  Ihe  aggregate  areas 
of  the  native  rulers  cover  nearly  BOO.lioO  square 


1 1 


f!!!^HBi 


00 


<J> 


Ol 


(O 


ro 


CD 


o 


o 


1} 


lo 


I 


DIA 


445 


INDIA 


iniU'.s  nKHinst  about  870,000  M|uarf>  miles  under 
(iii'i'ct  llritisli  rule  ;  but  the  iioitulaiion  is  atA 

'    atull  ill  proportion  to  thu  territory,  as  ibe  fol- 

*    lowiug  tiiblc  will  show  : 


Siiuare 
MilfS. 

'r-"  €r 

BritlMh  India 

Native  SI  all's 

PoitUKiicMc  settlHineiits, 
Freiic'li  seUli'iiieut,s 

»6«,4M 
587.IM7 

13U.iH3.««  i      S3 

475.175 .      aw 
•,'n,«1l  i      135 

Total  for  nil  India 

1,158.060 

•r)6..W.M»  j      17« 

Political  Dirisiontt.Such  a  diverse- 
tcrrilory  ciiii  be  best  iliscribed  l)_v  trvatine  *>f 
its  si'piiniic  polilicnl  divisions  in  their  prom-r 
onk'r.  Willi  llie  e.\C(;ption  of  the  n:»tiv»-*l.-tin->. 
nil  of  wl'.iili  coiui!  iiKvie  or  le.ss  directly  under 
tho  si;pcrvision  of  tlic  piirainount  power 
thfoui?!'  II  <'l;iss  of  ollicials  known  as  "resi- 
dtnis,"  all  of  India  is  governed,  in  the  name  of 
the  Hri I  isli  sovereign,  b^- a  Viceroy  and  Gorer- 
nor-General,  assisted  by  a  Council,  whow  *«il 
is  at  Calciilla,  For  purposes  of  adininUtraiion 
the  couiitry  is  diviiled  into  twelve  locsil  iiOTem- 
inents,  known  as  "presidencies"  or  •'prov- 
inces," each  under  the  control  of  governor, 
lieutenant-governor,  or  couuuissioner.  accord- 
ing to  the  rank  of  llie  province.  The  following 
table,  l)aseii  on  the  last  census,  exhibits  ihes*- 
twelve  divisions,  with  purticulars  of  area  and 
populaliuu: 


niis,m'ouersh!p  lien,  as  its  name  implies,  nt  the 
.'ery  heart  <if  India.  Its  liniitsof  north  latitude 
are  17  ."Kt  and  :14  37  ;  of  east  longitude.  7ti' 
and  85  15.  Its  greatest  length  is  tUM)  miles, 
from  east  to  wesi;  while  its  longest  north  and 
south  line  meiisiires  5(K»  miles.  Large  rivers 
flow  through  the  province,  though  noneof  them 
are  Useful  lor  navigulion,  save  lo  a  verv  liiuiled 
extent.  The  Tapti  and  the  Nannnda  tlow  west- 
wani  into  the  Aiabian  Gulf;  the  Goilavuri  ami 
llie  Mahaiiadi  I'astward  into  the  Hay  of  Bengal. 
Many  parls  of  the  province  are  diversilied  hy 
hill  and  mouiilain  ranges,  among  which  arc 
found  some  of  the  wililest.  parls  of  the  whole 
Indian  territory,  and  ,some  of  its  tiiiest  scenery. 
Only  about  oiu'  third  of  the  area  of  llie  provincjc 
is  under  culliviilioii.  .Much  of  the  waste  land 
i«  covered  with  low  Jungle,  valueless  as  timber; 
and  much  of  I  he  original  foiesi  has  been  waste- 
fully  ile.slroyed  by  the  careless  inliabilanls;  here, 
Lowever,  as  elsewhere  in  India,  a  syslem  of 
forest  conservancy  is  doing  iiiuch  lo  arrest  the 
progress  of  deiiuilalion.  Iron  is  found  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  province,  and  also  coal  of  an 
inferior  ipiality,  though  siiiiable  for  raihvay  use. 
The  po)iiilalion  is  cjiictly  dt-t  per  cent)  rural. 
Only  six  towns  havi;  a  popiilalioii  e.\ieeding 
3«t.«Ntu.  These  are  NaL'piir,  the  eiipital,  D.'^.-.iiW; 
Jatuilimr.  '75,705;  Kiunpti,  5U,!»H7  ;  Sugar, 
44.4Ui;  Burhanpiir,  ;!0,()17;  and  Uaipur,  24,«4H. 
ten  other  towns  have  a  populalion  of  between 
l<t  <»<«»  and  2l),(llM(  each;  and  IStl  olliers  varv  from 
3.<»<«»up  to  l(l,niHI  each.  Tlie  most  inteicsling 
fact  regarding  the  C'entriU  Provinces  is  that  its 


Province. 

GoTer&iI  by 

Area. 

Population. 

No.  to 
1  sq.  m. 

Beiitral  Presidency : 

Ueii«al  

Niirt  Invest  Provinces 

■  Ouilll  

Puiijal)     

LieutenantOyrenjor 

Lieiitefiani^i'.r«rrnor 

Chief  <,'Mniiiii''j««joer 

Lieutenant-4i<j»«rnjMr 

Coniinis(ti.>D«T 

Chief  L'omausfiooer 

Goiernor 

Cit)vem#"jr 

Ctiief  Commianaoer 

Coramiasioaer 

C'omnuitstoim' 

Chief  Oommwionn' 

193.198 

}       100,111 

lOC.tMi 

•J.711 

46..341 

lil.fii 

141.001 

84.44.") 

17.711 

1..1S3 

87.-.>-J0 

09,.'>36,8«t 

44.107,8(19 

18,850,437 

4tiO,7-,'-J 

4,881 ,4aB 

lfi,4.'it,ll4 

!il,17il,li:il 

il,S38,7',il 

•-',(ir',>,li73 

17S.3(W 

3,7;)«,77I 

.360 

416 

177 
170 
Ifflj 
1:B 
•--Jl 
117 
l.")l 
11.3 
43* 

Ajiiiere 

Assail)     . .          

Bombay  Presidency 

Madias  Presidency 

Berar 

British  Burma 

British  India    

Viceroy  an-J  Got.  Geo. 

911,075 

201,888,897 

aw 

Concerning  thir,  table,  it  should  l)e  noted  that 
the  Be'igal  Presiden(\v,asa  whole,  hasnodi.siiori 
polilicai  existence,  though  it  did  have  before  its 
nominal  area  had  been  enlargefl  by  the  annexa- 
tion of  the  Northwest  I'rovinees,  the  Punjab.elc. 
At  pre.sent  il  is  subdivided  into  five  diMinct 
goveriUTients,  all  of  them  liireclly  responsible  lo 
the  supreme  governmeni  of  India.  Oiirth,  aL«o. 
is  entered  separately  as  having  its  own  chief 
commissioner,  yet  it  is  joined  forndministraijve 
purposes  with  the  Northwest  Provinces,  the 
lieutenant-governor  of  which  is  also  the  chief 
commissioner  of  Oudh.  The  figures  for  Bensal 
in  this  table  include  nearly  37.000  s<(uare  miles 
and  nearly  ;J  millions  of  population  Wonsing 
to  native  states  directly  under  the  su[)frvision  «)f 
the  Bengal  government,  and  so  practioal'.y  a  part 
of  that  province.  This  accounts  for  the  dis- 
crepancy in  the  totids  between  the  two  tables. 

For  accounts  of  Bengal,  Northwest  Prov 
incea  Oudh,  Punjab,  Ajmere.Assjim,  Bomlsay, 
Madras,  Berav,  atid  Burma,  see  those  articles. 

The  Centiial  Provinces. — This  chief  com- 


hill  and  jungle  regions,  especially  along  the 
northern  frontier,  luovided  llie  refuge  to  which 
mfiuy  of  the  alioriginal  tribes  resorted  when  too 
severely  pressed  upon  by  the  later  Aryan  im- 
migrants. These  aboriginal  tribes  were  largely 
of  the  t;<md  stock,  and  before  the  pre.sent  polit- 
ical divisions  came  into  existence  a  large  part 
of  what  is  now  known  as  the  Central  Provinces 
wa.<;  called,  after  the  name  of  this  great  family 
of  tribes,  Gondwana.  Yet  of  the  entire  popula- 
tion of  the  Central  Provinces,  these  aborigines 
form  but  a  comparatively  small  element  ;  in- 
cluding iKith  those  who  have  embraced  Hindu- 
ism, as  well  as  those  still  per.sisting  in  the  old 
worshiji  of  their  )>eople,  the  last  census  enu- 
merated ouIt  two  millions  and  three  ipiarters  of 
this  class,  llindus  number  8.700,000,  Moham- 
medans only  285,087.  Jains  about  46,000,  and 
Chri.stians  nearly  12,0<K».  Within  the  territorial 
limits  of  the  province  arc  fouiul  many  native 
Etxtes  with  a  total  po))ulalioii  of  about  a  million 
and  three  qiiarleis,  largely  abmigines.  Among 
the  llindus  a])|>ear  several  local  sects,   hardly 


m 


INDIA 


440 


INDIA 


I 


known  clsrwlicrc  in  Indlii.  Tlic  Safnnmis  iirr 
(liiiwn  fiDMi  (inc  of  tlic  lowest  ciiKtcs  of  Hindu 
Hociciy,  lUKi  arc  tlic  foilowt'is  of  it  ('crliiln 
Oliiisi  Diis,  wild  lialf  a  ci'nliiry  api,  after  a 
IMTiiHl  of  seelnsioii,  apiieaicii  a;-  tlie  piopliet 
of  a  new  reliiiion  foilmhiiiiir  tlie  woisliiii  of 
iiiols  and  ineiilealin^^  tlic  ei|uality  of  ail  men. 
His  followers  worsiiip  in  no  temple  ami  iiave 
no  leifular  cull.  — unless  a  luoininLj  and  even- 
ini;  juostfation  to  the  sun  may  l)e  (■onsi<iered 
Hueli.  'I'Ik'  Kaliir|)a!iliiis  ai'e  tiie  followers 
of  Kaliir.  a  reliijious  teaeiier  of  Noitli  India, 
wlio  llourislied  ill  tlie  ITilli  eenluiy.  Tlieir 
tenets  all'  very  similar  to  those  of  the  Sat- 
liamis.  Kaeli  of  these  liiwiies  iiuniliers  ovjt 
;tlMI,0(M)  adiieients  Smaller  seets,  oriiriiiatiiiji  in 
very  luueh  the  same  way,  and  some  of  them 
cmiirneinfr  hut  a  few  hundred  followers,  aicalso 
found.  Kdueatioii  in  these  proviuees  is  not  in 
a  forward  stale.  It  is  said  that  in  IS.'ili  a  Chris- 
liaii  eolpovteur  ill  a.j(mrney  of  200  mihs,  during; 
wliieli  he  entered  many  large  villa,i;es,  found 
but  two  schools,  with  liiirdly  forty  pupils.  In 
18'i;{,  l,.'")(i5  schools,  mo.stiy  giviiiir'only  primary 
education,  liad  enrolled  nearly  U0,0()0  pupil.s. 
Warathi  is  the  lanijuage  u.sed  liv  the  Hindu  pop- 
ulation of  the  ea.slern  jmrt  of  the  |)rovince;  a 
corrupt  dialect  of  Hindi  is  spoken  in  the  ea.st  ; 
wiiile  each  tribe,  of  aborigines  uses  its  own  lim- 
giiage,  most  of  llicni,  'uiwever,  speaking  some 
form  or  other  of  a  tongue  known  as  CJondi,  be- 
longing to  the  Dravidian  family,  Mi.s.sioiiarywork 
has  been  |)ro.secute<l  less  powerfully  in  the  Cen- 
tral Provinces  than  in  most  other  parts  of  India. 
The  first  mission  was  planted  at  Nagpur  by  the 
Free  Church  of  Scotland  in  1844.  The  country 
was  then  governed  by  u  Maratha  dynasty;  and 
the  native  rajah  claimed  to  have  ab.solute  au- 
thority over  his  subj(!cis,  which  in  bis  opinion 
involved  the  right  to  prevent  the  baptism  of 
Christian  converts,  'i'he  supreme  government 
of  India  was  apiiealed  to  by  the  missionaries,  and 
declined  to  interfere  ;  but  i)ublic  opinion  liecame 
so  aroused  that  the  Nagpuriirince  finally  reeedt-d 
from  his  position.  The  Church  Missionary  So- 
ciety began  work  at  Jabalpur  in  1854,  and  liave 
since  occuiiied  otiier  stations.  'I'here  is  also  a 
tnis.si(>n  conducted  by  the  Friends  at  Jabalpur. 
Tlie  American  Evangelical  Society  (Lutheran) 
entered  the  province  in  1868.  A  iiiission  to  the 
Goiids  was  begun  by  the  Free  Church  of  Scot- 
land in  1H6I),  Clianda  was  occupied  by  a  native 
clergyman  connected  with  the  Cliurcfi  of  Eng- 
land in  1872.  In  the  .same  year  the  Driginal 
Secession  Synod  of  Scotland  began  a  mission  at 
Seoni,  and  the  American  .Metluxlists  one  at 
Nagpiir, — largely  (at  least  at  first)  couflned  to 
work  among  tiuevangclized  E''ropeansaiid  Eur- 
asians. 

Cooiiti  Is  a  small  native  state  in  Southern 
India,  lying  chiefly  among  the  mountains  of  the 
■western  Ghats.  Tlie  name  is  derived  from  that 
of  a  tine,  hardy  race  of  mountaineers  who  once 
dominated  the  region,  and  whose  descendants 
still  form  a  noticeable  element  in  the  population. 
The  dimensions  of  tlie  lerritoiy  are  about  60 
miles  north  and  south,  and  40  east  and  west. 
Its  exact  situation  is  in  about  12  north  latitude 
and  75  °  east  longitude.  The  ])opiil.ition  is 
178,302,  comiwscd  chiefly  of  Hindus.  There 
are  only  about  27,000  left  of  the  original  tribt's 
of  the  Coorgs.  Mohammedans  contribute  only 
7  per  cent  of  the  total.  The  chief  town  is  Mer- 
kara,witha  population  of  between  eight  and  nine 
thousand.     The  Basle  ilvaiigelical   Missionary 


Society  has  a  mission  In  Coorg.  The  family  of 
native  cliiefs  whooiice  ruled  Coorg  was  deposed 
by  tilt!  siipreini!  government  of  Iiidlii  in  18114, 
and  has  since  become  extinct.  The  territory  is 
directly  under  the  supervision  of  the  viceroy, 
and  is  administereil  by  the  Ilritlsh  Kesideiil  at 
Mysore,  who  is  also  chief  commissioner  of 
Coorg. 

I'oiHilatlon.—'Vhv  people  of  India,  with 
whom  ill  their  religious  relalioiiships  our  inter- 
est now  priiuipiiliy  lio.nre  divided  by  race, 
by  caste,  by  language,  .md  liy  re  ligioii  into 
many  dill'ereiil  classes.  The  broadest  division 
is  thai  by  religion.  It  is  found  that  about  145,- 
(MIO,(H)0  of  llie  nearly  200,000, (l(K)  of  HrilisU 
India  are  classed  as  Hindus.  45,000,000  as  Mo- 
hammedans, 4,700,000  (nearlyl  belong  to  the 
aboriginal  liilie.s— each  tribe  usually  |iractising 
some  sort  of  a  religion  peculiar  to  itself,  nearly 
iL-'iOt^lKIO  are  classed  as  Huddhists,  more  lliau 
1,100,000  as  Christians  of  all  churches,  1,250,- 
000  as  Sikhs,  nearly  500,000  as  ,Iains.  The 
I'arsis,or  lire-worshippers,  found  almost  wholly 
in  Homiiuy  and  Sural,  where  they  constitute 
nil  iniporiaiit  class  in  the  commeicial  life  of  the 
country,  number  iieailv  75,000;  there  are  lesfj 
than  10,000  .lews,  and  "only  about  1,1(X)  Ihah- 
mas,  the  Tlieislic  Society  of  which  the  late 
Keshab  Chandra  Sen  was  the  most  proniinent 
exponent.  The  religion  of  nearly  40,000 of  tne 
population  is  iinspecilied.  It  is"  probable  that 
among  the  57,000,000  inhabiting  the  native 
stales,  Portuguese  and  French  India,  Hindus 
and  Mohanimedans  will  be  found  in  very  nearly 
the  same  ])ro])i)rlion  as  in  Hritish  India  ;  and  it 
is  safe  to  .say  that  the  Hindu  population  of 
India,  as  a  whole,  is  about  1!)0,000,000,  and  the 
JNIohammedau  po|)ulatiou  not  far  from  60,- 
000,000. 

The  division  of  the  people  into  castes  obtains 
only  among  the  Hindus.  The  ancient  fourfold 
division  is  well  understood  by  every  one  who 
has  ever  heard  of  India.  The  Hrahmans  or 
priests  occupy  the  highest  place;  the  .second 
caste  is  that  of  tlie  Kshattriyas,  or  soldiers; 
merchants,  or  Vaisyas  form  the  third  ;  while 
the  fourth,  iii<-liidiiig  the  vast  body  of  the  peo- 
l>le,  is  that  of  the  laborers,  or  Sudnis.  lu 
iiuHlern  times,  however,  this  simple  division 
has  become  exceedingly  complicated.  Tlie 
Krahmiins  still  maintain  tlieir  pre-eminence  as 
the  liisl  and  highest  casti',  although  within  the 
limits  of  Hrahmanism  there  are  many  subdi- 
visions, between  .some  of  which  interiiianiage 
is  not  allowed.  The  great  mass  of  agriculturists 
also  still  acknowledge  themselves  as  members 
of  the  fourth  or  Sudra  caste.  But  instead  of 
finding  between  the  castes  of  first  and  fourth 
rank  distinctly  marked  gradations  iiidii'iiting 
the  limits  of  the  second  and  third,  we  liud  a 
great  multilude  of  ca.stes,  partly  formed  of 
what  may  be  regarded  as  the  fragments  of  the 
old  soldier  and  merchant  castes,  partly  the 
result  of  intermarriages  between  men  of  fiigher 
grade  and  women  of  lower  (the  offspring  of 
such  marriages  occupying  a  social  position  mid- 
way between  that  of  their  jiarents),  and  partly 
due  to  the  inevitable  complication  of  .social  rela- 
tions, as  the  process  of  social  evolution  went 
on.  Among  this  mass  of  caste  names  tlie  old 
titles  still  exist  of  Kshattriyas  and  Vaisyas. 
The  Rajputs  of  Northwestern  India  are  de- 
scendants of  the  old  second  or  soldier  caste  ; 
the  merchants  (in  many  places  known  ns  WanU 
or  Banyas)  may  usually  be  regarded  as  belong 


\\\ 


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447 


INDIA 


luK  to  the  old  tliinl  or  inrrcliitnt  ciiHtf,  though 
its  siil)cliviHi(>iiM  lire  I'xrrcdiiiffly  imineroiis. 
Tims  while  till'  olil  iioiiniicliilurc  still  cxIhIh 
with  ri'ri'rciicc  to  tlii'  ItriiliiiiiiiiH  miil  llic  Sii- 
(Iriis,  li  Ims  liccri  tm-  the  iiiosi  part  sii|)t'is('ilc(l 
Willi  I'cl'ci'iMK'c  lo  iliooliliriNmiil  I  lie  iiii'i't'lmiils, 
owini;  to  the  tlivisioiis  of  tln'sc  old  ciinIi's,  iiihI 
tilt-  oi'l^dii  of  new.  lis  (III' dcvi'lopincnl  of  Hindu 
sociiiv  proirit'SHcd.  In  lulililion  to  the  cnsies 
illready  niciitioiied,  the  followers  of  every  spe- 
<Mes  of  tiiide  and  liiiiidieiiifl  form  ii  eiisfe  liy 
llieiiiselves.  Thus  there  Is  the  eiiste  of  ijohl- 
Hiiiilhs,  of  tailors,  of  earpeiilers,  of  hlaeksiiiilhs, 
of  weavers,  of  shoeinaUers. and  leiilher-workers, 
of  potters,  etc  Some  of  tlu'se  easlus  occupy  a 
posiliim  iiliove  the  Sudras  ;  some,  especially 
the  slKH'iiiakers  aii<l  potters,  helow  them.  He- 
low  all  thi'se  respeelahle  castes  of  Hinduism  are 
niriiieil  the  sircal  hoily  of  the  ouic.isie  popula- 
tion, who  are  not  allowed  to  live  within  the 
villaife  limits,  who  are  sometimes  debarred 
oven  from  enlerini;  the  street  in  which  Hrah- 
iiiaiis  resi(l(',  who  must  not  draw  water  from 
the  wells  or  streams  used  by  those  of  hi,i;her 
rank,  and  who.se  very  touch,  sometimes  even 
whose  HKM'e  shadow,  is  pollution.  Vet  they 
often  perform  important  services  in  the  social 
life  of  lui  Indian  villa<;e.  In  many  parts  of 
India  the  otilce  of  villaf?e  watclmian  is  heredi- 
tary in  the  family  of  some  outcaste  family 
nltached  to  the  village,  messengiTs,  jfuides, 
porters,  day-laborers,  .scavenjjers,  sweepers  aro 
obtained  from  ainoni;  them;  luid  in  return  for 
their  labors  a  certain  proportion  of  the  yield  of 
the  tielils  l)el()ii.ning  to  t  he  villaife  is  set  aside  for 
their  maintenance.  These  ouleastes  are  often 
spoken  of  collectively  as  /'((;vVt//«  — which  is  the 
term  used  to  designate  Iheiu  in  Tamil — thouirh 
all  the  Indian  vernaculars  possess  words  by 
which  individuals  of  this  description  are  loivillv 
denominated.  The  origin  of  the  caste  system  h 
lost  in  the  diinnesH  of  remotest  aiiticiiiity.  It  is 
probable  that  it  originated  in  some  such  way  as 
this;  The  .Vrvaiis,  who  entered  India  from  tiie 
Northwest  some  tifleen  centuries  before  the 
Christian  Kra,  found  the  land  as  they  advanced 
already  in  the  possessiou  .-f  a  previous  popula- 
tion. This  population,  the  Aryans  with  their 
stronger  chiiracter,  higher  civili/.alion,  ami  more 
cultivated  language  (tlie  Sanskrit),  in  process  of 
time  overcame.  Gradually  diversity  of  function 
within  their  own  body  gave  rise  to  a  corre- 
sponding diversity  of  social  position,  or  caste; 
tiie  priest-s,  the  soldiers,  and  the  iiierchants 
stjgregaled  themselves  into  their  ow'i  distinct 
classes,  the  distinct  existence  of  which  as  such 
was  ensured  bv  the  custom  that  the  son  should 
follow  the  calling  of  his  father.  The  former 
inhabitants  of  the  land  seem  for  the  most  part 
to  have  accepted  the  religion  and  to  some  de- 
trree— though  in  an  inferior  form  and  with 
many  corruptions— I  lu;  l;iiiguage  of  their  Aryan 
coiKpierors;  and  to  have  been  relegated  by  the 
latter  to  ttie  lowest  position  in  the  social  scale, 
that  of  laborers  or  agriculturists.  Thus  the 
three  higher  castes  were  of  Aryan  origin;  while 
the  fourth  or  Sudra  caste,  between  which  and 
tiie  three  that  range  sibove  it  there  is  a  much 
wider  gap  than  between  any  two  of  the  higher 
themselves,  was  composed  of  the  great  body  of 
the  previou.s  population.  It  is  probable;  that 
the  ontca.ste  IxHlies  (Pariahs,  Maliars,  Mangs, 
Dheds.  etc.),  represent  early  aboriginal  tribes, 
brought  into  some  degree  of  union  with  the 
new  social  orgiinism  arising  after  the  Aryan  iu- 


vasion,  but  too  low  to  become  actually  incor- 
porjiti'il  in  it,  as  ineinliers  in  goiNl  repute,  ax 
those  composing  the  fourth  Hindu  caste  were. 
I'lobalilv  th(;  tribes  still  existing  apart  from  all 
connection  with  lliiiiluism.  usually  spoken  of  as 
aboriginal  Iribi  s  (Sanlals,  (londs,  etc  ,  etc.),  are 
descendecl  from  earlier  aboiiginal  bodies  who 
refused  to  come  in  luiy  degree  within  the  circle 
of  the  new  intluences  brought  in  by  the  Aryan 
invaders,  prefcriini;  Ihiir  own  uilil  and  jungle 
life  to  that  infciioi'  form  of  lliiidiiisin  and  that 
lowest  position  in  the  Hindu  organism  to  which 
their  brethren,  from  vnIioiii  the  ouleastes  of  to- 
day have  descended,  were  consigned. 

La iii/tia f/^'n.-h  is  exceedingly  probable 
that  the  tribes  which  were  thus  overrun  by  the 
Aryans  had  theniselves  overrun,  in  ))revioiis 
ages,  still  other  and  inferior  races  who  held  the 
soil  before  tlieiii.  I{epeate(l  invasions  and  coii- 
(piests  must  liave  marked  the  earliest  history  of 
'iidia,  as  they  liave  its  later  developments;  and 
these  repeated  processes  of  invasion  have  left 
their  evidences  in  the  strata  of  tribes  and  races 
which  tO'ilay  inaki;  up  the  complex  population 
of  Hindustan.  Not  only  can  the  diversity  of 
cast(;  be  in  part  aceouiite<l  for  in  this  way,"  but 
also  the  great  diversity  of  language  which 
characterizes  India.  It  is  staled  by  pliilologi.sis 
that  within  the  limitsof  liotli  Hither  and  Farther 
Iiiilia  (ineaning  by  the  last  term  that  peninsula 
which  includes  Hiirmaand  Siam,  of  which  only 
a  part  is  politically  coiwiected  with  the  Anglo- 
Indian  empire)  three  hundred  distinct  languages 
and  dialects  an;  in  actual  use  at  the  present 
time.  The  variety  of  the  aboriginal  trilws 
already  .so  many  tunes  alluded  to.  of  which 
e.'U'h  one  has  usually  its  own  distinct  form  of 
speech,  accounts  in  largi?  measure  for  the  great 
number.  The  principal  languages  of  India, 
each  of  which  is  spoken  by  millions,  and  which 
have  all  received  more  or  less  literary  cultiva- 
tion and  development,  are  much  fewer  in 
number. 

The  Indian  languages  can  b(!  conveniently 
distributed  into  several  groujis,  according  to 
their  atliniiies.  The  tirst  division  consists  of 
the  most  important  tongues  used  in  northern 
and  western  India.  These  are:  The  Bengali, 
spoken  in  the  ))rovince  of  Uengal  by  nlKiiit 
37,0(M),0()()  of  iieople.  It  is  subject  to"  sevend 
diidectic  variations,  especially  ui)on  the  borders 
of  its  territory,  whei'e  it  comes  in  contact  with 
other  languages,  by  the  intermingling  of  whicli 
in  the  speech  of  the  people  the  purity  of  till  is 
corrupted.  About  half  of  thos<'  "using  the 
language  are  .Mohammedans;  their  form  of  the 
languagi;  is  known  as  .Mohammedan  ISengali, 
luid  forms  another  dialect  of  the  language.  On 
the  northeast  of  Bengal,  in  the  lirahmapiitra 
valley,  about  2,000,000  of  people  u.se  the  As- 
samese, which  is  most  jirobably  a  language 
allied  to  the  Bengali.  Southwest,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Orissa.  llu!  Uriya  tongue  is  used  by 
some  8,000,000 of  people.  "  The  Hindi  language, 
occupying  an  immen.se  tract  northwest  of 
Bengjil,  covering  the  Northwest  Provinces,  and 
overlapping  on  every  .side  into  the  surrounding 
regi(ms,  is  the;  most  widely  used  longiu;  of  any 
of  the  modern  languages  of  India.  The  num- 
ber of  those  to  whom  it  is  vernacular  is  esti- 
mated at  80,000,000.  Dialectic  variations  are 
numerous,  and  authorities  differ  as  to  whether 
Nepaiilese — spoken  in  the  native  state  of  Nepaul, 
Punjabi— a  common  language  in  the  Punjab, 
and  Gujanithi— used  in  the  province  of  Gujarat, 


lij 


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INDIA 


448 


INDIA. 


In  till'  liiiinlm}'  Prcsidciicy,  Mlioiild  \w  coiiMldiMcd 
disiliici  liiii^'imni'i,  or  Miiiiply  n'l('«iilcd  li>  llic 
inli'iiiir  siutiiM  lit'  diiilccis  lit'  lliiiih.  Siiidlil  is 
iisi'd  liy  11  riiMipnnitivi'lv  niiiiiII  |iii|iuliiliiiii 
uliiii^  (lie  liiwiT  riiiirsi'  iif  till'  IiiiliiM,  in  t\\v, 
priivini'i'  lit'  Sinilli;  ii  iliiili'it  nf  tins  liinuciiiip' 
(Kiirlicldiil  is  M|Mil<i'ii  ill  till'  iiiilivi'  Mule  lit' 
Kai'licli  I  in  till'  |H'Minsiil<i  nf  tlnii  naiiii'.  .Miiiiiilii 
Ih  s|iiil<('n  liy  Miiiii-  lO.ddO.IKMI  ill  llii'  Kniiilmy 
Fri'Mldrncy.  llicCriiliiil  I'rnviiiri's,  iind  lliiidiini 
bud  niiiivi' siati'.  It  ini|iiiitirs  nn  llii' Oiijiinili 
nrt'ii  nn  tin'  imrlli  ami  nn  tlir  Draviiliaii 
(Kanari'si'  aiiii  'riliiu'in  nii  llii'  siiiilli  iiiiil  siiiitli- 
oiNt,  and  sccins  inciinrd  I'l  inakr  inriiails  iipiin 
tlli'sr  ureas.  'I'lir  Sinlialrsc,  spnlsfii  in  ('cyliiii, 
must  III'  iiirlililril  in  lliis  cla'-^,  iIiiiiikIi  ki'ii- 
ffrapliirally  snlar  n  inovril.  Siiidhi,  lylnnas  it 
uiifH  iipiiM  till'  vi'iy  wi'sii'in  liiinlcr  of  India,  in 
closi' I'lHilarl  wild  Halnrlii>lan,  has liii'ii  i;rrally 
lltTcrIrd  liy  Ilir  intliii'lur  of  llii'  laiiKUau'i's  Usiil 
by  till'  Hiilurliis,  It  lias  also  frit  uri'iilly  llir 
inlliu'iiic  of  .Mnliainiiiriliin  spi'i'i-h.  In  tlir 
ct'lcliratrd  vail'  of  Ka-litnir  slill  aiiotlii'i-  --istrr 
tonj^iii'  is  foiiiMl  till'  Kasliniiii.  a  laiiirnairi' 
llinsfar  lint  llllli' slmlii'il  liv  iCiiioiii'aii  -^rliolius. 
TliL'  lanirnairis  of  AfijIiMiiisian  and  lialiiclii-laii 
(I'lislilii,  lialiirlii,  itraliiii)  and  llii'  Kaliri  and 
Dardiii,  which  aii'  spoUni  liy  Iriliis  of  iiioun- 
tainirrs  in  the  icnmii'  and  wrll  iiii^h  niiknnwii 
faslni'sscs  of  Ihr  irii'al  laiiiris  far  lit  llir  lioilh- 
wi'st  of  India  ari'litii'wisi'  nlali'd  to  1 1  io>i' already 
di'scrihi'd,  lint  hardly  fall  within  the  limits  ot 
onr  view.  'I'lie  whole  of  this  jiioiip  of  lan- 
jruuges  lieloiiLTs  to  the  Aryan  family;  all  of 
them,  excepl  the  I'lishtu  and  the  Ualnehi, 
whieli  are  pre  Sanskrit ie,  have  derived  many  of 
their  voeahles  from  the  Sanskrit— a  hifjhiy 
cultivated  toii'.nie  spoken  liy  the  Aryans  when 
they  entered  Indi.'i,  which,  as  the  people  them- 
selves overran  the  coiiiitrv  and  alisniiicd  t la- 
races  wliicii  oienpied  it  hel'orc  them,  >rradually 
niinirleil  with  pre  ixistini:  forms  of  speeeh,  and 
thus  ^avc  rise  to  the  nieat  Aryan  veriiaeulars 
of  India,  'rosiimuii;  'i'he  IJeiiiiali,  the  I'riya. 
the  Assamese,  the  Hindi,  the  Sindhi,  "the 
Gujaralhi.  and  the  Marathi  with  their  many 
dialects,  lire  sislertoiiirnes  of  tin;  Aryan  family, 
thonjrli  incorporatiiif,'  into  their  snlisianco  many 
elonients  of  irrammar,  of  idiom,  and  of  voc- 
ables from  the  non-Aryan  lani;iiai;e.s  with 
which  the  spoken  Sanskrit  of  a  former  period 
gradually  became  eoirupted.  Of  these  Aryan 
vernaculars  only  three— tlie  Ueni;ali,  the  lliiidi, 
and  tlie  Maiiilhi— have  received  any  hijrh 
degree  of  cultivation,  or  possess  any  important 
literature.  It  is  possilile  that  the  other  lan- 
guages of  this  group  may  erelong  disappear; 
but  Iliese  three  are  widely  inevalenl  and  culti- 
vated tongues,  wliieh  seem  destined  to  pernui- 
neiice. 

The  Hindu  popuhition  of  Soutli  India  jire- 
scnts  us  with  a. second  great  family  of  languages, 
much  farther  removed  thini  those  of  the  north 
and  west  from  the  Sanskrit,  and  owing  to  it 
smaller— though  inijiorlant — obligations.  These 
languages  are  usually  spoken  of  as  the  Dravidian 
group.  The  term  ''  Dravira  "  or  "  Dravida  "  is 
found  in  Sanskrit  literature  as  applied  to  the 
part  of  the  Indian  peninsula  where  the  chief 
languages  of  this  group  are  now  spoken,  the 
generid  limilsof  which  will  be  indicated  below. 
The  most  important  of  them  all  is  the  Tamil, 
covering  the  area  from  a  few  miles  north  of 
Madras  to  the  extreme  south  of  the  eastern  side 
of  the  peninsula,  and  running  more  than  half 


ihe  dlsliince  aerosH  the  penlnNuIn  towards  llitr 
Indian  Ocean.  North  of  the  Tamil  area,  on 
Ihe  east  side  of  Lower  India,  lies  Ihe  Telugli 
eonnlrv,  alnlig  the  May  of  llengal,  'ind  up  into 
Central  India,  until  il  meelsthe  I'riya  language 
along  lis  northeastern  idge  iind  the  .Marathi 
along  ils  iiiirlhwesicrn.  West  of  the  Tamil  and 
TclilgU  anas  lies  ihn!  nf  tile  KaliaieN4',  which 
also  meels  Ihe  .Maralhi  on  Ihe  iiorlhucsl.  The 
Malayalim  Hiretehes  uloii!,'  the  we-lern  cuasl  of 
India,  liel ween  the  western  (ihals  and  Ihe  sea, 
from  a  point  just  iinrth  of  Cape  Cnmoriii  for  a 
di^lMiice  of  some  three  hundiiil  miles.  Then 
comes  the  small  area  of  the  Tulu,  and  close  by, 
among  Iheweslern  (ihals  themselves,  the  region 
of  Coorg,  where  Ihe  Kiidagu  language  in 
spoken.  The  two  last-namiil  langniii;es  are  of 
small  impiirtanee,  and  but  lillU^  used;  the 
slroiiirer  languages  by  which  they  are  sur- 
roiindiil.  and  on  wlmh  Ihev  are  ilepcndenl 
largelv  for  lluir  literature  ami  for  llnir  alpha- 
betical charMclcrs,  seem  deslincd  lo  crowd  them 
out  The  Tiiinil,  Ihc  'i'elngu  {sonielimes  from 
ils  abuiii'aiice  of  vowel  and  liipiid  sounds  called 
the  Indian  Italian),  the  Kaiiarese,  and  the  .Mala- 
yalim  are  all  cultivated  laiiguago,  posxissing  a 
literature  and  a  dislinelive  alphalielical  charac- 
ter. The  Tamil  is  by  f:ir  the  most  impoilanl 
and  Ihc  richest  of  them  all.  and  is  used  by  the 
largest  nnmber  of  piiiple--nearly  15,(IIM).uni) 
in  all.  Tamil  is  als<i  used  extensively  in  North- 
ern Ceylon,  and  by  maiiv  emigrants  to  linnna, 
the  Stridls settlements,  Mauritius,  and  the  West 
Indies. 

Hesides  the  cultivated  laniruagesof  Ihe  Dravi- 
dian group  just  descrilud.  languages  ol  the 
same  family  are  used  by  some  of  the  jungle 
triliesof  India.  The  most"  important  of  these  are 
Ihc  Gonds  of  Central  India;  the  K bonds,  who 
inhabit  a  tract  of  eountry  lying  between  Orissa 
and  the  Telngu  region;  the  Oraoiis,  still  farther 
north,  in  Chlinla  Nagpur;  and  the  Hajmalialis, 
whose  territory  almost  touches  the  (Janges, 
Languages  of  the  Dravidian  group  are  also  used 
by  several  smtill  and  dwindling  tribes  of  South 
India — notably  the  Todas  and  the  Kolas  of  the 
Nilgiri  Hills,  and  .some  others.  The  total  num- 
ber of  persons  ;ising  Dravidian  forms  of  .speech 
must  be  more  than  tifly  millions. 

iff'/zV/zo/*.*!.  Uegaiding  the  religious  condi- 
tion of  the  people,  it  will  be  sulllcieiit  to  refer 
the  reader  to  Ihe  several  articles  in  this  work  in 
which  the  dill'erent  religions  practised  in  India 
are  treated  of  in  detaii;  with  Ihe  remark  that 
for  the  most  part  the  peojile  cling  to  those  re- 
ligions with  Ihe  tenaciiy — often  an  unthinking 
tenacity — which  is  to  be  expected  of  those  who 
liave  been  educated  from  their  earliest  years  to 
believe  that  adherence  to  the  customs  of  one's 
iiiicestry,  and  to  the  religious  riles  practised  by 
one's  forefathers,  is  the  tir.st  and  highest  law  of 
life.  In  them  the  intense  conservatism  of  all 
Oriental  initions  is  thus  re-enforced  I>y  religious 
sanctions,  and  is  e.xalled  lo  the  position  of  re- 
ligious obligation.  Hinduism  has  been  inter- 
woven with  the  developing  life  of  the  Hindu 
lieople  for  a  peiiod  of  more  than  thirty  centu- 
ries ;  it  has  presided  over  the  formation  of  their 
philosophies,  their  social  customs,  their  intel- 
lectual habits,  and  their  literature  ;  and  it  lies 
at  the  very  basis  of  iheir  lives  in  all  possible 
relations,  to  a  degree  which  is  hardly  paralleled 
elsewhere.  These  faces  account  for  the  e.vtreme 
difflculty  and  slowne>is  of  Christian  progress 
among  the    Hindus.     The    Mohammedans  iu 


INDIA 


440 


INDIA 


Itiiliii  do  not  'If'rivo  llii'lr  ri'll){li)n  from  iikcm  ho 
ri'iiioif  MM  ilic  IliiidiH.  mill  nil  tlii^  iiccoiini  their 
inuiiii-iiiuiii  iiliiiiK  llx'  line  ot  iiri'Hciil.  ri'li>;i<>u» 
i|i'Vi'li>|i|iirlit  luinlil  1)1'  >.ii|i|n»r(l  lo  Im!  1i>.h,  yi'l 
tliry  '•liiiw  fully  na  iniirli  lifUriiiiiiullDn  in  up- 
liiildiiiK  their  |>i'i'iiliiii' ti'iii'ls  tiK  the  iliiidiis  ilo 
III  U|ihiildin^' theirs  ;  tliey  iilc  ehiii'iii'teri/.ed  liy 
llle  NUllle  intense  liiL'otry  Itliil  lleiy  fiiiiulieisMi 
>«hieli  liiive  made  .Miiiiiiiiiinedaii  ariniesso  nl'teii 
vietorioiis  in  Iraile,  wliieh  lender  them  imlivid' 
ilally  ill! pert  ti his  to  all  assaults  (if  ai;.'iiment  and 
ri'MNon.  and  even  lead  them  in  many  a  ease  to 

d Is  of  private,  pei'soniil  viuletiee  in  Miipporl 

(it  llieir  faith. 

t'irUizatlon.—T\u)  people  of  India  have 
llieii'  own  civili/atioii  developed  ;;i'udiiully 
lliroii;ili  loll;;  a;;es  of  prnirress  ;  dilfereiit  fiom 
that  of  the  West,  yet  wonderful  loeonteiiiplale, 
hiid  in  many  respects  admirahle.  'I'lie  main 
resoiirci-  of   the   people   heim;  ai;i  iciillnre.   tiie 

{)ro('eHs<-s  of  tilUiii;  the  soil  ami  malsiii;;  it  yield 
Is  wealth  have  lieeii  eafefiilly  studied  ;  and 
tlioiii:li  their  implements  are  eliiinsy.  and  tlieir 
methods  those  of  a  livirone  aite,  lo  which  they 
Htill  cliiii.'  with  thai  tenacious  cdiiservalism 
which  they  ^how  in  eveiylliiMir,  yet  the  results 
of  their  eli'oris  are  l>y  no  ineaiis  contemplihle. 
They  have  especially  consiructed  iiniiiense 
iniiks  and  resi'rvoirs  lor  sioriiii;  water,  and  com. 
plicated  sluiceways  and  caii:ils  lor  dislriliuiiiu; 
It  in  the  dry  season  over  llieir  lields,  which  in 
hI/c  and  utility  are  remarlialile.  These  arc 
found  cliielly  in  ('eiilraland  South  liidla.  Tlic 
Enirlisli  (iovcrniuenl  has  done  iiiiiih  to  e\teiid 
facilliies  for  irriijaiioii  liy  ihc  constniciioii  of 
costly  systemsof  canals,  fed  by  the  rivers,  whose 
waters  are  diverted  into  I  hem  liy  linely  con- 
structed dams.  Such  works  e\isl  in  all  parts 
of  Iiiilia.  and  the  canals  an-  soineliini's  of  sulll- 
cieiit  .si/.e  lo  he  availalile  for  purposes  of  iiavii;a- 
tioli.  Hut  the  Inilian  |icasalils  will  often  sec 
their  crops  dry  up  ainl  pcri-.!i  with  the  droui^ht 
riitlier  than  u-c  the  w.i'cr  thus  brou^rht  to  the 
very  edire  of  their  lields,  and  pay  the  ta.\ 
di'iuandcd  liy  government.  In  soiiic  cases 
povcinmcnt  has  oll'ered  the  water  free  in  order 
that  the  people  mi^lit  he  induced  loavail  theiii- 
Kclvi's  of  its  ailvuntages,  and  even  so  has 
found  few  takers.  Hut  the  use  of  the  water  is 
slowly  incieasiiifjr,  though  governineiilal  irriga 
lion  works  have  not  yet  hecoine  remunerative. 
Their  manufactures, — though  entirely  by  hand, 
— especially  of  certain  te.Mile  fabric.';,  siu'h  as 
muslins  and  silks,  and  also  of  gold  and  silver 
and  brass  ware,  have  long  been  famous  in  the 
markets  of  the  world.  In  the  development  of 
.social  and  politiciil  life  they  have  wrought  out 
a  system  of  ellicient  communal  government  in 
their  villages  which  has  been  the  subject  of 
careful  study  by  European  laivyers  and  histo- 
rians. Its  object,  ilia  word,  was  lo  make  ciuh 
village  .self-supporting  and  independent,  fur- 
nisliing  it,  within  its  own  walls  and  by  means 
of  its  own  organism,  with  farmers, artisans,  and 
day-laborers,  in  sullicieni  number,  variety,  and 
proportion,  lo  provide  evi'ry  arlicle  of  ordinary 
use — both  clotliing  and  implements  o"  every 
sort — which  Ihc  village  could  need;  wl  ile  the 
public  affairs  of  every  village  were  iVLuliiIed, 
and  all  disputes  between  villages  settled,  by  the 
headmen  and  elders  of  the  village,  t)  whom 
long  usage  had  relegated  those  duties.  In 
literature  the  Indian  civilization  has  given  to 
the  world  the  Sanskrit  language— one  of  the 
most  copious  and  highly  polisheil  tongues  with 


wl^';  li  scholars  have  ever  iN'conie  familiar; 
poetry  .iiid  philosophy  have  been  es|>eclally 
cullivated  ;  to  .some  degree  also  iiialhematieal 
and  ii»troiiomicikl  Hcleiiee.  In  geography  they 
have  >  kiiie  liiil  little,  in  hisloiy  nothing  ;'iii  fact 
the  liiHiorii!  sense  Mceiiis  lo  be  largely  wantin)^ 
from  the  Indian  mind.  Their  acliievcineiits  in 
art  are  coiillned  diietly  lo  the  department  of 
architecture  ;  in  painting  they  have  done  iiolh- 
ing;  in  siulptlire  they  have  nierely  succeeded 
in  fasliioning  images  of  their  giHls  and  lieroes, 
of  a  cliarai'ler  hardly  rising  above  the  level  of 
( aiicaliire.  and  .somelime-<  falling  lo  lliul  of  ab- 
Holute  hiilcouHiiess  ;  siimetimcs  ilie  sculplurcM 
of  a  cave  I  em  pie  (for  instance  I  hat  of  Klephanta, 
in  Hombay  Harbor)  will  be  found  to  |His.sess  a 
considenible  degree  of  dignity  and  aili«tice.\cel- 
leiice.  iiilt  such  e.vceptions  to  the  geticiid 
cliaracler  of  grolesi|Ueiie>s  are  not  freipicnt. 
Numerous  temples— some  cut  from  the  solid 
rock;  sonic  built  of  stone  with  neitlier  mortar 
nor  cement;  some  whose  lowers  rist;  lo  impos- 
ing heiu'hls,  like  those  of  Soulhi'rn  India:  some 
merely  stone  bill  i  sliiiiie^,  a  simple  cube  with 
a  pyramidal  root,  sonic  biiill  last  year,  and 
others  in  various  stages  of  decay  attesiiiig  their 
fouiiilalioii  ceiiluries  ago;  some  covered  with 
rudely  rashioncd  images  of  gods  and  of  aniniaU 
esteemed  sacred,  oftentimes  in  Various  olisceno 
alliluiles;  and  .some  wholly  plain,  and  with  no 
alli  tupl  at  orii;iineiiI — are  the  sole  cr.alioii»  of 
their  architectural  skill.  In  music  the  llindii!) 
have  perfected  a  system  of  their  own,  with  iio- 
talioii,  time,  ami  intervals  ditVerenl  from 
thoseof  Western  music,  wholly  desliliile  of  har- 
mony, yet  not  without  a  certain  pl;iiniive  be:iuty 
in  its  melodies.  'I'heir  singing  is  apt  lo  bo 
rather  nasal,  anil  their  inslrunieiilal  music  sceinii 
to  a  i']iiropeaii  nolhiiig  but  a  <li>coid:int  clamor 
of  drums  .and  screeching  of  shrill  w  ind-iiistrii- 
ineiils;  but  some  of  thestringecl  iiislrumcnis  in 
use  among  them  are  more  pleasing  in  lone. 
Kora  long  lime  the  a-socialionsof  llimlu  music!, 
being  almo-l  w  holly  those  of  the  Hindu  temple 
and  the  Hindu  festival,  were  considered  in- 
superable objections  to  its  use  among  Christians. 
Hut  of  late  years,  in  more  than  one  pail  of  llio 
great  Iiidi.iii  mission  held,  native  poets  have 
arisen,  who  have  com|Hised  (hri-tiaii  hynilis  in 
the  metres  of  Hindu  prosodv,  and  have  adapti-d 
them  lo  such  Hindu  luehNlies  as  seemeil  best 
tilled  for  the  purpose.  In  many  churches  of 
Indian  Christians  ibes<>  hymns  and  tunes  are 
now  used  with  most  excellcnl  elTcct 

Freachers  and  street  evangelists  in  thcba/.ani 
and  villages  tiiid  many  of  these  native  liiiics 
with  Cliiistian  words  most  useful  jn  gaininirtho 
ear  of  the  people  for  the  proclamation  of  Chris- 
tian truth.  This  conversion  of  Indian  pix'try 
and  Kon'_r  to  the  uses  of  Indian  Christ iaiiily  was 
u  decided  slip  of  progress  in  the  work  of  natu- 
ralizing Chrisiiji  nil  y  among  a  people  the  es.sen  I  ial 
genius  of  w  hose  mind  .seemed  in  some  respects 
ill-adapted  to  receive  it. 

It  is  (lillicult  to  describe  in  a  few  words  the 
intellectual  condition  of  the  Indian  |ieople.  In 
some  respecis,  and  among  certain  cla.sses,  an  in- 
tellectual cultivation  has  existed  for  centuries 
whose  twofold  result  is  seen  today  in  a  keen- 
ness of  mind  and  a  faculty  of  profound  specu- 
lative thought  which  is  remarkable,  and  iu  the 
philosophical  treatises,  the  commentaries  uixin 
them,  the  hymns  and  the  poems  which  com- 
iwse  the  body  of  Hindu  clas.sic  literature.  On 
the  other  liaiid,  the  people  as  a  rule  are  tinablc 


-ia 


INDIA 


450 


INDIA 


to  rcitd.  nml  lire  content  to  Uvo  on,  poncnitioii 

nficr  iri'iicniliim,  willi  no  iiitclUvlim!  |irni,Mfss, 
t'liMli'iil  if  llu'v  ir<'l  lii'i'  or  ollirr  jiniiii  tiuMijrli 
lo  ki'cp  llifiii  t'loiii  slinVMlioii.  iiird  ciurliss  of 
iiiiiiliil  or  spirimal  siisU  iimiui',  Ii  isnninni;  llic 
lirMliiniiiis  llitit  till'  inlc'lU'cliiiil  ciiltix  Mlioii  nt' 
liuli.'i  liM^  iT.nluil  Un  fiillol  K'siill.  'I'liiv  liavc 
lii'i'ii   iiol  ou\\  Ilic  inicsls.  ilic  ii'lii;iiiiis   li  iidtis 

nl'   llll'   IHIipIl'.    bill    illsD   l!ll'    CnillOIS  nl'     ils   'llll'l 

lri'lu:il.  pliilosiipliii'al.  iiiiil  lilciiiiv  ilrvrlKpiiiciit. 
anil  llic  itrpusiiiuii's  of  its  inirllfiiiiiil  wciillh. 
Willi  llic  cMiplion  of  iin  oii:isii)ii!il  Ivrio  pm'l 
iiiiviiii:  from  ainoiijr  llic  lower  oiiliis  of  llic 
ptopli',  w  hose  Ininiciv  vcrsis  in  llic  vtiniu'iiliir 
of  liis  own  ilisliici  would  often  oliliiiii  iiii  iiii- 
nieiise  etint'iu'V  tind  e\eil  ii  vii-l  iiilliii'iiee,  es- 
pce'riUy  ovi'i-  llie  tins.-,  ffoiii  w  liicli  the  poel 
liiiiihclf  Inid  spnini;.  neailv.'ill  llic  lliinlvcrs,  sin- 
ilcnis.  and  aiitliois  of  liullu  liavc  liccn  lliali 
niMii^.  Till'  clalioialc  uriiinniar  of  ilic  San>Urit 
laiiiiiiai:!' is  tine  lo  ilicir  assiduous  cnllivalion. 
Indian  llicolouv.  pliiloMi|i|i\ .  pocliv,  and  sci- 
«'ncc  lia\c  liccn  developed  alniosl  wlniUy  l>y 
lliciii.  I'iie  Itialinian  inlelleel  is  keen,  aeni", 
.siilillc,  and  speenlalivc;  liul  lluir  louie  is  apl  lo 
lie  fallacious  iind  lluir  aririiiiienlMlioii  specious 
miller  than  profound  and  ll|oiiiU!::li  'I'lie  edii 
ealioii  of  llic  lueiclianl  class  eoiisisls  of  Iml 
lilllc  else  llian  rcadinir,  uriiim^,  and  such  prac- 
tical opi  ralions  of  aiilliniclic  as  will  make  lliem 
ready  and  corrcel  accounlanls.  'I'lic  roynl  and 
soldier  castes  have  liecii  apl  to  alVcct  a  lofly 
conleiupt  for  all  lilcrary  aceoniplislnuenls,  as 
lliinus  lit  only  (or  nialimans;  and  have  paid 
llic  penalty  of  llieir  folly  in  many  a  ease  liy  lic- 
iiiir  <-ompclled  lo  employ  IJraliman  secretaries, 
prime  iiiinisters.  nml  linancicis,  who,  little  liy 
lilllc,  would  ahsorh  the  rial  power  of  the 
llirone,  while  its  nominal  occupant  was  liusy 
with  his  elephants,  his  horses  and  sohliers,  or 
else  sunken  ill  iirnohle  dcliaiichery.  The  .irix'at 
masses  of  the  people  arc  not  today,  and  never 
liave  liecn,  able  even  to  read  llieii own  vernaeii- 
lar;  thus  they  have  becoim  on  the  one  hand 
the  dupes  of  a  crafly  piicslliiKxl,  and  on  the 
tillicr  tile  jiri'y  of  cnnniiii;'  nioiiev  lenders  on 
whose  advances  of  cash  they  are  torccd  lo  de- 
licnd.  bill  whose  wiles  and  tricks  they  are  too 
iiriioranl  to  delect.  Such  ediiciilion  as  (he 
i'hildien  of  Hindu  families  enjoyed  before  the 
eslablishmcnl  of  missionary  and  i:ovi  riiment 
schools  was  imparled  by  Uralmnin  schooliiias 
ters,  who  were  wont  to  collect  the  boys  wnni 
iiiir  iiislruclioii  (srirls  wcic  never  tauirhn  and  to 
teach  lliem  to  repeat  by  rote  verses  from  the 
(Sanskrit  poets,  lo  read  and  wrilc  their  own 
vi'inacular.  and  lo  perfiMin  operalion-  mi  simple 
arilhmclic.  llrahman  youths  who  wi.  lied  fora 
lliorouu:li  irainini;  in  Ihe  sacred  lani;u,i^.'.  re- 
liirion.  and  philosophy  wouhl  allacli  Ihemselve.s 
to  some  noted  scholar  and  would  be  by  him  put 
throiurh  an  elaborate  course  of  iiislruc  lion,  ex- 
ti'iidiiur  to  many  years  In  this  way  larire 
iiunibeis  of  youiii:  Ihahmans  would  sometinies 
be  lound  atlcndinu'  upon  the  instructions  of 
Nlieli  a  learned  man.  ov  ijiini.  coniposini;  lliiisn 
sort  of  colleL;c.  Itiil  such  a  course  of  iiislruc- 
lioii wiiiilil  be  contined,  in  its  sub  j;  els,  to  Ihe 
^Sanskrit  laiii;uai;e,  the  practice  of  the  Hindu 
reliuioii,  ineliidiiii;  familiaii.  willi  the  sacred 
Uioks,  (U'  ]'i(lii.s,  and  to  skill  in  llindn  philoso 
pliy:  wliiic  its  recipients  wcMild  not  eMelid  be 
yoiid  the  ranks  of  the  Urahman  caste.  .Mer- 
cIluiitB  did  not  need  .such  trniliiiig;  soldiers  did 


not  care  for  it;  and  I  lie  Siidras  were  deemed 
uiiwoitby  of  it 

Min'dls.  The  moral  condition  of  the  peo 
pic  should  be  dcsiiibcd  as  one  of  apalli\ or 
even  dcaduess  ralliei  Ihan  as  one  of  vio'leiil 
and  lualiLtnaiit  opposition  lo  virtue.  The 
i;r(  at  bod\  of  Ihe  pcnple  arc  ipiicl  iminslrious, 
ploddiiii:  l:il>ori'is  -.eliidui  dcMeiidiiii;  into  crime 
oi  iiolable  iniinoialil\.  and  raiily  inouiillni::'  lo 
conspicuous  !iiid  aL;,i;n>si\  c  viniii-  'riic\  move 
alon^r.  ai;e  after  aye.  on  this  dead  icM  '  of  moial 
life,  peisislenlly  cliiiirini;  b>  ai'eesiial  eiisloms, 
which  they  eousiihi  mans  hii;liest  duly,  piiiic 
lilious  in  their  tibsi'iv.'incc  nf  i  :,:.lc  iiilcs,  by 
no  means  disiituic  of  the  common  L'laci's  of 
family  alTeclioii  and  of  iieitrliborly  kindness, 
palient,  .soiuelinn  s  even  torpid,  in  tliiir  cndur 
aiicc  of  the  famines  and  the  pesiilenics  which 
pcriodiially  deciinatc  their  villages,  or  of  the 
fraudulent  extorlioiis  of  the  money-lender 
which  keep  them  inacondilion  of  perennial 
indebtedness.  'I'lieir  inhlhclnal  hoii/oii  cm 
braces  no  laiirer  field  than  is  tilUd  by  daily  toil 
for  daily  bread,  'riieii  lives  ari'  dcslitale  of  all 
slimulus  and  incentive.  'I'lieir  leliirioii  fur- 
nishes no  motive  for  the  present  and  incites  no 
aspiration  for  the  future  'llic  llionuht  of 
lnllcrin,u;  their  own  eondillon,  or  of  doiiii; 
auu:lil  to  liinelil  another's,  is  foreimi  lo  their 
niimls.  The  ()rieiilal  doctrine  of  fate  is  ever 
present  lo  (piciieh  all  upward  endeavor.  It  is 
their  destiny  lo  be  w  iiat  ami  as  Ihey  are;  and 
w  ho  are  Ihey  to  <-onlcnd  with  destiny  ':'  The 
eliii'f  faults  of  the  people  are  lack  of  tnilhfiil 
luss  which,  especially  aiiionc  traders,  iner- 
»hanls  anil  money  lenders,  develops  rapidly 
and  deeply  into  manifold  forms  of  cheatin,i; 
tiiid  fraud-  and  lic<'iilionsiiess.  Yet  caste  rules 
tdiistilule  some  safeguard  for  the  virtue  of 
their  women,  for  a  female  of  ,i;ood  easle  de- 
fected in  immoialily  is  apt  lobe  promptly  dealt 
with  and  exiielled  by  !lie  <'aste  authorities.  In- 
temperance is  not  usually  a  vici'  of  the  Hindu 
people,  Ihouiih  in  recent  years  the  inlioduc 
lion  of  cheap  forcii;ii  liipiors,  often  miserable 
adulterations,  and  llu'iourse  of  the  government 
in  licensinir  diinkinu  places,  has  stinuilatcd 
the  nseof  iiiloxicating  licpioisainoiii^all  classes. 
The  disposition  of  the  people  is  mild,  tind 
crimes  of  violence  are  no  more  eominon  ainon.i; 
them  than  aiiioiii;'  llu'  people  of  other  races. 
The  ranks  of  the  professiiaial  thieves  and  ban 
dits  arc  laruelv  reciiiitcd  from  cerliiin  of  the 
wild  jun.irU'  tribes,  who  have  been  robbers  from 
time  imnieinorial.  The  more  violent  foiins  of 
gani!  robbery  (dacoilyl  and  ihuirircry  w  liieli 
consisted  in  invciulinir  innocent  and  nnsiispeel- 
iiij:  travellers  into  the  society  of  waiideiini; 
bands  of  seercl  and  prolessional  assassins  in  or 
der  to  luiiiiler  and  lob  Iheniin  unknown  and 
conveniint  spots  have  been  neaily  slampt'd 
out  by  the  vii^orous  action  of  miveinnieiil. 

These  aboriuinal  tribes  preseiil  lo  the  etbnol- 
ojrist,  no  less  Ihan  lo  the  pliilantlin>pis|  and  mis- 
sionary, problems  of  considerable  dillicully. 
Who  arc  llicy,  and  where  did  they  come  from'' 
is  the  (pieslioii  of  the  one  How  shall  they  be 
reclaimed  from  their  barbarism  and  elevated  lo 
Ihe  true  siaiidard  of  liumanily','  is  tlic  (|iiesliiiii 
of  Ihe  other.  That  anions:  lliciu  are  the  repre 
senlatives  of  the  earliest  inhabilanls  of  India  is 
not  doubted.  Km  probably  many  of  the 
stroiiLtcr  and  more  advanced  tribes,  tlioii):li  pop 
uliirly  cliiMMixt  lit)  uburigiuvM,  uru  not  truly  kiicIi. 


INDIA 


4S1 


INDIA 


lull  llu'insilvcs  (lispliu'cil,  cciiliirics  nirc.  ii  nu'c 
«il  nun  moil'  siiviiu:i'  (Imii  Ihiiinst'lvcs.  'I'lic 
niiiiii'  111  llic'si'  liilii's  is  li'jiiiin.  Tlicv  nic  I'dimil 
iill  liver  Iniliii,  llum^li  niori'  niinirniiis  in  liillv 
iinil  jiinirli'  liiiiis  iinil  MiiinuL::  llu'  niuuiiliiiiiDiis 
ii'Ltimi-i  i>r  llii'  iiiHlli  llmiH'Isi'wln  iiv  Tlic  nmn 
liiT  III  I'iiili  liilii'  is  si'lilnin  liiri;i',  nririioiilv  ii 
(v\\  luiiulii'ils.  in  iiiilv  :i  I'lW  ciisi's  ilms  ilii' 
rMiiiiit'i'.'ilion  lit'  iini'  innniil  nlmvi'  ii  iiiillion. 
Mmiin  III'  111  'III  lliivr  liri'ii  uriiilniilly  Miisniliril 
iiiliiilli'  liii.lv  i>r  lliniiilisiii,  :iilil  I'illl  llii'liisi'lvrs 
lliiiiliis.  Ilniui;li  siill  ii'liiiniiii;  llii' iisr  ul  llu'ii- 
iiiiuiniil  l.iiiic'iiinr.  Ill  olIiiT  iiisrs  ilicv  iii:iiii- 
t;iiii  11  sliiii  .'iiiil  jriiliMis  si|i,ir:iliiiii.  in  s|n>iili, 
I'i'liiriiiii,  iiiiii  nisiiini  rinin  iluii  lliiulii  iiiit;li 
Inns.  A  lull  ilrsciiiilimi  nl'  llii'iii  is  iiii|iiissilili'; 
lull  llirir  ri'liiriiiii  in  iinisl  riistvs  sn'ins  In  lu' 
sniili'  fniill  111'  ili'llliili  \Viils|ii|i.  WilliniK  iiiiik 
iiiilMii  I'xiiiiiisiivc  (■iiiiiiirniliiin  nf  lln'si'  liilii's.  ii 
frw  lii'iii'iiil  ilivi^idiis  iiiiiy  I"'  iiiiuli'  wliii'li  fill 
liniri' llii' III  isi  inipiiilMiil  nl' llii'iii. 

In  llli'  Ninlli  111'  Iiuliii,  slrrliliiiii;-  iiIhiil;;  llic 
siitillii'i'ii  sl(i|ii'  111' l)ii'  I  Iiiii.'il,'iyMii  i','iim:i'.  iiii'liiil 
iii^  till-  kiiiijdiiin  nl'  T.  .I'l,  lln'  luuir  |iiirl  nl' 
llir  Kniliinapiilni  Viilli'V.  iiiiil  llii'  nni'llit'in  purl 
of  |{iiiiii:i,  nil'  I'lnmil  11  luunlii'r  nl'  liilirs  sniiii' 
of  siillliiriil  iinpnnnnii'  In  r.'iiik  us  inilinns  (llin 
Nt'pailli'si'  I'm-  insliini'i'i.  iiiiil  sniiii'  irpnsenlril 
<inlv  liy  fi  li.'iiiiirnl  nl'  sjivuiji's  in  ii  innmiliiin 
Villli'V.  wlliili  nil'  il.'issi'il  Intri'llirr  liy  pliilnln 
gisls  iiiiilir  (111'  i^cni'iii'  iiaiiii'  Tilii'ln  Uuriniin; 
a  liTiii  wliirli  rniiLjlilv  iiiilirulcs  ilic  i'\in'iiii' 
ifcns^niphiiiil  liinils  nl'  I  heir  ijiniri',  Mini  likewise 
iilipiies  lliiit  llie  penple  nl'  Tiliel  iillil  lliirniii 
me  ellinnlni^ie.ilh  cnliin'eleil  with  llieill. 
Aniiini;  tile  hills  nl  Assmn  is  rniiml  still  niinlher 
I'liniily,  eliisseil  iisilie  Kliiisi  t'.'iinily.  !;i  Ci'ii 
tr.'ll  llliliil  (see  .'ilmve  -iIi'm  riplinii  nt'  (innilwiiiiii 
ill  iieeiinnl  of  Centnil  I'rnvinees)  is  fniiinl  ti 
nninlier  nt'  iinpnrtiuit  :iiiil  iillieil  tiilies,  w  linse 
liiiiirniiiie  slinws  llieiii  In  lie  rehileil  In  the  Tiiiiiil 
jiiul  nllier  Dr.iviiliMii  lines  nl. Smith  liiiliii.  Of 
this  irrniip.  the  Iribes  nf  K  hntiils,  (Joinls,  (»iji 
<iiis.  iiiiil  Kajniiiliiilis  (,'1  sin.'ill  Irilie  liviiii;  in  Ken- 
U'.'ili  with  their  suSclivisiniis  uppeur  .'is  llie  iiinsi 
inipnilMiit  nnrtlieni  represenliilives,  iiiiil  the 
'I'nihis  iiinl  Kuiliiijiis  (('iiniirs,  see  uliiive)  in  the 
.smith.  Still  iiiinliier  very  iiiipnrtnnl  iriniip.  in 
Inihiliiii;  Cenlriil  linliii  iiiiil  iiiljiieenl  purls  nf 
Ori.ssu  uiiil  Keiii^iil,  is  kiinwii  ns  (lie  KnlnriMii 
I'.iinily.  This  inehnles  ilie  SmiiIIimI  lrilles^see 
Heni^iil  mill  t'hhnt.'i  Niiupuri,  the  Knis  nfCen 
li'.'il  liiilia.  Mini  nihil'  less  Unnwn  liilies  This 
KiiJMriMn  f.'iniily  is  siippnseil  niiee  In  liMVe  neeu 
pieil  the  tillesl  pnilinn  nf  the  (lMiii;es  viilley. 
imif  II  iln/.eii  I'eiiluries  liefnre  Chrisi  Mini  hnw 
niiu'li  lon^'i'i'  liel'nre  lli.it  time  iin  niie  kiinwH. 
Nlimenilis  Miitlipiilies  in  Itehtii  lire  Mill  llniteil  In 
them.  Itilt  llii'ii  einpii'e  fell  liel'nre  Ihe  miIvmiic 
iiiir  .Vrymis,  mihI  llie\  were  puslieil  up  inin  llie 
llii;lllMilils  nf  ('eiui.ij  liiiliMllhe  Viiiilhyii  hills), 
where  lliey  liMVe  siiiee  inuile  their  linine,  iiimIii- 
tMiniii!^'  their  nwii  ehiefliiinships,  mnl  slill  InnU 
iM!>:  nil  their  lliinlii  neii^hhnis  w  itii  jeMlmisy  miiiI 
dislike,  ms  Ihe  pnssessnrs  nf  soil  wliiehniiee  w.'is 
theirs.  The  Illiils,  it  very  well  kiinwii  Irilie  in 
Western  Iniliii,  liMJpiitMiiM.  miuI  Ker.ir.  Mie  prnli 
ilhly  nriy;in!illy  nf  ivnlMriMii  nriu'in.  llinuuh  they 
liMve  iinl  letiiineil  llie  hinu'iiM!;!'  Cnsi  Ihink.s 
Hint  the  KniMriiins  were  first  mi  the  m-niinil. 
Ilml  Ihe  DiMviiliiiiis  entereil  liiiliu  frniii  Ihe 
llnrlliwest  mill  neeupieii  pnrlinns  of  the  eniiii- 
Iry,  mill  tliiil  Mniiie  Iweiily  eetitnries  liefnre 
Ciirlsl  Ihe  .ViVMiis  emiie  iliiwii  iipnii  hiilli;  lint, 
thill   the   Diiiviiliiiiis  iilrcMily  hail  a  innic  peiiee- 


fiil  form  nf  eivili/.Mlinn.  wliieli  miulelliem  innni 
snseeptilile  In  .VryMiiiiilhienees,  sn  iIimI  I  hey  eniil- 
eseeil  lMii;ely  willi  llie  .Vryaiis.  thus  tiiviiii:  risi- 
In  the  !;ieMt  Iliinlii  liiies  nf  Smith  liiiliM.  he 
Inn^ini;  tn  the  l)rMviiliMiifMiiiily ,  w  hile  the  w  ililer 
Kills  lieeliiii'il  In  yielil.  Mini  weie  simply  fnieeil 
liMi'k  lipnii  Ihe  mminliiiiis.  .\s  In  niimliers.  Ihe 
SmiiImIs  nre  lhmiL\lll  tn  numlier  .'ilinut  1 .0(MI.(HK). 
the  (Jmiils  nver  l.,"ilM).IM10.  Ihe  KnU  Mlinilt 
l.lltO.lKK).  Miiny  nf  the  siiiMller  liilies  IimM'  ii 
very  iinenviMlile  lepnlMtinn  ms  prnfesseil  thieves 
Mini  liMiiilils;  Mini  it  is  finm  llii'se  liilies  tliMl  in 
fnriner  limes  llie  i;iiiiirs  nf  iljienils  iiinl  llini^s 
thiit  preyeil  mi  linliMii  lih'  were  reeriiileil.  hnr 
iiiu  lute  yi'Mis  the  Dnulish  (invei  iimeiit  has 
smiulil  In  turn  these  trilie.s  frnm  their  \  inleiit 
Mini  erimin.il  niellmils  nf  life  In  iiinie  nnlerlv 
Mini  pi'MeefiiJ  pursuits.  These  elTnrls  have  !il 
reiiil.N  met  wilh  .'in  eiienurMuiinj:  ili'uree  of  sue- 
eess,  Miiil  pnimise  slill  liiiiier  resulis  in  thi-  fu- 
Inre. 

The  reliilinns  nf  Ihe  .VryMiis  (lliiiiliislln  Ihe 
eiirlier  inhMhitMiits  nf  linlia  hiive  lieeii  tilri'Mily 
siMleil  The  .\ryans  themselves,  eiileriiijr  In 
iHm  snine  I  weiilv  eenturies  liefnie  (lirist.  i;imi1- 
inilly  exieiiileil  llii'inselves  llrsl  ihrnuirh  the 
valli'N  nf  the  (iMiiues,  llieii  iiitii  Smithern  linlia. 
They  liMve  left  liehiinl  them  iin  written  hislnry. 
Itut  Iliiulii  prinees  nf  varimis  iMinilies  fnninleil 
ilyiiMslies  Mini  riileil  nver  re.'iliiis  nf  i;ri'aler  nr 
less  evient,  iinlil  Iliey  were  in  turn  leiliieeil  tn 
snhmissiiin  liy  the  .MnliMimneilMiis  These 
lleree  iinii  relentless  ennipiernrs  eniereil  linlia 
thiiinicli  llie  sMiiie  iinrlhw  eslerii  tlnnr  ms  llinse 
Willi  liMil  preeeileil  llieiii.  The  year  llhll)  \.i>. 
iniiy  lie  taken  ms  markini;  Mpprnvimnlely  their 
liisl  appeai'Miiee  in  MiinliisiMn.  Mahiniiiiil, 
Kiiiu:  111  ()lia/,ni.  a  city  in  .VI'i;h.'iiiistMn.  was  the 
tii'st  Miihamnieilan  leinler  In  iiinlertake  the  enii 
ipiest  nf  linlia.  lie  iiiaile  Iwelve  I'vpeilitinns 
into  the  eminliy  the  tirsi  a  few  yeiirs  tiefurt^ 
tile  approviniate  ilale  iiliiivc  j;iveii.  .Mnliam- 
iiii'iImii  pnwer  slnwly  yrew;  line  ily nasty  after 
annlher  eoiilimieil  the  work  nf  iiiviisinii.  iiii 
til  lirsl  Ihe  I'linjiih.  then  Ihe  (hinires  valley. 
mill  Ml  last  111!  nf  IniliM  was  reilueeil  In  Mnslein 
sway,  tlimigh  the  ennnliy  was  never  Iniu;  Ml 
peine.  Ueliellinns  were  ennslanlly  keeping  llie 
lanil  ill  lurmiiil,  leadcil  soinelimes  liy  an  iiin 
liilious  Miiliiinimeilan  upstart,  snineiiiues  hy  a 
lllndii  wlins"  liinlis  wen'  pdled  liy  theelmins 
nf  Mnslein  rule.  In  the  middle  nf  the  seveli- 
leeiith  eentury,  a  Miiratha  ehieftain  iiained 
SivMJi  llhniish'  eniisnliilMled  inIn  ii  Inriniil.'ilile 
Jinwer  the  slreiii;th  nf  the  MaralliM  raee  (si'e 
MMrMtliMs).  Mild  liiMile  >;i'eMt  inm.ids  iipiiii  Ihe 
piiHernf  Ihe  MnhiimineilMns.  They  overinn  all 
liniiM.  I'Mi  lied  ilesniMlinii  \\ln'rever  Iliey  went, 
Mild  eslalilished  ilyniislies  nf  MmimIIim  hniises 
linlli  in  N'nrlh  and  Smith  India.  Miit  llieir 
power  was  lirnki'ii  at  the  liatlle  nf  I'.'iniiipMt, 
near  Delhi,  in  lilll.  when  they  eoiilended  nil 
siiceessfidly  duaiiist  mi  army  led  liy  Alimeil 
Shah  nf  .\fnliaiiislMii. 

The  I'^nuli'-ll  iMine  In  India  very  early  in  the 
seventeenth  eentiiiy  tlist  as  merelmnts  in  a 
Hiiiall  and  hiiinlile  way.  Their  inereMlitile  nii 
eratinns  were  eninlneled  hy  the  Ki\n[  India 
('nmpaiiy,  wlinse  ni  ii^inal  elmrler  wussijrned  liy 
tjileeii  l'',li/.Mhetli.  iieiir  the  elnse  nf  her  reiirn. 
l.iltle  liy  little  their  pnwer  mid  the  senpe  nf 
their  inllneiiee  extern  led  itself.  KslalilishmentM, 
nr  •  pnsideiieies,  "  defended  liy  fnrtsmnl  ariiiie\ 
iiiider  the  eiimniMnd  nf  this  enmpmiy  of  mer- 
eliaiils,  were  plaeed  at    Madra.s,  at  Caleullii,  ul 


fi  ^H 


:,!  l 


uii'AJii 


1 


INDIA 


453 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


Bombay.  From  !he»e  p<'>iDt«  \he  authority  of 
tlip  Coiiipiiny  silfiitly  but  sieailily  ^ew.  Wlicn 
the  Manilluts  ft-ll  in  1761.  the  hjts\i>U  vvcre  ul- 
rciidy  stroll;;  fiiouirh  to  sirp  into  the  flist  phuT 
of  power  in  Ilindii.stan  :  in  fa«-t.  the  tiue>iion  of 
English  suprenuur  in  Ben:;a].  and  by  cnuse- 
qui'iH'c  in  Iniliii,  hnil  been  M-ltleri  at  the  Iiatllc 
of  I'liissey.  near  CHicutta.  in  1757.  when  t'live 
(icfciilcd  llif  tnK)psof  Sunij-ucl-I>aula,  the  Mfi- 
hiiinincilan  ruler  of  lienpil.  Fn*ni  the^^- small 
l)(';.nnniii<:s.  auil  along  a  path  prx>viilentially 
prci>iin(l  for  them  by  the  fall  of  the  Maratlias, 
the  only  native  nifx-ca|Kible  of  offering: an  elTee 
tiial  I'csistance.  the  K:i>t  Imlia  <'om|>:iny  pro- 
ceeded to  its  n\anifest  destiny  of  alisorbin:;  and 
ruliiiir — not  as  merehants.  t>ut  as  fonqiierors 
and  princes— the  whole  of  India.  When  the 
great  iiuitiny  of  1h.j7  burst  uprtn  India — a  move- 
ment fomented  among  the  native  tn>o|>s  in  the 
employ  of  the  ('onuwny,  awl  used  by  cerlain 
ilispossesseil  heirs  of  olil  Indian  princes  in  the 
hope  of  deslroyin'/  the  En<fli>h  supm-nuuv,  and 
reirMinin;;  tin;  IonI  control  of  their  own  land  — 
Eimlisli  power  for  a  moment  trejnble'l  ;  hut  the 
result  of  the  mutiny  was  merely  the  transfer  of 
Ihe  supreme  power  in  Iwiia  fn>tn  the  hands  of 
the  Kast  Imlia  <'omi<iny  to  the  diret-t  control 
of  the  British  rrown  »d<I  Parliament. 

.More  and  ni.)re  have  the  En:rli-h  rulers  of 
India  rcali/.ed  that  fhey  h.tve  a  duly  and  mission 
to  perform  in  that  land.  Tliey  luive  iriiverned 
the  idiiniiy  with  a  -tern  and  ri:ron>ii«  justice, 
with  a  henevolfnt  and  (otemal  des|ioti»m.  If 
they  have  not  always  lieen  roneilL-itorv-  towards 
the  nativis,  jvnd  have  faile<l  larsely  in  winninir 
the  l<ive  of  the  subject  rae-es.  ihey  have  al«:iys 
been  respected  for  their  jusliti*  ami  intejrrily. 
mill  their  rule  has  l)een  prize«!  for  the  sr<H<d  or- 
der, the  iK-ace,  the  pp»i|i*-rity.  whi'h  they  have 
jliveii  to  the  couiitrj-.  Tliey  have  en<-our:iL'<-<l 
and  fostered  e<iur-;ition  ;  they  have  established 
jiost-ollices  post-n>ad<,  railnmU.  teleirniplis ; 
thevhave  <levelo|M^I  .i^rieulture,  manufactures, 
luid  coinnierce ;  they  have  prt>v*|Ml  hospitals 
and  medical  tr(-atment  fi»r  the  <list-a.«ed,  and 
have  fed  the  muliitiide^t  in  time  of  famine. 

Missionary  work  in  India  i*  carried  <in  under 
tlie  stronir  protection  r»f  a  soveniment  which, 
wholly  neutral  in  n-li;noa«  matter*,  undertakes 
to  assure  to  everj  one  n-licrioiis  lilierty.  and  to 
protect  all  in  the  exercise  of  it.  The  lietails  of 
the  missionary  history  of  Imlia  must  he  soiiirht 
under  the  titles  treatinir  of  the  s«-veral  districts. 
rices,  missionary  s«»eieti*s.  etc..  in  India.  Here 
it  sutlices  to  s:iy!  tliat  the  Ilan«s'  have  the  honor 
of  l)e;rinninir  the  work  of  Prr>te-»ant  missions  in 
this  great  land.  BartholonM-w  Zie<renl>ali;  and 
llenry  I'liitsehau  were  sent  out  in  ITtlo. 
from"Denni:irk  to  Tninquehar.  in  SMith  India, 
and  were  thus  the  pione«"rs  of  theirreal  mission- 
nry  host  in  India;  but  it  i*  »>oly  tituf  the  year 
1H(X) — since  the  !rn-al  revival  <»f  missionary  en - 
thusiiisin  in  the  IVot«-stani  ••hurclH'^  <if  Euntpe 
and  Amerii'a.  since  the  effe«-t';ial  <|uieting  and 
si'Itlinir  of  the  land  by  Ihe  s«rr>ni  han<l  of  Eng- 
lish power,  and  since  by  art  of  Parliament 
(1814)  evangelistic  f>p«-ratiofi«  were  leg!ili/.<-<l  in 
India— that  the  work  of  mtmions  ha*  Ijet-n  prose- 
cuted in  India  with  anvihlng  like  vigor  and 
success. 

liKliaiiN,  .\inrriean.— The  name  given 
to  the  aboriginal  inhabitant.*  of  the  Western 
Continent    by  Colunibu»  aiid    his  successors, 


nri.sing  from  the  stijiposed  fact  Hint  lliey  had 
landed  on  the  easlern  shores  of  liidiii. 

Ot'iffitl. — No  positive  knowledge  has  us  yet 
iK'eii  olitained  regiirditiglhe  origin  of  the  Indian. 
There  can  no  longer  he  any  douhl  that  they  are 
the  aliorigines  of  their  counlrv,  and  that  Ihe 
niound-lmildcrs  were  the  progenitors  of  Ihe  ex- 
isting races.  The  (xlensive  researches  of  llift 
last  tifteeii  years  prove  that  many  of  the  tiioiinds 
have  heeii  constructed  within  liisloric  liiiie,  and 
used  lpy  the  aiK'cslors  of  the  iiresenl  Indian 
tribes.  From  thousands  of  these  mounds  have 
beiii  taken  the  industrial  inipleiiients  and  works 
of  art  of  the  builders.  Tliese  have  been  care- 
fully compared  with  similar  inipleiiicnts  and 
works  of  art  of  the  iiiodcrn  Indians,  and  found 
to  correspond  exactly,  .\gain,  in  other  inouiids, 
supi)o.se(l  to  have  been  most  ancient,  are  f(iiin(l 
artich's  of  Kuropeaii  woikmansliip,  obtained  by 
the  mound-builder  from  the  early  explorer. 
Says  Major  Powell;  "  No  fragment  of  evidence 
n'lnains  to  support  the  llgniiiil  of  theory  that 
there  was  an  ;iiicielil  race  of  iiioiiiid-buildcrs  su- 
jxrior  in  culture  totlic  Norib  American  Indian." 
Similar  research  proves  that  llie  pueblos,  the 
clill-dwcllini;s,  the  cr.'iler-villagcs  of  ( 'alifornia, 
Nevada,  Utah,  Colorado,  New  .Mexico,  and  Ari- 
zona, together  with  Ihe  c;ivale  dwellings  of  ihe 
Tewaii  .Moiiiilaiiis,  are  the  work  of  the  early 
Indi.ins.  .M.iiiy  of  llieni  formerly  considered 
very  ancient  are  found  to  have  been' built  within 
till'  last  lliri'e  luimlrcd  years. 

The  study  of  the  niyllis  and  tradilioiis  of  the 
Indian,  beyond  itroviiig  liini  to  lie  the  original 
occupant  of  the  land,  gives  us  but  little  liglit. 

Ilislor^'  |)roves  iiolhing  as  to  his  origin. 
Says  Schoolcraft:  "They  broke  olf  from  tlii^ 
human  race  before  history  had  dipped  her  pen 
in  ink  or  lifted  her  graver  on  stone."  Herodo- 
tus also  is  silent.  The  cuiieiforni  iiml  Nilotic 
inscriptions,  the  oldest  in  the  world,  make  no 
mention  of  such  a  people.  The  Indian  stock  is 
still  more  ancient.  Their  language,  their  relig- 
ion, their  life,— all  that  is  ])ecii!iar  to  them, — de- 
note this. 

Without  elironologv,  without  letters,  without, 
arts,  facts  regarding  their  origin  are  wantiiii: 
Their  languages  and  dialects  are  moreanciriit 
than  those  of  Home  !iiid  (ireei'e.  Their  ruins 
(late  back  to  williin  tive  hundred  years  of  the 
foundation  of  Babylon.  They  niiist  biive  sipa- 
riiteil  themselves  from  the  great  human  family 
Ix'fore  the  close  of  the  Stone  Age.  Beyond 
this,  in  detertnining  Hie  original  lioiiu'  of  the 
Indian,  risear<li  has  never  irone,  !md  probably 
will  never  go. 

.\inoiig  the  traditions  retained  by  the  Indian 
are  those  coiiceriiing  the  arrival  of  the  Kiiro- 
IM'ans  in  the  land  of  ilnir  forefathers,  and  some; 
even  point  to  the  localities.  The  .MohicaiiM  tell 
the  storvof  Hudson's  voyage  up  the  riviT  which 
bears  his  iiaiiie.  .Mgoinpiin  legends  tell  tis  of 
Cartier's  visit  to  the  SI.  Lawrence  in  l.JiM. 
The  Iroipiois  have  the  tradition  of  a  wreck  on 
their  coast,  the  founding  of  .a  little  colony  by 
the  shipwrecked  people,  iind  later  its  desiruc- 
tioii  by  the  Indians.  Without  ih^ubt  this  wrts 
the  tirsi  Virginia  colony,  in  \r>HH. 

I'liilofI  NiaU'N. 

I'ofnilfifinti  avtl  SfafisfJrs.—Thv  pres- 
ent Indian  population  of  the  United  States,  ex- 
clusive of  Alaska,  is  350,000.  They  are  dis- 
tributed us  followa: 


IN 


md 


vet 


iIk- 


tlif. 


rks 


ind 
111(1 


ind 


lice 
lint 


the 


\ii- 


irly 
rcil 
liin 

the 
nal 
t. 

L'in. 
ili(> 
pen 


lltIC 


k  i.i 


(iiit. 


lent 


llllt 

tlll^ 

Illy 


tell 
icli 

(if 
i34. 

on 

I'y 


iVrts 


rcs- 
ox- 
lis- 


lA: 


,11 :. ;  '. 

til 

IK     * 
'  Jul'  11 

^ 


INDIANS,  AIABRIOAN 


453 


INDIANS,  AISERICAN 


III  the  Iniliuii  Territors',  70,381;  in  the  Diiko- 
tii.s,  a'J,.")ti8;  in  Arizonii,  "13,'JOl,  Culifi)niiii,  Vi, 
C;W;  Miuliinaii,  7,4-J.S;  Muiituiiu,  f,»,371;  Ne 
liriisUa,  ;(,t!;)7:  Nevada,  H,17,-),  New  Mexico, 
a!»,;WJ;  New  Voik,  .j.00.j;  Wiisiiiuiitoii,  'J.'.KiH. 
Wisconsin,  7,!)t4;  Idiilio,  :5,903;  ()re.u;on,  4,.")!):3, 
Uliili,  3,'i(il)— toliil,  339,881.  Tlic  remainiriiic 
3(),0()0  aT(!  scattered  tiiiouf;ii  tlie  Western  Stales 
ami  Ti'ifiioi'ii^s  on  small  rescrvuiioiis. 

Of  the  iibove  3.')(l,(tOO,  96,000  me.  wholly  or  in 
jiait,  ill  citizens' (liess;  33,000  can  read;  3ti,000 
siieaii  the  Eniilish  lanjjiiairc  well  enoii;;h  t'oi- 
ordinarv  conversation;  IT. 000  live  in  lionses. 
10,S,;iS!i;4()it  acres  of  land  in  tlie  L'liilcd  States 
is  Indian  Ucservalion.  In  188!l  ;!.)0,000  acres 
were  ciiliivaied  l)j'  iIh!  Indians;  ,i  000, (X)U  bush- 
els of  grain  were  raised. 

Tile  total  cost  to  tlie  government  of  the  In- 
dians, in  tlie  year  188!),  was  .•j!.'),81 1,140.  This 
does  not  include  the  expenditure  hy  the  Ariuj- 
Dcpaitiiient.  The  jiresent  liahilitics  of  the 
United  States,  under  treaty  .stipulation  to  the  In- 
dians are  !isl;5,31."),000.  ta.st  year  tin;  govern- 
inenl  furni.slied  the  Indians  in  rations  ii.'i.OOO,- 
000  Ihs.  of  beef,  8,000.00!)  Ilis.  of  Hour,  !)01,tM)0 
lbs.  of  bacon,  933,000  lbs.  of  sugar,  517,000 
lbs.  of  corn,  405,000  lbs.  of  colTce. 

It  is  almost  a  universal  lielicf  that  the  Indian 
is  dying  out.  Recent  research,  however,  lias 
dcmonsirated  beyond  (piestioii  that  the  Indian 
population  of  our  country  has  (•(Ttainly  held  its 
own,  .and  by  many  is  thought  to  have  increased. 
While  solium  of  the  smaller  tribes  of  New  Kng- 
I.ind  have  undergone  tlii' |)ioccss  of  annihilation 
!Uid  amalgamation  with  llic  while  population  so 
as  almost  to  lose  their  tvilial  idciilily,  yet  the 
Indians,  as  a  |icople,  are  not  thus  disappc.iring. 
Tlic  record  of  single  tribes  empha^i/es  this. 

The  I  'lierokce  tribe,  being  the  oldest  of  which 
we  have  aulhcniic  record,  is  an  illustration.  In 
1H(I!),  by  special  act  of  Congress,  a  census  of 
this  people  was  taken,  anil  founil  to  be  13,39.5. 
In  IS.'.")  Drake  esliinates  them  at  l:{,59;i.  (lal- 
latin,  in  18;!l),  on  authority  of  the  Indian  De- 
partment, reports  the  C'herokiu-  ixipulalion  at 
15,000.  Passing  over  forty  years,  wi?  tind  in 
18(13,  according  to  a  report  of  the  Indian  Coin- 
niissioner,  tliev  have  increa.sed  to  31,073.  In 
1884  the  popiilation  liad  reached  34,100.  This 
shows  a  i;ain  in  seveiitv-live  years  (1809  to  1884) 
of  l;{.70.'),  jiiid  in  forty-eight  years  (I83(i-1884) 
of  11.000.  To  the  above  increase  should  be 
added  the  4.000  which  perished  in  the  removal 
of  18;{8.  with  regard  to  which  Cominissioner 
Iloyt  says  (Iiiilian  Ueiiort.  1S77):  "Knforced 
expatriation  has  probalily  dont!  more  to  retard 
the  inerea.sc  of  the  Indian  iiopulation  than  war, 
pestilence,  or  famine,  perhaps  more  than  all 
combined.  .  .  .  From  the  time  they  (the  Cher- 
okees]  were  gathered  into  camps  by  the  United 
States  troops  in  .M.-iy,  1838,  till  the"  la-st  detach- 
iiKMit  reached  the  Arkansas  ('ountry,  which  was 
about  ten  inonlhs,  a  careful  estimate  shows  that 
not  less  tkiin  4.000  or  4,.')00  were  removed  by 
de.itli,  there  being,  on  an  average,  from  thirteen 
to  tifteeii  deaths  per  day  for  ilie  whole  pcriixl 
out  of  a  population  of  lt),000,  or  one  fourth  of 
the  whole  number." 

Th(^  Navajo  tribe  are  commonly  reported  to 
haviMloubled  their  population  in  tifteeii  years. 
Oovernmeiit  reports  show  the  following:  popula- 
tion ill  187;i,  9,114;  population  in  1888,  is, 000. 

Willi  regard  to  the  increase  among  the  .Sioux, 
Dr.  Stephen  U.  Riggs,  after  forty  years  of  .ser- 
vice among  them,  say»:  "At  various  tiiue-s  iu 


the  progress  of  our  mission  work  we  have  kept 
life  tables  for  a  single  Indian  village,  and  always 
with  the  result  that  the  births  somewhat  ex- 
ceeded the  deaths."  And  in  reply  to  the  ques- 
tion, "Is  the  Iiidi.in  dying  out?'  answered- 
"  No,  sir;  I  do  not  think  that  the  facts  which 
are  before  us  at  all  justify  the  iK-lief  that  the 
Indians  are  iii'ccssi,:ilv  a  vanishing  rac-e."  RifV 
.1.  I*.  Williamson.  D.D.,  after  a  lifelong  work 
among  the  Dakotas,  estimates  that  thej-  have 
imiciised  tiO  per  cent  in  forty  years. 

If  we  turn  from  single  tribes  to  the  qiiestioa 
of  the  increase  of  tin-  indi.-in  people  as  a  whole, 
we  liiid  that  the  total  number  of  births  for  live 
years  (187:J-lsTS|  is  13,930;  the  total  nuiulK-r  of 
de;Ulis  for  the  same  years,  10,30(5;  making  a 
clear  iiain  of  3.014.  For  the  next  five  vearg 
(1879-^iss4)  the  total  niimlxT  of  binhs  is  17',.587; 
the  total  number  of  deaths,  14,783;  .showing  au 
increase  of  3,80.5,  or  in  ten  years  of  5,419. 

Again,  this  gain  in  population  is  not,  as  many 
suppose,  merely  the  natiinil  result  which  comes 
from  the  decrease  of  mortality  among  the  infants 
and  small  children.  While  the  agency  phv.si- 
cian,  a  better  knowledge  of  (he  laws  of  health, 
better  homes,  clothing,  and  food,  will  in  jxirt 
explain  this  increase,  yet  the  fact  .still  remains 
that  tlie  .actual  birth-rale  is  also  incrcsi-sinir.  The 
total  of  births,  1874,  was  3,1.53;  iu  18.84  it  had 
iiicita-ed  to  4,751. 

JMif/ioii.— The  Indian  believes  in  a  grcsit 
power,  or  soul,  or  spirit,  which  inhabits  an<l 
animates  everything.  To  it  he  constantly  ap- 
ixals.  He  recogiii/es  it  in  the  sun,  the  earth, 
thunder,  lightning,  clouds,  wind,  ami  the  ani- 
mals about  him;  iu  short,  this  Greiit  Spirit 
inanife>ts  himself  in  ever}'  possible  form  in 
iiatui'e,  animate  and  in.'iiiimate.  Each  tribe  has 
its  own  varalioii  of  this  fundamental  belief,  and 
has  constructed  a  mythology  of  its  own. 

They  believe,  generally,  in  a  deluge  that 
covered  the  earth,  drowning  mankind,  with  the 
exception  of  ii  limited  number.  'Iliey  Ijelieve 
lirinly  in  a  future  state,  and  have  wrtain  con- 
fuseii  idi'as  of  rewards  and  punLshments  here- 
after. They  erect  no  temples  or  places  of  wor- 
shiji.  Their  worship  consists  prineiiwlly  ia 
sacrifice  and  supplication,  which  are  eng:iged 
in  wherever  and  whenever  circumstances  may 
determine. 

Missions,  Rtrly  Munionn. — In  1.526  Pam- 
phihisde  Narvaez.  a  Spanish  explorer,  set  out 
to  coiKpier  Florida.  Accompanied  by  a  number 
of  Franciscan  monks,  he  landefi  at  Pensacola 
Bay  April  iGia,  152S.  Disheartened  by  the  ex- 
posure, sutTi'iing,  and  toil  of  a  few  months,  thev 
turned  bad:,  and  on  reaching  the  coa.st  biiift 
frail  boiits.  in  which  they  attempteil  to  reach 
Mexico.  The  boat  containing  the  missionaries 
was  wrecked,  and  although  no  lives  were  then 
lost,  they  re.ached  laud  only  to  perish  later  on 
from  starvation,  sickness,  or  at  the  hands  of  the 
natives.  Little  is  known  of  the  work  done  by 
the.se  missionaries  beyond  the  fact  that  no 
regular,  organized  niissiim  w.is  established. 

Ill  1.539  Father  M.ark.  a  Spani>h  monk,  at- 
tempted to  reach  the  Zunis,  but  owing  to  their 
hostility,  he  sue<-eeded  only  in  planting  a  large 
cross  on  the  hill  which  comniand<-<l  the  Zuni 
city  of  ( 'ibola.  Neither  in  this  nor  in  any  of  his 
succeeding  expeditions  did  Father  )[ark  estab- 
lish ;i  iMMinaiient  mission. 

Of  the  inis-sionaries  who  went  out  with  De 
Soto's  expedition,  every  one  perished  before  the 
remnant  of  the  company  reached  the  coast,  and 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


454 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


m: 


ni)  iiicnlicin  is  aiiywliorc  iiiiule  of  an  attempt  to 
found  It  mission. 

In  loi.'ia  Doniinicaii  Fathor,  Louis  Cancer  dc 
Hiiiliastro,  oltlaincil  a  vcssi'l,  and  with  Ihiir  as- 
sociates |)ro<ccdcii  to  tin-  coast  of  Florida,  land- 
inir  near  TaiTijia  Hay.  where  lie  and  two  of  his 
associates  were  murdered  and  the  expedition 
was  aliandoncd. 

\Moiher  mission  to  Florida  was  attempted  hy 
a  number  of  Dominicans,  sliipwre<'ked  on  the 
coast:  hut,  like  the  precedins;  ellorts,  this  also 
ended  in  sulTerinj,' and  death  for  thetidveiUurous 
inissidiiaiies.  From  lotiti  to  loTi)  some  French 
Jesuits  sustained  a  mission  near  the  present  site 
of  St.  Auiiustine. 

The  lirst  successful  mission  to  the  United 
Stales  Indians  was  planted  at  St.  Auirusliii!', 
in  15711,  hy  the  Spanish  Franciscans.  This  mis- 
sion  continued  iwitil  17(>:S,  and  h:id  durin>;  this 
timelwenty-tivestaiions,eiirlity-one  missionaries, 
and  over  si.\  hunilred  converis,  In  1597  these 
Fianci.scan  monks  made  the  second  successful  at- 
tempt to  estahlisli  a  lU'rinaiu'iU  mission  in  New 
^le.xico.  Thirty  years  later,  this  mission  re- 
ported twenty  seven  new  missions,  .several  larjro 
churches,  ten  convents,  thousands  of  Indians 
haptized,  and  over  einht  thousand  C(Uiverts  to 
Christianity.  So  r!i))id  had  been  the  ])ioj;ress 
amoiiir  these  missions  on  the  Hio  (Jrande,  that 
large  numbers  of  tlie  Indians  could  read  and 
write  hefore  the  Puritans  had  be.irun  missionary 
work  upon  the  shores  of  New  England. 

Hetweeii  1717  and  lMii3  twenty  Franciscan 
missionaries  lahored  among  the  Indians  of 
Texas. 

In  17t)9  Father  .Tuniiiero  Sena,  a  Franciscan 
monk  and  a  native  of  the  Island  of  Ma.jorca, 
founded  a  mission  at  San  Diego,  California. 
Many  of  his  associates  died  during  the  tirst 
months  of  hanlshi|i.  A  mission  at  Monterey 
was  founded.  1770.  hy  the  same  missionaries. 
Previous  to  Sena's  death,  in  17S4,  nine  missions 
had  heen  founded  along  this  coast,  and  during 
the  twenty  years  following,  ten  other  missi(nis 
were  esiablished,  thus  occupying  the  entire  coast- 
line from  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego.  The 
nineteen  stations  weie  separated  from  one  an- 
other only  by  an  easy  day's  journey.  Into  these 
missions,  whose  weidth  had  growti  to  an  almost 
incredible  degree,  were  .iratliered  over  twenty 
thousmd  Indi.'ins  who  led  regular  and  indus- 
trious lives.  \[  the  time  of  tlu'  revolutionary 
troubles  in  Spain  jmd  IMc.xico,  and  the  seculari- 
zation law,  estahlislied  in  California,  the  income 
of  the  missions  from  ahroad  began  to  fall  off, 
iind  had  it  not  been  for  iheir  internal  sources  of 
revenue  thev  must  have  come  to  I)ankrui>tcy 
and  ruin.  In  1840  the  missions  had  been  re- 
duced from  •.iO.OOil  to  0,0111)  Indians,  and  the 
wealth  had  dwindled  in  proiiortion.  owingto  the 
(■liaotic  condition  of  the  governiiu'iil  and  the 
dishonesty  of  the  administrators  of  government 
in  ( 'alifornia. 

Kaiii.v  Kum.w  Catjiomc  Missions  in  tiii-; 
Wkst  — In  Kill  two  French  Jesuits,  Father 
Charles  I{aymbaul  with  Father  Isaac  Jogues, 
were  sent  to  visit  the  Chiiiliewas  on  the  (treat 
Lakes.  Starting  from  Saiilt  St.  M;irie,  for  seven- 
teen days  they  sailed  westward,  when,  upon 
landing,  thej-  were  met  hy  two  thousand  ('hip- 
po was.  who  gave  them  a  hearty  welcome. 
Only  a  short  visit  was  made  jit  this  time,  the 
intention  heing  to  return  soon  and  establish  a 
mis.sion.  The  d'ath  of  Haynihaiit  and  tlie  ne- 
ces.sity  of  F.-ither   Jogues  remaining  with  the 


Iliirons  prevented  this.    Fifteen  years  later,  a 

llotilla  of  Otiawas  appeared  upon  the  St.  I.jiw- 
reiiee,  seeking  a  French  alliance  and  asking  for 
French  inissioinirics.  Two  uiissiuuaries started 
back  with  the  expedition,  but  the  party  was 
attacked  by  an  Iroquois  war-iwrty,  and  the  niis- 
sioinu-ies.  one  of  them  mortally  wounded,  were 
forsiiken  by  the  Otiawas  and  caplnreil  by  the 
Irotpiois.  Four  j'ears  later  another  tlotilla 
ciune  down  the  river,  and  again  the  request  for 
missionaries  was  urgently  made.  Father  liene 
Menard,  although  then  an  aged  man,  answered 
this  call,  and  in  August.  1060.  started  for  the 
West.  Once  he  was  abandoned  by  the  Indians 
and  left  to  starve  on  Iheslioiesof  tlie  lake  :  but 
relenting  later,  they  returned  and  conveyed 
him  to  the  home  of  their  tribe,  w  here,  one  hun- 
dred miles  west  of  Saidt  St.  .Marie,  near 
Kneweenaw,  living  in  a  nii-senible  hut  dug  out 
from  under  a  hollow  tree,  he  iK-giin  his  work. 
Later,  driven  out  of  this  by  an  angry  chief,  he 
was  obliged  to  nuike  his  home  in  a  little  c:d>in 
built  out  of  til-tree  branches  Here  he  sin-nt 
his  lirst  winter.  The  following  summer,  while 
attem|iting  to  reach  a  village  of  llurons.  lefu- 
gees  from  the  old  Huron  mission,  he  eiiher  was 
iiiurdcred  by  hostile  Indians,  or  wa.s  lost  in  the 
forest  and  died  of  exjiosurc. 

In  1(504  Claude  Allouez  went  to  Montreal, 
then  the  frontier  post  on  the  river,  intending  to 
return  with  the  Ottawa  llotilla  to  the  niis.siou 
left  vacant  by  the  death  of  Menard;  but  liiid- 
ing  the  flotilla  already  gone,  ho  wa.s  detained 
there  one  year,  and  then,  reachiDg  the  shores 
of  Lake  Superior  on  the  first  of  September. 
I<i05,  entered  into  the  work  to  which  were 
given  the  ne.xt  thirty  years  of  his  life.  During 
the  first  winter  but  little  was  accomplished. 
One  convert  to  the  faith  was  made  and  a  few 
infants  were  baptized.  E.xtending  his  laltors, 
he  visited  the  Tionontates  and  the  Saulteurs  at 
Sault  St.  Marie,  and  the  Nipissings  on  Lake 
Alimpegon.  After  two  years  of  labor,  Ailouez 
returned  to  (Quebec  to  rej>ort  to  his  Superior 
the  condition  of  the  mi.s.sion.  Staying  only- 
two  days  at  (Juebec.  he  starte<l  u|>on  tlie  return 
trip  tiiking  with  him  Father  Louis  Nicholas  as 
an  assistant.  During  that  fall  and  winter  they 
preached  to  twenty-tive  different  trilx-s  and  re- 
ceived into  the  faith  by  baptism  eighty  con- 
verts.  In  the  spring  of  1»J68  the  celebrated 
Father  Mar([uette  left  (Juelx-c,  in  company  with 
Father  Le  lioesme,  to  join  the  Ottawa  mis-sion. 
In  lG(i!>  Allouez  ag.ain  visited  Quebec,  anil 
upon  his  return  brought  with  him  Father 
Claudius  Dablon,  who  hail  be«'n  appointed 
Superior  of  these  western  nii.Svsion«.  A  new 
mission  was  started  on  the  south  shore  of  the 
Falls  of  St.  Marie,  and  Dablon  remained  at  this 
mission.  Maniuette  went  to  the  mission  until 
now  occupied  by  Allouez,  at  La|ioiute,  and 
there  spent  the  winter,  studying  with  an  Illi- 
nois captive  the  dialect  of  his  trilie.  AUi'uez 
proceeiled  to  (.Jreen  Hay,  where  he  fouudetl  the 
mission  of  St.  Francis  Xavier.  and  spent  the 
winter  and  spring  in  ministering  to  the  needs 
of  the  Sac  and  Fo.\,  the  Pottawatjimies  and  the 
Wiimebagoes.  Later,  he  a.seended  the  Fox 
Hiv(  ■,  visiting  a  portion  of  that  tribe,  and  in 
the  early  summer  he  went  to  the  Monoiuonees 
111'  then  to  the  Winnebagoes. 

.  poll  receiving  word  at  Queliec  of  this  great 
and  open  field,  two  new  mi.s.sionaries  were  sent 
out  in  1()70,— Father  Andre,  who  wa«  placed 
in  charge  of  the  Ottawa  tribes  on  the  islands 


i     i, 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 

Hiiil  slioi'cs  of  Ijiikf  Huron,  mid  FiiIIkt  Driiil- 
k'to'S,  who  wfiit  to  llif  work  at  Siiuli  St.  Miirii-. 

In  llif  ineiinliinc  M,ii(|iictlc  liad  oiuiicd 
('oniiuiiiiicalion  with  tin-  iSiniix,  liiit  war  liaviiii; 
bcfii  diclarcd  IrMwi'imi  tlieiii  and  tlif  Unrons 
and  (Itlauas.  work  in  llial  dirttlioii  was  uivi/n 
op.  In  1071  .Maniuultc  fstal)li>lied  llic  nii^-ion 
of  ^SI.  I>;natinAj,  among  ilit-  lliirous,  at  Micliili- 
mackiiiai;. 

Dnrinj;  tliis  yi'ar  I)a1)lon  was  rwalled  to 
(Jncticc.  to  bi'ioun'  Superior  of  all  tlit-  Canada 
mission,  and  Father  Henry  Xouvei  was  sent 
to  tile  \vesl  lo  till  l)is  place. 

During'  tlie  year  1(57','  many  of  the  Ottawas 
set  I  led  at  .Manpiette's  mission,  tlie  ehiircli  heinj; 
l)hu((i  at  ahout  an  eipial  dislaliee  iK'Iween  tlie 
Otiawas  and  tlie  llurons.  Durinjr  the  s-ime 
year  Father  Allouez  preaehed  to  the  Illinois. 
Kikapoos,  Mascouteiis,  .Mianiis,  and  Weas.  At 
Saiill  St.  .Marie  a  little  ehiinh  was  org;ini/.ed 
and  chapel  erected,  the  latter  lieinir,  two  years 
later,  de.stroyed  by  tire.  After  the  depailuru 
of  .Marquelle  from  .Mackinaw,  under  Ids  sui'- 
eessor,  a  church  w.as  erected,  Iicfore  the  altar 
of  which  the  bones  of  the  !.':  at  explorer  and 
founder  of  this  mission  are  b..;ied. 

For  tlie  next  twenty  years  ,, tile  of  impor- 
t.ince  took  place  anioiujf  the  .Jesuit  missions  of 
llie  .Norlliwesl.  In  17IH)  the  mission  al  .Mueki- 
naw  w.i>  ab.uidoned. 

Ch.irlevoix,  the  historian,  jrives  tis  .some  nc- 
couiil  of  these  missions  in  17»1.  The  Mack- 
inaw nussion  had  been  reopened.  The  mis. 
sioMs  at  Sault  St.  Marie  iiini  Green  Bay  were 
still  in  e.\istence.  In  17t5.">  only  two  .Jesuit 
missionaries  are  left  in  the  Northwest,  and  these 
are  both  stationed  at.  .Macldnaw.  Upon  their 
death,  in  1781.  the  .Jesuit  mission  work  in  the 
Northwest  came  to  a  close.  It  had  been  the 
fond  hope  of  the  .Jesuit  fathers  for  many  years 
lo  e.xicnd  their  work  to  the  Dakota  or  Siou.v 
liibes,  but  lor  various  reji.soiis  this  they  were 
never  able  lo  do.  In  lliSll.  while  Father  Hen 
nepin  was  ascendiiii;  the  .Missis-ippi  on  a  V(n- 
aue  of  e.vploraiion,  he  was  captured  by  a  band 
of  roviiiir  Siou.x  and  for  several  months  re- 
mained a  <'aplive  amoni;  them,  aeiiuirinir  some- 
thing of  their  laiiguaL.''e.  bul  !iCComplisliing  little 
as  a  missionary.  Other  attempts  were  made 
later,  but  the  .Jesuits  never  succeeded  ill  plant- 
ing a  mission  among  this  people. 

Following  thes<'  cITorts  of  the  mis.sionaric.s 
came  the  war  of  I'onliac,  and  this  in  turn 
was  followed  by  the  Kevolntioii.  and  this  again 
by  luiollicr  long  Indian  war;  so  that  for  half  a 
ceiilury  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest  were  en- 
gaged in  war,  and  ultimately  not  only  the  mis- 
sions, bul  many  of  tin'  results  of  tlieir  wurk, 
were  oblitcnited. 

Ivvui.v  .MissioNAitv  WoitK  IX  Xkw  Exo- 
i.A.sit. — The  i'rolesiant  Church  began  its  luis- 
sioiiary  work  in  New  Kngland  on  the  island  of 
.Martha's  \iiu-yard  in  l(i4:!.  about  twenty-two 
\ears  afii-r  tin-  landiiiir  at  Flymoulh.  In  HUl 
Thoinas  .Meyhew.  Sr. ,  while  in  Kiiirland.  ob- 
lained  a  grant  of  Martha's  Viney;ird  and  the 
neighboring  islands.  In  \M'i  he  >iiit  his  ^m, 
Tliuiuiis.  iIk'ii  a  young  man  of  twenty-one  years 
of  .c'c.  to  lake  pos>ession.  followiiu:  him  a  few 
inonlhs  Inter.  I'pon  his  arrival  he  lM><aiiie 
both  piiicnice  anil  governor  of  the  islands. 
Soon  .ifler  this  the  settlers  calknl  Thonias  Mey- 
hew, .Jr.,  to  be  their  minister.  His  KiiLdi'^li 
congreg.it ion  being  small  and  demanding  <mly 
a  portion  of  his  time,  he  extended  his  work  to 


4.M 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


the  Indians  nroiind  biin.  xvlio  then  niiinborod 
seveRil  thoiLsands.  Aci|uuinting  himself  with 
the  Indians,  then  mastering  tlieir  language,  he 
thus  established  a  successtiil  mission. 

The  tir-t  convert  among  the  New  England 
Indians  was  Hiacoomes.  who  placed  himself 
under  .Mr.  .Meyhew's  insLruction  for  (me  year, 
tnen  becoming  a  teacher,  and  later  a  preacher, 
to  his  own  [leople.  In  lti.5t»  iiiimbers  of  these 
natives  had  aliaiidoiied  their  heathen  beliefji 
and  accepted Chrislianily.  In  K'mI  .Mr.  Meyhew 
reported  I'.MI  conversions.  On  .J;inuary  lllh, 
KmI.  .Mr.  Meyhew  established  the  tirsi' school 
in  New  England  for  the  instriiclion  of  Indian 
chilrlien.  In  (►clolnr.  1<>.V2,  tlw  first  native 
church  was  organized,  with  "iH'J  mi'iiibers,  .Mr. 
Meyhew  liaving  |)reparcd  for  tlii-  a  covenant  in 
their  own  language.  In  ltM7  .Mr.  .Meyhew, 
while  on  his  way  t"  England  to  secure  aid  for 
his  work,  wa.s  lost  at  si-a.  After  the  de.ath  of 
his  son,  Governor  -Meyhew,  although  seventy 
yeai-s  of  age,  Iiegan  the  study  of  the  Indian  lan- 
giiaire,  anil  carried  on  the  mission.  At  least 
once  a  week  he  pri-julied  :it  some  of  their 
)ilantations.  "He  spared  liim-elf  no  iKiins  in 
doing  his  work,  often  walking  twenty  miles 
through  the  wihkIs  in  order  to  preach  or  visit 
these  Indians."  Assisted  by  his  native  con- 
verts, within  a  few  ye.ars  he  was  enabled  to 
take  the  go.spel  lo  the  Indians  of  the  west  end 
of  the  islaml,  and  also  lo  Nanlncket.  In  1()U4 
a  temporary  relief  came  to  Governor  Meyhew 
in  the  arrival  i,>f  Hev.  .John  Cotton,  who,  "hav- 
ing attained  a  know  ledge  of  the  Indian  tongue," 
ill  addition  to  hi-  work  a.s  p.astor  of  the  .settle- 
ment at  the  ea.st  end  of  the  island,  also  preached 
to  the  natives.  After  three  years  of  service 
here  he  removed  to  Hlyinoiiih,  in  iesi>onse  to 
repeated  calls  from  that  chinch. 

In  l»>70the  first  Indian  church  witli  native 
pastor  was  organized.  At  this  time  the  adult 
Christians  on  the  island  numb<'red  afioiit  3. 000. 
Although  the  church  now  Iiad  its  own  pastor. 
Governor -Meyhew  <-oniinue<l  to  preach  until  his 
death,  in  the  ninety-tiiird  year  of  his  age. 

Previous  to  the  de:ilh  of  Governor  .Meyhew, 
liis grandson.  .John,  became associaieil  with  him 
ill  the  niis>ionarv  work.  hU  vilary  being  i'4  |ier 
year,  an<i  continued  in  it  until  his  death.  Febru- 
ary 3d,  Itl'O*.  being  then  followed  by  his  .son, 
Experience,  who  continued  to  ]ireacii  to  ihi^ 
people  for  thirly-lwo  years.  In  I7tJ(l  Experi- 
ence .Meyhew  translated  into  the  vernacular  the 
BiMik  of  P.sidms,  and  followed  this  by  the  Gos- 
pel of  .John. 

While  the  Meyhews  were  at  work  in  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  missionary  work  had  been  be- 
gun in  E.istern  .Mas^achii-etts  by  .John  Eliot, 
"  the  apostle  to  the  Indians."  in  iti4(i.  He  was 
at  this  time  jKisior  of  the  church  at  Hoxbury, 
and  had  for  two  years  ln-eii  enir.agi'd  in  the 
study  of  the  Indi.-m  language.  His  lirst  visit 
to  the  ludi.-ins  tiHik  place  in  October,  ,'uid  his 
lirst  preaching  .service  was  :it  what  was  ;ifter- 
wards  known  as  Nonaiitiim.  on  the  iHirders  of 
the  pic-^'iit  towns  of  Newton  and  Watcrtown. 
His  M'coiid  jireachinir  station  was  at  Nepoiisitt, 
within  the  bounds  of  Dorchester.  Early  in  his 
woik  Eliot  framed  two  cateelii-ms  in  the  In- 
dian tongue,  which  became  the  basis  of  his  in- 
struction. Under  Eliot  the  Christian  Indians 
were  gjithered  into  towns,  where  schools  were 
located  and  the  industries  of  civilization  taught. 
These  were  kiiuwii  jis  "  pniying  Indian  towns," 
.and    were    governetl    by    native    magistrates 


;• 


W 


,    \H\ 


1  I 
I 


i  ^ 


i* 


.  -  J. 


h  ■  ! 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


406 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


.'■:l    1 


choRi'ii  liv  llic  people.  The  tirsi  wns  loriitcil 
at  Niilick,  Mass.,;  the  secDiul,  I'akeinill,  at 
SStDiigliliiii  (ill  tliis  town  .loliii  Kliot,  .Ir.,  be- 
gan his  woiki;  the  third,  llH.ssaiianiesil,  at 
Grafton;  llie  tnurth,  Oknniniakainesil,  at  .Marl- 
boro'; the  lit'lh,  Wainesil,  at  TewksbuiT;  the 
.sixtli,  Nasbobah,  al  l.iltlet(Mi;  the  .scveiilb, 
Ma.n'iinka(iiioLr,  at  llopkiiitoii.  There  were  be- 
siihs  these  seven  other  towns,  which  were  called 
"  the  new  pravinir  towns."  These  were  orjraiL- 
i/.ed  belwceii  KiTd  and  ItiTli.  The  tirst,  Alun- 
chaije,  was  built  iipon  liie  present  site  of 
Oxford;  the  second,  ('habanakonukonimi,  of 
Dudley;  the  third,  Maaiiexil,  was  the  norlheast 
]iart  of  the  present  Woodstock;  the  foiirlh, 
i^iianlisset,  the  sontheast  pari  of  Woodsloik; 
the  liflh,  Waliipiissil,  the  .soiithw<'sl  part  of 
■NVoodslock;  the  sixih,  I'akachoog,  pjirlly  in 
Worcester  and  partly  in  Ward;  the  .seventh, 
Waeiinliii:,  is  now  txbridi^e.  In  1074  tliei(^ 
were  in  these  towns  two  clmrcbus  and  1,150 
flmreb  inembers. 

Ill  Hurt  Kiiiif  I'hilip's  War  broke  out.  Tliis 
was  the  last  .<;rcat  siriigirk'  of  the  native  tribes- 
of  New  Eniriand  against  the  race  of  foreigners 
who  were  gnidually,  but  surely,  crowding  tliein 
out  of  the  land  of  their  fathers.  Thclb'sl  warn- 
ing received  by  the  colonists  of  this  outbreak 
caiiip  from  the  Christian  Indians,  who  began  at 
once  to  build  forts  for  the  protection  of  their 
tow  lis,  which  stood  as  a  breastwork  between  the 
English  settlements  and  Ivin.sr  I'hilip's  warriors. 
Early  in  the  war  a  levy  of  on-'  third  of  all  the 
tight  ing  nun  in  the  towns  was  lade,  and  <|uickly 
n'sponded  to.  The  service  reiidereil  by  these 
Indians  was  invaluable  to  the  colonists.  With 
their  knowledge  of  Indian  wuifare,  of  Indian 
languaiie,  and  as  scouts,  they  iirotected  the  colo- 
nies of  the  whites  111, my  times  from  surprise 
anil  niassacrc.  Notw  ilhstandiiig  all  this,  the 
w  bites  made  no  distinction  belwi  en  the  Cbrisliiiii 
and  the  licaiheii  Indians;  and  so  intense  becime 
the  prejudice,  that  the  (.iovernor  and  Couneil  al 
Boston  is-ucd  an  order  disbanding  all  Chrislian 
Indians,  expelling  them  from  white  towns,  im- 
prisoning them  williin  live  of  their  own  towns, 
and  forbidding  them  lo  leave  Ibcsc  towns  on 
penallv  of  death.  Later,  a  reward  of  one  hun- 
dred 'lollars  was  olleied  for  every  Christian  In- 
dian killed,  if  tound  more  than  one  mile  from  bis 
town.  I'revented  from  hiinling,  not  allowed  lo 
gather  their  crops,  forbidden  to  work  or  buy 
food  in  while  towns,  they  were  reduced  to  great 
sulTcrin.sr,  and  starvation  seemed  to  face  them; 
and  yet  lliey  uttered  no  com|ilainl,  but  contin- 
ued steadfast  in  their  faith.  The  English  guard 
placed  in  these  towns  to  wi.,eli  Ihem  testitied 
that  they  "  behaved  themselves  both  religiously 
towaril  "()od,  and  respeelfully,  obedient l.y,  and 
faithfully  toward  Ihe  English."  About  this 
time  tiflt'cn  of  these  Indians  who  had  rendered 
the  colonists  most  faithful  service  as  sccuils,  and 
were  then  living  |ieacefully  in  their  own  towns, 
were  taken,  their  bands  bound  behind  them,  fas- 
tened together  by  ropes  round  their  nicks,  and 
were  niarchid  down  to  Hoston,  wlien^  they  were 
thrown  into  luisoii.  Finally,  tli(>y  were  ex|ielled 
entirely  from  their  towns  and  removed  to  Deer's 
Island,  where  hunger,  exposure,  (lud  disease 
rajiidly  reduced  their  numbers, 

The  great  work  of  Eliot's  life  was  the  transla- 
tion of  the  Bible  into  the  Inilian  vernacular.  In 
KiriS  he  completed  the  translation  of  the  Bfxik 
nf  I'salms,  ujioti  which  lie  bad  been  engaged. 
This  nud  the  catechism  were  printed  in  Cum- 


bridge  late  in  Ihe  same  year,  but  no  copy  is  now 
known  to  be  in  t  xisteiice.  In  l)e<eniiK'r,  KWiS, 
the  translation  of  the  whole  Bible  was  com- 
pletid.  .September  7th,  lUTdl,  the  •>'-•  «I"H'Is  of 
the  New  Teslameiil  were  put  in  I'  itein- 

berrilh,  llitil,  tbc|)riiilingof  the  .*  .iineiit 

was  complcled.     Two  yeai-s  la  iriiiting 

of  the  entire  liible  was  tinis'  .ing  the 

llrst  Bible  printed  on  the    '  roiitiiieiil. 

Seventeen   \ears  later  a  iii  i  was  called 

for,  which  was  begun  in  .id  eonipleled 

within  two  yeais. 

In  \1'M  the  Commissioners  for  the  Smlely  for 
the  I'ro|>agalioii  of  the  (Jospel  olTentl  fUKt  a 
year  for  the  siipjiort  of  a  inissionaiy  among  the 
llousalonnucks.  The  Bev.  .lolin  Sarirent  of 
Yale  College  accijited  the  iii>|M)intnient.  In 
October  of  the  same  year  the  Indians  erected  a 
log  and  bark  hous<',  which  was  to  lie  iis«'<l  for  u 
school  and  iiieeting  bouse.  lu  Novemlicr  he 
o|H:iied  liis  scIkhiI  with  twenty  seholars.  Fol- 
lowing Mr.  Sargent,  Mr.  Tiiiioiliy  Wliitconib 
came  lo  Ihe  mission  as  a  sch(M)lteachcr,  and 
I'ontinued  to  labor  there  after  the  death  of  Mr. 
Sargent.  In  171!")  tlic  .scIkkiI  bad  iiiereascil  to 
yri  scholars.  During  the  same  year  the  (Jeneral 
As.sembly  of  Massacbusetts  onlerttl  a  uvw  meet- 
ing-house built,  wliieh  should  be  30  ft  wide 
and  40  ft.  long.  This  also  scrvt-'l  for  a  school- 
house,  and  was  tirst  cccupii-d  in  NovenilxT, 
17!W.  In  17:!()  a  Mr.  Mollis  of  London  pledged 
the  supjiort  in  this  school  of  \'i  scholars,  and  a 
Mr.  Iloldcn  of  5  scholars,  at  an  annual  ex- 
|)ense  of  IflOO  ajiiice.  These  pledges  were  coii- 
timied  fora  nuiiibcr  of  years  In  17;{(i  .Mr.  Sar- 
.irent's  church  had  ot*  inembers.  ami  later  was 
iiuri\'ised  to  '2'){).  In  174:t  the  education  of  girls 
was  begun,  by  placin.i,''  them  in  while  fam- 
ilies; but  they  became  dis<oi;tented  and  re- 
turned to  their  lodges.  Later  they  asked  for  a 
second  trial,  and  wcie  iilways  n^ady  to  attend 
school.  .Mr  Sargent  never  thoroughly  mastered 
the  Indian  language.      Iledied  in  i74!(. 

In  1751  l!ev.  .bmatlian  Edwards,  haviuir  been 
dismissed  from  the  church  at  Northampton. 
acci'pled  the  double  ch.irge  of  pastor  of  the 
church  and  missionary  to  tlie  Indians  at  Stock- 
bridge.  Mis  birlbplacc  was  Old  Stockbridge. 
When  a  child  he  learned  the  Indian  language. 
"It  became.  "  be  said.  "  more  familiar  to  me 
than  my  mollier  longiic  "  and  when  called  back 
iis  a  missionary  he  "hatl  in  a  gn'at  degn-e  re- 
tained "  bis  skill.  .Ml.  Edwards's  .sidarv,  wlieii 
called,  was  tti  18s.  4d.  In  1:M.  !M1  Mohawks 
from  New  York  State  came  over  and  settled 
with  the  Chrislian  Imlians  at  St(H'kbridge,  and 
])Ut  their  children  into  the  w1iik)I.  In  IiTd 
olhers  from  the  Tu.scarora  and  Oneida  tribes 
also  came.  Hut  in  17.J4  the  sending  of  mission- 
iiries  into  New  Y'ork  stopped  lliis  emigrnlion, 
and  tli(!  school  was  clo.sed.  .V  few  of  the  Stink- 
bridg('  children  were  sent  to  Bethlehem.  Conn., 
and  several  of  them  completed  tlieir  studies  at 
Darlmoulli  College.  In  1758  Mr.  Edwartis  was 
called  lo  the  ]>residenev  of  Princeton  College, 
and  a  few  yi'ars  later  the  Stockbridge  Indians 
were  moved  lo  Oneida  County.  N.  Y  .,  whither 
the  Bev.  .lolin  Sargent,  son  of  their  first  nii.ssion- 
ary,  followed  them  .and  became  their  pastor. 

The  tirst  attempt  to  iireach  the  gospel  tn  the 
Indians  of  Connecticut  was  made  lfi57  by  John 
Eliot,  after  attending  a  council  at  Hartford 
Cros.sing  the  river,  lie  gathenti  the  Bodnnk.'i 
and  delivered  to  them  an  elmiiienl  sermon. 
When,  in  conclusion,  they  were  a»ked  if  they 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


4S7 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


w(;r<'  williiijr  loiicccpt  (  liriM,  llwr  answernlttn 
nliiilicully,  "  Ni>. "    riii'>  ilfrl.irnl  Uul  llw  Ku^' 
iisli  li:i(l  iiikcii  Ihcir  lan<l  ami  ii>>v%  wmihl  ni-tkc 
tlli'iii    sciviiiils.       No   ii|inT    :ittfiii|>'.    wx»  i-v«T 
in.iili'  Ici  ic:i(li  llicsc  Iiiili.-.iis. 

Four  yi'.MS  laliT,  Aliiaiialii  Pirrson.  Iiiini-4<T 
111  Uiiinroiil.  licLTiiii  |iriailiiiiir  ti>  iIh- IikILiii- of 
thai  iiiinhliiiilindil  ami  Wclln  r>tiflil.  Fi-ll-iwinj- 
Mr.  I'ici-<(rii  s  niiioval  ti>  Ni«  .Iit^v.  iiiin<-<'U 
years  lalci'.  Mr,  .lame-  Filrli.  |«i>ii>r  .>f  iln-  Kn:r 
lish  I'liurcli  al  Nuiw  iili.  iiiiitiT^tamliD:;  llie 
Indian  I(iiili;uc,  lif;.'an  wmk  armtn:;  I'm-  M<'lii- 
cans.  .M'icr  a  year  uC  W4>rk  thirty  nun  an'l 
women  lieiran  a  eivili/.cil  litV.  Kli<>(.  i>ri  hi-  iiiit- 
sionary  Imir,  in  Um).  loiiiiil  licit  Hlili  lu<l 
galliered  ulxiiil  liini  a  little  ehiin-h  of  fitHy 
iiienilxTs.  Ill  l(>7">,  I  lie  lireakiuir  ixil  ■•f  Kinii 
I'liilip's  war|iiil  an  end  lo  Ibe  work  berva*^]"**- 
wlieiH'. 

In  U;i;{  the  Siieiely  for  tlie  Pn»['e»snlKin  of 
tlie  (lo-|icl  in  New  Hnirlaiid  took  up  ih'- work 
l)i-oken  olV  l)y  Kiiii;  Philip's  war,  .•»»<!  «<-n» 
.Jonalhan  Maiheras  ndssionarv  to  llu"  Mofai<-aii^ 
union;,'  wiioni  he  tailored  until  tlit-  ^^-al  rrrival 
of  174^. 

In  lTt'2  the  Moravian  chiiri'h  l)e;ran  work 
ainoiii;  llie  Indians  of  wesicni  ( 'ontie«lic-ul.  e*- 
talplisiiinna  mission  al  Sharon.  'I'ri'ati.-ilunju^ly 
here,  the  Indians  <'niiirrated  to  IVnnsvIvania, 
foiindimi;  the  town  of  liethlelinn.  It'll  Ihe 
diniale  provini^  fatal.  tlii'_\  retiiriittl  !••  Il«-ir 
old  home,  where,  dcpriveil  of  their  oM  lt-ai»-h«-r. 
sick  and  diseouraiiiil.  they  fori;ot  their  rili^«n. 
sank  into  inlemperanee,  and  ntpiilly  wa>l«-<i 
iiway.  I'lie  irreal  revival  of  I742spn-ni|  aiutio:; 
the  Narra^'anst  lis,  Piipiols.  Mohicans,  and 
reached  the  wcslcrn  Nehantii's. 

In  ITi:!  Klea/.er  Whielock.  pcLstor  of  the 
He<'oiid  Con^rejiiiKonal  Church  in  f.»-fian«in.  I««>k 
iiilo  his  family  a  youna  Mohican,  n.iiiieil  Sciiii|»- 
soii  Ocenin,  who  was  convcTleil  iu  ihf  rvviva] 
of  ITll).  In  four  years  he  leariitil  !•»  -{■•ak. 
reail,  iukI  write  the  Knu^lish  'an^u.»^»?.  .in«l  1m<I 
l)ej;nii  the  study  of  Latin.  (Srcck.  ami  IK-hn-w. 
Ill  1T4M  he  lauiiht  school  in  Xew^  Lomloii.  Iu 
Che  latter  part  of  the  s.ime  year  he  lut-aine  a 
missionary  to  the  Montauk  Indians,  coaliniiins' 
thus  for  ten  years.  In  IT.V.)  he  w:i.s  onlainf-i]  !iy 
the  Sullolk  Preshytcry.  The  result  of  this  vi- 
peiiment  with  Oecuni  eiicoiiripil  Mr.  \Vht-«-- 
lock  to  start  an  Indian  school  at  I>-lian>>u  in 
1754.  The  war  of  1756  still  conttniiinir.  for 
some  time  pn^vented  any  l.arire  incr»nise-  of  this 
work.  In  the  fall  of"  17tj">  Occum  went  to 
Europe  to  raise  monej-  for  this  school.  By  the 
end  of  .lulv.  1767,  he  had  securwl  in  England 
A;7,00(I,  and  in  Scotland  t;{,i)»H).  As  a  result  of 
this  .success,  Mr  NVheelock's  schix^l  at  Lebanon 
was  trniislVrrcd  to  Hanover.  X.  II.,  where  it  was 
incorporated  as  Dartmouth  CoUeire. 

In  1774  (uily  l,:!0;i  Indians  were  left  in  Con- 
necticut. In  1800  not  more  than  40*)  remaintr^l, 
as  the  Mohicans  had  removed  with  Mr.  <Jccuai 
to  Oneida. 

liliode  Island. — Previous  to  King  Philip's 
war,  missionary  work  among  the  XamgM»*«r"il> 
was  attempted  by  a  Mr.  \V"i!lianw  of  Prorj- 
deiice,  with  liltle  success.  The  Xarraganiftt* 
8utl'ered  more  than  any  other  Iiidian-S  from  the 
war,  and  at  its  dose  their  grejitly  reduced 
iiuniber  were  in  a  condition  of  abj<?c{  |)»vi-ny. 
sickness,  and  wret<;lieiliies,s.  In  17;i»)  hanily 
1,000  Narrajrausetts  were  left.  In  1775.  sbey 
had  increased  to  1,500.  Iu  ISOO  only  5i<0  of 
them  remitined. 


Vermont. — Tiie  Indian.s  of  Vermont  were 
never  numerous.  Little  oi'  no  syslematie  or  or- 
i;.iiii/c<i  missionary  work  was  ever  alteiiipteil. 
l^i  IsiNl  MO  Inilians  remained  in  llii'  slate. 

For  the  history  ii(  the  earlv  inissiDiiaiy  work 
in  .>laine,  sec  the  .Miiiakis  .\lission  under  t'li- 
iiadian     Indians. 

Tlie  inissionaiT  work  among  these  Indi.ansup 
(o  llie  close  of  llie  Uevolnlioliary  war  had  been 
can  icd  on  eiilirely  by  llie  l'"rciicli  .Icsuils  and 
Heeollecis  from  (  aiiada.  I!y  llie  pi'aee  of  lTti;i 
Fraiii-e  siirreiiilcreil  Canada  to  llic  Knglish. 
The  l^nglisli  (Jovernnieiil,  while  i;uaranteeiiig 
1o  the  Canadian  the  frceil'im  and  liirhls  of  his 
church,  look  steps  lo  siipi)ress  the  .Icsiiils  and 
l{c<  (illicls.  A  few  yens  later  came  the  war  of 
the  K<'V(ilulioii,  and  the  .Minakis  Indians  of 
JIainc  sided  with  the  .\nierieaiis.  In  1775,  in 
answer  to  a  letter  from  Washinglon,  a  council 
of  ('hristi.an  .Minakis  met  the  council  of  Mas.sa- 
chusetts  at  Walerlown,  where,  among  other 
things,  the  Indiiins  asked  for  a  return  of  their 
French  |iriests.  Soon  after  this,  the  Penobscot 
and  .Micniac  Indians  of  JMuine  joined  the 
America  lis. 

Many  of  the  Abiiakis  and  Penobscot  Indians 
joined  the  American  army.  .After  the  close  of 
the  war,  Ihc  .Minakis  sent  to  the  Jesuits  at 
Baltimore  a  deputation  to  ask  for  a  missionary. 
Almul  1785  .Mr.  Ciipiaid,  of  St.  Snipicc.  ar- 
rived, and  for  ten  years  continued  lo  make  his 
residt'uce  at  Oldlown  and  to  ininislcr  to  the 
people.  Hev.  .lolin  Cheverus,  of  Hoston, 
visiltnl  them  each  year,  baptizing,  confessing, 
and  catechizing  them.  A  church  was  al.s<j 
erecttil. 

-Vbout  1800  Hev.  Air.  Uomagne  became  their 
missionary,  making  ids  home  al  Point  Pleasant, 
on  the  Passamaqiioddy,  and  for  nearly  twenty 
y<-;irs  had  the  care  of  these  Indians.  Hroken 
<iowii  in  health  from  harlsliip  , and  exposure,  he 
at  last  was  obliged  to  relnrii  Id  Fiance.  Father 
Charles  Ffrench,  llien  stationed  ul  Fastjiort,  oc- 
tiisionally  visit e,l  them. 

About  18;!5  an  unsuccessful  attempt  \fun 
made  by  a  Protestant  society  to  start  a  mission 
among  these  Indians. 

In  is31  the  Penobscot  Indians  again  had  a 
resident  niissionary,  Father  Deinilier.  A  new 
church  and  paisoiiage  had  been  built,  and  the 
logcaliinsof  the  Indians  replaced  by  painted 
c-ottagcs.  In  1843  Father  Deinilier  died,  and 
Ihesi-  Imiians  were  again  without  a  missionary 
until  1S48,  when  the  work  was  again  trans- 
ferred to  the  Jesuits,  and  Father  John  Bap.st 
was  s<'nt  lo  Oldlown.  since  which  time  tlie.se 
email  missions  have  been  under  the  care  of  thi.s 
sx^iety. 

Xew  Hanipsliire. — In  1800  there  were  no 
Indians  left  in  New  Hampshire.  Some  had  re- 
moved to  Canada,  but  many — the  larger  part — 
Lad  died. 

Xew  York. — For  many  years  it  had  been 
the  desire  of  the  French  Jesuits  eonnoeted  with 
the  Huron  mission  in  Canada  to  send  mission- 
aries to  the  Iroiiuois  people  of  Xew  York.  In 
1012  Father  Jogiies,  wliil(!  returning  from  a 
visit  to  (Quebec  with  his  Huron  guides,  was  led 
into  an  amliuscade  of  Mohawks.  The  Hiiron.s 
fled,  but  Father  Jogues  remained  and  minis- 
tered to  the  wounded  anil  dying.  The  Huron 
chief,  failing  to  lind  Father  jogues  among  those 
who  liad  escaped,  voluntarily  returned  and  was 
made  prisoner,  with  Father  Jogues,  his  assi.st- 
ant,   Reue    Gonlil,  and    a  brave   Frenchman, 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


458 


INDIANS,  AMDRICAN 


;i 


nmncd  ('(mliiif,  wlio  nlso  iifuscd  lo  dcscii  ilic 
Fiiilicr.  'riii'V  well'  liiUrii  1 1(1111  vill:ii:f  in  vil- 
liifli',  mid  wt'if  l.n'iiinil  ill  n  iiuisl  lidirililf  iimii- 
iicr,  until  III  liisl  111!  liul  l''alliii-  .loirui's  wcii' 
killed,  ilc  li'MrM('<l  llic  hiiiiiii.'i^ciincj,  !illlii>iii;ii 
a  slave,  did  siuii  cllcclivc  woik  lliiil.  wlicii 
icscucd  Mild  takiii  In  >i<w  Voik,  lie  iciMiiicd 
SL'Vciiiy  ciiiivi'i'ls  as  a  result  of  Ids  lalMii>. 

Ill  11)41  Fi'aiieis  .Iose|ili  IJressniii.  a  Freiieli 
Jesuit,  wliile  taking'  su|i|ili<'s  Id  ilie  Wtsleiii 
niissidii  slalioiis,  was  eaiilured  liy  llie  Inaiiiois 
luid,  like  Ids  ))i(Mleeess(ir,  l''alli(r  .kiirues,  was 
liuiiied  acKiss  It)  till'  .Mdliawk  Valley,  w  here  lie 
iilsi,  eiidiiied  the  must  linital  toi'tiires,  uiilil  at 
liisi  he  was  sold  to  the  Diitcli,  w  ho  seiil  Idiii  lo 
Europe 

In  nil")  the  Moliawks  asked  for  iieace  with 
the  Fieiiih.  and  also  desired  that  inissioniiries 
be  sent  to  them  In  Kill!  Father  .lojiues,  who 
had  reeoveied  froiii  Ids  wounds  and  sullVrinir, 
returned  to  Ids  W(.ik  anionic  thein.  War  hroke 
out  au:aiii.  and  he  was  a  second  time  made  cap- 
tive, taken  hack  to  (lie  scene  of  his  fcirmer  siif- 
ferinirs,  where  he  was  sulijecled,  if  possible, 
t'Veii  to  greater  torture  Ilian  liefore,  and  fliially 
pill  lo  dentil. 

In  .Inly,  It!."):},  peace  was  iigaiii  restored.  A 
inissionaiy  named  Le  Moyiie  made  a  journey 
from  tile  nioiith  of  the  Osweiro  to  the  town  of 
OiioiidauM,  and  thence  lo  I2"'''iee,  \viiei<'  he 
|)idclaimed  the  rei>nrled  peace  to  he  a  fact.  In 
l(i")4  a  chapel  was  built  at  UnoiKia','a,  and  llic 
mission  fully  eslalilished. 

No  sooner  liad  these  missionfirics  obtiiined  ii 
foolinir  al  ()iioiidaL''a,  than  liicy  beiraii  to  extend 
their  work.  In  \i'M  {''ather  .Menard  went  l<) 
lire  Cayiiiras,  and  Father  (hauiiioiiot  lo  the 
iScnecas,  and  later  bulh  united  in  work  anionic 
Ihe  Oiieidas.  \Var  airaiii  breakiiiL'  out ,  Ihey 
W(  re  obliu'ed  to  abandon  the  mi>sioiis  and 
llee  for  their  lives,  but  upon  Ihe  iiroclaination 
of  peace  returned  iiLrain  to  conlinue  their 
labors.  The  Mohawk  mission  was  continued 
until  1(581;  the  OiHUid.ajra  until  UUil;  ihu 
Oneida  until  11104;  ihe  Seneca  until  17<t!i;  Ihe 
Cayuga  uniil  1084. 

In  ITOO  Ihe  Earl  of  IJclmonl,  lb'  ;i  trovcr- 
iior  of  New  Vork,  made  a  rcixai  t"  the  I-ords 
of  Trade  and  Flantatiun.  in  l.c.idon,  slaling 
the  need  of  sendinir  ProlesiMii  missionaries 
of  the  Church  of  Knirlaiid.  to  work  iimom: 
the  Five  Niitions  of  New  Vork.  The  Lords 
))rescnied  this  rei)ort  to  l^ui'cn  Anne;  she  re- 
ferred it  to  till'  Arch'.jshop  of  Canterbury,  and 
he,  in  turn,  to  Ihe  t-ocictv  for  tlie  I'lop.ifation 
of  the  (Jiispel  in  ioreiun  I'aits.  I'nder  this  so- 
ciety, the  Ills'  I'rotesiant  mission  work  ainoiii; 
the  New  V.,i'U  Indians  was  undertaken.  In 
1704,si.v!y  ^earsafleithe  FreiK  h  Jesnils  planted 
their  'iiissions  at  ()nondai;a,  Ihis  sociely  sent 
out  Hev.  Mr.  ^Moore,  who  became  discourau''ed  at 
llie  end  of  a  year  and  abaiidoni'd  the  work. 
In  1Tb!)  four  lr<)(piois  chiefs  visited  Kiiirlaiid, 
and  riipiestcd  (Jueen  Anne  that  inis-ionarits 
itiiL'ht  be  sent  to  instruct  tlu'ir  people  in  Chris- 
tianity. The  i|iieen  approvini:.  the  Sociely  for 
Ihe  l'ropai.'atioii  of  the  (Josjiel  in  Foiciirn  I'arts 
again  sent  out  two  missionaries  and  two  school- 
masters, with  the  underslanding  that  each, 
upon  his  arrival,  should  be  fiirni.slicd  with 
ai.  interpreler.  Uev.  Mr.  Andrews,  the  first 
missionary  reached  Albany  in  171','.  Portions 
ol  the  Scriptures  were  at  once  Iranslatetl  in 
Mohawk,  and  schools  opened  This  mission 
continued    only    si.\    years,    closing    without 


having  met  Ihe  e.vpectiilions  of  its  founders. 
The  (  liiirch  of  {•jii.dand  niis>.ion  at  Albany 
conliiiiK  d  work  anion.'  th(>e  Indians,  ami  in 
KII")  marked  prog|•(«^  had  been  made.  In  IT  II 
llicii  missionary  repnrleil  in  the  Mohawk 
(•ounlry  ")(Hi  Indians,  settled  in  two  towns,  with 
.Vs  c(immunicaiits.  In  lT4;ilie  fiirthei  re|iort( d 
llial  only  two  or  lliree  of  llie  whole  tribe 
remained  unbapti/.ed.  King  (Jcoige's  war, 
1T44-1T4.'^,  seriously  intcilVred  with  these  mis- 
sions. In  1T41I  a  new  missionary  took  up  the 
Work  abandoned  during  Ihe  war.  Uev.  John 
Stuart,  the  In^t  missionary  previous  lo  the 
Uevoliilionary  war.  repoiud  ihal  the  whole 
nation  had  beiii  brought  over  lo  Chrisliaiiity, 
had  given  up  llic'  ro\ing  life,  were  cidtivaling 
their  land  and  hariiiiig  trades,  and  that  they 
were  "as  regular  and  virtuous  in  their  eoiulucl 
as  white  people." 

Ill  1T4U  Ilciiiy  Haucli.  Ihe  first  ^lonivian 
missionary  lo  the  Mew  York  Indians,  began 
work  al  Sheko-niko.  lie  was  bitterly  opposed 
by  the  while  people,  as  their  large  income  in 
irading  with  the  Indians  was  due  to  Ihe  ignor- 
ance of  the  latter.  In  proportion  to  the  success 
id'  Ihe  mission,  o|ipiisilion  increased.  Mission- 
aries and  Chrislian  Indians  were  arrested  upon 
absurd  and  biise  charges,  and  llie  work  of 
Hauch  and  his  co-laborers  was  obstructed  in 
every  possible  way. 

From  Ihis  mission,  work  siircad  lo  the  Mohi- 
cans of  Cinineclicut  and  .Massachusetts.  Many 
wire  converled,  and  their  lives  became  a  re- 
proach to  ihi  ir  while  neighbnrs. 

In  IT44  the  governor  of  New  York,  in- 
lluenced  by  white  opposition,  issued  orders 
"lliat  the  several  Moravian  and  vjigranl  teac.'i- 
ers  among  the  Indi.ans  of  New  ^'ork  should 
desist  from  fuilhcr  leaching  and  preaching 
lolhr  Indians,  and  depart  the  province."  This 
order  was  e.\eiul((l  by  the  sheiilV,  the  churcli 
:ind  school  being  foriiiiilly  closul  in  December 
of  the  same  year.  The  missionaries  returned 
to  liethlehi  in,  I'eiin.,  where,  a  year  later,  llieir 
conveilslled  from  Ihe  perseciilion  on  the  part 
of  llie  while  settlers. 

In  1TG5  Uev.  Sainual  Kirkland,  a  graduate 
of  Mr.  Wheelock's  •'  ,>Iorris  Imliiin  Charity 
School"  and  of  I'rincelon  College,  opened  a 
niis>i()n  among  llie  Scnecas,  lie  abandoned 
Ihis  work  al  Ihe  end  of  a  year,  to  ])lant  a  mis- 
sion anion;:  Ihe  ( >iui, las.  In  ITTO  this  mission 
wa--  pl.ici  il  under  the  care  of  'lie  London  Hoard 
of  Conopondeiuc  in  Hoslon.  With  their  aid, 
a  meeling-house,  school-hou.se,  saw-mill,  gri-l- 
nu'll,  and  blacksmilh's  shop  were  erei  led. 
I)niiikeiine>  i  was  almost  unknown,  .-ind  Ihe 
lieople  became  "sober,  regular,  industrious, 
praviiiLT  Indians." 

HeUvreii  ITOUand  1  TOO  the  Sociely  of  Friends 
did  .some  missionary  work  among  the  Oneidas; 
in  I80T,  among  "the  Brotherlons;  in  18".''.*, 
among  the  ( )nondagas. 

I'eiiiisylvania. — The  peace-policy  inauguiiiti  d 
by  William  I'enn.  and  the  lasting  friendship 
in  which  it  resulted  belweeii  his  followers  ;nid 
Ihe  Indians,  is  well  known,  and  conseipiently 
Ihe  siilTering,  torture,  and  dealli  conneclcd  w  iih 
the  esiablishmenl  of  so  many  missions  in  other 
stales  were  wauling  in  I'eniisylvaiiia. 

The  first  society  to  engage  in  work  among  the 
Indians  of  IVmisylvania  was  that  of  the  United 
Hrelhren.  or  Moravian  Churih.  In  1T40  they 
imrchased  the  site  and  began  the  seltl^ment  of 
nethlehem.    which    eventually    became    their 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


450 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


should 

Tliis 
lunch 
iiiber 
lined 
their 
pint 


riiiiils 

luid.'is; 

1«'.>, 

irati  il 
■ndsliip 

-  ;iih1 
iniiilly 


hi'.'idi|>i:ii'l<'r-<.  It  WHS  to  Ilcihlchcin  thai  Ihc 
|M  r^i  (Miii'd  iMoniviim  ndssiniimii's  lied  wlicii 
(•x|M  llnl  fniiii  New  Vmk,  mid  Inter  I  lie  .Mold- 
eMli  (i)liverls  si(ll;,'lll  i(  rilL'!'  ill  llie  siiliie  tiiwil. 
'I'lie-e  New  Vcirk  let'iiiries  Iniill  ;i  town  ;il) 
mill's  up  llie  LeIiiL'li  lilver,  Mild  ealled  >'  (iiiiul- 
(hliliiilteii  (Teiils  of  Ciriiee).  'I'lnie  l  .llsnlid 
sliop-^  u  ere  elected,  schools  opened,  :iliii  hi  1  M!t 
the  iiMlive  ('OiijjieL.'iitioii  liUMlliered  sevelid  liuil- 
drcd  people.  l-'ioiil  here  the  work  was  e.\- 
tenileil  to  (he  Meliiwiire  Nation,  and  a  illusion 
Sll  miles  ea-i  ol  (in,'idii<'iiliiitteii  had  only  liecn 
eslalilisiied  when  the  liicakinir  out  id'  the  l-'rench 
iind  Indian  war  teniiiiiated  all  work  miiuiiilt  the 
Delawares.  The  mission  at  Oiiaddi  liliiiltcii 
sutreied  alike  lioin  French  and  lMi;,;llsh  ;  the 
whole  villiiL'c  was  burned,  and  ID  of  ihe  C'liris- 
liaii  Indians  iiiiinlered. 

In  17')T  a  new  town  called  Nain  was  built  by 
these  Christian  liidl.iiis  near  iiellileheni.  There 
also  seliool-hoUM>,  ehaiiels,  iiiid  mills  wen; 
trected.  The  I'oullac  war,  in  ITIiH,  so  inlliinied 
the  whites  iiiraiiisl  (he  Indians  that  these  Chris- 
tian .Mohicans  once  more  lied  from  those  who 
nhould  naturally  have  been  their  proleelors. 
After  many  wiinderiii<:s.  amid  much  siiU'crinu; 
and  pcrscciilion,  iiiiother  town  was  built  near 
Susipiehaiina,  upon  a  larirerand  iiiore  attractive 
scale  liiaii  ever  before.  It  WLScalled  Krledcns- 
hiitten.  In  17T1  they  found  thai  th(^  titles  to 
llie  land  they  occupied  were  valueless,  and 
ajrain  they  were  obiiijed  to  ahuiidoli  the  work  of 
years,  and  moved  west,  into  Ohio, 

In  coiineclioii  with  the  settleiiieiit  at  Susiiue- 
lianna,  missionary  work  was  bei.nin  on  the  Alle- 
gheny River,  ainoiii;  the  Delawares,  but  was 
given  up  three  years  later  upon  the  removal  to 
Ohio. 

(ihio. — The  lirst  niissioimry  work  in  Ohio 
■was  done  by  the  .Mor.ivian  c.\iles  from  Pennsyl- 
vania, ill  17i~.  A  town  was  built  conlaiidiiir  a 
mission  house  and  (11)  dwclliiiirs,  besides  huts 
and  lodges,  and  was  named  Schonbriinn,  A 
second  town  w.is  located  eiirlit  miles  from 
Schonbrnim.  and  in  lT7(>u  third  wiis  laid  out. 
At  the  elos(>  of  177('>  these  villatri's  contained 
over  100  Christian  Indians.  Schools  were  rci;u- 
iaily  kept  up,  and  books  in  the  vernacular 
Were  rapidly  prepared.  The  ihilish  beiiiir  uii- 
siiecessful  "in  the  Kevoliilioiiaiy  War,  turned 
their  allies  airainst  these  scttleiiieiils,  and  in  the 
fall  of  17M1  the  Christian  Indians  were  removed 
by  force  to  the  banks  of  the  Sandusky  Uiver, 
ill  Northern  Ohio.  Faniiiu',  sickness,  and  suf- 
fcrinir  drove  some  of  them  buck  to  their  old 
towns,  where  they  were  iratheied  by  the  whites 
within  two  slaiiirhter-lioiiscs,  Ihe  men  in  one  and 
tliewonieii  in  the  other.  Here,  in  cold-blooded 
butchery,  over  !(0  of  these  iiinocciit  and  uiire- 
sistinir  Christian  Indians  ended  their  lives,  and 
with  them  perished  all  further  hope  of  Ihe 
Moravian  .Missions. 

l)iscourai;ed  by  the  terrible  fate  of  their  as- 
sociates, the  Christian  Indians  remainiiiij:  on 
the  Sandusky  removed  to  .Micliii.'aii,  then  to 
Canada,  11111!" in  178T  attempted  a  new  settle- 
ment on  Lake  Krie.  Finally  a  iieiniit  was 
jrranted  this  people  to  relurn  to  the  site  of  their 
birincr  home  at  (Jiiaddeiiliuilen,  where  u  town 
was  built,  named  Josluii,  with  a  church,  which 
in  lyOO  numbered  71  members. 

Georijia. — The  tirst  .society  to  do  mi.ssionary 
work  in  (leoririii  was  that  of  the  Moravians, 
who  in  17;io  built  a  school-house  for  the  cliil- 
dreu  of  the  Crete  Indians  liviiit;  on  an  island 


in  the  Savannah  Itiver,  7  miles  above  the 
town.  This  work  came  lo  a  sinidi  n  and  iiiiex- 
peeted  close  in  17-10.  ihe  neiuhlioiinj;  Span- 
iards ealliil  upon  the  .Moravians  to  lake  up 
arms  auaiiisl  the  Kii'.dMi.  Their  refusal  to  do 
this  inaile  their  (icoi^ia  home  so  unpleasant 
that  a  pall  of  Ihe  settlers  returned  lo  l'ciin-\  I- 
vaiiia  in  liiiH,  and  tlie  rest  In  17  In.  Willi  their 
departure  .Mmaviiin  missions  in  (ieoigia  ciiliiu 
to  a  close, 

linliiin  Mii'xionH  of  the  Nineteenth  CiiilHry. 

A.MKIIKAN    Ho.MII)   OK    C()MMISSIoSi;i!S    Koll 

FoUKlo.N  .Missions.— The  oldest  missionary 
society  having  ils  origin  in  I  hi'  I'niled  Stales 
is  the  American  Hoard  of  Cianniissioners  for 
Foreign  .Missions.  Ii  was  orgaiii/ed  at  IJrad- 
I'ord,  .Mass.,  .lime  'JDIli,  INIO,  and  held  ils  lirst 
annual  mceliiig  at  Kainiiiigtoii,  Conn.  Of  thu 
1,(100  missioiiaiies  that  it  has  siippurtt'd,  512 
have  been  sent  lo  the  Indians, 

The  Uev.  Cyrus  Kingsbury,  their  first  mis- 
sionary to  the  Indians,  weni  in  1815  to  the 
Cherokces  of  (icoigiii.  Kcachiiig  his  Held  lato 
in  the  fall,  he  received  a  cordial  welccine  from 
the  people,  whoal  once  expressed  a  wish  that 
schools  might  be  eslalilislud.  .Mr.  Kingsbury 
was  at  once  followed  by  .Messrs.  Hall  and 
Williams,  with  Iheir  wives,  and  soon  after  by 
others. 

Their  lirst  enleiiirise,  at  a  point  named  Hrnin- 
ard,  was  a  combination  of  mission,  boariliiig- 
sehool,  and  agi  ieiillural  college.  The  govern- 
nienl  eonlraclor  failing  to  erect  the  liiiildiinr, 
Ihe  missionaries,  with  native  help,  did  it  them- 
selves, and  ','()  young  Ciierokees  began  at  once  lo 
atlend  the  school.  The  fodowingyear  achiinh 
was  organ i/.ed  with  .")  menilieis.  in  lyiO  Fiesi- 
dent  .Monroe  visited  the  school,  and  ordered  11 
new  and  miieh  better  buililing  erected  at  gov- 
eriinu'iil  expense. 

In  1M18  this  board  planted  their  second  Indian 
mission,  which  was  among  the  Choclaws,  on 
the  Va/.oo  river,  four  hundred  miles  southwest 
of  IJraiiiard.  This  new  mission  they  called 
Kliol.  So  eager  Wfie  the  Choctaw  s  for  instruc- 
tion, that  ciglit  children  were  brought  iriie  hun- 
dred and  si.xty  miles  to  school.  In  the  fall  of 
that  year  the  Choetaws  gave  in  support  of  the 
school  !f700,  eighty  live  cows,  and  a  |iledge  of 
!fr)l)0  per  year.  The  next  year  I  hey  gave  ijili, 000 
towards  "the  school's  support,  saying,  "One 
thousand  children  of  our  nation  are  wailing 
and  looking  up  lo  lair  while  brothers  for  in- 
siruetion."  This  mission  sulTcred  constantly 
from  the  renegade  whites,  who  were  the  sworn 
enemies  of  the  missionaries. 

In  IS',',')  (ieorge  Guess  (or  Seiiuoyaln,  a  half- 
breed  Cherokee  about  lifty  years  old,  invented 
the  remarkable  Chcidkec  alphabet.  In  three 
or  fiMir  years  half  the  nation  iiaild  read.  In 
IH'iO  the  four  Gospels  were  Iraiislated,  and 
printing-presses  added  to  the  nii.ssion. 

In  18','(i  this  Moard  had  seven  mission  stations 
among  the  Cherokces  id'  Georgia,  ten  among 
the  Clioetaws  of  .Mississippi,  anil  one  among  the 
Clieiokees  of  Arkalisjis.  This  same  year  they 
received  from  the  Inited  ForciLHi  .Missionary 
lioai'il  their  missions  among  Ihe  following 
Irilies:  the  Osages  of  the  Neosho  or  Grand  river; 
the  Osages  of  .Missouri:  the  mi.xi'd  tribes  at 
MiU'kinaw;  the  Oll.iwiis  at  .Maiiniee;  the  Sene- 
cas  at  Allegheny;  CatlarMUgasand  Senecas,  and 
also  the  Tiiscaidias,  in  New  York.  This  year 
the  board  also  began  work  among  the  filock- 


» 


.11^ 


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h  !i 


If*' 


,.  If  ■■:■!,* 


u  « 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


400 


INDIANS,  AMBRIOAN 


a 


tirl(lf.'c  trilic.  lit  (irccn  lliiy,  wliiiscimccMlorslmil 
\m('Ii  ciiicd  for  li_v  .Idliii  tMili;(  III,  I'lrsi-lfiil  Kil 
Winds,  1111(1  (illniN,  ill  iMii«smliiis('(ls,  'riimii^rli 
III!  (heir  nimiviilN  i>l'  m  liiiiiilicd  vriirs,  tlicy  liiitl 
kcjil  iilivc  llii'ii'  cliiiicli  mill  scliiMil 

III  IN','7  ilir  ^Mlll(l^  III  (iri>r!.'iii  mi.!  Sdiiili 
Ciiniliim  l;iiii>ti'i'i(  (I  llirir  iiiU^iiPii  miiicpul;-  iIic 
("nit'kiiMiws  III  till'  liiiiiiil.  Ill  IMtO  liiill  till' 
('lii'i'iikK's  (iiiilil  ri'Mii,  iiiiil  tlii'V  hail  ilcvi'ii 
I'lilirclirs,  iiImi  si'liiiiils,  riiill'ts,  a  li'l^i-'liltlirc,  iMiil 

siiiiim'Mt  laws  iiL'iiiiist  iiiii  iiipi  riiiici'.  |)iiriiii: 
this  Millie  year  I  vMi  Iniiiiliiil  ami  tiliy  (  liiika- 
saws  had  iiiiilnl  with  thr  chiiich  iDiiMrctcd 
w  itil  ihi'  ;ilis,'i(iii.  ( )iic  liltli  nl  the  Slurkhi  IiIlts 
Well'  (luircli  iiirliilii  IS.  Al  Ihc  rinse  iil'  lliis 
year  three  Imiii  lis  nl'  all  the  eliiiii  li  itieiubeis  of 
the  missions  of  tiiis  lioaid  wi'ie  iiidiiiiis 

111  ISl'Mnmlile,  ioiii;-  thi-ealeiiiinr  the  (hero- 
kees,  liioke  oiil.  tJieidy  white  iiieli  wanted 
Iheif  land,  and  a  j;ieal  liody  of  these  people 
Wen- "  iiersiiaded  "  lo  iio  over  the  .Mississippi. 
Tlie  Cherokees,  l!ie  ('reeks,  llie  Choelaws,  uml 
the  Cliiekiisaws  were  "  irreally  iifriiiiled  and  dis- 
tressed" al  tiie  prospect  of  a  reinoval  from 
lands  giiaranleed  to  lliein  by  Irealy  wilii  tlie 
United  Slates,  iind  Ihe  missionaries  "slood  lie- 
tween  two  tires,"  the  Indians  lookintr  iiiion 
them  as  helon^ing  to  the  nice  who  iiiMile  the 
troiihle,  and  Ihe  i'niled  Stales  aiilhoiities  "  re- 
gardiiiLT  and  treating  them  with  suspicion  and 
severity."  The  missioniiries  tinally  lost  much 
of  their  inlliience  ovi'r  the  Indians,  and  were 
looked  upon  liy  them  lis  "treaty  men." 

Ill  l.^iJl  two  missionaries,  Kevs.  IJiiller  iiiid 
Worcester,  received  iiolillcation  of  a  law  of 
Geors:ia  reipiiiini;  all  white  men  on  (heiokei! 
land  to  take  tlie  oath  of  allc<<;iance  to  the  stale 
of  (Jcoririii.  Hemaiiiing  al  llieir  posts,  they  re- 
fused to  do  so,  claiiniiii;  their  riirhts  under  the 
Cunsiitution,  laws,  and  treaties  of  the  general 
(roverimient.  On  .March  U'lli  the  "(ieoifiia 
limird' nni'sted  three  of  the  missionaries  and 
took  them  before  the  County  Court,  where  they 
■were  released  on  the  irroiind  th.it  they  were 
iiireiits  of  llie  ireneral  pivernmeiit.  The  presi- 
dent of  the  L'liited  States  then  declared  them 
not,  to  lie  agents  of  the  general  piveiiiinent,  and 
tlie  Poslmaster  Ueneral,  to  assist  the  Geiiriria 
people,  removed  -Mr.  Worcester  from  the  otlleo 
of  poslmaster.  Airaiii  they  were  warned  to 
leave,  and,  refusin<r  to  do  so,  were,  with  a 
Methodist  niinistpr,  .Mr.  Troll,  and  a  Cherokee, 
named  Proetor,  arrested.  Mr.  Troll  and  Proc- 
tor were  chained  by  ihe  neck  to  a  wairoii  and 
niiule  to  march  in  this  way  for  two  days.  After 
eleven  days'  imprisonment  in  a  filthy  log  prison, 
Jlr.  Worcester  and  Mr.  Butler  were  .sentenced 
to  four  vears'  imprisonnieiit  at  hard  labor. 
The  President  (Andrew  Jackson)  was  appealed 
to  and,  throufiii  the  Secretary  of  War,  reiilied, 
refusinu:  to  interfere.  The  case  was  carried  to 
the  Supreme  Court,  and  Ihe  decision  of  the 
Georiria  Court  reversed  and  aniuilled.  and  the 
discharfre  of  the  prisoners  ordered.  The  Court 
of  Gcoriria  refused  to  obey,  and  Governor  Lump- 
kin refused  to  interfere.  For  lifleen  mouths 
]VIr.  IJiitler  and  ^Ir.  Worcester  lay  in  the  peni- 
tentiary, and  were  tinally  liberated. 

Within  eighleen  nionihs  after  their  release 
there  were  on  the  Cherokee  lands  more  wliitt? 
sciuatters  than  there  were  Indiiins.     'I'lie  jjeneral 

i government  refused  to  make  a  treaty  with  the 
ndiiins,  and  in  May,  1838,  the  State  troops 
began  taking  them  fmni  their  houses  and  gath- 
ering them  iu  canip.s.    In  August  the  removal 


of  Itl.OHO  Cherokees  began.  ■'Silk  and  well, 
old  Mien  and  infant'-,  nioihers  and  iiioiherH  to 
be"  were  forced  to  iiiiiich  on  ihroiich  the  cold 
winter  months.  The  sulVi  ring  was  lerrible,  the 
dcalli  late  fearful.  Fifteen  deiillis  a  day  wiih 
till  averiige.  and  -t.rtiiii  more  than  iiii.'-l'iiiirlh 
ot  Ihe  whole  nation-  perished  belorc  ihcy 
reaehed  their  weslern  home.  Vel  ihiough  all 
this  lerrible  oideiil  wilnisM's  teslify  that  "  tin- 
dcporlnienl  of  the  Chciiikees  was  wiirlliy  of  a 
(  III  i^liilll  people." 

In  IMMI  ihe  inissioii  to  the  ('hiekas4iws  wuM 
given  ii|i  ow  ing  to  the  incominLr  flood  of  w  liiies. 
The  (»s,'ige>  in  |s;(t;  made  il  unsafe  for  the  mis- 
sionarii's  to  icmiiin  among  them,  and  this  mis- 
sion w.'is  abaniloned. 

Ill  l.'^;!!  Samuel  W.  and  (iiileon  II.  Pond 
liuilt  their  loge.'diin  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Ciil- 
hoiiii.  .Minn.,  and  were  soon  afterwiird  engaged 
liv  the  lloiird  as  missioniiries  to  the  Dakota  or 
Sioux  nation,  a  )iowi'ifiil  tribe  of  Indians, 
nuinbering  from  forty  to  tiflv  llioiisaiid  persons, 
and  iKcupying  the  country  trom  Ihe  Mississippi 
to  the  HIack  Hills  and  from  Nebraska  to  thn 
Itiiiish  tine. 

In  IKI,-»  Hevs.  T.  S.  Williamson  and  J.  D. 
Stevens,  w  itii  a  farmer,  Alexander  lluggiiis,witli 
their  fiiiinlies.  were  commissioned  bv  the  Hoard 
as  missionaries  to  the  l>,'ikotMs.  'I'he  Stevens 
fiiinily  erc(  ted  mission  houses  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  lliirriit.  Dr.  Williamson  organi/.ed  a 
church  in  Fort  Snelling  garrison,  but  soon 
movdi  Iwd  hundred  miles  larthei  west  to  Luc 
(Jul  Parle.  Mere,  in  IMiT,  he  was  joined  by  Hcv. 
S.  H.  Higgs  and  wife.  The  result  of  tlie  tirst 
six  years' will  k  was  forty  nine  converts.  Mr. 
.loseph  Henville,  a  half  l''reneh  Indian  trader, 
gave  the  missionaiies  great  assistanee  in  aci|uir- 
iiig  the  languageand  lianslating  the  liiblc.  The 
liciiihiuarlersof  these  missionaries  being  removed 
to  Tiaverse  des  Sioux,  anil  later  back  again  to 
I.iicCJui  Parle,  they  Were  tinally  settled  at  Ila/el 
wood  iinlil  the  great  Indian  outbreak  of  IHIiv! 

The  imiiicdiate  causes  of  this  great  Siou.x  war 
were,  a  new  breach  of  jiromise  on  the  part  of 
the  I'niled  Stales  lioveinmenl,  tlie  spirit  of  war 
wafted  from  the  Southein  Hebellion.  and  the 
intluence  of  the  native  sorcerers,  who  eonviiui  d 
their  iieople  that  the  Indian  gods  were  siijierior 
to  the  white  man's  Deity.  Aftermost  barbaric 
(lestruction  of  life  anil  |>roperty,  within  a  few 
weeks  Iwilve  hundred  Inited  Slates  troops, 
under  (ieii.  Sibley,  dispersed  Ihe  Indians.  Of 
the  five  hundred  prisoners,  more  than  three 
hundred  were  condemned  to  be  hung  after  a 
hasty  trial  by  military  commission.  IJut  orders 
from  I'resident  Lincoln  retained  three  hundred 
and  thirty  in  prison  at  .Mankato.  The  while 
man's  God  had  triumphed  over  the  heiithen 
deities.  A  great  revival  followed.  Among  the 
JMankalo  prisoners  was  organi/.ed  the  "  Pilgrim 
Church,"  so  called  Iieeause  of  its  wanderin.L's, 
first  to  the  Davenport  imprisonment,  then  to 
Crow  Creek  on  the  Missouri  Hiver.  then  down 
toKiobrara,  and  to  the  final  abode  at  Siintee 
AgiMicy,  Is'eb.  This  church  has  ever  since  eon- 
tinued  to  be  the  foundation  of  the  work  among 
the  Dakotas. 

In  18H4  the  Dutch  Heformed  churrhes,  then 
doing  their  mission  work  ihroiigh  the  A.  H.  C. 
F.  M.,  reiiucsted  that  society  to  assume  direc- 
tion of  a  mi.s.sion  among  the  Indians  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  In  18;i.'i  a  Mr.  Parker  ami 
Marcus  Whitman.  M.D.,  under  protection  of 
the  American  Fur  Tr.idin;:  Co.,  went   out  a.s 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


401 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


fur  IP*  Onrii  Uivcr,  ii  liniiich  of  ilit' < 'olnnulo. 
At'hT  iiicflln^  the  liiiliiiiiN  anil  iiltliiiiiiii;;  vvlmt 
iiiroriiiiitiiin    lliry    cniilil    friiiii    iIum'    irullicrcd 
tliiic  fmiu  wcsi  (if  ilii'  tniiiiiitiiiii'',  Dr.  Wliii- 
iiiiiii  rfiiininl  I'Msi  iiiiiitikr  arniiip'iiii'iils  I'nr  tlic 
liK'iitiiin  of  II  iiiriniiiit'iit   inisijoii,  liriiii^iiii;  willi 
him  two  Nc/.  I'crcrs  IikIjuiih.     Mr.  I'lirkn- ron- 
liniit'tl    wfsiwMnl,  «v|i|ori'il    ihc   viilli'.v  of   llii- 
('oliiiiil)ia  Uivcr.  ami  ri'luiiuil  Uy  way  of  llic 
Sitiiilwiili  Isles  anil  Cape  lloiii      In   IHilil  Dr. 
Wliilnian.  willi  his  wile,  attain  slurleil  weslwaiil. 
iii'('nni|ianlei|  liy  licv.  II.  II.  S|iaiililiriL' ami  wife. 
.Mr.  \\ .  II.  tJiay,  an<l  ihe  two  Ne/,  I'etci's  whom 
lie  had  Inoiii'lii  eti-.)  wii  |i  him  Ihe  |ire(  eiliML'  fall, 
ami    ii.>w|s|ei|    hy  ihe  .Vmei  lean   I'Ur  (  o.      'I'lieir 
aiiival  in  ((ie.:on  w.i^  anliei|iaiec|  hy  .Ne/ I'enes 
liiili.'ilis,  who  joiirneyeil  several  ilnys  <'asi\\ari| 
III     meet     Ihem         III     N'oveinlier, "  |H;iT,     .Mr. 
S|iaiililiiiir    loeaieil    ilii     lli'si     mission    sialion 
iimiinLT   ihe   Ne/.    I'eni  •  at    La|nval;  ami  in  De- 
<'einlier    Dr.  Whilinaii   lieLr;iii   work  amiini;  Ihe 
Cayiises   at    Waiilalp.    six    miles   we^l    ol    ihe 
))risinl  lily  of  Walla  SViilla  and  mIioiiI  l.'iO  miles 
from  -Mr.  S|i;iiildini.'.     In  1h;W  ilie  niis-ion  loni,' 
Was  inereased  hy  Ihe  arrival  of  Kev    [•'.    Walker 
iind    wife,    Uiv.C    Kels   and   wife,    llev    .\.  II. 
Smiih.  and  .Mrs  (Jiay.     .Mr.  (iray  now  loeaieil 
with  Mr.  SpaiildiiiL.'.   .Mr.  Sniilh  spent  one  year 
with  Dr.  Wliilmaii  al  Waiilitp,  ami  llieii  opened 
a  new  sialion  at  Kamiali.  sixty  miles  fmni  Lap- 
wai,  anioMirIhe  Ne/  reries;  and  .Messrs.  Walker 
and  llels  lieiran  anoiher  station  ainoiifr  the  Spo- 
kaiiesiil  'rsliiniakain.  si\  miles  norlh  of  Spokane 
Uiver.     In  is:!?,  upon  i  he  openiiii,'  of  the  sihool 
III  Ltipwui.  one  hiindred  Indians  al  once  applied 
for  admission.     In  lH:t!)  one  hundred  and  tifly 
Indian  children  and  as  many  more  adiills  were 
In  alteiidanee  at   the  seliool.     Two  years  later 
over  •^,<HIU  Nez  I'erees  eoiifessed  their  sins  ami 
frave  evidenee  of  real  conversion.     They  some- 
limes  spent  whole  iiii:hts  in  repcatiinr  over  what 
they  hiid    heard   at    rt'li^riim.s  services.     While 
tra  veiling:  iiinoiiir  the  Cay  uses.  Dr.  Whit  man  and 
Mr.  S]iauldini;  were  followed  hy  Imndreds  of 
the  |ii'oplc,  who  were  eairer   to  sec  them  and 
hear  Hihictruth      They  also  hail  a  slroni;  desire 
for  airricullural  iinplcniciils,  anil  even  liroiiirht 
Iheir  rilles  to  be  inaniifaclurcd  inlosuch  arliclcs. 
In  1841  u  saw  and  grist  mill  wcrccrec'ted  amonj; 
the   Ncz   Pl'icl's,  and  u  grist-mill  ainoiig  the 
t'nyuse.s. 

In  1838  Konian  Ctitholic  inis.sionaru'.f  arrived, 
and  persuaded  some  of  llic  Cayiises  Indians  lo 
Ih'  haptizetl  hy  them.  Their  arrival  uiiil  their 
intlueiK^e  upon  the  Indhins  caused  ii  great  deal 
of  tn)ul)ie. 

In  1841  -Mr.  and  Mrs.  Smith,  owing  to  ill- 
health,  relirnl  from  the  mission.  At  this  time, 
as  things  MHMued  lo  he  in  a  discouraging  con- 
dition at  the  mission,  the  Hoard  decided  lo 
lihandoii  its  .siaiioiis  ainmig  the  Nez  Perces  and 
Cayuses.  Messrs.  Spaulding  and  Gray  returned 
ca.s"t,  and  Dr.  Whitman  joined  the  Spokane 
mi.s.Hion. 

In  lM4i  the  work  again  became  more  en- 
couraging. The  school  at  Lapwai  increased  lo 
over  "JllK.  Interest  was  again  awakened 
anioni:  the  Nez  Perces,  and  over  l.Otll)  at- 
tended a  ten  days' meeting,  while  their  Sabhath 
congregations  increased  to  nearly  41)0.  Agri- 
cultural work  was  begun  by  the  50  Cayuses, 
and  l.">i)  Xez  Perces  began  farming. 

In  1843  the  Xez  Perces  organized  a  simple 
form  of  government,  elected  chiefs,  and  adopted 


a  few  laws;  and  siwin  after,  the  ('ByilHCH  followed 
their  example.  Dr  Whitman  came  east  and 
presenied  lo  ihe  lioard  ilie  encouraging  ciin- 
dition  of  things  anions  iIiimi'  Indians,  and  tin; 
Hoard  again  took  up  the  work  given  up  by  them 
Ki'veral  years  previous.  In  IH43  nine  Nez 
PcrccH  w'ere  received  into  the  iliurch.  Two 
prayer-ineeliiiu's  were  sustained  amon^'  Ihem, 
and  the  .Sund.iy  mIiooI  numbered  over  JIN).  In 
1M|4  ten  more  were  added  lo  Ihe  ihiiich. 

Ill  |h47  Ihe  Meihodisi  Kpixopal  Church, 
which  li.'id  previously  tianslerriil  ils  OrcL'oii 
nii»»ioiMo  this  lioaiil.  al-o  tran«b'rreil  il.s  ini.s 
sion  at  Dalles  to  Ilie  same  limly. 

The  Work  had  never  seemed  in  a  more  itiiiH- 
perons  eiindiiion.  \\  lien,  suddenly,  upon  Nov. 
•JDlli,  1HJ7.  Dr.  Whitman  and  wile,  Mr.  Hogeis, 
-  his  iissislaiil.-  and  six  olliers  were  mas»aerii| 
al  Walla  Walla.  Koriy -even,  wiih  emiL'iiinl 
capiivis,  Were  taken,  who  were  afierwards 
ran-oinid,  Mr.  Spauldiiiu'.  beiiii:  al  rmalilla, 
forty  miles  dislant,  escaped.  .Mes-rs.  Walker 
and  Kells  reinained  al  their  -tatinn  until  .March. 

184S,  when   they  we liliL'id  to  seek  sifi  ly  al 

Korl  Colville,  and  from  there  were  bioiiiihi  to 
OriL'oii  City  by  a  vnluiileir  company  who  had 
slarled  out  to  risi  iie  ihem.  Col.  I,ee,  military 
comm.ander,  then  dei  land  the  coiiniiy  east  of 
Ihe  (  aseades  closed  In  missiciii.-iries.  <>\\  ini.'  to  liii 
iniibillly  to  protect  them,  and  all  hope  of  their 
resuming  inissionary  work  there  was  for  tli« 
time  ab.'indoned. 

In  is.'d  a  I'liL'e  party  of  the  Spiikaiie  IndiaiiH 
travelled  4">0  miles  to  OreL'oti  City,  to  rei|uest 
the  Superiiitemleiil  of  Indian  Airairs  to  furnish 
Ihem  with  teachers.  In  IH.'m  a  treaty  wa.smado 
with  these  Indians  at  Walla  Walla,  and  all  ri;- 
porls  agree  thai  al  that  time  it  was  fmind  that 
45  of  Ihe  Cayuses  and  at  least  one  third  of  thu 
3,001)  Nez  Peri-es  had  lived,  since  the  deparlurt! 
of  the  missionaries,  coiisislenl  Christian  lives, 
having  conlinued  the  reading  of  the  Scripliireg 
in  their  own  language,  and  also  kept  u])  regular 
family  worship. 

In  the  Yakamawarof  1855-fl  these  Indians 
all  renniincd  faithful  lo  the  whites,  and  at  its 
close  the  Nez  Perces  returned  to  Iheir  reserva- 
tion, and  the  Cayuses  to  the  Umatilla  reserva- 
tion. No  other  Proleslant  work  was  ever 
underliiken  among  the  now  extinct  Cayuse.s. 

In  185!)  Mr.  Spaulding,  who  for  twelve  yearn 
had  been  watching  for  iui  opportunii  v,  relumed 
to  the  Nez  Perci'-s.  Tpoii  liis  arrival,  he  found 
that  (luring  all  his  abM'iice  these  Indians  had 
retained  their  forms  of  worslii|i.  Many  ot 
them  still  cngJiged  regularly  in  morninir  and 
evenini;  pniycrs.  A  .scIum)!  was  .started  immedi- 
ately, !Uid  was  at  once  crowded  by  old  and 
young  alike.  Old  men  would  sometimes  re- 
inain  until  midnight,  transcribing  portions  of 
Scripture  which  Mr.  Spaulding  had  translated 
fiu'  them. 

When,  in  1870,  ihe  Presbyterians  severed 
their  connection  with  the  Hoard  and  formed 
Iheir  own  missionary  societies,  part  of  the 
Indian  missions  fell  to  the  care  of  the  I'rcsby- 
tcriiui  Hoanl  of  Foreign  Missions.  Some  of 
these  Indian  churches  have  come  under  the 
guidance  of  the  Presbyti;rian  Home  Missionary 
Society.  The  Dakota  missions  that  remained 
to  Ihe  care  of  the  Hoard,  after  the  separation  in 
1H7II,  were,  in  18S:(,  transferred  lo  the  American 
Missionary  Association,  in  exchange  for  the 
foreign  missions  of  the  latter  society. 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


403 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


In  1S7S  llii' lnm><liilioii  of  llio  Scriptures  into  Missidimry  ('oiiiiiiillcc,  and  llif  Wcslcrii   Kvnn 

tlic    Diikoiii   liiiii:imiri'  wiis   nmiplttcd,  hihI  in  irilitiil  SDcicty.     Thi'v  lirst  nssiiincd  ilic  cnic  of 

187!)  till'  IImUoIii  liililc  wms  {lulijislicd.  tlic   missions   al    Kcd    LaUc   and    Lfacii    l.alvc. 

'riic  t'ollou  ini:'    i>^  a  ^cnrral  siiinniary  of   llic  wliic  li  had  liccn  I'slalilislicd  ii,  ISIIt.     'I'licaM'r 

woikiif  llu- Anic'iican  !i(>aid  among  I  liu  Indians,  aire  viimIn  rxpcndiliirc  of  liiis  society  for  llicii 

as  j;iveii  ill  ilsown  icporls:  Indian   worii,  from    IS|7  to    187r),  was  !|;(>|,!i."i!l 

('licrolvcc-^.      Woilv  lie;iim  in   IMKl;  (•loscd  in  In    |s,V,'    tjic    AsMiciation    had    21    missioiiaiic - 

18(10.      Missionaries   employed,    III!;    cliiir<la's,  stationed  ;imonir  the  Indians  of  the  Noriiiwesi. 

r,';  meniliers,  ■Ji8.     'I'liis  mission  was  •j;iveii  np  \arioiis  causes  <iviispirc(l  to  tlie  diniiiintion  ol 

when     llie    (.'lierokees    were     r<'mov<(l     to    the  llnse    missions,    ami    in    lS,"i!l  lliey    ueie   alian 

West.  diini'd.      In  1N7T  the  Ked  Lake  wmk  was  trans 

(hoclaws.  —  Work    liCirun   in    1818;  dosed   in  feried  to  tlie  I'rolisiani   Kpiseopal   Society       In 

18.")!(.      Missionaries  employed,    irili;    churches,  187!)    the   .\ssocialion   liciian  a  yearly   p.'ivmeiil 

1',';  ineniliers,   l,;iH'J.      'I'liis  wiirk  was  given   up  of  ifsl, ,')()()   towiirds  the   suppial    of    ilie    Indi.in 

"  lieeause   of    coiiipliealions    ,irisiiiir    from    tlie  wmk  al  the  I  lampton,  \':i..  Normal  .School.     In 

twistence  of  slaviiy."     ( )ne  missionary  re-unied  )88((   a  church   was   oiirani/ed    at    Snohomish, 

work   in    187'J.    luit    withdrew    in    18;(i,  leavinu  Washiimtcai 'rerrilory,  w  itli  ;(',*  niemhcrs. 

four  cli\irclies  in  the  care  of  a  native  jiaslor,  In  I8s;!ihe  .\nierie;in  Hnard  fif   ('(anmission 

OsaiTcs.   -Work     lairim    in     I8'.'li  ;    closed    in  eis  lor  Koiciiin   .Missions  transferred    all    their 

18:i7.      Mission.iries  employed,  ','(1.  eh\n<  lies.  •,';  Indi.'in    Missions    to   the    .\nierican    Mission;ir\ 

inenitiers,  18;  pupils  inslniclcd  in  schools,  li.jl.  Associ.ilioii,  makinirit  responsilile  thcri'altei  tor 

liiven  up  liecaiise  tlie  country  of  the  ( )sajrL'.s  wiis  the  Indian  work  of  theCoiiijrejiiition.il  Church, 

ceded  to  the  Cheiokees.  The  missions    liansferred    were   the   Kort     jJcr 

.Miiumecs.-   Work    lieu;uii   in    M^iCt.  closed  in  t hold  mission  lUid  school,  aincau;   the   .Miindalis. 

18;!.").      Missionaric's  employed,   (1;  cliun  lies,    |;  (;r-is  \'entrcs,  and    Kees.  in  Oakota;  IheSant.'c 

memliers,  ','.").      "  (Jiven  up  lieeause  of    chanires  mission    and    larire  n<irmal    tiaiiiiiij;  school,   at 

of  popiiliition."  S.antee  .\i;ency.  Neliraska;  and  the   Fort    Sully 

Maekiiiaws.  —  Work  licirun  in  I8'.j(i;  closed  in  mission,  with  its  out  stations,  on  the  Cheyeniii' 

18!1(!.      .Missionaries  employed,  17;  <liurclies.  1;  Hiver.     Tliese  missions  were  receivintr  from  the 

nieintiers    II.').                           '  Hoard,  al  the  lime  of  Iraiisfer,  alioiit   ;j!r,'.(l(K)  a 

Chiekasaws.  -Work    liei;un    in    1827;    closed  year.      Inder  the  .\merican   .Missionary  .\ssoei- 

in  18l!.5.      .Missionaries  employed,  10;  ehurehes,  alion    this    work   has    i;iovvn  to  such  a  deiriee 

1;  inendiers,  KM);  pupils  insiiueled  in  schools,  that   their   veailv  expenditure   for  Indian   mis- 

itOO.  sions  averaucs  ijsriO  0(10. 

Slocklir'dires.  —  Work  liejrun  in  1828;  closed  Tlie  Associ;ilioii  has  now  a  mission  amonir  the 

in   18-18.      Missionaries  employed.  8;  cliurclii'.s,  Mandaiis,  at    Fori    Herlliold,   Norlli    Dakota.  !K) 

1;  memliers,  .M.                          '  miles  nortliwesi  of  Uismarck,  with  a  lioardiiii;- 

Tlie  l,ast  four  missions  were  given  up  lieeause  school  and  church.     It    has  also  a    picichiii!; 

of  change  of  population.  station    al     Fort      Stevenson,    the     reserv.alioii 

Creeks.  —  Work    liegun    in     18;t2;    eloped    i:i  ;e;('ncy;  one  al  Flliow  Woods,  among  the  (;ros 

18;!7.      Missionaries  cmploj'ed,  (I;  chureli-niem-  Ventres;  and  ;i  station,  with  a  native  missinnarv. 

Iters,  80.  al     Indepeiidrnec.   anioii!.:  the    Malid.ans.      This 

Pawnees. — W(uk    liegiin    in   18!V1;    cIos<m1  in  mission  is  under  the  care  ot  |{ev.  ('.  I,    Hall. 

1814.       .Missionaries    employed,    10.       "(iiven  The    second    mission    '.f    the    .\ssociation    in 

up    lieeause    of    (lie    roving    character    of    the  Dakola    is  among  the  Siou.x,   iin   the   .sil.andiiiir 

I'awnees."  Kock    |{eservati(ai.       It    has    Ikmc    a    liospiial, 

Oregons  — Work    liegun    in    Isii.'i;    closed    in  under  llu'  care  of  a   lady   medical   missioiiarv. 

1817.      Missionaries  emiiloyed.  l;>.      IJrokcM  up  This  has  prov<d  a  great   lilissin._'  to  these  In- 

liy  tlu' massacre  of  1SI7.  dialis,     llie    sin cessful     suigical     .and     mcilieal 

Senecas    -Wiuk    liegun    in    182(1;    closed    in  work    pcrformi  !    Ilieie    serving    lo   Ineak     the 

1870,      .Missionaries  em  ploy  ei  I,  18.      Transferred  pciwer  of  the  medicine  men,  w  hich  is  always  cx 

lo  the  I'resliyii  lian  lioard  ercised    againsi    civili/alioii       ,\s    many    as    80 

Tuscaroras.    -Worklieuun   in    1820;  closed  in  cases    have   reported   lo  the  hos|)ihil    for  lieat- 

18(10,      Missiiaiaiies  emplnyed,  10,  uieiit  williin  a  siiiiilc  day        I  here  is  .'dsn  .'ii  this 

Ojiliways       W-oik   lie;;uri   ill    18:!1;  closed  ill  slat  ion  a  church,  w  itli  2.")  nic  niliers.  iccenll\  >>r 

1870       Missidiiaricscinployed,  28.     Tiiinsfiared  irani/.ed.      The  missionary  in  cliaiue  liere  is  ilie 

111  I'reslivli  lian  lioiird  in  |8;(l.  I{e\.  (Jeoige  Weed.     There  are  also  conneclid 

Dakot.is      Work  licLMin  in  18:l,"i;  elosed  in  pari  with  this  mission    Iwn   stations  on    ilie  (ii.iiid 

in    |S70.     Tr.instVrrid  to  rresliyleri.in    licird,  Kiver,  under   the  care  of  native  missionaries. 

The  lial.aiiic  of  their  work  .among   the  D.ikolas  Miss  .\|.  C.  Collins,  for   tiftieii    years  ;\  geiiei:il 

w,as   transferred    to    the    .Vimiican    Missionary  uiissiDiiarv  In  Hie  (  heyenne  Wivcr  and  SlandiiiL' 

Assoeialiiiii  in  IS8:t.  Kock    Indians,    has    her    home    on    the    (ii.uid 

lictwicn  the  years  181)1  aial    I88:t  this  Hoard  Uiver. 

Ii.ad,  among  the  Imliaiis.  I."!  dill'erent   missions.  Tlie    third     mission    of    the    Association    in 

.''lOO   missionaries.     )')   i  luirches.    :t.7i)0  cliiirch-  Dakola  is  at  ( )alie,  where  it  has  a  cliurch  and  ,a 

memliers.  and  reached  lUO.OOO  Imliaiis,  large  tioarding  school.      It   has  also,  connected 

Originally  this  Hoard  represenled  the  I'lesliy  willi  this  mission,  one  slalion.  with  native  mis 

lerian  and  (  ontrre.ir.ational  Churches,  liiii  in  1870  sionaiy,  on    the    Moreau    Kiver:    two   stations. 

(he    rresliyierians  oru':iiii/,cd   their  own    hoard,  with  native  niissionarii  s,  on  the  Missouri  Hivei ; 

luiil  riaa'ived  from  the  .\meriian  Hoard  of  (dm  and  seviai  staticais,  iiiidei  the  carcof  unlive  niis- 

niissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  ihree  missions  ,sionaries,  on  the  Cheyiaine  Uiver.    This  mission 

tind  a  liunilier  of  schools.  is  under  the  care  of  the   Hev,  T    I,.  Kigirs,  who 

AMi;ii)i'.\N  MissioN.Miv  .VsNociATioN. — TliLs  is  11  son  of  Dr.  S,  H,  Higgs  and  was  horn  among 

Boeiely  was  formed  ill  18|)1   liy  (lie  conHolidation  these   Sioux   Indians,  in  wiio.se  service  lie  has 

of  the  rnion  Missionary  Society,  the  Wi'sl  India  spent  his  life. 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN                                   4():t  INDIANS,  AMDRIOAN 

Tin-   fiiiiitli   niissiiin    of  llic    Associiition    in  Sim  Ciirlos  imciicics,  liul  tlicy  were  iiflorwnrd 

Diikniii  is  nil  111!'  I{i)scl>uil  Hrsi'ivulion.     ll  liiis  luil  iiinlcr  llic  cMrc  nl' iIuscvitiiI  Iiidimi  ii,u:iiiIs. 

a  (lii.v  si'lidol.  iiimIci- iIh'cmii' of  ii  rmlivi' Iciiclicr,  Tlii'  Clioiliiw  ()r|iliiiii  Siliool.  siliiMlcil  iil  llic 

nl  llir  il','ciii  V,  Miiil  lliicc  sliilioiis.  iiikIci- lliL' iHic  old  Spciuri-  AcMdciiiv,    Iiidiaii  Tcnilon-,    «iix 

of  iiMlivc   woikcis     on    llii'   nsi'iviiliiiii.     This  opiiicil  in  ISSJ,  under  llic  cliiiriit' of  .Mr,  Kolic. 

iiii--^ioii  isiindcr  llic  ciirt' of  llic  IJcv.  .1.  I'".  Cross.  Aflcr  two  veins'  work,   llic  m'IkmiI    nmiilieied 

Al  SiiMlic  .\i;eii(V.  Ni'lniisUii,  llic  Assoeiiilioii  lilt  pupils,   w  ho  liiid   "  iimde  nipiil   mlvaiu'e  iu 

has  11  missinii   willi  ii  cliureli  niid  ii  liiri:e  nor-  llieir  sludies  mid  iiioriils." 

liiiil  iind  iiidiisli  iiil   Iriiiniiu;  school.      |l    liiis  in  In    ISS'.>    a    school  was    opened    iinioiu^    tlu; 

this   school    11    llicolip^riial    dcpiirliiiciil,  for  the  ("recks  liy    Ucv.   T.  A.  Siiiison,  willi  lui  ciirol- 

triiiniiiLr   of    Indian   paslors;   a  noriniil  deparl-  iiiciil  of  ill  pupils. 

iiiciil.  for  llic  Iriiiniiii;  of   Imliaii   icachcrs;  and  In  1S,S;{  ii  ilav. school  was  slarlcd  iinionu:  Iho 

Jill  indusliial  depiirlnicnl    willi  lilacUsniilh,  shoe,  ChcroUces   al    f''orl   (Jihsoii,   under   Miss  Annie 

and  carpeiilcr  siiops,  and  prinlinj;  olliee;   also  a  .Miller  as  leiielicr. 

Iai;;e  fiirni  where  Iiidiaii  hoys  are  trained  in  the  In  |NS;i   a  hoiirdiii::  school  aiuoiiLr  the  Sioux, 

iirts  of  civili/alion,  thus  lilliiii;  ihcni  to  heconie  at  Sissclon  .\i;('iicy,  ciiiiic  under  llic  care  of  llic 

iiidepeiideni  and  self  siipporliiiir.     This  niisnioii  Hoard        Ihiildinus   cosliiiir   over   tfll.OlM)    wcri) 

Is  iiiiiler  the  care  of  l)r.  A.  L.  Ui^i^s,  Ihe  oldest  creeled,  and  in  ISS|  ihc  school  iiiiihIm  red  'ht. 

.son  of  the  vcician  niissionaiy  to  llic   Sioii.x,  |)f.  A    mission   al     l''i)rt    \\'riiii!.rel,    .MiisUii.    wa.s 

Slepheii  l{.  Ifii:;;s.      ||e  lieir.ni  work  licri'  nine-  foundi'd    in    ISJIi    liy  an    Indiiiii   iiiuncd    Philip 

lei'ii    years   a^o,  when    llic  Sioux    were  moved  Mackay  ;  and  in   ISTT    l!ev.   Sheldon  .liu  Uson, 

down    here    from    .Minncsola,  after   the   Sioux  with  Ihc  help  of  Mrs    A.  U.  Mi  ['"arlMiid.  opened 

war.  aiiotlicr  mission  and  school  for  irirlsiii  thesami! 

.\monij  (he  Poncas  in    Diikotii   the    .\ssocia-  iiliicc.     Mrs.  .Mcl'iirliind  was  the  liisl  American 

lion  has  11  mission,  willi  a  school,  under  I  he  care  inissionary  to  i^o  into  thai   new   country.     The 

of  awhile  missioniiiv.  work  tlnre  was  pi'culiaily  Iryinir.  I'Ul   the  niis- 

At  Skokoniisli.  Ny'iishinirlon,  it  has  a  mission,  sionaries  stayed  at  their  post,  oruaiii/iim;  later  ii 

with  cluireli  and  school  and  two  stations  place  of  rcfuij;e  for  younir  u'ii  Is  anil  a  day  school 

.\l  Santa  Kc,  New  Mexico,  il  has  the  support  of  lio  pupils.     l»r.  and   Mrs.  ,1.  \V.  .Mcl''arliiiiil 

of  the  teachers  in  the  Uainona  school.  and  Miss  liuikiii  were  sent  out  to  join  the  oilier 

A  ueiieial  summiiiy  of  Ihc  Indian  work  of  the  workers.     .\   loss  of  llic  mission   huildinirs  liy 

Aincriean  .Missionary  Ay-socialion  sliow.s:  lire   inlcrfered  .somcwlial  with  the  elliciciicy  of 

]M  issions 8  I  heir  work. 

Stations 2-\  In  ISTS   amission  was  founded  ill   Sitka    liy 

White  missionaries 4!t  Kev.  .1.  (J.  1 5  rail  v.  w  ho  also  opened  a  school  in 

Native           " St  the  same  place.'    In    IS.SO    Miss  ()    A.    Austin 

Schools Irt  arrived    as    teacher.       In     ISS|    ihe    hoardinj;- 

I'lipils (i.VS  school  niimhercd  ,"il!  and  the  da v  school  17'). 

Kxpendilurcs  for  the  veiir  ISMS  IHSil.. .  .ifSKTSI  Mrs    S.  Dickinson,  a  native,  educated  in  Vic- 

Tlll';     liiiAUD   <)l>'    lloMK    .MissiiiNH  OK   TilK  loriii.  |{.  ('.,  opened  a  school  anionic  I  lie  ('liilcaf 

)'nKsiivri:i(iAN  CiMHcii  (Niilirii). —This  Hoard  iinliiins    in   ISNO.      In   IMS)    Ucv.  IC.  S.  Willanl 

orirani/ed  mission  work  at  l.anunii.  New  Mexico,  and  w  ifc    arrived  and  look  <  liiiri;e  of  the  work, 

March  'J")tli,  ISTii   scndinu-  out  as  missionaries  csinhlishiiiL:  a  school  for  hoys  and  ^irls  mid  ii 

Uiv.  .loliii   Mciianl.   MI),  and   his   wife.      liy  refuijc   for   i.;irls.     Mr.   ami  Mrs.    I.oiiic    Paul, 

iiiians  of  their  uniiriii!;  ciTorls.  much  was  ac-  lioih  natives,  educated  al    Fort   Wranird.   were 

coniplislied  in  the  way  of  civili/alion   and  also  |)ut   in  cliar<re  of  a  hraiich  school,  ;tO  miles  up 

of  ( 'liristiani/ation.      The  Indians  were  lanjrhl  Ihi'Chilcat  Uiver. 

(i)  liuild  separate  houses  and  to  live   outside  of  Soon    after   Ihc   Chilcal    mission    was   csliih- 

llie    Piiehio       In     |SM|    iheir   fnrinhouscs   and  lished    anolhcr  was  opened   at    lloonyiili,   with 

llicir  laiL'!'  Mocks  dollinu:  the  valley  proved  their  Mr.  and  "Irs  Si  \  les  in  cliarLTc.    They  afterward 

rapid  iTiow  111  in  '  order  and  inlellii.'ciice."  removed   lo  Sitka,  and    I>r.    .1.  W.Mi  l'"iirland 

In  is;7   |»r.  II     K.  I'alnnr  stalled  a  mission  and  wife  look  their  places, 

at  Ziini       Aflcr  lahoriiiL:  for  a  lime,  ill  health  In    ISSl    a    school    was   opened    amoii!.r    Ihc 

ohlli;ei|   him   to  irivc   up   the  work,  and   il  was  llydahs.  on  the  Prince  of  Wales   Island,  in  Ihe 

can  ill!  on  liy  .Mr,  .1,  II.  Wilson  and  wife,  who  southern   pari  of  .Miiska,  wilh  Mr   .1    V..  Cliap- 

liiivc  aecomplishcil   inucli   for  Ihe  people    not-  mini  as  Iciiclier.       In  |SS.'  Mr   ,1    I,,  (ioiild  was 

willistaiidinir   the  dilticullics  of   an    unwriltcn  seni   oiil   as   iis.,isiant,  and    Mr,  W,  |).   Mid.cod 

liiiiuuiiirc       ]i:    ISSI   the  school  nuinhered   70,  was  put  in  iliiiri:'e  of  ihe --aw  mill  enterprise. 

The  mission  huildiiiM    of  sione,  conliiincd   live  In   ISSI    |)r.  I'".  .1.  Ilarl  was  sciil  out  as  mi< 

I'oonis.  sioiiiirv  to  Ihe  Papiii^oes   in   .Vri/ona,     A   larirc 

In   1S7S  Ucv,  . I,  M.  Shi.  Ids.  Ml),,  opened  a  lioanlinir  school    for    the    full  hlooih  d     Creeks 

mission   anioiiir   the  .Iciiuv,    Indians,  and  was  was   iheii    under   coiisirnction,    lo  he  |iresidcd 

Miiccedcd    in     ISSI    hy    \{r\.  V,    l.ccch,    .\I.I>.  over  hy  .Mrs    Mooieand  Miss.V,  M,  |{olicrlson. 

In  ISs.)  iliis  school  numlicrcd  SI,  In  ISSI    niissionaiy  work  was  also  in  pmirrcss 

In    ISSll  a   scliool   was   csiiihlishcd   at    .Mini  anionic  the  Mission  Indiansof  I, nwcr  California, 

ipieripie.  culled  the    'Central  Iiidiislrial  Board  In  ISS")    the  linard  report  thai   the  nunihcr  of 

in^  school  for  all  Ihe  Puehlos,  "  under  Prof    K,  t'lichcrs  and  pupils  in  llieir  Indian  schools  lias 

W    I).  Miyan,  as  supcrintcndinl.  and  a  stall' of  more    Ihan    douiilcd    within    two    years.      The 

I  I  other  teiiclieis  and  workers.      In    ISSl  there  siiiool   huildin:.'  al    .Vlhucpienpic,  deslroyed  liy 

were  I.">0  pupils  in  the  school,  who  were  tailj:ht  lire,  has  liccii  ichiiill.  al  a  eosi  of  lf7.IK)0,  and  u 

not   only  the  trnllis  of  the    Mihle,    hut   ccncnil  traiiiinu:-schi>ol    has    hceii   opened    al    Tucson, 

liranches  of  edui'atioii,  lis  well  ii.s  many  of  the  Ari/.otia.     A    missionary  Inis   heen    sent   lo  tint 

iinlustriiil  arts.  Slockhridiics  of  porlherii  Wisconsin,     In  their 

This  society  of  the  Prcsliyleriiiii  Church  also  Ditkolii   mission    lliey  report    I'.'O  pupils  in  al- 

«rgiini/c(l  scliools  at    tlic    Niiviijo,  Moipii,  and  tcndiincc  at   the  "  (Jood  Will  Mis,sioii  "   scliiiul 


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INDIANS,  AMZSRICAN 


404 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


and  lit  Sisst'ton  Atr^ncy.  ainl  iliat  thoir  8 
chiirclics  aiiioiiji;  the  Siini\  have  a  nK-mlKTship 
of  i)'2l.  with  6  nativp  |ia.<tiir>.  In  the  Indian 
Trrritory  lliey  ri-|>«>rt.  aniiwijj  ihe  fhfnikws, 
4;53  flmrdi-nicnilifpi  ami  2-Vi«*-holai>in  r>fh»M)l. 
The  sclioui  !it  Vinita  hi»  «J  |rtij»il».  nf  ulioni  :W 
iii'c  Ixianlt'rs.  In  the  Park  Hill  m-IhmiI  ihcn- 
iiic  ()((  scli()!:'.rs.  A  i-hiirfh  has  N-en  fonnt-d  at 
('.•kIiIo,  iin<i  then'  have  aI-«>  N-«-n  sl;irt«l  Ixard- 
iii-rx  hools  at  Old  I>wi:r<it  an<l  l'le:i-«tnt  liill 

AniDiiir  llicCrifks  ihewxrk  lia>  lK-»-n  larL'i'l}' 
incrcaM'd.  Mivs  Alice  i{i^t>en.<<>ii  ha*  Hj  iMiard- 
iMiT  srliolar-i  ill  iHTxlHwd.  Tiie  «-Ii«hi|  at  Tillsti 
lias  t'.'.l  scholar-  ari<l  :{  l«-arh«-r*. 

nminir  ihisyi-sir  the  (Jt-nerjl  As><-nilily  tran-;- 
fcncil  ihf  Wialaka  and  Wt-»«ika  niis>ii>ns  ti) 
this  Uoanl.  At  \V<-ilaka  ili«  ri-  is  a  s(1iik>1 
willi  KMt  |>ii|>ils.  and  at  Wewt«ka  a --fh)*!!  willi 
(!.■)  pupils.  This  l)<>:ini  lia*  aiii<4l<r  the  Creeks 
357  (  lnircli  niiMiU-rs  an>l  :C»  pupils. 

AuKMii:  (he  ( 'hix-taw-i  ilie  M-h'-'is  have  irrown 
fnmi  5  I'l  Ktduriiiirthe year  1"»'9  Tliechtirch- 
nicmlicrs  nwuilMT  T»>4  ;  Ihe  |Hipils.  UVi. 

Tlic  work  ill  Ari/i»na  anti  Xe»  Mexico  lias 
made  inarkeil  pri>in>-«*  "liirin^  the  last  year. 
The  Tiusoii  scli<>i>l  ha*  To  l-aniinirptipils. 

In  Washin^ioii  over  ;>W  meinlH-rs  liMve  b»-en 
adih'd  to  the  cliiireh  during  the  las]  year. 

In  1(<H<!  this  liiiani  r»-|iini«-«l.  aiiion<:  the  In- 
dians, ;iO  minister--.  !*  native  l«-aehers;  4H 
c-hurches:  •J.tXH)  ehiirrhmembers ;  63  teachers; 
aOscluxds;   1.1;M  scholar'. 

In  lt<MS  they  n-|><>n  3^  mini^lers;  *2.5  native 
teachers;  ttS  cliiireho;  'i.f>&  €-hunh-nieiiilHTs; 
115  teachers;  '.^  s<'hiB>U>;  i.441  -4-holars. 

TlIK  Hi>.\tll>  OF  FoKHHiX  MlWIiiXS  «»F  TIIK 
PltKsiiYTKiu.vx  ClirKCil  — The  first  oreani/.ed 
elTort  of  this  lioard  to  esitablisfa  niissiunsftinoni; 
the  Indians  was  in  N«>veml>er.  IKM.  Iturinir 
this  year  I  wo  missionarit-s,  with  their  wives 
and  lady  assjsiant.s.  were  -enl  t«»  Ihe  West.  In 
1H;15  they  re|M)rt  tlrnt  '"  a  nii«ision  and  scIuhiI 
have  heen  eslabli«lntl.  anil  ihe  Inilians  have 
Imilt  for  tlieniselve?*  h>g  hi>us«-<i."'  In  1837  a 
mission  was  establishetl  am<>ae  the  lowas.  In 
1H:1!)  a  work  wa.«»  bemin.  at  Matkenac,  for  the 
Chippewus  and  <>riawa.<v.  In  1^41  a  missionary 
was  st'iil  and  a  inis^sjiH)  establiiUied  among  the 
Creeks  of  Arkansn.*. 

In  1845  a  lM>!irrlin!r-<*cb<»>|  wa.«  openeil  at  this 
station.  In  1!<44  the  Spencer  A«-ademy.  in 
the  Choctaw  nation.  ws.«  transfemti  to  this 
Board,  and  l>y  them  opened  with  Mxty  |iiipils. 
In  IH-ltj  a  hourdimr  school  wa.«  <>pene<l  nmon^ 
the  lowas.  Tlie  <<aii)e  year  a  mission  wfts 
planted  at  the  junction  of  the  MisM.iiri  and 
Papion  rivers,  anion?  IheOloe  ati<l  Omaha  In- 
dians.    A  l>oanlinirs«ln>ol-bou«e  was  er»-«ied. 

In  1S4H  the  irovemmenl  prop<tM<«l  to  place  a 
boarilinsjschool  for  pirK  ci>nlainin;r  from 
ei,i;hty  to  one  hanrlreil  pupils,  amonir  the 
Cliickasaw  nation,  iiniler  Ibe  tare  of  ihis  Board. 
In  1S51  this  scliiMd  was  ant^etl  by  the  Itoard, 
and  work  started. 

In  I>eceiiil«'r,  l>*.V5.  a  mi<*jon  wa.s  plantinl 
anioiii;  the  K:i'kap»»»».  a  M-boid.  wiUi  iwenlv 
bovs.  wa.s  o|H>ne«l.  and  a  larer  buildinp  erecte<l. 

in  the  ri-iN>rt  of  ihi*  S^-iely  for  1km»  are 
found  Ihe  followin<;  fa<  is cMnit-niing  their  mis- 
.sionary  work  a:non^  Ihe  Indians: 

Seneca  Mission.-  A  miwion  was  established 
by  Hev.  F.  Tripi*.  U.r.  William  Hall,  and 
Itev.  II.  Silverlieels.  on  Ihe  Alleffheliy  K»-si'rva- 
tion,  in   western  Xl-w  York;  and  ei>;ht  native 


assistants  aided  them  in  their  work.  There 
were  al.'M)  suli-slalioiis  on  the  Tonawaiida,  Ttis- 
caroni,  and  Coniplanler  resiTvalioiis.  On  till  of 
these  reseivalioiis  llieie  is  now  irieal  hope  for 
the  people,  who  nrv  readv  and  anxious  lo  d(K 
good  work.  Duriiiir  lMt<S  lfl,4(l()  were  niised 
by  Ihe  Indians  of  these  (lillcitiil  liclds;  one 
cliurcli  liiijidiiig  was  liiiishcd  and  dedi('al<(l; 
aiiolhcr  repaired.  A  Salilialh-scliool  was  or- 
•raiii/cd.  and  Iweiily-live  liieiiibers  received  iiiUv 
Ihe  <  liurcli.  Tlie  lolal  nunilur  of  coiiiniuni- 
caiils  was  one  hundred  and  iiiiiely-eii;lit 

.Mission  work  was  lieuiiii  on  the  ('atlavaui.'us 
Hcscivatioii  ill  ISll.  The  mission  was  liaiis- 
fen-ed  lo  this  Hoard  in  ls;o.  willi  Hev.  Wil- 
liam Hall  as  niissioiiaiy.  Mr.  Hall  was  suc- 
ceeded hy  Uiv.  (ieoiire  KiiciniMii.  "  Mr.  Hiici- 
liian's  jailors  have  been  heartily  welcomed  by 
the  Indians  of  Ihe  IJeservallon,  who  havt; 
shown  a  irieatly  iiicvcMscd  I'aitlifulness  in 
cliiii'ch  attciidam  e,  and  the  woik  is  more  proH- 
licidiis  iliaii  al  any  tiniu  during  the  last  I  wo  or 
three  yi  ais. " 

Chippewa  Mission.— Odanilh.  on  Bad  Kiver 
Beservation,  in  Ihe  nortliwesteni  part  of  Wis- 
consin, was  tiansferied  to  the  I'.oaid  in  1S70. 
Missionary  work  was  resinned  in  |S7I  under 
Uev.  llciiiy  lilatchl'onl.  a  hall'-lii-eed  \\  lio  has 
charge  of  tlie  little  Oilanali  church,  the  iiiein- 
bet>liip  of  wliicli  is  forty-two.  The  niiinbei  of 
Cliippewas  ill  Wisconsin  is  small,  and  those  re- 
maining there,  dependenl  upon  the.sale  <if  Ilieir 
lumber  for  support,  are  so  discouraged  al  the 
Irealnient  of  great  lumber  com|)anies  that 
elloits  on  the  pari  of  missionaries  and  leiichers 
are  niiule  al  a  great  disadvantage.  Williin  Ihe 
last  two  years  ihe  little  day-school  has  heen 
suspended  as  a  mission  school,  and  Ihe  only 
wiirk  underlakeii  has  been  llial  of  Air.  Bialch- 
ford  in  Ihe  Odanali  church. 

.Mission  work  was  begun  at  LacCoiir  d'Oreil- 
les,  on  the  rescivalion  of  the  same  name,  in 
lHs;l,  its  out-stations  being  at  Kouiid  Lake  and 
I'lilKpianhwong.  Bev.  S.  ti.  Wright  did  lailh- 
fiil  Work  al  lliese  lliree  slalions  amid  "  tlie  in- 
lirmiiics  of  age"  and  many  dis<'ouriii:i  iiieiit.s. 
When  .Mr.  Wright  was  obliged  lo  close  his 
labors  on  aeeoiinl  of  age,  Misses  Susie  and 
Ci.inelia  DiMiglierty  look  his  place  al  Bound 
Lake,  and  have  carried  on  a  lillle  school  with 
much  failhfiil.  self  (leiiying  labor. 

Dakota  .Mission. — Work  was  begun  al  Yank- 
ton Agency.  Dakota  Territory,  on  Ihe  .Missouri 
Biver,  in  IStiit.  by  Bev.  .lolin  I'.  Williamson  -oid 
wife.  Tills  is  the  princi|ml  station  of  the  mis- 
sion. The  mission  church  numbered  in  1MH8 
one  hundred  and  eighleen  niembers.  The  na- 
tive paslor  is  Hev.  lleiiry  Selwyn,  of  whom  .Mr. 
Williamson  speaks  as  "  a  devoted  and  elcMpienl 
preacher  and  a  very  inslrnclive  Biblical  Icach- 
er."  The  Sunday-school  numbered  eighty- 
five.  There  are  also  in  conneclion  with  Ihe 
mission  a  Womiin's  ^Missionary  Society  and  a 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association.  During 
Ihe  year  ISHS  the  church  <onlribuled  !|!5tK)  U> 
various  missionaiy  objecls. 

At  Mill  Chinch,  eleven  miles  east  of  Yank- 
ton .\geiicy.  si, Olds  ii  small  church  building, 
where  Mr,  Selwyn  also  preaches,  Thischnn  h, 
oriraiii/ed  .•iboiit  eleven  years  ago,  had  in  Ihhh 
ninety  si.\    members.       A    Siinday-sclnMil   and 

two     weekly      priivei-n lings    are    regularly 

maintaiiied.  Se'cial  yeais  ago  the  Boanl  as- 
sisted Ihis  litih  church  in  eiilaiging  their  liiiild- 


I'TM 


^.1  «* 


l^^•, 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


405 


.>rDIANS,  AMERIOaN 


iiifr,  fiiviii/;  tlu'in  iibout  $75,  while  tlu'  IiuliiiiiH 
llieiiisflvt's  iiiisi'il  llio  niiiivak'Ht  of  if  KM)  for  lliu 
piiipoHc. 

A  ('liurcli  of  twi'iity-four  mt'iubtTs  iiiiil  ii 
school  lire  lociitcd  lit  Cwliir,  liftt'ou  miles  iiorlh- 
wi'st  of  Yankloii  Agency. 

A  llilnl  oiilstiitioii  is  located  at  Red  School 
House.  The  proxiinily  of  ii  lieallieii  (liiiice- 
lioiise  has  hail  a  had  cIVect  on  the  iieighhoiliooil, 
hut  the  iiithieiice  of  I'cter  lyiidu/e,  a  faithful 
native  wiiiker,  was  niakiiifr  itself  fell,  when  h(^ 
died.  The  school,  however,  is  still  coiiliiiueil, 
and  has  lieen  put  in  charge  of  (icoige  Ulaek 
(_)wl,  a  young  man  whom  the  mission  educated 
at  the  Normal  Training  school  for  Indians  at 
Sanlee,  Mi'liraska. 

.Mr,  Selwyii  was  sent  for,  a  few  years  ago,  hy 
Ihe  Indians  of  the  Lower  Unile  Agciuy,  110 
ndles  northwest  of  Vaiditon  Agency,  that  he 
nught  open  a  slalicm  there.  .V  eliuiih  was  or- 
ganized, which  in  1S8.S  innnhereil  ItT  nuMuliers, 
with  a  .'^uiid.'iy-school  of  -lu  niemhcrs.  The 
i|Ucslion  of  opening  the  .'^ioux  Ueservalion  for 
two  years  kepi  this  people  in  a  stall' of  exeile- 
meiit  UMl'avor.dile  to  niissionaiy  work,  hut  .los- 
eph  lingers,  a  l^'Lindrcau  Imliaii,  has  persevered 
with  this  work,  and  has  attracted  the  attention 
of  large  nundicrs  of  the  people. 

The  Flandreau  Indians  live  l.")l)  nules  north- 
east of  Yankton  .Vgency,  at  Klainlreau,  ISoulh 
Dakiiia.  'I'licy  are  a  small  portion  of  Ihe  Min- 
nesota Sioux.  !ind  are  the  only  men\hers  of  that 
Jtarticidar  hand  of  Indians  now  under  Ihe  cire 
of  this  Hoard.  "The  others,  constiluling  seven 
churches,  have  been  transferred  to  the  Hoard 
of  Home  .Missions."  l{ev.  .lohn  Kaslman,  a 
strong,  zealous  worker  for  his  people,  is  the 
piislor  of  the  Flandreau  church.  The  coiitri- 
liutionsof  the  I mlians amounted  to  f  ;{21  during 
the  year  18S7,  while  the  cxpemliture  of  the 
Hoard  on  this  Held  was  hut  sfiriO. 

There  is  in  South  Dakota  a  native  missionary 
society,  composed  of  14  Prcshyterian  and  ;i 
Congregational  churches,  who  unite  for  mis- 
sionary work.  This  society  supports  8  ndssion- 
aries.  Its  receipts  for  the  year  1888  were 
Ifl.lSO. 

There  is  also  a  mission  station  at  Pine  Kidge 
Agency.  The  work  here  is  comparatively  new, 
but  is  most  piomising. 

The  nnssion  work  at  Fort  Peek  Agency  has 
dwindled  down  to  almost  nothing,  owing  to  the 
way  in  which  the  Indians  have  lieen  .scattered. 
The  breaking  up  of  a  number  of  villages  has 
nnute  the  day  school  impossible. 

Omaha  Mission.— The  nnssion  among  the 
Omahas  is  in  charge  of  Mr.  Handlton  and  Mr. 
Copley  and  other  workers.  A  new  church  was 
recently  crectc(l  with  a  seating  capacity  of  \'>0. 

The  mission  has  under  its  charge  a  boarding- 
.school  for  girls  and  small  boys,  which  is  s,iid  to 
have  "allaincd  a  high  slate  of  perfection." 

Winnebago  Mission.— The  Winneb.ago  Mis- 
si(>n  is  under  the  chaige  of  Mr.  and  .Mrs.  Kind- 
ley.  It  is  not  a  very  <  ncoiiriiging  Held,  but  still 
the  missionaries  report  progress. 

Sac  anil  Ko\  Mission.  .Mis^idn  work  was 
begun  amonglhese  Iiidiansin  IHs;),  .Miss.Vnna 
Skea  writes  of  this  mission  in  ISSi):  "In  look- 
ing over  Ihe  work  from  the  beginning,  we  can 
see  advancemeni,  and  have  great  reason  for 
being  enciaM.aued;  and  viewed  by  the  <'ye  of 
failh,  Ihe  unseen  iiiid  spiritual  tar  lAceeds  Ihe 
seen  and  lenipor.al.  The  piniiless  made  by  these 
Indians  is  remarkable.  lliounh  others  would  not 


.see  it  as  I  do.  Tlicir  customs,  habits,  and  way 
of  living  have  changed  very  much  for  I  he  belter.  * 
It  has  been  a  hard  Held  in  which  to  labor,  and 
there  ari'  many  reasons  why  greater  jirogrcsa 
could  not  have  been  made. 

ISez  Perces  .Mission.  — In  Ihe  reassignment 
of  missionary  work  by  President  (irant,  and 
with  Ihe  approval  of  Ihe  Anu'riean  Hoard  of 
Conunissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  Ihe  >'e/. 
Perces  Mission  was  assigned  to  the  Presbyteriau 
Hoaril  of  Foreign  Missions. 

I'pon  assuming  Ihe  care  of  this  nnssion  the 
Presbyterian  Hoard  at  once  sent  to  the  assisl- 
ance  of  the  veteran  missiontiry,  Mr.  Sp.auliliiig, 
Kev.  II.  'I".  Cow  ley  and  wife,  and  the  fnllnw  iiig 
year  Hcv.  1{.  N.  Fee  and  wife.  This  s;inu! 
year,  H  active  workers  were  added  to  Ihe  mis- 
sion force.  In  isr4  Mr.  Spauldiiig  npoited 
that  as  a  result  of  his  work  among  lln'  .Ne/. 
Perces,  7lM)  of  I  hem  had  been  baplizrd  b\  him. 

Late  in  the  fall  of  lS7;i,  .Mi>s  S.  L.  .M'i  Hdh 
began  her  work  .ainoiii;'  the  Niz  Perces,  under 
this  Ho.ard.  For  years  .Miss  M(  Helh  has  con- 
tinued as  Icachcr,  inuislalor,  and  theological 
piofessor.  In  1M77  three  id'  her  young  men 
were  ;i)ipiovcil  to  preach.  About  Ihis  llnie  till! 
church  ;U  Kainiah  —  Miss  .McHelh's  slalion — • 
numbered  '201)  numbers.  Afler  the  war  with 
.loseph's  band,  and  tlnii  transfer  to  the  Indian 
Territory,  this  Hnard  began  wink  among  Ihciii 
thi're.  Three  graduates  of  .Miss  .McHcIIi'h 
school  wciu  there  to  Lake  care  of  Ihe  mi.ssioii, — 
one  as  preacher,  one  as  le.Hchcr,  and  one  as  as- 
sistant. In  October,  IMso,  ,i  church  wilh  90 
members  was  organized  among  llie.se  Nex 
Perces  in  the  Indi.an  'I'erritory. 

In  ISSOlhis  Hoard  had  amongtheNez  Perct'.s 
one  church  at  Sapwai  with  100  members,  ono 
at  Kamiah  wilh  ;i7.">  members,  and  one  among 
Joseph's  band,  in  the  Indian  Territory,  of  ilij 
nwinbers.  In  1880  Ihese  Indians  raised  over 
48, .")00  bushels  of  grain,  and  owned  about  HJ.OOO 
horses  and  It, 781)  cattle. 

Ho.Mii)  OK  .Missions  ok  tiik  Pi(Ksiivri;ni.\N 
Cmncii  (Socrin.— The  Indian  Presbytery  of 
the  Souihern  Presbyti'rian  Cluireh  reports  18 
ndssions  and  ','4  churches. 

In  1857  this  Hoard  made  arrangements  lo 
start  a  niis.sion  among  Ihe  Hlackfcet  Indians  of 
Montana.  A  missionary  was  sent  out  w  lu» 
looked  the  Held  over  and  upon  returning  re- 
ported favorably,  but  the  work  was  never  be- 
gun. 

'I'he  Hist  Indian  mission  of  this  Hoard  was 
planted  in  IHtil  among  the  Cherokee  Indians. 
At  Ihe  present  lime  their  work  is  in  Ihe  [iiiiian 
Territory,  among  Ihe  Cherokee  and  Choctaw 
Nations.  There  arc  now  engaged  in  this  work 
(!  white  missionaries,  5  iiiilive  ministers,  and  (J 
native  helpers  There  are  I'J  slalioiisand  ^5 
outslations,  w  ith  (>'»5church  inembers.  :!00  Siiii- 
dayschool  scholars,  and  (!0  day-school  pupils. 
The  expendilure  of  Ihe  Itoard  for  Indian  mis- 
sions for  the  yi'ar  I8.s!(  was  $<i,550,  of  which 
Ihe  native  ehurelies  gave  !f  1,700. 

Mi'.NMiMi'i-;  Mission  Hoauk. — The  tirsi  mis- 
sion to  Ihe  Indians  of  ihis  board  w.as  localeil 
among  the  Cherokees  in  1801.  They  have  now  ii 
mission  in  the  liulLan  Terrilorv  among  IIk! 
Cheyeimes,  and  another  among  llie  .\rapahocs. 
Coniieeled  wilh  ihese  missions  arc  schnols,  that 
among  the  (  heyeniies  having  lilly  scholars,  anil 
I  he  one  among  I  he  .\rapahocsliaviiigsevent\  -livj 
scholars.  I'"iirms  are  eonnecled  with  the  schools, 
and  till'  bovs  are  inslructed  in  all  the  branchoa 


<i 


!  I 


^1 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


466 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


of  agriciilniro.  Tlie  girls  nro  tiiujilil  iKnisckfcp- 
iiiir.  Tliis  Ixinrd  liiis  also  it  sclmul  at  Iliilslrad, 
Kciituiky,  wlitTi'  twenty  livf  jiupils  arc  in  at- 
Iciulaiiff',  till-  gR'utcr  iiuiiiImt  ciniiiiiir  tnmi  tlii' 
Iiiiliaii  'rcniliiry.  Tlie  f.\|ioii(liliiiL'  ior  tlii'  last 
year  lias  liicii  sf  "),")()(•. 

Woman's  Naiioxai,  Indian  Association. — 
The  oltjoi'ts  of  this  assot-ialion  arc: 

"  First.  To  strciiirthcii  piililic  sciitiinciit  on 
lu'lialf  of  justice  to  Imlians,  and  to  help  secure 
their  civili/.atioii  and  education,  and  the  payment 
of  dchts  to  them  under  existing  government 
compacts. 

"  Second.  To  iiid  in  .securing  needed  new 
legislation,  -riving  to  Indians  iirotcction  of  law, 
liinds.  anil  cili/cnship. 

"  Third.  To  l.ilior  lor  the  elevation  of  Indian 
women  and  homes,  and  the  Cluistiani/ation  of 
trilns  now  di-siilutc  ol  Chrisijan  instruclion." 

'!"hc  proidcnt  of  this  association  is  .Mrs. 
Amelia  S.  (juinton.  and  its  central  ollice  is  at 
Philadelphia.  Its  vice-presidents  rcpn'seni 
thirty  dilTcrent  Slates,  and  its  e.veculivc  hoard 
rei)rescnls  the  Baptist,  I'reshylcriMii,  Congre- 
gational, Kpi-copal,  .Methodist,  Fiiends,  He- 
t'ormed,  and  riiiiarian  cliurches.  It  has  au.xil 
iaries  in  most  of  the  Ea.sterii  and  many  of  the 
Western  States. 

In  18"<-4  this  association  liegiin  missionary  work 
among  the  Indians,  iis  jilan  being  to  esiahlish 
missions  among  Indians  where  no  missionary 
scH'iety  was  at  work,  and  then  to  transfer  them 
to  such  missionary  hoanls  ;is  wen'  able  and  will- 
ing to  assume  the  control  and  su])porl  of  them. 
Ill  this  way  several  missions  have  licen  eslah- 
lished  in  i)akota,  Iowa,  Cidifornia,  and  the 
Indian  Ti'rrilory.  and  have  heeii  transferred  to 
the  Kpiscopal  and  Presbyterian  Church  Mission 
Hoanls.  They  also  engage  in  house  building. 
The  plan  is  to  help  young  Indians  returning 
from  schools  or  beginninir  civili/.i'd  life  to  start 
lionies.  For  liiis  purposi'  the  association  inakcK 
the  Indian  a  loan,  which  he  re|iays  as  rapidly  a.s 
Li' can  in  insl.alnienis  without  interest.  Work 
of  this  kinil  h;is  been  done  among  the  Siou.x  and 
Omahas.  The  annual  e.xpenditure  of  this  asso- 
ciation is  about  ^8,0o(). 

Wo.man's  KxKciTivi-:  ('oMMfni;i-.  ok  IIomI'; 
]^IlsstoNs.  — The  work  of  thi'-  boanl  isthi'  plant- 
ing of  Christian  .schools  in  tribes  where  no  mis- 
sioliiiry  WDrk  has  been  done.  They  believe 
that  this  is  ihe  besi  preparaiion  that  can  be 
marie  for  the  successful  carryin.iron  of  Christian 
ini.ssions. 

In  l**?."*  they  beg.'in  their  first  work  among 
the  Indians  of  Xew  .Mexico  and  Alaska.  In 
187^  schools  were  started  among  the  tieine/ 
Indians.  In  isH)  work  Wiis  hi  gun  at  Albu- 
<pieripie  for  the  Pueblos.  In  iss;!  wiivU  was 
undertaken  at  Fort  (iibson  for  the  ChcKikees. 
This  same  year  a  -cliool  w;i'-  started  at  Sisseton 
Agency.  I>akot:i,  for  the  .Sioux. 

Missions  ok  tim-.  PiioTi-.srAxr  Kfisror.M. 
Ciniicii.— In  ISI.")  the  Doinesiic  and  Foreign 
Missionary  Society  of  the  Kpiscopal  Church 
began  a  work  among  the  (tneiclas  of  New  ^'ork. 
In  IH'J'i  a  mission  was  established  at  (trceii 
Hay,  Wis.,  for  the  .Meiiomonees,  under  the  sii- 
jK'rinteinlciK  e  of  Uev  Norinaii  Nash  ;  but  after 
the  expenditure  of  some  money,  and  a  visit  of 
Mr.  Nash  to  the  field,  it  was  given  up. 

In  1H'»8  the  executive  .  oinmiilee  of  the  Hoard 
■Were  instnicteil  to  take  active  measures,  in  coii- 
ciirreni'c  with  the  views  of  the  govermnenl,  for 
coiniuenciug  aud  cstublishiiig  u  periiiuu(;iit  mis- 


sion for  these  Indians.  CoiTespontleiice  was 
opened  with  the  Secretary  of  War,  under  whom 
the  Indians  then  were,  .and  an  arrangenieni  was 
etVccled  whereby  the  So<'iety  were  allowt'd  tooc- 
eupy  a  line  piece  of  land  for  their  mission, 

ill  IS'Jit  tile  mission  was  reopened,  with  one 
missionary,  a  teaclnr,  lariner,  and  lioiiseki'cper. 
The  mission  included  both  church  and  scIkjoI 
work.  In  \Ml  the  mission  is  rcpoitcd  in  a 
tloiirishing  condition,  but  in  18ti~  it  is  repoiled 
as  a  cause  of  anxiety  to  the  Hoard,  because  of 
its  pecuniary  condition,  special  aid  which  tiiey 
had  expected  not  having  been  received.  Soon 
after  this,  the  missionary  iciircd  from  the  Ijcld. 
At  t  his  time  there  were  li  workers  at  ihe  mi-sion. 
and  a  school  with  1<I°.2  boaidingpupils  and  'S) 
day-pupils,  among  whom  were  representatives 
from  the  .McnoiuoiKts  Oneidas,  Chippewas, 
Osages,  Wimubagos,  Hrothertons,  Oltawas, 
Mohawks,  Sioux,  and  Fox  Dining  this  year 
live  chihireii  had  be(  ii  bapti/eil. 

In  September,  ls;M,  Uev.  I).  K.  Hrown  was 
appointed  in  the  plac<'  of  .Mr,  Cadle,  who  had 
resigned  as  superiiMcndt'iil  of  this  mission.  For 
econoluieal  k  asmis.  the  .school  was  reduced  to 
.')()  pupils,  In  l!s;iti  there  were  at  the  mission  C 
woikeis,  and  in  the  .school  til  scholars. 

In  1S3T  the  .Mcnoinoiiees  sold  their  land  ;  the 
Oneidas,  almost  all  theirs;  and  these  tribes, 
with  the  Hrothertons  and  .Siocklirid,!res,  were 
moved  beyond  the  river,  and  the  school  was 
gradually  redu<'ed  until  184lt.  when  only  a  few 
.Menonionees  reiiiaine<l.  About  two  hundred 
and  seventy  childi<ii  had  bee  n  in  attendance  at 
the  school.     Some  had  been  converted. 

In  1. '^40  the  Episcopal  Hoard  had  no  regular 
mission  to  the  Imlians. 

In  the  summer  of  IHtiO.  Hishop  II.  H.  AVhi))- 
ple  i)lace<l  Uev.  S.  1).  Ilinman  and  wife,  with 
a  .Miss  West  as  teacher,  in  charge  of  the  lir.st 
Episcopal  mission  among  the  Sioux,  at  what 
was  known  as  the  Lower  Agency,  in  .Minne- 
sota. They  had  just  eng.'iged  in  creeling  a  lino 
stone  chapel  when  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Siou.x  war  of  18(il  drove  out  the  missioiiaiies 
niid  checked  ihiir  work.  During  ihe  next 
winter  .Mr,  Ilinman  spent  much  of  his  time  at 
the  Indian  camp  at  Fort  Snelling.  ilc  also 
visilcd  the  prisoners  at  .Mankato  and  at  Daven- 
port. He  located  later  at  Sanlce  A,i:ciicy, 
\eb.,  where  a  church  .ind  school  were  (  reeled. 
.Mr.  Ilinm.'in  also  li;iiislated  thi'  Piaycrhook 
into  the  D.ikola,  and  had  it  primed.  A  large 
boardini.r-scho(pl  for  the  .Sioux  wiis  elected  in 
188;!  at  Spriiiiitield,  Dakota  In  1M8:(  the  Si. 
.Mary's  hoarding-school  at  Sanlce  .\geiicy  was 
burned,  and  Ihe  sehohirs  were  tempoiarilv 
transferred  to  ihe  Hope  School  at  SpiiiiLdield. 
The  mission  siill  coiitiiiuis  at  Sanlce  .\geiicy. 
In  (Idober.  Is8|,  a  new  stone  building  lor  the 
Hope  School  was  compleled  at  Spriiigheld.  A 
new  SI.  Mary's  School  was  erected  this  yi  iir 
on  Ihe  Kosebiid  |{eserv;ition,  in  South  Dakota, 
l.")0  miles  wcsl  of  the  old  sile  at  Sanlce  Agency. 
A  boardiii^'sehool  ISI.  Paiil'si  has  also  been 
started  at  Yankton  .Vgciicy.  South  Dakota,  the 
site  of  .Mr.  Ilinman's  tirst  iabc.r  in  the  teniloiy. 

This  Hoard  had.  in  1884.  missions  among  the 
Sioux  in  the  following  places  : 

First,  At  Santee  Agency,  Neb.,  with  a 
eliiireh,  and  chapels  nt  Hiizillu  Creek  and  Wtt- 
liiishaw  Village, 

Second.  At  Fliindrenu,  Dii.,  with  ii  cliiirch 
and  nittive  pastor. 

Third.  At    Vuukton    Agency,   Du.,    with   ti 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


407 


INDIANS,  AMZmCAN 


clmrcL,  and  clmpels  at  Choteau  Creek  and 
White  Swan's  Village. 

Fourth.  At  Crow  Creeli  lieservation,  with  a 
<'iiiircli,  anil  a  elmpel  at  the  "  Lower  Camp." 

Fifth.  At  Lower  Brule,  with  a  church  at  the 
Afreiicy. 

Sixth.  At  Cheyenne  Agency,  with  a  church 
at  More.'iu,  iiiid  chapels  at  ^Mackenzie  Point  and 
Sniped  (.'l()U(!'s  Village. 

Seventh.  At  Upper  lirule,  with  a  church  at 
the  Kosebuil  Agency,  and  a  chapel  at  Good 
Voice  Village. 

Kiglitli.  At  Ogalala,  with  a  church  at  the 
agency,  and  chapels  at  Little  Wounds  Village, 
Orphan's  Camp,  and  Ued  Dog's  Village, 

Ninlli.  At  Sisseton,  wilii  a  church  at  the 
agency,  and  chapels  at  North  End  and  Lake 
Traverse. 

The  Hoard  had,  in  1881.  boarding-schools  as 
follows:  St.  Paul's,  at  Yankton  Agency,  wiih 
40  young  men;  St.  .Mary's,  on  Uosehud  Heser- 
vaiion,  with  ;15  girls;  St  John's  ScIkxjI,  at 
Cheyenne  Kiver  Agency,  with  84  girls  ;  and 
Hope  School.  Springdeld,  Da.,  with  ^4  girls. 

In  1889  the  Board  reported  among  the  In- 
dians in  Dakota  6  white  ministers.  0  native 
ministers,  33  churches  and  chapels,  19  stations, 
1445  communicants.  The  total  expenditures 
for  the  year  (1888-1889)  in  Indian  work  was 
|141,1()3. 

In  1889  this  Board  had  Indian  missions  at 
Anvik,  Alaska  ;  in  Wisconsin,  at  Green  Bay 
Agency ;  in  the  Indian  Territory — in  the 
Cherokee  nation,  at  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapa- 
hoe Agency,  at  the  Kiowa  and  tlomanche 
Agency  ;  in  Minnesota— on  White  Earth  lieser- 
valion,  at  Red  Lake  Agency,  at  Wild  Kice 
Uiver,  at  Peinhina  Settlement,  at  Leech  Lake 
Agency,  at  Lake  Winnibigoshish,  at  Cass 
Lake,  at  Pine  Point ;  in  South  Dakota— at 
the  Cheyenne  Itiver  Agency,  on  Standing 
Itock  Keservation,  at  Lower  Brule  Agency, 
at  Pine  lii<lge  Agency,  on  Rosebud  Reserva- 
tion, at  Santee  Agencj',  at  Sisseton  Agency, 
at  Yankton  Agency,  at  Crow  t'reek  Agency; 
in  Wyoming,  at  Laramie ;  in  Virginia,  at 
lIam|>toii. 

Amkhic.^n  B.xi'tist  Homk  Mis.<i()n.\kv  S<>- 
ciErv. — The  lirst  orirani/.ed  elfort  of  il;"  Bn;  tist 
Church  to  evangeli/e  the  Indians  was  made  in 
1807,  when  the  Massjicliuselts  .Missionar_v  Soci- 
ety (organized  in  180-)  reporlcil  that  in  connec- 
tion with  the  New  York  Baptist  .Missionary 
Society  they  were  supporting  a  nd.ssion  among 
tile  Tuscaroras  and  other  Indian  tribes  in  Norlli- 
western  New  York.  They  also  reported  a 
church  as  organi/.cil  among  tlic^e  Indians 

In  1819  the  Ihiniilton  Baptist  .Missionary 
Society  "  appiiiiitcd  a  mi.ssioniiry  Ir)  ihe  Oneidas 
and  openid  a  school  tor  their  children,  the 
government  granting  !f300  for  the  support  of 
this  school." 

In  1817  the  Board  of  the  Baptist  Genenil 
Conference  appoiiiled  Rev.  Isaac  .McCoy  as 
iiimrant  missionary  in  Indiana  and  Illinois,' and 
in  ISIS  assigned  him  to  special  work  among  the 
Miamics,  KIckapoos,  Potlawoltomics,  and  Sha- 
wanoes  in  Imliana,  and  the  Otiawas  in  Michi- 
gan. In  18'21  a  church  was  organized  at  Fort 
Wayne. 

In  1818  the  Baptist  Board  of  the  Convention 
sent  Itev.  Ilumphrev  Posey  to  the  Cherokees  of 
North  Carolina,  and  later  Rev.  Evan  Jones  and 
Uev.  Thomas  Roberts  to  llie  same  field. 

The  following  suuimury  gives  au  outliuv  of 


the  work  done  by  the  General  CooTentioD  and 
its  successor,  the  3Iissionary  Uoion,  a»  shown 
in  their  reports : 

Began  work  among  the  .Mianiies,  Kickafioos, 
Pottawottoniies,  and  Shawanoes  in  Indiana  In 
1817;  closed  in  1»44. 

Began  work  anion^  the  Cherokees  of  North 
Carolina  in  1818.  and  continued  until  iheir  re- 
moval to  Indian  Territory  in  1»3h,  when-  work 
was  reo|R'ned  and  coutinued  until  Ihe  breaking 
out  of  the  Civil  War. 

Began  work  among  the  Crpek.s  in  1*<23,  and 
continued  until  1839,  when  they  were  removed 
to  Indian  Territory. 

Began  work  among  the  Oneidas,  Tu.scaroras, 
ami  'ronawaudas  of  New  York  in  l»'.i4;  clt»ied 
in  1850. 

Began  work  among  the  Ottawas  of  Michigan 
in  lH-.>2,  and  continue«l  until  the  removal  of  the 
tribe  Iwyond  the  Mississippi. 

Began  work  among  the  Chwiaws  'a  the 
Southwest  in  18-'«;  tdostd  in  1H44,  after  the 
removal  of  the  trilje  to  Indian  Territory. 

Began  work  among  the  Ojiliwas  and  Chip- 
pewas  of  Sault  St.  Marie.  Mich.,  in  18^7; 
close<l  in  1857,  Ix-'cause  of  the  withdrawal  of 
government  aid. 

Began  work  among  the  ( Hoes' and  Omahas 
bevond  the  Missi.ssippi  in  18;j:J:  clos«l  in  1843. 

Itegan  work  among  the  Delawan-s  and  Stock- 
bridges  in  183:!;  close<l  in  lf<64. 

Only  two  stations  of  the  MLssionary  Union 
wer<!  in  active  oi)eration  at  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Civil  War. 

Ill  addition  to  the  niLssionary  work  al>ove 
describe<l,  the  General  Convention  and  the 
Mis.sionary  Union  also  establL'-heti  educational 
and  in<lu.stria1  schools. 

In  1843  Rev.  Evan  Jones  added  a  printing- 
press,  with  Knglish  and  Cherokee  type,  to  the 
Cherokee  mi.s.sion;  and  in  l(f44  the  "'Cherf)kee 
Messenger"  came  out  as  a  monthly  religious 
pa|)er,  with  a  circulation  of  over  one  thousand 
<opies.  Portions  of  the  Bible  and  of  '"  Pilgrim's 
Progress"  were  tninslate<l  and  priiitetl  in  1846. 
In  1875  a  hymn-book  and  tnu  Is  were  printed  in 
the  language  of  liie  Pottawottoniies. 

In  1833  an  alplialiet  was  invente<i  for  the 
Ojibwtis,  Shawanoes,  :ind  Dilawarc^.  In  1.S34 
the  "  Shawaiioe  f^un"  wa-  tir^l  publi'lictl  It 
WHseonlinueil  until  l.'>i37.  In  INH  cine  dilTcn'nl 
li(H)ks,  in  fiiiir  dilTereiit  languages,  wen-  printed 
by  this  sixiety.  In  is;!.",,  titVi**  ci.pii->  of  Uioks 
were  printed  in  the  Sbawanoe,  Cni-k.  CIuhIuw, 
Otoe,  Pottawotloniie.  Wea. and. "siiway  languages. 

Ill  18".27  the  Bapti'>t  (ieiiend  <  oiiffTeno>  had 
seven  scIhmiIs.  Ilflyseven  t<tu  hers  and  two  hun- 
dred and  eitrhty->i\  >cholar-  e<«iine«i<-rl  with  its 
mis>ioiis.  In  indu.strial  nlucation  the  mission- 
aries taught  the  Cherokees  (■>  wcjive.  funii.->liing 
Iheiii  with  a  Iimhii.  The  Confen'm-e  als<i  M-nt 
out  blacksmilhs,  ear|M'iitiTs,  and  fanners  to  its 
dilTerent  missions,  to  teach  the  native^  the  arlii 
of  civili/alion.  In  |stl  si\  hundreil  Biipiist 
churches  were  reported  among  the  Imlians,  and 
in  IS.W  about  tiftien  liundieil.  Pn-viou*  to  the 
breaking  .>ut  of  the  (  ivil  War,  in  1)<61.  sixty 
missionaries  had  lieen  .M-nt  out  by  the  liapti.st 
Convention  and  the  .Mlssionjirv  Uaii-n.  anil  over 
two  thousand  converts  baptize<l.  The  war  of 
1801-1805  iiiterruptefl  all  mi.ssion  work  in  the 
Indian  Territory,  and  in  1865  the  entire  Indian 
work  of  the  Union  was  turned  over  to  the 
American  Baptist  Home  Missiimarr  Society. 

Before  receiving  from  the  General  C-onven- 


I     , 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


4(W 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


tlon  and  Missionary  Union  its  Indian  missions, 
the  HaptisI  Himii- ^lissidiiary  Soclcly  Imd  been 
at  work  ainontr  ilif  Ituliiiiis  on  the  wi'sti'in 
frontier.  In  1H.V.J  work  was  done  liy  lliis  so- 
ciety amonjj  the  I'uelilos,  or  \'illaire  Indians,  of 
Is'ew  Mexico,  and  anion^  tlio  Navajoes.  In 
lH(i.')  tliis  society  resinned  tlie  work  in  tlie  In- 
dian 'IVrrilory.  I)e;;un  Ity  tlie  I'nion,  liul 
broken  otV  by  the  war,  and  in  1H77  was  at 
work  ainon;:  I  he  Cherokees.  (reeks,  SeniiiMiies, 
Delawaics,  Shawiinoes,  Kickapoos,  and  Sac  and 
Kox  tiilie,  \Nilli  i;(  inissioiiaries.  Koi-  IHtIi)  an 
Indian  mission  school  was  opened  at  'rahlei|iiali, 
am!  is  slill  in  operalion.  At  the  present  time 
the -iociety  has  four  schools  for  Indians  in  tlie 
liiiliaii  Terriiory.  vi/..:  Indian  I'liiveisily,  at 
.Mil>koiree;  Chcnikee  .Vcadciny,  at  'ralde(|nali; 
Meiiiinole  Academy,  at  Sa/ak.va;  and  the  Atoka 
Aciideiny,  at  Atoka.  The  reported  attendance 
at  tliese  schools  is  ;i71.  'I'lie  society  has  now  at 
work  ill  the  Indian  'IVrriloiy.  amoiiLr  the  In- 
dians, 21  missionaries,  of  whom  7  are  white,  ',' 
colored,  and  I'J  Indian.  It  has  in  tlie  Territo  v 
Iti,"  <'hiiicli(s,  w  ith  ."i,.VJO  members. 

.MlSsloN.MtY     So(  IKTY    OF      rilK     .M  l;TIIol)IST 

Erisioi'Ai.  (ill  it(  II. — The  tirsi  missionary  of 
this  board  was  .lohii  Stewart,  who  went  to  the 
Wyaiiilolles.  of  Ohio.  .Vl  his  tirst  ))reachiii!j: 
appoiiiimenl  only  one  old  .sipiaw  was  present; 
at  the  iiexl.  an  old  Indian  was  added;  the  next 
Sunday,  ten  presented  themselves.  Soon  larL'e 
crowds  irathered  to  hear  him;  many  weri'  con- 
verted and  the  work  rapidly  spread,  until  hun- 
dreds of  the  Wyandottes  became  Christians. 

In  IHl'.l  the  Ohio  Conference  appointed 
Jaiiies  15.  Finley  siiperintcndeiil  of  the  mission. 
"In  tH:i'2  the  mission-house  was  compleleil, 
schools  were  prosperinir,  and  over  'M)  Indians 
demonstrated  by  their  cliaiiired  lives  the  power 
of  the  (Josjiel  of  (Jrace." 

In  1M',>;{  .lohn  Stewart,  the  "Apostle  to  the 
Wvandottes,"  died. 

In  ls:>()  two  of  the  niUive  converts  from  this 
mission  visiteil  the  Ojihwas  (who  were  a  portion 
of  the  Wyandotte  tribe),  at  Fort  .Maiden,  in 
Canada.  Their  work  there  resulted  in  many 
conversions.  John  Sunday,  a  native  convert 
iind  ])reaclier.  was  appointed  leader  of  this 
work.  In  \S'M  there  were  ten  niis,sioii  stations 
amoiiir  these  Indians  of  I'ppiT  Canada.  "In 
1H2H  the  -Methodist  Kpi.scopal  Church  intrusted 
these  missions  to  the  Canadian  Conference,  and 
in  18;i3  this  conference  placed  tlioin  under  the 
care  of  the  Wesleyan  .Missionary  Society. 
From  here,  this  work  extended  amoiifi  the  Mo- 
hawk, Oneida,  and  other  tribes  in  Ctinada," 
In  IStJOthe  Wesleyan  Society  had  in  that  field 
23  missionaries,  28  helpers,  "2,l)(K)  cliiircli  nieiii- 
bers,  and  <i,;il)U  church-attendants.  This  Cana- 
dian work  was  an  oulirrowth  of  the  work  be- 
jruii  by  the  two  native  W^andolles  of  Ohio. 

In  iH21  the  MetlKHlisi  Kpi.scopal  Moanl  of 
Missions  beiraii  work  anions  the  Creek  Indians 
in  (Jeor^ia  and  Alabama.  Dr.  W.  Capers  was 
their  first  missionarv.  and  also  established,  in 
connection  with  this  inission,  the  Asbiiry  Man- 
ual Traininir  School.  Ill  1H29  the  church  had 
71  niembers  and  the  school  50  schol.-irs 
Trouble  reL'ardintr  the  sale  of  their  landdiviilcd 
the  tribe  into  hostile  parties,  and  in  1830  this 
mission  was  disconiinui'd. 

In  1822  Kichard  Neely,  a  circuit-rider,  licL'an 

Jircacliinir  to  the  Clierokees  aloinr  the  Tennessee 
{iver.    While  on  oni'  of  these  journeys,  he  bap- 
tlzeil  and  received  into  the  church  thirty-lhreu 


Cherokee  converts.  In  1823  two  H(iiliti<inal 
missionaries  were  en^ijretl  in  this  work.  In 
182-f  the  work  was  enlarged,  and  "two  Ion 
meetinj;  Ikuiscs  were  biiill,  and  nuiny  <-on- 
vei-ted."  In  this  same  vfJir  the  l'p|MT,  Middle 
anil  Lower  Cherokee  .Mis.sions  wen-  eslalilislicd. 
In  182*)  church  ineinbersliip  in  tliex-  niissjuiis 
had  increased  to  nearly  100,  and  bv  liie  dose- 
of  1827  to  ti7.).  In  182!(  F  A.  Owen  was  ap- 
pointed su|icrintcndeiit,  with  9  niiv-imiarics 
ami  t  iiMiive  helpers.  The  cliiirch  ineiiilNT- 
ship  had  increased  to  I,(HK).  In  IKio  eiuiL'ra- 
tion  to  the  Indian  Territory  Ix'iran,  and  the 
cliiirch  inenibc'ship  dropixil  to  8."i<t. 

In  1S27,  under  this  society,  Alexander  Tallev 
bcL'aii  work  amoiiir  the  Clioctaws  anii  (  hick- 
asMWs.  with  irreat  success,  lie  was  ap|x>inie<I 
niissidnary  in  Norlhern  Missis-ippi.  and.  with  a 
tent ,  travelled  all  throiiLrh  that  ciiiintrv.  |{«-fi>n> 
the  year  cluscil,  ciicnits  had  li»i-n  f«>niie<l,  2 
new  inissionaiies  sent  out.  churclH-s  ofpiiii/.eil, 
and  tiOO  niembers  rc<-eived  into  them.  In  I8;i0 
the  mission  reported  :{  inissionaries,  3  inl<  rpn-- 
ters,  1  teachers,  and  over  :!  noOcliiircli-menilx  rs. 
In  the  same  year  these  Indians  wen- ultliirrd  to 
sell  their  land  and  move  wi-si.  "  I)is|ii-:irtciie<l 
by  the  ruin  of  ihiir  lioines  and  embilten)!  by 
their  wroiiLTs.  many  who  hail  acci-pttil  the 
gospel  lost  faith  in  the  while  man  and  in  Ibe 
white  man's  reliudon." 

In  |8;i0  work  was  iH'jrini  aniont;  the  enii- 
jrranl  Creek  and  Cherokee  Indians.  In  1n:W. 
2  missions,  with  4  schools,  hail  been  «-slaliIisIie<I 
anioiii;  ihesi'  Indians  in  their  new  liom<-s.  In 
18-t(i  the  re))ort  shows  a  chiirch-menilMTship 
anions' the  (  hcrokees  of  171;  the  (.'ni-ks  li:i; 
the  (  hoctaws,  1,000— total.  1.2H4.  In  1837  a 
decided  ailvance  was  made,  and  in  1843  the 
Creeks  reported  58");  the  Choclaws,  Jt80:  the 
Cherokees,  1,487— total.  3,052. 

In  1804-t!,  when  Lewis  and  Clark  made  ibt-ir 
trip  of  exploration  across  the  conliiieni,  they  in- 
terested llie  Indians  of  tliisrejrion  inllie  reliLMon 
of  the  whites,  and  from  them  the  Indians  askeil 
for  missionaries.  These  the  explorers  pnmiised 
to  try  to  .secure  for  them. 

After  the  arrival  of  the  fur-traders  ii|K)n  the 
western  coast,  in  1811.  further  inslniclion  witu 
triven  the  Indians  in  relitrious  tnuli.  In  this 
way  the  Cayuses  lcarne<I  to  meet  for  worship  on 
the  Sabbath.  Other  traders  suUl  the  Indians 
cards,  telling  them  that  they  were  ytatts  of  the 
Uihie. 

Previous  to  1832  all  work  done  anions  the 
United  States  Indians  on  the  western  i-o;isl  wa.s 
of  this  chancter.  but  diirini;  tliat  vejir  live  Xez 
I'erces  came  to  St.  Louis  atitin  to  a.sk  for  niis- 
.sioiiaries.  They  apix-.-iled  tirst  to  Captain  Clark, 
the  old  exiilorer  and  then  Supeiintendent  of  In- 
dian AlTairs  for  the  Northwt-st.  Hni  for  some 
reason  he  did  not  reveiil  toany  one  their  errand. 
Waitimr  until  utterly  disconnisri'd.  one  of  them 
at  last  spoke  of  their  trouble  to  .a  Christian  man, 
and  throiiirh  him  reached  the  Metholist  Episco- 
pal Cliiirch  Society,  and  alsii  the  American 
Hoard  of  Commissioners  for  Fon-iini  Mis.-i(in.«. 
The  follow inir  ye.-ir,  Uev.  .Ia.s<in  Ia-v  of  Canada 
East  was  ordained  by  the  MethiHlist  Episco|>id 
Cliiirch,  and  sent  out  to  sii|H-rintend  work  in 
Oregon.  In  cianpany  w  ith  his  nephew.  Daniel 
Lee.  and  Cyrils  Shepherd  ami  P.  1^.  E<lwap|s. 
he  joineil  Caplain  Wyeih  s  exixtlilion.  and  by 
the  advice  of  Dr.  .lohu  Mcl,aiii;ldin.  su|M-rinten- 
dent  of  the  Hudson  May  Coiii|>anr,  settled  in 
the  Willamette  Valley,  in  OregiKi. 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


460 


Tlicir  lirs!  siiiliiui  was  loi-atud  ten  miles  north 
of  llu'  pioi'Ml  Salctu.  'I'lifii-  si'coiid  stitliou  Wits 
Fori  VaiiiDUvcr,  llicii  llif  cliit'f  triiiliiiirpost  of 
tlic  iliiilsdii  Hay  l'oiii|iany.  lIiTi- a  s<-1iihi1  was 
oslalilislicd  inli)  which  wcic  iratluTitl  a  iiuiiiImt 
of  half  hiccil  chililrcii.  Soon,  at  tlic  first  >taliciii, 
till' <  (rc'iroii  .Mission  .Manual  Lal)or  School  was 
esiabli^licil.  In  l>>3ti  seven  new  inis>ioiiarics 
were  adiled  io  the  woikini;  force.  In  1>*;W  a 
new  sialion  was  located  at  DalKs,  and  work  he- 
jrnn  anions.'  the  ('alai>o(iias.  In  isijo  the  work 
wasairain  increased  hy  Ihe addition  of  '>  niission- 
aiie-.  1  iihysi.laii.  li  inechaiucs.  4  farmers,  4 
female  teachers,  ami  1  steward.  The  work  was 
now  rapidly  exteiiiled,  ami  soon  l.tNM)  of  the  In- 
dians comiccted  with  the  Dalles  Mission  pro- 
fessed conversion  and  were  ri'ceivcd  into  the 
("Inireh.  Followin;:  this  revival  the  work  de- 
clined rapidly,  anil  within  Iwoyearsihe  mission 
hoard  at  New  York  sent  out  a  new  su|M'rinten- 
<lent  to  iiiVL'stiirate  and  re|K)rt  if  so  larire  at:  ex- 
penditure was  jusiitiahle.  Upon  his  arrival  a 
larv'c  reduction  was  inaile  in  the  mission.  Sev- 
<'ral  stations  were  ahandoned.  'I'he  Indian 
.school  was  removed  to  where  Salem  now  stands, 
Hiid  a  new  huildinir.  eostinif  ^lO.tKtt),  erei-led  : 
hut  after  one  year  of  work  this  was  a'so  Ldven 
up,  and  in  1S17  only  5  mis-ionaries  wore  left  in 
the  licld,  and  the  only  station  occu|>ied  was 
Dalles.  These  Were  transferred  to  the  .Viiieriean 
Hoard  of  CoinniissiouerH  for  Foreign  Missions 
hefore  the  close  of  the  year. 

In  U44  the  Indian  ".Mission  ("onferenre  was 
orjiani/.id.  iiicludinii  the  Indian  Territory  and 
Indians  in  '.he  .Missouri  Conference. 

In  this  year  liic  AlelhiMlist  Kpiseopal  Church 
divided,  forminjr  the  .^letllodist  Kpise!>pal 
Church  (Northi,  and  the  .Methodist  Kpiseopal 
Church  (Soullii.  The  Indian  Conference  re- 
mained with  the  Southern  Chinch,  and,  in  con- 
nection with  that  Hoard  of  .Missions,  ri'ports  in 
ISK).  -ii  missions,  ;JiJ  missionaries.  D  ehnrehes, 
5{,4()4  church  members,  IS  Sunday-schools.  7 
literary  institutions;  expenditures,  !f.").'.)",'(j. 
The  work  included  missions  anion::  the  I'otta- 
waltamie,  Chippewa,  Peoria,  NVea,  Kansas, 
Wyandotte,  Shawnee,  Kickapoo.  (^uaijaw,  and 
Seneca  tril)es.  In  IS.-R)  this  conference  reinirts 
H7  missionaries,  4.tt4J  church  members,  2") 
Sunday-.schools,  1,;}47  scholars,  8  .seh(Hils,  380 
pupils;  expenditures  for  the  yesir,  :|!'20,5iK). 

In  18.">"»  there  were  ;?0  mission.s,  28  mis-sion- 
iiries,  4,2t)4  members,  18  chiirclies,  HH  Sunday- 
schools,  t,;i,sl  scholars,  !»  .schools,  485  pupils; 
expenditures,  Jjt-'.KG. 

In  18(50  there  were  25  missions,  IIO  mis.sion- 
arios,  4,170  members.  8  schools,  541  pupils; 
expendilures,  $15,871.  The  war  for  .sevenil 
years  nearly  suspended  mission  work,  so  that 
between  ISHOand  187t)  no  re|M)rts are  preserved. 

In  1871  the  Indian  .Mission  Conference  re- 
ports 70  preachers,  8,8:i3  Indian  mcmlK'rs; 
expenililures,  !f5,(i74. 

In  1880  it  rei>orls  travelliiiir  preachers.  85;  lo- 
cal preachers,  108.  church  members,  4,785;  ex- 
penditures, |10,(HH). 

The  Conference  report  for  1888  shows:  trav- 
elling preachers,  45 ;  local  preachers,  GO ; 
church-members,  5,240;  expenditures,  fn,- 
874. 

The  report  for  1880  speaks  of  8  young  men 
admitted  to  preach  on  trial,  and  gives  the  statis- 
tics forthe  yearns  follows;  local  preachers,  147; 
Indiau  church  members.  4,954. 

In  1878    the  MetboiUst    Episcopal    Church 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 

(Xorth)  reiKirted  missions  in  California,  Cen- 
tral New  York.  Norlhein  New  York,  Colum- 
bia Uiver.  Michigan,  and  Sdilhern  Kansas. 

The  Cent  ml  New  York  Conference,  Onon- 
dag:i  .Mission.  — Uev.  Abnim  Fancher,  mission- 
ary to  the  Onondaga  Indians,  reporleil  in  1888 
4:iO  Indians  on  the  reservation,  100  of  whom 
attended  church  services,  and  00  were  church- 
members.  The  mis.>ion  i)ro|M-rly  consisted  of  a 
church-building  and  nn»ion-hou.se.  The  ])eo- 
ple  Were  improving  in  every  way.  The  Indian 
school  WHS  I'onducled  by  the  Slat<',  smd  was 
tauuht  by  the  Kpi.s<-opal  minister,  and  a  native 
laily  teacher. 

<>neid:i  .Mission. — Uev.  H  C.  Sherman,  of  the 
Oneida  .Mission,  re|>orted  in  1888,  loo  Imlians 
under  his  ch:irge.  The  church  buililing,  valued 
at  $.")(K),  w:is  in  a  state  of  demy,  and  must  .soon 
be  rebuilt,  or  tlie  work  abandoned.  Y'ct  the 
condition  of  the  Indians  r(rmpared  favoral)ly 
with  that  of  their  while  neiglilHirs.  and  had  im- 
|)roved,  rather  than  decline<l.  during  the  two 
previous  years.  The  two  (i.iy  whools  were 
sui)i)ortetl  by  the  Slate,  and  were  in  Stale  build- 
ings. 

Columbia  Hiver  Confen-nce.  Y'akima  Reser- 
vation.— It  was  re|iorled  in  1888  that  though 
there  was  an  apparent  declension  in  tlie  number 
of  ehiirch-menilH-rs  on  the  Y'akima  Heserva- 
lion,  it  was  not  due  to  "any  great  spiritual 
lapse  on  the  i«irl  of  the  Indians  themselves," 
but  nither  to  the  fact  that  then-  were  no.s(  hools 
(except  the  manual  labor  school  :it  the  agencj-), 
for  the  e<li!c:iiion  of  Indian  children,  and  that 
these  are  considered  necessjiry  Io  the  civilization 
and  salv.-ition  of  the  Indians  as  they  grow  up. 
S.  (ias<'oigne.themissi<inary  on  the  Yakima  Ues- 
ervation,  re|M)rled  an  increa.s(.'  of  10  full  cburcli- 
niembers  ;iiid  10  probationers,  in  1888,  and  that 
his  c-ongregations  wen-  large,  clas.s-ineetingsaiul 
jirayer-meetings  well  attended,  and  that  nearly 
all  ihe  church-members  conducted  family  pray- 
ers in  their  homes. 

Detroit  Conference,— Uev.  A.  K.  Hartlett, 
jiresiding  elder  of  Munpietti  I)istrii-t,  rcporteil 
in  1S88  that  this  conference  had  chaige  of  4 
nussions.  Ir(>i|iiois  Point  wa-s  under  the  care 
of  Uev.  J.  8.  IIemsto<'k,  who,  iR-^i^les  carrying 
on  his  missionary  work,  taught  the  Government 
s<diool.  lie  re|>orted  his  mission  in  good  con- 
dition, with  6  full  members  and  18  probationers, 
in  18K8. 

Munising  Mis.sion,  100  miles  northwest  of 
IrtHpiois  Point,  had  alnait  4U  church-members 
and  a  self-sustaining  district  school,  org-anized 
under  the  State  schcnd  law. 

Kewawenon  .Missiiui,  100  nnles  further  north- 
west. re[>orted  OtJ  memlK'rs.  Uev.  Mr.  Hartlett 
writes  in  his  rei)orl  concerning  it,  that  it  "  has 
Iteen  distracted  in  sonu'  measure  by  domestic 
feuds,  but  is  showing  signs  of  belter  life,  and 
i.s,  perhaps,  our  most  promising  miasion."  A 
new  church  was  erecte<l  during  the  year  1888, 
at  a  cost  of  *1.400. 

The  llaunaliville  Mission,  150  miles  .south  of 
Kewawenon.  near  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan, 
had  alHiut  40  meniln-rs.  The  (K-ople  de])end  so 
much  on  fishing,  hunting,  berrying  and  log- 
driving,  that  they  are  absent  from  home  a  great 
deid.  and  <onse<|nenllyp<M)rIy  titled  to  carry  on 
the  iK-st  s<'lio<>l  and  church  work. 

Genesee  Confen'nce  -The  Tonawanda  Res- 
ervation is  locnteil  in  Genesee  Cotinty,  N.  Y., 
and  is  the  largest  landed  reservation  in  the 
Slate.     There  are  nearly  700  Indians  upon  it. 


Ill 


n. 


r 


■IV 


mm 


i 


INDLANS,  AMERICAN 


470 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


Rev.  8.  S.  'nnllou,  niissioiinry  to  llic  Scnt'ons  of 
lliis  icsciviilioii,  iTptuicd  ill  1HS8,  concci'iiiii}? 
tlii'si-  iicopli',  lluil  "llicir  iiKinil  anil  icliv'ii'iis 
coiulitioii,  <(p|i>i(li'iiiig  lliiil  tlic  rc>c'rviili<)ii  lias 
been  suiTi'iiiiileil  liy  (liiisiiaii  anil  eivili/in;;  in- 
lliiences  lor  nearly  UK)  years,  isdarUiiess  ilselC. 
'I'lieie  is  nu>en>e  o!'  viilue  anioni;  llie  inast-es  of 
these  Inilians.  They  neiilier  many  nor  aic 
given  in  nianiajre.  They  lelain  lo  a  larire  e\. 
lent  llu'  pajian  eiisloins  of  Iheir  falllers.  anil  are 
in  a  ill  ploralile  slate  so  far  as  moral  anil  (liris- 
lian  intlnenees  are  eoncerneil.  "  The  mission 
ehureli  had  a  niemhership  of  18.  The  m;i joiilv 
of  these  inemheis  were  faithful  and  devoled. 
A  (huii'h  liuildin.^.  in  an  untini-hed  eondition, 
liwailed  funds  for  its  eompleiion.  The  small 
hand  of  Chiisliari  Indians  worked  hard  to  raisi; 
the  neeessiiiv  amount.  Imt  were  unalile  to  do 
all.  .Mr.  iJalloii  staled  that  the  .Melliodist 
Chureli  was  the  only  one  that  supported  a  re-rii- 
larly  ai)poiiited  missionary  among  these  people. 
There  were  no  .schools  exeepi  the  coiiimon 
sehool.  A  few  yeats  before,  the  Stale  had  at- 
tempted to  liililil  aninduslrial  seliool;  hut  wlien 
the  huilding  was  only  partially  erected,  it  was 
blown  down  by  a  hurricane;  and  alllioutrh  it  was 
rebuili,  the  Indians,  from  a  superslilious  w  him, 
refused  to  allow  their  children  to  attend  it. 
The  Stale,  having  built  it  in  vain,  afterward 
sold  till  property. 

.Michigan  Conferenee.  — Hev.  .1.  Eagle,  iire- 
.siding  elder  of  ihe  (Jralid  Traverse  l)|s|riit.  re- 
IxaMcil  in  isSS  that  there  wcrealiout 'JtiO  Indians 
within  the  bounds  of  the  ndssimi;  (Jl  of  these 
were  ehureh members.  The  mission  w.as  pros, 
pering  The  children  were  educaled  in  Ihe 
common  district  schools. 

I{ev.  I)  V.  Harncs.  |>rcsiding  I'lder  of  Kala- 
mazoo dislricl.  reported  l."ii'  Inilians,  whoseion- 
ditioii  was  "fair"  Their  children  allcnded 
the  district  schools.  An  Indian  preacher  \xas 
employed  as  missionary. 

Kev"  ("  II.  Theobald  reported  coneeniing  the 
Hiverlon  Mission,  in  Ihe  Big  Hapids  IHsiiicl, 
120  Indians  under  his  charge.  The  spiritual 
condition  of  his  church  ineiiibers  was  good, 
ilost  of  these  Indiaijs  do  some  manual  labor. 

NiMlhcrn  New  York  Conference.  —  I'ev. 
Ebenezer  Arnold,  missionarv  to  the  St,  Uciiis  In- 
dians, writes:  "  The  Si.  Regis  Indians  originated 
as  a  clan,  or  tribe,  in  the  I  Till  cenlury,  gat  he  nil 
out  of  several  Indi;in  '  n.itions,'  inoslly  Iroipiois, 
as  .Jesuit  mission  converts,  and  settled  on  the 
St,  Lawrence  Uivcr  as  a  Uoinau  Catholic  col- 
ony. .  .  .  Our  territory,  I  ,iudgc,  coiilains  no 
Indian  clan  east  of  Ihe  .Mis^issip|)i  Valley 
worthy  lo  be  compared  with  St,  Regis  in  num- 
bers and  rajiid  increase,  in  ingenuiiy  and  gen- 
eral llirift,  in  good  houses  and  neal  Iioum'  kt  ep- 
ing.  ill  goiKl  iarmini.''  and  mechanii  al  skill,  in 
dairying  and  selectionand  careof  slock,  in  good 
clolhing  and  eipiipage,  and  esiHcially  in  gciiind 
i'lia--iiiy  and  family  lidelily.  .  .  .  They  arc  illil- 
erate,  almost  wholly."  Their  great  waul  is  a 
mission  sdiool — a  school  •' iniiiienlly  bihlicil, 
and  of  pure,  pious  sjiirit  and  intlueiice  "  The 
mission  inoperly  isidl  in  the  village  of  Iloirans- 
burg,  and  consists  of  a  cemetery  and  church 
site,  and  a  parsonage  site.  The  church  is  a  neat 
building,  40\(iu. 

PuL'et  Sound  ('onfen'ticp — The  Xooksack 
Indians,  on  the  Nooksjiek  River,  in  Wb.itcoin 
County,  number  151).  They  are  living  on  their 
own  claims,  held  in  .s<'vcralty.  At  one  time 
tliey  were  uuder  the  iiillueuce  uf  the  Cathulie 


Cliliroli,  but  for  years  have  been  >[etlio<Iists. 
The  enrollment  of  churcb-ineiiibersliip  in  is,ss 
was  IliO.  They  had  at  thai  time  lwi>  local 
]ireacliers  and  one  class  hader.  They  are  be- 
coming each  year  more  skilful  in  ijie  use  of 
farinin.ir  implements,  and  their  lciii|Miriil  condi- 
tion is  good.  They  are  abandoning  all  their 
old  he.'ithen  customs  and  rites,  and  are  adopting 
ilislead  (  htislian  ecreiiiouies  and  modes  of  life. 
Wisconsin  Conferenee.  —  Rev.  .1.  I).  Cole, 
presiding  elder  of  Appleton  district,  repoiictl 
concerning  the  work  among  the  Oneid.as,  in 
ISNS,  that  the  mission  wtis  fairly  pios|M'roiis. 
Their  membership  numbcKiI  '^Vilt.'.Mnd  they  had 
a  nourishing  Sunday  school.  The  Oneida  jh-o- 
ple  numbered,  in  that  year,  1,SIH»,  and  Kev. 
Joel  llowil.  with  assisl'iiils,  did  very  ellicient 
work  througliont  this  Meld,  Then-  were  six 
schools  on  the  reservation,  one  under  the  siijht- 
vision  of  the  .Methodist  .nissioiiaiv,  one  under 
the  Kpiseojial  missioniiiy,  and  the  others  under 
the  general  govcnimenl. 

SuciKTV  iiK  FniKNDS  ( OltTIIOTMiX')  — 'Hlls  S<1- 
ciety  began  work  among  the  Iiuli.ans  in  17!t.">, 
when  a  slaiiding  eommillee  was  ap|H<iiited  by 
the  Yearly  .Meeting  of  Friends,  of  Philailel- 
phia.  This  commiitee  has  remained  until  the 
present  lime  in  this  work.  L'|>oii  Ihe  organiza- 
tion (d'  the  eommillee.  funds  came  for  Ihe  work 
from  Friends  in  Kngland  and  AinericH. 

In  ITUti  lliree  young  men  from  the   I'hiladel 
])liia  Yearly  Mcciing   began  work  among  the 
Slockbridges,  at  Oneida,  New  Yoik. 

In  17IIH  iliree  young  men  went  to  Com- 
planters'  Reservalion.  and  began  farming.  The 
lndi;ins  gradually  began  following  tjieir  e.v- 
ainple.  They  bought  land  near  AlUglieny 
Reservation,  erected  a  mill  and  schoolliouse, 
bolli  of  which  are  .still  in  existence. 

Less  than  twenty  years  after  the  close  of  the 
Revolulion,  Friends  from  lialtimore  came  to 
Ohio,  and  began  work  among  the  Sbawnees  in 
what  is  now  Auglaize  County.  Aid  was  ;ds<> 
given  from  olher  Yearly  .Mceiings.  Later,  ihe 
work  w;is  iraiisfcrnd  to  the  Ka.slein  (»liia 
Yearly  .Meeting,  and  in  IS'il  to  Ihe  far-wesUrii 
Y'early  .Meeting  of  Indiana,  and  I  here  remained 
until  Grant's  inaugnralion  of  the  peace  policy 
changed  their  methods  of  work.  In  1S'.':>  land 
was  bouglil  of  the  Indians  and  a  school  house 
erected.  This  year,  many  Indians  begin  farm- 
ing. Soon  mills  were  built  and  the  Indians 
taiighl  to  grind.  In  IS'JCi  the  removal  of  part 
of  the  Iribe  west  of  the  Mississippi  retaideil  the 
Work,  but  a  siicee.ssfnl  mission  was  slill  main- 
laiiicd  among  those  rciieiiiiing.  Trouble,  how- 
ever,  was  caused  by  designing  whitt'ineii.  who 
tried  lo  prejudice  tlie  Indiitus  agalnj-t  Ihe 
Friends. 

The  Frii'nds  visited  those  who  had  been 
liiovcd  in  their  new  borne.  Schimls  were  le- 
opeiied  in  18137,  and  kepi  in  operation  until 
1.8111. 

The  fortveiijht  yiiirs  of  care  giver,  by  the 
Ohio  Yearly  .Vfeeting  to  this  mission  co.si'ila.m 
in  cash  sf!.').')  I)0(),  besides  clothing,  pr(i<Iuce,  and 
supplies. 

Since  1881  the  Friends  have  kept  up  live 
schools  among  these  Indiaus,  the  average  num- 
ber of  scholars  being  20. 

At  iiresenl  the  Society  of  Friend*  rcjiort  nsin 
operalion  ;i  boarding-schools,  witli  an  enroll- 
nieiit  of  Kil  pupils,  and  10  day-sclnMils,  witluin 
enrollment  of  ;JT2.  The  uvernge  ^.tteudnuce  is 
seveuty-uiue  per  eeut. 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


4;i 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


Tin;  Tiinesassft  boar(liin»-<trhool,  in  Caiianm- 
giis  Coiitiiy.  N.  Y.,  lm»  «<>riii«Tte<l  with  il  5ii«) 
uc'ics  (if  liiiiil,  iimlfr  a  iriMnl  stale  of  «-uJii- 
viilii)ii,  where  the  boys  may  W-.itn  airriculliire 
ami  the  caie  (if  stoik.  The  girU  aie  Uugttt 
l»(ni-ii'\V()ik,  sewiiiLT,  etc. 

Whhe's  Iiisiitiiie,  near  Waficish.  Iixiuina.  leu 
an  eiHiilliiieiil  nf  ■'il  lioys  ami  irirU.  rvn.!  T*!«ia«T«-* 
of  hiiiil  an-  eiiltivaled  in  coiiriectio;!  «i!b  Ilie 
schoul,  miicli  of  tlie  \v(  rk  iH'inj  d««iie  by  tlie 
boys.  There  aie  aNo  a  ear|ifiiter,  bUib-niilli, 
ami  saiMh  r  >lii)|),  in  wiiieh  in-tnii-tiMU  I-  irivt-ii. 

Tlie  tiainini;  sehiH)!  for  the  Kii-ifm  t  hi-rvikuc-s 
has  fort}-  itiipll-i.  This  sehool.  with  live  «Uy- 
scliools,  has  been  of  irn'at  Ix-m-tit  lo  llie  |«-«>i'le, 
Theday-sehools  have  an  enrolliuent  of  twu  hun- 
dred and  sixty  pupils. 

There  are  liayschiMils  at  Blue  Jacket.  Skia- 
took  on  the  Seiieea  lieserv'e,  :intl  ann-nz  Ibe 
lowas, — all  in  Indian  Territory.  The^e aw  all 
coinieeled  with  mission  statious.  A  Unnlinir- 
school  at  (Juapaw  Aireney  also  rWTtive*  !!ouie 
aid  from  Ihe  Society  of  Friends. 

This  Soriety  of  Friends  has  orsnnire"!  mis- 
sions in  the  Indian  Territorj- at  th'- fulkiirin^ 
places:  Wyandotte.  Loni;'s,  SycriiniKe.  Aft'tO, 
Ottawa,  I'eoii;i,  Seieia.  Niclii>ls,  Moltn-.  Skia- 
took.  Mine  Jacket,  Cabin  C'rw;k.  Sbawnsviowii, 
ami  Iowa. 

Ami;h1(:.\n  Un'it.vhian  Ass.iciatiox. — This 
associ.ition  beirnn  its  worli  anion:;  the  In^lians 
January  1st,  isSti.  I{ev.  Iletirj-  F.  Ibxni.  wIjo 
for  sonu?  years  had  l»een  L'uitnl  Slate*  Ill<ll!ia 
ajieul  among  the  Ouray  Lies,  was  ibeir  first 
missionary.  He  atli'inpted  to  »f:»rt  a  «cbot«l 
among  the  Ulc;-;,  but  failing  in  thU  he  »eut 
to  the  Crow  Ueserv.aiion  in  )I>>ntana.  The 
Montana  Industrial  ScIum)!  w:is  starlwl,  cost- 
ing !i!."i,Ooi),  Willi  IH  pupils.  This  is  the  «miy 
missionary  and,  excepting  the  nxvennueut 
iigeiK'y  school,  the  only  ttlii«?ational  work 
among  the  Crow  Indians,  who  have  aliui>^  7"0 
children  of  school  age.  The  tola!  J-a^h  rt-e»-i|Ms 
fortius  school  from  .Iiily  1st.  ls,'s»}itlie  liale  «>f 
its  oriranization),  to  .May  1st,   IS'S*.  have  been 

Cusrnwr  Schools. — .V  contract  «ch<^«l  in* 
boarding'School  for  Indian  youth,  under  the 
care  of  some  missionary  iN>aril.  the  anniul  ex- 
penses of  which  are  partly  met  by  Ihe  United 
States  Government.  The  sreneral  estimate  is 
that  it  costs  to  educate  an  Indian  !>oy  or  girl  in 
a  boardiiiL'  school  ^ITO  per  year  The  gov- 
ernment contracts  to  clothe  ami  fe«J  a  certain 
number  of  pupils  jn  these sciiooK.  at  aiiex|>^-ns« 
of  from  ijjS'.tr)  to  :j;l()S  per  year  per  -tuilent. 

Coiiu'ress  appropiiiitrd  for  this  work  last  vear 
if.'iOO, !»!(!.  Of  this  tlie  Uoman  talholies  re- 
ceived iS!;J-|l!.4i)l ;  the  Pre-l>yteri.-»n*.  #47  6-i0; 
the  Congregational  .Mis^ion.iry  SwitHiy.  ♦16.- 
4I)S;  the  remaiiiiiiir  *X'>.4.V)  U-inir  -s^-alterttl  in 
small  amounts  amouL'  other  mis-ionarj"  i»4nls. 

These  contriicls  have  been  made  dririns  ihe 
last  year  with  tlie  Huretiii  of  <  atholi.-  Indian 
Missions;  the  Hoards  of  Home  and  Fon-ign  Mis- 
sions of  the  Presbyterian  (  linre-h;  the  American 
Missjoiiaiy  .\s>;i>ciaiion  of  the  Con^retrstionHl 
Church;  also  with  Kpisi  op.il  Friend*.  Unitarian 
and  Methodist  Boards.  In  tkerse  cuntnict 
schools  t  here  have  been  3,49t*  scholar  in  aitend- 
aiice. 

Till';  United  St.vtes  Govkrsment  al^i 
has  a  large  educational  work  atnon:;  the  Iniians. 
During  the  liist  year  there-  have  been  in  attend- 


ance at  the  government  schools  (not  including 

contract  schools)  H,i;iti  students. 

TlIK  II.VMI'I'ON   .NiillMAI,  TUVtNtMl    SciUMll., 

at  lliinplon,  Va.,  has  an  Indiiin  Department, 
ill  whicli  about  t:!l)  Indian  voulh  are  edu- 
cited.  uirler  contract  with  tiic  governmcMt. 
Il  is  under  no  single  society,  liiil  receives 
help  from  the  lOpiscopal,  rnilarian,  and  Congre- 
gational lioaids,  the  balance  of  its  supiHirt 
Coming  from  the  governiiieul  and  from  in- 
dividual contriliulioiis. 

Smmiiari/  (exclusive  of  the  five  civilized 
tribes  in  the  ludiau  Territory): 

Missionaries  among  the  IiidiauH 163 

Church  buildings 1I1.S 

Church  members 21,922 

Contributed     by    religious     societies      for 
educational  work !j!l2i),116 

There  are,  at  Ihe  present  time,  fifty-six  trilics. 
or  i>orl ions  of  tribes,  witniii  Ihe  riii'led  States, 
destitute  of  mission.'uy  aid.  NVlieii  all  mis- 
sion, contract,  and  government  scIhkiIs  have 
been  tilled,  there  ai(!  still  twenty  thousand 
ludiau  children,  of  school  age,  for  whom  no 
schoul  uccoiumodalioii  is  provided. 

I'illllKlil. 

Popufafioii.  -'Vhf  total  number  of  In- 
dians under  the  conlrol  of  the  Can.idian  Gov- 
crnment  is  124, ."iSi).  They  are  distributed  as 
follows: 

Ontario 17,TfH> 

Quebec 12.4t;."> 

Nova  Scoti.a   2. 1 1."» 

New  Brunswick l,.V.t4 

Prince  Kdward  Island :!I9 

.Maiiitob.i  and  N.  W.  Teriitcnnes 26,:{»)8 

Peace  Hivcr  District 2.0:i8 

Athab.isca  District 8.tJ<X) 

McKenzie 7. (KM) 

Kistern  Hupcrl's  Land 4.UIt> 

Labrador  ami  the  Caimilian  Interior. . .  l,<)**) 

Arctic  Coast 4,IH)(> 

British  Columbia 37,!>44 


124,. >H9 

Tlie  government  holds  in  trust  for  these 
Indians,  for  the  sale  of  land,  timber,  stone, 
etc..  f:(.:i24  i:Vl.  The  expenditure  on  account 
<if  Parlianicntiirv  appropriations  for  these  In- 
dians for  the  yciir  1HS9  was  *9.-)(),  I  l(i. 

Of  Indian  reservation,  4.")8,2s;{  aires  ha%-e 
iK-eii  surrendered  by  then,  to  the  government, 
surveyed  and  put  upon  the  market  ;  21,;U4 
acres  of  this  land  were  sold  durimr  the  year 
lss!)for^;4(t,:!44. 

During  Ihe  yt  •  8>*8,  fi,127  children  attendeil 
M-hool  ;  2, (ill  III.  iiels  of  wheal  were  raised, 
9>iO  buslicls  of  potatoes. 

Of  the  Indians  now  under  the  care  of  the 
("aii.adiaii  tiovcrnmciit.  20,08!)  are  Protestants; 
:32.<i42  are  Kmnaii  t'atlioiics;  70,878  are  pag.aus. 

Missions,  Fveiifli  Jisiiiln.  -'VUr  first  re- 
liiri.ius  body  to  do  missionary  work  among  the 
Indians  of  Canada  was  ihe  French  .lesuils.  In 
all  the  e.irly  Frcnih  exploration  the  mis.sionary 
idea  w;us  as  prominent  as  that  of  the  extension 
of  terrilority. 

Cartier's  commission  nuthorized  him  to  ex- 
jilore  "  in  order  the  heller  to  do  what  was  pleas- 
ing to  God,  our  Creator  and  .Hedeemer.  and 
what  may  be  for  the  increase  of  His  holy  and 


3  .   I  I , 


I 


I! 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


473 


INDIANS,  AMBRIOAN 


sacred  nnmc,  niul  of  our  Holy  Motlior,  the 
Church."  !>('  MmiN  wus  also  rciiiiiicd  r<>  hiivi; 
till'  liKJians  "  iMslriii'Inl,  iiivitcil,  arid  iiii|)i'lli'il 
to  a  kiiowicdLTt'  of  (iod,  aiut  tilr  llglll  of  failh 
and  Cliiisliaiiilv." 

Ill  ItidS  Dc  Aloiils  iilaiilfd  his  lirsl  siMllciiU'iit 
al  till'  iiioulli  of  III)'  St  Ci'oix.  oil  Moiiii  l>laiid. 
A  slioil  lime  later  lliis  mission  was  tiaiislVrrcd 
to  llic  o|)|  o>iU'  slioic,  when'  it  ici'civcd  tin- 
liaiiic  of  I'oil  Hoval.  This  was  not  only  the 
lirst  iiiissiiin  in  Canada.  Imt  llic  liist  I'ooiliolii 
of  Fraiii'i'  and  llii'  Catholic  Church  in  the  North. 
Polriiicoml,  who  lollowcd  I)c  .Moiits  in  the 
work  ot  colon i/.,it ion,  addicsxil  a  lillcr  to  the 
I'opc,  and  ill  retuiii  received  I'idiii  him  a  hene- 
(liclioii  u|ioii  his  iinderlaUiiii:.  In  tlill  two 
Ji'siiii  missionaries  arrived  and  liejraii  work 
anion;;  the  .Micmais  of  Nova  Scotia,  removini; 
a  little  later  to  the  coast  of  .Maine,  in  order  thai 
they  might  carry  on  their  work  among  the  Ah- 
unkis. 

'I'liK  AiiNAKirt  .Mission. — The  Indians  known 
to  the  I'Veiich  as  llie  Aliimkis,  to  the  Kiiglish  a« 
the  'raiaiiluns,  were  one  of  the  most  powerful 
of  the  Algoixiiiiii   Irihes,  occupying  a  greater 

Surt  of  what  is  now  known  us  the  Slate  of 
Iidne.  They  were  .seldcd  in  villages,  niiil 
piisscd  must  of  their  time  iu  hunting  and  tish- 
ing. 

In  1008  two  mi.ssioimries,  Fathers  Peter  Hiard 
and  Kneinond  .Masse,  altcinpled  to  .sail  from 
Hoideau.\,  in  France,  to  I'ort  Uoyal  ;  hut,  ow- 
ing to  continued  opposition,  it  was  June  12th. 
1011,  hefore  they  reached  their  dolination. 
Upon  arrival,  they  immediately  licgaii  the  study 
of  the  .Micmac  l.iiigiiagc,  and  hoped  mioii  to 
convert  the  whole  .Micmac  people.  Hut  their 
work  was  most  seriously  lianipercd  hy  the  con- 
tinued oppoNiiionof  ISicncourt,  the  cominaiider 
t)f  the  .setllcmeiil.  Finally,  despairing  of  any 
success  at  I'ort  Uoyal,  they  removed  to  Deer 
Island,  on  the  coast  of  .Maine,  where  a  mission 
was  eslalilislied  ;  hut  it  was  >oon  attacked  and 
destroyed  hy  the  Hiigli>li,  under  Argal,  who 
carried  Father  Miard  and  Ihiee  of  the  mission- 
aries as  prisoners  to  \'irgiiii;i,  leaving  the  others 
to  tind  their  way  hack  to  Fort  l{oyal  as  hcsl 
they  could.  Father  Hiard  tinally  reached  Kiig- 
land,  and  from  there  made  his  escape  to  Fiiince. 
Thus  the  lirst  inission  to  the  -Vhiiakis  was 
crushed  out  almost  at  its  start,  and  that,  too, 
not  hy  a  savage,  hut  a  Christian  people. 

In  lOli)  Uecollects,  or  Keformed  Fiancis<>ans, 
began  missionary  work  in  Acadia,  locating  their 
prin.'ipal  station  on  the  St.  .lohn's  Kiver,  No 
aullienti(t  account  of  this  mission  is  now  inexi.st- 
oiice.  In  lf)'J4  three  of  the  inissionaries  ahan- 
♦lolicd  the  Held  and  joined  tlieirorder  in  (iuehec. 

In  104v  there  existed  on  the  hanks  of  the  SI. 
Lawrence  a  mission  station,  founded  hy  X(H'1 
Brulart  dc  Sillery,  and  hearing  his  name.  Into 
this  mission  many  Clirislian  Algompiins  had 
been  gatliere<l,  wiio  hail  given  up  their  wild, 
roving  life  and  settled  ciown  as  fanners.  In 
1042  a  nuinhcr  of  Christian  Ahimkis  were 
(•aptured  hy  pagan  Algonipiins.  Missionaries 
from  Sillery  hastened  io  their  relief,  succeeded 
in  rescuing  them  from  terrible  torture,  and 
brought  them  to  Sillery.  When  siiltiiiciitly 
recovered  from  their  wounds,  one  st.arted  for 
his  native  village,  accompanied  by  u  inis.sionary. 
As  a  result  of  his  work  only  a  few  years 
elapsed  before  native  Christians  ('ould  be  found 
iu  nearly  every  village  on  the  Kennebec. 

In  1646  Father  Oubriel  Uruilletes  was  sent  to 


the  Kennebec,  where  he  was  joyfully  received 
by  tlie  Abnakls.  lie  soon  inaslered  the  lan- 
guage, a  chapel  wiiseonslrucled,  and  the  natives 
eiilei-'d  into  an  agreemeiit  :  "1st.  To  renounce 
intoxicating  liipiors  ;  2il.  To  live  at  pcM<-e  with 
iheir  neighbors;  ;id.  To  give  up  their  inedicine- 
hiigs,  drums,  and  other  superstitions  ohji cts  " 

He  accoinpanied  llieiii  on  their  hmitiiig  ex- 
peditions, vi^ih  d  Iheir  sick,  and  so  attached  him- 
self to  the  people  that  when  ordci'cd  back  to 
(Quebec  his  goiiii;-  was  the  cail.se  of  great  grief 
among  them.  Six  niontlis  later  they  sent  to 
ask  bir  his  retiiin,  and  Iw  ice  during  the  follow- 
ing e'gliieen  months;  but  so  limited  was  the 
number  of  workers  that  it  was  not  until  .\ugu>t, 
l(i.")(t,  that  lie  was  able  logo  back  to  his  former 
Held  of  labor.  Ilisanivalat  Norridnewalk,  the 
thief  AbimUis  village,  was  hailed  with  great 
rejoicing.  Later  in  the  fall  he  desi  ended  the 
Kcnni'bec.  and  in  November  reached  Hoston, 
and  paid  a  visii  to  ICliot  at  Uoxbiiiy.  who 
urgeii  him  to  pass  the  winter  with  him;  but  he 
replied  that  his  "  Abniikis  called  him.  and  he 
niiisl  return."  Uy  February  he  was  back  among 
them.  In  1051  he  made  a  two  weeks'  visit  to 
(Quebec,  and  in  the  f.all  a  second  visit  to  IJosIoii. 
In  the  spring  of  10.52  he  was  again  recalled  ti) 
tiucbec,  where  he  arrived  after  a  journey  of 
extreme  hardship  and  sull'ering.  Work  in  other 
lielils  detained  him  from  his  Abnakis  tlock  1111- 
til  1057,  when  he  again  spent  a  winter  with 
them,  and  then  took  a  liiial  leave.  Several 
niis.sionary  expeditions  were  made  by  him  !(< 
the  north  and  west,  until  in  107!),  broken  by 
old  age  and  exposure,  he  returned  to  t^iiebec, 
where  he  died  on  the  Mtli  of  April,  1081,  at  the 
age  of  88,  the  last  Ihirly-eighl  years  of  his  life 
having  been  given,  with  untiring  devotion,  to 
the  Christiaiii/.iiig  of  tlie  Canadian  Indians. 

In  l(i58  new  mis>ionaries  wcii'  sent  to  the 
Kenneliec.  but  Iheir  stay  wa-  slioil,  and  bir 
twenty  years  little  mission  woik  was  attempted 
in  .Maine.  Hy  l(i8()  in;iny  of  llie  Christian  In 
diaiis  had  been  drawn  to  the  mission  al  Sillery. 
War,  sickness,  and  the  exhai'.slion  of  the  soil 
had  so  reduced  this  mission,  wliich  for  fifty 
years  had  been  the  refuge  of  the  Algonipiiii 
people,  that  in  10815  it  was  abandoned  and  a  new 
mission  started  at  the  Falls  of  the  Chaudicre. 

In  108»  mission  work  was  again  taken  up 
among  the  Abnakis  Indians  of  .Maine,  and 
Father  Higot  was  sent  to  restore  and  conliniie 
tlie  work  of  Father  Druilletes.  A  mission  was 
established  al  Panawaniske.  on  the  Penobscol, 
and  another  at  Medoktek,  near  the  uiuuth  of 
the  St.  John's  Hiver. 

About  this  time  the  missions  began  to  suiter 
severely  from  the  dillieiiltics  arising  between 
the  Frt'nch  and  Knglish.  Maine  was.a  disimled 
territory,  claimed  by  each.  The  Fishery  Com- 
pany, which  held  a  monopoly  of  the  coast,  op- 
posed the  missionaries  in  every  possible  way. 
Gov.  Denoiiville,  however,  insisted  upon  the 
jiroleetion  of  the  missionaries.  At  this  lime, 
the  Indiaiisof  the  Jesuit  niissionsof  Maine  were 
etpial  in  piety  and  devotion  to  the  priests  of  the 
seminary  al  tjuebec. 

In  1095  Father  Hale  began  work  at  Norridge- 
walk.  ]Most  of  liie  Abnakis  were  professing 
Christians.  A  part  of  the  year  the  missionaiy 
remained  with  his  Indians  in  their  villages, 
planting  their  crops.  Then  Ihey  repaired  to  ilie 
coast  l<»  tish.  A  tent  was  used,  during  all  their 
travels,  as  a  chapel. 

In  1700  the  Abnakis  who  had  joined  the  Al- 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


478 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


guiii|uiii  iiiiHsion  at  SilUry  and  cmiirratcd  with 
tliriii  to  Clmiiilii'ri',  I'l'iiiovi'd  to  St.  l-'riilicis  du 
.Siilcs  Tliis  villimc,  (iwiiiir  to  the  inndilcs  in 
MaiiJi'.  nipidly  iiidi'iiscd  liy  iiuiiiiLrialioii  I'lciiii 
till!  Ki'mimIhc  and  I'dioliscot  ini^sioiis, 

la  170;t  till'  Kiiiicli  mid  Knuli^li  war  liriikt> 
out.  The  Aliiiaki~<  Indians,  >idini;  with  tin; 
Frrnili.  inclined  tin'  ciiinitv  of  ihc  Kiiiili^h. 
In  I  Til5  a  party  iindii'  ('m|ii.  llillun  icolii'd 
Not'rid);(;waM\  and  IniiiU'd  llic  villairiMnd  cliiirch 
dnriiiL'  till'  alis<iici'  of  \Ur  Indians.  A  liark 
clia|ii'l  was  ininirdialcly  ticcled  in  lliu  place  ol' 
tlieir  deslroyi  il  eliiiicli. 

'I  III'  peace  1)1'  Itreclil ,  in  ITlll,  restored  (juiet, 
lull  ceded  .Maine  lutlie  l^n,L;lisli.  Sonic  of  the 
Alinakis  ciniLMHlcd  to  llic  St.  Lawieiice,  hut  ii 
liiiircrpait  reniained  wilii  Father  Kale.  A  dep- 
utation \isiieil  liostoii.and  the  ;.'ovcrnor olTcred 
to  reliiiMd  the  clinrih  desiroycd  at  .NurridLii.'- 
>valk.  pro\iiled  they  would  ilisiiilss  their  iiii.s- 
sion.irv.  This  ihey  at  once  refused  to  do.  Con- 
stant troiilile  t'ollowcd  for  the  .Vlinakis  people 
and  llieir  niissionary.  Their  church  wiis  rehiiill 
liy  the  French  in  it'JI.  The  niissidii^  were  .sur- 
rounded liy  the  KiiLrlish.  Constant  eiieroach- 
nieiiis  were  liciiiii  niailc  on  the  Indian  lands. 
The  Indians  acciiseil  the  HliLrlisli  of  "otTcrini; 
tlieiii  a  Millie  with  one  hand  and  stealiiii;  their 
land  witli  the  other." 

In  the  fall  of  \7i'i,  while  the  people  of 
Norridirewalk  were  on  one  of  tlieir  lishiin.:  c.\- 
|H'ditions.  the  Fnclish,  under  ('ol.  Westlirook. 
were  ai^aiii  sent  against  the  town.  Their 
iipproaeh  was  discovered,  and  Father  K.ile, 
now  a  cripple,  had  hardly  time  to  escape  with 
the  altar  vessels  to  ihe  forest.  Failinir  to  find 
the  niissionary,  tliey  pursued  him  into  the 
forest,  1)111  passed  him  while  lie  lay  under  a 
fallen  tree.  After  irreat  sulVeriiig  he  linally 
reached  (iueliec,  only  to  return  at  once  to 
Noiridirewalk,  sayiiiir  tli.it  God  had  comiiiilted 
this  lloc'k  to  his  care,  and  he  would  share  their 
lot. 

On  the  23(1  of  August,  1724,  a  force  of 
English  and  Mohawk  Indians  suddenly  attacked 
the  village,  and  Fallicr  Uiile  was  killed,  stand- 
ing liy  the  cross.  S<'Veii  of  the  Alinakis  chiefs 
(lied  with  liini;  tlu;  rest  lied.  On  the  retreat  of 
the  English,  the  Indians  returned,  and  taking 
the  hody  of  their  missionary,  which  the  victors 
had  hacked  and  manglcil,  they  hurled  it  amidst 
the  ruins  of  his  eliurch,  under  the  altar. 

The  Indians  of  Norridgcwalk  were  so  dis- 
heartened hy  the  death  of  their  missionary  that 
one  huiidreii  and  tifly  retired  to  the  mission  of 
St.  Francis;  and  the  rest,  iinwilliiiir  to  leave  the 
country,  aliaiidoneU  tlieir  village,  and  the  place 
became  desolate. 

In  17;!il  a  missionary  was  again  sent  from 
t^uehec,  aiitl  Norridgcwalk  was  rehuiU. 

During  the  wars  which  followed,  the  missions 
in  New  Hrunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  sulTered 
severely.  The  whole  country  of  Acadia  was 
desolated.  In  ITIill  the  only  missionary  left  on 
the  St,  .lolin's  w.as  located  at  the  village'  of  St. 
Anne,  upon  an  island  in  the  river.  Shortly 
after  this  periiMl  he  wididrew  to  the  St.  Francis 
mis>ion,  on  the  St.  L.iwrence,  only  to  .see  that 
mission  destroyed  by  the  English  soon  after  his 
arrival.  By  the  peace  of  ITtllt  the  French  sur- 
rendered ('anada  to  the  English,  and  the 
Jesuit  and  Ueeolleet  missions  received  a  severe 
blow.  The  English  guaranteed  to  the  Cana- 
dians the  freedom  and  rights  of  their  church, 
but  as  the  old  missiouuries  died  at  their  posts 


il  was  found  impoasihle  to  fill  their  plaeefi,  .md. 
one  liy  one,  the  Alinakis  inissioiiH  were  alian- 
doned. 

Ill  the  war  of  till!  Hevoliilioii  the  AhiiakiH 
sided  with  the  .\inericans,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  wari'sked  for  a  Krencli  priest.  The  court 
of  .MasNachiisctts  expressed  a  wish  to  furnish 
them  Willi  such  a  form  of  religion  as  they 
might  desire,  hut  were  luiablu  to  llnd  a  mis- 
sionary. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  a  jietitioii  was  .sent 
to  lli-hop  Carroll,  of  the  Socielv  of  .lesiis  in 
Maiyland,  asking  him  for  a  inis-ionaiy,  and  ill 
liM  one  was  sent  from  l'"ralice,  who  for  ten 
ycais  lived  at  Oldtown  and  ministered  to  the 
Alinakis. 

Till-;  IIiiioN  .Mission — Tlienali<in  known  to 
the  I'lench  liy  the  name  of  llurons  and  to  the 
English  as  Wyandols  occupied,  when  the 
Frencli  sellled  i^iieliee,  a  strip  of  land  to  the 
south  of  (ieorgian  liay,  aliout  7")  miles  long 
liy  :.'.")  wide.  Within  this  leniiory  lived  :it),(M»() 
of  these  llurons,  in  \X  large,  wcU-liuilt,  and 
slrongly-defcndcil  towns.  They  were  naturally 
a  trading  people,  and  hardly  had  t^iieliec  he- 
come  settled  than  they  began  to  barter  with  the 
French. 

One  of  the  IJecolleels  who  came  out  in  Ifil.'i 
made  a  visit  lo  ilieir  towns,  and  on  his  return 
lirought  such  a  favorable  report  of  the  peoplo 
that  a  mission  was  at  once  determined  upon, 
and  Father  Lc  Caron  started,  in  the  fall  of  ItllTi, 
for  the  land  of  the  llurons.  Wcleoineil  by  the 
natives,  who  built  him  a  cabin  near  one  of  their 
villages,  he  at  once  began  missioiiiiry  work. 
The  winter  was  spent  m  sliidyingthe  language, 
bapli/.ing  the  dying,  and  conducting  services. 
In  ihe  spring  Failier  I.e  (  aroii  was  obliged  lo  re- 
turn to  (Quebec,  In  l()"..'Jlhe  llurons  received  a 
short  visit  from  Father  William  I'oiilain.  Seven 
years  after  his  lirst  visit  Ivillnr  Li'  Caron  wa.s 
able  to  make  a. second  visit  lo  the  llurons.  tak- 
ing with  him  two  other  missionaries.  They 
fouml  his  little  cabin  slill  standing,  and  here 
th'y  labored  until  the  following  siimnier,  when 
lather  Lc  Caron  and  one  of  the  missionaries 
rclurncil  to  (Quebec,  leaving  Father  Nicholius 
Viel  lo  coiilinue  the  work.  Having  mastered 
the  language.  Father  Viel  began  religions  in- 
stniclion,  tlrst  teaching  the  Indians  to  recite 
pr!i\crs.  In  ]IV2r),  while  on  a  journey  to  (Que- 
bec, Fallier  Viel  was,  for  some  unknown  reason, 
drowned  by  the  Indians.  About  this  time  the 
Jesuits  half  arninged  to  send  two  missionaries 
to  work  with  the  Uecollects  in  the  conversion 
of  the  lliiidiis,  but  the  death  of  Father  Viel 
postponed  for  one  year  all  plans. 

In  the  fall  of  l(j'.'(i  Fathers  Hrebeiif  and  Dill- 
ion,  Hecoll(!cts,  and  Father  Anne  lUi  None,  ii 
Jesuit,  returned  with  the  llurons  from  their 
annual  trading  visit  to  tjiiebec,  and  began  again 
the  work  of  Lc  Caron  and  Viel.  Father  de 
None  (indiiig  that  he  could  not  learn  the  lan- 
guiige,  returned  to  (Quebec  in  the  fall  of  l(i'.J7, 
and  one  year  later  was  followed  by  Father  de 
la  Uoclie,  leaving  Hrelietif,  who  had  mastered 
the  language,  to  labor  on  alone.  He  became 
much  endeared  lo  the  llurons,  and  when,  two 
years  later,  he  was  ordered  back  to  (Jueliee,  the 
Indians  ]iarted  with  him  with  great  regret. 

Three  days  after  Hrebeiif  reaclieil  Quebec  it 
was  taken  by  the  English,  and  he,  Le  Caron, 
and  the  missionaries  were  biken  as  prisoners  to 
England.  jNIaking  their  way  from  there  to 
Fruuce,  they  continued  the  .study  of  the  Huron 


:!l 


iM 


ii 


I '  I  i- 


m 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


474 


INDIANS,  AMBRIOAN 


liwigiiii^c,  liopliij,' yd  for  an  opportunity  to  re- 
liini  Id  llii'ir  work  in  ('iiniiiiii, 

Al'lcr  llic  rrHioniliiiti  of  CiiniKiii,  In  Itll!','.  the 
liinj;  of  l''iiinri'  ollVrcil  Ijioc  iiiissions  lo  ilic 
FriinclNCiiiis,  lull  Ipcini;-  rrfiiMil  liy  llirni,  llicv 
were  j:ivcii  Id  llic  .Ir^iiiis  In  lii;i;i  wmk  ums 
rcsuint'il  in  llic  Si.  I.iivn  iciicc'  \iillry,  (^uclpctt 
liciiii,'  niMilc  liic  ((111 re  cil  uiicnilioii-. 

Aiioiit  liiis  lihK'  II  L'i'nii  tnlliwhiMii  >prMn>.ni|i 
imion>;  Ilic  irlinicms  oiciri-*  of  h'lnnci'  In  do  mis- 
sionary woiU  iinioiiLi  llu'  Anii'i Iran  Iniliaiw. 
Tlic  yoiiMi;  .Ic'snil-  ;f|aclly  a(c<plril  \\oil\in  llic 
ni'w  coiiiilry.  VoiiMU'  nun  from  all  paiN  of 
Frame  oil  (rid  llirm-rlvcs  as  nii»--ionaii<'s.  A 
son  of  llii'  Maiiplis  of  (iamaclir  foiiiiilril  llir  Col- 
ifjTf  of  t^mlirc,  i^vni  llic  womin  caiijilii  tlii' 
culliusia^m.  ami  nuns  fioni  ilillirciil  convt'iils 
Cilinc  III  (.jiirlii'C  lo  cnpi^if  in  Ilir  work. 

Alllioii.Lili  llii>  Caiiailian  ImliiinH  wcru  at 
pi'aci'  Willi  caili  ollirr,  \t'\  a  conliiiiiai  warwas 
Kept  up  liriwci'ii  llirm  anil  llic  lriii|Uois  of 
ISi'W  York,  greatly  to  llic  ioHii  uf  tliu  C'anadiitn 
Iniiiiins. 

In  Itillli  Fallicr  IJrcliciif  icailicii  (Jiicl ;  lint 

h'allicr  l,c  Caion,  aflcr  plcailiiii;'  in  vain  for  llic 
privilege  of  reiiiriiing  lo  his  licloviil  work,  died 
III  France,  liiokenlicarlcd.  I'pon  rcacliiiii; 
Canada,  IJrcbeiif  was  joineil  liy  Falliers  Daniel 
and  Davosi,  Imi  they  were  prevented  for  one 
yi'ar  from  retiirnini;  lo  tlieir  llnron  mission  hy 
hoslilc  Algompiins,  who  would  not  allow  Ihcin 
to  pass  throuLrh  iLcir  eounlry.  At  last,  aflcr 
long  delays  and  unusual  liariisliips,  the  falliers 
reached  The  new  iluron  lown,  Ihonaiiriu,  where 
Ihcy  were  nceived  with  great  joy.  As  soon  as 
they  liad  recovered  from  Ihe  exhaustion  of  llieir 
journey,  the  inissioiiaries  lagan  the  erection 
of  a  logealiin.  yti  feet  long  and  'JI  feet  wide. 
Hreliuuf  gave  his  associates  all  [lossihle  iissit  t- 
ancc  in  ac(|uiring  the  language,  and  as  soon  a.s 
alile  the  new  missionaries  liegan  Ihe  work  of  sec- 
ular and  religious  education  of  Ihe  young  llu- 
rons.  The  following  year,  I  wo  new  missionaries 
arrived  and  Ihe  work  was  rapidly  extended  to 
other  villages. and  in  tliesummcrot'  lli:!ii  a  Iluron 
school  was  loiinili  d  at  liuclae  for  the  religions 
and  industrial  educalion  of  Ihe  hoys.  Once 
nion;  Ihe  working  foice  was  ineroiscd  liy  the 
arrividof  lliree  new  missionaries,  lint  hardly  had 
they  reached  Ihonatiiia  when  a  lerrililc  disease 
broke  out  among  the  Indians.  Amidst  scenes 
of  sulTeriiig  and  death,  persceuled  by  the  medi- 
cine men,  making  long  journeys  on  .snow -shoes, 
exposed  lo  all  Ihe  suirerings  of  a  norllicrn 
winter,  Ihe  missionaries  worked  on,  relieving 
the  sick,  telling  the  slory  of  the  cross,  uud  Imp- 
ti/iiig  Ihe  dying. 

During  ihe  snmmcr  of  ll!!t7  the  peslileneo 
broke  out  again  with  renewed  fury,  and  the 
Indians  chargi'd  ihc  missionaries  with  being 
its  cause.  At  limes  their  lives  were  in  danger. 
At  last,  .sentciieed  by  llu;  llnron  council  lo 
death,  IJrebeuf  wrote  lo  Ihe  Sujierior  of  (Que- 
bec tliat  tlicy  were  at  llie  point  of  shedding 
their  blood  iu  the  service  of  llieir  bles.sed  .Mas- 
ter, Clirist.  At  llio  last  nioiiient  Ihe  Iliirou 
cliief.s  repented.  Ihe  lives  of  the  missionaries 
were  spared,  and  one  of  I  heir  accusers  was  killed. 
The  following  year  new  converts  rewarded 
their  labors,  new  mis.sionaries  arrived,  and  ihe 
work  i)rogressed  rai)idly.  New  missions  were 
located,  converts  were  constantlv  being  made, 
seLools  and  chapels  were  crowded,  and  in  the 
spring  of  16:30  the  missions  wuru  established 
bieyoQd  all  danger  uf  failure. 


With  the  nliirii  of  the  lluroiiM  from  llieir 
Iradiiig  visit  to  (Quebec,  new  missionaries  ar- 
rived, and  with  Ihc  riliiiiiiiig  Indians  came  ihe 
awful  scourge  of  small  pox.  As  the  scoiirgi'of 
dciilh  swept  over  village  after  village,  again 
the  Indians  accused  the  missjonai ics  cif  biing 
ils  cause,  and  again  llicy  were  obli'.'id  lo  work 
ever  amidst  ihc  i.;rcalcs|  danger.  This  con- 
dilion  of  ihingsal  last  induced  ihcin  to  build  u 
etiilial  mission  station.  scparaUd  from  all  Ihe 
villages,  Id  which  liny  could  1:0  in  all  limes  of 
special  exposure.  (  onsc(|iH  nlly,  in  Ihe  fall  of 
l(l;;il,  upon  Ihc  Hiver  Wye,  wns'erccled  Ihc  mis- 
sion house  of  .'s|.  .Mary,  and  loihis  ihi' niis^ion- 
aties,  driven  from  the  dlllcrcnl  sitilions  during 
Ihc  fall,  winter,  and  spring  of  Iti;)!*  -lo.  relired. 

In  Ihe  fall  of  HMO  Ihe  missionaiics  scallereti 
lo  new  llclds  of  labor.  Two  new  missionaries 
went  lo  the  .Mgonipiin  tribes.  Falher  Mro- 
lieuf  Weill  lo  liie  Meulral  Nation.  Two  re- 
mained at  Si.  .Mary's,  and  ihc  rest,  in  pairs, 
tiMik  up  Ihe  work  at  dillerent  points. 

Kighleen  years  had  now  elapsed  .since  C'liiirles 
iMciaskwal  jiaid  his  liist  visit  lo  Ihe  Iluron 
people,  and  yd,  out  of  a  tribe  numbering 
KI.IMlll,  hardly  one  hundred  conversions  coidd 
as  yd  be  couiiled.  Hut  fiom  this  lime  Ihe  ad- 
vance of  Ihc  mission  was  rapid.  Soon  almost 
every  village  had  ils  conveils,  every  war  parly 
ils  praying  Indians. 

In  Ili't4,  rllhough  harasse<I  and  in  constant 
danger  from  the  lr(H|Uois  war  parlies,  which 
were  constanlly  pushing  their  dcprcdalions  fur- 
ther and  further  into  the  Huron  eounlry,  Ihc 
missionaries  worked  on  with  renewed  zeal. 
During  this  year  lliree  new  cliiirehcs— two 
Ilinoii  and  one  Algoii(|uin — wen  organized. 

The  peine  of  lli-t.")  wiis  followed  by  a  war  of 
oven  greater  fury.  Oneof  ihe  mis>ionaries  was 
caplund  and  kilhd  bv  the  Mohawks.  The 
Iioipiois  aitaeked  thi'  lliirons  with  increased 
jiower,  and  soon  all  was  dismay  and  ruin.  As 
starvation,  sulfering.  torture,  and  dcalli  closed 
in  around  them,  Ihc  lluroiis  lied  to  the  mission- 
aries as  ihcir  only  lioiie.  t  Impels,  now  built 
in  every  town,  were  overcrowded.  In  Ki-lS 
Father  Daniel  was  killed  while  standing  be- 
tween his  living  eongngalion  and  llie  advancing 
lidi|Uois.  I'ursiiing  ihe  Ilurons.  lumdicds  of 
Chiistian  Indians  were  killed,  and  Ihe  mission 
of  SI.  .loseph  annihilated. 

'I'lie  news  of  the  deslrncti'in  of  Si.  .Iosei)li 
spread  terror  through  Ihe  Huron  country. 
Town  after  lown  was  idiandoned.  In  vain  Ihe 
missionaries  tried  lo  inaugurate  sin  organized 
resistance.  Kvcrywlieie  Ihe  lerror-slricken 
Ilurons  tied  fidin  Iheir  Iroipiois  enemy. 

On  llie  Ifitli  of  March.  Ki-I!),  a  thousaud 
Iroiiuois  at  daybreak  surprised  the  town  of  St. 
Ignatius,  luid  only  three  jieisons  escaped  the 
general  massacre.  Two  days  later,  the  low  11  of 
St.  Louis  was  altacketl.  Under  the  lead  of  llie 
veleran  missionaries,  Falliers  IJrebeuf  and 
Laleinanl,  a  successful  resistance  was  made 
for  a  w  Idle,  but  Ihe  overwhelmiiig  numbers  of 
the  Iroipiois  soon  con«pieii'<l.  The  missionaries 
refu.sed  to  tly,  and  while  niinislcring  to  the 
xvounded  and  dying  were  lakiii  prisoners. 
They  were  taken  back  to  Ihe  Iroquois  towns, 
where  the  most  awful  tortures  were  heaped 
upon  them.  Their  linger-nails  were  ]uilled  out. 
AVliile  bound  to  the  slake,  Brebeuf's  hands 
were  cut  oil  and  Lalemaiit's  llesh  (piivered 
with  the  iron  points  driven  into  all  parts  of  it. 
Iron  hatchets  were  heated  red-hot  and  forced 


The 

•ilM'tl 

As 

(iscd 

si()!l- 

;it 

1m- 
iiciiiu: 

of 
issioii 

osi'ph 

iiiiry. 

I  ifie 

ii/.c(l 

litken 


isniul 

i>f  St. 
il  the 

W  II  of 

(f  the 
'  iiiitl 
nm(l<! 
)i'rs  i>f 
imries 
to  the 

SOlllTS. 

towns, 
hi'iipol 
etl  (Hit. 

Imiiiis 
livrreil 
=;  of  it. 

forced 


INDIANS,  AMnRIOAN 


475 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


iiiidrr  llifir  nrniii.  A  neckliwo  of  Ihetio  whh 
liuiix  uniiiiitl  Itri'lMMif's'  iii'ck.  Aitiid  itll  this 
till-  iiiis^jdiiiiiics  coiililiilcd  to  cxliort  mid  rii- 
coiii'iiKi-  till'  Huron  Cliri^iiiiiMH  wlio  wcru  siilltr- 
in;;  iitioiit  tliciii,  iiiilil  llirir  riiniiihs  were 
(-ni^hi  d  in  and  red  dot  iroii-<  llirii^l  (iowii  tin  ir 
tliroiiis  to  Hio|i  tlirir  voiles.  Ki'iiii'iiilii  riiiir  iiow 
tlii'y  liiid  M'i'ii  liri'liciif  liiit)ti/,c'  lliiidii  coiivciN 
lliry  toif  olT  his  N('nl|)  anil  thru  iioincil  lioiliiii; 
wuicr  upon  his  hnid,  iinilrr  wliirli  sutTiiiii);  his 
Hpirit  passed  from  tlir  liiukrd  ikiiil  ri  iishcd  liody. 
A  few  nioniriits  liiirr,  <'iidurin>r  the  saini-  lor- 
tiiri'  mill  with  his  liodv  \vni|>p('d  in  hla/,ing 
liaik.  Fathi'i'  l.alnnant  also  dird. 

This  was  a  death  Itlow  to  the  lliiroii  Mis.sion. 
(^fteeii  towns  were  ahaiiilonril,  alidlhe  lliiroiis, 
forsakiii)!^  their  countiy,  lied  in  all  iliiertioiis  — 
some  to  the  Seneca  eoiiiitiy.  some  |o  'rioiioii- 
tates,  and  otliui-H  to  the  islainls  and  shores  of 
Luke  Huron.  A  fxw  only  reniaiiied,  and  lliese 
the  iiiissionariis  gathered  al  St.  Mary's,  ileier- 
inineil  to  Hhare  with  them  their  future  and  their 
fate. 

Kiiidini;  it  iiiipoHHilile  to  hold  St.  .Mary's,  the 
inis<.ionaries  hiirneil  tlieir  niissioii-hoiise  and 
chapel  to  prevent  tlieir  profanalioii  liy  the  sav- 
ages. 'I'll  few  that  remained  were  pithered 
by  the  missionaries  on  an  island,  iiivin;;  il  the 
name  of  St.  .Joseph.  Unalile  lo  raise  crops  and 
prevented  hy  Iroipiois  war-|)arlies  from  liiint- 
llit;,  famine  and  sieknes.H  soon  set  in.  In  the 
early  winter,  another  lar^re  lro<iiiois  war-paily 
was  in  the  tield,  and  before  Christinas  Tionon- 
tntes  wits  attacked  and  destroyed,  and  amoni; 
the  killed  was  Kill  her  Oarnier,  who  hud  refused 
to  leave  his  followers  and  perished  while  ad- 
ministering the  rile  of  baptism  to  the  dyiii>;. 
The  remaining;  Tioiionlates  lied  with  the  lliirons 
to  St.  .loseph's,  and  as  the  siilVeriiii;  and  want 
iticrea.sed  there,  il  was  decided  to  abandon  all, 
emiirrate  lo  Ihe  lower  St.  Lawrence,  and  settle 
apiin  ncaierthe  iinileciion  of  C^iiebec.  In  .Iiiiie, 
lU'iO,  ihis  was  accomplished,  and  then,  the 
Huron  nation  Iteinu;  so  scallereil  and  reduced, 
the  iip|M;r  river  niisHions  wcri^  iibaudoned. 
Since  lA!  Caron's  lirst  trip,  in  1015,  39  mission- 
aries had  labored  in  these  missions,  of  whom  7 
b.'id  met  with  violent  deaths. 

In  II'mI  the  llurons  who  had  emisrnitedto  the 
vicinity  of  (Quebec  settled  on  ihe  Isle  of 
Orleans,  where  a  church  and  fort  were  erecicd, 
and  the  soil  gave  them  a  bounlifiil  support.  In 
\6'tQ  this  settleinent  was  ivlacked  by  the 
Mohawks,  and  about  one  .lundred  llurons 
killed,  and  larije  numbers  carried  away  as 
caplivcs,  where  for  y.'virs  they  retained  ilicir 
Christian  faith,  and  prepared  the  way  for  llu^ 
successful  work  of  the  missionary  of  later 
times. 

The  few  remaininp  Huroiis  at  the  Isle  of 
Orleans  lle<l  to  (Quebec  for  shelter,  reinainiiiic 
there  for  s«!vurftl  years,  until  the  inissioii  of 
Notre  Dame  de  i'oyc  was  established  about 
five  miles  from  the  city.  Twenty  years  later 
this  mission  was  attain  moved,  and  in  1091$  the 
mission  of  Lorette  was  established,  where  for 
years  the  Christian  llurons  enjoyeil  peace.  In 
1721  the  mi.ssion  was  rejMirted  in  uroml  condition 
by  Charlevoix.  Some  years  later  it  was  asiaiii 
nioveil  to  what  is  now  known  as  .Teiine  Lorette, 
and  there,  in  the  words  of  Father  Martin, 
"After  having  lost  home,  language,  habits,  and 
to  some  extent  their  nationality,  this  portion 
of  the  Huron  nation  gradually  disappeared.  It 
resembled  a  tree  which  could  not  take  root  in 


Ihe  ground  lo  which  it  hiul  iM-t-n  tniiisplanted. 
Deprived  of  ipilekening  Mip.  ilsdelitched  leaves 
fell,  one  iifhr  anotlnr.  and  there  ua»  no  hope 
licit  a  new  springiiili'  would  ever  reMore  tiiu 
verdure  of  its  earl\  years." 

.Vfler  the  i|)'>.tliielloii  of  St.  .loseph's,  some  of 
Ihe  Huron  bands  wandered  to  the  westward, 
iiiakiiig  their  home  lirst  at  .Maiiiioiilini',  and 
alter  once  del'eating  the  iriHpiois.  joining  the 
rest  of  their  people  at  Ijiiebec.  Another  band 
st.'ililished  themselves  on  the  Island  of  .Mieliil. 
iniiiekiiiac.  From  tlieie  ihey  moved  to  Ihe 
Noipiet  Islands,  in  (irei  ii  Kay,  and  thence  to 
the  headwaters  of  the  .Mississippi,  Imt  were 
driven  back  to  Ihe  NixjUel  Islands  by  the  .Sioii.X. 
In  llltil  a  niissionaiy  tried  to  reach  them,  but 
was I'ither  lost  in  ihi'  foteslsor  captured  by  a 
roving  bainl  of  >ioii.\.  I'poii  the  foundiii'; 
of  Delroit  in  1702.  these  llurons  s<'lllei|  near 
this  new  fort.  Here  ihev  remaineil,  under  llie 
care  of  the  Uoiiian  Catholic  Cliiireh.  until  1751, 
when  many  of  them  returned  to  Sandusky, 
taking  their  old  name  of  Wyaiidois.  Tiie  last 
.lesiiil  missionary  among  them  died  in  l'i>i\. 
About  IfSOO  the  I'resbyleriaiis  began  work 
among  tliein,  and  later  a  Methodist  mission  was 
established  ;  but  linally  this  biiiuch  of  the 
Huron  nation  was  removed  to  the  liuliau  Ter- 
ritory, where  they  still  reside. 

TiiK  liKK^rois  .Mission.— The  early  history  of 
the  French  ,lesiiits  who  went  out  from  .Moiilreal 
and  (Quebec  lo  work  amom:  the  IriHpiois,  is 
one  of  terrible  sutlering,  IiIoihI  shed,  and  death: 
mill  yet.  after  all  this,  a  footliolil  fur  mission 
work  was  linally  obtained  among  this  warlike 
jieople.  From  their  mission  in  New  York, 
many  converts  made  pilgrimages  to  the  Huron 
mission  at  Loielte.  When,  however,  the  dis- 
tiiiel  IriM|uois  missions  were  well  orgaiii/.ed, 
the  niimlier  of  lioi|Uo)s  (  hristiaus  at  Lorette 
rapidly  decreaM'd. 

In  lt(()9  Father  Uelfeix  bcL'iin,  on  a  tract  of 
land  opposite  .Montreal,  a  mission  for  the  Iro- 
i)iiois.  .Many  of  the  converts  were  lost  because 
of  the  conlliciiiig  inlliience  of  the  whiles  and 
the  liipior  alwa\s  lo  Ir-  obtained  from  lliciii. 
It  was  soon  found  that  those  \\lio  wished  to 
enjoy  in  peace  their  rr-ligion  and  keep  their 
baplisnml  vows  must,  like  Abraham,  leave  ihe 
home  of  their  childhoiHl  and  their  idolatrous 
kindred.  I'niil  now  Lorette  the  Huron  colony, 
near  (Quebec,  hail  been  their  refuge.  In  ItitJO, 
on  this  piece  of  l.ind  o|iposiie  Montreal,  the  lirst 
IriMpiois  reduction  was  founded,  and  named  St. 
F'ranr'is  Xavier  des  I'res  The  little  colony 
received  constant  aildilions,  about  twenty  fam- 
ilies coming  to  il  the  lirst  year.  In  lt>74  the 
village  contained  representatives  not  only  of  Ihe 
live  IriMiuois  trilii-s,  but  also  of  the  llurons, 
Mohicans,  Erics,  Abnakis.  and  others.  A  form 
of  governnieiit  was  adopted,  and  laws  were 
pas.s^'d  excluding  from  the  colony  tliose  who 
Would  not  give  M|)  all  idolatrous  practices, 
driinUenne.ss,  and  the  changing  of  wives.  Mis- 
sioimries  were  con -taiitly  engaged  in  instructing 
the  people  in  religious  and  .secular  things.  Kach 
morning  all  the  village  attcnde<l  mass,  and  each 
evening  as.s<'mbled  for  prayers.  Upon  the  visit 
of  the  bishop  in  .May.  lVi75.  UK)  Huron  and 
Irotpiois  Christians  received  the  sacrament  of 
conlirmation  and  14  adults  were  biipti/.ed.  In 
107.")  the  bishop  of  Queliec  visited  the  mi.ssion 
and  was  received  with  great  c;'reniony  by  the 
Christian  Indians,  In  1676  the  mission,  now 
numbering  over  two  hundred,  found  that  it  had 


i 


l\ 


.\l 


i  I 

,    f! 


INDIANS,  AMERICAN 


47G    INTERNATIONAL  MED.  MISS.  SOO. 


j:vc)Wii  lirvoiid  llirciiliilliilily  (if  llic  lllllil  to  Slip 
iKirl,  mill  1  iiiii:iMli'(l  to  I'mliijii'  Uivir,  wlii'ic  :i 
IH'W  stall  \Mi>  iiiiidc.  Ciiliiiis  wiTi'  cit'cicd  and 
a  sloiK  cliiircli,  sixly  l''ci  Iniijr,  was  Imili.  In 
1(W!  llii-  iliuirli  wa-i  di'siniycd  liv  a  Iniriicaiii' 
which  -.wriii  ihiniiijli  tlif  Si  l.nwri'iicc  Valh'y. 
It  was  iicM  r  rrhiilll.  and  a  year  or  two  later  I  lit; 
iiiissioii  iiiiivt'd  au'aiii  up  the  river  and  settled  ill 

lIlC    WlHIlls. 

Ill  I'Wli  soliii'  ll(>l|ll(li^  liiilians  asked  |i' 
siiill  111  sellle  iipiin  the  l-le  nf  .Mnntreal.  l^ 
:eipiest  was  tiiiinled,  and  under  Ilie  cirdcr  iil' 
the  Sulpieians  the  luis-inn  nl'  Monlieal  was  es- 
tablished. A  eliapel  \v;is  erected,  and  lliO  In- 
dians, half  of  whoiii  were  (  hri-iiaiis.  were  schui 
gathered  ill.  In  KW'.l  a  Imys'  mIumiI  was  hei;uii, 
and  ill  lOSO  a  selnml  fur  uirls.  These  sehoiils 
•apiillv  pr(ii:re>.sed.  imlh  Imy-.  ami  irirls  learning 
t(i  -peiik.  read,  and  write  Kiii;li>li. 

'I'he  lireakiiii;  (lilt  of  the  iiorder  trmililes  ami 
the  eslalilishnielit  of  the  line  giviiiL'  In  the  Kiiir- 
lisli  all  territory  soiilli  of  the  lakes,  ineliidin^ 
Jsew  York,  gnulually  Inil  surely  lirokir  up  the 
French  missions  to  the  Iroipiois. 

I'iiili.it,ii(t  Mixm'oiiH. — 'I'liese  are  carried  on  Iiy 
the    !MelliiKli-.t   (Miurcli    and    the    I'reslivteriaii 
Cliureh  of  Canada,  and  by  the  Church  .Mis-iioii 
tiry  Society  of  Kiii;laii<l,  and  are  spoken  of  nioio 
sp'eeilically  in  the  aec()unt.>(  of  tlio.se  societies. 

lii«lo-l*«»rliitfiu>««>    V«>r»loii,-  The  In- 

do-l'ortuiriiise  is  a  dialiil  of  the  I'ortiimieso 
lailLMiaije,  beloiitrin.!;  to  the  (iiiceo-Liitill 
branch  of  the  Aryan  l:in:;uaire  family,  iiiiil  iu 
used  by  the  I'ortiiiruesc  selllers  and  their  (ie- 
seelidalits  in  Ceylon  and  various  parts  of  the 
Indian  seas.  Ilelweeii  the  years  lS'.>ti  and  \KV.\ 
the  New  reslameiit,  the  I'eiilaleiicli,  and  the 
Psalms,  were  luililislied  by  the  Hiilisii  and 
Foreiiin  Itible  Society  at  (dloinlio,  Ihe  transla- 
tion liavini;  been  made  by  the  Hev.  Xewstead 
(if  the  W'esieyaii  Mi.ssiiinaiy  Society.  A  revisicl 
edition  of  the  New  Tesiaineiil  was  ))iiblished  al 
London  ill  1H.VJ.  I'p  to  .Mtircli  :Usl,lSS!»,  the 
Kline  IJible  Society  disposed  of  It". 000  portions 
of  the  Scriptures. 

(SiHi'iiiwn  vcme.     Joliu  'A  :  1(1.) 

Pan|Ui  u.ssi  UiHjs  .ill  ama  o  iiiuiulo,  (pii  elli^ 

jn  (la  sua  bO  gcrado  Filho,  (jul  quemseja  lo  er6 

uo  elle  nada  ser  pordido  bcuSo  qui  lu  ucba  vida 

etoruo. 

IlKlnrC,  the  capilal  of  Inilore  IS'ativo 
Stale,  ('eiitiul  India,  is  an  ill  built  place,  but 
is  prosperous  and  irrowiiur  in  imporiance. 
Climate  g(K)(I,  healthy.  I'opulalion,  7."i,4ot, 
Hindus.  MoHlenis,  etc.  Mission  station  of  the 
Presliyt>'rian  Church  in  Canada  (1><T7);  'i  or- 
dained missionaries,  .5  feinale  misHionaries.  A 
high  x'hool  and  a  college  uru  located  there, 
besides  a  ho-pital. 

Illt{-«>llllll|t,  a  citv  and  district  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Kiilikiell.  China  The  ilistriel  begins 
l'.J."i  miles  southwest  of  Fooehow,  and  extends 
II  liundreii  miles  in  a  northwest  direction.  Its 
nioiintaiiis  are  high,  its  hill  roads  ari-  long,  ilH 
villages  siMirse,  and  the  workers  few  A  mis- 
sion district  of  the  Melhodist  l^piscopal  Church 
(North)  ill  charge  of  the  missionary  at  lliiig- 
iiWK,  comprising  Ing  chiiiig  city,  Taihwa  city, 
Tai-clu'iig  eily,  and  four  olher  stations.  Tlieru 
are  in  the  eily  3  native  preachers,  24  church- 
UicmlierM,  1  Hahl)ath-f(ch(M>l,  ir>  scholars. 


Iiitcriiiiliiiiiiil  !VI(>ili4>iil  ITIiHNitiiiHrv 

NlM'Iflj.      rraining    Iiistiliite,    US    F.    -l.'ilTl 
Street,  .New   York,  N.  Y.,  L.  S.  A. 

<>rif/iii  ami  llisfoi-f/.-  lu  April,  I'^Hl,  a 
meeting  w  iis  Ik  Id  al  tlie  house  of  Dr.  T.  A.  Sa- 
biire.  aClirisli.iii  physician  in  New  York(  ily,  to 
considt  r  the  iidvisabillty  of  inaugurating  a  .Vled- 
'  al   .Missionary  Soeiely  in  New  ^dik   similar 

'he  one  in  Hdinbingh,  which   had   been    so 

.(•essful  among  the  poor  of  that  city,  and  in 
.  e  training  and  sending  forth  of  meiiical  inis- 
sioiiaries  to  healheii  lands.  Six  persons  were 
pri'seni  :  one  minister  (Ui  v.  Dr.  Win.  .M.  Tay- 
lor), three  p!iysici;ins,  one  lawyer,  iiiid  ii  busi- 
ness iniiM.  Dr.  Dowkonlt.  who  came  from 
I'liiliulelphia  lo  begin  the  work  in  .New  ^ Hrk, 
explained  the  cliaracler,  scope,  and  aim  of  tho 
ju-oposed  society,  and  the  success  of  similar 
Work  elsewhere.  It  was  at  once  decided  to  co- 
operate with  Dr.  Dowkonlt  and  foriii  a  society. 
The  next  step  Was  to  secure  a  site  and  lo  pro- 
ceed to  dcmon.strate  to  the  jicopleof  New  York 
the  value  of  such  an  agency  at  home,  and  thus 
enable  them  the  heltei  to  realize  the  importancu 
of  it  abroad.  ]klr.  f.dward  A.  Jones  was  the 
lirst  man  who  joined  Dr.  Dowkontl  in  foiind- 
iii.g  the  Society,  and  Dr.  Cornelius  H.  Agnew 
(of  New  York)  iiresided  at  the  iiiaiigiiration  of 
this  niovi  iiieiil  when  the  first  dispensary  was 
opened  in  .liiiie,  IMil. 

Faeli  year  has  w!tncs,sed  the  extension  of  'ho 
Work.  In  1W(i  live  (iispeii.saries  were  in  oper- 
ation, twelve  stiidcnls  were  in  training,  and  a 
house  was  rented  for  their  nceoinmodation. 
During  1M><7  seven  iiii.ssionary  dispensaries  ex- 
isted, forty-seven  sludenls  were  in  training, 
iiiid  a  house  for  lady  students  had  been  added. 
These  forty-seven  students  came  from  Ihirlee  i 
countries,  and  lielunged  lo  nine  evangelical 
denominations. 

Over  llf.oOO  nttendanres  had  hvvu  given  to 
the  sick  \Mwv,  and  during  the  (then)  six  and  a 
half  yearsof  the  Society's  existence  over  riit.tKK) 
attendances  had  been  bestowed.  Tlioe  ;  ick  and 
sull'ering  ones,  of  all  creeds,  colors,  and  na- 
tion.s,  had  also  the  gospel  set  before  llicm — a  far 
greater  good. 

{thjfrts. — Tohe.'il  the  sick  and  I.)  pnacli  the 
gospel  al  home  and  abroad  in  tlie  following 
ways: 

I.  Hy  establi.shing  medical  missions  In  the 
citiis  and  large  towns  of  the  rnilcd  States, 
Canada,  and  elsewhere,  lo  reach  the  otherwise 
iiiaece>silile  classes  with  the  gospel. 

•i.  Iiy  providing  residence,  with  pniclical 
medical  and  religious inslructioii. and  pecmiiary 
aid,  where  ik cded.  to  male  and  female  niediciil 
missionary  siiidciilH  and  missionary  nur»e.s,  to 
prepare  I  hem  for  service  under  the  various 
evan.L'elical  mission  iioards  or  otlierwise. 

;l.  Iiy  providing  limited  medical  instruction 
of  one  year's  diiralion  for  missionaries  and  iii- 
tending  mis.sionarii's  of  l«itli  s«'xes. 

I.  liv  sending  medical  missionaries  a.s  pio- 
neers Into  the  mission  Held  direct  from  the 
Society. 

M>'flnnfi*,—\.  I'litients  wliocometothe  mis 
sion  for  medical  treatment  are  s|N)ken  lo,  b.illi 
collectively  and  individually,  us  to  their  spirit- 
ual needs. 

'i.  Those  too  sirk  to  attend  tho  inissioii  are 
ministered  to  at  home,  both  medically  and 
spiritually. 

;j.  Al  these  misfilons  students  are  given  prac- 
tical work  in  the  disiH-niiary,  and  also  i;aiii  ei 


INTERNATIONAL  MED.  MISS.  SOO.     177 


INTERNATIONAL  MISS.  UNION 


vtw  to 
iiiul  n 
r.:i,(H)0 
■k  iiiut 

ll     IIH- 

-II  fiir 


nuilon 
iihI  ill' 


iH'rienrt'  in  I'vi'iiplistic  hkIIkmIs;  ilms  loiiiliiii- 
iiifj  iiiis.si()ii  wolU  Willi  liicii-  siiidii's 

4.  Al  llif  iniiiiiiif;  iiisiiiiiif  priivision  is  nmde 
by  Icclini's.  (Mr  ,  I'lii'  lilt'  nicilii'itl  iiiiil  liiiiiictl 
tlu'oliiiriciil  iiislriKiion  dI'  iIu'  sliKlciits. 

5.  A  inctliciil  coiirsi'  of  mii'  year's  (liinilion 
is  providi'il  lor  iiiissionarit's  mid  llutilogicttl 
liii-sioMuiv  -.liidciils 

'I'lic  iMlciilioii  is  for  llii'  Socirly  ilsclf  to  send 
oiil  its  iri'iidimlt's,  ilii'  niis>i<iii  lioMid  not  lirin;^ 
iilili'  to  ciipiiri'  iiioic  lliiiii  liiiir  ol  lliosf  olid- 
iiii:  tlii'ir  sciviccs  Siicli  iiiissioiiMiics  would, 
as  I'lir  as  possililc.  lici  oiiic  silt  ^U|ipiiitliiir  and 
,i;o  out  on  an  iin^rclaiian  li.'isis.  as  do  ilic  Cliiii.'i 
llil.'ind  iiiissionaiits.  Tliiis  Ihc  Socirly  docs  iiol 
contllcl  Willi  llic  rcL^nlai  mission  lioards.  Iml 
aims  to  aid  and  snpplcinciil  llicir  work. 

.titi  to  Sfintfnts,  Slndcnlsarc  aided  liy 
the  .Soeiely  in  many  w.'iy--: 

I.  My  ;;i\iiiir  llieiii  a  lioiiie,  where  they  call 
lie  inulnally  helpl'iil.  and  have  L'ood  anil  ample 
iMiard  Ml  S'.',.')!!  per  weeU. 

','.  liy  proviiliiiLT  Ihem  with  didaelieand  priic- 
lical  i  list  iiiel  ion  al  I  he  iii-lil  Ml  CM  lid  dispensaries, 
especially  (hiriiiLr  the  Umi  ye.iis  they  are  not  ac- 
tually allendim;  a  iiiedicil  eolli'i;e;  the  law  rc- 
(piiriiiix  three  years  of  slinly,  ol'  which  two 
sessions,  of  six  iiioiillis  each,  must  he  spent  in 
collcue,  The  Woman's  Medical  ('olh';;e  makes 
it  coilipillsory  for  -ludenls  to  lake  three  ses 
sioiis  of  ciirhl  inonlhs  c'ai'li.  .'ind  to  pass  an  ex- 
ainination  in  ircneral  ciliication  liefore  elilerini;. 

;i.  Ijccllire'-  are  vMveii  in  tin'  ilislilule  liy  idile 
physicians  inlrodiiclory  to  the  reirnlar  eollei;c 
leachiiiir  and  studies,  and  suppleiiicntary 
llnrelo, 

■I.  Students  are  made  familiar  wilh  driiirs 
an.l  the  dispeiisiiiir  of  them  at  the  various  dis- 
pensaries. 

■"(.  'I'liey  lire  also  adinilteil  to  the  consiilliiit,' 
rooms,  and  assist  tlieiittiMiiliii)^  pliysiciuiis  in  the 
Ireaimi  III  of  cases. 

ti.  'I'hey  are  entrusted,  as  far  as  seems  wise, 
w  illi  llie  treiilmeni  of  patients,  under  the  imme- 
ili.ile  supervision  of  the  atleiidinir  lihysicians. 

T.  Arraliireinents  are  licinir  made  lor  special 
iiislriii'lii'ii  ill  ophtlnilinoloixy,  skin  lii-eases, 
iiiicroseopy,  the  piepiiraiion  of  drinks,  botany, 
and  other  knowledire  which  will  prove  useful 
to  a  medical  missionary. 

>•.  After  iii'adualion.  till' students  of  the  So- 
ciety iii'iy  he  iriveii  cliai  l'c  of  work  at  one  of 
the  dispensaries,  and  whin  a  hospital  is  |iro- 
vided.  which  the  Society  hopes  to  possess  ere 
lon^,  irradiiatcs  will  lie  put  in  ehar.ue  of  wards 
or  eases  Ihereiii, 

U.  Instruction  in  the  liest  mentis  of  stiidvili^ 
the  Hilile  and  impariiiiir  irospel  trulli  1ms  iiecn 
jrtveii  at  the  ilislilule  liy  some  of  the  leadini; 
pastors  of  Various  churches  in  New  York  (ily 
duriu!,'  the  past  year,  and  a  Sunday  nioiiiiiij; 
class  for  Millie  study  has  liceii  held, 

ly.  Kxpeiieiiec  in  Chiisliali  cIVort  is  olilaiiied 
in  llie  inosi  pi.'ictical  manner  hy  the  students 
fliL'il'.'iiiir  in  the  work  of  speakini:  to  the  pa- 
tients individually  and  collectively,  takim;  part 
in  jrospcl  services.  Sunday  schools,  etc  ,  uiid 
t'lU'h  takes  his  or  lier  turn  in  condiietini;  llie 
siinie. 

II.  I'niycr-ineclitijrs  are  held  every  Saturday 
••Veiiiiii;  at  the  institute,  where  the  students  anil 
otlicr  workers  iissenilile  iiml  lake  pail  in  the 
exercises 

'I'lic  instruction  K'vt'ii  to  luissionaries  who 
roine  for  one  year  only  is,  to  a  large  e.\ti>nt,  the 


.same  as  that  provided  for  medical  missionarv 
sliidenls  duiinn- their  lirst  year,  wilh  the  addi- 
tion of  some  piaetieal  tiainiiiir  in  the  treatment, 
of  cases  of  diseases  and  injury. 

Sft/'-sii/t/iort.-  My  various  means,  ai'cord- 
iiur  lo  their  ability,  know  ledyc.  and  previous  ex- 
perience, some  of  till'  sliiilelits  have  been  able  to 
assist  Iheinselves,  and  duiiiii;  the  loin,'  vaealioii 
have  earned  money  to  put  lliciiisclvcs  ih!ou;;h 
llie  course. 

Tin'  <'«.<(/. -1st  ll  costs  the  Society  per 
annum  fully  .'Jillll)  for  each  si  udciit.  as  rent  must 
be  paid   for  llie  biiililiin.'. 

','d.  .\  missionary  or  missioiiary  student,  com- 
iin;  for  one  vear  only,  would  iici'd  a  total  of 
ijil.'ill  ifillio  for  boani,i);'U)  lor  incidentals,  and 
!?|0  for  books. 

;id.  .\  stiideni  rei|iiires  about  ijSKlO  for  the 
tiisl  year.  ■f'JHii  for  ihc  second,  and  li'J.'iil  for 
the  third,  lo  micl  all  his  expenses  other  than 
for  cloihini; 

■lib.  'I'hose  who  take  a  fourth  year,  and  are 
put  in  chaiLri'  of  dispensary  or  liospii.d  pnie- 
tice.  will  be  aided,  if  needed,  in  mecliiiir  their 
board 

."ith.  Slildelits  who  h:ive  shown  a  readiness  to 
aid  Iheinselves  in  every  possible  way  and  are 
not  able  to  meet  all  tin  ir  expenses,  m.'i\-  receive 
aid  not  exceeiliin;  ij^llIU  pi  r  annum  from  the 
Society,  al  the  discielion  of  the  Hoard 

ijdfli/  Stinlftifs,  Lady  siudeiiis  are  pro- 
vided for  similarly  to  the  male  sludetils.  and 
the  siiiie  pl.'tii  of  inslruction  is  followed  as 
nearly  as  possible.  'I'liey  reside  in  ii  separate 
buildiiu:.  altcnd  the  Woman  s  ,Meilieal  (ollcire 
of  New  York  (ily,  where  special  advaillilLres 
have  been  .secured  for  the  stiideiils  of  this 
Society  by  a  lediielion  of  two  thirds  of  the 
reirular  fees;  the  total  I'eis  for  the  three  years 
are  less  than  SjilllO.  About  SJiKlll  less  is  needed 
for  the  lliree  years'  course  for  laily  students 
than  is  rei|uircd  for  male  sludeiits. 

lii'Sllffs.  l-'rniu  .lime.  ISSI,  to  necellihcr 
;Ust,  l.sss.  ihe  lolal  number  of  new  eases  was 
L'l,!(."i'.';  dispensary  iilleiidalice.  ."i").'.')'!!!;  visits  to 
the  sick  at  home,  rj.Mil.  makiiiLr  tlicLnatid 
t>.:  !i  of  nfteiidance  for  seven  and  a  half  vears. 
(iT.t'j; 

III  llie  foreiirn  Held  or  i.i.der  appointment 
Ihere  lire  now  oliiiie.  1S.S!»)  1|  missinuaries,  who 
have  received  I  heir  coliimi»»ions  from  iKiimlH 
in  dill'ercnl  churclie: . 

Iiiloriiiilioiiiil  1liMMi<Miiiry  l'iil«iii.— 

In  Ihe  carl\  siimnier  of  iSS|  |{ev  Willitmi 
Osborii,  then  projectiiu;  the  Inlci  n.il  ional  Cump 
tiround  Association  al  Niairara  I'alls,  Ontario, 
("aiiada,  called  on  Kev,  .1,  'I'.  (Jraecy  I>.l>..  in 
Uochestcr,  to  secure  his  assistance  for  a  week's 
niissioiiarv  meelinijs.  The  liiller  cotiserited  lo 
render  the  aid  if  Ihe  speakers  should  all  be  luis- 
sionaries. Invitations  were  sent  hurriedly  lo 
inissiiiiiaries  of  all  deiioininations,  and  they  ri'- 
spoiided  rem.irUably  well  for  so  short  notici'. 
Kverylhiiiir  was  done  iiinler  pressure,  and  yet 
the  nieelins;  was  a  very  powerful  one  in  its  in- 
lluenee  on  the  missionaries  as  well  ii'i  on  others. 
On  his  way  to  Niagara,  .Mr.  (iracey .  eontem- 
plaliii!.'  the  number  of  returned  missionaries  in 
Ihe  several  parts  of  this  continent,  llieir  lilthi 
acipiaiiitaiice  wilh  each  other,  their  eomparn- 
lively  limited  inlluence  in  this  isolated  coiidi 
lion,  eonei  ived  Ihe  idea  of  an  oririini/.iition 
throinrh  which  they  iniLrhl  be  brought  into 
closer  ri'liition,  for  comparison  of  views  anil  US'- 


4:\ 


INTERN ATIONAX.  BOSS.  UNION 


471^ 


ISABEL  VERSION 


pt-rienw.  for  ht-IpfiiirM-st  lo  c-arh  other  in  iiiimv 
Way-,  ami  fi-r  ^rrea'tf  <«Miii>a<iiu-s'4  in  tlicir 
tili<ti!;tit  anil  nrlioii  lie  at  <>n<e  liilciniincti. 
wlu'ii  lli<-  nil-^i' •iiari«-»  -luiiiiil  In;  a»>«iiililc(l,  tci 
inakr  till-  |>r(>|«»iii<>a  of  stub  au  <iri;aiii/.-iii>iii  ; 
an<i  on  lioing  .■<••,  inrl  vilh  a  li<-arly  ami  intclli 
peni  n->i>f>n^-.  Thr  win'lt-  fonn  of  llit-  iliouL'ht 
la-ing  m-w.  it  wa»  il«-«-tin-«i  J>tTt  to  inalii'  Ilii' 
orL'aiii/jition  m«T«-lr  MidW-it-ut.  at  tlial  lime,  lo 
st'curc  till-  eml  unizlix,  iu  a  gt-iieial  wav.  A 
siinpli-  form  of  <rm»iiiuiion  was  drawn  up  ami 
otiift-rs  eltit«-«l  to  »«-TTe  ft*  out-  year. 

lii'turiieti  nii'^i««oarit-«  of  all  tvaiijri-lirnl 
cliiirihis.  whttiM-ral  itonie  teiu|>i'rarily  or  ptT- 
inatH-ntlv.  an-  rliiibie  to  lueiulR-rsLip,  liv  >ii:ii- 
inL'  till'  lon-liiiilioa  ami  i>a\!iii;  an  alilni»^io|| 
fi'f  of  tifty  ttnt-. 

Till'  oiijrct  "f  «b«-  Union  i*  to  promote-  tin- 
miiiiial  syiu|iaTtiy  ami  •■o-opri-Mtiou  of  nii»ioii- 
ui'ii'>  in  tlit-ir  work,  ali<i  to  Lo'.ii  annual  tni't-tiiig>i 
for  the  «li««-u-*!oo  of  important  ipiotioiis  idm- 
ni'i'ti-il  witii  th<-  Work,  atfl  th«-  iiilTii>ion  of  mis- 
sionary inti-Ili:r«.lM-e, 

It  is  not  mfr»-ly  iii't-r-<letK'minational.  or  ratlicr 
paii-ili-iioniinati'itKi!.  >nit  int<ru:itioiial.  einlirar- 
iiii:  uii>.-ioiiari»-*  i>f  ihf  |K>miiiion  of  Canada  as 
Will  as  the  rmtnl  Mate*.  It  ntiiiilHTs  alM> 
anions'  itsm«-nil»T.mtw*"oarif*of  tJri-jit  Hriiaiii 
and  oilu-rcoiintrif*.— 4.v«-r".^*iin«-iiil>ersin  all. — 
ri  pri-M-ntin:;  w«-ll-nLrh  «-v«-ry  mission  lii-ld  of  the 
worlcl,  and  p»Tbap»  nrariy  evi  ry  evan-rilieal 
nii»siiiiiarv  or^nnizattria  of  N'-rtli  Anurii  a.  and 
siiine  of  kiiri>{>e.  Tb*  anuiiril  iiiiitiiiL'-  liavi- 
convened  at  S'tiinn  Fall-  l^iM-.-H.  Thous-iinl 
Island  Park  l^^'«-:  itriil.'.ton.  N  .I.ilH^M. 
BiiiL'tiainioii.  N.  V  il"**'.  lliftou  Springs.  X. 
Y.  (I^'.Hi).  The  intrmatiufial  as  well  as  intrr- 
d('ni>iiiiiiationai  ekararter  of  these  ni<'i-liii<;s 
alli>rii»  an  opjiortiiniJy  lo  Mirvey  the  wlioli-  fii-ld 
(if  Christian  mL-w^ic-Mjeh  a«  ha»onIy  laeii  i>os- 
»il>le  ill  tin-  ffW  anral  E>'Uini-ni<-:ii  Mi-ssioiiaiy 
Ciiiifen  nit-^  Tb»-«-  w«-n-  ran-.  an<l  after  long 
InttTvaK.  TliL*  I'niofi.  however,  affords  an 
aiiiiiial  opportunirj"  for  like  diM-iissioii  and  com- 
parison of  %ii-»*  ami  exiK-rktMt-*.  Tin-  paiwrs 
read  bef'.ri-  thi*  I'nioo.  mmny  of  whiili  have 
been  piili'ishfti  in  |«niplilfl  fonn  and  eirciilal 
t-il  Iiy  ten»  of  ;Ii<»kiui<U.  anilotheis  which  have 
Iteen  pul>li-h«d  in  p»-T>«li<-al~.  emiiientlv  for 
tlirre  \fjir»  irL^l  in  •'Tht  Mi«-ionary  Ui-vu-w  of 
tin-  World."  niMihi  nikkt-  a  larg<  vulunii-.  and 
are  a  liaiii|M>nie  coolribulion  to  the  tiii^Monaiy 
literature  of  the  [«i4  deraMit-.  The  mw  ial  and 
8piriliial  effei  t-  of  lhe><-  esithenn^rs  on  the  lilis- 
sionanes  th»-ui»«-!ve*.  »•  weJI  asthe  linijider  view 
they  oliiain  of  ail  fi<-M«  and  all  work,  is  higlily 
appri-eiateil. 

'I'he  Union  ha.*  an  inripieul  Postal  Circulat- 
ing I.ihniry.  fi.r  u««-  l>r  it*  meinlnrs  on  appli- 
eation  to  the  lihrnrian  and  (nynienl  of  cost  of 
traiisinisMon  thn-uicb  tl«e  mail*.  AinotiL'  the 
otlici  rs  at  prp*«-nl  are  tje  following:  Pn-sideiit, 
K.v.  J.  T.  Gracey.  D.l».  It.<lu-vti  r.  X  Y.; 
Viee-Pr<-*ident*.  ICrr.  ('vru*  FlMinlin.  I). !>., 
Ihv.  William  iKun.  I».l».'.  iter.  S.  L,  Ilaldwin. 
I>.n  :  Chairman  E»eruiivt  Committee.  Hev.  S. 
H.  KelliiTi.'.  I».  I». .  Ton-nlo.  Ontarhi;  Seen-larv, 
Hi  v.  \V  II.  Itelilm.  BoMul.  Conn.;  Treasiner, 
Hev   S.  M.  iloase.  M  l».,  Wakefonl.  X.  Y. 

Inyakl.  a  town  in  Maulxleland.  Sniih 
Africa.  The  climate li aomewhat  impii-al,  luit 
iti  general  h<-al'hy.  It  i*  iIm-  <-entre  of  ipiite  a 
large  {Mipiilation.  coin|«>«tl  <hjel1y  of  Zulus, 
with  $otne  misturt  of  the  MaacijoDii  and  Iht-liu 


ana.  /.ulu  is  the  pfcvailing  language,  ihotigh 
it  is  siiMifwliat.  niddiiicd  liy  l{i'cliu,ina.  Thu 
worship  (if  aiice.-li)i>  .-iiid  Ihe  lielief  in  witch, 
craft  prcv.iils.  A  native  king  governs  the  iieo- 
pie  Willi  (lespnlic  rule. 

Mission  sialiipii  of  the  London  Missionary  So- 
ciety. Mi.ssioii  work  was  coiiinicnccd  in  I^^tio, 
lull  luid  lo  lie  given  up  afler  a  few  ye;irs,  until 
ill  IMiT  a  cuie  acconi|ilislieil  hy  a  iiiedical  niis- 
sioiiarv  was  the  imiiiis  of  periiii>sii>ii  lieing 
given  liiiii  to  teach,  and  the  station  was  re- 
iipeiitcl  ill  1S71,  'I'lic  iiisiniciion  of  the  people 
was  carried  on  iimlcr  great  dilllciillics.  fiir  any 
jiupil  ulio  seemed  at  all  iiilcieshd  was  lialile  to 
siiildciily  di^.'ippear  and  not  he  lieanl  of  again. 
It  lias  •,'  niissioiiariis  and  Iheir  wives;  '>  preach- 
ing places,  Willi  an  average  atteiiihinee  of  40. 

IiH'IiiihI.  %Villiillll  II..  ii.  near  Oswcsly, 
Sliiopsliirc,  Kniriaiiii,  l)ccciiihcr21st,  is-.'] ;  LTrail- 
u;iled  at  Illinois  (  ollege  lN4."i,  Aiidover  Tlieo- 
logical  Seiiiiiiiiiy  1S4M;  ordained  the  Septcinher 
followiiiL';  sailid  us  a  niissioiitirv  of  ihe  A  H. 
C.  F.  .M.  for  Africa  I  )ciolpcrl4i!i,"ls4,si.  The  first 
Ihirlceii  luoiiihs  in  Africa  he  was  st.'ilioncd  at 
Uiinii,  where  he  was  periiiitlcd  lo  sec  a  com- 
munity ol  (  lirisiian  families  gaihcred  as  the 
fruit  of  his  laliors.  In  IH'tii  he  was  appointed 
liy  the  iiiissioii  to  lake  charge  of  tin-  buys' 
sell  inarv  at  Adams  (Aiiiaii/.iiiiloiei,  ami  for 
.seviiitciii  ycais  he  devotid  his  heait  and 
siren::! Ii  to  it-  welfare.  Mm  his  impaired  hciillh 
pievi  iileil  hi-  lieariiig  the  huidcii  of  so  resiioii- 
sihle  a  wciik.  lie  ediiiinucd  to  aid  in  the  work 
of  the  Sciiiiiiarv  in  various  ways,  more  especial- 
ly in  giving  Aihle  instruction  lo  the  studeiils 
in  the  theological  deparlmcnl,  hesides  In  ing 
treasurer  of  the  mission,  HeiKciipied  a  large 
jilace  in  the  niis-ioii.  and  in  liic  allectioiis  of 
the  Zulus  and  of  all  who  knew  him.  He  died 
in  IJo-loii  Ocidhir  I'Jih,  IWH.  Hev.  David 
Hoot  s;i\^;  '111  Ihe  dialli  of  .Mr.  Ireland  the 
Zulu  nils-ion  has  lost  one  of  il.s  oldest,  most 
devoted,  and  u-cful  lalMircrs." 

Ir4>«|ii«»i«  Vt'r<>i«)ii.  I'helroiiiiois.  which 
hcloliir-  loihe  Ameiii  an  l.inguairis,  i-  siiokeii  hy 
alioui  4,iiiM)  Iroi|uois  Inili.-itis  in  the  piovinee 
of  tiuehee,  and  alioiil  ."»,IH^MI  in  thai  of  Ontario, 
who  do  not  umh  Island  llie  .Mohawk  portion-  of 
Scripiure  |iul)li-hed.  Al  tlicuiL:iiii  reiiui-tof 
the  Rev.  Mrs.  Coriiisli  ;iiiil  O'Mcara  and  I'nd'. 
Shaw,  llic  Ihili-li  .iiid  Foreign  Hihle  Society 
I\uhli>liecl 'he  four  (icispels  al  .Motilrial  in  l^^'i. 
The  translation  wiis  made  hy  (  hief  .lo-epli 
(tne-akiiir;il.  and  n  vi-ed  by  .lean  Dion  and  the 
Hev.  T,  I.aforle.  .Vboiii  l",iMMJ  portions  of  Ihe 
Sciipliiies  were  ilis]ioscd  of  up  to  March  :11st, 
1SW». 

Iruill  Hill,  a  town  on  the  northern  -ide 
of  the  i-laiid  of  .laiiiaica.  West  Inclies,  pleasantly 
situated  on  a  sliL'ht  liilge  aboiii  4  miles  from 
MontegoHay.  Mission  slation  of  the  Moravians 
(IM'iS)  at  pie-ciit  vacant  The  work  here  was 
first  commenced  by  the  missionaries  beiiu:  hired 
by  two  piopricli'rs  iif  plantations  as  chaplains 
to  in-truct  their  negroes:  but  tiiiding  thai  this 
plan  did  not  work,  the  missionaries  o|iencd  a 
sepaiale  slation. 

I«ill>«>l  Vortiioil.- The  Isnbel  belongs  to 
the  Melaiiesiaii  languages,  and  is  siioken  in  the 
Solomon  Islands  In  ISST  the  .Society  for  l'ri>- 
moling  (  hrisilaii  Knowledge  published  the 
(.iitspel  of  .lohn. 


ISANDRA 


470 


ITALIAN  7£RSI0N 


luainlrn,  II  mission  district  of  the  L.  M.  8. 
(l^tW)  in  llic  Ik'isilco  idovinre,  Miidagnscnr;  3'J 
oiit-siiitiiins,  1  niissionaty,  TOSihurcli-nicmljers, 
36  scliools,  !J,;!97  scLoliirs. 

IkIiiiii  :  sec  Mi))miniii('(lMnisni. 

■  ••oiiviiia,  II  nii>.'~ii)n  district  of  tiie  L.  ^I.  iS. 
(18(iSi  in  Miuiagiiscur.  witti  ;W  out-stHtions. 

iMolrj ,  a  (ii--iri(t  of  ilic  L.  M.  S,  mission  in 

MiiilML'M^i-ar  (l>t>Ti,  coniaiiiiiiir  17  oul-stalions, 
2!)  nalivr  niiiii-lcis.  Wts  cluucii-iiit  inl)(  is,  Ifi 
siliools,  1,04(1  scliolars. 

■  ••piiliiin,  a  citv  of  Pursia,  iJ'iO  miles  south 
of  Tcliiaii  on  tlic  yicnclfnid  river  Tbc  caiiital 
of  I  lie  province  of  Ajcmi  aiiil  formerly  of  the 
Eni|iire,  and  a  grei.t  centre  of  trade,  es|M'cially 
Willi  Uajidiid.  It  is  still  an  im|K)rtaiii  place, 
tlioiiV'li  not  as  well  known  since  the  present 
dynasty  niacin'  Tehran  the  caiiital.  I-ike  inanv 
Oriental  cities,  lurL'e  scitiniis  .if  it  arc  deserted, 
till'  people  tindinir  it  cheaixr  and  easier  to 
reiudve  than  to  relniild.  The  |K)))iilation, 
c-iiinaled  at  S(),(M)(;,  is  mostly  Persian,  tlioiiirh 
there  are  alKJUt  13,(K)0  Jews,  and  some  Kurds 
and  Halxcs.  Just  out  of  the  city  Is  the  suliiirb 
of  Julfa,  where  Shah  AMitis  estahlished  a  large 
<'olony  of  Armenians  whom  he  forced  to  leave 
llie  Cailcasiis.  At  Julfa  there  is  a  station  of  the 
Cliureh  Mivsjonary  Society  (lisr)()),  ;}  missioii- 
iiriesd  married  I,  'i  female  missionaries,  com- 
nuinicants  alKait  KM),  a  hospital,  and  2  sc1io<jIs 
with  177  hoys  and  1(14  girls 

■  •■iiImi  V«'r«tl«ii.— The  Isiihu  Ix.'longs  to  the 
Haiitu  family  of  African  languages,  and  is  spoken 
in  a  small  district  called  Biinhia,  lying  at  the 
foot  of  the  Cameroon  mountains.  A  tmii-^lation 
into  this  laniruage  was  coinineneed  hy  the  Kev 
Joseph  Merriok,  of  African  descent,  in  the  ser- 
vice iif  the  Baptist  .Missjoiiarv  Society,  and  the 
BiMi'  Translation  Society  i)uhli>hcd  the  Gospels 
of  Matthew  and  John  The  two  remaining 
Gospels  were  translated  liy  his  succcss<irs,  ami 
the  four  Gospels  were  piihlished  in  lM5:i. 

Ilaliiin  V»'r<«i«»ii. -The  Italian  language 
heldiig"  lo  the  (tfacciL.'itin  liranch  of  the  Aivan 
liiiiL'uage  family,  and  i»  s|M)ken  Ihrougliout 
Iialv,  whose  iiopulation  in  1888  was  aliout 
80.."(0(1,(MM).  The  earliist  existing  version,  so  ftir 
as  is  known,  i>  that  of  Malerius  or  .Malhcrhi, 
lirinled  at  Venice  in  1471,  '2  vols.  It  is  a  toler- 
alily  accurate  tran-latiini  nf  the  Vulirate,  and 
many  editions  were  printed.  Another  version, 
Iiv  .Vntonic)  Hruceinli,  wa«  puhlishecl  at  Venice  iu 
ih'&i,  and  often  n  |iriiiied  One  of  the  most  im- 
portant translation'-  was  the  (ine  inaile  hy  (lio- 
vaniii  I)iodati,(if  Lucca,  pieacher  and  pnlfessof 
at  (ieiieva.  Made  flnin  the  original  texts,  if  was 
pulilislicvl  at   Geneva  in   1007,  and  iu  a  revised 


form  Id  1641.  An  Italian  version  for  the  use 
of  Roman  Catholics  was  made  from  the  Vulgato 
hy  Antonio  Martini,  of  Florence,  towards  the 
cld.se  of  the  iMth  centur.v.  The  New  Testament 
was  pulilished  in  Turin  in  1769,  and  the  Old  ii> 
177!»;  the  latter  tipiieared  during  the  pontiticate 
of  Pius  VI.,  and  received  his  sanction.  Both 
Testaments  in  the  original  edition  v.ere  .'ncuin- 
IxMcd  with  explauatiiry  note<,  cl  ictl.v  lakcii  from 
the  lathers.  'I'he  idi/tn  jirinri /n.  wliich  ha*  al.so 
the  Latin  seal,  co'npri--es  'i'.i  vols.  The  version 
has  heel)  rep(  at<clly  reprinted ;  the  latest  Is  tliul  of 
Florence,  in  4  vols.  ls.")'.>. 

The  necessity  of  furnishing  supplies  of  the 
Italian  Scriptures  was  tirst  pressed  on  the  atten- 
tion of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bihle  Society  hv 
the  Hev.  Terrot.  chaplain  at  Malta,  in  18(l8,'iuul 
Diodati's  version  was  schcled  liy  the  Society  for 
puhlication.  The  tirst  edition  appeared  in  ixW. 
and  often  since.  With  a  view  to  an  unrestricted 
circulation,  the  society  afterwards  <(insciited  to 
jadilish  .Martini's  Unman  Catholic  vtrsion,  and 
an  edition  ajipcarcd  in  1817  at  Naples, 

III  I8")4  the  Society  for  PromotiiiLr  Christian 
Knowledge  puhlisheil  a  revised  edition  of  Dio- 
dati's Italian  ijihle  in  is.").").  This  cdiijon  was 
throughout  carefully  corrc'ted  hy  c.imi)ari.*ou 
with,  the  original  texts,  the  orthography  modern- 
ized, and  ol>s(j|ele  wiiiils  ai.d  pliravs  exchanged 
fortlioscin  modern  u-e  In  1875  the  Briii-li  Bilile 
Society  authori/.ed  their  agent  to  compare  their 
own  edition  of  Diodati's  version  with  llio«e  issued 
hy  the  ChrUiiMii  Knowledge  Society  and  liy  the 
Italian  Bihle  Society  respectively,  with  a  view 
to  the  acccpianc(  of  the  ortliographic.d  changes 
which  are  exhihited  in  thc»e  two  editions,  jiro- 
viJed  such  changes  meet  with  the  'ipproval  of  .1 
icferec  who  is  one  of  the  leadiii,Lr  living  authori- 
ties on  the  Italian  langiiaire.  The  work  was 
( (immctU'i'il  hy  Mr.  Th.  II.  Bruce,  and  contiimed 
and  coinpleti'd  hy  his  successor,  the  Bev.  A. 
Meille,  in  1SIS4.  This  new  edition  was  also 
is-ued  in  1884,  w  itli  marginal  references,  in  8vo. 
In  18'^8  a  revi-inii  coniinittee  w.is  formed 
whose  oh.jecl  it  is  to  remove  aiiti(|uated  w<irds, 
to  follow'a  purer  text  than  that  known  to  Dio- 
dati,  and  to  render  oliseure  passages  moreclearlv. 
I'p  to  .March  :il,  ISMI.  the  sime  Biili>li  Bih'le 
Society  dispdxed  of  :i,(Ml><,t^;!l  [xirtions  of  the 
Scriptures,  either  a~  a  whole  or  in  parts,  liesides 
2,(100  dinlott  Old  TiManient  portions  in  Italian 
and  Latin,  iind  4.(144  diglntt  New  Testament  por- 
tions in  Italian  and  Kngli^h. 

(Specimen  verxt'.     John  3  :  16.) 

Perclocche"Iddio'ha  tanto  nniato  il  mocdo 
ch'egll  hadato'il  suo  ■  uuigoiiiti.  Fipliuolo 
ncclooche  chiunque^crcde  in  lui  uon :  perisca 
ma  abbia  vita  cterna. 


J': 


1' 


i       'Il 


1  ! 


m 


I  i 


•J' 


JABAU>UR 


4»U    JAFFA  MED.  MISS.  AND  HOSPITAZ* 


Jahnlpiir  (JiiMnilporc).  »  district  niid  town 
In  the  Ciiitial  I'roviiKM  s,  Indiii,  Hl.")iinli's  noiili- 
fiiM  uf  Nii-rimr.  'I'lic  town  jv  Imirc  iiiul  llcnir- 
Lsliiii!.'.  (•iiiiiifclcd  wiih  Alliilmlmd  .•iiid  liomliiiy 
by  niilroiid.  and  lias  a  u'uod  liadc.  .Mission  sla- 
lioMof  llicl".  .M.  !>.,  ls."il;  1  inis^ioiiaiv,  lUcoiii- 
imiidniiits  l;iMli,)(j|>.  l,(l7!lMliolaiv  "Tiicwork 
of  the  MftlKHllM  Kl>is((.i)al  C  Inircli  (Noilli) 
isainoiii.'  ilii'  Kiiirlisli  as  well  as  llic  iialivcs  ;  iho 
former  have  a  rluncli.  and  siiiiporl  a  pasloi. 
tlif  ialli-r  arc  iindiT  the  rare  of  1  niissiiinai\ ,  1 
Mssisiani,  -J  fenndc  niLssionarics,  <ariyinir'  "ii 
mission  worii  in  i;{  oui  siaiions,  w  jili  l-lClnircli- 
nifudicrs,  (i(»  Siindayscli(M)ls,  'J,()!)'J  scliolais, 
Tlif  Wfsityan  .McIIiihIIsI  I  jiurcli  alsocondiii  is 
its  work  an jr  l>olii  liii'  KM';lisli  and  tin  iia- 
livcs. In  ilic  naiivc  wink  arc  1  niissiunaiA . 
1">  rlmrcli-mcniliirs.  U  Sunday-schools,  ifiU 
Sfliolars.  2  day-schools,  58  .scholars,  and  •> 
zenana  teachers,  who  teach  107  pupils  in  ti3 
bou.se.s. 

Jiu>»<'lik(',  llriiiricli  AiiKiiMl,  h.  Ilcnn- 
htit,  Saxony.  May  ITih,  IMIT.  He  was  dc- 
scendi-d  in  a  direct  "line  from  a  family  of  Moravian 
exiles,  who,  driven  from  their  home  and  country 
for  their  faith's  sake,  found  nfu^ic  and  freedorn 
on  the  estates  of  Count  Zin/endorf  at  the  settle- 
nient  of  llcrrnlnit.  llcinrich  was  carefullv 
trainiil  liy  i:o<lly  parents.  At  the  aj;c  of  twelve 
he  entered  the  Pjcdcjrojrium  at  Niisky.  where  he 
(listin<ruislied  himself  in  nearlv  every  branch  of 
study.  I)ut  cs|»ccially  in  n)usic  and"  pliiloloiiy 
Alter  (wo  years' study  in  I  he  thcoloirical  scnnnaiy 
at  Gnadenfchl,  he  wasappointcd  in  1h;{7  a  teacher 
ill  the  lioys'  academy  i-i  (  hristiansfelil,  where 
the  Danish  lanjruajrechieliy  was  used.  He  ac- 
quin-d  the  lanjruace  so  rapidly  that  in  a  short 
nine  he  was  abli-  to  compo.se  and  preach  in  Diin- 
Itih.  Five  yiars  later  In-  was  apiMiinlcd  a  pro- 
fes.sor  in  the  Niesky  I'a'deu'ofrium,  where  he  in 
Rtnuted  in  ancient  and  modern  lanLrniiKcs.  lie 
here  Wean  the  study  of  Arabic,  Persian,  and 
Sanskrit.  He  was  a  proticieni  in  (Jreek.  He 
betame  »c(|u.dnicd  also  with  Hunpirian,  Bohe- 
mian, Polish,  and  Swnlisli  Hisdiary  was  kept 
iu  seven  lanyuat'cs.  In  1S,*it(  he  joined  Messrs. 
Piiuell  and  Heyde  in  mission  work  al  Kyclani:. 
a  villajre  in  the  province  of  Lahal,  on  the  iMir- 
ders  of  TilK't,  intcndin<;  as  .sinin  as  the  way  was 
opt|ti  to  enter  with  them  and  lalKir  amon'ir  the 
Chinese  Mon^-ols.  Havini:  aciinircd  the  Ian- 
gunge  he  compiled  a  (Jerman-'I'ilH'lan  Lexicon, 
and  some  years  later  an  Knirlish-TiU'tan,  both 
.^f  wl'.ieh  are  <-<insidered  standard  autlKuilies. 
';  le  Kritish  (Mivernmeiit  jiublished  the  Knulish- 
"lilietan  Lexicon  for  the  use  of  KiiLdisli  otlicers 
fn  Kashmir.  He  also  wrote  and  translated  sev- 
eral lMK)ks  and  tracts  for  the  converts,  fur  putiils 
in  f>eho()ls,  and  for  distribution  anions  the  peo- 
ple, lie  prepared  also  a  small  Tibetan  irram- 
Diar  in  the  KnL'lish  lan^ruauc  for  the  use  of  mis- 
siunarics  and  others  He  now  bc'ran  the  trans- 
lation of  the  HilOc,  but  after  ten  vcars  of  almost 
inw-ssiint  lalHir  his  health  failed,  and  he  was 
obliged   to  return  to  Euro|K;.     There,  in  grvnl 


weakness,  he  continued  the  work,  and  completed 
the  traiislalion  of  the  New  'i'estiiineiit,  which 
was  published  by  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Sociely.  He  Ictt  materiiils  which  were  u^cd  l^y 
Mr.  Kedsliib  in  the  Iraiislalion  of  the  Old  Tcstii- 
mcnt.  IK'  died  at  Hcrrnhut,  September  •-i-ith, 
IHKJ. 

JlK'ollilo,  a  term  applied  to  the  .Moiiophv- 
site  churches  of  the  Ka-t.  e-pccially  the  Syriaii'* 
residing  in  Northern  Syria,  Siiulhern'  Asia 
Minor,  and  Mesupot.imia.  Their  priiuipal 
licadi|uarleis  are  at  .Mosul,  Diarbikir  i.Vinidai, 
iMaadan,  and  Aleppo.  They  have  also  a  bishop 
at  .lerusalein.  Other  important  ccniies  are 
Ooila,  .M.irdin,  .b'zireh,  and  a  district  of  .Jeb 
cITour  ill  the  nunnilains  of  Koordistan,  east  of 
Diarbekir.  They  have  found  it  dillicidt  in 
many  |ilacis  lo  ((ipe  wiili  the  a.irgrcssive  iiitlu- 
eiiccs  of  the  lioinan  Catholics,  who  have  sent 
large  nuniliers  ot  monks,  who  have  ( stablished 
them.selves  esjieciidly  in  .Mesopolanda,  in  the 
citivs  of  .Mardiii  and.Mosul,  and  having  enticed 
niaiiy  of  the  priests,  have  succeeded  al.so  in  forc- 
ing the  congrcLnitions  to  follow  them  by  re  fus- 
ing any  of  the  Siicraiiients  except  as  they  iulopted 
the  Konian  Catholic  faith. 

Mission  Work  among  the  .lacobiles  lias  been 
somewhat  successful,  cspeciallv  as  carried  lat 
from  Mardin,  Diarbekir,  and  .^losul.  The  rela- 
tions between  the .lacobitc  leaders  and  the  Amer- 
ican niis.sionaries  have  been  often  (piitc  cordial, 
and  llu'  constant  effort  to  come  into  pleasant  re- 
lations with  them  has  been  prtxluelive  of  good 
results.  The  larger  part  of  the  I'rotcstant  com- 
munities of  Mardin,  Jeb  e)-Tour,  and  the  vil 
laws  alH)ut  DiarUkir  are  made  uj)  from  the 
Jacobite  communities. 

JiillU  (Joppai,  a  city  of  Syria,  seaport  of 
Jerusalem  Population "alx>ut  10. (HM),  .Moslems, 
Christians,  and  Jews.  Mission  station  of  the 
C.  M  S.:  ;j  missionaries  (one  niarric<l).  'J  female 
missionaries,  !!  native  preachers,  (i5  communi- 
cants, (J.'itl  scholars.  Also,  the  London  Sociely 
for  I'ropagatiiig  the  Gospel  among  the  Jew's 
has  1  missionary  anil  a  disiwnsary.  The  .Mild- 
may  .Mis.-ion  lo  the  Jews  has  also  a  nx'ilieal 
mi>si(ai  there.  In  1m7(j  a  colony  was  started 
thereof  .\merieans,  but  they  found  it  impossi 
ble  lo  live,  and  little  by  littli'  they  disappeared, 
sonu'  returning  to  America,  and  others  going 
elsewhere  in  Palestine  and  the  Kasl.  .Mission 
Work  in  JalTa  has  always  lalKircd  under  the 
spec  iiil  ditllciiliy  of  iis  lieiiig  u  seaport,  and  a 
consiant  resort  of  Iravcllere. 

JallU  n«-<licai  lli»ioii  iiihI  llo«|ii- 
lal,  in  connection  with  the  .Mildmay  Mission. 
Headipiarlers,  (IS  Mildmay  Park.  London,  N. 
The  Jaffa  Medical  .Mi-^iiui  .ind  Hospital  was 
founded  bv  Miss  Maiitiaii,  .i  Mililmay  deai  oness, 
in  1m7h.  The  work  was  at  tirst  can  led  on  in  a 
native  hous<-  in  Jatfa.  ill  adapted  to  hospital 
needs,  and  very  s<jon  too  small  to  acconuniKlatr 
the  numbers  who  Hocked  thilhcr  for  In-atnient. 
The  erection  of  n  new  building  wiw  coninicnccd 


JAFFA  MBD.  MISS.  AND  HOSPITAL    481 


janvu:r,  lbvx 


in  1H84.  Difllcullii's  nrisin^  in  rcguril  to  llie 
ll•^'lllily  of  I  111'  jK.Tinissi(>n  gninlnl  to  a  forc'i};iit'r 
to  cnrt  II  ])uiiliL'  hiiildiiig,  Mikk  Muiigiin  wasad- 
viscil  to  carry  a  iictitioii  to  llic  Sultan.  The-  fa- 
tii^iK' anil  cM-ili'incnt  atlt'iitlaiit  ii|N)n  the  neces- 
sary journeys  to  Con.staniinople  wen'  t<M)  much 
for" her  streiijrili,  which  failed  utterly  u|)oii  her 
return  the  seconil  time,  and  she  ilied  in  Novem 
Ikt,  1M)S."(,  le!ivinf,'tlie  s\ork  iu  the  care  of  her  as- 
sociates. Soon  after  her  death  the  Finnan  was 
receivech  and  in  Se|ilem!K'r,  IMMti,  the  new  huild- 
inj:  was  occupied  l)y  the  mission.  During  the 
follow  ing  year  llie  uumlter  of  out  patients  was 
I'i.'.'IT,  in-patients  511. 

In  aililiiioii  loihe  nie<lical  work,  daily  relig- 
ious services  are  conducted  liy  the  deaconessi's. 
They  also  superintend  a  Sunday-school  lor 
.Moslem  girls,  .sewing  classes,  and  mothers'  meet- 
ings, and  visit  among  th<'  ixior  in  .Itilfa  and 
somewhat  in  outlying  villages.  The  working 
force  of  the  mission  consjsiN  of  >i\  Knglisli  la- 
dies, a  naiive  physician,  educated  at  the  .Vmeri- 
cau  I'ollege  at  Beyiout,  and  two  ward  helpers. 

Jiiiniii  4'il)',  a  town  on  an  island  which 
I'oniis  part  of  the  .lalln.'i  di-trict  or  |)eiiinsiila, 
Ceylon  i(|.v.  I.  It  is  the  district  town,  and  has  the 
adtuinisti.ilive  hiiildiiigs,  a  college,  and  a  pulilic 
lilirary.  The  tort  is  •'the  mo-t  |)erfcct  little 
military  ivork  in  Ceylon-  ;i  (K'titagon  liiiilt  of 
liloi'ks  of  while  coral.  "  Traces  of  the  Dutch 
occupancy  of  the  town  cm  siill  lie  s«'en.  and  not 
a  few  of  the  churches  date  hack  to  the  time  of 
(he  Porliiguesc.  The  itidustry  of  the  Tamil  in- 
liahilanls  h;is  changed  the  sandy  soil  to  a  ferlile 
district,  with  luxuriant  tropical  vegetation. 

.Mission  station  of  the  Church  Mi-sionary  So- 
ciety ilM'^'Si,  who  huve  in  the  district  1  mission- 
ary, :{  native  pastors,  "mT  communicants,  1  sem- 
inary, lUU  students.  1  girls'  Ixiarding-si'liool,  .'54 
girls,  I  training  institute.  ;t'.i  students,  Oi  schools, 
:t.O!W  scholars  The  A  H.  C.  K.  .M.  cotnnunced 
its  work  in  Ceylon  in  18l(i.  (see  article  C'eylom. 
and  the  tnission  now  miinlH'i's  7  stations,  25 
out-stations,  15  churches,  1,171  church-memlxTs, 
4  missionaries,  (i  fem.ile  missionaries,  i:{  native 
pastors,  UWday  scIumiIs,  H,41ti  pupils,  7'-'  college 
students,  1  industrial  school,  5S  pupils.  •.>  girls' 
hoarding  schools,  r.i5  |)upils.  The  Wesleyan 
.Missionary  Scwiety  carries  on  an  extensive  work 
it!  .lalTna  district,  with  headipiarters  at  .I'llTna. 
There  »rr  'ii  stations,  i'l  mission.iries  and  as- 
sistiinis,  li)  chapels,  l,.5(tl  church  ineml)ers,  IKi 
Sahbaih  schools,  (l,58(i  scbolure,  137 day-schools, 
!».«MI  scholars. 

JtiUlialiii-'I'iirki  iTiirliir)  or  'I'rkkr 

Tili'<'4iiii]iii.  This  langu.'ige,  which  heloinrs 
to  the  Turk!  Iiranch  of  the  I'nil  Altaic  family 
of  langiinges,  is  vertiacular  to  thi'  I'/lick  and 
Turkish  irihe-  of  Tmke«lan  and  ('entriil  .\si,-i. 
The  Uev  .lames  Hasselt,  of  the  Americ.in  I'rcs- 
liyleriiin  Mission  at  Tehran,  prepared  a  translation 
of  the  (JosjH'l  of  Matthew,  whit  h  he  carried 
through  the  press  at  liondon  in  isstl.  at  the  ex- 
|M'iisc  of  the  British  iind  Foreign  Hihie  .Society. 
A  revised  edition  was  issued  from  the  pri'ss 
in  1MS4  hy  the  Uev.  A.  Amirkhaiiianlx  of 
Tillis.  .Vhout  ;!,5;i5  |Mirtions  of  the  go»|)t'l  were 
disposid  of  up  to  March  Hist.  1881». 

.Iiiiiiv,  a  rcliudoiis  Meet  in  India,  who  arc 
found  in  l'p|>er  Hindustan,  in  the  provinces  of 
Mewar  atid  .NIarwar,  along  the  (ianges.  and  in 
Calcutta.  They  are  also  found  in  ,s»jnie  other 
parts  of  India^  esiH-ciully  along  the  Malabar 


const.  They  arr  considerwl  heierofUn  hy  the 
Hindus,  and  in  their  ln-lief  they  adhere  lo  Home 
of  the  teuelK  of  Biiddhisoi  umi  to  Miiiie  of  the 
teachings  of  the  lirahniaiis.  Like  the  Buddhist.s, 
they  deny  the  origin  and  authority  of  the 
Vedas,  and  they  pay  worship  to  rouie  of  the 
same  saints.  Like  the  Brahiuans.  Ihey  recog- 
ui/e  the  distiDclions  of  caste,  and  w<>r>hip  Mime 
of  the  deities  of  the  Hindu  l'anther>n,  ihiaigh 
they  reject  all  the  rile>  which  canst-  the  sa<'rilice 
of  aiiinnil  life.  They  lielieve  in  final  emancijni- 
tioii  when  the  vital  spirit  is  relea.'H'd  from  the 
IhiiiiIs  of  action,  and  they  define  the  -i/eol  such 
souls,  their  home,  their  <iualitiis.  their  length  of 
life,  and  all  that  jH/riains  tu  Ihein.  The  Jains 
are  dividetl  into  two  onlers — the  priest  and  the 
layman.  The  former  leads  a  life  of  alK-tineiice 
and  general  self-denial  He  i-an-lully  avoids 
the  destruction  of  aiuinal  life,  even  covering  his 
mouth  loavuid  inadvertently  svtalloHiugiuset'lii. 
The  layin.an  is  sup|KMil  lo  prjicti-c- the  \inue« 
nf  liberality .  geiilleiies-.  piety,  and  |>enance. 
He  also  (arefully  -fniins  the  water  which  he 
drinks,  and  covers  all  liiiuiils  Ie>l  an  in^-cl  nniy 
Ik-  drowned  therein.  There  ale  other  dilTcr- 
ences  among  them,  which  govern  their  dro-and 
dtH;oralions.  They  worship  a  nuuilN  r  of  deified 
siiint.s  ealleil  Jina,  to  whom  they  ast-riiie  attri- 
butes of  the  most  extravagant  char.iCler.  Two 
of  these  are  now  the  priuciiKil  objects  of  wor- 
ship. The  origin  of  the  seit  Ls  lost  in  ol>- 
scuritv,  but  it  prolcibly  was  suliH-queut  lo  the 
riseof  tlie  Buddhist  religion. 

Jiiipiir  i.Teypore,  a  city  in  Rijpiitnna.  In- 
dia, the  capital  of  a  native  slate  of  the  sinie 
n.uiie.  A  most  U-autifuI  Imlian  city,  with  a 
iMipidation  of  '.>.°><).0(t<).  Mission  station  of  llie 
United  I're-byteriaii  i'hunh  of  S<-ollaiid  (I88«), 
the  lirst  in  Kajputuna;  1  inL-sionar}-.  1  church, 
li  scIhh)Is. 

JiiliiiKlliiir,  a  town  and  district  in  the 
Punjab,  India.  liO  miles  east  of  Lahore.  A 
large  iiuml)er  of  villages  are  within  cji>y  reach 
of  the  town.  .Mission  station  of  the  l*rfsbyte- 
rian  Church  (Norihi  •1h46i.  A  dispensary  i* 
ke|>t  o|M'n  for  nine  mouths  of  the  vear,  and  in 
18H9,  lll.tXio  visits  were  ritfive«l.  ft  has  1  medi- 
c:d  missionary  and  wife.  4  female  nii<«>ioiiaries,  1 
native  pastor,  27  church-iueniljers,  57'2  day- 
.siholars. 

.laliiii,  is,  with  Bethel,  a  siatirm  of  the  Pn-e 

Church  of  Scotl.'ind,  in  the  Haiilariind  slate, 
Dcccan.  India,  from  which  an  exiensive  evan- 
gelistic work  is  c;irrie<l  on  aiiiong  the  surroimd- 
ing  villages,  ;{.',';{!l  villairi-s  or  pi  i<fs  luiving 
U'ell  visitetl  by  ev.iiiL'elist-  or  Bib|e-»voinen  in 
one  year.  Then'  are  43  out-sialion*,  1  native 
pastor,  ti  native  cliurclie».  1.<KJ5  conuiiuui<-ants. 

Janvier,  Ia'\1.  b.  Piitsirrove.  X  J  ,  I'.s.  A  , 
A|>ril25lh,  inii!;  graduatetlat  I'rim'«'ion  ColL-ge 
ls;j5,  Theoloirical  S<ininary  lO;  oniaineti  as  an 
I'V.'itureli-t  by  Fri'sbyteryof  West  Jersey,  Decem- 
lier  :{lst.  l.std;  sjiiUil  in  ls41  as  a  liilMsioiiary 
of  the  I'resbyteri.in  BiKird  of  Fon-ien  Missions 
for  India;  ^vas  staiionetl  at  Futtehmirh,  Lo- 
diaiia,  Amb.ila,  and  Sabsithu.  Haviim  coni- 
menr'nl  the  study  of  I'nlu  on  the  voyapi-,  be 
stHin  Ix'L'an  mission  work  among  IIh>  heathen  in 
Lc.iliana.  For  some  time  he  taught  a  s<ho<>l  of 
llitidu  youth,  making  the  tnitlis  of  the  irt)s|iel  a 
regular' portioti  of  studv.  He  was  much  occu- 
pied in  the  Ininslation  of  the  S<riptures,  and  was 
conn<'cte<l  with  the   press  from  toe  beginning  tu 


I 


5'  ' 


I! 


lii!' 


■f 


JANVIER,  LEVI 


4><-2 


JAPA 


the  flosc  of  his  work.  Aflor  ho  had  miisicrcd 
Mil-  I'uiiJMlii  l;iiij:uti}:c,  lu',  wiili  liis  coii^in,  Dr. 
>ii\\ii)ii.  of  ilif  Niine  nii>si(iii,  coinnu'iicKl  Uh- 
|»vp:ir:ili<>n  ol  a(IU'li()iiiir\  lit  llial  laiiironKC'  It 
\\a>  i'oiii|ili'it'(l,  and  ))iilili>hrd  iit  ihc  inissioii 
jiri-vs  ill  INW.  II  (|iiari<)  of  4;W  pajics,  limly 
|)riiiti'(l  and  Milisiantially  lioiiiid.  in  the  Uuf- 
iniikiii  chaiacier.  Dr.  Janvier  j)o,>.sfsst'd  jrri'at 
fiicii.'y  of  (  haratliT,  and  was  full  of  /cal  for  tlie 
saivalioii  of  llio  liiatlii'ii.  ill'  liKl  hi>  di'atb 
March  24lli,  l)*M,  at  a  incla  in  Aiiandii|Nii( . 
wluri'  hrwas  ciiirajicd  in  jmat  liin;.' and  dislrili 
iilin^r  liMcl,'*.  'riic  nut-ling  was  alioiil  lo  close, 
tlic  lirclhicii  had  parl-ikcn  of  Ihc  Lord's  Sup|M'r, 
and  c.\|Hcicd  to  separate  on  the  morrow.  In 
the  cvcnin}:  Dr.  .laiivk-r  was  uii  I  li.v  a  fanatic, 
a  Kaii  Sikh,  and  felled  to  the  jrroimd  with  u 
dull.  11(-  liiiL^-red  inseiisilile  lu'.  niornin}.'.  w  lieu 
lie  pa.s.st(l  away.  Tlic  niimlerer  was  cau^dil, 
tried  in  a  criiiiiiial  <'onrl,  found  ).'uiity.  and 
li.iiiL'i-d  'i'he  reiiiains  of  the  missionary  wen; 
laid,  in  llu'  presence  of  a  large  .-issemlily,  iu  the 
burial-ground  of  the  mission  of  i.,o<liana. 

•Ilipiill.— /V>,s»7/«H  OH  f/n'  f Hohf. —Tl\L' 

archipel.iiro  anil  cnipiie  of  Dai  Nippon  (great 
day>pringi.  called  •.Japan.  "  by  !oreii:ners.  cim- 
sisi>  of  a  chain  of  i>lan<l>  lietwccn  ltii»i;i  and 
China,  or  lieiwccn  KanilMlialka  and  l-"oiino>a. 
It  is  M-t  in  a  (piadrilaleral  nc.irly  !»,0IMI  inile>  w  ide 
and  ','.00(1  miles  long.  .More  c.\acllv.  tlii-  ipiad- 
rangular  space enclnsing.lapaii  measures  MTOl.ti.j 
miles  from  cast  to  west  and  ls4l.!t."i  miles  from 
north  to  south.  At  each  point  of  the  compass, 
the  frontier  island,  or  cMiemity  of  the  empirt-, 
is  found  in  tla- siiuiili>rarclii|ielagosiif  (  hishima 
(ihoUsMiicl  islmidsi  or  tlx-  Ivurili-s  (smukcrsi  and 
Hiu  Kiu  isle(-ping  dragoiu  or  Loo  (Iumi.  The 
most  norlhi-ni  island  or  slihim  is  Araito  ilati- 
tiidc  .'ill  ."ili  I.  the  most  southern  llaterma  (lat- 
itiide24  (111  I.  tilt-  most  eastern  Shiinushiii  (long- 
itude east  l."i(i  :S-J  I.  the  most  western  Yoliaku 
tlongilude  east  Vi-t  A't  \.  Of  the  great  (piadri- 
laleral thus  drawn  aliout  .lapan's  c.Mremities, 
the  total  l.'iiid  area  is  liul  I."ili.(loo  sipi.-irc  miles; 
the  remaining  17.h4(|,oihi  sipiare  miles  lieiiiir 
(K-eaii  water  which  surrounds  nearly  4.0IH) 
islands  having  4:!.0IMI  miles  of  coast  liiie.  Tin- 
larL'esl  island  is  Hondo  or  lion  shiii.  that  is. 
main  island,  or  main  country,  ami  on  uiireviscil 
maps  is  liilled  Niphon,  which  is  the  Dutch  sih-II- 
ing  of  theiiaine  of  thewlicilc  empire,  the  native 
common  iianu-  lieimr  Nippon,  or  Nilion. 
ilonilo,  Kill  shin  mine  countriesi.  .sihikokinfour 
jiiovincesi.  and  \v7.0  |unci\ili/ed  region)  are  the 
four  l.-irgi'st  islands  'I'lic  lesser  groups  of 
islands,  lii-siiles  liiu  Kiu  and  (hishima.  are 
Awaji,  Tsushima,  (iolo.  Iki,  Oki.  Sadu.  Sliichi- 

Iinia  (seven  islands  Irom  O  or  Vries  to 
lachijfii.  Og.-isawara  (Hoiiiii),  i-tc.  All  tin- out- 
lying islands  from  Tsushima  to  Sado  an-  on 
tiie  wesu-ni  side  of  Hoiulo,  wliii  h  i.s,  in  geiu-ral. 
desiiiule  of  harliors;  while  the  eastern  front  is 
well  inilenied  and  coiilaiiis  numt-ioiis  places 
siiil.-ilile  fi>r  anchorage  and  commerce.  The 
geneial  sha|ve  of  llie  main  group  of  islands  is 
that  of  an  archer's  how  n-curved  at  each  end. 
the  cord  or  siring  liisectiii.L'  the  Si-ii  of  .lapaii, 
the  arrow  re.sl  inring  ut  'I'okyo,  the  capital, 
which  is  tliiis  uliiiost  e.\ai-tly  ut  the  ceutru  of 
the  emjiire. 

J*/*//Ai/r<»/.fV'rt^»»*'«-fi.  -  (-eiilogii-ally,  Japan 
is  part  of  the  chain  of  volcanoes  slrelching  from 
Kamtschatka  into  China,  the  islands  lieing  the 
tops  of  otherwise  submurgtxl  luouutuiu  plutcaiu 


of  granite  and  old  schists  and  clar  slittes  ou 
which  hite  uud  Hclive  volcMUues  have  i-u|M-riin- 
pu.s(-il  their  |ieak!>,  uud  the  isleiN  being  the 
f  nigiueuts  of  the  greiit  lineti  of  upheaval,  once 
long  ciiU!iewa\ .s  but  now  broken  into  friigmcnts 
and  fauia-stic  shapes  by  agcti  of  wave-.-iclion. 
The  Hus.siau  uaiue  "Kiirile"  liiean.s  "  llie 
smokers,"  from  the  open  veuls  di.s<liaiging  lire 
and  smoke,  and  there  are,  in  addilion  to  ihe 
huiiiireilsof  e.Minct,  no  fewer  than  eightien  act 
ive  volcanoes.  Along  with  these  an-  abundant 
hot  siilpliiir  springs,  and  e:  rihipiakes  occur 
almost  conliuiially.  Ve/u.  ax  ils  fauna  and 
tloni  show,  is  hlininst  a  disliuci  continent, 
the  Jsiraits  of  Tsiigaru  iN-ing  a  dividing 
line.  B«t»fcn  the  S-'iih  and  the  STth  degrees 
of  north  latitude,  llnndo  is  broadest  from  east 
lu  west,  and  here  the  mountains  allain  tlieir 
greatest  lieights.  Fiijisnu  (1"J,".'><0  feel),  Ontake 
(U.SoO  feel '.  ilakii-snn  0.!»-.'tt  feet),  Asania  Yama 
i!s.;t«o  feet),  and  the  iiiighty  Shinano  range 
(S.-JiHUU.tMO  fjftl.  antl  Kini'pu  Xan  being  in 
<iiie  wide  belt.  Iu  Kiusliiu  the  mountains  at- 
tain a  height  of  ■'>.40i>.  in  Shikoku  4.IJ(N).  miuI 
in  Vi/o  I<.".J«iO  feel.  The  geogniphical  divi- 
sion of  the  empire  into  nine  do  (circuits  or 
roads '  is  made  in  general  accordance  with  tlie 
physical  featur«-s  of  tlie  c-oiintry.  es|Hciallv  tlie 
gn-al  lines  of  monntains  and  islands.  Thus, 
the  Hokkaido  (northern  s(ii  ciniiiti  iiK-ludes 
Vezo  and  Chishiuia:  Tris«ndo  (eastern  moun- 
tain circuit)  iiieliidcs  the  eight  provinces  of 
Hondo,  from  the  Strait.*  of  Tsiigani  to  the  end  of 
Luke  liiwa.  or  fmin  I'lio  loOiiii;  Ilokiirokiido 
(norlhern-Iatid  cireiiili.  lying  along  the  west 
i'oasi  of  Hondo  fioiu  Sailo  Island  to  Wakasa. 
has  seven  |>ri>vin»i->;  Tokaido  (eastern  st-a  roadi 
contains  fifteen  pnivinct-s.  frontiii.ir  the  I'acilic 
Ocean  from  Hitachi  lo  Ipi:  Gokinai.  or  Ihe 
tive  Home  I'n'Vinc«-s.  the  classic  ground  of 
Japanese  hk<tory.  is  silual(-«l  like  a  key.stone  be- 
tween tlie  four  iiiirlhern  and  eastern  and  the  four 
southern  and  western  ciix-iiils.  impinging  upon 
all  except  those  of  Ye/oand  Kiusjiiu;  SiiiiindfS 
( mi luutaiii  .shade  r^^id I  contains  the  eight  prov- 
inces (from  Tamlia  to  Iwanii  having  ihc  Sea  of 
Japan  on  their  northern  coast  line,  including 
<  )ki  Island:  the  provinc«>of  Saiiyodo  imounlaiii 
sun-side  roadi.  friiDi  Harinia  lo  Nagalo.  front 
llielM-autiful  i>land-studiU-d  Inland  Sea  slrelch- 
in.ir  from  (io  Kinai  to  ih»-  Straits  of  Shimono- 
seki:  NankaidO  is<iulliMa circuit K-ompiiscs  ihe 
foiir  divisions  of  Shikoku.  the  island  of  Awaji, 
and  Kii:  SaikaidAiwcsl-s*-!!  circuit'  in<!udestbc 
nine  divisiiiiis  of  Kjushiii  and  the  islands  of  Iki 
and  Tsusbinia  K;«ib  of  the  eighty-four  |iro- 
viiices  has  ils  native  Jap;inese  name,  usually 
based  on  its  chief  piivsicid  feature,  and  also 
another  made  up  of  the  Chinese  sound  of  iIk- 
first  svllable  of  ihe  Ja|>anii>f  name  with  */./'/ 
(province)  atli.xed:  thus.  Salsunia  and  Sirsshiu, 
Kii  anil  Ki.sliiii.  The  whole  surface  of  lli<- 
country  consists  of  mountains  aial  valleys,  largi- 
plainsand  gntit  rivers  U-ing  nearly  unknown, 
while  lakes,  except  Biwa  and  Iiiawashiro.  an- 
few  and  small.  Tlie  si-iiiiry  is  nirelv  w  ilil 
and  imiHWiiiig.  though  in  giiieral  iH-autifiil.  and 
in  many  places  excettiingly  lovely.  Most  of 
the  mountains  an-  nnindecl  and  fi  rest -covered. 
The  country  is  not  rich  in  minerals,  except 
sulphur,  coai,  inin.  and  copiN-r,  though  lu-urly 
all  th<-  useful  metals  and  chemical  substances 
are  found.  The  mining  is  in  private  hands, 
the  giiverunu-nt  having  mostly  alMindoned  llie 
workiug  of  the  mine*  m  uuprulilable.      The 


JAFAf' 


itid  c-liiy  slalfs  ou 

OfS   llllVO  MI|H'l'illl- 

•  is-liMs  Ixiiijr  tlif 
of  ii|ilii'iival.  once 
ieu  into  I'liifiiiiciits 

•S    of    WllVl'IIClioll, 

If  "  liu-iiiis  "  liio 
ih  (lixliin^'inj:  liru 
II  Hildilinn   to  lia- 

■  tllUII  I'iglltCt'II  IKt- 

lu>t-  arc  atiiiiMlaiit 
!  rili<|iiakcs    (Kciir 

a«  iis  faiiim  and 
li^liucI  cnnlincnl, 
« inj:    a    (lividinir 

Ilic  ;J7lh  degrees 
■roiidtst  from  ca>t 
iiiiiii.s  aiiaJii  their 
'.-•W  feel !,  Ontake 
eel),  Asiina  Vania 
r  >hinano  range 
|>u  Zan  being  in 
Ibc  mountain^  al- 
likoku  4.(>(Ki,  and 
:cogni|)liical  divi- 
le  do  (eirenils  or 
ordance  with  tlic 
try.  opeciiillv  the 
i  i>lauds.      'i'hiis. 

cinuit)  inehulcs 
lo  (cH.-tcrn  nioun- 
ght  provinces  of 
ig!ini  tolliccndof 
iini:  Ilokiirokiidu 
I  along  the  wc.-l 
>land   lo  Wakasa. 

(easlcrn  sea  rnadi 
iiting  the  l'a(ilic 

Gokinai,  or  tlie 
hcs-ic  gronnd  of 
ike  a  keystone  bc- 
slern  and  (lie  four 
.  iinpinging  ti|)on 
Kill-hill:  SaiiindO 
Is  the  eight  prov- 
haviiig  tile  Sea  of 
sl  line,  including 
inyodo  inioiintain 

to  Nagat'i.  front 
land  Sea  strelch- 
ait.s  of  .Shiinoiio- 
uii  I  comprises  the 

■  island  of  Awaji, 
cuil '  includes  the 
the  islands  of  Iki 

eiglity-fotir  pro- 
c  iiaiiie.  usually 
feat  me,  and  alsi) 
eM-  sound  of  the 
name  with  */,("« 
inia  and  Sasshiii. 
e  surface  of  the 
md  viiUeys.  large 
learly  mikiiown. 

Inawashiro.  me 
.•  is  nirelv  wild 
nil  iH-autiful.  and 
lovely.  Most  of 
d  fiTcst-covereil. 
minerals,  e.vcept 
r,  Ihoiigh  nearly 
nical  substances 
I  i>rivate  hands, 

•  abandoned  the 
proli  table.     Tlie 


•    f 


mm 


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I'v  ti-^w  « 


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KiUii<4 


r\  <•.'    i'.''';-'      Kill .11  i) 

--^  .*»S   ^   a"  \  CH'ililll'IV 


Mimki 


TOKYO     ',   r^- — .^ 


K  .£«  Held  CX 


Hf  <(<1(J 


JAPAN 


lau 


JAPAN 


Hiil  is  fiiirly  gocMl,  Hiul  III  the  vicinity  of  towns 
liiiM  liccii  |iri'st'i'V('il  in  full  iiowcr  tliirin^'  nianv 
xcnlili'li's  liy  till'  iiM'  iif  hiiiniui  iirduii'  -  a  liiililt 
u  liicli  il<><'>' Mill  iilwaVM  K'liilcr  llic  iilini)H|ilH'tu 
ii^I'ccmIiIi'  <ii  iIic  laii(Ui'ii|M' iillracllvc  to  t'oni^n- 
«Ts.  Ni'VcilliclcsH,  till'  iciil  ol  lifty  m'lit'iiitions 
liiis  iiiailr  the  firlilc  pari  of  llii'  Iiiii(I.s('ii|H'  a 
uork  of  tirt.  Only  alioiit  Icii  per  mit  of  Hit' 
lolal  ana  Is  ciillivalnl,  wlii(  li,  however,  is 
marly  all  Ilial  Is  availaMe,  sjnie  Iheariilile  lanti 
is  ainiosi  wholly  in  the  valleys  ami  river 
|ilains  Sni  rounorii  mi  every  side  liy  Iheoeeun, 
lisii  foiMl  is  ehiap,  alMiiiilanl,  iiiiil  noiiiishin^. 
In  till-  lerliary  ai,'e  Ihe  .lap.inese  islanils  were 
linileil  to  the  lonlinriits  ol'  Asia  anil  Aniericii, 
Jiflei  wliiili  lieL'aii  the  L'fi'.it  upheavals  whiih 
have  holli  separateil  anil  niaile  nioMlitainons  llils 
islaiiil  I'liain.  Not  only  is  (lie  eliinale  of  .lapall 
<piil  I'  similar  Id  I  lull  of  the  I' nileil  Slates  hi'l  ween 
the  lower  Mississippi  anil  the  Allanlie  <  >eean  in 
the  amount  ami  ilisliiliulion  of  rain  Mini  Ihi; 
Variations  of  teiiiperaliire.  lull  Ihe  llcna  ol  lliese 
IvMi  piirlii)i|s  of  llie  worlil  are  elo-rly  relaiiil 
liiilli  in  ireneral  i  harailer  ami  ihe  hiiire  niiniher 
of  plniils  eomnion  to  eaih.  Kspciially  in  Ihe 
inatli'i'of  lainlall  ami  Ihe  iinpliasaiil  eomliiiia 
tiiin  of  heal  ami  inoisliire,  iIik's  Ihe  coniparisoii 
holil  ;r'>o(|  to  an  Ameriian:  while  one  from 
KliLrlaml  tiinls  that  while  .lapaii  has  inoic  line 
<lays,  it  is  also  "  far  wilier,  ami  snlijeei  ii> 
frreatei-  evlreinesof  leinperatnre.  "  Kvleinliiiu; 
thi'ii'ii;h  Iwenly  seven  ilei,'rees  of  laliluile,  llieic^ 
is  L'real  ililfeienee  in  eliniale  in  various  plaees 
iiml  at  ililfereiil  aliilmles.  The  monsoon  wimls 
ami  the  Kiiro  Shiwo  (lilaek  streaini  are  tlu; 
eliiet  refiiil.'ililiir  faiiors.  'I'lie  weMlern  eoasis, 
nmler  Ihe  inlliieliie  of  Ihe  eolil  water  eiirrenl.s 
from  tlienorlh,  li.ave  lower  temperatures,  moi-c 
foi;.  rain,  snow,  ami  iee.  than  the  eastern  siile-i 
of  Ihe  eountry,  whieli,  lieini;  nearer  Ihe  jinlf 
si  ream,  are  wiirimr  anil  more  free  from  snow 
iinil  iee.  Aeeoi'diiiL;  to  the  old  liinur  calendar 
':i  usi'  iinlil  is;'.',  the  .seasons  heiiaii  as  follows: 
Spriiiir  Fehrnary  lid,  sumimr  .May  ."itli.  Hiilnmn 
Au;rusl  Till,  winter  Noveniher  Till.  In  April  the 
soiilhwest  monsoon  hriiiLfs  rain  and  Ilea',  and 
in  May  the  whole  aieliipelai:ii  is  dolheil  in  liv- 
ing Lneeii.  Ahoiil  the  middle  of  .liine  and  illilil 
Well  inlo.Fuly  Ihe  heavy  rains  fall,  and,  heiiii; 
iieeoinpanied  with  heat,  tin;  weather  i.s  then 
most  liyiii','  to  the  nervous  system.  At  this 
time  the  rice  is  traiisplanleil  iiiid  veirelalimi 
I'oiiies  forward  with  siirprisini:  rapidity;  mould 
>:atheis  easily  on  any  lalirie  of  .'iiiiinal  oriirin 
which  is  not  prolirlid  liy  aii-tiLrlit  coveriiiL's. 
'I'his  heiiii;  also  the  time  when  teachers,  mis- 
sionaries, iMid  others  of  sedentary  liahils.  or 
jriveii  to  hiainwork.  arc  often  most  Inisy  in 
KcliiHil  examiiiations,  or  al  close  application  in 
i'oncliidiiii:  the  work  of  the  year,  ihe  danger  to 
one's  coiisiitutioii  is  perhaps  at  the  iniivimiiin. 
mill  not  a  lew  casi  sof  mrvoiis  piosiialion  oiiiir 
lit  this  jicriod.  Then  follow  alioiit  .six  weeks  of 
drv  and  hot  weal  In  r,  after  which  the  second 
rainy  rei'soi:  occurs  in  Seplemher,  when,  as  in 
Jiinc,  IIoihIs  are  very  common,  'i'hewind  now 
hlows  from  the  west  and  north,  u  drier  season 
hciriiis  ill  October,  and  Ihe  antnniiial  foliaire 
Ik'coiiu's  very  hiilliant.  The  linest  .season  is 
the  autumn,  and  the  early  winter  is  dclijjhtfni. 
It  often  happens  that  Deceinlier  passes  without 
ftomi  or  cloud.  The  aveiiiiie  temperature  from 
April  to  October  is  (W  F. .  from  June  to  Sep- 
tember 74  .  In  many  parts  of  Yczo  the  winter 
la.st8   from   Novenilwr  to   Mav,    hut    the  cold 


riirely  droiM  to  ?>)*.  Til  SaUuina,  lii  the  ex- 
Ireiiii'  ~oulIi  of  Hondo,  Ihu  men  my  NOUiL-tUuc* 
falls  as  low,  Ihoiigh  tliu  wiiileiM  aru  WHrm. 
In  the  Kill  Kin  islands  per|>t'tuiil  suiiiliicr  rci;;nH. 
In  Ihe  norlli  and  went,  heavy  miowh  till  lUv 
valleys  und  liliM  i\  the  streets;  in  the  s<iiilh  iitid 
east,  winters  with  .snow  are  rare.  'Ihe  niiny 
lime  of  tliu  year  is  between  .March  and  Novcin- 
bir,  the  wettest  inoiilh  being  SepteinlHr  and  I  In- 
driest  ■lanimry.  The  rainrall,  ihougli  in  soniu 
years  reaching  M.'>  inches,  in  'i'okyo  liiiil  an 
average  during  l«;fi-|MM8  of  r,H.;M  iiiclie». 
Taken  all  in  all.  it.  may  be  .said  that  there  are  tin 
many  working  days  in  the  year  a.s  in  ihrM  aro- 
linasof  the  Inileil  .StatcN.  From  Ihe  c.\crlleiit 
iinleorological  itureaii  eslabllshed  in  1HS>4,  witli 
its  central  slalion  in  Tokyo.  — one  of  the  IichI 
eipiipped  in  the  world,  -mid  its  ihiily  staiionii 
in  Ihe  archipelago  and  Korea,  ihree  daily  bui- 
ld ins  of  I  be  weal  her  are  iinw  issued,  seveniy  per 
ceni  of  Ihe  forecasts  having  proved  true  in  tho 
fails.  The  giealest  plagues  of  .lii[ian  arc  ty- 
phoons and  earllii|UHkes  ilo  which  one  writer 
adds  rats),  and  Ihe  phenomena  of  Ihese  aio 
studied,  as  well  as  those  of  wind,  lein|N'ralurc, 
and  moisture.  Vessels  are  wained  of  coming 
typhoons  from  ne.irl)'  lifty  stations.  From  u 
study  of  the  clinmlology  of  Japan  it  is  evident 
that  I  he  conditions  of  I  he  air,  wind,  leinperaluro 
and  inoisiiire  me  very  much  like  Ihoseof  ail.jii- 
•  eiit  I  iinnlries,  excepi  llial  the  e.xtienicsof  kIIIii- 
nii'i'  heal  and  w  inter  cold  and  diyiii's.s  reached 
on  the  iiHglilioring  conliiieiit  are  iiardly  known 
in  .lapaii.  'i'he  fieipielicy  of  earlbipiakes  Hcemii 
to  be  conipeiisated  for  in  the  eomparalivo 
rarity  of  lliundiistorms  and  danger  from  light, 
ning.  .lapall  may  be  safely  called  one  of  Iho 
healthy  coiinlries  of  the  iioith  teliilierate  /one, 
and  ordinary  pncaulions  as  to  choice  of  build- 
ing-siles  and  habits  of  life  will  ner'nre  the  same 
|)ossibilities  of  lieallh  as  in  the  siiiiie  lalilude  in 
Kurope  or  America.  l*iiifes.H<ir  llasil  Hall 
(haniberlain,  in  his  invaluable  little  encyclo- 
luedia  of  "Things  Ja])aiiese."  published  in 
.liine,  1H))0,  .says:  'One  striking  peculiarily  of 
Ihe  .Fapanese  I'limalc  is  the  con.slant  prevalence 
of  iiorlhcrly  winds  in  wiiiler  .'ind  southerly 
winds  in  summer.  Kooins  facing  south  are 
tlierefoie  the  liesl  all  Ihe  yeir  round,  escaping 
us  lliey  do  the  icy  blasts  of  .laniiary  and  Febni- 
iiiy,  and  protiting  by  every  siinimer  bree/.e. 
Another  peculiarity  is  the  lateness  of  all  the 
seasons,  ascomparcd  willi  Fiirope.  .  .  .  On  the 
oilier  hand,  winter  is  lobbed  of  the  irliMun  of 
short  afternoons  by  the  tieautifiil  clearnes-  of 
tin  sky  down  lo  the  end  of  the  year,  and  even 
throughout  .laliuaiy.  .  .  .  The  climate  of 
Japan  is  stated  by  the  highest  mediial  aiilhority 
111  be  excellent  for  ehildren,  le-s  so  for  ad  u  I  Ik, 
Ihe  enormous  amount  of  moisture  rendering  it 
depresHing,  especially  .o  per.'«>ns  of  a  nervouii 
teiiiperamcnt,  and  lo  consiiinplive  pirsoiis. 
Various  causes,  physical  and  social,  conliibiile 
to  make  Japan  a  less  healthy  counlry  for 
female  residents  of  Fiiropcan  race  ihaii  for  the 
men."  The  iiielporologieal  observalions  of 
l'rofes.sor  Knipping  in  T<»kyo  durintr  thirteen 
years  show  a  mean  lempi'iainrc  of  ."Mt  5(Fidir.), 
mean  ina.\iiiia(ir).;l.  mean  minima  tH.-'i.  absolute 
ina.ximiiin  temperalure,  (.Inly  14tli,  IHH(i)  97.9, 
absolute  minimum  teinpenitiire  (Jaiinary  lUlh, 
lS7ti)  15.4,  mean  rainfall  .")8.33  inclies",  rainy 
days  (over  one  inilliiiietre  of  niin)  138.7,  days  ' 
with  snow  8.5,  mean  barometer  (freezing  |M)int) 
20.90.     Only  two  or  three  days  in  the  3'cnr  ar« 


i  I 


m 


-i   I H 


JAPAN 


484 


JAPAN 


iiiiliifcmiptidly  Niiowy.  The  moiilliH  llulilc  to 
till'  (Ircailt'il  ty|ilii)4)iis  itre,  in  ii  dec  rcuMiii^' 
oriliT  of  (teviTily,  Scpli'MiliiT,  AugiiHi,  OcIoIkt, 
niul  July.  Fiiur  or  live  typliiHiiiN  jiush  (ivcr 
Jitpmi  iiniiuiilly.  of  wliicli  Tokyo  icccivcs 
ulioiit  OIK'.  OcciiHioiiiilly  11  ty|ilinoii  ioiiu'M  us 
I'lirly  UM  April.  Tliu  iiiitivi-  lioiisi>.  luliiiliublt' 
for  Hiimnicr  uhc,  itrt*  not  uhiiiiH.v  linliiialih'  lo 
Eiiropi'iiiiH  ill  wiiiti'i'.  Thu  iiuiiirroii«  iiioiiii- 
tiilii     rt'Hort>i,    mill    llic    I'lmy    m(t'>*iliiliiy   of 

Yc/O     wIll'IT    till'     <lillllll»'      !•*     COoIlT,      flMllihll 

.Iiipuii  with  MiniliirliiiiiN  for  ii'.st,  n'(ii|H.'i'ulioii, 
oi  iiroli>n;;i'il  viuniioii. 

P'ti>lil.~''l\\v  prrllllliriliis  of  llif  tlimillr  of 
Jiipaii  lire  rcllrrit'il  in  ii>  vcL'ciiilion.  Dining' 
fiirlii  iiioiilli'- of  till'  yiiir  pliiiii  lile  is  iiillvi', 
iliirini;  rmii  iiliiio-l  iil  a  -.laiiilHtili,"  llie  lirrli 
iiL'i'  ill  early  Miliiliirr  mill  alilliiiili  U'iii);  at  iln 
lirsl.      Kvrli;rc  I'M  Ml  II'  till'  (■|iatlirlrli«lir  ii'ill  nil's 

of  the  laiiiNiapi'.  .Ni'aily  all  ixpi^  of  vcirria 
lion,  li  iiiprrali'.  ari'lir,  miil  Iropii  a),  prevail,  mid 
till'  Meiiiti'miiieaii,  I'aeilie,  and  niiilli  Kiiropeaii 
con.Kls  will  lie  reealleil  liy  liaveller-i.  Tlie^i' 
types  iiii'i'i,  i".iu'eially  in  elniial  .lapmi,  wliiii', 
III  the  higher elevmioiis,  ihe  liiii  li  and  the  liereh 
lire  ^<till  eoniinoii,  while  the  liaiidioo  and  the 
camplior  laurel  thmrish  in  the  milder  lowlands. 
Ill  1' raiiejiel  and  Savatier'-i  Hinuiu inlio,  'i,VM 
KiH'iies  are  ealaloi.'iied  (I.SIIO  aiigiosperiiiH,  i;! 
jr.Miiiiosperiiis,  ♦!!  t  iiionoidtyledciiis,  iiiiil  IK.') 
vii.si  iilai  cryptoiralii-*),  disliilmled  in  l."i.">  ordem 
iiiiil  iM4  genera  Of  Ihe  orders,  HI  are  IJritish. 
of  the  [reiiera  :tOt(.  of  the  speeies  ','(|li.  i  Aci'ord- 
ing  lo  Asii  (ti'ay,  (I."»  genera  and  scune  iJ.Vl  spe 
cies  are  idetilieal  willi  speeies  and  genera  |ii'eii- 
liar  to  the  Alhiiitie  Inresi  rcLdon  of  North 
Aineriea.  'I'lie  most  eharaeleristie  native  llowers 
lire  the  shriili  peony,  iniigiiolia,  water  lily, 
Jioppv,  Kini/ii/ti/miiini  (sakaki  tree),  ('iiinellia, 
tenptaiit,  iiialiow,  ilex,  rose,  (herryldossoin, 
<li'iit/.ia,  vihiirnuiii,  aster,  pyrethniiii.  rliodo- 
(leiidroM.  lilies,  etc.  Of  maples,  'i\  speeies  exist, 
anil  lend  an  extraordinary  heaiilv  to  llie  wimmIs 
ill  autumn,  exceeded  only  hy  Amerieali  forests. 
Of  oaks  lliero  lire  ".il  species"  Apples,  peaches, 
jieiirs  iiiid  pliiiiis  are  very  poor  in  taste  and 
iliiality,  hut  tigs  and  grapes  are  heller,  oialiges 
plentiful  and  giNid.  while  llie  persiiiimoii  is  the 
most  common  fruit.  Tea.  indigo,  cotton,  to- 
haeco,  rice,  wheat,  and  millet  are  the  priiicipiil 
crops.  The  townspeople  eat  rice  as  a  staple, 
hli'iid  iK'ing  nearly  iiiiknowii;  hut  the  coiintrv 
folk  cannot  idTonf  rice,  Init  live  chietly  on  mil- 
let, wheat,  hurley,  and  tlie  radish  diii kaii. 
Clicstinils  and  fungi  (iiiiishrooms),  and  almost 
every  coiiceivahle  proiliiel  that  is  edihlc.  .serves 
tiiMii|iport  life  Timlier  trees  are  very  niiiner- 
oiiM,  varied  and  aliiiinlant.  and  fuel  is  cheap. 
Tliere  are  'i,1  genera  and  \T-\  species  of  feiiis. 
A  large  pro|M)rii(i'i  of  the  foixl  plants  and  orna- 
liiental  trees  and  .liriihs  have  lieeii  imported  hy 
man  Most  of  the  .lap.'incse  plants  whieli  have 
long  heeii  tloiirisliiiig  in  Kiirope  and  .\merira 
Were  introduced  hy  von  Sieliold.  In  Old  .lapiiii 
a  .si'vere  famine  was  wont  lo  occur  iiImiuI  once 
in  Iweiity  years,  the  writer  having  vivid  reinem- 
hraiice  of  a  long,  wide  ash-heap  in  Ki  hi/en, 
where  the  rcniiiins  of  the  victims  of  siarvaiion 
were  creiniited.  Uailroads  and  steamers  will 
probably  render  such  events  no  lon>rer  possible. 
A  picnic  is  called  a  "  llowerviewiiig."  and  sev- 
eral timcH  a  year  the^^lloie  mitivi-  population 
turns  out  for  no  other  purpose  than  to  visit 
places  which  are  note<'  for  certain  kinds  of 
DI0S801118,     "It  is  around  thexe  that  lliu  national 


holldaynof  Ihe  mom  lioHday  lovln.i;  of  iiiilionH 

revolve."  The  priNexhion 'of  ihe  llowers  in 
Tokyo  In  led  by  the  plum  bloHHoiii  from  Feb- 
ruary to  .March,  followed  In  order  by  Ihe  cJierry- 
blossom,  |N'ony,  wistaria,  iris,  lotus*  chrysanlliV. 
Ilium,  and  maple;  for  Ihe  .Japanese  "include 
bright  leaves  under  the  general  designation  of 
llowers."  Association  of  ideas,  so  dilTereiit  in 
Ihe  Japan  'se  mind  from  that  of  ihe  \Ves|.  make 
Home  of  oil r  most  pli/.ed  tloweisof  little  aceoiinl, 
while  lliey  set  great  store  on  others  with  wlilcli 
We  have  no  es|ii'eial1y  Jilcasalil  assiN'iattiiiis.  h: 
thi'ir  |iio|Hr  seasons,  tiower  tableaux,  in  uhich, 
after  the  aecumiilatcd  toil  of  yeii'.saiiil  genera- 
lions,  various  seines  in  Idsioiy,  iiiytliology, 
piMtry,  and  folk  lore  nn  reprcs<'iitid"liy  living 
tloweVs,  displav  the  triumphs  of  the  gardener's 
art  _ 

A<f»/i<(.-- Japan  is  the  land  of  tlie  monkey  and 
gimil  stdmnaiider.  Kxi  epi  the  ass,  >lieep.  .'nid 
goat,  most  ol  the  eoiiimoii  domestic  aidmiils  are 
met  »  illi.  The  ell ief  mammals  are  the  liionkev, 
liat,  hear,  liadgi  r.  marten,  dog,  wolf,  1ii\.  xpiir- 
n  I,  rat.  hare,  wild  boar,  stag,  antelope.  Of 
liirils.  ;l,")ll  sper'les  have  been  eniinieraled.  Tliere 
tire  :ttl  species  o|  reptiles  und  batraeldlllls. 
Siiakesare  lar^e.  hut  hariiiless,  on1>  one  poison- 
ous species  lieiiig  known.  About  llNI  sjMcieH 
of  lisli  have  been  ealaluL'Ued,  with  I , "JIM)  species 
of  mollusia.  the  sens  being  aimi/ing'ly  rich  in 
life  of  every  forii.  able  lo  I'xisI  in  salt  water. 
Insects  are  very  ni.meroiis,  but  ver.\  few  are 
vcnoniiilis,  Theieare  KIT  species  of  biitterllies, 
and  all  the  known  species  of  moths  in  .lapiiii 
liiimher  over  I.IMHI,  two  of  the  latter  priHiiieing 
silk.  Tile  conimon  house  tly  of  Kuro|M'  i'.  rarely 
.seen,  except  in  the  sill<  dlsiricls  and  at  ceilaiii 
strata  of  air  on  the  moiiiilaiiiN.  In  place  of  the 
bedbug,  till'  Ilea  is  found  everywheie  at  all  seji- 
sons,  and  "the  mosipdio  is  a  mighty  |iliigue 
dipinglialf  the  year,  in  all  places  lying  m  an 
allitiideof  less  tlian  1  ."lOO  feet  above  tlie  sea." 
while  llie  gnat  is  tioiiblesonif  in  llie  mountain 
dislriels,  and  the  gadlly  assaults  the  traveller  in 
Vc/.o.  The  fauna  of  Japan  resemble  those  of 
Korea,  whence  most  of  the  »i>e<'i«s  have  mi- 
grated, or  been  inlrodiieed  bv  man.  In  recent 
geological  limes  Ve/o  formeii  no  part  of  .lapan 
jiroper.  the  great  depth  of  the  straits  of  Tsu'jani 
and  the  notable  dilVerenee  in  the  fauna  showing 
this.  Tlie  average  landscape  of  .lapan  is.  as 
compared  with  America,  almost  destitute  of  do- 
mestic cattle.  Few  birds  have  song,  hut  the 
atmiispheie  is  lively  xvitli  moving  featliered 
life  Ihiddliisin  ,ias  been  a  \  owerfiil  force  In 
ineiileating  kindness  to  aiiima'18,  and  in  foiliid- 
dilig  tlie  Use  of  llesli  foinl.  nearly  all  classes  be- 
ing vfgelarian  in  diet.  Oceasioiially,  by  verbal 
tricks,  compunctions  of  conscience  are  removed 
and  game  is  eatel.;  as,  for  example,  when  11 
deer  is  called  a  "mountain  whale,"  and  the 
venison  is  sold  in  the  shops  as  "  tish."  One  re 
iiiarkablc  phase  of  man's  relations  to  animals  is 
till' eonimon  belief  in  the  superhuman  |iowers 
of  the  fox,  liadger.  dog.  and  cal.  The  power 
of  tran.sformalion  into  hiiniaii  beings  isMccied 
ited  to  the  fox,  es|)eeially.  by  probably  a  ma- 
jority of  elderly  or  rustic  people  in  Japan.  The 
form  of  nervous  disorder  or  delusion  in  w  liicli 
a  Woman,  usually,  believes  lierseil  to  be  pos- 
.sesKcd  of  a  fox  is  (|uite  common,  and  in  )ihe- 
nomeiia  irreatly  resemblis  the  demoniacal  pos- 
session of  till'  liible. 

i*«/»H/*»/»«;».— In  actual  numbers,  the  popn- 
lation  of    Dai   Nippon   in  IHim  exceeds    •'oriy 


1 


JAPAN 


4K-. 


JAPAN 


liiilllMti  iM'oplc.  Kxrc)>l  till-  Ailliw,  III  Yr/.o, 
tlir  |X'(i|il<'  iiri'  nnw  a  Ikiiiiiil'iiicoii.s  nice,  iniiili'  up 
iif  scvi-rul  -iiHk«  'I'lir  rliiff  |ic(iili]iriiics  in 
|ili\>i<'iil  ii|>|H'aniii('i-,  luni!iiii):r.  unit  tiiHtoins  iii'i> 
liii'itiil  ill  Kill  Kill  ami  miIii'I'  cmllviiiL'  NlalxU. 
Till'  ImiiriiaLT  -imlxi'ii  In  llic  rM|iiliil.  rnk,\<i.  U 
IM»  llii'  NtaiiilanI;  ainl  U'-iii'.'  liii^a  l'ihnI  -|ii'aki'r 
■  an  III-  iin>|i'i''<liHNl  ra^ilv  all  over  llir  i'in|iin',  an 
llii'  \.Ml:ilh>ii->  ill  ilialrri.  iIumil'Ii  nninrrnus.  ari' 
i'iiiii|iarativi'lv  slli:lil,  ami  arc  va'<ll,\  ll'■<^  tliaii 
ill  (  liilia  'hit'  jiH'al  iH'i  iiliai'illr>  arr  llinstMif 
|iri<viiii'iali>ni>.  viil^rarioni-'.  ililTi'icnciw  in  |irii 
iiunrialiiiii,  ratlii'i'  lliaii  inaltii's  nt  ^riiininiar. 
Ill  I  iini|>ari«iin  uitli  (liina.  Imlia,  Siaiii.  or 
imliril  will)  any  A-'iaii  <'<>unii'\ ,  .lajuiii  is  jinliii 
<'ally  Miiiri-  nl'  a  iiiiii,  ami  Inr  |H'i>|i|r  llir  ih(>«t 
hiiiiHi'.rrni'.ins  nf  any  Asiallc  iialiiiii.  Ilyriiisnt 
<  iiMipli'tril  Di'i'i'iiilx'r  ;tlsl,  \'*',\*.  Ilic  iniiiilicr  "f 
siiuIh  iitiiliT  llic  Mikailn's  sway  was  !t.'i.TtlH,.>l|, 
whirli  niiiiilirr  in  |mhh  hail  iin'irascd  in  IliMlli;,. 
•,MI.  ami  in  lss)»  to  tO.or.'.d'.'O  atari  wliicli 
s|M'aks  vtiliiincs  forilii'  cciicral  pris|)<rily  iil'itic 
<'(Minirv  iimlcr  Itif  nrw  mili'is  ol'  iliinirs  siiu-c 

Itic  civil    w:ir    of     IStW.        N'lcclilii.'    llic    census 

rcinnis  ciini|ilcici|  Mcccinlicr  :ilsi.  |ssH,  and 
piililislinl  ill  Mav,  I'MN)  wc  llml  thai  nf  llic 
H!l,iiiiT.a:{J  iM'dpIc,  '.MMHW  liri  were  males  ami 
lU,.")l»s,7s!i  Were  leiiiales,  —  lluiircs  which  I'lirnisli 
to  the  .lapancs)'  nalure's  arirnincni  a^raiii'-l 
polviraniv.  The  ilistrilniiion  of  population  wiui 
a-  follow's;  In  Hondo.  :iii.l'.>o.  Itr.>:  ontlicottier 
islands.  0.*M7it;-,>:  or,  in  ilet.iil.  Ccntnil  lloinio 
ir».;'Mlt.«:.».  Nortlicrn  l|omlor..)tll-.'.i)i:.  WcMciii 
Hondo  H.iMH.Itii-.'.  Kiudiiu  li.  |():t.  1 1)1,  Shikoku 
•.',H-is.s-Jl.  Ilokkaiiioor  Vc/.o'.Til.so.').  Six  cilics 
have  over  KNI.IMMI  soulx.  scvi'ii  liclween  rtO,(NH) 
ami  tlN).lMN).  M'vcniccn  lietwccn  :tO.IMK)  and  'i<).- 
<MM),  niiH'ly  two  ImI  ween  10.)KM>and  ;!0.inmI;  iiuill 
I'H  cities  of  over  lO.lMNI  souls  and  soinewtiat  over 
1,(MM)  setllenients  liaviii';  eadi  over  '.'.(HMI  souls. 
Tokvo  is  the  only  cilv  tiavinir  over  a  inillioii 
|X'o|'.le,  1.:i|:i.'J!m;' whi'le  Osaka  has  .Jf.'.triM, 
Kvolo  •27.").7'*0.  Xau'ova  l.VI.KSl,  Yokohanm 
n'!».7S:{.  and  Kola-  ll.V.)»5J.  Kana/awji  has  IMI,- 
T-VJ.  lliroshiina  S|.S7:|,  Scndai  77..'i|.'i.  Toku- 
sliiina  l(*l.i)HI).  The  districts  most  densely  pop- 
ulated, and  haviiiL' from  a  niillioii  to  a  million 
ami  a  half  of  |H;opleat'c:  Tokyo,  Sailama.  ( 'hilia. 
Ilianiki,  Nai;ano,  Shid/.uoka.  Aichi  Niitrata, 
llioi;o.  Osaka,  okayama.  Hiroshima,  Fiikuoka, 
Kumaiiioto.  Ttie  deiisiiy  of  population  |ier 
sipiare  mile  in  ttie<e  ilistricis  is;  Tokyo  U.M?. 
Osaka  1,701;  Centnd  Hondo  avcniu'inir  410. 
Western  Hi>n(lo  4;MI.  Noilherii  Hondo  11>T.  or 
aveniL'e  for  Hondo  |M-rs<|uare  mile  11 15:  .Slijkoku 
;!!«».  Kiushiu  ;t.">ll.  Ilokkaido  7;  iiverairc  for  nil 
.lapan.-'tlti.  Divided  mcoidinir to  aire.  l,iHI0,C.t9 
wen-  under  one  year,  anil  (ii  were  over  UM(.  In 
all.  then-  were  i>,  I  I7."(ll">  under  ten  ycai-s.  The 
«vcess  of  ni:tles  over  females  coMlinucs  until 
aliiiut  the  ri.-dh  year,  when  the  nOativc  numlters 
of  the  K4'\eM  are  nearly  eipial,  after  wliich  the 
su|)erior  loic'cviiy  of  the  women  is  strikiiiL'ly 
manifest;  at  S(»  lieinir  as  three  to  two,  and  at  IK) 
li'lm;  two  to  oiu'.  Kaiiked  accordiiii;  to  social 
made,  llieri!  were  of  noldes,  uciilrv,  and  iieonlc, 
res|x-ctively,  ;i.H|0;  1.77tl,-l.si>;  ;l7.(V,'(i.!»l:!.  TIk! 
Kutuukii.  or  iiohilily,  includes  the  memliers  of 
the  im|M>rial  family,  those  persons  of  the  old 
landed  iioliililv  formerly  called  daiinio  (■.Teat 
naini'>,  and  others  who  for  talent  or  illustrious 
serviLVs  Imve  Iki-ii  eniioliled  by  patent.  The 
tShi/jtku  or  iientrv  include  the  "formei  samurai 
(wrvantsof  tliccmp<'ror)whos»'  nncesfors  H<'rvo«l 
the  feiuiul   lord.s  iis  relaiui'rs,  or  who  liave  in 


variolic  wiiVH  r{<M'n  In  mn'IiiI  niiik,  and  wlio, 
ultouethcr.  miller  the  old  onler  conhtiiuicd  ilie 
liiililary  and  literati  of  the  empire.  The  llci- 
inin  oi  coiniiioti  jN'ople  wcie  formerly  divided 
into  si'vertd  ilisiinct  cla.sscs,  iH'iiealli  w  hich  were 
till  eta.  iiiilcasis.  and  hlnin  (not  hiimaii<:  hut  all 
the  pi'iiph'.  tarmer*,  artisans,  iiii  ictiants,  clc. 
etc.,  are  now  eipial  In  fori  ilie  la».  and  sulijici 
to  the  same  pojiiic.il  and  social  forci  s  and  lialiil 
iiii's  The  e^'riciiliund  people  comprise  one 
half  of  the  populMiiiin.  after  which  in  onier 
come  iradern  and  artisans.  The  avcraire  niini 
Iht  of  p<  opic  in  iini-  lioiiseli  lid  Is  .'i.OS,  (his 
iiumlicr  ill  NVi^ieiii  Hondo  rising;  to  <l.()7.  Th<> 
iiistaliiliiy  of  tin-  marriage  covenant  Is  very 
miirki'd.  and  levi  als  ttie  moral  and  six-ial  stale 
in  a  maniMTtlcii  speaks  volumes  for.hipan's 
need  of  ttie  -os|hI.  In  IHXH  tlicie  Wile  ;i;tll,. 
■,M<1  marriaircs,  or  H  ;U  toeverv  l.iMHiiidialiilantM; 
and  |o!(.l7."i  divorces,  or  a."7tl  to  every  l.iHHl 
|M'oplc,  or  over  one  divorce  to  every  lliree  mar- 
ri.'iL'cs.  'I'here  were  in  H'<'<.  7,  |l!*,!)"»;t  couples, 
or  I"*?.;!!  to  I  very  l.tMIII  people.  The  most 
common  falul  diseases  of  the  .lapancse  are,  in 
tlnir  onler,  those  of  the  nervous,  diLrestive,  anil 
rispiialoiy  or^'aiis.  tltoii:.'h  skin  disorders  are 
friiitiiful'y  common,  and  epidemics  are  not 
rare.  Tliii««'  diseases  w  liicli  are  nameless  ill 
l'imnI  siK-iei  V  are  siill,  despite  tlieappli.'incis  of 
science  ami  the  skill  of  physicians,  relativity 
spiakiiiL',  Very  common.  The  old  iiLarriau'e 
customs,  aci  onliiii;  to  whicti  ihi'  males  were 
selected  liy  Itie  paiellls  for  their  cllitdren.  Iiad 
Itiis  ailvanl.'iL'c.  tlial  ttie  old  people  look  < Mra- 
onlimiry  lare  to  cIiimim-  husliaiids  for  iheir 
daii^diters  and  wives  for  I  lieir  sons  from  families 
known  to  lie  free  from  hen  dilary  disease.  Tlie 
more  modern  und  iiicrcasiiiirty  prevalent  leii- 
deiicy  of  the  xouni;  men  to  select  ii.irtniTs  whose 
chief  .'iltraction  is  ttciuly.  and  the  frerdoiii 
acconli'il  to  women  wliich  is  .'ipt  to  manifest 
itself  in  ;:ivini;  consent  to  the  li.iiidsome.  fasci- 
naliiiL.'.  wealthy,  or  intellectual  suitor,  wittiout 
imiuiriiiL'  inlo  Ids  phvsical  antecedents,  is  pro- 
liiniive  of  L'ravc  prolileiiis  for  the  future.  Oidy 
liy  tlic  iniL'titiiT  spiritual  forces  of  Chrislianily, 
reform  in  marriatre  and  divorce  customs,  andii 
seicctive  |Hiwer  nioutded  l>y  hijiher  ideals  and 
cduiation,  can  thes*-  proldems  lie  properly 
solved. 

In  pliyslcnl  stature  the  Jii|)ancw  arc  an  un- 
dersized people,  ttie  averaL'c  heiirht  of  the  men 
lieinir  5. ,5  feel,  and  that  of  Itiu  women  1.5  feet. 
Kiirther.  Ilie  native  is  not  proporlioiritely  devel- 
oped. The  inveterate  haliil,  continued  for  aires, 
of  siitimr  on  ihcir  knees  wittiout  chairs,  ttie 
hams  restiniroii  the  heels  or  ankles,  tiasresultiil 
in  a  curious  inalformaiion,  or  rather  lack  of 
jrrowlh.  liy  which  the  upper  part  of  the  liody  is 
disproportiiinalely  lonirer  than  the  lower.  In 
the  avirauc  human  beiiiir  Itie  measure  ahove 
and  lielow  the  »///7(/)/i .»/»('* /»'/''(*  is  the  .same.  Iiiit 
in  twelve  liundred  .lapani  sc  soldiers  incasnreil 
liy  a  suririsin  there  was  found  an  averaire  dif- 
ference of  over  an  incti  iK'twecn  the  upper  iinil 
lower  i>arls  of  the  tioily.  Three  causes  are  a.s- 
(dirncd  liy  native  medical  aiilhority  for  lhi>i 
stunted  stature  in  bolh  males  and  females;  d) 
ttie  wan!  of  proper  foiHl  ;  (2)  the  imperfect 
methiHls  of  cookiii): ;  (!J>  Itio  mode  of  sitting 
hittierto  practised,  so  uncomliieivi'  to  exercise, 
the  |x>siure  lieiiifr  ofti'ii  maintained  for  hours. 
Mountaineers,  lisherineii,  and  lalxirers  seem  to 
have  the  liliest  pliysiipie.  The  .lapanese  do 
not  smoke  opium  or    bind   the   feet  of  tlieir 


JAPAN 


im 


JAPAN 


Wotllrll.  Illlt  llic  ll'*!'  of  Idlmcici  ill  till'  fiirlll  nT 
HlnxUi'  :-•  lllllln^l  llllivrl'siil  ,  mill  lllr  rllHliiill  of 
"  tllillUilli''    III    tlllilii;  lllr    lllllL'H    Willi    llll'  Viilll 

lili/rij  liiliiiriii  vii|i<ir  iiiiiy  III' iiiii'  III   llll' riiiiM'M 
olllii'  iiiiiiiiiciii   Iiiiil;  ilisi'iisi's  mill   lliii    liiriisN 
III   ilir  nil  II       I  ii  llll  mil  \   i''  niir       Tlir  iiviimiv 
Im'mIiIi  nlllli'  |irii|i|r    Iimm    lltii|iiiililrill\    lirrli  ilii 
|il'iivri|    liy    llir   iiinti'   iiiMiri'ilillii^    ilii'l    imw    In 
riiliiini;    iiulli'    rn-liliuiiililr.      In    niriiliil    lt:iil'. 

llll'  .lll|llllll'-l'  MM'   IllJL'lll,   l|llirk.    |ll  M  l'|ll  Ivi'.    Mini 

ill  <'i'iirl;il  I  IrVi't',  liiiiliii  JMi^  ill  iiitcjli  rl  |iliiliiili|y 
Clllllrl  lllMII  till'  I'JIIiijii  Mil.  mill  Imni  liliri  n  In 
fiil'l  V  yi'Mis  III  Ml')' III  111^'  |irri.  |iiiiIimIiI\  ,  III  miv 

|iril|i|l'  in   llll'  »  III  III.    Illolll'll    il    M|i|ir'lt><  lllMl    III 

ri"<li'il  nil  mImI  iIi'M  lii|inii  III  mnl  iliriiv  riiiiii' 
I'Miliri'  lliMii  willi  Mil'  I  •■  riii.'inii  imitm.  In  nun 
Ills,  llll'  lypii  III  I  liMiinli'i  ililVri  Mi'i'iiiilliii'  III 
till'  siiiiiiliinli  u  liii  II  riilliiii  liM'<  iiii|iiisi  il.  llll' 
HMiniinii  litivin;;  ii  liivli  Mini  mIiiihI  |iMiiil'iil  '■iii'-i' 
III  Imniir  Tin'  lilriiUnl  Y'lnmli' ihiiniiahii  [\\\r 
ntMiiiiijiKlMlilr  sjiiiil  III  Miiiii'iil  .liiji.'ini  liiivi' 
Ih'i'Ii  illnstiiili'il  in  m  llnnisMnil  imlilr  I'xrniiilMiH. 
mill  Mliriili'  llM'«  liri'li  I'Millril  In  llir  iMIik  ol  II 
virtil)',  wlirii  sy iiiinyiiiiMl'^  willi  si'lT  riVin  rinrlit 
mill  slirlitlci'  fur  llir  ^iMiil  III    nlllrlH  iil    Inl   Mlll'Vt 

riiiiiiliN  ll'irn  kill  liMi  liillirilii  Imi'Ii  llir  riT 
ii^ni/ril  nil  lllr  III'  IiiiiiiiimIiIi'  '••'If  tm  riiliiin.  iiml 
u  Inn  l''iiUii/M».'i.  II  niilivi'  nlnt  iint',  llml  »iiiii' 
ill  el  iliri'-ni  III  M  ly|iiiiil  lii'.liniriil  IiimImiiii'  nl 
Hi'H  ininiiiliiliiiii  Im  liniiut's  siiln',  mihI  in  mlvn 
nii'y  III  III)'  t'liiivliiin  iilms,  inli'ii'<i' I'Milriiniil 
wtiM  rniitril,  lull  llii'  iii'-liliillnii  wiis  iliinniiil 
'I'lii'  riiniinon  |ii  ii|ili'.  Ilinin'li  nut  Icnniiinl  nl  I  lir 

( 'iinrill  i'lll  illlir '.    llMVl'    III  I  II   illsll  inll'll     llllllnl 
wlinllv  in  lliiilillii'-ni  .    \\  liili' llir ;'rnli\,  III  '-miii 
iiimI.  iiii'<lilr   nr   inililli  H'lil    In    linilillii'ln,  Iimvi' 
Ih'i'Ii  imiimiI  ill  till'  viitiii'H  im  well  ns  in  llir  vii  rs 
iif  ri'iiilMli-tiii.      llll'   I'liinrHi'    systi'iii    tllliiii'   Mil 
II|||mIiI\    ililn  llll'  iii'iiIm  III'   It   snrirly    riiilliril    nil 
till'  Ii'IIiImI  IuisIh.      Nnw  tliiil   llii'   Ii'iiiImI  ivmIihi 
liiiM  Im'i'Ii  iilinli-dii'il.  till'  '^Miniii'il,  in  ii  miiimi'  nnl 
Kii  trill'  nl'   till'    rniiininli     |irii|ilr,  ii   litl   »illiiiill 
II  irliuinii       II  fiii'l  \\  liii'li  iiiiiy  rxjiliiiii  u  li\   liinvl 
III'  llir  (  litlslimi  rnnvi'ilM  IIiiih  Imi  iiiMilr   M'.  «rll 
IIS   till'  Mi'.linslir»,  sUi'|ilirM,  tinil    iliilillrirnl-<.  iilr 
KlllnilMli,    U  llilr  llir  niMss  iif    lllr    |il'n|ill'    Mli'lill 
IlinlllllWt.       .\s  Wi'  llMVi'  Wlitlrll  I'Ni'Wiirli'.  '    III 
lliniiil  rliMIMi'li  r  llir  iiM'tiii'i'  .lii|iMni'>'i'   i'l    ll'iliU, 
IiiiIU'mI,    riiillitill,    IJliil,    I'l'lilli',  rniii'trnil'',    run 
llllillt;.  Mllrrlintiillr,  lililll.   InyMl         l.iiVI'iil   lllllll 
fill'   its  nwii    mmKi',  rliic^tilV,  li'llljirrMliri',  llli'   lint 
clilHMrli'i  i'lii'  viltlli'M."      lliliiii|iiiMlirr    i'l   i  niii 
lllllll,  llllll    lyilll^  Im    II  IIMllnllMl   \  ill',    wliirll  nl'lin 
llnllii'<lir'<  lllllll  I   llir  rutins  nl  |iiilili«ii's-<.  -.im  r  ii 
lllllivi'  will  lllllll  lir  iMllin   lllllll    III'  III  M  rin  ilii 
|Hllill'        Snrilll     illljilllily      MS    |ilrvilli'llt    tllllnrll 
iiniitililr    ilisi'ii'ii's    slinw,  is  siii||\   rnininiin,   mnl 
llir  nriml  nf  ilivnirrs  in  llir  nlllriMi   .tiili'ilii  -  ii' 
Vi'ills  II  'tiitr  nf  iiITmIim  IIimI  siii.'L'rsts  llir  ini|iiii > 
wlirllirr  llll'  -nriiil  i|iii'sl|nn  is  nnl  llir  niiiiii  jitnli 
Inn  nf  till'    iiiiHsiniiiny    mnl    ('liilstimi    luiliinl 


In  mi  nriii|iMl|ii|l  IIimI,  slnilll'i'  tn  Miiy.  Is  nnl  y  rt 
Hiilllrii  iill\  ili'i'iMilili^'  In  llir  |iiililli'  rye,  iis  il 
will  111'  w  Inn  till'  iihiimI  sriisc  nt  llll'  liMtlnll  is 
iniUI'  IlilOlly  rlllll'Mti'll  ^  nllll)>,  ;.'i|'|s  I'lilniil 
ill  III  llll'il  ll|l|ilrnliri's|li|i||s<  ninlrsmi  '  Mil'  1. 1  ill' III 
Mils  mill  iirrnnijillsliiiirnlN.  mnl  imii  iitlii  ii  lifi' 
nf  |iiilili('  iiM'  iiiiiy  iiiMiiy  II  I'l  I  ImIiIi'  llllll,  mill 
|irl  ll.'ljis  III'  liTi'ivril  inin  '.in  III  Iilr  lis  if  |ii|st 
lil'lniy  llllll  III  I  II  iiiililiMi\  mill  ilniiii'slir.  Siirli 
rvrllls,  linwi'vir,  Iim|i|h'|i  nl liinl  in  |i<i|iiilm  lir 
linn  lllllll   ill   II'mI   Iilr         II     is,   linniM'l.    Illll'    llllll 

till' .lM|iMni'Mr  mm  li'smi  isii  \v  snllinsivr  mnl  iiu' 
^rii'sslvr  |M'mnn  llimi  llir  smiir  rlimin  In  ill  wrsl 
nil  liinils       Till'  iiiiilr  .lii|imii' r  is  |iriliM|i''  nimr 
rllivMll'illH  Mini    Imi     Irs.  nvrl  In  mi  illi'    In    unlnni 
lllllll     nllin     .V    iiilirs,    l|inii|.'||    llir   rnlnlilinn    nf 

WnlllMII      i'l     ^.lill       lIlMl      Mli'illL^       lllllll     llll'      pMI^MII 

iMllnr  lllllll  till'  I  liiisiJMii  iilnil.  Kiliiil  nliiili 
nin  is  llll'  liillllilMlinll  nf  till'  llnlni  til'  viilin-t, 
lull,  lll'Vrln|iril  illln  I  .'llllll  irisiii.  is  lr'.|inlisilili' 
llll  llir  Kliivny  nf  |iinsliiiili'i|  wnnnn.  In  iini 
mismI  ininlisy  mnl  imlilnirss,  llir  ,lM|iMnrsi' 
|li'n|ilr  llMVr  |iliiliMllly  nn  |M'ns,  llir  Liliilly 
^^icrlilirs  mill  I'lnllr  lllMlinnM  iM'illi'  riilnlllnll  In 
llll  I',  null's  nf  siH  illy,  rvrii  lllr  Imii'iiiu'i' i  lirl  »  ri  n 
('<|||mIs,  nlilvl  lii'in^'  inlii'.ril  willi  llir  niiiiirnllv 
(InlMlimi  llllll  nf  llll  il  I  irrinini'.  llir  nlliii 
lllllll   lllllll  liinisi  If 

Itfliflinitu,  III  rrlii'inn  llir  .Mnnstur  Irlirli 
Will  lii|i|ii  I'',  mill  llir  slljiil' lilinlis  nf  III  irlii^lii, 
slimnmii' III.  llir  »iils|il|i  nf  llir  lr|iliii|lli  live 
liiiWili  nf  mil  lllr.  mill  llir  Vrin  llllinll  nf  :iMi  is 
inrs  lllr  ini'lMinril  ill  llir  |irn|ilr  nf  llir  Ni|i|>nti 
Mil  llipi  JMl'ii  'I'lirsi'  |i|iniilivr  lirlirl  .  Illiilnlil' 
llir  lllllll  llllllnnill  Irli^'iiins,  .Sliiiiiri  Mini  llllililll- 
isiii  .  till'  Inriiiri'  Im'Iiii'^  llir  |in.sili|y  inilii^r. 
linns  riill  llll. I'll  nn  Mlirrslni  wnisliiji  Mini  llir  ilrl 
Iniilinii  III  liniirs.  mill  ihr  Itilln  liiivini'  Inrn 
iiii|inilrll  finiii  liiiliii  liy  w iiy  nf  ('lilnii  mnl 
Kmi'M.  with  rniim kiililr  ilrvrln|iniriit  mnl  vmiii 

limis    nil    ,lii|iMnrsr    snil        .Sliinln    l«  I  lir  'ilillr  I  r 

lii'inii       Ursnvini'  llll  Ihr  |imii;^i-M|ili  nn  lii'.imy 

mi  Ml  rnlinl  nf    llirsr    liiilllM,   Wr    |'l  Vr  I  III'  nllllilil 

siiiiisilr-t  shiiwini'    llii'ii    iniinniiMl  sImIiin.      In 

|MM;  llinr  wrrr  I  ,V.'  Sliinln  tl'lnplrH  of  lllsl 
IMIlli.miil  III.'. 'v'lir  sill  llirs  Mini  tr|li|ilrs  nf  infr 
linl     I'lllllr,  III   11    lllllll    III     Ill'J.lirill   rililii  IS  III  llll 

j.iiits,    iiimiy    nf    limp     lirlni;    iiinrly    HiiyHlilr 
rliii|ii'lH  ;   II    rliirf   MilininlsliMlni'N,    .''ij.H.'ill    |i|'|rHf 

IH'i  Ml  lirl'H,  Nliiinr  Uri'|irm,  rtr  ,  mnl  HUM  |iii|ii|M. 
II  IHH,"  llirlr  writ'  'M  rliirf  iiillninisi imIiii s  nf 
till'  srrls.  |M  UWi  |illi'st  iiii'Mrlins.  HJ.;||.S  |iiirs|s 
(II    iiinnl\H     III  Mini    |iii|il|s,    7|,1HI|    sjiiini"'.   mikI 

trln|ilrs,  nvrl  nllr  lilllt  nf  lllr  IM.'ltrliMl  mill  jM'I 
.snliiil  fill  nnl  llinlillii'iii  In  iiii'  in  i  riilliil   I  Inniln. 

lUn'i'i'tnufnt.      Till'  rnvi ni  is  ilml  nf 

M  innlimi  liy,  llir  rliirf  Illln,  lllr  MiUililn,  Ih'Iii^ 
liririliliiiy  nil  I  nil  II,  w  llll  Im  MSHistril  liy  ii  srnilli', 
M  jiilvy  rniini  il,  mnl  ii  nililnrt  nf  ininlHln'N, 
nil  II  n|  vvlinlii  IlliM  rlimi'r  nf  ii  i|r|iMiliiirlil.  |i'ii|' 
MilnilnisU'iil  ivr  |iiii  IHIHI'H  llir  niipiir  is  illvlilril 
Illln  III  kill  nr  inrrnllirrs,  Ihr  lliirr  lllli.rr  Mill 
iiiiiiiMlllirM.  'I'likyn,  (IkmIui.  mnl  Kynln.  Iir|ii).^nr 
lVilil/r<l  'H  /'(/  III  liniinliil  i  It  Irs  'I'lirm'  ki  ii 
rnnHisI,  IIH  II  mil',  nf  twnnf  Ihr  nlil  I'l  ni'rM|i|ll(  ill 
ilivisinllH  nf  klllli  nl  |iriivllirrs  llllilril,  Ihrl'r 
lii'ini'  ill  till'  I'llijiirr  H.S|iinvlnri'M.  Nll.'i  |,n|i  III  iIIh 
llii  Is,  l-.MMr.rilirs  mill  tnw  IIH,  mill  riH.|,Mt  vlll 
Mill's  'I'lir  Hllll  (ilrfri  lllirs  iillllllin  'illll,  mnl  Illll 
tnuliH  llllll  I'ilirNliiivIn).'  Iiiiiynrs  nilinlirr  11.1177. 
'I'llr  sniMlIrt  vIIImi;i's  mr  lllliln  ihr  rmr  nf  11 
will'  I'l  list  illll  Inn  isMlsnii  llllll'  rslnlillshnl  lii-ti  iiiiii  im/iiiiy  I  inn  I  iiimi,  mnl  Ihr  nil  iir  |iii|iiiliin'  |h 
tlllinll,  I'lilliliinn  ill  llll'  ImIL'!'  rilil's  mnl  Mi'Mjinlls,        lirimil'i'il  Inin  rrH|lnns|li|r    i'lnl||is  nf  livr  hnllMI'' 


ll'lll  III  nil'  llllHsiniin  I  >  .'Illll  1  iiiisiiini  |iiiiiiiii 
So  Inliir  im  rvriy  lililll  IIIMI  I'Im(.><'  I'<  tlljilniril  li> 
illvnlrr,  lllrtr  rim  III'  lilllr  Iriir  |il  i  ifll'ss  III 
('hli^liml  civ  ili/.Mlinll  'I'lic  insliliitinii  nf  lull 
I'llliillMi;)'  Is  still  II  fiiHlilniiiililr  niir.  Mini  will 
I'lilllillllr  In  Ih'  mm  IiiIIL'  M>  Ihr  llMll  r\mil|ilr  Is  srt 
liy  llll'  niljinnr  mnl  nnlilrs  mnl  Ihr  hrils  in  thr 
Ihlniir  mr  liiiiii  in  II  lirril,  mnl  tint  in  m  lininr  I  liir 
nf  thr  innsl  I  hrriiiiL'  sii-iisi  |iinniisr  is  Ihr  |ii|s 
wiLTi'iif  I'l  1 1  III  liiws  fill  I  ill  III  in  1'  inhriitMiiri'iif  llth■ 
(lr  nink  liy  mi\    issnr  r\n'|il  i  hililini  nf   Ihr  Illll' 


llcnisril  mill  ri't'iiliilril  liy  Imiv,  mnl  Nii|i|illril  li>       linlil'' 


'lyslnii  w  llll  II  niiililrs  Ihr  )'nvrrniiinil 


imiriilH    W'liii    |iril('tinilly    hiII    Ihrll     iImiikIiIi'Is      liikii|i  Ihr  iiiir<t    ininiltr  nVrlnlKliI    nf  nil  hiiIi- 


JAPAN 


•IH7 


JAPAN 


i'. 


ll'I'tH  llf   III!'    Milulilo  l'\ll    I'llltlll'l    >ll'lllil>  ><l  llir 

);iivri  mill  III,  II 1  il  will  lir  iiltc  I  iMllll.  Ill)'  i< mil  I 
i'l  ii'lcMi'd  li>  till'  I'liii  .|jliili<iii  i>\  .hi|>Mii  |iiM 
I'lilililKl  {''rlMiliilV  mil,  ISStI  Tlii,  Im'Iiii'.  IIm' 
<  iilinlihil  liH^  |iiiiiil  III  ,lii|iiiiii  II'  liisliiiy.  wi'  Miav 

lllMI    III  II  'IMI  VI'V    III    I  III'  III  I  ^^  III  III'  till'   I II 'I  l|  ill '  II  III  I 

III  III!'  riiiiili'ii-41'il  'limy  III  I  III'  trili'liiiii  mill 
|iiililli'iil  ilrvi  lii|iiil>'lll  III  till'  liiilliili.  \\  liii'li  III 
\  II  |MMt»  ■iiili'iiiiily  ilirliiiiil  Its  |iiii|iiisi'  III 
t'liiiii^i'  il'<  |iiiMlii|il  ><\'ili'iii  Iriilii  nil  ,\-<iMlii' 
i|i's|iii||hiii  III  II  iiiiiilrrii  ir|iri"<i'iitiillvi'  )vivi'iii 
iinitt 

I'nUlitilt  llixlitrii.  rill  iMii'  hi  .liiiy  111 
.lil|iilli  Im  iiiiW  III  liliMi'M'i  III  riilisliiirtiiili  nut  nl 
till'  iiiiili'i  iiils  iililiiliH'il  liy  11  I'llliriil  '<tilily  III 
^M'iilii';y  mill  I'li^^iiiili'  |ili\'<iriil  Miiini  i"i,  Imi 
KUiiKi'M,  llii'  Miilivc  li'i.Miiil'1,  |iiirtiy  mill  iiiylli 
iiliisM  >i>i>l  'I  riiiii|i:ii  i'-iiii  III  I 'liiin"ii'.  Kiui'iiii, 
:iiii|  .lii|imii"ii'  lii'iliii  ii  III  ii'i'ihiIh  ,\  i  I  III'  iiiii'iI 
mil  ii'iil  imlivr  lili  imIiiii'  rxtmil  i  <  iml  nlili  t  llimi 
llir  I'it^litli  criitiiiy.  sliii'i'  till'  ,l!i|i  iiii'si'  iIhI  lint 
liiivi  till'  nil  iii'i  III'  riiiii|iiiliiii' mill  n  I  iinliii!'. 
tiiiii' iiiilil  Mil'  lixlli  ii'iiliii  V.  mill  II"  tlii'i'MiU 
HI  ill'l  1,  mill  nil  i'\ri'|il  II  vriy  frw  llillivi  ■■  I'Vrll 
III  liiiliiy.  iliiiw  III!  I'li'iii  liiir  III  ilriiimi'iitiiiii 
lii'twrrii  Miyllliilnk'y  mill  lii~<tiiiy  llirii'  l>  litlli' 
III  III'     ill'|lrl|i|ril     ll|liill    .'I'l  Iml    until   till'     liillllll 

I'l'iilinv  III  iiiiii  III  rill  |iii|iiilm  iili'i  iiinl  IImiI 
■  lull'  iif  "  llir  Hrn"'isiiiii  iil  ,lliiiniii  Triiiiri  In  tin' 
tlllnni',    '    UM    till-     lllst     l'lll|irlii|      III'     .lll|iMn.     Ill' 

mil)  I'tii  |ili'ii'<lii  '  III' I  inn  invi'iili'il  II  Ti'W  yni' '  ik'h 
ill  iinitnlinii  III  till'  I'liililimi  I'lii.  mill  iiny  iliiti' 
U  lllilli'llliinill    lii'lnlr    III  iillrl     tlllll     lillir  wnlllil 

liiiM' Mil  vril  ri|iiiill\   wi'liriiiii  'itmliiii'  |iiiinl  Inr 

'llir  lllli'  III  rlll|ii'lnl'i  linlilnKi'll  Inl  ll"l"i  rill' 
mil,"  mill   III    llli'  I'Vnllllinn  nl    llir  .lll|illlll' ,1'   |inlil 

it'll  I  mill   nil  Jul  <\  it  I  1 1 II      .\l  till'  I  III  \\  II  III  lil'<liny, 

llli'    ;ill'lli|irllli'n    j<    rnllllil    |in|  ill  llili'il         Till'  I  nil 

i|iiriiiiH  Irniii  till'  A  ijmi  liirli'miil '.  »lin.  Ii\  vv;iy 
nl  Km  I'll.  Iiiiiili  il  ill  K  III  ,li  III  Mini  liy  "iml  mil  i  mi 
ijiii'l  nmtlnviinl  ■' •liilili 'liiil  lltriii  <i  Im' -  in  i  in 
I  I'll  llninln  iH'm  l.iiKi'  IlitMi,  Ml  Nmim  mill  K  vnin, 
Iniiinl  mi  tlnii  iiiiivtil  iiiliMliilMiil'i  wlm  wni' 
liiintir'4    mill    lltlni  Itiril  Tlirir    '   Mlinri:'iiii"i" 

iiiMV  liiiM'  liiT-i  nil  riitlirl'  liil|>iiilinii  rimii  llir 
.\'<inii  iiiMinl:iMi|,  |iii'i<llilv  Iniiii  Kmrn.  Iml  wnr 

|llnlrillly      inixril.i.l     ■<l'|imnll'    nil  r  <   IIIMlll'    ll|l    III 

llir    i'Ii'mI    ilrill    III    liiiinmilly    timii    llir    'niilli 

ll|illl|>lll      ll\    llir      Klllii    SIlivMillnln    llir     MiiImv 

nr<'lii|ii'liii'ii.  llir  l'liili|i|iiiii";  ninl  I'm  iim'-n.  Iir 
siili'i  Kmi'iiim,  ,\iiin'^  Mini  |iiiH-,ilil\  m  liirr  nl  pit 
llini,  llir  "tMiiUinl  '<|iiilrr'H  '  nl  IrL'.rliil  'I'lir  Inn 
(|lll'im'.  Wrl'r  n  'ill|ir|jnr  tkillllh  I'Mll'  "I  llirll, 
lll'til'llllUlUM.  Will  I  inl  1  llllllrij  willl  ll'illl  Wi'M 
I  Mini.  Ill  II  i  lllliivr  nil  kri'lllv  |in^'<i'S'>ill<'  llir  lillnvvl 
I'llj'r  ilT    riilliini'sl     liy    llli'MII  <     III    ilni'llin         llllln 

ilnriiii.;  II  null'  s\'4li'iii  nl   IrinlMli 'in.  IIh'V   |im 
ri'llril  mil  llir  ntnlilr  liinl  Miiimi  <    tliiiii'irlM'H  ni 
liW  lirl'',  mill  I  iilll|irlli'il  llir  nlim  iv-ini  '1  In  lir  lllril 

''I'lti  't'lir  I  Imi  III  Imnii  nl  \  niiinin  in  liiiir 
lii'iMiiir  |iiirmiiniiiil,  lliiiii:'li  llir  i  iiiii|i  '  miiIi 
ini.^imi  III  llir  iinliM't  >.  M->  rllii  Inl  mil)  nriri 
iniiiiy  trlirllinn^  linil  liirii  i  tnilinl.  ninl  rxlrn 
'ivr  iillrl  mm  I  iM"r  linil  I  I'lirilinlril  Mini  I'll'i'il 
liM'i'llirr  llir  I  <ini|llrlnl'i  mnl  llir  I'niii  jlli  nil, 
In  tills  iliiv,  Ml  li'M  <t  I  wii  I  \  |ii"<  III  rniiiitrnnnrr 
mr  I'imilv  illHlliiiMii  •Inililr.  mnl  I  lir  i  limiii  lrij'<lii  -i 
III'  M  liiKi'il  iMir  n|i|irill'  in  tin'  |irii|i|i'  'I'lir 
liininl.  lint,  "  |ii|i|i|ili!'  Inn"  nl  llir  Inui  r  rlii><'<rM 
mnl  till'  iiimr  ii\  nl  i  <iiiiilrii:iiiri'  III  till'  m  NinrinlH 

»illl  its  llimr  ili'llrnlr  rrnlllll""  mill  |ll  nlllr  Mir 
In  iniliri'lllilr  I'lillttMHl,  III  ill|.^  mi'iililin!!  In  xmiir 
wiilri'i,  llir  .MniiMiiil  till'  N'miintn  I  \  |H',  ii"<|ii'i' 
livi'lv       Olliiri    iii'i.'i|i'  lliiil    .Inlimi  vvn-'  iirniilrij 


Kmi'M.  w  llirll  ''iili|iliri|  llii"<r  ty  |ii"<,  ninl  Hull,  IIM 
nrilllrl  irrmilril  lii>tm\,  linr  trililllinli,  nut' 
lll\  tl|n|ir'\     .IliiW 'I  nll\    llMl'l"^    nl     III  !>' I  M  I  II  HI    I  I  lllll 

till'  .niiiliwnnl,  \M'  nil'  In  InnU  ii|imi  till'  Kmrmiu 
II'.  llir  nrnii".l  rmi'.'rnri'.  Ill  I  lir  .lM|imii'  'i'     11  nil  I '-Il 

lii'lmiinlly  llir  ,\iliii'<  mi  il|i|ri|  tin il  nl  limn  In, 

il  i<  I  Iniinril  li\  '~n|iir  nlilr  Hiili'i<  iIimI  tin' 
.lM|imn  'I'  Mini  A  ilni'  nir  M  <  ili'tiin  I  ill  imi  r  n-i  tlir 
wliilr.  mill  IniliMii'in  Nmtli  .Xinniin  Tiny 
|iiiinl  III  llir  Inrt  llnil  rvrn  in  ii'irlliriii  ,lM|imi 
till'    lliiri"<   III'    .Vilin    lilniiil   mr  vriv  '•r'llily,  ninl 

I  liiit  till'  llli  Mil  III  III  I  I Iin  I'll  li\  iniri  iiini  riii^i- 

III  I  nini",  iinriiiiiliil  III  till' lliliil  III  tmiilli  vriii'i 
Mlimi  I'liis 'nili|ri  I  liM'i  liri'ii  nlily  ili'n  n-,  nl  liy 
III  I'',  Itlirl/.  Ill  till'  rrmi-<Mi  llnli'i  nl  llir  lirll||i||| 
.\  IMlir  Sni  Irly  nl  .lii|imi,  I'nil'i  '.X  mnl  :i.' 
A  Ininsl  ii'i  II  ninllrl'  nl  rmllir  tlirlris  iilllrlM 
Illlr  liy  Killn|irmi  I  nllll  nli'il  Mlllln-.l  rxilll.lM'ly 
In  Mil'  l',ll|>ll'<ll  llililr.  ill  wllll'll  llir  I  Imini  nl' 
till'  .lM|iMln"ii'  In  III'  "  till'  |ii''t  trli  il  Ilir  .  Ill  I'l  III'I  ° 
nil'  sriimi'ily  ilisriisMnl 

,\  In  i><liil   Wiil'ilii|i    W'i'i     till'    ii'll".imi    nl      llir 
InvmlriM.  mill   mit    nl    llnil    iiu'llinilnl    ilril'y  lii|.r 
llirii  rMiiiiini  |iiili  inn  III  ninl  Inini".  i-irw   up  Ijir 
Kmiii  nil  Mil  III.    Ill',     ill     Iillrl'     (   liiiir^r    pliiii-n-, 
Sllintn  i^/oii*  /.i</(i»ii,   llir  VVMV  III' limit  inr    nl'    |||ii 
;.'ni|M,  wliirli    il  a  I'ninpmiiiil   nj    till'  wmiliip  nl' 
liMlilir    Mini    III    ilriliril    Imiiimi     In  iiin^       I  ntil 
nlinlll    IIKI    V    II  ,  lll'l'iililill"  In  till'    Knjilvi.  tl|r  nli| 
i"it    r\lmil   tinllM'  triiinl,  lln  rr    Iniil  Inni  'irMli 
Irrii  iiiIUmiI'ii,  nil    nrwliiiir  ii'.M' i    III    iIi'mIIi,  i\ 
rrpl   Imil  .  l'\l  rrilril  nllr  linlnllril  yrliri,  llir  lli)'|| 
l"<t   nvr  lirill|<  nlir  lllllnlnil  mill    Inlly    llllrr    yi'll'l 
mill  llir  MVrrnin'  IrliMlll  111    irli'ii  r  M  mllll '.■  livly 
I  Wii  \  rm'4.      A  lln  I  Iml   lilini  lOO   \    ll,  l  nnrlllprrnr 
iiIImIiii   llir   M!'r  III      Ion.    Mini    llir   nvi'iMfi'    li'ii.^ti 
i|n»||     In     IHHIl    ji    ||imI     nl     llir     llllrls    nl     nlllrr 
tint  inns       or  llir  Imii  ill  lln  ml  'ivilriiii  iiT  rmiiil 
iiM'  Mir  yi'Mi  I  IIIIW  ill  viii'iir  in  .(iipmi,  ill  liy  tin' 
ii'li'ii'i   III    llir    niipi'i  III  I,    r.'i  liv    yi'Mi'    pi  iiiHJi 
I  ;ii  /(  >/(i|,  till  liy  I  III'  '<i'\m'i'iim  v  rirrlr  m  iM'lr  nf 
''l\ly    yrnri,   mnl   ililiv   n  i  niii jniiniM  mi  tiniii 
.lilllinu  'I'l  Hint,  llir  Ililnl  i  Minr  iiiln  U'lr  pnisHily 
ill  till    IHlli  rniliiiy .  Mill  Ni'iniiil  in    \  l>   lll'i    mnl 
lliilmiilli.   A   l>.    I''^7I.       I<'|  mil  llir  nil   nl'  llir  in 
linilurllmi      III'     I'Mli'iiiliit'^,     wiiliiiL;,     mill     tlin 
I   lilnrii'   I'Mili"!   mnl     iippllmirri  nf     riv  lli/iil  inn 
.iMpmii'ir  lii'ilmy  In'miiii"!  rlrm  .  mnl  iU  ilii>lili('- 
IIM'  ri'MlllIrs  Mir  inMllHril         ,\t  till'  rrlilti'  iiT  till, 
mill  till'  rmiiilrll    II  Mllllr,   i'l  llir  llnpniMl  llllnlir 

llllril    liy  M  III I     Mlltiiilii'.  "  unliiiiUrii    limn 

iil'i'"  rlniiiil  "  l(y  llir  Miipnlmity  nf  Mirli  In 
Irllrrl  mm  Will  mm  nl'  llirii  wriipmi^i,  mill  liy  llir 
vli'iii  111'  ti'Mi  lllll''  Mill!  Mppl\  ill  1-  I  III' it  i|n);nmllrM, 
I  III'  ^  Minntn  limi  III  n  m  pi  npjr  i'mi  Iv  iinnli'  llir 
iliviiir  III  l"iii  mill  :i".lil  nl  llnlirinl  nl  llirll' 
limi-i  .  till'  Milmiln,  In   lull'  iiViT  nil   .liipiiii.  llir 

rrnliMl  lllll  ti  il I  Sliintii.  llir  iiMllniiMl  irlivimi, 

ninl  mi  tliii  ii'li<'inii  imivii  nim  lit  wiii  liiiill. 
Willi  llli  >  lilnnlril  ii'lii'imi'i  mnl  pnlilii  nl  ly  '<li'lll 
Inii'lll  Irivr  ill  vi'liipnl  into,  wr  Inivr  tin  liiriiMH 
III  Unnwlni^:  lllll  iininrilinlrly  iipnii  ijir  linpnr 
iMliiin  iiT  riiirlini  Inllurinrs  rinni  I  liiiiii,  llir 
I'l'i'lnswrlr  plmilnl  Inl  lllk'llly  Mill"  lll'i  III  pull 
lli'i.  siii'ImI,  I'i'Ik'Imi  I,  mill  iiilrlli'i  tiiiil  lilr.  w  lilrli 
wnr  III  pinrminilly  mITi'i  I  ninl  iintiilily  niniliry 
llir  iiMlinn  mill  itt  i|i'\  I'liipnii'iil  l''imii  llir 
hIxIIi  III  llir  Iwrinii  rniliiiy  llir  hjilm  y  nf 
.lilpMII  inrlinlr  <  nil  lit  pnlllli'Mi  '«li|i'  llir  iilmlllimi 
iiT  llir  null'  i'riiilnli'<iil  III  lln  rninpinmii,  mnl 
llir  i'iihIiimI  11  III  iMli/nlimi  nf  llir  ('nvn  ninrlil 
III  l{\iitii,  willl  Mir  nilnptlmi  III'  rinlr  >  nf  IliU', 
llnmil  •  III  tnlnistl  {i"<,  llir  illvl-imi  nl'  llir  I'lllpllll 
I II  In  piiivlnriH,  L-nvi'l  III  i|  liy  nlllrr  11  -nil  I  mil  liy, 


wl 


t 


liy  Iwii  ililTrrriil    Kltrmu'inr    linini^unlimi  limn      iiinl  iliiirtly  irMp.nmililr  In,  llir  rnili'iil   p;nvrrii 


1  .' 

i      m 

■IB" 


JAPAN 

liir'iit,  iiimI  iIw  gtmt\tnl  iiniAivliixi  <>f  tin-  wliiilr 
ImiiIv  of  Iriltrv  atcl  'pKilt  iiit:  |«>iti<>iis  nl  llic 
|ni|illliili<>ll  ilil>>i>f»  hrtt-n:""^"!^  |M'<>|ilr.  Sill  li 
H  ri'Mtll  unn  tft  ••••Hn|>li«lHil  williiMit  iniii'li 
liiililiir\  •III  rfjr  hihI  ii4Ujt  l>l<«a!y  vitUirirN  nf 
III)-  ili-oil'liiK'tl  ini|>^n*l  if>'>|i«  ovir  Ihr  liiiivr' 
lull  iMMirU  ariiixl  nfMinliiiiM'<'(«  nliil  ill'litlil 
Irilx-  flM'  fr-pfiiH-r-  ••!  llw  «'iii|iiii-  \%rrf 
t;illll<l!lllv  IMI'ltiil  ■••  ilw  r>l;;<  >  <•(  "  llir  Toiir 
MtM,"  the  \|ikail*>'>  iMia  aak  limmi'i  wnviil  ixi 
■'V<i\  lull  fr>>iii  >Mi<>in(<  (••  IIm- i>liiti  N  of  V)'/)i. 
mill  "  iiil  iitxlt  r  lHa««n  m«-|M-ai<'  Nrvi'tllir 
Ir-H.  llii<  •  t  itttnll/in;;  |M>a>->i«  ami  liilu' inn 
llnil'il  iiiilihirt  ••fafaii>>tf>  in  IIh-<i|m'|i  In  li|  Inj 
III  'iliirtliiii;  ikmI  iinl>««  >••»  umiIis  'In  |||i' 
(.'i-iiiiis  iiml  «nl<>r  ••(  iIm-  tnilil;ii>  ■  liii  ll^iiii'^  wiih 
ihMi'iI  iIii'  |i>>«<r  of  |«itMiliiftl> .  kihI  w  Ik-ii  uiir 
\vii<  xvir  llM-xnwn  |n>W«i>  of  <-n<  li  •■lint.  Iir 
<  liiiir  i|iiiii."'r*"i<  »•  i*a*l*K  AikiIIki  (hi  iiiiiIi 
iiiL^  •IT'i  I  '•■■  "•>•  i'lt  •••  lit*-  ciiiliinl  --i  luiiiilinii 
Iff  III!  iiiililnit  fripfii  Ihr  •;••' «llii<»l  •  ■ii-'-.  Ilii' 
|ili\ ''ii'iiHv  •If'Xi/  an>l  inl«  I'x'' liinlly  uiru-ij  lii- 
i-iiiiiiiii;  |M'riiinn>  nl  -Mn  •».  <i>iiliiiii;illy  in  iriiiip 
Mini    <  lirfli'-il  lofKl.tnllr  it:  aiiiK-r    itii<l    lirliml. 

■SlH'll    II  UmIv.  •>*    l>ali>-*.  "f    IIH  II  oil   III!'    ili-llllll 

froi  tit'r->  wirr  fnr  tw<>-  lik'  l\  lo  know.  ii'>.|ii  i  I, 
IhIii'V)-  III,  ofirjr.  .iikI  f>>ll<>«  iIm  ir  tuvoijli-  roni 
iiiiiMili'i  I  linn  •••  li«r<llli>-  tnainlali  of  ili<"  list  mil 
mill  '<liiwlow ,  ( iMirl  «i  Kyi"  Tlx  foiiiul, lions  of 
It  ii'W  f*  inl.'tl  »j»lrin  mrf  tlm»  Iniil  l-'nrlliir, 
liH  llii'  Hriilk  »imI  !•-•»  int<  llir<  ••!  iii<  n  wrri-  Irfl  lo 
IiimI  iIm'  !)•  Ill*,  iltrfr  ■>'  rfiHliuilU  foiinitl.  mill 
mil  li^iii'/*  ?>liiy  wklotr*!  lliml  fill/  Im'Iwi  I'll  llii- 
wililiir  iiiil  llir  LkIbpciii;  •  tav^  -  «  liii  Ii  Iiiis  ivii 
Niiii'i'  Im  •n  one  fof  lb«  •nafl.c'<i|  li-ntnii's  of  llii- 
WM  iiil  stnit' ill  .l!t|«kn  <hii>>f  IIh-  inilltnry  riii^'N, 
III  A'/A-,  Iri'  li>rn  •  lolml  iIk  -..iiiiiiiTii.  tin-  so| 
ilirr  "■•  llotir  iIm' iiHol  |«i<  l<irfx|iia' nliil  iiili  us! 
IliK  llv'iix'  ill  il»-  iMiK^ul  liMoiy  Fioiii  Mils 
rliisM.  Willi  li  iH>«  ia-fi>liliil>-ko\<  I  oiM-  Iwinlii'lli 
of  III!'  |»>|>iil»<  •',  ln*r  *fiwfi  iii-iitly  mII  IIii'  (;iriil 
w.'iiriorH.  >litl>">nMn.  ••  fMatar-*.  i<  (oiiim  is,  I  lnjs 
liiiiiH,  lliiiilk'  r«.  ami  |4titanlliioiii.|'.  of  moilriii 
liiiii'^.  \%lill<-  lltr  maiiol  <!••  ai;ii<'tilliiiHl  i  Iiihu  is 
i-lill  llir  lyi'Hal  ultra  ••■nMiralivi-  'I'lii' ''i/il> 
iir  Hiiiiiiiiiii  wrir  ihr  miliiar) .  IId  <>»/•  or  livil 
I'oiiil  iioMi  4  !»tul  iSittt*  »•  t>'  III!'  <  Ivil.  ■miviiiiIn 
of  llii'  \|ik»<|i>  «li>>««>  in  llMoiy  llii'iiMiii'i  of 
nil  llii'  lnii<l.  Wbrn  rrli>-««^|  fiom  Ilii-  |iii'H-.iiir 
of  inilitiiiy  iluly  ■•«  ilw  >'iilijiiL'-ilion  of  llii- 
"  lull  limi:in<"  tit  w\m-U.  ttu-  iiiililHiy  fmiiilirs 
liiim  •!  lli>  ir  ai)iliiib-«i  !<•  <  iiil  iiinII<  i'<.  tinil  llir 
winiiin;^  of  IIm-  |>ri/r-«  of  r-ank  nikI  oIIImiiI  llir 
roiirf  iiml  ii>nr  Utr  iiMia-tid  |>'i><>ii  'I'ln-  iiii-ti 
of  IIm-  'I'liiril  of  l|rik>  b-wl<l>  lit  lli;ilf  \  illi'  lliril 
ilmiL'lil' rM  lo  •(••  Uik^l'x  aivl  «<■  iiiin;^'  roiiliol 
ol  ollli  •->.  iiikI  of  a'l  a|>f ■*>af  !••-•  tollii-  lliroii.-.  Iiy 
iiiriin«  of  iIh-  a^umtntum  nl  of  iIn  ii  ow  n  noniiin-i-x, 
Ik'I  ;lllli' |>f.li  It*  :ill>  fub  •  -  of  IIm' •  lll|iin'  Wlli'll 
llnir  ii\iil<.  iIk  nirn '^  IIw  MiiimiiioIo  or  lirnjl 
fiiliiilv  Mll)'fii|>i>>l  r>-i>i«iwa-  to  iIm-ii  rliiinix  it 
t^iir  of  ■'\lrrfiiiiult>«i  la  ;an.mlii<  li  nfli-r  niilliiiil 
ri'|<ri»iil  iiit>l  KnllMni  mnt  lilo>«ly  i-iini|iiii'.-ii<4 
inili'tj  in  IIh  •Itn/hirt  an<l  •  \lii|uilion  of  llir 
III  tk<'  or  r.'iir:  •  Un  *M  IIm-  Min.tiiiolo  viilori 
Votilotiio  itivl  V-oh>l«fii>> ,  IIm- tal)<-r  (Misi-riilril 
liy  lii'<  liroilt*  r  IVif  !••  lailait  ami  Imi  iiiiir.  iii 
NoiiM'  .l^iiniM-o  «n>l  I  liifH-M'  •atioUr-'  Im-IIi-vi-.  IIii- 
Worl"!  rriionnrrl  lirnrlii*  Khan  ^'oriloino  i-xliiii 
liiln-il  Illi  iiiilit,«rt  -ral  al  Kaiiiiikiil.i  Ivvrlvr 
iiiili'ii  from  liw  tiftrnt  >  <4t<Jii<iiia  11'-  imihIii 
'•I'y  iiimI  1  ruflilv  •■Irfa-wlllo-x.niiol  of  iln-  i  Ivil 
If  Mri'll  tv4  niililiirt  f>i>a«l»i«i>  of  t'ovi-rnniiiil.  iiml 
lliii".  "Ilk.  'rtiro(><  aivi  llw- <'aiii|i "  la-ink.'  >^i  |hi- 
niliil,   Ibrfr    tmypan   Ijbal    t-uritmn  liiwl  m)'nU-iii 


IHH 


JAPAN 


»lllrll.  »illl  illll<nil|>llollH.  Ill-^llil  lllllil  IHIIN.  mill 
\\  lliril  III!  lori'i|.'iiri-'  lo  illlii^Mlii-  lliiil  llii'li'  wilt' 
lull  riii|>i-riirs  In  .lii|iiiii,  inn-  siiitiiinil  nml  lln- 
iillii'l  Krrilliir.  Wlli-ti  III  r,.'ll)  llir  Miliiiliinlo 
llni'  i-i-iixi'il,  olliir  I  mIi-ih  Mill  ri'i'ili'il  iil  Kmiiiikiiiii, 
who  I'l  I'liiiillv  iniiili-  lli>'  iniii'i-'liiii  i< '<  mill 
ivivi-iiioislii|i»  lii-iriliiiiiy  ill  till  tnitiiiii".  ol  Ihi  ir 

own  lliillllllrr^  Mini  lllll'^  llir  Irlllllll  V-'lllll  Wilt 
I  i'<li<ni'i|  III  Ihi-  liiilloli  {''liilii  Ihr  ioiiili-rnlll 
lo  llli-  >.|\lirlilll  irlllllly  llli-si-  |ii-lly  rillrl-.  or 
iliiiniin  wi'ii- III  nriirl\  ronliiiiiul  wur  \\  ilh  iin  li 
ollii'i  iiimI  Ihr  iliirU  iii.'1-M  lif  Ifiioimiii  mihI  mi 
nil  li\  IiioihIiiI  iiM'i  ,lii|imi  'I  lull  tiillowi  i|  llini- 
iiii-li  ol  iniiiKril  I'l'MJim,  Niiliiiiiiii'ii.  Iliihyo  hi, 
mill  tyi  \  II  11  'I'Im'  IIisI  I  »o  ol  Ihi'  liio  loiifhi  lo 
iiiiily  IIk'  niilhin  nml  ii-mIoii-  Ihi-  MiKmlos  <.ii 
jUrliini'V.  Ilii-lliilil  liillouril  iilillnii  \MnK  lull 
II'hIoII'i)  nml  -^liil  liiilhrr  ilrM'|i>|ii'i|  h  inlnli  in 
lly  n  iMosI  i-lnhoinli-  "-yli  in  ol  i  Ini  k  •.  In-  Ki  |il 
|iliiriiillnl  |ii'nri'  lor  ovrr  I\mi  hiimlirij  nml  liily 
yi-iiiN  ll  !■<  wllii  Ihr  .ln|imi  nl  |»'ni  <- nml  »•■ 
rlllilril  rmni  nil  Ihr  uoilil,  iiri'ori|iii|>  lo  lln-  |i|iiti 
lit  Ivi'.VMHii,  Hull  llii'  iniH|i-rn  uoiM  \n  iiiohI. 
I'lilnillnr 

lliiililhinm.  Ill  Iiil-  rnriimll'ill  of  lln  lolltl 
jiloiltn i,  ItinlilhiMM  Iiiim  Im-i-ii  ii  iiiohI  |>o|i  nl  liii- 
loi  liilioiJMi  I'll  In  'h<'i  A  II.  rniin  Koiin,  wihi 
jlM  rlnliornlr  sy.linii  of  iIIiIi'h,  rlliliil,  iloi'iiiii, 
linil  >ii  I  ijilllH'^.  ll  ximn  lonililrlrly  ovrl  linilowril 
lln-  lllllil  Mini  iiii|iovi  I  i  hrii  I  nil  of  .slilnio  ||m 
nilii|ilrli'  virloiy  wim  liiriilili  il  whin  Kolio.  llin 
ir|iilli'i|  IliM'liloi  III  Ihr  .lii|>nlirsi'  Hyllnlinty,  llifl 
|iiM|iiiiinl  '  rliol.'ii  of  niii'lilt  lull  Hill,  who  liinl 
vl'<ll<il  I  hliin  nml  iiiii''lriril  lln-  Niiii-'liiil,  inii- 
rlllhlM'i!  ill  Ihr   liri'hiliini'  ol    Ihr   niiilli  ri  iiliiiy 

lli-i  "-rlirli I   nroii.'li  ml  loll  nml  of   iiroiii  ilin 

lion,  liy  \>liiih    II hill    mnl    linlli-inoiii  fnilli 

wiiM  NWiilloui'il  liy  Ihi'  fiiri-ii'li  II  ii^'ioii  'IIiIh 
iniin.  Mil-  I'liUo  mill  lliiln  nn-i  ii'<  ol  .liijimi.  i|i- 
ilmrij  iiflrr  ii'Vi'lnlion  riimi  Ihrfoih,  Ilinl  nil 
Ihi  Mihiin  ill  IiIth  will' nvniiirx  III  iiiininnlioiii 
ol  llinlilhn  III'  llnirfon-  lin|ili/ril  llnin  »illi 
Itiiililhisl  niinii  H.  mill  In  |>hii  i-  of  lln-  Sliinlo 
frsllvalM  n|i|iolnliil  oIIii-ih  lo  In- rililiiiilril  iir 
(orilliir  lo  till'  lliii|illii-<l  liliiii'li'M.  Ilnviiii'iil 
rniily  olilnlm<l  a  roolholil  in  Ihr  |inliii  i-.  nml  hy 
IIm  iiilliii'in  r  liiini-il  lln-  i  iii|irioi'>  liilo  ■  I  li-li  ii  i| 
iiioiiKm  mill  rni|iH"'ii"'  liilo  niim  iIiiim  i|i  nliiiL'  it 
lilow  III  Miliilo  In  IIk  vIIiiIm,  nml  hy  wiiikriiitii; 
k'uviriiliirnl  |iM  |iiiri'il  llir  wn\  foi  lln- ilii  iiy  of 
Ihr  liii|ii-rinl  mil  III  11  liy  nml  lln  Hiipii  niiny  of  lln- 
lllilllmy  I  IniMi'M  llir  v  li  loiy  of  Isolion  '.y-ilitii 
wit'<  insy.  l<'iii  Mil  r,  I  In  |liiililhl'<l  iiioiiUh  wiir 
r\|iloiriM,  lllllil  iniilvi  |H,  Injili-r  liiillilriH,  lln 
linivrrHof  illi'l  nml  liviii).',  I'hiiiiliilnHof  Ihr  iiiniy, 
ninio  I  lln-  only  <>rliolmH  nml  li-iiiniil  nun  n|>iiil 
fioni  lln- lllllil,  Ihi'  lirmfiirloi  1  of  llir  |ii  opli  . 
lln-  I  \|Miiii'nlM  iiC  I'ivlll/.nlioii,  nml  llir  loslir 
fnllii-rM  of  ml.  of  lllrinliM'r.  nml  of  iniilninl  ilr 
vi'lii|iini'nl  l''ioni  lln-  hUiIi  In  llir  Iwrlflh 
i-rnliiiy  i-<  lln-  niiM><ionmy  nii  of  .InininiHr 
llinlillllMin,  nflrr  wlilrh  lor  Iwo  rrnlillii-H  Ihr 
i|i'Vi-lo|inii-iil  of  iloiliim-  followiil,  In  wliiili 
rnii-i)'i-i|  Ihosr  nrw  nml  i*lmllliii'  roiniH  of  Hn- 
fnllh  ol  Shnluiinniil  wlili  li  linvi-  ininlr  .ln|>tin 
llir  Imiil  o|  ilii'inHiil  linrNli"*  lo  Ihr  ro  ii'll|.'ion 
jxlH  of  SInni  mill  <  lillin  In  Hliln  --liiil,  m 
"  rrfonnril  "  Minl<llil-<m,  wr  hi-i-  Ihr  riri  Ir  of 
ilrvi-lii|iiiii"il  I  iiiii|ilrlr,  nml  lln-  lii-i'iiiniii^  .'iml 
Ihr  mil  nnrllni'  In  w  Iml  mi'i-iiim  n  i  nrh  nluir  of 
<  liii^liiiiiHv.  *M  Ihr  mU  iM'i'IiI  Mi-rlH  In  .ln|imi, 
one  III  li'linili'il  In  Imlln,  inn-  In  ('lilmi,  nml  fmii 
in  .ln|iiiii,  vl/  ,  Ihr  Sliln-t(oii,  .lit  ilri.  Shin  nml 
Nlrhlirn  Thi-Hr  hi-iIh  of  Jiiiirly  iiiillvr  nri^'in 
itilillli'lIlM  iif  llir 


iirr  iniiinly  ilrvri<i|iiiii< 


-|iiiii(lii-lNtli-|irlii 


JAPAN 


480 


JAPAN 


I'ljilr  iiillliilril  liv  Ki'iIm'i.  irlnfiiiml  liyliiriil  iilul 
|mli  iiilli'  lull  .Idi'iiiiliiii '  ,    Mil'  NIrliiii'li   ■'III  ill 
rlmliiii'    III    III   |iiiiillii'iiii   nil   |iiiv.ili|i'   ltiii|illiM-i 
mill   iiriirlv  nil   IIh'  i'iiiiiiiil/ri|    M.iiiilK  iiml   ili'lil 
full  nil  II    Ull'UVIl    hi    .lll|illl        'I'lir   iliii  1 1  illl".  i  if 
llli'  Sllili  iv'll  "ll'l    I'll  'I'll  '■I'll'*  MK'  lull  "I   IIK'lll 
|illV'<i>'^  mill    IIIV'<MriHIII  ,    IIhhi' III    llir    Sllili  Mini 
Nii'lllnil    IlllVr    II    llliiti'    pllirlirill    i'iihI      Ilir   liilii 
III    Mil'  ihIisIm   liriii"  III  li'iii  li  Illl'  liiii'tHi'.        Ui  r 
iil'iii/iiii'  I  Ij^il  '111  I'i  Mini    lliillv  I'h'lli  MiiliHiils, 
XVI     Mini    IIimI    III    Hire   llii'     Sliili    mtI,    ill    "  Ir 
riMlinil"    UtnlilliiMlll.    Ilin     \X.,'*:\    liiii|ilr-i     /ill 
'^'l.lll'i.    Shin  I'lili    lil.it'.-^.  .Ill  ilu.   H,|,M.    'IVii  iliil 
Mini   Nirliin  II  riirli  .'i.OH.i  li'iii|ilr  . 

Umii'iii  I '/iiinhiiiiili/  ll  will  lliii  III'  mill 
IIimI  Illl'  K'lii'lnii  III'  .Im|imii  ii  ItinlillilNiii,  iiinl 
IIimI  wlirii  ill  I'll!)  Illl  yi'iii'iillii  il~  III'"!  I'it.'lil 
liv  II  l'liiiii|irMii.  UiiiiiMii  I  liiiHlimilly  ii'Mclii'il 
.litlimi  III  Illl'  |ii'i>iiii  III'  ii  f  |iiiiiii'i't'  mill  llirii 
llliii"il      r\|iiiliriil,     l''imiiii      XMvIrr,     llic     iiiily 

Hl'lillllv,  llll^lll^l)'    III    |llll|lMI'MII<l>l    Mini    nillVrl'iiill 

WIIM  Illl'  I'll  llilM  illl  I  ml  Illl  III  Ii'ImmIIv  Til  nil  linli:i 
Hliiiili'i  wii'iiiiil  III'  -'ii'lil.  Mini  liiiilril  in  iiivllnil 
<i|'y,  Mini  Illl'  IIimI  iiiI»  iiniiii  v  illnili  vvi'lr  iiiili  i| 
liilliir  lliMii  liiinlrii'il  l>v  llir  I  >iiili'iii|iiirMi  y  |i>i 
lltlrMi  riiiiilltlnli  nf  .Im|iiiii.  wliii  Ii  umi  IIimI  uI 
civil  w:ii'.  iliii  illl';  vvliiili   NnlniinHM  liiiiiililril  llii' 

111  illl'  Mini  iiilj-lillly  iliiiiiiiislii'il  I  III'  jiiuMi  III  I  III' 
tl|illllli'<l-<  liy    hit  lllililMiy   lirlsiTllll I    llirlll. 

Al  l\M)(ii''iliililM  III  SmIsiiiiim,  Xiiviri'  iiitnli'  mil' 
liilinlii'ij  riiiivi  iIm  III  II  yi'Mi.  mnl  liiliiiiril  Im 
mIiiiiI  |iriiiii|><  III  llliMilo,  mnl  ^  miiimi'ihIiI  In 
Niiivil".  liMviiir  mIiii  fi iiilli"(-ily  vi'.ilril   Kyiilii. 

Iil'livill)^     'I'lHIrH    Mini      {'"iTlminlr/,.     llii     fillnw 

IIiI'I'hIiIIIMiIi"*.      \MVirr     Irfl      Illl     I     ll  I  Illl ,    1 1  V  ill  1^     "II 

lll'l  wliy  lllillli'l  Ml  SmiriMII  III  l.'l.'iil  H'lnriilrr 
lili'iil'<  Ml  livcil.  mnl  I  InmiMi  ill  ivi'ii  mil  nl  N'miiim 
KUi'lli  liy  'ivll  iiillliirMli't.  Illr  I'lillili'iii'ii'  IiImi'I 
il'tHi'lillilnl  Ml  lliliii'ii,  Vili  Im,  vi'iiliiii'  111 -II  KyiilM 
mill  SiiUhI  mnl  r.'ilniiiK  rmivirN.  Mml,  liml  nl' 
< 'liii^liiil  Mini  lilliT  III  Illl  iHiiviiiri'i,  WM'i  rimii 
till'  lllMl  linilili'  III  < 'liiiilliiiiily  mill  ilnivr  nut 
liiilli  till'  mi  kIiiiimiIi 'I  mnl  lln'  ii'liiriirri'iiii'iiti 
unlviii);  III  l.'iilO  Willi  (inirri  mI  SmKmI  mnl 
iiltii'i  |iImi'I"4,  mill  mil  williHliiinliiii^  IIimI  ii.ilivi' 
imii  iif  liilliiriKT  h.nl  iIi'I'Imii'iI  Tm  l'liii'<l.  Ilm 
Irmilili"!  lliriili'iil  il|imi  llii'  ilvil  wmi  riiiii|ii'llri| 
Illl'  liii'llinii  111  IihmIi'mI  Nmi'mhmIiI  ('mi'iilriM 
Illl'  Minrt'S'i  WM'I  I'll  jnyril  ill  lln'  llnlnmnl  Sri  i 
ImIiiiiiI'i.  Mini  ill  SliiiiiMliMrii.  wliiln  I  li|imiliii.  »  Im 
hill!  Willi  llir  fitviir  III  NiiImiiimini,  liiiill  ii  i  liiinli 
III  Kyiilii  'I'l  II  yriuK  iif  |iiii i|ii'illy  fnlluwi'il, 
iliiiiiiK  wlili  ll  Illl'  iliiliiiiri  i>r  liiiiD'ii  mill  iillii'i' 
inilili'M  wrii-  I'liiivi'ili  i|,  Mini  in  I'lH)  n  tiilMslini 
Will  i|rM|iMl<'lii(|  In  Illl'  I'miimI  Sii',  IiimiIi'iI  liy 
lllirr  Inililrliirll,  Illl'  liMinli'iiir  lliiiii'niiinl  I  Iiiiiiim 
mill  mil'  AiiiiiM  Mil  Kmiii.  mnl  inrmiiiiMiiiril  liy 
Villi iMimil,  nil  ii'Mi  liiii^^  UniiH'  Hiifrly  mill  irliii  II 
iiitf  In   .lii|imi  iilii'i    Mil   iiliHi'iiri'  III    livi'   yriir'- 

Nilllllllll|.NI    llMVllr'   llil'll   lltMll'l'tlllMll'll,   lllilrynnlll 

liiTiitiii'  vIiIiimI  mill'  III  Illl'  riii|>iii'  ill  III' I 
mIiiiwIiii.^.  IIIii'  lll'l  |iiri|i'('r»'<ni ,  II  fiii'inlly  Inlir 
IIIM'i'  In  Illl'  rnirliMiriH  lilnl  I  In  Itl  jmii  wlini' 
Ni'linnlH  iiiiw  llmni'iliril  III  Oiiikitmnl  SiiliMLmiil 
wliiiMi'  IiIhIiiiii,   MmliiK'/..  Iiili'i  iiiMili' riiHtly  |iH"i 

■  III"  111  Illl'  'I  MJUn.    Iliilry hi 

T/141  I'lii/iiii  /{iinliiiii  Winn,  Imwivri,  III 
I'l^T,  III'  liinl  fiiliilni'il  Mil'  Mmillnin  ihiliiilit't  mnl 
|iriivimi"l,  III  W'llirh  Wi'lr  IIIihiI  nl  llir  I'IiiImIImii 
•  niivrilM  iif  liiiiU,  illl  linlliH^  llir  rmiimi'i  i'iiiiimIi 
K>lliiihi  mill  Kniil'<lii  lltilryii'hl  iiiiiiim' Uiil  liii 
ri'iil  |iill|in><i',  mill  i  •llil'll  mi  rilh  I  niili'lilii;  IliM 
riili'li'li  liiinilniimli  "I  III  llliinln,  ill  iilili'l  In  Miinl 
lliriii  mil  nl'  llin  I'liiiiilrv  l|i'  lni|ii'il  Ihry  wmihl 
tU!|NII't  |iriti't'|l|lly,  mill  linl  ('nlil|H'l  llilll  tiii|i'|Hirl. 


Ilii'lii   liy    fnirr       'I'Ih'V.    hiiWi'Vi'r.    liiiiiliii;    lliiil. 

Ill lirl    Will   tinl     |iir  lii'il    liy    I'mri',  hnilli'lril 

mi'mIii.  Mini  llmlilii^  ii'N  liiiii  in  llin  innvinrrH  nf 
I  III' I  III  illl  illl  ini'fi'M.iii^'  (  llli  .linl  lily.  I II 'IVII  I 'I  n|  lli- 
l'll I  ill"  Illl'  I'l  illl  nil  III'  vi"iiimi',ly  Ihiiii  IVII.  iviii 
ill  KmiIii,  ili's|iili'  Illl'  nllii  ImI  Iimii.  Knilhi'i,  nil 
Illl'  mi .  iiiiiMi  ii  1  lliii'i  Illl  I'l  I  I'M  I' 11 1  III   III  I  IMI  I  Willi 

•  Ir.llil  .  .  lull  in  IMlll.  ill  Illl'  Illlill  III'  llir  S|i'llli  .ll 
I  iivny  finm  Illl'    riiili|i|iiiii'    I  .Imnl'i,  Imii   l''itiii 

I  I  .1  Mini  mi  ivi  ll.  w  hn.  ili".|iili'  Illl'  |inilr  I  I  ill'  llin 
•li'Kiiil  1.  wliii  liilil  lull. II'  llnin  Illl'  |'m|imI  I111II4 
IM  linliii'^  Illl  lull  .ll  ".iiil'i  liniii  ,ln|iMii,  mnl.  sllll 
lllnlr,  ill'  |iill'  llnil  Mill  mil  |ilnmi.i'  In  llilll'- 
\  "..hi  nil!  In  I  HI 'Ml  ll  I  Inir  ilm  ll  iin  "I,  u  1  nl  vi"nt' 
iillly  In  wnlK  111  Illl'  |lli.)iM1'lllli|.'l.  Hill.  \n. Ill, 
Inivv  III    Ii'Imimi'.   Ilniimi'lily  mImiiiiiiI  ill.  W  lull   ||I< 

inn   iih'ii  i|   Ihi'  Iniii  hcrmi  I  ili'.nlirillrii f  llin 

l'nrlil;'ili  .1'  liiiii'i.  mnl  11 1  llir  I'inw  iln'  <  In  i  IImII 
jllM'ly  .  W  llilll  lllll'Mtrln  ll  Mill  nllly  hi  mW  II  III  I II 1 1', 
lull  ihiil  III  I  li<'rlii|iiir.  ihlri  mini  i|  In  1  nnl  11  ii  I  hi' 
Inn  l.'M  iMilli,  Mini  In  illl  llii'i  III'  ImIiI  Iwn  iiImii'i. 
Ill  Illl  III  I  |iImii',  III' lll'l  Inn  ll  w  Ml' Mi'iiiiiil  IviiU'm, 
Mini  Mini  uiiiilrinl'  ill  Ml  {nil  I  llii  In  I,  in  wlilili 
will'  niiiiiy  I  III  Imi  inn  llilll  III  mill  Miili  lll'l 't,  miiiiMi; 

I  III' Ml  I  •i'Iii'ImI  i  Kmil  hi  Mini  K  iiinilii.  Nn  i.nniii'r 
w  I'll'  Illl'  Irinli'ii  nf  I  hi'  I  hi  i'l  inn  1  iliiiini  ril  III 
Win  ilnliri  III  II  I'nni.'ii  ImnI  Ilimi  lliilivn>ilil 
Ihi'iirxl  yrm,  l-'illll.  ).i  i/.i'il  llilll' mi  isimiMi  li'M,  i.i\ 
Kimni  .rMiiM  mill  lliiii'  .li'iiil'.,  In  nnkii  mnl 
Kynlii,  mill  .1  III  lln  Ml  In  Niii'Mi^Mkl  wlnn'  liny 
will'  |iiililii  ly  liiiiinil   In  ilr.'illi.      {''ill    llii'in'Vl, 

II  w  yiin  <  Illl'  n|ii'n  |iiii|iii 'iiihIm  wmm  h'n'i  inlivr, 
llimi'.'h  wiiiU  WM'i  !ii'i  iilly  rmiiril  nn  mnl  inn 
vi'iU  mull  l|illri|.  '{'Ill' .ll  "4iiil  riliiiM  I'Mliililiilii  i| 
11  ininlliii'  |iri'.'i,  mnl  ii.iiii;  l\\<r  finni  Miikiim', 
|iiilili  llilll  M  iiiinilirr  nf  liilin  "^lill|'  wmU  1,  wniiii 

nl'  W  Illl  h    Ilinl  llllrMlly  litrlllMlril    111   MIMIIII    1  rijil. 

Ml  I'Iimi'mI  .SmIiiw.  Ill  Illl  "  |ii  Iviilily  inliiliil  " 
wniU,  "'rill'  ,li"iiiil  Mi. ..inn  I'll  'I  III  ,Im|imii," 
'I'l  liliinr  iV  ( 'n  ,  j.nnilnli  IMMII.  iiiiimi'l'Mlr  1.  ill' 
M  lilii'M,  mill  In  Hiiini'  Ir  .Imihi'm  (;iv^■^  I'mi  '^IiiiIIi'H 
III'  Illl'  lilli'  iiMi'i'i  nf  Hinli  irlii'H  ii.'i  III'  liM'i  111  I'll 
iililr  In  linil,  Mil',  III  liriii  nl',  In  l')iilii|ii'  mnl 
.lll|iiili  Wllili'  Im  IIMi'r  nf  mi\  limi'ihlllnn  nf 
1hi'  llnlv  Si  I  l|iliin''i  liMM  Imtii  ill  .rnvi'lril.  ll  l.'t 
lilinw  11  Hull  ;.'.IiniiliimM.  ilirllmiMI  i<"i,  1  iiiircmiiiii'i, 

I  Ml  IT  hi '11  MM,  I'l  ill  III  I  111  III'  Illl'  ImI  I  ll,  iiimiiiimI'i,  IIvi'M 
Mini  mil  nf  Ihi'  mmImI.i.  i'niili  nifiliiH  Miiiiili{ii 
Krm|ii.'l  Iniilllllnll  nf  (llil'll),  IIIhI  I'I^iiIi'h 
I''mIiIi"i,  will'  iiiiIiIIhIu'iI,  Ih'mIiIi'm,  iiinlmlily, 
iiiiniy  iiiiiim  ii'lli'imiM  w''iiUm       ll  imvlilinl  lliiil 

hlliiil'    iliiliynihi  .>    lli'Mlll    In    I'lllH    Illl.    I|iiliri'<ll 

Im^  hIii^i' III  ( 'III  Kliiinil  v  liinl  |im:<.<i'iI.  I'lsinlly 
wliiil  will'  Illl'  rmiMi'M  nr  Illl'  riiililir  nf  mi  I'liirr 
|ilKi'  liy  t\  llii  ll  .lii|iMii  wiH  Illl  In  lii'iillnni  .III 
mill  ml  nir  riiiiii   (  III  i  ili'inlniii  fni    ii'iiily  llinii 

II  Mini  ii'.i,  rii:iiiiil,   hr  im  yrl    hImIiiI   I'Vrii    liy  Mil' 

•  iIiIimI  l.|l|i|rlll  ,  fnl'wllll)'  Wl'  lllinw  ihlll  'iilll 
nf  Illl'  iilniy  ('Ivrii   liy  llii' ini'i'ilniiMi  ii 'i  mill   In 

III  pii'lril  mrnlilitu'  III  Illl'  |ilr|l|i|ii  I  "1  nf  llin 
fiiii'|.'ii  niiili'i,  Illl'  .lii|iMin  "11,  mill  llii'innit  im- 
|iiirlllMl,  hIiIi'  nf  Illl'  Mlniy  liini  In  vi  r  In  in  Inlil. 
i\  fli  I  llliliyii'^lil''.  ill  III  ll  Illl'  win.) iiiilrv  w  ii.i 

I  M'ill'll    liy   llvi!    Illlllllll  '<  III  IWI  I'M    Illl'  Millll'll'lllH 

nf  lyiyii'iil  mnl  nf  llii|r\iirl.  llir  'inii  nf  lljili' 
yii'ihi.  lull  iiil'i- Iniimy  wmK  win  I  mi  iinlil  llii' 
I'lnl'.limni  Illlllllll  lilt  nvii  M  mlllinii  mnl  11  liiilf. 
Wliilr  Im'VIi  II  WM'I  lin-v  III  Miliilniiii;  lll'l  I'MI  • 
lull  I,  III'  ii'iimi'il  ( 'III  I  .liiniil  \ ,  mi  i'\iiiii|ihi 
whlihllii'  liwmr  |hi1IiIi'mI  liilii  .  fnllnw  iiI  .  lint 
nil  I'liliiliiL'  Illl'  virlniy  nvi  I  Illl'  •.niilhiin  iniiiy, 
In   w  llilll  Will'   ninny  nf  llin  I  hii'li'in   h'nlrrH, 

111  Ihi'   llMllllnf   Si  Idl'MllMlulll    •>■  Inlll'l,    UllHI,   III', 

Mill'   llilll  yimlil,  thii'w  nil'  Illl'  tiiM'  U  mill  limii'il 

II  ili'l'ti'it  nf  rxiilllhlnli  nf  llin  fnrrlirm'I'H.       HllMy, 


Vh4 


V.id 


wm 


JAPAN 


4U(i 


JAPAN 


Uowi'viT,  with  rcorirur.l/.iiiir  iIk'  rmpin-  fnuii 
liis  S111I  iif  L'oviTmiicni  ill  llir  ilisliiiil  ciisi  ui 
Yi'il"  mill  Fiiiliiu  i>liiil/iiiiU.i),  lvi\v!iMi  iniilil 
iiiii,  or  iliil  mil,  pit-s  his  |iiilicv  "I  cxiiiilsidii, 
mill  l:in:<' MUMilin>  i>r  SiMUii-^li  ntnl   l'(irlu>;ui'si' 

Iirir>lH  t'oiitiiiiii'il  l<i  Mciitcintriiiiri'  into  •lii|iiiii. 
11  Ititt^,  liy  llic  l'a|iul  ImiU,  |iiiisls(if  nil  niiliis 
wire  iillowi  il  III  I'l  >iili' ill  .Ininiii.  In  HilO  tlir 
Diiirli,  mill  ill  Dil^t  till'  l')iiLrli'>li.  >"('■  nnil  u  fnnt 
llolil  ill  lliniiln.  Al  liii'^  lilili'  llirri'  wril-  IWii 
liuiiiliril  iiii^>iiiiimir-i,  uiili  "  iwii  iiiilliiiii  cini 
vciIh  ."  lull  llic  >lniiL."li  «iis  ii|i|iiiniilly  in  niiiii 
U'lsiiiily.  flic  »  illiniii  li'MiliTs  III' nun  III'  iiillii 
i-iMf  ill  till'  slate  its  wiiikiH'ss  \vii>  iiiailr  iippMi 
cut  u  Inn  in  Kiii^liiii,  liclwi'in  ItllKI  ami  Hill, 
till-  ilaiinins  rlianu'i'il,  ailiiptril.  ur  anniliilaliil 
)Hipiilar  <  lii'i>liaiiil\'  al  llnir  pliasiiii',  iisiiii.'  it 
Hiiiiply  an  till'  Inol  iif  tlicii'  ainliilinn.  Wliat- 
I'ViT  may  have  Itccii  llir  nioiiviv  in  11111,  of  llic 
kikIiIi'I!  anil  tii-rct'ly  riii'i'i;i'lii' arlion  of  lyiMi^ii 
ill  issiiiiiir  tiiat  ilictti',  which  wasal  onic  cxccii- 
tcil  w  itii  I  ill  II II I  anil  iron.'  llic  inlicrciil  .lapancsc 
jealousy  of  fiiiciirn  iiilliiciicc,  the  pressure  of 
the  Kii'iltlliist  pricsthoiiil,  ilic  inlriuucs  of  llic 
I'nitcstaiit,  |)iiicii  .'iiiil  Knu'lish,  or  liis  own 
despotic  purpose  to  secure  peace,  anil  even 
iialiiiiial  iiiilcpenileiicc,  liy  i^olalini;  -lapan  from 
all  the  wiirlil.-  it  is  cerlain  that  his  piirpiise  siic- 
ceeileil.  Kriitn  Seiiilai  In  Salsiima,  the  (  hi  isliaiis 
Were  coiiiiM'lleil  to  renounce  llicir  I'.'iilh,  anil, 
f.'iiliii;;  to  ilo  so.  were  iinprisoneil,  i\ilei|,  tm 
Inreil,  or  lielieaileil,  while  the  forciu'ii  rilii/ii  ii.r 
were  i|e|Mirlci|.  'riioiisaiiils  of  natives  llcil  lo 
Cliiiiii  ami  Formiisii,  or.  oiitwiiriliy  recanti  it;, 
kept  alive  llieir  faith  even  until  tlieir  tcachciH 
from  Kiiiii|ie  rctiiriicil  in  Im.'»s.  Willi  ihai  niin 
^'liiii;  of  rclii;iuii.  trailc,  ami  pnlilicil  !iitrii:ue 
that  characieri/.cil  ^.o  much  of  the  missionary 
work  of  Uoiiiaii  (  lirisiiaiiit V  in  .lapan,  father 
Silelo  hail  prevailcil  on  I  talc  Alasamiinc.  ilaimlA 
(if  .Mil  I  si  I  iSi'iiilaii,  to  open  cnmmercial  relalinns 
xrilli  .Me.xico.  mill  also  seiiil  his  rclaiiier  llaslii- 
kiira  aseiivoy  lo  ihe  I'npi'.  Ueachini;  Acapiileo 
in  .Mexico  in  IUi:i.  ami  Minlriil  ami  jiume  in 
ItiU.  Soicln  was  iioiiiinaleil  liy  the  I'upc  Uishiip 
iif  Northern  .laptiii  ami  papal  lc<:alc  fur  the 
whole  empii".  while  the  .lapanc^c  ollicer  was 
iiiikIc  a  Hoiii.-ili  senator,  ami  ol|icrwise  hiuhly 
lionored.  tin  his  arrival  home,  however,  all 
hail  ch.aiiireil.  The  .lapanese  otilccr  recanteil. 
anil  tile  friar  arrivint;  in  Japan  later,  in  lit'J4, 
was  put  to  ilealli.  The  last  j:real  IrairicacI  nf 
exiirpalioii  was  the  siippressiun  of  the  insurrec- 
tion at  SliiniHltiira  in  IttltT.  when  thousamls  of 
Chrisiiaiis  anil  others,  liavini;  sci/.eil  ami  re- 
paircil  an  old  casile  in  Kiiishiii,  wiihsiiioil  the 
tiiei;e  of  the  armies  sent  liy  the  Vcilii  aullloi'i- 
tii-s  diiriiii:  two  iiiimllis.  Of  Ihe  reporteil 
"  twenlysi'veii  Ihoiisiiml  "  prisoners  who  sur- 
rt'iidereil.  iiiost  were  ■ni  into  exile.  Iml  many 
hiimlreds  were  cmciiIiiI  liy  ilicapitalinli  and 
drow  iiimr.  So  rlL'id  liccmiie  Ihc  iiii|uisiliiin  and 
pei'scciiliiiii.  that  at  Ihe  opeiiiiiL!  of  the  ciLdlleclilll 
eelilury  the  "evil  sect  "ami  the  ■'.Icsiis  icIiL' 
ion"  had  mi  re|ireseiilalivcs  appaieiilly  left 
alixf.  cxcep'  po-sililyan  a'.'i.i  pi  i^oner  lieie  and 
tlieie.  In  ITiK*  .lean  Haplisle  Siiliilli.  an  Italian 
priest  who  had  hind  the  ciiplain  of  a  vessel 
Hiiiliiii;  fniiii  M.'inila  lo  land  him  in  .hipan.  was 
M-i/i-d  and  sen'  to  tin  iinpiisilion  at  Veihi. 
itiid  imprisoned  until  death. 

T/if  Tiikuijiiirii  //»'//;«»•.— The  siiccessiirs  iif 
lyevasii.  the  Tiikiiu'awu  family  of  '•TycoiiMn" 
ill  Vedo,  L'nidiially  liLditciicd  the  reins  of  iiii- 
tliurity,  iierfei'icil  feudalism,  and  mude  (liu  ,tii- 


llmrilyof  the  cinixTor  al  Kvotn  a  slmdiiw.  My 
ciiliipelliiiLr  the  owners  of  all  seawoilliy  vesscf.H 
to  liiirii  lliem.  and  liy  enlorcinu'  llie  most  liiriil 
laws  of  scclusinii.  proiiiiunciiiL'^  dealli  iililtc  ti» 
Ih;'  Christiiin  and  Ihe  relurneil  ca-l:iwa,\  Ihey 
Ui'pl  .lapan  iiisiil.itcd  from  the  world  liii\ili^ 
enmmiinicalioii  •inl\  wiili  Ih-  1  liiiicse  aiid  ihcir 
own  lepiilcd  \assals.  ||ic  Kiiiemis.  (trderiii;; 
the  Diili'h  In  liiuc  llii'idii  and  lo  live  mi  the 
liiil"  ishiiid  of  jtrshiiici,  linniim.'  Nai.'Ms,iUi,  the 
limit  of  commerce  aiid  eommuiiicatiiin  with 
Kuiiipe  wiis  lixcd  al  one  \es.scl  annually,  while 
the  ciiinpany  III  llolliitidcrs  al  Ihe  lactnrv  rarely 
iiiimlicnd  oNira  doAcn  pcisdns.  |)urliiL'  two 
cenliiiies  and  a  ipiartci  the  Mulch  ami  .lapanese 
lived  In  li:iinion\.  iIioul'Ii  the  former  were  prn- 
hiliiled  alike  fioiii  inipoiliiii,'  Kildes  or  hooks 
lieiilinir  of  the  (  hristian  reliL'ioii,  or  from  liiiy- 
iim  or  iecei\in);  maps  or  Imoks  which  mi'^iit 
expose  Ihe  modern  history  of  .lapan.  These 
lliillanders  have  lieeii  dili^'cnlly  held  up  In  the 
execration  of  (  hristeiidoiii.  Iiccaiise  liiey  eii- 
jiiyeil  a  inoimpoly  of  trade  and  were  the  favor- 
ile-i  of  Ihe  .lapanese;  liut  as  most  if  not  all  of 
llieir  hoslile  crilics  have  Imcii  Itomaii  Calholic 
writers,  or  of  nalinns  cnmmcrciall)'  or  relijr. 
ioiisly  jealous  nf  llolhilid.  it  si  cms  liesi  here  lo 
jrive  some  fads  on  Ihc  other  side.  Il  isciilaill 
thill  fill  twncenlniics  this  1  ninmerce.  with  lln^ 
l>uti'h  ImiLniat'e  and  liteialiire,  and  Ihe  inter 
cniirse  of  ihe  siirireoiis  and  learned  men  with 
impiiriiiL'  natives,  cnnstituled  a  fertile  sniirce  of 
ciiilure  and  iiitelleclual  stimulus  which  saved 
the  .la|iane.se  mind  from  sla}:iiatioii.  Further, 
the  |)utcli  were  merchants,  ami  did  not  profcsH 
lo  he  saints  or  inissioiuiries;  thiiiii:h  Ion;:  after 
the  trade  <  eiiseil  to  lie  prnlllalile.  Ihe  ^jovern- 
liieni  of  the  .N'elherlatiils  still  maiiilainid  il  for 
ihe  scnlimenl  and  Imnnr  nf  Ihe  tla;r.  The 
Dutch  were  ailinii;;  Ihe  tllst  In  ur;;e  the  piv- 
ernmelll  nf  ^'edn  In  npeli  .lapan  In  forei;.rn  inter- 
course, a  fact  which  paved  the  way  for  the 
diplnmalic  viilnry  nf  I'crry.  whose  interpreters 
were  II  III  la  tillers,  and  w  linse  means  nf  cnmmiini- 
calinii  was  the  Dutch  laii;:uaL'e.  Still  fiiithcr, 
the  medical  sciences  in  which  the  ,lapmiese 
now  SI)  excel,  were  1  iillivated.  hospiials  estali- 
lishcil,  and  liiimlnds  of  cnllivaicd  native  doc 
tills  piactiscd  accordiii;;  to  the  Diilch  mcihiMJ. 
each  liecoiiiiiiL'  a  ceiilie  of  li;rlii,  ditViisiii^  in- 
telli^enie  wliiili  made  steady  iiienlal  ptepara- 
linn  for  that  easy  acceptance  of  foreiL'ii  ci\ili/.ii- 
linii  which  has  >  1  siiipris<'il  the  wnrld,  and  all 
this  iH'fore  the  lie).'iniiin;;  of  ilie  nineteenth 
eelilury. 

i'mihiM  i>f  Ihf  llrii'in'rhi'e.  Indeed,  il  will  he 
found  on  examinalinn  nf  the  aiiteccdents  nf 
nearly  evciv  lefnrmer  and  leader  in  the  inndern 
progress  of  .Japan.  Iliat  liii  lirst  enliLdilenmenl. 
or  motive  to  leiiovalion  nf  mind,  came  fium  his 
nwn  or  his  fathers  cniilncl  willi  the  Diilcli  nr 
Dutch  learnini:.  Further,  llic  aliiiiidanl  fails 
miw  cnminirliilhe  liiilit  in  llicsc  days,  when  New 

.lllpall  nf  the  .Meiji    era    is   sn    hllsily  cllLVIL't'd    ill 

liiiilillm;  Ihe  mnnumeiils  nf  Ihe  marlyrs  shi- 
iincc  imprisoned,  diove  In  suicide,  and  he- 
headed,  shnw  licyond  doiilit  Ihiil  the  liei.'iniiim;s 
of  iniKlern  I'miesiant.  th.iui.'h  unni^'anizi  d, 
('hrislianity  were  prior  lolliecniiiinu'of  the  mis 
Kioniirles,  mid  licL'an  wiili  the  Diilch  .Some  of 
the  sons  ami  (;iani|soiis  of  these  Impiirers  or 
martyrs  are  now  pastors  of  (  hrisiian  churches, 
mid  this  wide  urea  of  propti'dciilics  for  modern 
civilization  and  (  lirisiianiiy  ^ives  stroiijresl 
h(>|K.-  of  iu  reuliiy  and  |M'riiiuiieii«'e  in  ihe  heurlM 


JAPAN 


4»1 


JAPAN 


nf 

Ni  « 

.1  ill 

~    -Ur 

l.f- 

iiiiitfs 

liztil. 

iiii^ 

IIU'  iif 

■IS  iir 
tlicn, 
ili-rn 

HiirtH 


of  the  pcM>|i]c'.  r<>ii>kiiii;  nuiwiinlly,  w«-  ilist'cni 
crrtaiii  ilisi'iiiincrtril  cvriit-i  wliiili  lii'lcmi;  In 
the  story  of  llii'  i('ii;is<cii;'(,'  of  iIh'  failli  in 
.Iii|)!iii  'riic  iiiitivc  s'lilors  mill  tiuvclliTs,  no 
loii^iT  allowi-il  lo  i|ii  I'Vi'ii  llii'jr  lisliiiii;  aiul 
•;oasliiii,'  ill  the  liiiircr  siaworlliy  vcssch  of  for- 
UJiT  lime,  were  fn'<|ii<'Mlly  iliiviMi  out  to  sen 
aiiil  into  till!  Kill!  Sliiwo.  For  two  ri'iitiiricH 
uikI  a  lialf  11  Htcaily  sin-aiii  of  junks  am!  Imals, 
liiili'ii  willi  iiii'ii,  ami  ofti'ii  with  ^^  iiiiMi  iiml 
oiiililrt'ii.  iloiiiiii'il  to  lio|i(icss  slaivutloii,  or 
cliokril  willi  ror|>s<'s  ami  vvatc'rloirL"il,  ii)ii.'li'  '»<-' 
trui'nl  in  tile  cunrnts  of  iju;  joii'ly  I'acilic. 
Tlic  survivors  found  new  lioinis  on  the  slmrci 
of  tlir  Alrutiaii-.,  Ala-ika,  am!  Hritisli  Aim'ricii. 
or  till'  Saiiilwiili  Isjaiiils.  Willi  llic  o|ii'niii!;  of 
till-  Itussiaii  I'lit'itii'  to  Aiuvriran  loinim'rcc  ami 
till'  iii^vi'lo|iiii<'iit  of  till-  fur  Iraili'  iukI  wjiali'- 
lisliciy.  Ilii-  iiiiinlicr  of  icsi  iics  of  .Ia|iiiiirsc 
waifs  Im-i'iiiiii'  every  year  iiiereasini,'ly  iiumer- 
oils  To  retiirii  these  involuntary  exiles  to  the 
lainl  tliey  loveil  was  tin-  ilielale  of  liiinianity, 
mill  many  anil  inlerestini;  are  the  narratives  of 
the  ships  of  Christeiiiloni.  espeeially  thos<'  of 
the  liiileil  Stales  of  Aiimriea,  seekiiiir  'he  ports 

of  Dai  Nippon  to  return  her  sons;  wliil pially 

ilisi;raeiful  is  the  story  of  lirutal  refusal  liy  the 
Illinionscf  Vi-do's  despots  to  reeeive  thetll  <  )ne 
llolalile  attempt  was  that  made  liy  the  owners 
of  the  ship  •'.Morrison,"  who,  in  l><:tT,  sent 
si'ven  .lapanese,  with  Dr.  S  WelK  Williains, 
and  Dr.  (iut/.lalT  as  inteiprelers.  '{'he  ship  w.is 
tired  on  at  IfiiKit,  .liilv  ■lOlh,  in  Vido  Kay.  iind 
ulso  repulsed  at  Kau;imiiima.  in  Satsiima.  From 
thesi!  Waifs  .Messrs  (Jut/.liilT  and  Williams  in 
China  learned  llie  laiiu'iiau'e,  and  translated 
into  it  portions  of  the  Itihie.  In  the  i;nidual 
evolution  of  a  complete  viTHion  of  the  Holy 
iSeriplures  in  .Iapaiies<',  an  event  whieh  was 
fclelinited  ill  Tokyo  Feliriiary  ;{d,  1HH.S,  thi^ 
work  of  (iut/.lair  and  Williams,  and  that  of  the 
natives  who  traiislatnl  from  Diileh  iiililes  oli- 
taiiied  at  Deshinia,  with  that  of  Dr.  i(  .F.  \U-< 
telheim,  a  mi.s.sionury  supported  hy  a  llriiisli 
Naval  Society  at  Napha  in  Uiii  Kin,  from  \*<W 
to  1M,VI,  may  lie  considered  historical  links. 
Tlie  .seltlement  of  Ciilifornia  ami  the  discovert' 
of  .i;ol(l  there  ufTiiin  called  the  tittention  of  the 
Ainericun  Ooveriiinent  to  .lapaii,  iliou).di  indi- 
vidual (Miristi.'ins  had  for  years  kept  it  in  their 
faith  and  prayers  Uy  ii  coincidence  that  siii;- 
jfistH  the  hand  of  I'nividence,  llie  pn'sent  Kni- 
peror  of  Japan  wa.s  horn  in  Kyoto  Novemher 
!ld,  isri^,  on  the  very  day  that  Perry  was  ready 
to  sail  in  the  l.'niled  States  steamer  '  .Missis- 
xippi  "  to  Yed  )  IJiiy.  The  success  of  this  naval 
(tiplomatist  is  niatler  of  history,  liiit  it  was  not 
until  Townselid  llmris  h.'id  penetraleil  to  Vedo, 
and  made  a  seioinl  .\nieii(  ,iii  treatv,  that  .lapiin 
Was  opened,  at  Vnkohama  and  Na;;asaki.  lo 
Iride,  conimirce,  ,'iiid  residence. 

Tfifi  Ifiiiii'iii  Cnl/it>li''ii  niiii-f  IS.W.  TliP  iiiis- 
Hionuries  of  \  I'reek,  Uotnan.  and  Iteformed  ( 'litis- 
tiatiity  at  once  enierecl  the  ci.ipire  the  French 
Catholics  to  disi'over  their  I.rethren  and  con- 
tinue the  olil  methods  of  prop.'iL'anda,  and  the 
Kussiaiis  or  (} reek  Calholics  niid  llie  Pnilesiant 
missionaiies  to  Imak  mw  ^'roimil  As  early  its 
I^KI  the  pope  hail  iioniinaled  a  his|M>|>  and  sev- 
eral missionaries,  who  in  the  Miii  Kiii  islands 
awaiteil  the  openiie.r  of  the  country.  .\t  I'ra- 
kanii  ,'ind  other  |ilaces  near  .Nai^a.saki  there- 
were  found  in  IMti,"(  thousands  of  people  who 
possesse<|  some  prayers  and  hooks,  with  many 
uf  iliu  old  Hacniineiii4kl  words  of  Latin  origin. 


and  pnictised  some  nf  llif>  minor  ritcs  of  llic 
faith.  iH'sides  alistaiilin'.'  from  imIh  iii;niili<°aiit 
to  jiuddhi-t,  and  es|iecinlly  Shifilil.  w<irshi|H 
piTs.  Intil  toleration  Imcuiiu-  the  fuct,  which 
was  even  iM-fore  it  iM-cuiiie  tlif  law,  in  \*i't'i, 
many  of  these  people  weD-  iinprisiiniti,  c-xik-d, 
and  otherwis*'  |ii'r>e<'iiied,  a-s  iiHt<'<-<i  were  wai- 
sioiially  even  the  converts  of  l*n>teitlsnt  nii»- 
hioiiarii-s.  One  hand  of  native  riHiverttt,  torn 
from  their  homes  in  1m4>T.  wen-  k<|»l  in  c-xiln 
until  IsT:f.  .Many  inleresiliii.'  n-lic-  mid  !tiir\'i- 
vais  of  Itoniaii  ciiristianity  of  (lie  M'Vi'nl<-<-iilli 
ci'iiiiiry  have  Imcii  dis<-oven-<l  l>y  llie  prii-sts, 
and  here  and  (here  small  Ixwlifs  of  di-<M-eiiduntH 
of  former  iM'lievers  have  U-en  inori- ensily  iiin- 
Verted,  liecailseof  the  M-litini<-nt  of  historic  c-oti- 
tiniiity.  In  the  thirtvone  years  of  Ihi-ir  re- 
vived work,  inakini'  diliL''<-nt  "ii««;of  the  inetlKxIs 
|H'culi:ir  to  Uoiiriii  Catholic  nii<.>ii>niiry  o|M'ni- 
tions.  they  have  a^iin  established  theniwlves 
wirlely  over  the  empire,  liiit  ni'-st  thickly  in 
Kiushiii.  and  in  .\ii!.'i|st,  Ixxi*.  niinilM-nil  40. -VM 
souls.  The  missionaries  are  all  Fn-iicli.  incliid- 
iii'.'  three  hishops,  of  iiortliem.  <x-ntnil,  and 
soullnrii  .lapali,  and  livinij  nt  Tokyo,  (>s:ikii, 
and  NiiLrasjiki,  resiM'ctivelv; -111  jiricsls  or  iiMmiIs 
of  naiive  paPH-hial  cleriry.  l!l  Frt-nch  ainl 
.lap.'iiiesr,  111  ordinary  iirie^t-.  .VJ  Fr<  nrh  and 
:t  naiive  sisters  of  chanty,  with  't  mothers  hu- 
perior.  The  nuns  and  nunc  of  Ih<-  |irie-ts  do 
much  teachiii:;  in  4  si'hools  and  1^  or]dianii);es. 
The  liiis.Hioiiaries  are  assisiid  hy  'Ati  i-atet-hiftlil. 
The  coii;!re^:ilioiis  nunilM-r  'JIT.  The  ntJilionH 
are,  besides  the  three  ini|M'riul  citi*-'«  anil  all  the 
treaty  [torts,  S'lidai,  .Moriokji.  Akiia.  K'M'bi.Oka- 
vania,  lliroshini.i.  Ise,  Malsiiyania,  K'-s*-n,  Kbisu 
^Iachi  (Sado).  Na;;oya,  .Matsiiiiioto,  WakainalMi, 
and  Tsuruni^ioka.  Thtr  rank  nml  tile  of  the 
converts  are  almost  wholly  ffrn  the  biiiiibler 
clas.scs,  and  tlii-  professor*,  j«iiiniJi;ists.  lawyers, 
and  ei|iical<s|  iiieii,  so  iiiiiiieruiis  in  the  chtirclieH 
of  Ueformed  Christiiinity.  an-  jToiispicuoimly 
iibsi-nt.  The  small  niimlHT  of  niitive  prieslH 
also  is  probably  explained  l>y  the  fact  thai  the 
hand  of  the  forei^iner  is  ke|>t  vitnlanllv  and 
heavily  ii|ioii  the  natives  in  oriler  to  liolif  them 
closely  to  the  ivih-  of  Fn-nch  lb>nuin  Chris- 
lianity.  One  re(ii;ious  iiews|>i|MT  is  |>iiblishe<l, 
and  ihe  lilenitiire  of  the  Homan  Church  ia 
abillidrinlly  ciriulateil.  The  /er»l  and  <-<>iis«'cni- 
lioii  of  the  French  mis.s|onari«-«  are  Iwyoinl 
all  praise. 

Iht-  lireek  ('iilh"iie». — The  mi«sioiiarie<i  of 
the  Holy  Ortli(M|o\  Catholic  and  Aixtstolic 
Church  of  Kiissin  be^rm  i>|H'ration<(  at  Ilako- 
date  in  IHTO,  and  havi'  siendilv  continiK-il  their 
labors.  A  larire  native  ininistrr  li.-t-'  lut-n 
tliiined,  the  Kible  has  iMt-ii  re:id.  iis<'i|,  and 
taui;lil,  and  in  the  freedt>ni  allow rti  their  eon- 
verts  the  Hiissjiiti  priests  an*  miK-h  lik<:  the 
I'roiesiants.  Amonir  Ihe  most  mairnitirent 
buildinirs  ill  the  capital  of  .|!i|rin  are  ihosv  of 
the  Uil«so-(ireek  churih,  the  it:-  •  fari-.'sblehead 
beini;  the  ardiimandrile  Nicolai.  who  isn.s.sisti-d 
bv  thn'c  other  Kussjan  cli-rsry.  and  havin^aUmt 
I.T'Hi  hapii/ed  "(i-ivi-rts  and  1  <.<NH»  adhi-piiln. 
In  a  riMciit  informal  conferi-nif  of  nalivo 
Chri-liaii  workers  withoiil  rt-fen-nre  to  the 
branches  of  tin*  Church  universal,  the  (iretk 
Catholics  Were  well  reprew>nti'«i.  In  soinei^trtu 
of  .lapaii  where  the  UiKso-tSro-k  chiiri  Ih-h  liave 
been  planted  they  have  not  heM  their  own, 
th.  weak  c(>nverts"laj)sini»  into  hcnt>K-ni*m  and 
tim  earnest  liible-rmiders  [xvssing  into  lYrjleataal 
rhumhcH. 


JAPAN 


499 


JAPAN 


J'rottMta»t     t'hrlHtlan     MIhmIouh,— 

TutiiiiiL' ini«  111  ilic  --iiprv  I'l' III!' liririiiiiiiiL'-^  1111(1 
liiurvi  lloiis  Miiiiss  III  Kcriiriiii'il  (  lirisli.'iiiilv  in 
j!i|iiitl,  \V('!<li!ill  III'  III  ill' I  III  Iv  liiiiiillilir  I  III'  I'lirls. 
Ity  lilt'  TiivMi.-niil  ll:iiii>  lil'.'ilv  .liilv  'JlMli,  1h:»,s, 
crrtaili  |iiiit'*  wirr  ii|iriiiil,  .lulv  'Uli.  Ix.Ml.  In 
trailr  mill  n^iili  lin',  iiinl  llir  tllsl  In  iivtiil  IIk'Iii 
wlvi'Mif  till'  llivx  li|i|icilUlliil\  Will  lllr  AllH'li- 
Cllll  Ui  fiirilHii,  l';|il«rii|iiil.  illlii  I'irsliVlriiilll  mi- 
( iriii's.  'I'wii  nil  iiiliri'>  III  till'  (  liin.'i  Mi^^^imi  nf 
tliu  l'ri)t)-Ntiiiil  l'i|iiM'ii|iiil  i'liiiirli  uflli)'  I  nili'il 
Slllirs,  llfliT  lllli'l.'  yriirs'  lilr  In  (  liiliM,  U('V>. 
Jiiliii  I.i<;L'ins  ami  ('.  .M.  WillliiniK,  wi  rr  n|i 
|Miiiiti'(l  lo  1:11  III  .lii|i.'iii.  Tlirv  iirrivi'ij  iii  Na- 
(,':i--alii,  I  III'  I'liinicr  May  '.'il,  ami  llir  lallrr,  Krv. 
(uficrwiirils  Iti^liiipi  (';.  .\l.  Willi.iniM,  iair  In 
Jiiiii!.  At  Kiiiiiii.'avva.  mar  Vnknliaiim,  .1.  ('. 
Ilrliliuril,  M.I>..  I.l..  I>.  (allriw.'ilil  tlir  I'lllllnns 
li'MciiL'iiiiilirr)  ami  lii»  wilr.  I'lr^liUi'iiiin,  ar- 
rivrd  Oiiiilirr  Ixili;  fnllDwril  Niivtnilx'i  1>I  liy 
|{fv.  S.  I{.  ItnivMi,  I)  !>..  ami  I).  It.  Siiiiinons, 
M.I>..  will)  M'lllril  al  Kaiiapiwa.  ami  .Nnvriiilii  r 
"111  liy  Ik'V.  (iiiiilo  F.  Vriliirk,  at  .\ai,'asiii\i; 
tlli'M'  lliri'L-  linliili'Il  liiin^r  nf  Ilir  Krtiii'iiird 
Chiirrli  ill  Anurica,  llii'lr  wivrs  ri'jniiiiiii.'  Iiriii 
fl'olil  SliaiiL'liai.  Dirriiilirr  ',M(tli.  'I'liiri'  liil'<- 
BinllH  well'  llms  I'vl'ililislii'il  liclnn'  .laiillai  V  l-l. 
18<W».  On  April  M,  ls<10,  arrivi  il  Hi'v.  .1. 
Uolilf  and  will',  and  llir  .la|iam'sr  Siiilarn,  lliu 
fiirinrr  II  inaiiiie  ami  Ihr  laltrr  a  waif  in  Cuin- 
inndnrc  I'irry's  Mjiiiulrnii,  sent  mil  liy  IIk; 
Aini-rii-aii  Hapiisi  Krri-  .Mi^sinii  Siciily.  Fur 
tell  vciirs  tlii'M'  fuiir  Aiin'riitin  inissiniis  ncrii- 
(lii'if  tilt:  ticid,  and  with  IVw  rriiifoi'icnii'iils, 
liilt  with  many  diMiiiiraizi'iinnls  ami  vicisxi- 
tildes,  L'li^airrd  in  llir  wnrk  nf  |irrparatinn  and 
primiisi'.  At  lliis  imini  nf  siirvry,  it  ix  liiiinir, 
iinw  ill  HKO,  Id  L'laiiii'  at  llii'  /nrnoiiiii (.  I'VciiN, 
and  wnik  aiinnipli'^lird.  Of  iIium-  wIiii  nil  ai'- 
Coiilil  of  lailiiri'  nf  liiallli  nr  nllicrwisc  with 
obligrd  til  liaiixfiT  lliiir  j-rrvicrs  nr  rrliliipiisli 
tlirir  liiliiirs  in  .lapaii  may  Ik'  iiannil.  nf  ilie 
Kpisi-(i|Hiliaiis,  |{i'V.  .Inliii  liiL'f.'ili'*,  w  lin  aflir 
Cnllljiililli;  lii'*  srrvirt'illilr  "  Oiii'  'riinllsalid 
Plirasisin  Fnirli.sli  aiiii  Kniiiaiii/.rd  .lapanrM," 
ri'liiriH'd  linim-  Frliniary  'Jllli,  IHtM);  K. 
Sc-limidl,  .M.]).,  will)  lalinri'i)  finiii  Aiiril,  IHiiO 
to  NnvtMiiIxT  'J'llli,  IMIU ;  and  .MInh  .Icaiinrlli' 
H.  Cniinvrr  (Mrs.  Kllini  II.  'riininsiiii  I  if  llii! 
China  .Mission).  Hi'V.  ('.  .M.  Williams  wasrnii- 
M'cnili'd  .Mis.sinnarv  itislmp  nf  <  liina  and  .lapaii 
Ocliilii'r  :ii|.  IMtili;  visiiini;  Imtli  loiintrics  and 
llviiii:  in  .Ia|i.'iii  frmn  l.stiU  in  issu.  Hi-v.  A.  ('. 
Mnrris  arriviil  in  Japan  in  .Miiv,  IHTl.  Of  the 
Pri'sliylcrlan  Ini'lliirn,  l>r.  lli'pliiirn  Imaicd 
Dcri'iiili-'r  '.'Otli,  lHti'.>,  at  Vnknliama,  iloim:  dis- 
iM'iisaiy  and  Irxicntrrapliii'  work  daily,  i'\ript 
Sunday,  wlicii  ti'itrliiliL;  inli-rvriird.  Han  iiiL'  'In- 
winii'is  nf  lMtl(>-t(7  and  Tl-T',',  fur  llir  printim; 
of  his  'lirlinliaiy  in  Shani.'liai.  and  a  IVw  visits 
to  .ViiiiTicu,  iiii-dical  wnrk,  traiislatinii  of  ihi- 
liil>li',ti'arliiii<,',aiid  dii'tinnary-iii.'ikiiiir  liavr  lii'in 
cnn'iniiniis  fur  nvrr  lliirly  yi'iirs.  and  llir  dnr- 
tnr's  iiaiiii'  is  kiinwn  all  hvit  llii'  I'lnpiii'  ii'-  that 
of  llic  (liii'f  traiislalni  nf  llnly  .Sciipiiiri'.  and  as 
a  syiioiiyiii  wilh  pliilanli^vnpy.  Krv.  Idiviil 
Tlininpsnn  I>. I).  jiiiiKil  tin'  niissinn  in  May,  1H(13. 
niul  \h  .siill  ai'iivi-  as  a  missionary  in  'I'nkyn.  In 
18<W  Hi'V.  I'",  ('(iiiii's  and  \\\U:  rrarhiil  Ynko- 
lianiii,  lint  wilh  tlii'ir  child  Iwii  yi-ars  old  pi  r- 
Ishrd  ill  till'  cxplnsion  nf  a  litlli-  sii'iiinrr  at  Tn 
kyn,  llii'ir  iiifanl  smi  of  thn-c  inoiillis  iK'intr  tin 
only  siirvivnr  nf  llir  family.  Of  lln'  liri'lhrrii 
of  the  Ki'rnriniil  Chiirrh,  l>r.  and  Mrs.  Sim 
mouB  rcoigneii  in  18(H),  tbc  (luc'lor  rt'iiniiiiiiiK  in 


.Tapiin  iiiilil  his  dnitli  in  Tokyo  in  1«W«.  Uw. 
S.  |{.  Itrnwii.  M  U  .  iiftrr  uritlni:  nil  cMrllint 
(iiamiiiar  nt  <  nlliNpijal  .hi|i(tn)  «-.  and  valiialilc 
ailirirs  nil  .la|>an.  trallslalilii;  |i;ir1  of  tlii'  Hilili; 
and  li'ailiiiii:  it  roiistanily.  Iia^idi-s  irainiii:;  in 
llii'  Miiiariilar  III)-  iiiinl  profiMinii  Hlinlar  in 
.lap.iiiisi'.  Krni'st  .M.  Sainw .  Fl><|.,  imu  liriiisli 
(  niisiil  i^i'iiiral  in  Siaiii,  n-iiirniil  to  Anicriia 
and  diid  al  Mniisoii.  .Mas^.,  .Iiiid-  •.-nth,  IHMI. 
|)i.  (iiiidn  F.  ViiUi-k.  a  llui'iil  s|«-,k«'r  of  m-v- 
rral  laii'.^iiai:i's.  and  ('iiiint-ntly  tittiii  li\  his  tmi- 
pri.'inirni,  viT-aiili'  jNiwi-rs,  and  M-liolar-liip  to 
ill'  lllr  advisi-r  of  th<-  nrw  nun  who  found  ilit-ni- 
wlvi's  al  till-  hi'liii  of  iIh'  ship  i.f  stall  afirr  the 
«iii<  I'ssfid  rrvniiilinii  nf  ls<i'».  n-niainMl  al  Nh- 
L'asaki  iiiilil  iMiU.  whi'ii  at  lh<- in\ilalion  <>f  ihc 
Alikailn's  i:n\i'riiiiiriil  lit- i^iini-  to  Tokyo  to  or- 
L'ani/r  a  naiiniial  sihi  nir  of  oIiK^itioii,  hihI  IiiIm! 
at  ihi-  lirail  nf  llif  lin|4Tial  Inivi-rsily.  Aln'ady 
at  Na;:a.saki  hr  hail  taii^'ht  largv  ilasx-s  of 
11,'iiiM' yitiiiiL' nun.  and  from  iJstti  to  ixTK  was 
in  ^.'nvriiiinciil  nliK-Titiniml  >«'rvt(v  at  his  own 
charni's.  Whi'ii,  in  IhT'.*.  nn  rniltaxHV  was  nr- 
urani/i'd  tn  ;ro  roiiml  tin-  world  to  «tinfy  wisicm 
rivili/.'tlinii  and  ask  of  ihc  tn-aty  imiwctk  jiistir*; 
to  Japan.  .Mr.  Vi  rlx-ik  found  that  nnchalf  of 
ils  nii'iiiU'r.  had  Ixin  his  pupils  In  1H71I  ho 
irjnini'il  ihi'  missinii  at  Tokyo,  and  has  sinit' 
lirrii  ahiiiidaiit  in  lal>or>  as  pn-niht-r.  Hihli; 
translator.  Iniiriiii:  «'Vanu'fli«l.  th<-olo<:iral  pro- 
fi-.ssor,  and  h)'l|H  r  of  lh<Mhiiri  Ik-s.  Krv.  Henry 
Stout  .'iiid  w  ifi- ri-arlH-ti  Nai!a.s«ki  .Marrh  KUIl, 
Istltt.  and  ail' still  lalMirini:  ihi-n*.  In  .Vuuiist, 
IsiHt,  .Miss  Mary  Kidihrmow  Mrs.  K  K  Milhr 
of  Mnrinkai  arriviil.  liN-:itin)!  in  Yoknhania.  and 
liriiii;  Ihc  tirsi  iininarriiil  Imly  inissiniiary  cnni- 
iiiL^o  Japan  ditcci  fmni  AniVrica  .^ti.'ss  S.  K. 
.M.  Ili'ipicnilinru' and  Ki-v  1.  II  II.  WnllT  and 
will' Well' alsn  icni|Himrily  ct>nii<-<'t<il  wiih  tin* 
Kcfnimcd  .Mission.  iV-rm-  tin-  lir't  decade  of 
I'lnlisi.'iiit  niissiiinary  work  had  ilns<-«l  it  wiLs 
iiolalily  enlarueil  hy  the  cstalli-hiiieiit  nf  two 
new  I'liierpiiM's-  that  of  the  1  Knt;lis|i>  Church 
.Missinii  and  lliat  nf  the  Aincrican  Koard  nf 
(■oiiiniissiiiiier>  for  Fnn-iirn  .^lissii.ns:  in  the  for 
mcr  well'  Kev.  G.  F.iisor  and  wife,  January, 
IHdU.  and  in  ImTI  Kcv.  II  Itiimsidc  and  wife,  at 
Na;.'asaki;  in  the  lattir  wen-  Uw.  I».  C.  Gn'etie 
and  w  iff,  »  ho.  arrivin;;  NovcniNT  "JOth.  IWilJ.  at 
Vnkiihaiiia,  .st'ttlcfl  in  Mnnh.  1^70,  at  KoIh'. 
Later  missiiiiiaries  of  the  A.  H.  C.  F.  M..  who 
came  liefore  thei'iMwhal  yiiirof  1872.  when  the 
ImtIihI  nf  h.'irvest  iM-min  hy  the  orwini/alimi  of 
the  lirst  (hristiaii  church  at  Voknhaiiia  March 
loth,  were  Itev.  .Messrs.  O.  I|.  Glilii  k  ind  J  Ii. 
Davis,  M.  I.  (Minimi  ami  th«ir  wives,  with  J. 
I..  Kirry,.M.|)..  and  wife.  The  Woman's  I'liioii 
.Missiniiary  Siniety  als«i  i-stalilis|ie<l  a  llmne  al 
Ynknhama  in  ((cloU-r.  1>*7-.'.  The  plantiliv'  of 
the  Mrsi  Prniestaiit  Christian  cliunli  was  fnl 
lowed  within  a  little  over  a  y«ir  liv  the  jroveni 
menial  alioliiimi  of  the  lunar  ami  the  ailoptinii 
of  llie  snlar  laleiidar  of  Chrislelidnni,  the  n- 
tnnval  nf  the  aiili  (  hristiaii  i-alicu  wliiili  fiM-i - 
shade 'Will  ;.'ilienil  lilM-rtv  of  ifli«<  iencc,  the  ri' 
turn  "f  the  eiiiluivsv  frmn  tlwir  tmir  of  the 
world,  the  oru'ani/nl!on  of  a  New  Tcstaliiciit 
Tratislaiinii  Cmnniitttf  ami  the  ^-rious  com 
menceinenl  of  their  work,  and  the  arrival  of  a 
lar;.'!'  force  of  inis.sinnari<s>.  excfeilini!  hy  one  the 
whole  for»'e  then  in  the  Held.  I'ntil  tlie  -yrlnj 
of  lH7'.'mdy  ten  iialiv«-s  haiMx-in  liapti/e<l.  siwne 
nf  whom  we  name  ns  follows:  l<v  K»'V.  JMnuii 
Hallanli.  Yaiio  Kitl.  (htolM-r.  1>*6|';  hy  Rev.  G. 
F.  Vcrbttk,  May  '-Mh,  1>*6(1.  Wak»sa.  mlnteUif 


JAPAN 


ilK) 


JAPAN 


.Iiiiiiiii 
U.  V  U. 
iiiiniBUfr 


(kiiro)  of  tli<'  iliiimiA  c>r  lli/t'ii,  iiml  AvhIk-.  hit 
yoiiiiiri'r  ImtthiT;  aliniii  the  miiiii-  rimr,  liy 
|{i.sliii|i  Williiiiiii.  Sliiruniir.'i  <if  IIIl'o.  in  |h' 
cciiiIht  cif  iMtpH.  \>y  Mr  VcilMTk,  a  mmiiil'  Mini- 
<lliHt  |irii'st,  .^liiiiiiil/ii;  in  Mii\,  |M>M,  Aw:iil/ii 
KOinIi,  !>>■  Mr.  Itiilla-h,  in  l"iiiriiiir\ ,  Ism.  I.y 
.Mr.  'riiiiinp^iin.  (  »l':iw;i  Yii»liiMi-i:.  Su/.nki  Ki'i 
jiri'),  anil  an  oM  lailv:  l>v  .Mr.  Kn^ir,  Niniura. 
••  'I'lir  Fir"-!  <  'liiliili  cif  ( 'iiri-l  in  .la|ian,'  urL'aii 
\/i([  I'liii'ily  tliroii'jii  till'  iri'innncnialiiy  iif  K<'v 
.1.  II  IlilhiLrli.  Man  h  loili.  ls;'.>.  wai  i  i>ni|><>-.<^l 
on  till'  ilay  of  il<  furnialion  of  nin<-  yoniii;  ni<  ii 
tlnri  anci  llirn-  liajili/cl.  ami  nl  <>i.'a»a  anil 
Nitniini,  llii'  rurincr  ImIiiu  clin^n  I'MiT  ami  tin- 
lalitT  a  ili'.'iriin.  'I'lir  i  .in>tiiiiiii>ii.  ilrnwn  ii|> 
fur  llir  rlinri'li  l>y  iti  uwn  nii-nilHT^,  |>l:ii  i'<l  lli<- 
);i>vrrnnii'nl  in  tln' liamii  ol'  llic  pastur  ami  i-\ 
ili-rx,  willi  llii^  riiiisrni  nf  (In-  ini'nitMT»,  ilii- 
ciccil  liflriLj  It  siin]i|(.  I'vanL'i'liral  mii-.  TIiIh 
rliiircli  wa^  llwdinri  iiiiIlThwIIi  uf  tli<'  <'arn<--.t 
oli-irviinii-  III'  till-  urrk  ">l  prayiT,  llii'  nn-i'iinu'-< 
iif  wlili'li  liail  lii-rii  prnliinL'iil  nniil  lln-  i-n<l  nf 
h'lliniary.  'I'lii'  UiKik  nf  AiU  liail  Imi  ii  liaily 
.xliiilii'il  liy  .I'lpani'^f  ami  ini^iinnarii-'-,  tin-  iia- 
livi'H  not  only  lar^'i'Iy  aiiiiiiliiiL',  l>iil  ii  half- 
ilii/cii  nr  Tiiiiri-  cn^airin'.r  in  nnyiTs  fur  Japan 
lliar  niilliil  till- III  arts  nf  tliiir  Ii-aclicr-*,  an  llic 
wiilir,  w  l;ii  wan  pirs«'nl.  will  ri'Mii  inlM-rs.  !{»•• 
flip' iiiliriii:;  inln  Ili(>  MM-imil  |Mrii"l  of  I'mlrs 
tanl.  tMii-<lnn.iry  work,  vvlili  li  Ih  i^an  in  l^'i'i,  ami 
will  tirtninalr.  \vr  linpc,  at  the  i  nil  nf  ilic  year 
l>*'.m,  whin,  uiniir  Iht  ni-w  cnn-iiiniinn  ami 
npriscnlalivc  ;r"\"'rinm  III,  Lrraiilini:  all  tra«<in 
alilc  liliiriy  In  lln^  iMiipIr,  .lapani'-^  (  liri^lianily 
will  cnliT  upon  iis  lliinl  .»ta;.'ii  nf  prnififs-i,  ami 
Iii'::iii  il't  nia-icry  nf  llic  wlmlc  cnipirf,  l«-t  ns 
);lanri'  at  llic  lii-lnrii-al  ^iliialinii,  rlianuii-rloliis 
of  I  III-  roiiiilry  ainl  |H'npli-,  ami  at  iiii«.>iiiiiary 
prinripli-i  jimr  r<'«ulN. 

T/f  /,'.(v./i/^/-»/i  </lH)js.— liiknown  III  Hini  Io 
I'iiliiT  ilir  pnliiical  or  rrliL'iiMis  cnvnyH  of  Cliri'*- 
lia:i  nalinii-i  in  Japan,  Imt  nnm-  the  I<-^h  Min-ly 
mill  xii-.nlily,  till'  MTil-*  of  rt'voliiiinii.  planiol 
IniiiT  lii'fnri'  I'rrry'i  arrival,  witi-  iM-arinir  a  liar- 
vr-l  .siinii  Io  Im'  n'a|M'i|  liy  ilic  sirkli-iif  civil  war. 
Tilt'  ii'vival  liy  n.ilivr  -rlmlars  nf  pun-  Sliiiilo. 
.'inil  llic  sillily  of  amiriil  .lapani-4'  lii-inry  ami 
li'i'raliiir,  hail  rrvcalnl  Io  carni-.t  men  llir  fa<-t 
tliat  llic  inilil.iry  "  Tycoon"  of  Yiilo  v.a>  ii 
li-.iir|HT,  llial  "llic  (anip'liail  loo  loni;  ovcr- 
iiwni  "  llic  'riironc."  ami  lliat  nalimiril  Mifciy  ami 
pro^;rcs^anll  loyally  Io  ancicnl  iilcaU  i|ciiijimlc<l 
llic  n>sl'-'atii>n  of  llic  .Mik:iiln  tosnpri'iii.'icy,  anil 
tlic  siili  .jin.ilioii  nf  llic  'rnknirawa  family  ami 
Ycilo  >yslcni.  When  ilic  lialcil  lorciirncrs  laml- 
111  in  ••  ihc  l.ami  of  llic  IokN."  ••  the  Holy  Cniiii- 
try"  of  .lapaii.  ami  ihc  aiiilmrilics  in  Ynio 
siLMictI  tn'alic-.  wilh  lliciii.  willimii  cniisiiliiiiLr 
Ihc  cin|H'rnr  .'il  Km>Ii>.  llicn  frniii  nnc  etui  nf  llic 
laml  111  Ihc  nihcr  irnsc  tlic  cry.  "  linmir  lli<- 
.MikailnamI  ixpcl  ihc  liarli.iri.'in.  '  Ity  many. 
Iio'.vcver.  lliis  cry  was  niix-il  for  llic  piir|HiNi-  of 
nimcaliii'.'  Ilnir  nal  iiilcnl  In  nvcrlltrnw  llie 
^'cilo  '.'nvcrnnicnl  .ami  o|M-n  the  coiinir>  lo  lunil- 
ern  iilcas  ami  iiili'icniiiH-.  (iniiliially  llu-  cen- 
tre   nf     pnlitic.al     L'l.ivily    -hif'eil     frnlll     Vein    to 

K\n|n.  ami  allcr  a  Ioiil' ami  piciiin-vpicl-  <lc 
lalicil  iliplntnalic  ilncl  IhIwciii  the  aullmrilii-s 
of  caiiip  ami  coiiii.  revet eiicr-rs  of  llie  .Mikiido 
ami  Inyal  retainer- nf  Ihc  Shnirun  (  "  TyciNiti  "i, 

Ihc  tlallles  nf   >Var  liriike  nut  at  llic   ileci>ive   lial- 

lle  nf  FiHliiini.  near  Kynio.  January  •'Till  ami 
2"*lli.  The  liclil  of  w.ir  wa<  Iheii  -hifhil  in  ihe 
rasi  ami  nmlli.  Iml  allcr  nrar'y  two  year>  of 
li^liliii;;   llic  MikailoM    uriny   wai    everywhen- 


siicii-wfiil.  \  new  jjcmTiition  of  tiicn,  tnosiiy 
frnlll  Ihc  •uiiiilierti  elati'- of  .Sitsiiiiia.  I  ho -hill, 
'I'o-n.  Ili/eti.  ami  iliifn.  ami  many  nf  ihetniic- 
i|iiiiitil*-<l  with  itioilern  iilea-  ihmiiL'h  Ihc  -iiiily 
of  lliitrli  atlil  KllL'li>li,  wcie  at  Ihe  lieail  nf  at- 
f.iirn.  'riirnii::li  iheir  iiilliiiiicc  the  .MikailiM 
einoy-  ••i:,'iie<l  ilie  tn-alii  <.  Ihc  i-nvci niiieiii  was 
rciiloveil  to  Tokyo,  the  feiiiliil  -Vslciii  almlishi  i|, 
■III  eliili.i-.y  ••eiil  tnuiiil  Ihc  worlil,  fnici^li  illc-,s 
adnpteil,  a  iialioiial  army.  navy,  revenue,  nlii- 
laliotial.  |Mi..ial,  ami  other  iiiolcrti  -\-icnis 
ai|npte<l,  ;iml  the  path  nf  uc-iirii  I'ivili/.aiiiiii 
entcnsl  ii|i4iii  with  a  \i::nr  ami  cainc>liic-.s  ilmi, 
even  yet  -jtiii-  aiiia/iii::.  .\l  lir-l  |M'r>c.Miiiirs 
nf  the  (  Iiri-ti:iiis,  eviii  toreiiewiiii;  Ihe  old 
etlicl-,  llicy  lii-«-aitie  etiliiihicticd ,  and,  as  soon  us 

il  Id-)  allle  vile    to   dn   «n,   l.'rinlc<|    tnlcfalinn.   re- 

liiriniis  lilM-itv,  and  ilie  \|:iL'tia  I  haria  and  coii- 
sliiiilion  of  F\!.rii  try  lllli,  \ss\i,  M;iiiy  of  ihc 
yoiin:;cr  n-lnriiiers  and  -iale«iiicli  wc-c  pupils 
of  mi— ioiuiries  or  «tiidetit-  in  Kiirn|i<'.  while  iIm> 
elder  niics  Wen- di-eiplci  of  Mulch  culture,  and 
frnlll  Ihc  lir«l  -.iicci-s-  nf  HiiM.  their  face-,  Imnr 
liirmsl  inwanU  the  ideals  III  ( 'liristcndnin,  wi-ni 
imw  liriiily  -it  for  ii"  »  li.'lil  and  liadinj  They 
soni:lit  ill  Ijirn|i<-  and  .Vnicrica  Inr  iiilcllcci  aiul 
li-aitiin.'  In  es|:ilili.h  die  fi'undaliniis  of  llic  new 
empire,  invitiiii;  i  \|H-rls  in  -cieticc,  lavv.  liiera 
turi-.  and  stalecnft  to  assi-i  tjicni.  .\l  lir-i  iln- 
tiinlive  of  many  was  lo  possess  the  wcapniis  nf 
fnn'iirners  in  onler  lo  e\|M-l  thcni.  and  Iln  ir  de- 
sin-  Was  otilv  fnr  Ihu  inalerial  advatilau'is  of 
Wesleni  eivill/.alin||. 

Sm-4,  ti/ mill  .l/'>r"iii.  — While  this  is  niIII  in  ii 
ineitsiite  true,  it  is  eer!ainly  inaiiifcst  Ihal  ii 
iinlile  ininniily  of  Japan  s  truest  palrims  and 
altle.sl  ini-ti  reali/e  thai  iimral  sniimlncss  ami 
hiuh  idenis  an- alisoliilcly  neicssjiiy  for  pcrnm 
lieiit  jiro;;ns,.  Hence  they  have  endeavored 
lo  in.-iKr  ediietilion  Ihe  liasis  of  ihcir  udv.atiei', 
iind  after  Iheir  first   L'rip  of  |M)Wcr  ilicy  Iicl'.'iii 

lo  cle.'ilise  the  face  of  sm-iety  of  llinsc  revnltiii)J 
eye-s.iies  with  » hicli  llie  oM  niissinnaries  arc 
MO  familiar  in  iiieinory,  and  nf  which  laler 
coiners  and  even  youn'.f  Japaticsi'  Ikuh  sinia' 
IM«H,  s«iireely  dream.  The  w  liter,  who  sel  fool 
in  Jaimn,  January  '.ItMli.  Ih;ii,  sjiw  many  lliini;H 
which  today  .s4'<-in  not  only  incredililc  lint 
alisiipl  The  irrossiieKs  of  llic  iinriinraliiy  was 
astnundinir.  The  tnosi  e|*-.;anl  ari'hilci  lure 
and  tiiosi  aiinielive  iMirtiniis  of  llic  larirc  cities 
and  sj-a  |Mirls  were  tn  Ihe  Yoshiwani  illnwery- 
ineadnvvs.  nr  licensed  pro-iiiiiles'  ipiarlers,  inlo 
which  fjirls  'veri-  soM  a-  slaves,  and  w  hen  past 
iii.xlceii  wiTc  daily  and  niu'lilly  niiiL'i'd  In  puli- 
lie  view  in  rows,  exaelly  like  dnss  ;.'ihn1s  in 
sliiiw-tvimlows.  for  selection  and  rent.  I'hallic 
sliiic-s  were  lint  only  iiunicrous  alotijr  llio 
pwids  ill  many  piovinees.  Iml  ciinrnmus  tiirurcs 
were  e\|>osed  fnr  sjile  liy  liumlrisls  in  ihu 
Hliops,  tlic  s;inie  iiideo-nt  iiiimIcIs  of  tiiale  phys- 
ical or^iaiis  Im  ill:.-  made  of  sui:ar  and  varioiiA 
confceiioiiery  a-  well  as  inin  porcelain  and 
faience.  .\t  till'  mnUuri  nr  Temple  feslivals 
and  at  pii-nic-  t|ies«-  einhlcms  were  carried  in 
ihiir  ;irnis  ..r  on  their  shoulders  'ly  sirutnpcis  in 
till'  piiMic  pirides.  or  liy  rcs|K-ilalilc  pcopii) 
iMkcn  lioinc.  npciity  ilisplavcil  amonir  other 
syiillnds  of  luck,  in  the  fieii/.y  of  ihc  idola- 
trous proee^siiitis  Hie  iiin>t  uns|H-akalily  itidi!- 
ci  til  |>erlorin-imcs  wi-n-  ^onc  ihrou'.di  with. 
.Much  of  the  |Mipiilar  lileraliire  w  liiili  the  writer 
slildieil  he  found  tn  Ih-  simply  piiliid.  ami 
even  yei  the  daily  iiewsp,i|H'rs.  jHipular  stories, 
and  >^iiii;-l)uok!t  un-  utterly  iiuiil  for  iraiiHlalioii 


JAPAN 


4M 


JAPAN 


I      II 


iiilii  Ktiulioli,  tli«iit;li  III)'  |)liiilll<'  HyinhiilH  wt'ir 
ill  1H;v>  iiliiili«li('il  liy  iiliil.  'I'lic  riiiii|ilrli'  (A 
liiMiiri'  of  llir  liiiily  liv  lilt'  lilrh'-.  uiilkiliL'  III  Mllcl 
fi'iiiii  tlir  liiilli  linked,  mill  llir  wiiiiii'ii  nliil  LfiiN 
liikiim  tlirir  liililiiiiu'  in  llir  sirri  I  in  nliHuluit' 
iiiiiliiy,  ii>  will  11^  till'  priiiiii'-riiiiiiH  iiiti'i'iiiint; 
lint;  ill  llir  |iillilir  Imlli  Ihhim  s  III  tilt'  st'M".,  ill 
all  riinilitiiins  of  >kiii  nlnl  ulliri  ili<<)'iiM">.  lui'.'lit 
iKil  |»'iliii|is  In  III'  jiiilirril  liy  iiiH  sliimhirils. 
It  limy  pciM-ilily  III',  iilsii.  iliiit  till'  iinivi'iMil 
liiiliii  III'  lyiii;:,  ol'iin  -n  siiirtliiii.'ly  iisclrss, 
n<'<'illi-<«.  Mini  iiii|iriivi>ki'il,  liiiiy  litiM'  lirrii  I'im- 
tcri'il  li.V  tlir  i|rs|iiil  jsni  iilnl  t'>|iiii|iiii;t'  iil  llir 
lrll<lllli<<tll.  wllicll  lllllilr  I'Vrrv  lllilivr  Iril  Ijkr  li 
lii'l|ili'>s  lly  ill  II  wi'li  'i'lic  iliMi'L'iiril  fnr 
liiiin.'in  lit)',  till'  iiiii|iiiiniiiliiii'il  siniill  |iiiv  |i:i- 
tiint'<  tiiiiiiiiiiir  lie  lly  iiliiiiit,  llic  In  L"_'iiis  iiml /Ai 
liiilil)'  Ml  liny  tiiiii'  III  III'  rill  ilnw  n  liy  lln'  --wiiiils 
iif  till  swiii'i'iiini;  Mini  swiiicl  vvriiiinL'  'iiiiiiii.ii, 
iiiMiJi'  till'  viirlil  III'  ili'Mil  turn  lyiiiL!  in  llir  |iiililii' 
lii'.OnMiys  nut  uiii'iiniiiKHi:  tlmuvli  siiili  m  .viirlil 
wilt     nut     liliil'r    linwrlriillli'    tllMII    tlllil    til'     till' 

lini'ijlily  i|i-i'M*ri|  iMiiciisis  Willi  liM'ij  ill  wiiy-iili' 
huts,  III'  III'  till'  LMiiilili'i's  wjiii,  ill  iniilw  inli'i', 
with  llir  hi-t  sliiril  III  I'liitliin;;  lii>-l  in  ^miiiIiil'. 
shiMTi'il  ill  iili'.iiliiic  imkrilii<"-s  wliilc  wiitrr 
I'tK/.i'  in  till'  sliMili'.  'I'll  lii'lp  11  iiiali  uhii  wiis 
ilrowiiiiiL'.  if  tliiit  iiiiin  Well'  Mil  4I11  iir  liliiiu,  wiis 
lint  tilt'  mil'  with  .lM|>i'iirsi'  hiiiiiiiiiily,  as  lln- 
wiiliT  has  wiinrssiil,  Divnrt'i'  wiis  imt  imly 
liHi  sliMlllillllly  firi|>lrlit.  lull  I'lini'llliillMiri'  W'il'4 
|i>'!ii'ti'-i'i|  in  I'Vi  ry  |iiiivinr<'.  Tlii'  ii|irii  anil 
vl>llili'  li'-iill',  of  >.iirh  a  SIM  inl  roiiilitiiiM  \vi  re 
si'i'ii  lint  iinly  III  aliiiiiihint  a<liill  ili>i'asi'^  iiml  in 
lilt'  jiliysital  t'liiiilitinii  nf  till'  I'liililri'ii,  Imt  alsn 
ill  tlllil'  laii!;iia(;i'  ami  faiiiiliiiiity  wiili  a  kimwl 
nlL'f  iiml  a  Viifaliiilary  wliiili  is  mily  that  of 
ailiilts  in  ino-t  I'niiiitrh'H  nf  (  In  istinilnin. 
Idolairy  anil  rrvoltlii^:  Mi|Mi'-titinii  wtit' I'vt'iy 
wilt  11'  raiii|>aiit.  "  Lnnkinu  at  idolatry  ami  iiii 
lllniality  ill  llir  li'.'lit  nf  nlistat'lfs  In  llif  ri'i'i'|ilinn 
mill  s|iirii|  of  (  liiistiMiiily  ill  .la|iaii."  says  l>r. 
Vi'i'liiik  ill  his  "lli>iniy  of  I'idtt'slatit  .Mi— -ions 
ill  .Ia|iaii."  "it  is  |iinl(MliIy  nuilt'  saft'  In  say 
that  thf  lalirr  will  inovr  to  lit'  tin'  innri'  li'iia 
cioiis  ami  Inrniiilalilr  of  tlii'  two." 

J H [fir  11/ til  !•  lit'  till'  M!x\iiiiiiii  iiH.  'I'lir  lllissjnli 
mils  wlin  laiiii'  in  1S.")!>  n\»\  lali'f  witi'  nlijt'i'ls 
(if  iiiti'iisi'  sii-|iiriiiii  Mill!  I'lost'^t  i'.i|i|onii<r<'.  so 
lliMl  all  iH'i'siiii'.  rniiiniiininitiiiuf  with  lliiiii  wii'i' 
williiii  a  rniijoii  aliiinst  as  iiii|iii  ".'iialili'  a.  llial 
Willi  wliii'h   In  tin-  olil  days  fnii'iirii  ships  win' 

|ir pl'y  and  iMTinalit'iilly  siii  iniiiidid.      'riiiif 

iil'st  liiii'lnrs  wnr.  nf  mri'ssily,  iilliriMl  spiis, 
iitiil  tiny  wrrr  ir'.'Midid  as  rinissiiriis  of  fon  i'_'n 
jinvirnnn  Ills  wlm  had  1  iniir  to  iiiiiii|it  liotli  llii' 
loyally  and  III!' liioi.ils  of  tlu'  |ii'o|il  '  of  "tin' 
Holy  (  iiuiilrv ."  '{'Ill' nm-t  alioiniiialili'  sioiiis 
Wi'lr  illdilsliloiisly  liii'iiJMli'd  MliloiiLr  tlii'  |)iiipli' 
us  to  till'  pinposi',  ilict,  iiioials,  and  ;j:rm  ral 
clmilli'li'l'  of  llirsr  I'livnvs  nf  Clirisl.  Thi' 
writi'i'  has  liiaitl  iiiaiiv  ol  llifsc  ri'jMiits.  oni'i' 
slni't'ii'ly  lii'lii'vril  iiml  laliT  irjrcti'd,  told  l>.v 
slntiii'fat'i'tl  and  laiiLdiini:'  litis  frniii  ni'itiy 
iirnviiii'i's;  and  nil  mill'  askiii'.;  his  si'rv.nii  w  hat 
Ills  idi'ii  nf  (  hrislii,  lit V  was.  ii'i'civiil  fioiii  Ills 
It'irillt'd  and  iiliimst  lilamliid  fai't'  llir  aiiswi  r, 
"  M'l-jiilsn,  ihiiiiKi  mill"  iSontTv,  inasii'ii.  'I'lii' 
lllis.sii)iiiu  ii'S   wt'l'i'   lint   niily   ilnsfly   t'onllniil    In 

thf  ii't'iiiy  pnits.  Imt  rvtn  Ilitif,  nr  nii  tlii'ir 
slinit  Walks  within  thf  .sfVfii  /'/  liiiiil,  wi  ii- 
ill  ilaiiiri'i'  nf  ini'fiidiarisin  mid  assassinatinn 
Diirini;  Ihf  laiiipamy  of  thf  patriolif  i-oninand 
Imtliarian  t'xpilirf.  n  miiiiiImi'  of  foiii;:ni'is, 
Kiiropoiins.  w'fif  iiiiirdurfil.  nfif  11  in  a  cnif  1  ami 


I'liwanllv  niaiiMfr;  for  ihr  iiifiiriitiisl  riilliniDt, 
llioimli  ill  loii'.'iiii'  III  till'  sitniunii  flii.ss,  wiili  its 
iliiipii'siionalily  hi'.'li  soliljirly  idiiils.  iliil  nol 
srl'llplf  to  nil  fioiii  iM'hhid  anil  kill  ji^  disliolinr- 
alilf  sinprisf,  likf  fool  piids  mid  lii;:liwa\iiifii. 
'I'Ih'  inolivf  of  thi'sf  ai'l>  of  IiIimhIsIiiiI,  iiihI 
fvin  thf  allai'ks  in  fori  i-  ii|hiii  tin'  liL'iitioiis, 
was  pairiniif.  thf  Mikado  rfvirfiitfrs  tlfsirini^ 
aliovf  all  Ihiii'.'s  to  1  inhroil  Ihf  'rw'onii  nnil 
Vfdo  L'ovt  iiiiiifi't.  hy  vvjili'li  llif  iri'iitii's  win- 
sifriifti,  with  fon'iirii  irovfrniiiinis  imil  tliiix 
Wfiikfii  thf  nliifft  of  thfir  lialrfil,  hi  that  Ihf 
Mikado  nii^lit  fniiif  iiiln  jijs  mii  jint  >iipii'niai'v. 
In  i.llnr  wmils.  iminy  liirsn-in;;  lilM-nils  vf  ili  i| 
llirir  larutr  and  iiohlir  piir|N>s«'  iimlir  thf  irv 
of  "  l'!\pfl  thf  lolfi;:nfr,  '  anil  soiii;|it  Ihils  In 
prfcipilatf  till'  rfvollllioll  of  lN4p4,  uinj  in  hnstfli 
thf  L'tHid  liiiif  whifli  now  Ihiy  Ifliohl.  llioiiuli 
it  has  I'onif  in  viry  tillTfifiit  plias«'  from  thf 
iiiiaL'fs  in  thrlr  tlifiiiiis  Nfithi  r  thf  iiiission. 
Ill  ii  '  iior  llif  loK'ii,'!!  liiploiiiais  foiild  thin  stf 
what  is  now  so  r  li-ar;  ami  In  Ihf  pil//lfil  fnvo>  s 
of  Ihf  'ritatv  I'liwfrs  it  was  likf  playiii;;  an 
inliifiitf  u'linif  with  11  Inntl  Ixliiiiil  whlili  was  11 
(III lain.  'I'riif  to  tlifir  lonsifiatid  |>liiposf, 
Ihf  iiiissjotiarifs  toilfd  on  in  tlif  kiiiL'iioin  niid 
pill  if  lift'  of  .li'siiv  Clirisl,  ilis|M'lliiiK  siispifioii, 
com  ilialiiiL'  haliisl.  ami  fnliu'litfliiii;:  iL'tniriiliff. 
'I'hiy  iHaslrri'd  thf  laiii;iiiii!f  Willi  11  jifinif  dili 

irt'iiff   whirli    III who  livf  in  ihfsr  i|ii\s  of 

^naininais.  ilif liniiariis,  nml  iifiirly  n  full  'ippa 
raliis  nf  liniriiisiii'  a<'i|iiisiiioii  fiui  Inil  faintly 
I'fiili/f  'In  IfMiii  .!a|>aiifs4' thfli  from  tfafhfr.s 
who  foiild  mil  tfiifli  fMipl  as  thfy  wen-  slowly 
laii'.'lil  to  ill. part,  was  inlhi-r  likf  Ihf  lliusriilur 
lalioi  f \pfiiilftl  upon  II  pump  than  lln-  miasiirf- 
a  I  ill'  intfllfi'tiiid  work  of  to  da  v. 

Sniniiifiri/iiJ  IliK'ili".  \>*'>'J  ]'*','i.  Wlifii  how- 
I'M  I.  llif  iifw  fi'a  had  Ih'I'ii  iishfnil  in  liy  the 
foi'iiiiilioii  of  a  nativf  <  hiisliaii  fhiiiili.  anil  tlir 
old  oi'dt  I  had  fiiaii;:i'd.  IIm'M'  wiii-  thf  risiitls  |<i 
III' siiniinarl/.fd:  A  tnosi  rfiiiarkalih  iiindilifatinn 
of  triiipir  anion;;  ollifiid  anil  iiitliiintial  iiifii  to 
Wards  thf  iidssionariis,  wliiili  n  iiiimlid  oiii' of 
a  I'haliv'f  of  fliliialf  lns|i:ii|  of  linsiijiiy, 
Mispifinii,  or  ('tiiitfiiipi,  ihfii'  L'rfw  up  a  spirit 
of  ri'spi'ft  for  Ihf  iiiissiiiiiiiiifs.  nmj  of  ini|iiirv 
foiH  t'i'iiiiiL'  tilt*  tiiitli  whifli  tlit'V  so  niihly 
ailoiiifd  liy  thi'ir  ImIhus.  ami  fliaiartfr.  'llif 
piililif  foiillilini  f  had  Imi'Ii  L'liinid.  and  thus 
llii  lirsl  f^ri'iil  pii  paialioii  liiadf  for  tinal  siif- 
(fss;  wliilf  nil  Ihf  part  nf  Ihf  fiixoy-  of  (  hrist 
thf  vi'rnai'iilar  laii'.'iiairf  hail  Imi'm  niMstirtd, 
ami  II  nntalilf  ipianiily  of  iiitlin  ntial  lilfiiity 
Work  h.iil  III  1  II  iloiif.  Ih'-idfs  ihi'  lini.'iiistif 
nianiials  ol  .Mr.  I.JL'-.'iiis  miil  |lr.  Ilrown.  Ihf 
inaLriiilii  fill  dii  lionary  of  llr.  lit  phiiiii  liail  lufii 
iiiadf  and  w  iilfly  list  i|.  |'!vi  11  iiinrf  iiii|Hirl.'iiit 
had  III')  II  till'  importation,  silf.  and  faui-r  rititl- 
iii'_' of  thf  llililf  in  Ihf  (  hiiifsf  M  isioii.  whifh 
llif  .lapani'-f  '^'fiitry  foiild  tnsily  |M'iiisf.  A 
niiiiihf  r  of  voluim  s  of  <  hristiiin  liiiniliirf.  n  il- 
ahly  l>r.  W  A  I'  .Marlins  Kvidi  1111  s of  Chris 
litiiiity,  sn  fniind  favor  ainoii'.;  thf  .l,'i|uiiif  m- .  thai 
tli'positorli's  for  llif  s:i|i'  of  liiHiks  Wire  npfiiftl 
in  'rnUyii  lllld  III  Vnknhaillil.  I'olliolis  of  lh(- 
itililf  had  hfi'ii  Iraiisl.'iifd  into  .lapantsf,  ttif 
writer  niakiii'j  use  of  |»r.  Ilfplnirn's  and 
liidwn's  translations  of  thf  (ios|M'ls  in  Ki  lii/.i'ti 
tarly  in  l>*TI.  On  .SpU'mlMr'.^Mh.  I(<7'i.  a  liiriro 
I'liiivfiiiion  of  iiiissioiiiirif s  anil  others  imt  iit 
^'nkohama.  In  arriitii;e  fnr  cn'tipfnititiii  in  thf 
I'l'iiilerini;  nf  the  wholf  iiihU-  into  the  vfrntifii- 
lai,  a  wink  whifh  after  niiiiiy  vifissitiidfs  wiih 
iniiiplftftl    ill     1WS7.      'l"hc    iitiii'Hiiiiii    of    tlio 


JAPAN 


4».'> 


JAPAN 


Viiiiii;?  Imil  iMrn  rtirri'il  •«  by  Mr*.  Il«-iiliiirn, 
^lisM  Kiililrr  III  till-  Fi-rri*  >»miiwtT.  Mr.  niiil 
.Mi'H,  Ciirinllii'is  ill  'I'okv'*.  Mr^.  rniyii  aii'l  the 
Lmlii's  iif  III)'  Aiut'iifiin  >liwi>'«t  II<4im-.  mmI  liy 
dtlii'i'  iiiisxiciiiiirir".  iiimI  ninny 'if  iImm- who  are 
iniw  iiiiiiiiii;  llii-  mini  ndivr  ami  f<-al<Mi>i  ('ll^iv 
lillll  iiii'ti  Mini  N«iiiiii'ii  in  tttr  J»\mtm-^  cIiumIu-h 
iiri'ivril  tht'ir  lir^t  i-iili^rlili-niiM-ul  in  iIh-m! 
m'IhmiIi.  wliii'li  liiivi'  '<iiii'i-  \m-rt*uf  t-4Ar  in«lilii' 
lloiis,  u  ii'liiin^ii  \«  iilc  .-itHi •!•«-)>  iiilliKiMi-.  Mm! 
Iriil  iiil-^inii  wiirk  i->|n-«iaH»  in»l»-r  l»r.  Ili'ii- 
liiini,  liiiil  liri'ii  •>ii':iilily  iti^amiin:;  ■•rajuilit-)-, 
mill  iiiiikiiii;  xiil  |ili>e«  fi>r  ihi-  r««»|"  i.  'I"iitli«' 
fiirt'i;:!!  |i<i|iiiliiil>iii  li.'ul  U>n  :n<ii  tliiircli. 
siililiiilli  ^I'liiHij,  iiidI  i'f|ii<-nl»-'i.-«l  |>rit'ih-:r>'>  !•>'  Ill*' 
iiil-«iiiiiiiiii-.,  w  ln>liiri;»ly  •»i>l»-»l  :<•  knu  pun-  tlir 
Miciiil  Mil-  of  |Hi>|ilf  |(ri.f'~»-inj  I  iiri*4uiiiiy.  Ihii 
llvini!  ill  rnniiirl  ^illia  li>^lb<ni>fn  ibiit  m:i'. 
<'s|M'i'iiilly  i|i'-ii^lri>ii'<  ti>  iIh-  nw-raU  of  lioili 
-liiu'li'  mill  iiiiiriii'il  nil ».  Id<i.  Imii  i>o1  I<-;i>i, 
wi'i'i' llir  wiiiiiiiii;  of  -oiiIh  an<l  iIm-  lK<|>ii'>Mi  of 
till'  liriivi'  |iioiirirH  of  iIh-  (hri^iuiiu  lluil  now 
IMoiiiioi'i  to  -|iri';ii|  otcr  ull  Ja|ian.  't'i<«-  writi  r. 
who  wiiH  not  II  iiii>sii>n.iry,  Imii  an  i>rrsiii/<T  of 
i'i|ili':itio!i  ill  tlif  <'iii|>loy  of  Ihr  Ja|<aiiix'  <iov 
t'lnnirjit,  mii|  wlio  frmii  l**7il  lo  I'^'i  •mvh  t\n- 
li'.'lil-'  mill  iliinloA<t  of  inK-H^nn' lif<-.  Inlii'Vi-s 
tliiit  iiolliin>;or  i;r)vilcr  ini|»>nan<->- l«i  ll«- kiiii; 
tliiiii  of  (  liti'-t  ill  l>;ii  Ni|»|»4i  li-»  lii'<ti  iloiii' 
>-iiirc  III!'  i|iiHliiil  V'lir  «>f  I^T'i  iluifi  »»■«  i|i>ni' 
ii'>lilv,  iin-rili'lily.  iitiil  Itiofoiirtiir  liy  iIm-  lirNt 
iiii'<Moimi'ii"i,  ulio  loiUft  iik<-  «i4lkiii<ti  in  tt 
r;iiHson,  iiii.'ilili-  to  SJ1-.  f\ff|4  in  failli,  llif- 
s|>lriiili<l  "iiiHT^inii'tiin- that  l>a.«  «inr<- ari>«-ii  to 
^linliji'ii  nil  (  liri^triiiloni. 

'/•//(!     .S,r,„„l     I'.ritKl.      l''7-»-l>«i»  — Tiiniinii 

II'IVV  to  MllVcy  lilt    •^■rotMl    ln-rVal.  f«-f»«'«-||    \s',:% 

mill  IMMI.  »i-  art'  Klnitk  «hb  iIk-  iiil<-n-*t 
iiwiiki'iii'il  ill  .l:i|>;tti  iiiiioii'^  maBr  <->Minin<-*  hikI 
.HiH'iclii'M.  'rill'  station^,  ain-atir  fniiMii  wen- 
rcinriirri'il,  ami  llii-  hi-'orr  ••(  Ibir-  \<-<<-r]in  iiii->- 
sioiiarif*  i-*  oiif  of  sti':iilr  |»r»ffT»r«»,  al  wliH-li  our 
Npiirr  will  iHTiiiit  lit  only  !•>  staoo-  In  tin- 
olili'sl  inissiiin.  tin-  AiiM-riian  K|i(x'>i]rtl.  iww 
Work  was  otalili^liol  in  oili»-r  f-ii*-«.  tin-  I'ravcr 
ItiMik  Mini  i.lliiT  riiri'-tiiin  liimlun-  wa-n-  /iir 
iiisliril  till' .iMpmit'^-  in  ttit-ir  ••«n  l<«i;nu-.  ninl 
I'lliii'MliiiiiMl  Work  rarrHtl  on  ilt-^iiit-  iIm-  I<i«'«-4 
ill  jii  iMiiiiiii  /•M)i\  iiialirial  ^vik-jili.  r<-<iM>vi<l.  ami 
liri'.  In  ISItlt  III)'  <  liiiri  >i  \li^~ii<nni  Sa-H-ly.  in 
\H':i  the  SiM'ii'ly  for  iIh-  l*ro|afali<<«  of'  tin- 
<ios|i('l.  ill  1H7;  ili<'  .S^-Mr  fi<  lYiMiiotiiii; 
I''i'IiimIi'  I'Minatioii  in  iIh-  lla-l'  ami  in  !<«<«<  Ili<- 
WM-lilTi'  (  iilli'!.'!'  Mi^<i<>n  i4  (  anxla.  ••iiti-ri'"! 
.Im|imii  III  join  ill  liir  '.;oa>l  wtirk.  iiivk-r  iIm- foniii 
ol  Mil'  K|ii>i'ii|iMl  |>olity  :iii>l  nir«h<al>.  in  wiiiili 
tlii'V  liavi'  iiiiitiially  ai<li->l  t-M-lt  •4iti  r.  iIm-  irn-il 
rilii's  111  tin-  i'iii|iir<'  ln'iii^  •-•|»'»fi''U  <«tii|iii-l. 
'I'lii"-!'  iiriiaiii/  ilioii..  !ir>'  iitr(»|  iirfl*  r  iIh-  iiiiinc 
ol  llir  Ni|i|>Mii  S.i  Kokw:ii.  ••r  tti<-  l|.^%  <  linn  li 
olJaiiMii.  liMviiiL'  l'.»  orjini/ni  •  biin-{H->.  wiili 
:i.  r.'.' niiiiiiiiiiiiiaiil  iiD'iiilifr*  In  l''>^.  on  tin- 
i<"<ii;liMlion  of  lli->liii|i  Witlianf.  iIh-  l^■v. 
I'MvvunI  Alilioit.  |»  ■>.••<  <°:tnil>ri>l:.'<-  Mn--'. 
WMs  a|i|iniiiti'i|  Hi.jiop  t.f  J.iixtn.  ImiI  <i<v  linol 
llii'  iio'-itiiiii.  Wliili'  II  (Mir  ■Jaiiiiti*  an-<ii^-ti|iiit|. 
Ill"'  Aiiii'riran  Kpix-otnl  tlinn-h  hsv«-  their 
lii'iiili|iiarli'rs  in  Tokyo,  with  lat-oty  iiii'>'>ion 
mil's,  Mini  I'Mi'lliiil  s<h<i«>ls.  wish  rariail  appli- 
Miiri's  ami  t'ai'iliii<->.  now  l»-inz  t-nhrsnl.  Ovikii 
is  iH'i'ii|ii('i|  with  foiirt<'»'n  nii<oi>«uri<-<'.  and  a 
lir;.^!!!!!!!'.'  Iiiis  U'lii  tn;i<l>'  .•»«  Nan.  iJh-  anciinl 
(Mpilal  of  .lapmi.  In  twt'ir.  T<JO  aixl  7VI  ah.  ninl 
oni' of  tin' si\ty  capital  iifir>  kn-*«n  iu  lii'>lory. 
Tlu!  I'liurrh  of    Kn:;laml    3l>«««tan    SK-icty, 


iiiorc  wiili'spM'iiij  in  its  ii|M'rations,  Iiim  pinnrrti 
its  pii'sliylrrs  or  Icacliris  in  Tokvo.  •  Kuk.i. 
'rokiisliinia.  N'iii.'asaki,  Kiikimka.  r^ninaniofo. 
Kiisliiio,  llakiKliiii',  ami  Malsiiyr',  ii-  l.ir'.rf>l 
stalioii  liciii^' (Niikii.  with  fi>iirtr«-n  iiii-<iiiiiiirir'*. 
'I'lir  SiH'ii'lN  I'm  III!'  l'ropa|.'iilioii  of  lln-  I>ok|»-I 
liavr  stations  in 'rok>i>  mill  KoIh',  the  \Vy<  lilTi* 
(  olli'^e  .MiN«ioii  of  'roi'oiilo  liavini;  <  h<«^n 
Niif-'oya  for  lis  lia^i- of  operation".  The  I  hiireh 
of  l',ii:;lmiil  /eiiMimSoeiety.  w  ho«e  work  i'-ainon-.' 
Ill)' .iMpani'^e  woini'li  at  their  homes.  Ini..  a  l.'uir 
worker  al  Nii;.';isaki.  (Isaka.  ami  >liii'<iifr. 
respeelively.  Till'  lailies  of  Saint  I'aiil.  .Ximn. 
eiiileil  Mission,  w  ho  ale  ili'Mione—eN  w  ho  nnfar. 
leiieli.  ami  pertuini  vaiioii-i  <'liri>liaii  s«rTii'r. 
lixe  in  TokMi,  The  Soeiety  for  i'roMiofinx 
Feiiiah-  Kililiatiotl  have  two  ImiIv  leai  her>  al 
Osika.  The  Di'st  hi'.lnip  of  the  Kiejli'-h  I  liiinb 
in  .lapaii.  Uev.  Dr.  I'oole.  wa--  iip|Miinleil  in 
l-^**:!.  Ihe  present  ineiiiiilienl.  Iti'.-ht  Itev  K 
Itiekersieth,   lives  ill    rokyo.  mnl  with  him  arr 

assiN'iaieil  till 'Ier<.ry men,   two  of   win  rii  arr 

hixliop's  ehaplaiiis.  The  Knulish  liishop  |iit'<  oTt-r 
si^'lit  over  "J  iirilnleiieons,  oMr  'JO  Kiiro|i«nin  iin>l 
>4  •lapaiie>e  ('lei;:y,  ami  a  niiiiilM'r  of  la\  workrr>. 
Tlieie  are  How  Kni'lisli  i  lilirehes  more  or  Irs* 
■  lireelly  cotitiei'leil  with  the  l''.>lMlili>he<l  <  hliri  h 
in  nio-t  of  Ihe  eiliesaml  porl^  o|>iii  to  fori'i',rnrr«. 
The  work  of  the  ehiiiihes  ami  soeielies  of  fh^ 
lipi^iopal  oilier  has  i.'|veii  miol  irralifyin'^ 
siiiiis  of  proini'-e  ami  ilierease,  i -iHiinliy  iliirin-,f 
Ihe  past  live  Mars,  ainl  etilMr'.'enieiit  >4^'iie<  now 
Ihe  ili'.ire  of  llmse  al  home  ami  in  ihe  field 
The  I  look  of  ( 'mil  1 1  loll  I'rayer  ha"  for  >ome  seitrn 
Iki'Ii  in  the  liMinls  nf  the  .lapaiie-4  in  their 
iiaiive  imiLTue,  ami  in  mi  en^y  tlowiiu'  lrin'<l:i 
lion  is  m.w  piililisheil  in  hotli  the  nalivi'  -•  rifit 
iiinl  Hmnaii  letter.  In  the  traii^latinn  of  titr: 
llilile  inio  the  union  or  stainlMiil  versii.n.  rh** 
Kpi'-eopal  iiii-^imiMries,  e-peeially  Ihe  |Ci-v.  I*. 
K.  Kysoii,  have  taken  hiiiioralili'  part.  Th*-r 
piihlish  two  periiHlieiils,  one  of  whieli  repri-^nr* 
Ihe  "  hit;h  "  mill  the  other  the  •"low"  ?h»-ory 
of  the  (hiireh,  IIS  helil  liy  Christiiins  who  n-tr 
Ihe  ItiMik  of  ( 'oiiimoii  rriiyi'r. 

The  ehiirehes  ami  soeielies  laliorini;  aer'ori|in',r 
111   the    I'resliylerial    polily    have    In  en    imili  it. 
Mini'  IHT7,  in  one  ^■ene|■al   orLrani/aiioii   in  eon 
lieetioii      with     the     native    liiileil    (hnreli    of 
Cliiist  in  .lap. III.     Of  these  the  .\nnriean   l*r»-»- 
liMeriaii  (  hiiicli,  ihe  Uefonneil  I  |)iiti  111  Churi  h 
in  .\iinriea,  ami  llie  liiiled  (  hnreh  of  thri-f  in 
.lapaii  (ii.itivei  wile  Ml  woik  lufote  1h7;!      ."•tm-f 
lliMl  MMI  the  rniled  I 'res!  ly  lei  Imii  •  hiireh  of  >fi.t 
land  ill  INM.  the  Helnriiied  liieriiiMii  »<  hiirih  in 
the   I  liited  Slates  in     jsiTll.  Ilie     SmulnTIii   l'r»s 
liyltriaii  <  liiinh  in  the  I  nited  Stale-  -irne  '.'^'t. 
have    joineil    fmees    to    the     iiii-«ionMry    :tmiy 
Willi    tills    lm'i;e    union    oiL'ani/.ilion    ihe    l:»dy 
ini«s|oiiMi lis  of  the  Woinmi  s   I'nion  .Mis»ion:«ry 
Soi  illy  1  f  .\iiieiieM  Mte  MMiliated.      The<'iimf»-r 
iMtnl  I'le-liyl'riMii  Cliureh.   w  hieli  Im'.'.ui  wofk 
in  .lapMii    ill    |Hm,    nialiilained    an    inde|ienflt>M 
or'jMiii/alion  until  |HM!I,   liul  i«  imw    part   of  ibr 
iiiilniiof  ehim  lie  laliorlnL'  ill  emineetlon  «  Irh  fh»» 
I   tilled  <   llU tell  111  .lapmi.    The  .\iiieriean  l*rt"«>iy 
terl  III  .Mis-imi  has  stMlionsat  ^'okoh:iinii.  Tokyo. 
Osjikii,    KmiM/.awa.    Iliroshiina.    Sap(><'ro.    awl 
Kyoto,  the  Im  irest  foiee,  "Jll  missionaries    Ix-inz 
ill  Tokyo,  w  here  also  is  loealed  their  preimritory 
M'hiKil.  eolle(.'e,  and  Iheoloirieiil  >eiiiiniirv.  form 
iiiL'    their    sii|ierli   edueiitioiial     lie-titullon.    rlir 
.Meiji  litikiiin,  oi  ('olleL'i'  of  the  Km  of  Knliirhl- 
eni  d    I'eaci'.     .\l    KMiia/awii,   in    Kaira.   on  the 
\vu.st  eoiLsl,  iiri'  111,  unil  Hi  O.siikii,  tMiii-wiooa/ka^ 


■If 


m<i 


I 


JAPAN 


tIMI 


JAPAK 


'J 


llic  iiiiiil  foriT  iiiiMilN-riii);  <W  AiiK'ricHii-'.  'I'lic 
Kctciiiiii'il  I  l>uti'lii  (  liiiicli  ill  Aiiii'dta  liiivc  iit 
^'■■kiiliiiiiiii  II  MiivoiiiiiitricM,  7  <>f  mIhuii  iiri'  in 
IIh'  Kriiis  Sciiiiii.ir.v  fur  iiiiU.  Tlii'if  niv  iil-ui 
Hi'liiHils  III  'I'lilts II  iiimI  Ntii;ii>iiiki,  wiili  N  iiii-wiiiii 
iirirs  III  t'lii'li  |iliirr.  uiiil  '.' :il  .Miiriiikii.  'I  In- II 
IllissiniMiiirH  III  ilii'  (lliti'il  I'li'-'livliTiaii  Cliiilcli 
III'  Niillniiil  all'  in  'Tiikvn  Tlir  (liiiiiialii 
lirlMinii'il  ('liiiirli  ill  llii-  lliilnl  Mall'-  lia-< 
lliilli'llii  rnnlinril  ils  ii|ii'liiliiiM-  In  lllr  IliI'L'i'  lily 
III'  Srinlai.  ill  iIk'  niiilli.  anil  imw  rriirlnil  liy 
riiih\a\  Ikiiii  TiiUnii.  'I'lirrr  arc  t-i^flil  liii--iiiii 
mil  >  III  llii-i  rliunli  ill  till'  lii'lij.  Till'  Aiiirt'iraii 
l'ir-li\  li'iian  Mi-siiin  iSiiiiiId  liavr  II tiiis.-iiiiiai ii's 
III  Km  hi,  7  III  Na;;iiyii.  ami  :i  nl  liikiisliiiiiii. 
'I'lir  I  iiiiiliri'Iani|  I'll -liyti'iiaii  (  liiiri  li  lia-  tuiir 
Klalinii".  Iliriliiil'  iiiic  III  iiii:  al  I  isika,  wlnii' 
nil'  11  !iii-siiiiiMiir!4,  :l  lii'ini:  lit  Wakayiinia,  1  at 
NaLiiiva.  ami  iiiir  al  ^'ukkai-lii,  in  l»r.  'I'lii- livi' 
laily  iiiis'.iiiii.iri.'>  111'  llii'  Wninaii's  rninn  .Mi> 
!>iiiiiary  Surii'ly  nl  Aiiirrira  livr  at  Yiii\iiliiitiia. 
wlii'i'i'  '■iiii'i'  IMil  ilii'  Aiinriraii  Miv-.iiiii  llmii)' 
liii'<  InTii  ilniii'^  a  iiiililf  ssnik  in  lin-  III  li\r  tiain 
Iiil;  III'  L;ii'ls  III  niakr,  llll,  anil  ailimi  initiM' 
('iiiioliiin  liHiiii'H.  In  It  iiiiinlii  r  nl  iii'-liiin  r-> 
Anii'riraii  I  liri>liaii  wuiiirii  Ii.im-  siiii.'l\  ami 
iiliiiir  i;iiiir  In  livr  anil  li'ai'li  aiiiniii;  tlir  .la|iaili'>i' 
in  llir  inlriiiii'.  ami  -nw  llir  lii  -i  w-nls  ol  (  liii- 
liaiiily.  In  nmri'  iiiiiiii'iihh  iii-tanir>,  vaiimi- 
|iail.s  uf  llll'  riiii'H  alii'iiily  riili ml  liy  iiiali' 
ini>'-iiinarirs  air  niltivalril  liy  I  liri»tiiiii  laily 
tnii'liris,  vvliii  Hiinii  irallii'i'  in  ami  asM'iiililr 
arniinil  llirin-i'lvrs  lioiixrlinlil-  iir  niilivi'  }!irli, 
wliiiin  liny  li'.'iiii  in  llii'  iili'ii- uf  (  liii-tiaii  |iiiiity 
anil  riiiiM  rniliiili.  I'riilialil>  in  im  nllirr  ciniiil  > 
liavr  llir  irslill-'  iif  ^Mllllall''^  wmk  fur  wnllii'. 
Iiri'ii  iniii'i'  iiiiiniri">l  ami  wiilr  iracliiii'.;.  I M  llir 
71  iliiliilirs  iimliT  llll-  I'll -liylriiiili  pnlily,  It 
itir  iialivr  -I'll' --niiiioriinL',  ami  l>>*  aii'  iimlir 
liii-siiiiiaiy  iiii'-|iin's.  ilir  laiiir  liaviiii;  a  niriiilirr 
-■liiji  III  ri,i:>l  iiii'ii,  II.HIIO  wiiinin.  l.-.'IOi|iililri'ii, 
iir  a  liilal  nf  10, l)l|.  'I'lir  ihiysi'liiHiN  liavc 
'■ij>\'i  ami  llir  Siimlav  sriiiiiils  5  lil)ltsrliii|iir>.  tlir 
•  tliriiliii;iral  scliniils  liavr  ,Mt  stiiilrnlM  wliilr 
illl  niitivi'  iniiii-<lrrs  iiml  17  niiiirilaiiiiil  iiri'iirliiis 
III'  lii'ljirrs  iiiliiir  witli  llll-  iiii-'<iiiniiri<'s.  All  tlir 
ilriiiiiniiialiiiiis  I'Mi'diiraLTi'  tin-  ili'sirr,  wliirli 
iiriiriiiali'H  » itii  llir  .lii|iiiiii'si-  llii'insrlvcs,  to  Iir 
H'lf  siiiipiMtini.';  ami  in  t'l'iiiriil  llii'  siicrf-i  nf 
all  limlii's  lias  III  Til  liiiist  fiialifx  iiiir,  tliriillllialril 
I'll  hylrrial  iliiirrlii'M  ri|iiirliiiir  Ilii-  iintivi' 
Clirisii'iii  I'niilriliniiniis  fnriill  |iiir|in>i's,  in  |n,s|i, 
III  IM,07l.ll  VIII,  or  I  ji'ii  'Ilici'iilH  I',  pi.  (jrnlil, 
III  #l','.s;ti. 

Ill  iliiiM'  rliiirclii-M  which  wcniny  i^miijuiiiili'r 
llir  ^'ri'iil  family  nf  Itapli^tH,  tin-  lariri'-t  mi-.- 
sinnaiy  fnnc  is  i'|ii|iIiimi|  liy  tlic  Aliirricali 
Ma|iiisl  Missinniir\  I'ninii.  Krv.  .Innatliuti 
(tnlilr  lii-L'illl  Wni'k  al  Vnkniiaina  in  IMio.  Iir 
\vii'<  I'nllnwi'il,  aliiiiil  I'li'Vrn  yi'ais  lalrr.  liv  Hrv. 
Nalliiin  Kinwn.  I>.  |)..  wlmliiiil  lalimi'il  in  Assam. 
Ilnlli  llii'si'  lii'i'lliri'ii  liicaini'  traiislalnrs  nf  tlir 
llnly  Sl'ri|lllll^^  .Mr.  (inlili'  issiiinL'  tlii' (iiis|ii'l 
nf  Si.  .Malllii'W  in  Ilic  nalivr  script  in  IMd, 
this  lii'iiiL'  till'  lii'si  piilillcatjnii  ill  .l.'ipan  nf  the 
Hcripliii'cs  ill  .lapaiii'sc.  I»r.  Ihnwn's  vcrsii.n  nf 
the  iiiliic  New  'rcsiaini'iit  wasclcirantly  piintcil 
iinil  piililislii'il  in  \'*xi>.  the  Itaptisi  prim  iple  nl 
cninpletc  Irtiiislatinii  inin  the  vcriiainhir  nf  evei  y 
■wnrd  except  pmper  naiiies  lieiii^;  strictly 
fnllnwi'il.  The  American  Itaptists  nnw  have 
Btatloiis  at  Tnkyi),  Vnknhaiiia.  Knlie,  .''ihiiiin 
niweki,  Semliil,  Fiikiishiiiiii.  ami  Mnrinka, 
boftiiles  preaching;  at  iiniin  imis  smuller  phii'es, 
89  in  all,    uliere   inis.siiii,aries   iln   nut    rcxldu. 


Their  Inlal  fnrcc  nf  IlllMNiiinarleN  U  IMI,  ami  their 
nrpiiii/.eil  chiiri'hes  niiinlH'r  II,  vvilh  a  iiii  iiiImt 
Hliip  nf  lliVI.  'I'lie  iippaiiiliis  nf  liny .  Iimiiilinjr, 
iiml   Siiiiilav  scIiiniIh,    llnnln^lcnl   Heiiiiniir\  unil 

schnnl  Inr  Hillle  WnlllCtl,  is  Wl  II  I'lllplny I'll.  I  ll(> 
Kn^'lish  llapljsts  lietran  nperatiniis  in  |H7li.  i||i> 
l{i'\.    \V.   .1.    While  mill   will    in  Ti'k,\n  In  Inv; 

still  the  nlily  fiirei|:tl  liilei'  iinplnxiil,  lillt  Ml 
nut  staliniis  arcservi  il.  ami  I  here  me  'j  nrLiinl/iil 
chilli  Ill's  with  'Jim  tiMiiil'i'is,  lii'siili's  a  ihi  i>|ii)ii. 
cal,ila_\,  mill  Saliliath  si  Imnl.  The  I  lisciph's  nf 
(  hrisi.  w  llll  have  staliniis  in  Tnk\n,  >liiiiiai, 
ami  Akitii.  Iiaxc  nnw  a  Iniie  nf  li  inissiniimie«, 
ami  lie^'iin  ilieir  \Miik  in  l^^<:l.  Tlieii  ■  no 
chinch  thus  far  nr$:iitii/cil  has  151  iiieiiilii  r-.  mii| 
Iheil  II  Siimla.\  schnnls  lia\e  MHI  pupils  '|  hi< 
(  hiisliaii  (  hull  h  III  Aiiiiiica  lm\e  I  iiiissimi 
mies.  Iti'Liiiniii^j  in  I^>h;,  tin  y  Ihim' :I  nivmii/ol 
chiirchcs  wiih  )i:i  mi  iiiIh'|>.  ami  their  7  >iiiiilay- 

hchnnls     |:;.*i    scllnllirs  The     It'lplist     Isnlllliern 

(niiM'tiiinn  .sent  tin  ii  Iniir  missinnmies  in  .In  pan 
in  isMI.  Il  \\ill  he  seen  I  hat  mnnnvr  the  live 
InissinliM  iilinvc  llescrilicil,  ulinse  \Mi|k  is  enin 
pMiati\clv  new  ,  CM  n  the  liiii|nritN  nf  the  inissjnii 
mils  nf  till' Ann  I'icaii  llnpiist  .Misslnimix  (  ninti 
having.'  Inil  iciiiitl\  iirii\ei|  in  the  eniiii!i  \ .  thai 
the  liielliiKls  nf  nr^iilii/ln;.'  cnliverts  mill  (if 
liiiililiim  chnri  lies  vaiy.  Willi  snme  the  aim  \n 
In  jjrather  very  small  hmlies  nf  In  lievels  ipiiekly 
ilitn  I'nn^'reL'lllinlls  mill  In  Inrm  chinches,  while 
ill  ntlii  r  ciises  it  Is  thniiL'ht  lie^t  In  lie^'in  with 
ti  llchitl^^  ami  cspeeinllv  Siilnliiy  schnnl  NVnrk, 
ami  wait  until  tin  chiiii'ln  s,  w  In  n  fniiiinl.  shiill 
lie  cnlnparatively  strniii;  iiml  iiiimerieall\  lar).'e. 
Helf  Hiippnrt  is  eiicniira^eil.  ami  l,liiillyin  \\cii> 
cnlitiiliilteil  liy  the  niilives  nf  this  ^Inllp  nf 
<  hiirches  iliiriiiu'  1H><!I,  ami  the  iininher  nf  cnn- 
Mils  liapli/eil  iliiiin/.'  the  snme  year  Mas  ','^7. 
The  first  Itiiplisi  cliiirch  \mis  nr;.'ani/.i'i|  at 
Vnknhaiiia  iMmih  '.'il,  IK',:\,  anil  the  tir-t  in 
'Inkvn  May  Mill,  IH;i1. 

'I  ill'  churches  <ii>riiiii/t  (I  iiccorilin^  to  thii 
('nn^rc^'iilinnal  )inlily  are  iiiili  pi  liilctit  native 
clniiches,  Hcrvcil  liy  'i  liiis>iii|iiii  ies,  iinil  these 
w  hie  II  lire  iiiiiler  the  care  nf  the  Ainericaii  llnmij 
nf  (  ninmissinncrs  fnr  l''nrcii:n  Mis.siniis,  The  H'i 
missinnariesnf  the  A.  II.  ('.  F.  Al.  live  in  llicitli  s, 
serving'  nut  lllo  nut  stiitionx.  iinil  w  iih  the  native 
lirethreli  iitleiul  In  K  •  rL'iilii/eil  <h  lire  lies,  nf 
which  ;1H  me  whnlly  self  Mippnrtinn,  In  ll<MI 
1,1117  iiiliilt  cniiveiis  were  hapti/.eil,  iinil  Ihe 
liicnilH'rship  cniisists  nf  ri.'.'HII  men,  4,0.VJ  woni 

en,  tntal  ll.ill.'l.  FiVr  lin\s'  iHilinlilljr  HclninlH 
have  l.TiHIl  pupils,  mill  II  sclinnls  fnr  ^rirls  1,.V,"J, 
tntal  :i,OU'.';  the  IIH  Siiml'iy  i-chnnls  havilij.'  7.mM) 
schnlars.  'I'lie  thenln^ieiil  schnnl  in  Kyntn  liiui 
Ml  sliiileiits.  'I'hirly  native  ministers  anil  116 
preachers  mill  Inlpeis  assist  in  Ihe  w>irk.  lU'- 
friniiiiiL' in  IMillal  Knhewilh  l{ev.  II.  ('  (ireenv 
mill  wife,  the  fnree  nf  Ihe  American  ('niij.'rt;- 
;;atinniilisN  in  1H7)I  ntiiiiliereil  'III.  nf  w  linm  l-t 
w ere  iirilaiiieil  missinnmies  anil  lit  iinmarricil 
wniiieii.  In  IH7.'),  tlirniifrh  the  ciilerprise  nf 
llev.  .Ins4'pli  Neesjmii,  a  .lajiiiliese  cnlivi  rteit 
lliinii^li  the  reaililii:  nf  the  lijlili'  ill  ('liiliCM-, 
mill  al  the  i.\|M'!i<e  mnl  tliinll;:h  the  per- 
snniil  ciicniira^'emeiit  nf  llnii  Alpheiis  Manly, 
Ihiilniii.'hJv  eilllcMleil  III  si  Imnl,  ciilli).'!'.  ainl 
SI  iniiiaiy  \'i  ihe  I  nileil  Stales.  Ihe  I  In  shi-sha  or 
due  Kinleavnr  Snciely  was  nri.'iilii/.i  il  in  Ky'it«» 
w  itii  tlilie  meiiilieis.  This  si  Imnl  has  hecniiie 
a  t'leat  (  hiistiaii  I'liiversiiN,  haviiiv  a  tliniisnml 
sluilents,  atiil  finlii  il  have  In  en  ^iininnlcil 
Hcnres  nf  unlive  pieailieis  nf  the  jfnspel.  After 
uttttiniliK  the  must  extrnniiliiiai  \  iiilliieiice  nver 


JAPAN 


407 


JAPAN 


III  It 
rii'.l 
<•  of 
iiiil 

IK  X', 

Illy. 

Mini 

liii  nr 
>ti> 

■  Mil- 

i~;iliil 
null  il 
Aft.r 

liVrr 


his  I'oiiiitiyiiD'ii,  iitiil  linvlii);  Ihhmi  Innir  itclivi'  in 
IuIm>I''I  lililiiiriilil,  ,|ii4i'|ili  lliinly  NriMJiiiii  ilii'il 
•liitiimry  'J-til,  IH'.M).  'I'Iii'  iiii^^iniis  Mi|i|iiirli'ii  liy 
I  III' I  'iilii^ri'^illiiiim!  rliiirclii'Hcirilir  I'liili'ii  Slali'.H 
nil'  tlnw    lli'ill};   rxirliili'il    illtn   till    |ii|l'ts   of   lilt' 

i'iii|iiir,  iiirliicliii'^  <  tkiiviiiiiii,  Nik'uia,  Si'inliii, 
KiiiiiitiiHtiii.  NiiuiiDliH,  Nlitl-iiyaiiiii,  'rciltciil,  ami 
'I'ltkyo  ;  wliili!  Ill)'  iialivi:  iliinrliis  iit:;iiiii/.i'i| 
iirriii'iliiii;  III  llii'lr  |i<iliiy  ai'f  fKiiinl  in  all  llir 
hu'^r  Ulanilt,  rliiirilir.H  liaviii'^  lirrii  ifMtlii'iril 
fVfll  ill  Vr/.o  friilll  'iiliiliUls  wllii  liaVr  ;:iiiM' 
fi'iiiii  llii'iiMrrrliiinlii  I  iiiCmlittl  .laiian.  Tlir 
nallvr  < 'liiivtiaiis  nf  llii'  ( 'iin;;r<'i;alliiniil  liiKly 
iii'ii!ini/.ri|  M'vrral  yrars  ai;ci  ii  llmiii!  .MKsiiiiiai'y 
Sim  iciy,  iiiiilii'  wliiiv  ai;riiry  ii  iiiiiiiIm  r  iif 
rlllllrlirx  liavr  lirrli  |ilalllrii  III  'riikyn  iiiiil  tUi' 
win  11'.  OiH'iir  llirsi',  ''ilnali  il  iii.'ir  I  lir  llii|iri  lal 
liiivi'i-'ily.  !•<  Im'Iiilc  iTcli'il  Willi  llii'  aiil  nf 
lilini- 1^111. "*X)I  riillrrlril  III  llii'  t'liiliil  Slali"^. 
Iiy  llii'  |{rv.  .loliii   T.  Viilini.  I'oiiiirrly  kiinwn  ax 

lii'V.  .1.  i".  Inr.  ami  llir  -nil  "f  Vcikiii  III  i'-llil'ii, 
a  t'liiiiHi'llnr  nf  llii'  .Mikailo,  ii-^a->siii:ilt'i|  in 
Kyiil"  ill  l^tllt  liiillUM'  -  l-piTlril  nf  rillrllainiri;; 
"rvll  ii|iiniiiii<.,  '  I.I',,  liclii'viii'.;  In  ('liri-.lliiiiily 
III  this  rliillrli  is  Ii  ("iiisiilrialilr  iiiliiiliir  uf 
Jiiiiriialists,  Jiii'rar.V  imii.  wiili'is,  unil  mhii  nf 
Inii'llrrliial  iiitlni'iK  r.  Tin-  nalivi'  <  liri-'liaiis  nf 
tills  |»ilily  L,'lvi' <'S|iri'ial  alli'lllinli  In  llir  ('litis 
tiaiil/.lti'.'  nf  .lapaii  llii'niiL;li  llir  inrss  ami  liy  jiir- 

Hillml  cITnll.   Iln  fcwiT  lliall  six  |irrini|irals  liiitlir 

Niistaiiii'il  liy  llnni,  Iwnnf  llirsr  liriiiLT  in  '{'nkyn. 
'I'lir  iilra  nf  srlf  si||i|inrl  is  aim  s|inn',;|y  ilisislnl 

nil.  ami  iliiiiiii;  ilii'  yi'ar  l.ssi).  Kl.iKiit  ym,  nr 
l|l r.', '.'iCt,  wi'ii' cnnliiliiiliil  liy  llii'  nallvr  ('litis 
liaiis,  ami  alrniily  tnaily  lliiri'  fniirllis  nf  ihr 
rliMfi'ln's  nr'.ratii/ril  air  wlinlly  srlf  su|i|M(rliiii;. 
Of  llir  .\iiirrii'aii  ( 'niiLrii'i;aliniial  iiiissiniiaiii's, 
'.'7  ai'r  ini'iili'il  in  Kynin,  'J|  nf  ilii'si'  lii'ini;  riilici' 
ilircclly  or  iiiilit'i'clfy  rniiiit'i'li'il  willi  Ilii'  l>ns|ii- 
sli.'i  rnivfrsiiy  In  iln-  iiniiliinii-,  (nlli'LTiair,  nr 
tlii'iiln^firal  ilrparlllHiits;  I  I  arr  iil.  Osaka,  \'i  al 
Kniir,  7  al  Okiiyaiiia.  7  al  .Niiirala,  U  al  Srtiilal, 
«  al  Niiir.'tiika,  s  al  Killiialiinin,  lal  .Malsiiyiiiiia. 
■I  al  'i'nlinri,  ami  '-l  in  Tokyo  Al  .MaNiiyatna 
Uiv.  \V.  II.  NnM's  ami  wifr  lalmr  iimlrr 
till'  Illlsiiii'i'S  of  tlic  Itrrki'Iry  'ri'tll|ili',  llns 
Ion.  'Iliiis  far.  mil willisiaiiiliti!.'  Ilii'  I'titiri' 
williiiL'iirss  of  till'  ( 'iini;trL'alinnal,  in  I'ninninn 
with  imisiof  llir  I'mii'siaiil,  nilssintiaiii's  Inlnrn 
till' arlivi'  will  k  of  <  Inisliani/.lllinll  nvrr  in  Ilir 
iialivi's,  till  IT  liavr  lirrtt  lull  frvv  imli'prmlcnl 
'•lliirrlii's  nri;:iiii/nl,  llm  nalivc  paslms  ami 
|H'opl<'  pri'ft'i'tiiii;  III  ki'i'p  in  riosi' ajllliiillon  anil 
frilowsjiip    willi    llii'     iniHsionarirs     ami     llir 

•'Innrlli's  nl'^uni/.ril  llV  IIh'III.  Tlinllirll  I'llltll'sl 
C'lTni'ls  liavr  lliiis  far  lirrii  tninli'  In  liriiii;  aliniil 
pr.'irliral  iininti  IhIwi'I'Ii  llir  I'lrsliylrrian  ami 
Coituri'liillintml  rrrlrsi.'islicalinxaii.  ,:.lii  lis,  llicy 
liavr  lliiiH  f.ir  faili  >l,  limn  li  \vi  ll-),rrniitii|ril 
lioprs  arr  slill  I'tilrrl'iinril  thai  siirli  a  linlnii  will 
al  tin  vriv  iii'<latil  iljilr  lir  alliiim  '.  'riinilL'll 
nalivc  Irniis.  riilnril  frnin  llir  Siiiirn  lapalirsr 
(whii'h  is  ('liliirsr  wliii'h  a  ('liiiiainaii  niii'lil 
niiilrtslami    in  llir  wrillni   rli.'iiiiiirr,   lnil   mil 

«  Inn  «pnkrt|l,  arr  llsnl  In  lirsiLrnalr  llir  \  alinlis 

Inral,  fi'ilrralril,  ami  naliinal  rlnirrli  jiiilira- 
torirs  nr  assrnililirs  in  III'  I'lrsliylirial  ami 
( 'iiii^ri'i^aliniial  limlirs  of  ( 'lirislians,  yrl  IIii'm' 
arr  .slllisiiiiilially  cnpirs  nf  ll|r  saiiir  fnritis  of 
'jnvrriinii'iil  al  Imnir. 

'{'Ill  Chri-iian  iiiissi.itiarirs  wli  i  lalmr  iirintil 
iiiirlnlhi'  Mi'lhiHlisi  pnlily  may  In    iliviilnl  itiln 
thr  irrniips,  III  wliirli  llir  larijisl  is  thai  nf  llir 
Ainrriraii    Mi'lliiHli>l    Kpisrnpal,    wliii  It    lirLian 
Work  in   IST','  wiili  an  rarmsl    liaiul  nf  ymiiijr 


inisslonarlcM  Inl  'ly  Hrv.  I{,  S.  Miii-lay.a  vilrnili 
fiotii  Kim  ('lii"v,  I  niiia.  'I'liry  liavr  iNrii|i!iii 
linlll  llir  •'Nlrrinilii's  ami  llir  rriiirr  nf  ihr  rill- 
pirr,  llirir  rirrnils  iiirlinlinv'  no  frwrr  Ihaii  'M 
mil  sinliiiiis,  ami  h.'iviii;;  hrailipiarlrrs  al  Annmri, 
llakmlalr,  .\ai;asaki,  .Na;;i'\ a.Tokyi  ,  iiml  Vnko- 
liaiiia.  Tliry  arr  rstirrially  arlivi  in  Itaiiiini; 
lav  workrrs  ami  llililr  wniiirn,  anl  rinplny  iIm' 
Hiitir  Variril  ai;rliiirs  as  al  liiiliir,  liavili','  lwi» 
Ihrnlniiirill  srhiinls,  willi  MO  piipils.  'I'lirir  fiiroi 
nf  tH)  tnissinnarirs  is  illstrililllril  il.  ^'llkn|lalllll, 
'I'likyn.  Vniir/awa,  Kiikiloka.  Naira-akl,  llako- 
ilali'  N'a).'o>M,  llll'ii^aki.  llir  rllirf  rniirriillaliollH 
lirili;;  111  '|nk\uati<l  NaL'a-aki,  al  uliiili  plari-H 
arr  laru'i'.  WI'II  I  ipiipiiril, amir  Mi'llriii  srhniiU  'nr 

llnlll  sr\rs.  Of  |||rlr  't.\  i  lllllrllr<.  7  air  wllnlly 
srlf  siipiiorliliL.'.  In  I«><1)  "ilMt  nitivrrls  Wi'lii 
liapli/nl.  ami  llir  i  Iniirli  tin  niliri'ship  Is  4, 1'..'!. 
Ill  llnir  il.'i\ ,  Ihaiiliii'.:,  ami  Salilialh  si  Inmls  ar<' 
(i>i'^  pllpiU.        rilr    fiilrr   nf   lialivr    tllilli-lrr>  i< 

'.'•i.  amlnl  iitiniilMimil  prrirln  rs  ami  lirl|M'rs  |i). 
Tin  (  aiiaila  .Mrlhoili-I  (  linn  li  lii'.'aii  inis^iniiary 
work  llir  saiiir  year.  I**!.!,  ami  w  illi  Ihr  tiiajnrilr 

nf  llirir  Inlrr  in  Tnkvn.  Il.'|\r  slalinlls  al   'i'nkvo, 

Kami/awa,  Knlii.  ami  Shiil/iinka,  with  a  Inlal 
of  ','1  ini-^inii.'iiirs.  |s  (M'::aiii/ril  rliiin  lirs  willi 
a  nirinlirrship  nf  l.ri:i.s,  ami  willi  I.mIM  piiiiili 
iimlrr  wrrk  ilay  nr  Salilmlli  iii-lrinlinn  '|'|u; 
i'lNaiiL'rliiiil  .\>Mn'lalinii  nf  .Nnrtli  .Vinrricii, 
wliirli  liriiiin  wnrk  in  .lapaii  in  l><il'i.  rinplnys  10 
tnisslnmirii's  Inralnl  in  Tnkyn,  wlm  li.ivr  nriiiiii- 
l/ri|  Ti  rhilli'lirs,  wllll  .til  inrllllirrs.  The 
Millinilisi  riMirshini  Cliiirrh  lii'Lan  wnrk  ill 
|HHo,  liMaliiii;  llirir  II  niissji.narirs  al  Vnkii- 
liMiiia  anil  .Nairoya.  In  llirir '.' rliiiirhrs  air  \Wi 
tintiilirrs.  Till'  .\llirrirall  .Mi  llinilisi  Kpisropal 
(  hiiri'h  (Sniilhi  iniiiliiL''  In  ,1,'ipaii  ill  \>*KH  havii 
tili'raily  III niissiiiiiarjrsai  work  liH'ainl  al  Kohi', 
llirnsliiiiia,  oil.i.  ami  Malsiiyiitna,  ami 'i  niiriiii- 

l/ril  rhlM'I'lirs.  wllll  '.'II  tllrlnlirl's.  I')ail|nf  tho 
.Mrllinilist  linilirs  lias  a  I  lirnloifiral  sl'lnilllirV, 
Ihr  Inlal  liilliilirr  of  shiilmls  hriiiL'  'Mi.  I'lli* 
Inlal  aninlinl  rniiliiliiilnl  liN  llir  nallvrs  in  oiii! 
Vi'ar  was  H.^illl  yrii,  Tw  nrvail^rliral  .Mrlhoil- 
Isi  nrwspiiprrs  arr  pnlilisiinl. 

Thr  Siirirly  nf  fririnls  liavr  a  niisslnn  ill 
'I'nkyn,  liri.;iiii  in  Is.^i."),  wllll  ."i  workrrs,  a  rhiirrh 
Willi  'M  inriiilirrs.  a  rrliLrimis  iirwspit|H'r,  ami 
.sriinnis  in  wliirli  air  Hill  pupils.  Thr  ( 'hrisiiaii 
Allianrr  is  rrpirsriilril  liy  il  wnrkcrs  al  Vnlio- 
liaiiia.  "  l.ilirral  '  llirnln;;y  is  irprr.srntnl  hy 
(irrniaii  paslnrs  al  Ynknhaiiia  ami  in  Tnkyn, 
w  linsr  work  III  '.;an  in  I'^H.i.  ami  who  hiivr  iwi» 
small  rhiirrlirs  In  |HSH  llir  Aiiirriran  Cniiu- 
riaiis  sriil  nut  llir  \if\\  .\rlliur  Kiiap;i  in  Tnkyn, 
wllll  w  illi  Irarlirrs  finin  llaival'il  Cnllr^r  wll<» 
arr  inlinrrlril  w  illi  llir  I  iiivrrsilv.  prrsiilnl  oviT 
liy  I'liku/awa,  analilr  ami  liriliiant  w  rilrr  ami 
I'liuratnr.  issins  a  inaLra/inr.  In  IMIHI  Ihr  .\inrri- 
rali  I'liivrrsalisis  srtil  mil  Ihr  |{rv.  t  irnr;;c 
I'rrrin  willi  Ihnr  nllirrs  wlm  lalmr  in  Tnkyn, 
ami  whnwiih  ihr  I  niiarians  hr'.'aii  "lihrral" 
wniship  anil  piiailiiii'i  in  Tnkyn  in   May,  HIKI. 

Sn  'jrral   lllls  lirrll    llir    ilitrrrsi   in    .lllpall    alllnlii; 

i'',iirupraii  ami  .Viinrii  an  I  lirisliaiis.  that  rvrii 
llinsr  ilriiniiiinaliniis  mil  Usually  rii'jaL'iii'/  in 
inissimiary  wnrk  liavr  sriil  riivnys  In  this  iiivit- 
iiiL'  lirlil.  In  aiiiiiiinii  In  Iln'  lar^r  snrirticH 
liainril  alinvr  an  .srvrral  privair,  int|r|H'iiilrnt 
nr  sril  suppnilim,;  ii',rrnrii's  at  Work,  all  of 
wliirli  ill  various  waysiiir  <n  nprraliliLr  tn  mako 
.1,'ipaii  a  ( 'hrisliaii  nalinli.  Tin'  llihir  SmirlicH 
nf  Ihr  liiilril  .Slatrs,  (irral  llrilain,  iiinl  Srot- 
laml  liavr  llirir  arlivr  airi'iiH  ami  ilr|Mmi- 
tiirirs  ill  .lapaii,  ami  llirsr  havriloiini  far-reactl- 


f 


}\U 


fji' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


f  !f  IB 


i.4 


2.0 


1.8 


1.6 


V] 


<^ 


/2 


A 


/A 


'W 


'/ 


L^ 


Q 


JAPAN 


498 


JAPAN 


ing  work  in  circulating  the  Holy  Scriptures. 
Even  Iwfore  a  viTsidu  in  Jai)aiiose  was  made, 
thi'ir  work  lii-jran.  tor  tlic  traiislatioiis  of  the 
Bible  made  in  t'liina  could  1)l'  easily  read  by 
cdiioitid  .Jaiiauesu,  ami  were  so  read  by  many 
earnest  imi'.iiRTs. 

It  is  of  hijrliest  interest  to  note  tlie  spirit  of 
unity  that  lia>  been  luanit'esled  by  these  I'hris- 
tian;  of  many  names,  but  who  in  devotion  to 
one  Master,  even  C'lirisl,  have  loriiollen  as  bir 
a.-^  jiossible  their  dividing  lines.  Since  the 
various  groups  of  American  and  .Scotch  Presby- 
terians an-  ^.Mthered  toircther  in  one  bddy,  and 
the  American  and  Emrlisli  Kpiscopalians  unite 
in  harmony,  the  (piotion  has  often  arisen, 
"  Why  may  imt  the  t'oniiici^alinnal  and  l'resl)y- 
terian  missions  cDmbine  in  harniony '.'"  At- 
tempts liave  been  made  to  seciu'e  this  (h'siral)le 
rc-siilt.  but  tints  tar  williout  success.  The  hin- 
dniuces  to  union,  however,  have  liceii  idinost 
wholly  in  the  line  of  discipline  and  Lroverninent. 
The  inbred  Japanese  desire  for  Independence, 
the  time-spirit  of  intense  love  of  democracy,  the 
pr.'poi'.ilenmce  in  the  churcliesof  an  alinornially 
Icirire  numlH'r  of  yoniiij:  men.  and  the  alisence  in 
the  councils  of  llie  (  lUirches  of  eldi'ily  natives 
presents  a  ]<robleni  of  hiirhesl  hope  and  interesi, 
thou;:n  of  possilile  daiiirer.  Uy  the  very  n(U'es- 
sities  of  the  case,  the  yontiir  men  must  be  the 
lesuiers,  for  the  mend)ership  of  the  Japanese 
chun-hes  consists  in  larire  m.ijorily  of  males,  and 
these  are  mostly  younir  men  under  Iwcnty-tive. 
AVhilc  time  and  the  further  spread  of  the  irospel 
"will  ifiualize  the  disi)ro])orlion  of  sex  and  ai;e 
in  the  churches,  yet  the  fact  of  such  an  umisiial 
array  of  church  members,  oltiecrs,  and  iiasiors 
Iteing  s<i  youthfnl,  suggests  pecnliar  problems 
in  consideration  of  the  future  developinelil  of 
<li>ctrine,  as  well  as  of  the  possibility  of  tinion. 
It  is  evident  to  all  who  are  familiar  with  the 
history  of  the  n.ative  iniellcci,  or  with  the 
workings  of  the  Jajianese  mind  past  or  ])rescnt. 
that  subtle  diHlrinal  theories  nave  no  charm,  but 
an' only  a  weariness  tc.  the  tiesli.  Tliey  refuse 
tolielieve  that  the  hereditary  ((narrels  of  Kuro- 
IX'ijn  (."liristians  need  >e  |ierpcluale<l  in  their 
country,  or  that  in  view  of  the  gospel's  supreme 
giHMl  news,  and  tlie  necessities  of  their  countrv- 
nien,  either  the  denominational  ditfcrences  m 
dix-trine  or  ]H'cnliarities  of  government  are  at 
all  neiilfiil.  While  there  are  many  missionaries 
who  will  agree  in  giving  such  leslimony,  it  is 
well  to  have  an  opinion  from  one  of  the  very 
foremost  lay  aulhoritics.  I'lofcssor  Ila.sil  ll.dl 
Chanilterlain  says  in  ••Things  Japanese"  (p. 
241i:  ""((ur.  .  .  ,  prophecy  is,  that  the  Chris- 
tians of  J.apan  will  be  occupied  with  (lueslioiis 
of  inonls  and  i>raclice— the  temperance  <|ues- 
tion.  for  instance,  and  Sniiilay  observance — 
rather  than  with  subtle  doclriiial  theories,  the 
JaiKincM'  niiinl  being  essenli.illy  too  uiispeeula- 
tive  for  the  tine  (lisiini'tions  of  the  theologians 
to  have  any  <harm  for  it.  innch  less  for  it  to 
seek  to  split  lu'w  hairs  for  ilsclf.  The  failure  of 
Kiiddhist  met.ipliysic.al  abstraclions  to  lake  any 
hohiofthenatiiiiialsyinpaihiesis  a  tinger-iiost  in 
history  i>oiiiting  to  what  may  bee.viiecled  in  the 
future."  The  liistory  of  the  last  twenty  years 
not  only  proves  the  irulli  of  the  negative  side 
of  the  statement  niadi'  by  I'rolessor  Cliamber- 
lain  a.s  to  the  inertness  of  the  Japanese  mind 
towanl  metaphysical  doclrine,  but  also  ilhis- 
tnites  forcibly  the  tendency  to  active  reform, 
and  the  vigor  with  which  (pieslions  of  morals 
and  practice  are  debated  and  settled.   Indeed,  of 


(ill  the  changes  that  have  come  over  the  modern 
life  of  the  Japanese,  the  most  striking  are  those 
which  relate  to  their  social  condition.  Even 
the  right  of  tiie  hoary  instittitioii  of  licensed 
jirostitulion  to  exist  is  now  being  challenged; 
and  in  several  of  tlie  liK'al  prefectures  motions 
hav(!  been  made  to  abolish  it.  which  liavc  been 
debated  with  intense  interest  and  inaikcd  abil- 
ity. Several  ine.-isures  tending  to  circumscribe 
the  power  and  intlueiice  of  the  Yoshiwaiit  sys- 
tem have  already  been  carricil  cnl  by  the  gov- 
ernmeni:  and  it  is  not  at  all  iiniiossible  that 
with  the  incoming  of  a  mi're  healthful  pidilic 
sentiment  this  one  of  the  chief  cmses  of  Japan 
may  be  improved  olf  tlie  fa<e  of  the  (i.itli.  even 
despite  the  opiM>sit ion  which '•science, ".so  called, 
oilers  to  the  proposed  reformation.  Though 
Stmday  is  now  a  iiatiounl  day  of  cessation  from 
public  labors,  and  its  status  lixed  by  govern- 
ment example  and  edict,  yet  it  is  by  no  means 
a  holy  day  to  the  people  at  large  'vho  btiy  and 
sell,  work  or  play,  as  usual  ;  yet  neveilheless  it 
is  an  enormous  advantage  to  the  (  hrislians  to 
have  the  preparation  for  the  hoped-for  ultimate 
observance  of  the  Lords  l)!iy  thus  made  for 
them.  Asa  rule,  the  missionaries  and  native 
believers  are  strenuous  in  keepinir  Sunday  as 
the  Loril's  Day.  A  go<Hl  beginning  has  also  i)eeii 
maih'  in  temiH-rance  woik.  in  an  endeavor  to 
l>urif.v  the  theatreand  jiopiilar  litenilure  of  their 
l)loody,  revengeful,  and  liceiuious  elements, 
and  in  various  ways  to  do  away  with  what  is 
healhcnish  ami  alK>minable  while  i>rescrving 
what  is  good  and  innoc)  nt  in  the  national  <iis- 
toms.  There  are  v.-nious  native  clubs  and  as- 
s(jciationsorgani/.eil  for  moral,  religions,  and  re- 
form.'Uor}-  |)urposes,  ami  in  sevenil  of  the  large 
ciiies  are  tlourishing  Yoimg  Men's  Christian 
A.ssociations. 

Methods  .vno  liF.sri.TS,  187^.»-1890.— It  re- 
mains now  to  give  as  far  as  it  is  possible  at; 
ieipcrfect.  but  it  is  ho|«'d  an  impartial,  sketch  of 
il.c  lines  of  work  |>laimed.  and  the  results  at- 
tained during  the  ]H-rioil  from  IST;!  to  '[SW,  und 
t((  glance  at  the  condition  and  )>rcs])e(ts  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Christ  in  J.-ipaii.  Probably  the 
most  striking  of  the  phenomena  of  missionary 
.success  in  Japan  are  the  ability  and  earnestness 
of  the  native  l>;|storale.  and  "after  that  are  the 
spirit  of  self-support  dcveloiied  amoiiLr  the  n.i- 
lives.  th<'  f;iet  that  for  sev<ral  years  male 
members  by  far  outnumbered  the  female  mera- 
bers,  the  growth  and  activity  of  native  mission- 
ary societies,  the  ability  an<l  coiivccrated  aclivilv 
of  the  native  Christian  women,  and  liie  zeal 
and  devoteilness  of  the  church-niendiers.  whose 
laudable  desire  is  to  have  the  missionaries  as 
speedily  in  the  fiituie  as  pipssible  to  act  only 
as  lea<hers  und  adv|s(  rs,  while  they  llieiu- 
.selves  do  the  work  of  iireaching,  cvaMiicli/- 
iiig  and  organi/.atioii  in  tlie  Kiiigdoin  of 
Clirist  in  Ja|>an.  In  a  word,  in  this.  ;is  in 
everytbini:.  the  Ja|>ani-se  manifest  their  strong 
characterisiies  of  patriotism  and  inilependeiic(- 
in  the  spirit  of  direct  responsibility  I.)  (iod. 
Uncoiupiered  in  all  their  history,  and  peih.ips 
imcoiupierable,  they  are  loyully  willing  to  bow 
to  Jesus  as  their  Suprr-ine  Lord,  Very  reinaik- 
able  have  been  the  manifest  ability  and  elo- 
quence of  the  n.itive  pn'achers,  a  f.-ict  ju'opheli- 
call.v  foreshadowed  to  the  writer,  who  in  IHTi 
heard  one  of  the  ver.v  first  sermons  by  a  nalivi! 
pastor.  Kev.  ( tkuno  >ia.satsuna.  The  lirst  tcitivi? 
pastor  (htly  insfalliHlovera  native  chiinli  was  the 
Uev.   Mr.  Sawayatna,  who,  like  several  of  his 


JAPAN 


499 


JAPAN 


prominent  fellow-pastors,  had  been  wluciited  in 
Americii.  Tbeuuion  of  uiitunil  and  iUMiiiircd  iibil- 
iiy  in  such  priiichers  as  N'akasliiniii,  Kiiniiiuori, 
ll)iik:i.  Jliitsiiyania,  Si-srawii,  Ozaka,  Kiinura, 
Ogimi,  Yokoi",  Inairiiki,  L'yi'mina,  Mlyaki,  niid 
others,  is  proljably  only  a  "foresliadiming  of  the 
glorious  ministry  to  be  raised  up  all  ovi'r  Japan. 
While  all  glory  to  G<h1  for  His  own  bestowed 
gifts  of  mind  and  heart  be  given,  tlie  honor  and 
(  redit  to  l)e  awarded  to  the  missionary  instruc- 
tors and  ctiueators  is  great.  When  the  Doshl- 
slia  was  establishetl  in  Kyoto  by  Mr.  Neesinia 
in  1875,  the  lirst  notable  acce.ssion  to  tlie  tlieo- 
logieal  department  was  the  famous  class  of  (if- 
teen  j-oung  men  graduated  in  1879,  wlio  liad 
bee'i  converted  to  Christ  in  Kuinamoto  at  tlie 
govermuents<'iiocl,  taught  by  an  American, Cup- 
tain  Janes.  Through  his  inlluence  niid  that 
of  his  wife  ncr-rly  forty  young  men  were  led  to 
Christ,  and  canu"  in  a  body  to  Kyoto.  In  tlie 
I)o«iii>lia,  liuiinir  1889,  172 youiigmen  professed 
faith  in  Christ,  and  scores  of  native  pastors, 
evangelists,  teacliers,  editors,  and  other  Chris- 
tian leaders  have  been  graduated  from  the 
Christian  University,  which  under  Japanese 
ownersliip anil  direction,  inco-openit  ion  with  tlie 
missionaries  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. ,  has  a  corps 
of  able  Ameriam  and  native  instructors.  Uev. 
.Messrs.  Davis.  Learue-.l,  Gordon,  Stanford,  and 
others.  In  Tokyo,  where  the  first  native  church 
was  established'  September  30th,  1873,  scliools 
for  instruction  in  theology  have  been  est.ablislied 
by  the  American  and  English  Episcopalians, 
the  Methixlists.  anil  by  the  various  Presbytcrial 
biKlies  united.  Tiie  Episcoji.al  Divinity  'I'raiii- 
iiig-s:hool  was  Ix-giiii  in  1><78,  and  has  done 
noble  work  in  equipping  a  native  ministry.  The 
beginnings  of  a  Presbyterial  theological  class 
were  in  the  school  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carrot iieis 
in  Tokj'O,  in  1874.  At  the  consiiinmation  of  the 
union  of  the  Fre~bj-teri:d  hollies  at  Yol<oliiima, 
in  1877,  it  was  decidetl  to  have  "Tlie  Union 
Theologicid  School. "'  with  a  i^reparatory  insti- 
tmion.  Three  natives.  Okiiiio,  Ogawa,  and 
Toda,  were  ordainetl  to  the  ministry  (JctDlier  ud, 
1887.  and  every  year  since  a  class  has  been 
graduated.  The  faculty  is  com]ios'  ,1  of  Scotch 
Kiul  American  missionary  clergymen  and  Japa- 
nese professors  mo<ily  eilucated  abroad.  The 
American  Bapti-ts  have  a  theological  school  at 
Yokoliama.  and  the  English  Baptists  two  scliools 
for  training  native  preachers.  In  all  there  arc 
in  Japan  17  theological  schools,  witli  37."i  stu- 
dents. i:i5  native  ministers,  and  4<*9  unordained 
lireachers  and  helpers;  '6  schools  for  Bible- 
woineii.  with  4(5  -tuilent-;.  and  135  at  tietivo 
work.  Tiirec  missiimary  lu>spitals.  which  treated 
4;!7  in  patient.s.  unci  9  <li<peiisaries  ministering 
to  14.057  CJises,  with  1  scliool  of  nurses  with  23 
pupils,  represent  that  plia<eof  tlie  work  whicli 
deals  at  once  with  boili  IkxIv  ainl  .mhiI.  In  tlu^ 
matter  of  the  higher  eilucation  of  the  native 
pastors  and  of  Christiai:  Japanese  generally,  it 
seems  to  be  the  setlleil  opinion  of  the  mission- 
aries that  iKist-gnuluate  courses  only  should  be 
taken  iu  Euroi)e  or  Aineriea.  In  the  schools  of 
theology  now  established  in  Japan  tlie  native 
student"  can  gel  as  giMxl  a  training,  and,  all 
tilings  considereil,  pr<)bably  erne  Ix'tter  suited  to 
his  special  needs,  Ihau  he  can  uliroad.  After 
gwduaiion,  and  some  years'  experience  as  anas- 
tor  or  lay  worker,  it  is  well  for  the  preacher  or 
specialist  to  seek  further  inlellectind  discipline 
in  the  older  schools  across  the  ocean.  In  this 
laudable  desire  of  the  native  clergy  for  wider 


views  and  profonnder  experience  in  Christian 
civili/ation  a  nniiiber  of  pastors  have  been  en- 
couraged by  the  missionaries  and  assisted  by 
Christians  at  home.  In  some  instances  the 
native  cliurclies  have  given  llieir  pastors  fur- 
loughs, and  paid  tlie  whol'j  or  part  of  their  ex- 
jieiises  wliile  studying  abroad.  It  seems  highly 
desirable  that  young  Christian  Jai>aiu>e  should 
he  especially  invited  into  the  homes  of  Christians 
in  America  and  Europe  in  order  that  they  may 
sec  for  themselves  tlu;  s|iriiigs  of  iiower,  and 
thus  be  enabled  to  counteract  tlie  adverse  com- 
ment and  scolling  views  of  tlieir  globe-ti-,ivers- 
ing  countrymen  who  see  Christian  countries 
only  througli  railway-car  and  hotel  wiiid.)WS, 
and  in  the  street  lite  "of  the  great  cities.  In  a 
word,  the  native  ministry  must  be  given  the 
very  highest  intelhetual  and  social  as  well  as 
spiritual  training  in  order  to  save  Jajian  from 
tiic  inconiinn'  tide  of  agnosticism  and  intidclity, 
as  well  as  from  native  paganism. 

Speaking  broadly,  it  may  be  said  all  the  agen- 
cies emiiloved  at  home  arc  made  u.se  of  by  na- 
tive and  foreign  Christian  workers  in  Japan. 
This  is  true  not  only  of  the  various  denomina- 
tions in  their  separate  cipacity,  but  of  them  all 
coUeelively.  Union  meetings  for  prayer,  ]iraisc, 
and  the  pronioiion  of  good  fellowship  in  Christ; 
exchange  of  fraternal  greetings  by  letter  or  t(.'l- 
cgrapli;  continuous  preaching  services  in  thea- 
tres rented  as  imhlie  halls;  missionary  conven- 
tions of  all  deiKiminalions;  teinjierance  work 
and  till!  formation  of  total-abstinence  .societies; 
the  organization  of  women  for  the  promotion  of 
morals  and  the  reform  of  abuses  as  well  as  for 
active  evangelical  work;  summer  schools  for 
Bible  study  and  for  following  out  the  Cliautau- 
(pia  idea  and  metluHls;  the  forniation  of  Young 
Glen's  Cliristi-in  As.sociations,  and  the  emiiloy- 
meiil  of  their  multifari'nis  agencies;  evangelis- 
tic labors  of  revivalists  and  of  eminent  special- 
ist.s  in  religious  work  from  Europe  and  Amer- 
ica, who  through  excellent  interpreters  have 
reached  vast  masses  of  the  Japanese, — a  re  among 
those  we  ma}''  specify.  It  would  be  ditlicult  to 
iind  any  phase  of  Christ  i:iii  work  proved  ell'ec- 
tive  at  home  which  has  not  been  tried  in  .lapan; 
but  space  does  not  permit  us  to  name  citlu'r  tl'O 
famous  workers  or  tlieohscun'  toilers.  Heneath 
till  these  forms  of  activity,  by  which  (piiek  re- 
sults are  made  inanif("^f,  arc  the  slower  but 
surer  methods  and  forces  which  give  perma- 
nency to  tlu  work  of  the  Kingdom  of  t'lirist. 
Whatever  makes  Christ ianit\' less  of  an  exotic 
and  importation,  and  more  fuly  acclimated  or 
indigenous,  does  indeed  make  it  less  missionary 
in  the  literal  sense,  but  more  national,  and  im- 
jvirts  to  it  a  vit.ality  which  will  enable  it  to  live 
independent  of  foreign  assistance  or  eonirol. 
Herein  the  genius  of  Protestantism  is  strontrly 
manifi'sl.  "  Tlu^  Uoman  Catholic  missionaries 
keep  everything  in  their  own  liand<,  the  Prot- 
estants pass  everything  over  to  the  Jaiianese. 
The  Catholics  are  principals,  the  Protestants  arc 
assistants."  The  Ja|ianese  repudiate  the  idea 
that  the  ciuarrels  and  se|)arati(ins  of  Eurojican 
Christianity  or  American  sectarianism  need  be 
reproducc'ii  on  their  own  soil.  They  want  a 
pure  Christianity  and  a  church  history  of  their 
own,  and  a  church  govenimenl  that  accords 
with  the  sijjrit  and  customs  of  Japan.  ^lost  of 
tlie  missionaries  of  Ueformed  Christianity  an; 
not  only  in  hearty  sympathy  with  lliis  longing 
of  tlie  natives,  but  welcome  it  as  oni;  of  the  best 
prophecies    of    success.     There  are   churches, 


i 


1-  i,l'i 


m 


I 


\'\ 


.-.  ■!  : 


'H=^|- 


JAPAN 


500 


JAPAN 


m 


pcliools,  npwspiipcrs  nnd  niftjxnzincs,  missionnry 
sooii'tit's  and  otluT  iigi'iu'ics.  (•(nuluctrd,  iiiul  in 
miiny  ciiscs  orisiiniilcd.  wholly  by  niilivcs,  in 
wldi'li  llu'  fdiciiriii'i-  is  absfiit,  or  only  iidvisory. 
Iiisti'iul  of  timi'inir,  tlic  lorciirii  niissioiiury  thus 
oiiliiigcs  Ills  work  l)y  litiiis;  lii'l|n'r  and  friend, 
and  d('Vi'lo|>intr  ni'w  spiinjrs  of  power.  In  the 
niiglily  seminal  work  of  the  daily  education 
of  the  yonnj;  are  liased  rich  luijjts  for  the  fu- 
ture. The  missionaries  have  VS't  hoarding  and 
day  schools,  with  lO.'iilT  scholars,  under  direct 
Christian  inlhienccs;  and  here  the  ITl  tnimar- 
rii'd  female  missionaries  are  grandly  inthien- 
tial.  I'iie  training  of  native girls  in  the  [iroced- 
iire  of  a  Christian  home  means  the  pre-emption 
of  a  large  portion  of  the  generations  I.  come  t() 
Christian  nurture.  These  schools  are  making 
it  possible  for  the  .Japanese  of  the  tuentielli 
'jentuiy  to  lie  horn  in  a  Christian  land.  As  yet 
the  home  is  still  the  citadel  of  healheiusni,  and 
many  a  Chri«itian  man  is  unalile,  l)eca\ise  of  the 
inlhienee  of  wife  or  femali'  relatives,  to  gain  or 
hold  his  children  to  Christ.  The  statistics  of 
chiirch-meinliership  show  that  men  otilmmd)er 
■women  in  the  inoportion  of  about  4  to  ;S,  the 
exact  lignres  lieing — men,  1'.2,(I21;  women. 
ft.-Jl.");  children,  -,'.201.  isnnday -school  work  is 
vigoronsly  iirosecuteil  by  all  the  ini.ssionarv  so- 
cieties, ainlthe  ooO  schools  have  21, ")!)T  impils.  a 
gain  of  marly  "lOOO  over  the  nnntber  in  11^88. 
In  most  of  the  Sunday-schools  the  Iiderna- 
tioi  al  l.,essoiis  are  used. 

LiTKKM'fiiK  .\N"i)  I'fni.ir.\TioNS. — Next  in 
power  to  the  living  teacheristhe  printed  W<nd. 
and  it  behooves  us  now  to  speak  of  the  Hible 
and  Christian  literature  in  the  vernacular.  In 
probabl.v  no  other  mission  tield  are  the  agencies 
which  depend  for  their  visible  expression  on 
ink,  ty|ies,  and  pa])er,  s(^  widely  and  .steadily 
employed.  The  tract  societies  early  began 
liearty-eo-operation,  and  the  distributioii  of  tlieir 
brief  missives  and  coiupendious  presentations 
of  doctrine  was  especially  active  before  the 
p\iblication  of  the  complete  Bible  in  Japanese. 
The  London  Religious  Tract  [society  have  an 
a.irency  in  Tokyo,  and  though  the  number  of 
colporteurs,  so"  named,  employed  by  all  tlie 
societies  fell  from  8  in  1S87  to'l  in  1889,  liact- 
distribiuing  is  still  prosecuted  as  one  of  the 
miitor  nteihods  of  spreading  the  truth.  In 
hyninology  an  encouraging  Ijegiuning  has  been 
made,  the  four  great  organic  groups  of  IJap- 
tist,  Methodist,  ICpiscopal,  and  Presbyterial 
and  Congregational  having  prepared  small 
hymn-books.  In  these  volumes,  .some  with 
notes  and  .son'ie  with  words  oidy,  the  standard 
holy  songs  and  tunes  of  Christendom  prc'- 
domiuate,  tliough  there  are  not  lacking  original 
stanzas  and  music  by  both  Toreign  and  native 
versifiers  and  compo.sers.  Some  very  sweet  and 
characteristie  aits  have  been  introduced.  It 
will  be  ditlieult,  in  this  generation,  to  eradicate 
the  temleney  to  revert  to  the  old  nusid  (piavers 
of  native  uinsoiiances,  while  harmony  is  nearly 
liid;nown  in  Japanese  music.  Nevertheless  the 
converts  sing  vigorously,  and  like  the  new 
music;  nnd  with  a  new  generation,  taught  bolli 
in  the  Christian  and  the  jmblic  schools  in  west- 
ern notation,  there  is  here  a  most  rich  and 
promising  tield,  white  to  the  harvest. 

In  literature  thi'  various  denominations  which 
are  more  or  less  rich  in  eoid'cs.sional  symbolism 
nnd  liturgies  have,  as  a  rule,  already  triuislated 
their  .staiuiards  of  doctrine,  directories  of  wor- 
ship, and  maninils  of  discipline.     The  Hook  of 


Common  Prayer  is  now  published  in  both  the 
native  script  and  the  Romaji.  or  Ilomau  letter. 
Various  works  on  tlieology.  ajxilogetics,  chtirch 
history,  and  in   other    brinelies    of    Christiau 
learning  have  been  written   and  translated  by 
the   auihors  into  .Jaivuiese  ;  while   tnmslations 
of   all  sorts    and  of  various   digrees  of  merit, 
of  commentaries,    ami  of   standard    lKH)ks   for 
adults    aiiil    children,  are    multiplying',     some 
of  the    most  able  and  promising    work   being 
done  by   the  natives  al  tlieir   own  suggestion. 
There  are  editoi-s,  authors,  and  literary  men  iu 
the  churches  from  w  hoin  much  may  be  reason- 
ably exiiected  toward  the  formation  of  that  com- 
ing Christiiui  litemture  whieli  is  to  displace  the 
tihhy  ••iiid  licentious,  the  bloody  and  revengeful, 
eli'inei.ts  which  havedoininatetl  Japanese  litera- 
ture in  the  past.     Already  the  Bible  has  had  a 
IH-reeptiblc    intluenie    ujx>ii  the  style  and  the 
color  of  the  thought  of  native  writers,  and  it  i.s 
our  belief  that  in  no  one  i'.epartnieni  of  national 
endeavor  will  Christianity  fi  rtilizethe  Jai>anese 
intellect  more  than  in  literary  pUKluet'on.     The 
religion  of  Jesu-  has  given  "the  Japanese  a  new 
W(.rld  of  thought,  and    into  its   rich  lands  and 
oceans  they  are  entering  as  explorers,  bringing 
back  to  their  countrymen  richest  spoil.     One  of 
the    most    striking    of    contemporaneous  phe- 
nomena is  native  Chri-tian  journalism.     Of  the 
sevenl<en  newspajHTs  or  magazines  now   pub- 
lished in  the  vernacular,  tifteen  are  exponents 
of  Bible  or  Ueformeil  Christianity,  six   being 
Congregational,   two  Einscopal,  two  Hational- 
istic  or  Lidtarian,  one  Friends,  two  Methodist, 
two    Presbyterial.      The  suV>s<ripii<)n  lists  are 
not  large,  but  the  woik,  like  that  of  leaven,  is 
slciidy  and  tlnirough.     Copies  of  some  of  these 
papers  are  usuallv  found  at  the  railway -stations 
in    the   large   cities.     Most   of   them   are    well 
edited,  and  a  few  illuslnited.      These  all  help 
powerfully  to  intluenee  the  public  taste,  and  to 
create   an   appetite  for  that  which   lies  al    the 
foundation  of  all  Christian  lilenilnre — the  Bible. 
TiiK  BiBi.F.  IX   Jai'ankse. — A  veteran  mis- 
sionary ascribes  one  half  of  all  the  results  of 
Christian  missions  in  Ja]tan  to  the  work  of  the 
Bible   SiK'ieties.      Of  these,  the  Ameri»-an,  the 
British  and  Foreign,   and  the  National   Bible 
Society  of  Scotland  have  agencies  in   Japan, 
and    have    dlligentlv    pnxseculed   the  work  of 
publication  anil  distribution,  besides    making 
generous  contributions  for  the  support  of  the 
translators   and  the  expenses  incident  to  their 
labors.     The  work  of  giving  the  written  Wonl 
of  G(k1  to  this  nation  was  ln'irun  in  China  by 
Bev.    Karl  Gutzlaff   and    nr?   S.    Wells  Wil- 
liams,  who  l"arned   the   language  from  ciista- 
waj-    sailors    Ivefore    1840.  and  was  continued 
by"  Bev.    15.   J.  R'tiellieini,   at    Na|>!i    in    the 
Hill  Kill  (Loochoo)  Islands,  Itelwtcn  184(5  and 
18.53,  and  vigorously  entered  uiMni  by  nearlv 
all  of  tlie  inis-sionaries.  but  especiallvbv  Rev.  .f. 
(Joble  S.  R.  Brown.  D.D.,  and  l>r.  j!  C.  Hep- 
burn on  the  opening  of  the  country  by  treaty. 
In   1871  Mr.  Goblo's  version  of  St.  Matthew, 
the  first  complete  lxM>k  of  the  Bible  jmblished 
in  Jaiian  was  issue*!.     In  187"2  all  the  Protestant 
missionaries  w-ere  invited  to  meet  in  Yokohama 
to  form  a  Translation  Committee,  which  in  June, 
1874,  began   its  ."fittings.     Beginning  with  the 
Gospel  of  Luke  iu  August,  187.5,  various  bonks 
of  the  New  Testauient  were  issuetl.  until  on  the 
3d  of  NovemlxT,  1>>'79,  the  committee  finished 
their  work  of  translation  and   revisicm,  and   in 
April,  188(),  the  complete  New  Testament  was 


JAPAN 


501 


JAFANESS  VERSION 


v-st;itioiis 
!iri-  will 
•  all  lu-lp 
V.  ami  ti> 
IS  at    tho 

IV  IJil.lo. 
Tan  iiiis- 
ri'sults  of 
rk  of  the 
■iraii.  the 
lul   Bible 

Japan, 

work  of 

inakiiiir 

irt  of  the 

t  to  iht'ir 

en  Word 

China  by 

•lis  Wil- 

uni  easta- 

intiuueil 

in    the 

]S4(i  ami 

V  mailv 
:  Rev.  .1. 

L\  Hcp- 
ly  treaty. 
Matthew, 
.■ubiishetl 
^rotesiaiit 
okohania 
Ix  in  June, 
with  the 
lis  bonks 
til  on  the 
finished 
and  in 
meut  was 


in  the  hands  of  the  native  Christians.  A  few 
in. iiiths  previously  Ucv.  Nathan  Hrown,  ]).!)., 
publisheil  a  version  of  tlie  New  Testament 
in  which  the  words  relatinir  to  liaplisni  were 
translated,  !ind  uiti,  jis  in  the  union  version, 
trauslilerated.  from  the  Gretk.  Plans  for trans- 
laliuLT  lhet)ld  Tf^tuiueiit  wore  not  made  until 
ISIti,  nor  jierfeeled  until  ls><"2.  Portions  were 
]>ubli>hrd  hi'tween  1SS3  and  15*87,  anil  on  the 
;id  of  Fubruary,  18¥W.  at  a  larire  meetinir  held  in 
Tokyo,  the  completion  of  the  entire  Ilible  in 
Japanese  was  celebrated.  Besides  the  luission- 
nrics  Hepburn,  V'Tbeck.  S.  Blown,  Greene, 
Thonipson.  Ballagh.  Maelay,  Pijx'r,  Wright, 
X.  Brown.  Fyson,  Cochnin,  \Vaddell,  Knecker, 
»Shaw,  Blaiiehet,  and  others,  there  were  in 
hearty  and  able  corporation  the  native  schol- 
ars .Vlatsuyama,  Takah:ushi,  lyemurii,  Ibuka, 
and  others.  These  brethren  have  enabled  their 
foreign  teachers  to  present  to  the  Japjinese  peo- 
ple a  Version  at  once  sc'holarly,  iiliomatic,  read- 
able, rhythmic,  and  destiuetl  in  all  probability 
to  be  the  standard  for  genenitions  to  c>ome,  and 
one  of  the  great  succe^iful  missionary  transla- 
tions of  the  world.  It  w:is  especially  appropri- 
ate to  invite  native  help,  bec;»nsc  it  siitistied  the 
yearnings  of  the  converts  to  share  the  hotiors  as 
well  as  the  labors  of  the  work.  It  also  did  liis- 
toric  justice  to  those  brave  seekers  after  God 
who,  before  foreigners  cime  to  Japan,  trans- 
lated from  the  Dutch  and  the  Chinese  the  story 
of  Christ's  life,  and  became  martyrs  in  search- 
ing for  the  truth.  In  this  miion  version  of 
the  Holy  Scriptures  special  prominence  is  given 
to  the  pure  native  element,  as  airainst  the 
Chinese-Japanese  so  fashionable  (luring  the 
last  hali-eentury  or  more.  Alreadv  the  signs 
are  numerous  that  this  version  will  endure 
until  the  native  Christiims  themselves,  becoming 
masters  of  the  Greek  and  Shemitic  tongues,  will 
<.'rect  on  the  foundations  laid  by  the  "mission- 
aries a  still  more  stately  edi'"  ?  of  sjicred  scholar- 
ship to  enshrine  that  Woru  of  Go<i  which  liveth 
and  abiileth  forever.  It  has  not  been  possible 
in  this  article  to  do  justice  to  all  the  workers 
for  the  Master  in  .Japan,  owinsr  to  lack  of  space. 
In  Appendix  E  will  Ix?  founft  a  table  giving  a 
list  of  the  societies  at  work  in  Japan  and  their 
latest  statistics. 

Japanese  Version.— The  Japanese  be- 

longstothe  languai.'es  of  the  extreme  Orient,  and 
is  spoken  in  the  islands  of  Japan.  The  first  in 
the  lield  to  make  the  Jaiwme.se  ac<iuainted  with 
the  Word  of  G(hI  in  their  vernacular  wjis  the  late 
Dr.  Chas.  GiltzlatT,  whose  translation  of  the 
Gospel  and  Epistles  of  .lohn  was  printed  at  Sinsr- 
apore  in  1839.  In  1846  Dr.  Bettelheim.  a  medi- 
cal missionary  and  convert  from  Judaism,  was 
sent  to  the  Loochoo  Islands.  Having  made  him- 
self ac(iuainted  with  the  Jai>i»ne.se,  Dr.  Bettel- 
heim translated  the  Gospels  of  Luke  aiul  John, 
together  with  the  Acts,  which  he  revise<l  after 
he  had  left  Japan  in  18.54.  at  Chicigo.  with  the 
as.sistauce  of  a  Japanese,  bringiiiir  it  more  into 
conformity  with  the  pure  J,ii>anese.  This  ver- 
sion was  written  in  the  Katagima  chanicfer. 
After  being  tr:m.scril)eii  into  the  Ilinigjina  char- 
acter, which  is  more  generally  understood  in 
Japan,  Prof.  Pfizmayer  of  Vienna  i.s.sued  from 
tlie  press  at  Vienn.i  IJettelheim's  Gos|k-I  of  John 
in  13T2,  and  ia  1873  the  Gospel  of  Luke  and 
the  Acts. 

The  printincr  of  this  version  wa.s  regarded  by 
the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Societ^y  only  as 


a  temporary  ineasurp,  until  something  liolter 
could  be  prejiarcd.  This  was  done  by  ji  Trans- 
lation Connniltee,  which  in  June,  is74,  com- 
menced its  sittings.  The  commiitei-,  ixinsisting 
chielly.  if  not  entirely,  of  Ameri<;in  iui-.>ion. 
aries,  linislied  their  work  of  tr.iu>lation  in  live 
ye.'irs  and  a  half,  and  the  n'vivion  of  the  inanii- 
scri]it  by  the  revi-ing  (Mimmiitee  appointed  in 
187^^  by  the  Transl.iiion  Committi-e,  wasfini>hed 
on  March  litMh,  185*0.  The  tirst  i-dilion  of  tho 
New  Testament  was  publisheil  in  the.s;uneyear, 
and  has  since  been  published  in  dillerent  forms. 
A  rel'erenee  eililion  of  the  standanl  New 
Testament  w  as  i)rep;ire(l  by  the  Rev.  John  Piper 
of  the  Church  31i--ioiiary  SiK-iety,  and  i>ubiished 
by  the  British  and  Fori'ign  Bible  Sxiety  and 
the  National  Bible  Society  of  Scotland  in  1881. 
The  American.  Brlu>h,  and  National  Sociities 
published  in  1880  a  reference  pix-ket  eilition. 
In  the  same  vear  a  second  edition  of  the  Roman- 
ized  New  Testament  was  puhlished  by  tho 
same  Societies,  the  transliteration  having"  Ixi-a 
done  by  Dr.  Heplnirn,  the  chainnan  of  tho 
T^•lnslaUon  Cotnniiitee.  The  first  edition  was 
l^ublished  in  Isisdliythe  -Vinericau  Bible  Society 
alone.  The  same  Society  also  publisheil  in  1889 
a  Testament  edition  with  maps. 

{Sjwcimen  verses.    John  3  :  16.) 

Chino-Jajxmese. 


A. 


Jai)auese. 


i 

as 


L 

1^1 


3 
O 

n 

-%     .3 

♦J  -N 

M 

Roman- 


1> 


z 


^ 


Sore,  Eftmi  no  ^cken  vo  itsaknshimi-tainao 
koto  wa,  subcto  tare  wo  ehindiurtf  mono  wa 
horobidzu  shite,  kagiri  .  nabi  inochi  wo  nken 
tame  ni,  sono  bitori  umtreahi  ko  wo  tamayeni 
hodo  nari. 

Besides  the  edition  in  Roman  tvpe,  '.here  were 
piiblished  editions  in  (.D  the  Kunten.  This 
name  is  given  to  the  small  J.apanese  phonetic 
characters  written  on  the  right  of  the  Chinese 
ideographs  to  give  the  termination  of  Japan- 
ese verbs  and  particles  not  found  in  Chinese. 
Tliis  edition  is  made  from  the  classical  version 
of  Bridgman  and  Culbertson;  (2)  xhc Kalakana, 


S; 


•iwm 


[V 


If; 


11 


if 


JTAPANESE  VI3RSI0N 


808 


JAVA 


.[ 


i 


I 


for  ilic  uscof  sclidlnis,  liiit,  not  fiimiliiir  to  fi'- 

llllllc  ICMilfls;  (;!)  ll.c  IliviikiiiKi.  iiitciuli'd  fur 
tliiiM'  iMiiii'  (l('|jcn(l('iil  on  plioiirlic  licliw. 

'I'lu'OliI  'I'oliniic'iit,  wliiili  WHS  li!iii'-l;iic(l  liv 
r(|iics(iilnliv(s  of  llic  ilitfriciit  I'niloltmt  mis. 
sioiis  ill  .liipmi,  Mini  of  wliicli  p.uls  IimiI  Imch 
l>iil>lislii(l  fioiii  time  Ici  lime.  \v:is  :il  la>t  coin. 
Iiliiciiiii  IS.s:.',  1111(1  ill  ls>'S,  i'clini.in-  ;!il,  iipiili- 
lie  liiccliiiu'  WHS  held  to  cclclinili'  this  cvriit. 
Ill  Ilu' sMinc  year  llic  llisi  coiniililc  cililion  of 
the  l!ililc  u;is  i.-.siif(l  iit  ^  (ilvoliiiina,  llic  cxiifiisc-i 
of  w  lii(  li  wcic  sliaici!  iiiilic  liy  llic  tlinc  jrical 
IJililc  Soi'iclii  s  of  Ainciiia,  Kiiglaml,  ami  Si-ot- 
laiiil.  In  ;1SS!»  an  (•ditioii  of  the  Bible  with 
rcfiTt'iifcs  was  imhlislicil. 

lit'sidi's  a  diiiloll  CI  lit  ion  of  liic  I'salins  in  Jap- 
anese mid  lOiiirlish.  imlilislicd  in  issy,  there 
was  also  pnlilislicd  in  the  saino  year  an  edition 
of  the  (iospcls  of  Mark  and  John  in  raised  type 
for  the  blind. 

.lapiira,  \\  town  on  the  west  coast  of  Java, 
80  miles  norlheast  of  Saiiiaiang.  jVIi.-sion  station 
of  I  he  Meiiiioiiite  Alissioiiaiy  Society  of  Hol- 
land, wiih  tot)  ineinbers,  uiulur  the  charge  of 
the  famous  linguist  Jauss. 

.Iiifki  or^TIiillaiii  Vi'i'Mioii.— The  Ja'ki 

beloiiiis  lo  the  linlic  branch  of  the  Aryan  lan- 
gua Lie- family,  and  iss|)oUcn  by  ^',r)OO,OO0  people. 
"'I'lie  language,"  says  the  latest  translator.  Dr. 
Jukes,  "  is  called  Jaiki  or.lagdalli  by  tin  piople 
llieniselves,  .Mullaiii  or  Derwal  by  their  nciirh- 
bors,  because  it  is  spoken  in  the  .Mullaii  or  Der- 
wal dislriets.  It  is  also  spoUcii  tlnoughoiit 
3lu/atfargarh district,  and  tliesialeof  IJaluiwil- 
pur,  south  of  the  Siillej  and  east  of  the  Indus, 
and  also  by  the  Kbelraiis,  a  tribe  lo  the  west  of 
the  tirst  Suliiiiani  range  of  iiiouniains.  The 
language  is  allied  to  I'linjabi  and  Siiidhi.  but 
(lilVers from  both."  A  tianslalion  of  the  New 
Testanienl  in  !Multaiii  was  published  by  the 
IJaplist  Translntion  Society,  and  iniiited  at 
Serampore  1812.  It  has  never  been  repriiile<l, 
and  <opies  are  therefore  very  rare.  Since  ISSl 
Dr.  A.  Jukes  of  the  Church  Missionary  So- 
ciety, nii.ssionary  at  Dera  (ihazi  Khan,  has  been 
eng:igcd,  assisted  liy  ii  Miinshi,  ou  a  tninslalion 
of  the  Xew  Testament.  Of  this  the  Gosiiel  of 
3[ark  was  edited  by  the  Hev.  A.  Fycwis,  of  the 
Church  .Missionary  Society,  fortlie  Hritish  and 
l'\>icigii  IJible  Society  inlSHT.  Up  to  JIarcli 
81st,  1889,  one  thousand  copies  have  been  dis- 
posed of. 

(Specimen  verse.    Johu  3 :  16.) 

^v/a-K^  C^ioift  iJicaw  •♦'»  ^^MauoJaff  «f»*«» 

.YavH,  an  island  of  the  Tiiilian  Archijwlago. 
situated  in  latitude  ,')'  2  to  8  50  south,  and 
longitude  105  \2'  to  114'  8!)'  east,  is  one  of  the 
richest  <'oloiiial  jiossessions  of  the  Xelberlaiids. 
and  in  respect  to  its  population,  its  natiind 
beauty,  the  mildness  of  its  climate,  and  the  in- 
dustry of  its  peojile  is  the  most  important  of  all 
the  islands  of  the  archipi'lago.  The  area  of 
the  island  is  50,','(iO  s(|uaie  miles.  Its  greatt'st 
length  is  from  east  to  west  liOO  miles,  with  a 
breadth  varying  from  •>()  to  18t>  miles.  Includ- 
ing ^Iiidura  Hilda  nimiber  of  smaller  islands, 
wiiich  lire  ineludcd  in  the  ollicial  Java,  thearca 
is  51,9'i1  s(|uare  miles.  The  mountainous  range 
which  forms  the  central  ridge  is  of  volcanic 
nature,  and  there  are  still  many  active  volca- 
noes.     The    highest    is  Senieru,    12,338  fet>t. 


"With  its  rugged,  well-wooded  moiintuin  sides, 
fcrlile  plains  lying  hctwceii  the  spurs,  and  tin- 
nnineroiis  lablelaiids,  interspersed  with  lieauli- 
fiil  though  siniill  lakes,  the  scenery  of  Java 
lueseiits  a  varied  and  dcUghtful  picture,  The 
climate  of  ,lavn,  with  the  exception  of  some 
marshy  disirii't>  in  the  norlhcrii  plains,  i^  he  althy 
and  Very  salubrious.  The  heat  is  ikiI  inleiise, 
but  the  long  coiiliniianee  of  it  |)iiivcs  trying  to 
European  constitutions,  w  liich  at  tirst  are  not 
alTecletl  by  it.  In  the  interior  tablelands  the 
diniale  i-  colder  anil  more  bracing.  The  e.\- 
I'ellent  roads  throiighoiil  the  island  make  it  very 
ea.sy  for  the  richer  class<'S  lo  escape  the  healed 
term  by  going  to  the  mountains, 

Java  is  iiiuicr  the  govcriiniciil  of  the  Xelber- 
laiids. 'I'lic  F.asl  India  Company,  iieatcd  by 
the  Dutch  in  11102.  gradually  ciiiiipured  Ih'e 
Dulch  Kast  Indies,  and  when  IheCompaiiy  was 
(Iiss)ilved  in  1798  the  molher-couiitry  look"  over 
the  control  of  all  its  Dull  h  pos.scssions,  and 
since  188(1  the  Nithcrlands  has  been  in  uiidis- 
turlK-d  pos.sessioii.  The  island  is  divided  iiilo 
residencies,  each  governed  by  a  resilient,  who 
with  his  assistiinis  exercises  almost  absolute 
control  by  means  of  a  vast  hicranhy  of  ii.itive 
otlicials.  There  are  22  of  these  residencies,  in- 
cluding .Madura,  'llic  popiilaliun  is  very  dense, 
2I.!)it7.500  when  enuuieiateil  at  tliccnd'of  188T. 
Of  these  over  oO.OOti  were  Europeans,  225.500 
Chines*'.  15,(X)0  Arabs,  and  the  reiiiaitider  na- 
tives. The  natives  belong  lo  the  .Mala.y  ((|.v.) 
race,  and  are  divided  into  the  .lavanese  proper, 
the  Sundanesc.  and  the  .Madurese.  The  Malay 
IviH- is  best  retained  in  the  Simdanese,  while  the 
•favanes*' are  the  iiiosi  civilized.  In  early  times 
a  warlike,  feriKious  spirit  must  have  character- 
ized the  Javjincse.  but  now  they  are  ))eaceab|p, 
(l<H'ile,  sober,  and  industrious.  Under  Dutch 
rule  tlie condition  of  till'  iXMijile  has  been  most 
jiros|H'roiis,  and  is  inii>idviiig  rapidly  under 
their  wis<- and  judicious  ailminislralion.  Agri- 
culture is  carried  on,  anil  by  a  system  iniiiigu- 
nited  in  1880.  called  the  '"' culture  system,"  it 
WIS  to  the  advantage  not  only  of  the  Kuropean 
ri'siili-nt,  but  also  of  the  native  clii<'f  and  the 
native  coolie,  to  jModuce  as  much  and  as  good 
coiffee,  sugar,  or  rice  as  the  land  would  bring 
foilh.  ]{v  this  wisi'  arrangement  and  com- 
nuinily  of  interest  the  natural  resources  of  the 
Ian  I,  which  is  wonderfully  fertile,  are  utilized 
to  a  .irreater  extent  with  every  succeeding  year, 
and  the  resulting  wealth  benelils  the  goveru- 
inciit.  the  iilantation  owner,  and  the  laborer. 
Thi>  "culture"  system  has  now  been  abolished 
in  favor  of  more  freedom  on  the  part  of  the  in- 
(livic'nals,  but  its  beiielieial  resiills  are  clearly 
recognizable,  and  are  still  felt. 

liiiiyioii. — Noniinally,  llie  natives  arc  Moham- 
nie<iais,  .since  the  Hindu  d\ nasty  was  over- 
thrown in  the  15tli  ceiilury  by  the  Moliaiu- 
nie<iai-:  in  foniier  times  they  were  Miiddhisi.s 
and  Hnihmins,  as  Hindu  civili/ation  was  iiilro- 
ilnce*!  early  in  the  Chiisiian  era.  The  result 
has  Int  n  that  fragments  from  all  these  i.'igious 
.systems  are  interwoven  with  their  original  spirit- 
worship,  and  the  latter  has  absorbed  the  foreign 
element  and  .still  remains  the  doiiiiiiaiil  failh  of 
the  jH'opIe.  A  spirit  is  worshipiied  at  his  altar 
under  a  grt>at  tri'c.  while  the  formula  of  Islam, 
•'There  is  no  (Jod  but  (Jod.  and  i\liiliiiiiinied  is 
His  projiliet."  is  uttered  at  the  same  lime. 
Spirits  are  worslii|iped  who  cause  diseases. 
Around  the  wliole  life  of  the  people  is  an  atmos- 
pliere  of  nystery;  the  stars  in  the  lieavns  shed 


JAVA 


iliiir  iiilliic'iuc,  Miicl  some  slnitii^i'  (■iiiMiiiilion  for 
iriHiil  or  tor  evil  conns  tiniii  cvciv  olijcct  of 
imliirf.  Aiiioiii;  llic  liiirlici'  tli^^c^  Moliuiii- 
iiii'il:iiiistii  is  of  M  (lurcr  lv|"'.  nini  llic  liiMiiiiu'c 
of  iIh'  .Mohimimcduii  "  [irifsi   '  is  i;rf,ii. 

/,iiiii/i/,i(/i\ — 'I'lic  (lircf  tlilTcniiI  r.urs  jiliovo 
iiU'iitioiH'(i  liiivc  I'iiili  its  own  l.iiiL.'iiiii,'c. 
Suiiiliincsc  is  iinidiiiilly  ilviiis;  out.  .Iiiviuif-c  is 
tllc  |ili'v;iilillir  siM'ccil.  Mill!  is  foiiiiil  ill  two  ilis- 
timl  slylfs  -I 111' court  s|ii'ccli,  unci  llic  |il:iin  talk 
iiiiioMi:  till'  |M'o|ili'. 

The  cliiif  towns  ol  .liivii  urc  ScriiiiLr.  in  the 
resiliency  of  HmiiIuiii,  wliicli  has  sii|i|il;iiiiei|  the 
older  city  of  liaiilaiii  on  account  of  the  superior 
healllifulncss  of  lis  locMiimr.  lialavia,  lheca|)ital 
of  Dutch  India,  and  I'lirwakaria.  the  adminis- 
trative town  of  K raw aiii;  residency,  ('herihon, 
tlioiii:li  very  uiiheahhy,  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
jiortant  places  in  .lava.  The  town  is  laid  out  in 
Kuropean  style,  and  contains  a  cliiiieli.  a  tine 
Chinese  leiiiple.  and  the  palaces  of  the  ilescencl- 
nnts  of  the  old  sulian  Foiei.;n  coinnicrcc  and 
native  trade  are  all  Mell  developed  at  iiiiial, 
whose  population  is  estimated  at  SO. (Kid.  Near 
the  ceiiln'  of  the  north  coast  is  Saniaranir.  which 
1ms  [I  military  hospital,  and  is  a  siaiiou  on  tin; 
niilw.'iy.  The  lariri'st  town  in  .la. a  is  Siirahaya. 
Its  liarlior  is  the  liesi  on  the  island,  and  it  jia.s 
uuinerous  reliLiioiis.  educational,  ch'iritalile,  anil 
commercial  institutions. 

-Mission  work  is  carried  on  hy  the  Nether- 
lands .Missionary  Society  in  Kast  .Fava.  where 
the  Piitcli  IJaptist  Society  has  also  one  st;ition. 
The  Netherlands  .Missionary  I'liion  has  stations 
in  West  .lava.  Hisides  these  there  are  the  fol- 
lowiriir  societies:  The  I'rotcstant  ('liincli  in 
Netlierliinds  I'last  Indies,  .lava  Coinite,  Men- 
nonite  .Missionaiy  Society,  Krnielo  Missionary 
Society.  Christian  Uefonned  Church,  and  the 
Dtileli  .Missionary  Society.  In  lS8(i  the  num- 
ber of  Christians  anions;  natives  and  foreiirn 
Orientals  was  ll,St,'!>.  and  in  ISST  tlu'iv  were  in 
Netherlands  India  07  missionaries. 

Java  4.'<»lllil<'.  a  foreiirn-missionary  soci- 
ety with  headipiarters  at,  Amslerdani,  Hol- 
land, founded  in  1851  in  Hatavia,  .lava,  as  a 
stH'iety  for  home  and  foreimi  missions.  A 
foinmittee  to  aid  this  society  was  formed  in 
Anisterd.im  in  1851,  and  now  has  the  su|)eriii- 
tondeiice  of  its  work.  It  has  missionaries  in 
Batavia  and  the  surroundinj;  country. 

Javaiic'NV  Vi'rj«l«»ii.— The  .lavanese  lie- 
loiiiTs  to  the  .Malaysian  lanuuanes.  and  is  spoken 
in  the  island  of  .lava  A  translation  of  the  New 
Testament  into  the  .lavanese  was  commenced 
byJIr.  Tracole  and  ('oniplcted  at  the  press  in 
Culciitta  by  the  Hev.  (lotllob  Hriu  kiier.  I!e- 
tweeii  the  years  1818  and  185ti  the  Nelherlands 
Hilile  Society  piililislied  an  edition  of  the  entire 
liilile,  iiiiide  liy  the  Uev.  .1.  F.  C.  (ieriike.  In 
188-J  at.  the  request  of  the  Uev.  I*.  Dans/,  of 
Djapara,  the  Hritisli  and  Koreiirn  Bible  .Siciety 
resolved  to  employ  Mr.  Dans/.,  tor  over  thirty 
years  a  missionary  in. lava  of  the  Haptist  Society 
for  the  Proliaira.'on  of  the  (Jospel  in  I  he  Nether- 
lands Colonies,  to  prejiare  !i  version  for  the 
people  of  .lava  ,  said  to  nuinber  l!),(RHt,(H)0,  of 
whom  8.IMHt,000  were  .lavanese,  8,(KMt.lMK) 
Siindaiiese,  and  :i,0(IO,0()<)  Malays.  In  1883  the 
Cios|)el  of  Luke,  astranslated  by  Mr.  Dans/.,  was 
Iirinted  at  Sinjiapore,  and  in  1887  the  New 
'IVstament  was  published.  Several  native 
scholars  lussi.sted  in  the  translation  and  revision. 
Mr.  Duns/,  is  now  Iniusliitiug  the  Old  Testuiueut. 


S08  JERUSALEM 

(Specitnen  vene.    John  :t :  lU.) 
•jeiiC''«Vll'"i"]'?lu>i'"{«€liKinjiaS«ia» 


(.111 


«iqi>     «i(icnjWCT3"Kinnnmj«]iq(L'iiirJi?iapi» 
(Kij1'fl']inn'»'"icioo\  (KjunjutwTnifliujjdiJjrn 


\ 


m  im  1 1]  «u  f  oil  •»  I  n  *i  iii^ 

.lt>l»<4>l-Toiir.  a  Roelion  of  Kurdistan  south 
of  the  lieiid  ill  the  liirris,  and  between  the 
Tiirris  and  Mardin.  Its  niosi  inipoilaiil  cily  is 
Midyat.  'i'lie  ]ieople  are  mostly  .lacobiles,  and 
are  amoinr  the  tiiiesl  specimens  of  the  Syrian 
IMopUs.  'I"heir  life  of  conslani  strife  with  the 
Kurds  has  developed  a  jrood  ilciiree  of  force  of 
ch.iraclcr,  and  they  are  more  open  to  mission 
inlluence  than  those  farther  south  on  the 
Mesojiotaniian  plain.  The  hiiiLTuaire  is  both 
Arabic  and  Kurdish.  .Mission  work  is  carried 
on  in  .Midyat  and  in  some  of  the  suiroundinjj 
villa^res. 

JrlllailK.lheliiml,  atown  in  Punjab.  North 
India,  on  north  bank  of  .lehlani  Kiver. 
Climate  hot;  healthy  in  winter.  I'opiilMlion, 
:!,lb7;  race,  I'aiiirali.  I.aiuruaires,  Inlii,  I'anjrali, 
(iiiimi  ki,  and  Hindi.  .Mission  station  of  the 
United  I'reshyierian  Church  of  .Vnierica  (1873); 
'■i  missionaries  and  wives.  :.•  other  ladies,  l.'i 
native  helpers,  (i  out-stations,  1  chureh,  -18 
members,  (i  schools,  'MO  scholars,  and  an  active 
zeiiaiia  mission. 

.l^r^lIlK^,  a  tow  n  of  Haiti,  West  I-idies,  at 
the  southwest  extremity.  Ii5  miles  west  of  Port- 
au-1'rinee.  Population.  5.l)t)(l.  Mission  station 
Protestant  Kpiscopal  Clinreh;  i\Ui  scliool- 
••hildren  and  an  airriciiltiiral  school.  In  the 
interior,  in  the  forest-tanirles  coveriiiir  tlie  old 
plantations,  life  has  sunk  into  eoiii|)letc 
Africanism.  Pcoi^lc  live  in  inudhuts,  know 
not  niarriaiie,  worshi|>  .serpents,  and  olTer 
human  sacritiees;  and  the  coarsest  fetichi.sni 
may  be  found  even  anionic  those  ncijrocs  and 
nuilattiK's  who  have  their  children  baptized 
and  pay  tithes  to  the  Uomiin  Catholic  clerLry. 

Jl'ri<'llO. — 1.  A  Herniannslmrir  station  in 
Tniiisvaal.  South  Africa,  with  L'lili  Christians. 
— ".2.  An  KnuMish  Haiitist  station  in  .lamaica. 
West  Indies  Baptist  chapel  seats  !,'.>«). 
Hesidetit   minister:    ehiireh-members,  8(l'.i. 

Joril<>al('llli.  -rroin  the  time  of  the  Cru- 
;s'uies,  .leriisalein  has  been  a  special  object  of  mis- 
sionary work.  Kach  of  the  dilTerent  branches 
of  (he  Christian  i  hurcli,  European  and  Orien- 
tal, have  had  their  representatives  there.  The 
stronjiest  element  has  bi'cn  and  still  is  the 
<ireek,  the  (ireek  Patriarch  receivinu'  the  sup- 
port and  encouraireineiit  of  the  Uiissian  (iov- 
ernmenl.  Ne.\t  in  streiiLTth  come,  perhaps, 
the  Arineniaiis,  who  have  ii  larsre  convent  and 
church.  The  Latins  have  not  been  very  stiomr 
until  recent  times.  The  contlicts  hetween  these 
dilTerent  hr.inches  of  the  church  have  been  such 
as  to  excite  the  derision  and  contempt  of  the 
^losleins.  who  have  been  compelled  to  iiiiaid 
the  holy  |ilaces  by  sentries  in  onU'r  to  prevent 
Christians  from  destroyinj;  each  other,  and  the 
places  that  they  atfeeled  to  reverence.  .lerusa- 
leni  hiisulso  been,  utiturully,  the  jruthering-plucc 


I 


!1 


ii 

til 


!  ■   1 

'  ;  ! 


i';, 


m 


u 


-f|f 

11 
Hi" 


jl^ 


JERUSAIiEM 


504 


JERUSAI.EM  mnoN 


w  ■  til! 


li 


of  tlip  Jews,  and  numerouf)  efforts  Imvc  been 
l)Ut  fiirth  to  »>t.-»bli>li  tl'.i*  incf  in  their  iinciciil 
capitsil.  It  hits  s«.'iiif<l.  liowivtT,  ii>  if  I  he  very 
pri'Sfiu'e  of  tiio  Holy  Plait-  suti'il  \i]((iii  tlicni  so 
as  to  (it'stroy  :vU  yenso  of  n-li^'ion,  iiud  llic  .Ii'ws 
of  Jirus;ileiti  Ickvi-  Xnxn  iioUuicpiisly  llic  worst 
spt'ciiiu'iisof  thcirrace.  Of  l:ilf  years,  liowever, 
with  III-  I'tT'Tts  «>f  surh  nun  as  Sir  Moses  .M<in- 
teliore.  siuil  thoisf  who  with  liiin  Ijave  souirht 
to  estalilisli  .li-wtsh  colonii-s,  not  in  .lenisnlem 
itself,  l)Ut  ill  tlie  O'uutry,  Mnnewlial  of  ii  ehani^e 
lias  talieu  placv.  Wh«-n  the  A  15.  ('.  F  .M.  sent 
its  tirst  luis-touaries  lo  tho  Levant  in  ISlil,  ijiey 
were  told  to  ;;o  to  Ji-niN-ileni  anil  snrviy  from 
tliere  tlie  lanil  that  Uu-y  wire  to  enter.  They 
foiiiui.  however,  ihal  any  wmk  tliere  was  en- 
tirely iiiipnu'tietibU".  aiui  from  lliat  day  to  this 
uo  American  s»>cieties  have  nndertalien  mission 
worli  in  Palestine.  At  present  the  prineiiial 
societies  at  work  in  Jerusiilem  are:  the  Clmiih 
Jli.ssionary  SK'iety.  the  Ikrlin  .Tiius;dem  liiion, 
the  London  Sx'iely  for  Pniivitiatini;  the  Gospel 
amonir  the  Jews.  Therf  are  al-o  varions  oilier 
German  oryani/alions  al  Bethlehem,  whieli  is 
so  near  as  to  l>o  practically  in  JeriLsidem.  The 
Berlin  Jeru.sulein  Union  has  a  station,  and  the 
Society  for  Prv»nK>ting  Female  Ed  neat  ion  in 
the  East  has  a  st-hool  with  a  tini'  new  huildiiig. 
At  Bethany  also  there  is  an  independent  home 
started  l)y"a  Miss  I'niwfoixi.  AVitli  the  excep- 
tion of  the  hkst,  the  work  is  almost  entirely 
amoni:  the  Jews,  and  is  cliieliy  in  the  line  of 
education.  The  Church  Missionary  Society's 
work  is  the  luntst  imjHirtant  and  the  most  suc- 
cessful. It  comprises  3  missionaries  with  their 
wives.  2  native  clenry,  4  native  teachers,  1(1!) 
native  coiumunic^nls.  and  ;)55  scholars.  The 
most  important  part  of  the  work  is  in  coiinee- 
tiou  with  the  Preparcndi  lustitvition,  which 
sends  out  sch<x>l-tt-achers  to  ihi'  various  out-sta- 
tions. There  is  also  ;he  r.ish(>i>  Gohat  hoard- 
ing-school and  a  printing-press.  For  the  work 
ofthe  Jerusalem  Union,  see  article. 

Jrru<iaieni  fnion  in  Berlin  (Jeru- 
salems-Vereiu  zu  IVrlint. — The  Union  was 
founded  by  Court-preacher  Strauss  in  1852. 
According  'to  the  statutes  of  l!SG(^,  its  object  is 
to  support,  entar^ie.  and  multiply  the  German 
evangelical  iusliiuiious  and  undertakings 
wliieh  have  Int-n  started  in  the  Orient,  in  tlie 
territory  of  the  evangelical  bi.-hopric  of  Jeru- 
Sfilem.  "  It  propop**  to  contribute  to  the  main- 
tenance of  the  Gennan  Evangelical  Church  in 
the  Holy  Land,  and  to  In-  active,  by  means  of 
schools,' hoispitaK  and  hospices,  for  the  "inner 
and  outer  mission""  among  the  native  inhabi- 
tants of  that  rt'gion.  and  among  Germans  resi- 
dent there.  Any  one  who  contributes  regu- 
larly is  a  member.  The  conduct  of  its  affairs 
is  in  the  hands  of  a  cvtmmittee  of  at  least  16, 
who  elect  their  own  s«c-<t^sors. 

The  Union  has.  from  the  first,  enjoyed  royal 
support.  Frt»K-rick  William  IV.  was  the  first 
to  attempt  to  deveSop  the  Gt  rman  religious  in- 
terests in  Jertisalem,  and  one  of  the  fruits  of 
his  efforts  w,-is  the  c-stablishmcnt  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Bishopric  there.  At  present  the  German 
coiiununi'v  is  n(4  connected  with  this  body. 
Emperor  William  L  n^ntinued  the  care  be- 
stowed by  bis  bti'ther:  juid  Crown  Prince  Fred- 
erick, upon  hi*  visit  there  in  1869.  took  sjx'cial 
interest  in  the  tvligious  welfare  of  the  German 
colony.  For  long  years  the  Union  was  under 
the    special  protecUon  of  Empress  Augtista. 


C''t::i-':.:-< 


the   royal 


The    present     Emperor 
aiil. 

As  is  seen  from  the  >f.itu'-~  :.  -  Uiiion  is  not 
nil  exclusively  nu»ii-ni  nr.'-.ii.L/.^::  :,.  although 
in  comiectioii  with  its  work  iui^^ir  t»ennans 
it  neglects  no  o|)pormnity  fvt  misrion  tnler- 
prise  among  the  Arabs. 

Support  is  obtained  chiefly  frvm  |*r5rale  con- 
tributions. In  ntiiueroa'*  cnie*  <»f  tremiany 
there  also  exist  w  omens  socWt:**  Ut  tlie  sup]ily 
of  clothing,  etc.,  to  the^  rariow*  in^jiiuiions  in 
Jerusalem.  There  are 'such  in  Btrlin,  I'ots- 
dam,  Hreslau.  Li'ibi  ck.  I>essatt.  Gunss  lieichen, 
Ober  U(")blingeM.  Kyritz.  H»'t-iitin,  and  Glau- 
chau.  .Vid  is  also  received  Uypta  raiT<'U.  >  Iher 
iniiepiiident  societies.  The  antTare  inicme, 
exclusive  of  sjieeial  building  funds  jind  the 
like,  is  24,000  marks  annually. 

The  Union  has  two  mission  jtalioes — the  one 
at  Belhlehem.  tlie  other  at  Ifeil-Djah,  half  an 
hour  distant.  The  Arabian  Piolcstant  paTi^h 
al  Ik'thlehem  consists  of  but  few  fsmilies,  but 
the  station  is  considered  an  inapcvrtjuit  one. 
i\Ioney  for  erecting  a  church  h^  bc«n  on  h.and 
for  some  years,  but  the  peimtsaco  of  ibe  Sul- 
tan for  the  prosecution  of  the  wofk  vks  slow- 
in  coming.  First  a  tirman  was  granted  for  the 
ground  story  (which  will  be-  itscd  laier  for  a 
.school),  and  on  the  occ;is:»>n  of  the  visit  of 
Emperor  William  II.  to  Coitsftict^ixTple  in  18S9 
further  permission  was  accorded  U'T  the  whole 
building.  There  are  two  schc«•i^^.  c»ne  for  iKiys 
and  one  for  girls,  together  having  KK)  pupils. 
Unfortunately  the  capuble  pu-i^T,  SchmlUr, 
retired  from"  the  .service  in  l>'*Si.  Biit  Djala 
is  a  branch  station  of  Bethtebetn.  Id  ISSti  a 
chapel  was  built,  and  the  pttrish  is  in  the  care 
of  a  native  evangelist,  who  i$  gnrfuallv  con 
•solidating  the  scattered  eleinral&.  Herealso  are 
two  schools— the  iKn-s'sthoolnnmfeeTinpfti.and 
the  girls'  school  of  about  35.  tsiablished  in 
1888.  ProjK'r  school-building$  ind  dwellings 
are  still  lacking,  but  efforts  are  V^jag  made  io 
sujiply  them.  A  third  station  «as  opened  in 
1884  in  Hebron,  but  after  fotir  years  of  exist- 
ence it  had  to  be  abamtoued.  bwause  the  Mo- 
hammedans were  forbidden  to  ch'IisuIi  the  Ger- 
man physician  or  to  send  theii  ciiildren  lo  the 
German  school. 

The  chief  activity  of  the  Ui^ii'ii  >  in  Jerusa- 
lem, though  here  it  has  a  !---  -■-'>  lively  mis- 
sion character  than  in  the  ■  i'lis.  Here 
the  funds  are  applied  to  su;  ^  ..  ...  ju^n  various 
German  institutions  which  kivv- chiefly  national 
character.  It  contributes  u>  zht-  sslary  of  the 
pastor  of  the  German  chtirch.  who  makes  quar- 
terly visits  to  the  Germans  in  Haufn  and  Jaffa, 
and  to  that  of  the  assist.tnt  ptcadMT',  who  is  also 
teacher  in  the  German  sdiooL  As  tsirly  as 
1867  a  collection  wtvs  made  in  Gtrmauy  for 
church  building  in  Jerttjalem;  in  ls69  the 
Prus.sian  crown  came  into  poisaesaon  of  El 
Miirestau,  the  site  of  the  ctd  oonvent  Santa 
Maria  .Magna;  the  locality  w;^  excavated,  and 
now  a  German  chaiiel  stan»is  nfucn  il.  Money 
is  now  collected  for  the  ervc^x*)  of  a  penna- 
neiit  church;  the  death  i>f  Enjjxenor  Frederick, 
who  li'id  the  work  especialEy  at  Lesn.  brought 
the  undertaking  for  a  time  to  a  standstill;  the 
present  emperor  has  piit  tihe  matter  into  the 
hands  of  a  special  organization.  In  connection 
with  the  i)ari.sli  is  a  .Men's  I'nMO,  and  lately  a 
Youths'  Union  has  been  estabiisbtnl. 

The  following  are  the  other  enterprises  that 
are  assisted  bylhe  Union:  tl>  Ibe  S^-ri&n  Or- 


J£iRUSALEM  UNION 


503 


JEWS 


l)liiiii!i!;c.  loni;  iIk'  special  nwr  (if  llic  vctcnm 
JSclilU'lliT.  t'ulliri  of  llii'  piiNlcir  at  l!i'lhlclit'iii;  it 
has  It  pri'siilcnl,  in^pfcini',  4  li'iiclurs,  timl  H 
insinictors  in  iimiiiial  iiilior.  At  pi'isciit  145 
cliildifii  are  carfil  for.  In  IHSK  a  laiirc  Iracl  of 
laiiil  was  sccureil,  for  praclical  inslriiclioii  in 
farniiii:;.  I'i)  Talitlia  Kiinii  is  an  tiliicaiional 
insliliilion  for  Arabian  ,i:irl>;  Ilie  Irainini;  is  of 
varied  cliaraele'',  some  lieing  prepared  to  lie 
teiielicrs,  otiicrs  to  lie  servants  in  Chrislian 
homes.  The  niainlenaneu  of  eaeii  child  costs 
180  marks  yearly.  There  are  now  in  tlie  insti- 
tution 11")  "jiirls."  (:t)  The  Deaconess'  Hospital 
was  eslalili>hed  liy  Kaiseiswerlli  deacones.ses 
in  1S.")1;  ."ilHt  patients  are  treated  yearly  in  the 
hospital,  four  liflhs  of  Ihem  lieinj;  Aralis.  and 
one  h.ilf  .Mohanmied.ins.  Three  times  weekly 
a  I'lilyciinic  is  open,  at  which  7,700  cases  are 
annually  ircaled.  Each  applicant  for  admission 
to  the  hospital  p.iys  4  marks.  The  |ircs(iit  lo- 
calion  of  the  hospital  is  very  had,  and  tlie'most 
pies-inir  nceil  of  the  whole  work  is  the  erection 
<if  a  snilabk;  huildini;  oulsiile  of  the  walls.  For 
this  purpose  a  collection  is  heini;  made  by  a 
local  eomniittee.  i4)  Assistance  is  also  Lfiven 
to  the  Leper  Asyluui,  niain'aiiied  by  the  .Mo- 
ravians; and  to  the  Children's  Hospital  ("Mari- 
enslifi"),  which  larcs  for  i;!0  children  and  liO 
inolhers(in  iSS'J).  A  missionary  for  the  seamen 
in  I'orl  Said  is  one  of  the  plans  for  the  imme- 
diate fuliire. 

The  oiiran  of  tin-  I'nion  is  "  Xeueste  Nach- 
richlcii  aus  deiii  .Moru'enlande."  conducted  by 
Lie.  llolTunmn  in  Fraucndorf,  near  Stettin. 

.It'»>>«irt',  a  town  ami  district  in  Bengal, 
India.  74  miles  noitlnast  of  Calcutta.  It  was 
formerly  of  Utile  importance,  lint  is  rapidly 
in'owinir  in  comnicrci.al  wealth.  lis  popnialion 
of  .'^.4',).")  are  mostly  .Mi»lems.  Mission  station 
of  the  ii.iplisi  .Mi-sjonary  Society ;  1  missionary, 
1.")  cliurcli-mendiers,  l,!)','.")  Sabbath-scholars. 

.loWK,  Tlu'. 

l.oidt     Siffleiiieiif)*     (I  lid     lirfit/iniis 

State  of'  the  tTeirs. — In  the  time  of  Christ 
Jewish  communities  had  spread  throii^rh  all  the 
countries  lioidcriui;  on  the  ..Mediterranean,  and 
only  a  small  p;irl  of  Israel  was  still  livim,'-  in 
I'.'ilesline  This  part  was  still  further  reduced, 
if  not  complelely  destroyed,  by  Titus  in  71), 
Hadrian  in  l;r>.  and  Ileraclius  in  ti'js,  and  not 
until  the  present  century  ilid  I'iilolinc  once  more 
become  t  lie  abode  of  a  larjrer.Iewisli  populalioii. 
As  eivili/ation  advanced  towards  the  lioilli, 
Jews  became  domiciled  also  in  central  iMirope. 
In  the  middle  aii'es  they  were  chielly  settled  in 
Sp.iiii  and  llerniany.  But  persecution  drove 
many  Spanish  Jews  to  the  other  .Mediterranean 
countries,  especially  to  It.aly,  Turkey,  Asia 
Minor,  and  I'alotine;  ami  for  tin;  same  rcii.soil 
in.iny  German  Jews  moved  towards  the  Ea.st, 
into  the  I'oli-h  empire,  at  that  time  reaching 
from  the  Bidlic  to  the  Black  Sea.  Still  earlier 
some  emiirralions  had  taken  place  to  Arabia, 
Persia,  Iiiilia.  and  China;  but  ji.s  those  spor.idic 
seltlements — to  which  must  .'dso  be  rc<konc(l 
the  Fallashas  of  Abyssinia,  who  had  adopted 
Judaism  -mainlained  no  reirular  communica- 
tion with  the  main  bidk  of  the  people,  Ihev 
actually  lost  the  knowledjre  of  their  own  reli- 
gion, and  the  revival  which  lately  has  taken 
place  among  tbem  is  ilui'  to  the  exertions  of  the 
Jews  in  Europe.  The  Jews  also  took  part  in  the 
European  c^'onization  of  America,  going  most- 
ly to  the  uonhern  part  of  that  coutiuent,  less 


fre(piently  to  the  souDicrn  and  central;  and 
re<enlly  both  Australia  and  South  Africa  have 
received  .some  sinallir  and  less  important  .Jewish 
colonies.  The  table  below,  based  on  tlu;  An- 
itiiiiiri'  tifs  ArrhiriM  hrm  lili h  for  1^x7,  with 
.some  eorreclions.  gives  a  general  view  uf  tlio 
distribution  of  the  Jewish  race; 

Europe; 

(Jerniuiv .WJ.OOO 

Aus(ria-"llungary ],(i44,000 

Hiissia s.rm-.Mmo 

'I  urkev  in  Europe. ,  . .  HIS, 000 

Itoumiuua 2(13,000 

Servia 3,.')00 

Italy 40,(J00 

Switzerland 7,000 

Greece 3,000 

Denmark 4,000 

Sweden-N<irwav 3,000 

Great  Brilain-Ii'elaml.  ltM),000                  ' 

Holland 8',i.000 

Belgium 3,000 

Spain ],!tOO 

Fmnce 80,ooo 

Total 5,457,000 

Asia: 

Turkey  in  Asia 195,000 

Siberia 47,000 

Persia 18,  (MM) 

India 19,000 

Total 300,000 

Africa: 

Eirvpt 8,000 

Tunis .55,000 

Tripoli (i.OOO 

Alireria 35,000 

^lo'roceo 60,000 

Abys.sinia 200,000 

Total 370,000 

America: 

Canada 2,400 

United  Stales 350,000 

Central  and  S.  America     50,000 

Total 402,400 

Australia  and  Polynesia 20.000 

These  (5,549.000  Jews  are,  as  the  table  shows, 
very  unecpially  dislributed  over  the  earth,  and 
it  seems  apparent  that  the  unssionary  activity 
developed  among  ihcm  should  stand  in  sonu; 
proijorlion  to  the  density  and  strength  of  each 
single  scttlemeiil.  Thus,  as  long  as  there  are 
countries  which  have  oidv  one  missionary  for 
cveiy  50.000  .lews,  new  mission  stations  should 
not  be  eslablislied  in  countries  which  have  a 
nuu'h  smaller  .lewisli  elemi'Ut  in  their  jiopula- 
tion.  N'or  should  the  activity  ever  be  concen- 
trated to  such  a  degree  as  is  the  ca.se  in  I'ales- 
tine,  where  there  is  a  missionary  for  every  one 
thousand  .lews. 

The  medi.eval  division  of  the  Jews  into  Seph- 
ariliin  or  Spaniards,  Aschken.'isim  or  (iermans, 
iind  Mo/.hrabim,  or  Xorlli  Africans,  has  lost  to 
some  e\lenl  itssignillcance.  Other  distinctions 
have  become  more  prominent  than  that  of 
ilcsciMit.  Ni'vertheless  lu  some  counectious  it 
is  still  instructive. 

Sephardim  communities,  uiimbering  in  all 
hardly  more  than  300,000  members,  are  found 
in  Italy,  Greece,  Turkey,  Asia  Minor,  Palestine, 
and  sjioradically  also  in  France,  Holland,  and 
England.  The  Aschkenasiin  who  form  tha 
principal  mass  of  the  Jewish  people  and  nuin- 


Ill 


JEWS 


500 


JEWB 


[! 


:in 


II! 


IxT  over  11  Vf  mill  ions,  liave  their  rhicf  sent  In 
(Jcnniiny,  Aiisiriii-Himv'inv,  and  Hiissin.  liiil 
iiiaUc  iilsotlic  liiii^cr  |mrl  of  llic  .Icwi^li  |i(ipiilii- 
tiiiM  ill  Fniiicc,  iliily,  lOimliinii,  iiiiil  riilf>liii('. 
'I'lic  Noilli  Aliuriciiii  Jews  me  iiliiaisl  willioiil 
(•x(r|iliiiii  Asililu'iiasiiii.  'I'lic  .Mogliniliiin,  iiiun- 
1)1  riiiir  iilioiil  IOO.OIM),  livu  iu  >i()rliK'i'ii  Africa 
liiiil  I'lilrsiinc. 

( >ti  mcoiiiit  (if  llicir  (iiiiinioii  (icniiaii  dcsci'iit 
all  till'  Asclikriia.sim  used  (iriiiiiially  liic  (Jci- 
iiiari  laiiLi'iiaLii',  ill  an  olil  anil  siuiic^liat  iiiiili- 
liilcii  (liiilcci,  sirniiLrly  mixed  up  witli  llclncw 
Wdiils,  and  in  I'diaiid  and  Uussiii  also  willi 
Slavic  words.  'I'liis  lamriiMirc  was  liy  I  lie  .lews 
themselves,  called  simply  "  .leu  isli,"  liiil  liy 
ntlieis  either  .iiidieo-(ieniian,  or  by  a  mistake, 
"  .hiiheo  I'olisli.  "  in  (ieniKiiiy  it  lias  now  ii'iirl^ 
(lisiippeaied.  There,  as  in  lliiiiiraiy,  Kii>;lar  1, 
France,  and  Anicri<  ii,  it  has,  at  least  ainoiif;  i  le 
educated  .lews,  been  wholly  superseded  by  the 
liiiii.niai,'e  of  tlu!  land.  In  Kiissia,  rolaiid,  and 
(Jalicia,  however,  and  aiuoiii;-  the  nunieious 
emifi'ranls  thence  to  Kiii;laiid,  North  America, 
and  I'alesliiie,  '■  .lew  ish"  is  still  the  eonimon 
s|iceeli,  and  ii  missionary  amoni;  them  iiuist 
imderstand  it.  The  Se|)liardini  in  the  Orient 
have  also  retained  their  Spanish  diiilect.  Tiie 
JIoj;hraliim  ireiierally  speak  the  Arabic  dialect 
common  in  the  land  in  which  they  live. 

All  three  classes  of  .lews — that  is,  so  far  as 
their  inenibers  can  lie  desiirnated  iis  lieloniiiiiir 
to  the  old  faith — follow  the  rabbinical  law  siu  h 
ns  it  has  been  laid  down  in  the  Talmud,  and 
afterwards  eoditied  in  the  Misehnii,  'I'liora  and 
Sohulcban  Arucb.  Their  form  of  worship  has 
a  common  basis,  fl.xed  in  liabylonia  between  the 
6th  and  titli  centuries.  Tlir(mi.di  dillereiit  addi- 
tions and  ehaiiires  in  the  diil'erent  countries, 
there  develoiied  from  this  common  basis  quite  a 
number  of  dillerent  rituals,  but  most  of  these 
have  afterwards  trivcii  way  either  to  that  of  the 
Aschkenasim  or  to  tliat  of  the  Seiihardim. 

In  reliirious  belief,  however,  there  are,  as 
above  indicated,  tTews  of  the  old  faith  and  .lews 
of  tile  new  faith.  When  towards  the  close  of 
the  IStb  century  the  .Jews  lieiran  in  ureal  num- 
bers to  take  active  i)art  in  llu^  developnient  of 
inodern  civili/.alion,  those  coiiceined  in  the 
movement  could  not  fail  to  recoiiiii/.e  that  the 
rabbinical  law  contains  much  wiiich  is  sujicr- 
slitiou.s  or  inhumane;  that  the  divine  service 
neeiled  a  reorir.ani/.atiini,  especia'ly  by  the  in- 
troduction of  sermons  in  llie  laiurnaire  of  the 
land:  that  the  youth  oujrhl  to  have  a  fuller  in- 
Kiruction  in  the  Bible  and  the  elements  of  doc- 
Irine  and  ethics;  iind  a'iin,!r  on  tlii.s  conviction 
the  nalnral  result  was  that  there  arose  a  distinc- 
tion between  the  .lews  livinir  in  central  and 
western  Hurope  or  in  the  I'nited  Slates,  and  the 
Jews  settled  in  or  comiiii:  from  eastern  Kurojie. 
The  latter  retained  .ludaism  in  its  old,  niediteval 
form;  the  former  enlered  npim  a  development 
demandecl  liy  the  times. 

Amonii  the  ,Tews  of  ijie  new  faith  there  must 
further  be  made  a  distinction  between  the  ortho- 
dox iiarty  and  the  parly  of  reform.  The  orlho- 
do.\  follow  the  rabbinical  law,  Ihousrh  ]nirired 
from  its  exIrava.L^'incies;  use  Hebrew  in  tlieir 
worship,  thoutrh  wilii  occasional  .sermons  in  the 
laniru.'iire  of  the  land;  and  expeet,  throuah  con- 
fidence in  the  promises  of  the  Pr(i))hets,  that  all 
Israel  shall  some  day  return  home  to  Pales- 
tine. The  reformers  reject  the  rabbinical  law, 
use  parli.illy  or  wholly  the  lan,irua.i;e  of  the  land 
in  their  divine  service,  and  consider  themselves 


genuine  eiti/ens  of  the  dliife  to  whicli  they  be 
lorn;,  But  most  of  them  have  jrivcn  up  the 
faith  in  a  divine  levelation,  and  siilistituted  it 
coiilldcnee  in  the  intiiiile  development  of  the 
moral  and  rcligiiais  tinllis  contained  in  the  Law 
and  the  l'roph<ts;  anil  many  of  lliein  have  lost 
all  religious  eonvictiou,  uud  become  ubsorbed  in 
iiieie  maleiialism. 

In  the  iMli  ciiiluiy  lluie  also  developed  two 
liiryer  irnaips  amoii>;  the  .lews  of  the  old  faith, 
iiaiiielv,  tliu  Peruscliim  or  MilliniiL'diiu  and  the 
Ohasiilim.  Tlie  I'eiiisidiim  are  followenof  the 
Talmud,  the  t'liasidim  of  a.  later  form  of  the 
Kabbala,  which  may  be  rej,'arilcd  as  a  kiinl  of 
mysticism  or  Theosophv.  This  must  not  be 
iinderstoiHl,  liowever,  as  if  tlie  reiiiMliliu  stood 
in  no  relation  to  the  Kabbala.  for  llie  Knbbiila 
lias  so  Ihoroui^lily  permeated  mediieval  .ludaism 
thai  it,  has  lefi  traces  of  itself  on  every  leaf  of  it. 
Nor  are  (lie  {'hiisidiin  In  epposition  to  the  Tal- 
niiid:  they  only  wish  to  keep  Ibe  study  of  it 
within  cerlaiu  limits,  in  favor  ot  prayer  and 
contemplation.  Characteristic  of  them  is  ijieir 
reverence  for  holy  men  who  lliroiiLrh  iirayeriuifl 
contemplation  are  said  to  have  come  into  closer 
rehilions  .h  (J(>(I,  anil  thereby  t<i  be  able  to 
>;iv(!  infallible  counsel  and  to  confer  heavenly 
blessinijs  on  their  adherents. 

Violent  <'ontroversies  take  |ilace  between  the 
I'erusehini  and  the  Chasidini,  between  the  orth- 
odox and  the  reformers,  lictwecn  those  of  tlu; 
old  faith  and  those  of  the  new  faith;  one  party 
accus(!s  the  other  of  liavinj;  dealiiijrs  with  the 
Gentiles  (Christians),  and  the  other  turns  otf  the 
accusation  by  scotliiiL; at  the  superstition  of  their 
iintagonisls.  Bui  they  all  agree  in  the  profession 
of  one  single  God,  with  whose  very  essence  Ibe 
idea  of  a  ttiniiy  is  as  incongruiais  as  tlnit  of  an 
incarnalion,  and  in  the  conviction  that  Israelis 
specially'  selected  to  represent  this  faith  among 
the  nations  of  the  earth.  'I'hus,  while  the  mo- 
nollieismof  the  OldTeslament  isdiieeted  against 
liolytheism,  the  monothei.sm— or,  rather,  nnitari- 
anisiii— of  modern  .ludai.sm  is  u  protest  against 
(  hiistiaiiity  None  of  the  four  jiaities  is  any 
nearci'  to  C  hiistiiinily  than  the  other  tliice.  The 
ortliodo.x  are  picvcnted  from  accepting  the 
gospel  by  their  strict  but  superlicial  legality, 
the  reformers  by  their  loose  religious  sen.se,  the 
I'erusehini  by  their  hair-splitting  subtlety— the 
result  of  their  Talmudic  studies— and  the  Chasi- 
dini by  their  blind  fanaticism.  But  they  all 
need  the  gosjiel  as  the  only  power  v.hicli  can 
burst  the  chains  in  which  their  <(insciences  lie 
stricken,  and  till  their  unsteady  hearts  with  that 
peace  w  liicli  i)iisseth  understanding. 

(IriH'ful  Jlisforf/  of  Missions  auioiiy 
lUv  f/*'*f',«i.— From  the  beginning  of  the  '-'d 
century  the  separation  between  the  Christian 
Church  and  the  Synagogue  became  more 
and  inori'  pronounced.  The  Churili  lacked 
that  understanding  of  .Tudaisin  which  was 
absolutely  necessaiy  in  order  to  bring  about  a 
connection  with  the  gospel.  Few  Christians 
knew  the  Hebrew  languiig<',  and  none  took 
notice  of  the  .lewisli  literature  which  siirang  up 
jusi  at  that  time.  Atti'mi)ls  at  literary  exchange 
wei'c  made,  but  without  cHect  ;  they  may  have 
served  to  strengthen  the  faith  of  the  Christians, 
but  they  could  do  nothing  toconviiici' the  .lews. 
Then  the  Talmud  arose  as  a  bulwark  around 
.Tudaism,  too  strong  to  be  broken  through  byun 
imjierial  edict  like  that  of  .Iiistiiiian,  ").");!,  .v.i). ; 
worst  of  all,  those  civil  restrictions  which  were 
laid  upon  the  Jews  in  order  to  defend  the  Chris- 


.*^.f4  -MiXr  -4#.«.  •'  H«T. 


JEWS 


507 


JEWS 


iristiiin 

•      llKIVe 

liicUcd 
nil  ^v!l.s 
f  iilidiit  a 
iii>liniis 
nil'  iiKik 
inniii:  lip 
(■.\('liiiii.t;'e 
niiy  liiive 
liifsliiiiis, 
llic.lcws, 

k  llKUlIlli 

icli  by  im 

lich  were 
he  Chris- 


tliins  ii.iriiiiiNf  Jc'wlsli  fiithicnco  erected  new  iiiul 
hi'iivicr  Imrrii'iH  hetwueii  the  Church  miil  lh(! 

SyiiMu'i'i^iic. 

Ittiiiitiii  Ciitliolii'  .yfi.iM'oiis  (iiii'tiif/  /fir  Jeirn.  —  In 
Ihi'  r.'lh  ri'iilurv  it  lU'liiiilc  iiiihsioimry  /.ciil 
iiwnki'  in  the  cliuich,  iiiiil,  ms  whs  iniliinil,  it 
(iri:,'illilli'(l  itl  S|i,iitl,  wlicii'  I  he  Jews  timU  III) 
iirlivc  imrt  in  llic  splriluiil  lite  of  llic  iicKplc. 
In  I'.Mii  KHyniiniiiiis  ul'  I'i'iiiiMl'nrli'  cshilillshcil 
ill  Miirciii  II  spcciiil  ciillci;!',  in  which  llic  Do- 
tniiiiciins  )ir('|),ir('(l  llicniscjvi's  hy  linnnistii' luid 
lili'inry  sIuiIIch  I'cir  iiii'~->iiiniiry  wurk  iiiiicmi,'  Ihi' 
.Fcws.  Kioni  this  schnol  issucil  in  TJisn  Kuy. 
niiiniln-i  .Mnrtini's  itrc.ii  work,  "  I'nuio  Kidri," 
wliiili  cirliilnly  is  the  nmsl  cxhmislivi'  cviilcncc 
tit'  (Inislianily  ever  cxiriiclcd  imni  tiic  nil)- 
liiniciil  lilcraiiirc,  luid  which  Tor  ccnlmits 
l'nniii'(l  the  cliict'  iirscniil  I'lmn  whicli  were 
dniwii  the  iirirniiii'iils  !i;!:iiiis|  the  iinhi'licvinij; 
.lews.  The  iniinks  went  ahuut  iind  picmhcd  in 
tile  syn;i;,'i)jriifs.  .iiid  ilispaliilidiis  were  inslidilcd 
Ml  vvhicli  Ihc  .lews  V  lie  ciinqH'Mcd  In  slc|i  t'or- 
wiiiil  mid  iiiiswiT  lor  ihcinsilvcs.  Mow  inipor- 
laiit  till'  result  of  iIimI  iielivily  iiiiisl  Iimvo  been, 
limy  lie  inferred  lidin  the  iiiiinlier  of  poleiiileid 
trealises  which  the  .lews  of  that  lime  eoniposed. 
A  new  cxej^esis  spriin,^  up  iinioiiLr  lliein.  In 
onh'r  to  del'enil  llieins<'lves  airiiiiist  Ihc  coiieln- 
sions  which  Chrislian  coiniiienlijlors  drew  from 
the  prophecies  of  the  Old  'resiuinent,  they  had 
to  inveiil  a  new  and  more  "  rational ''  method  of 
cxposilion. 

The  more  disliiielly,  however,  the  Chrislian 
nations  lieeaineconsoliilalei  I  into  Christian  slates, 
the  more  apparent  it  also  became  that,  the  .lews 
livini;  ainoni;  thein  were  only  i;iiesls  in  the 
counlry,  without  any  civil  riiihls,  .uiil  the  .lews 
were  unable  to  counlerMct  this  impression,  be- 
<'ause  they  really  wauled  to  live  aci  iirdiiiLC  to 
thiir  own  laws  and  really  eonsidered  ihcmselves 
siranurers  in  the  land.  Slill  w<irse,  from  this 
liecuJiar  civil  and  social  position  of  the  Jews 
the  LTovernmeiit,  naturally  enoiiu:h,  came  to  the 
conclusion  ihat  they  could  be  sent  out  of  the 
counlry  at  a  moineiil's  wariiin;:,  and  thai  tliey 
oultIiI  to  pay  the  price  (hinanded  for  a  permis- 
sion to  slay.  Finally,  the  Crusades  created  a 
relitjions  cnlhusiasm"  which  often  tiirneil  into 
fanaticism,  and  then  .always  pointed  to  the  .Fcws 
as  tluMissassins  of  Christ.  In  many  <-ases  their 
only  rescue  was  in  Ihi' Chrislian  baptism,  but  as 
tli(^  sacrament  was  received  wilhoul  any  faith  in 
its  truth,  there  was  formed,  especially  in  Spain, 
,'in  element  in  the  population  which  seemed  to 
be  Christian,  but  in  reality  wa.s  .Icwish,  .ami 
which  for  centuries  kept  ihe  Inquisition  li.ard 
at  Work.  Willi  the  end  of  Ihe  Kith  century 
the  perseculions  ceased,  but  the  base  social  p  '- 
tion  of  the  .lews  continued  Ihe  same  until 
towards  tlu^  close  of  the  lS|h  centuiy,  when  the 
.state  becomiiiir  less  sirictly  denominational,  a 
chani^e  took  place.  Meanwhile  Ihe  treatment 
■which  Ihe  .lews  had  receivid  from  the  Chris- 
tians had  raised  hindiances  to  the  preachinu;  of 
till!  iros])el  amoiiu;  Ihem,  which  have  h.ardly  yet 
been  overcome. 

Of  laliMlie  Koman  Church  has  shown  its  in- 
terest in  the  cvaiiuiliz.alion  of  Israel  chielly  by 
deliveriiii;;  occasinnal  sermons  in  cilies  where 
she  can  compel  the  .Tews  to  be  iire.sent.  Soine- 
tjiinu;  is  done,  however,  in  order  to  help  aloni; 
those  .Tews  who  enter  the  Church  and  protect 
theni  ajiainst  the  hostilities  of  their  former  co- 
relicjionists.  An  asj-luin  for  .Tewish  proselytes 
was  founded  iu  Home  in  1.^43  by  Ignatius  Loyola, 


but  that  It'siitution  ami  Ihc  order  of  "Our 
Blessed  I.ail>  of  Sion,"  founded  in  I'.iris,  ISl.'i, 
for  Ihe  -prcial  purpose  of  jiiayilii;  for  the  .lews 
and  ediiea'iiu;  .Icwish  children,  are  at  present 
Ihc  two  only  centres  of  Uoman  Catholic  mis- 
sion work  amoii^  the  .lews. 

I'viilfstitiil  Mlxn'iiiin  iiiiioni/  tin'  .liirn.  —  In 
the  llilh  and  ITlh  cenluries  the  I'roleslant 
Church  was  so  fully  occupied  wiili  iis  own 
defence  and  oipini/alion,  that  neither  lime  nor 
sirenirlh  was  left  it  for  missions  amoiiLT  non- 
Christian  peoples,  Lulher  fi'lt  oriiriiially 
fiieiiilly  towiirds  the  .lews.  One  of  his  lirst 
|ianiphlels,  "  I  )ass  .lesns  (  hrisliis  ein  n'cliorerier 
.lude  sei,"  l.")',';{,  is  a  mission  tract.  Hut  this 
friendly  feeliiu;'  afterwards  cliiuii;ed  into  biiier 
wrath.  Mild  the  clian>;e,  no  doiilit,  iiillueiieed 
nmiiy  olheis.  Slill  there  were  aUvays  in  IIiom; 
days  some  Iheoloiriuiis  who  looked  with  liopo 
upon  Ihe  case  of  the  .lews,  and  treated  them 
kindly. 

In  Ihe  bei^inniiiir  of  the  ISth  century,  how- 
ever, missions  liet;.in  lo  lie  sent  out  both  amoii!? 
the  liealhen  and  the  .lews  KriconiaLrcd  by 
such  men  as  Speiier,  llochsleller,  Ksdras  ICd- 
zaril,  etc.,  Aui;ust  Hermann  FiaiicUe  (d.  17'J7) 
look  up  Ihe  Work  and  pushed  it  in  liolh  direc- 
tions. The  liixtiliitiiiiiJiiiliiinnn  wascsl.'iblished 
at  Halle  by  Callenbern.  and  between  IT','.'-f  anil 
IT'.tJ  there  proceeded  from  ih.at  iiisiiiuiion  a 
loiiLT  series  of  missionaries,  Slephaii  Schultz  at 
their  head,  who  visited  not  only  (ierinany,  but 
also  other  European  coniitries  and  the  Orient. 
Under  Ihe  inlluence  of  Francke,  Count  Zin- 
zendorf,  Ihe  founder  of  the  i'liitas  Fnitrnni 
(died  17(10),  continued  the  work,  and  thoni;li 
the  .Moravian  Church  only  for  a  few  years 
maintained  a  mission  anionic  the  .lews,  its  head 
never  ceased  lo  take  an  interest  in  iIm'  cause. 
Nevertheless,  Ihe  missionary  activity  of  the 
ISih  century  was  conlined  within  very  circum- 
scrilied  limits,  aiidthe  ralionalism  which  reiuned 
durini^  the  laller  half  of  Ihe  century  lacked 
that  uneoni|neralile  strein^th  of  faith  which  is 
the  true  soul  of  missionary  labor. 

Hut  the  I'.iili  century  became  tlu;  ct'iitury  of 
missions,  and  those  ai.ionn'  the  .lews  developed 
side  by  side  with  those  amoiii;'  the  heathen, 
'i'his  time,  however,  it  was  not  (lermany  but 
HMi:land  thai  look  the  lead.  The  "  London 
Soeictj"  for  i'l-omoliii!,'  Chrislianity  anioni!:  Ihe 
■Tews"  was  formed  in  ISnit,  and  slalions  were 
founded  in  FiiLrland,  (termany,  Poland,  and 
I'alestine,  Those  stiitions  aLrain  became  so 
many  new  impulses  of  interest  lliroiujiioul  the 
I'roleslanl  Chiirch,  and  other  mission  societies 
were  formed  in  lierlin,  Drcsilcn.  and  Hasle. 
Christian  Friedrich  Frey  (died  IH.")!!),  who  irave 
Ihe  first  impulse  for  the  formation  of  Ihe  Lon- 
don Society,  was  also  Ihe  real  founder  of  Ihe 
lirst  American  mission  amoiif;  the  .lew.s  :  "  The 
Society  for  Ameliorating  the  Condition  of  the 
.lews,"  New  York,  \>^-iO. 

Other  circumstances  have  proved  favondile 
to  the  movement.  The  establishment  of  a 
Protestant  Fpiscopate  in  Jerusalem,  1847, 
naturally  drew  ntlention  to  Palestine,  and 
slrenglhened  Ihe  interest  in  the  mission  among 
the  .Tews.  The  Presbyterians  of  Great  Brit- 
ain ,aiid  Ireland,  the  Lutherans  of  Xorway, 
Bavaria,  and  the  Rhine  Provinces,  entered  upon 
Ihe  work.  The  luili  Semitic  commotion  in 
Europe  since  1S70  has  no  doiilit  also  eontrib- 
uied,  if  only  indireetly,  to  awaken  Ihe  whole 
Christian  world  to  a  consciousness  of  its  duty 


i  \ 


m 


JBWS 


noH 


JEWS 


ii 


InwiinN  Isnicl.  'I'liiis  iiiilic  cIum' nl'  ilir  lliili 
rcnlm  y,  il  iiiiiy  lii'  snid  lliiil  I'lololiiiil  Cliii-li  ii- 
(liiMi  liii>  liccii  1(1  a  '^(111(1  ilcL'ici'  iicriiiciilril  willi 
llic  iili'ii  III'  iiiissliiiini  V  Win  k  iiliiiiiiL'  llic.IcMs. 
In  Noiili  AiiK  ricM,' iil^io,  Ims  iliis  iilcu  r.\- 
piiMili'il  iiiid  MSKiiiiicil  |ii'iii'ii('iil  slia|ii'.  .MiHHiiin 
.sliitidijM  Imvc  lircii  (■^lMl)li--lnc|  in  iiciiilv  cvciy 
ciiuiilrv  in  which  .li  w>  iiic  mIIIi'iI.  Kvcn  Ihc 
l''al.•l^h!l■^  (if  .\liy>-iMiu  liavc  mil  hicn  r(iii;ij|lcii. 
It  iniiy  III'  lliat  Ihc  ini'MchiiiLC  nl'  Ihc  ;:(i>|icl 
ainniiu:  Ihc  .Il  us  )ias  achieved  ninic  wilii  ii  - 
spccl  III  c\lcn>i(in  ill  space  Ihaii  wilh  rcs|iccl  In 
iiilcii>ily  of  Niiiiil ;  lull  siinly  Ihc  liiial  jjiml  is 
di'auiiiL'  nearer,  wlien  all  Chi  i-.leiid(MU  shall 
sliind  like  line  man  lidnii'  l-raci,  pi'ofi'ssillj^;  lis 
I'liilh  ill  Clirisl  and  in  His  iio'^pcl, 

Mrf/iinln  «/  MinshniH  innniif/  ifrii'H, — 
Il  is  Ihc  duU'  111'  llic  Chilicli  In  pleach  lliei;iis- 
pcl  li)  llie  .lews,  to  liivt;  prnper  ill-tniclinll  III 
tliDsi'  ainnlii;  them  who  may  lieconu!  lielievers 
ill  Clirisl,  111  put  them  liy  liaplisin  in  Inieciim- 
liiiiiiiiiii  willi  the  llnly  'I'liiiilv,  and  to  receive 
lliem  niilii  ils  own  linsiiin.  It,  is  Ihc  duty  of 
each  eslalilishcd  ehureh  (■onimimily  and  oreach 
of  ils  meniliers,  clerical  or  lay,  to  liiin^-  the  i;iis- 
pel  lo  the  .lew,  his  iici;;liliii|-;  and  it  is  wilh 
fvery  such  eoiiimmiily  iiii  iiidicalioii  of  spirit- 
ual pnvcily  when  iN  memlicrs  shift  the  liiiiden 
of  that  duly  frnm  their  own  shnuldcis,  :iiiil 
make  it  the  special  ollice  of  a  coinmillce  or  so- 
ciety. Il  should  not  lie  overlooki'd,  thai  the 
live  Clirisl  i.-m,  who  in  his  everyday  dealinirs 
with  .lews  liiids  an  opporliir.ily  lo  proles  his 
faith  in  Christ  as  his  Saviour,  is  the  very  liesi 
preacher  of  the  L'ospel  lliat  can  lie  fouiiil;  and 
it  is  a  wcll-ascerlaincd  lad  thai  the  pastor  of 
the  parish  always  limls  much  easier  access  to 
the  .lews  livini^'  ainoiiL;'  his  parishioners  than 
any  missionary,  froin  wliom  lliey  are  lialilc  to 
I'ct'uil  as  from  a  "  soul-calchei."  Il  would  ihere- 
fore  lie  liest  if  ihe  pastor  eoulil  lie  lirouL'liI  to 
underslainl  that  Ihc  .lews  livinir  in  his  parish  are 
Ills  special  Held  of  lalior.  .and  thai  if  circuni- 
slaiices— for  iiislaiice,  lack  of  time  — forliid  hiir. 
to  iiiiproM'  ili.il  Meld,  a  vicar  was  iriveii  him  for 
this  special  purpose.  Williin  the  p.ale  of  the 
Episcop;d  <  liureh  in  lui;;laiid  this  nielhod  has 
lieen  ap|ilied  wilh  so  iniich  success,  thai  in 
many  cases  misvjdii  work  amoiiL;'  Ihe  .lews  liy 
special  missionaries  from  mission  socieiies  must 
lie  considered  lempoiary  and  iirovisional. 
Whether  ihe  work  is  done  liy  Ihe  eliurch  or  liv 
il  society,  it  is  of  the  i;re.ale-l  imporlance  thai  ft 
liave  Ihe  active  sympathy  and  co-operation  of  the 
Christian  surroundings.  I!y  nieansof  sermons, 
coiiiereiices  synods,  periodicals,  instruction  of 
tlieoliiL;ical  sludelils,  more  knowledge  should 
lie  s]ire.ad  amoiii;  Ihe  Clirislians  coiirerninLr  the 
pe<'uliarilies  of  Israel  as  a  nice  and  .lud.aism  as 
a  reliLiioli,  so  that  the  .lew  when  he  becomes  mi 
iiiipiirer  and  a  ])i'oselyte  may  he  more  easily 
imderstood  and  eoiisei|uenlly  more  heartily  re- 
ceivetl. 

In  tlio  mission  work  proper  tin;  irreatest  aid 
ooiiies,  of  course,  from  the  New  'reslanienl. 
Translalions  into  the  dialects  used  by  the  Pol- 
ish, Spanish,  and  Persi.an  .lews  ii.ave  been  liiib- 
lislied  by  the  liritisli  and  Foreiiin  I'lible  Society, 
and  there  exist  no  less  than  three  translations 
<if  it  into  Hebrew:  one.  th"  oldest,  by  Ueichardt, 
published  by  the  London  Society,  . somewhat  in- 
correct; another  by  .1  10.  Salkinsoii,  published 
by  the  Trinitarian  IJible  Society,  somewhat  ar- 
litieial  and  si  rained;  and  a  tliiril  by  Fran/. 
Delitzsch,  originally  published  by  himself,  but 


now  ill  Ihe  eatiiloijiicof  the  Urillsli  anrl  Foreljjn 
Hihle  Society,  the  ino.st  correct  mid  in  every 
riNllcct  the  best. 

Uelter  advanlaire,  Il  slnnild  seem,  mliilit  be 
tuken  of  the  daily  press  and  the  periodical  liter- 
ftliire  for  an  intclleclual  e\(liaiii;e  with  tile 
.lews.  What  they  think  iinil  write  about  Chris- 
tian IhiiiLrs  should  more  oflcn  be  iniide  the  sub- 
ject of  public  discussion;  and,  on  Ihe  other  side. 
Christian  lluaature  should,  by  means  of  piiblii^ 
rcailinu  rooms  and  lirculalini;  libraries,  be 
made  more  accessible  lo  Ihelii.  I''ree  schools, 
ill  w  hich  .lewi^li  childicn  of  Imlh  se.xes  receive 
not  only  an  clemciilary  secular  iiisl  i  uclidn,  but 
also  sound  iiiloi  malioii  aboiil  Christianity,  or  iit 
least  .about  Ihe  .New  'reslMiiiciil,  have  proved  a 
very  elVeclive  metbod  of  sow  ilif;- Ihe  seedsof  Ihe 
uospel.  Chiistiaii  charity  is  also  a  support  to 
the  mission,  as  slmun  by  the  medical  missions 
estalilislied  in  London.  Wilna,  iiudal'ustli, 
Coiislanliiiople.  .leiu-alein,  Safcd,  'I'ilierias, 
Smy  rn.a  and  l{;ilial  (.Morocco).  I!nt  the  eliiir- 
il\  iiiiisl  be  irivcli  solely  because  il  is  needed, 
and  must  under  no  circumstances  assume  the 
character  of  beim.''  the  price  of  compliaiiee. 
If  so.  Ihe  missionary  will  soon  acipiii<'  the  rep- 
ulalioii  of  licin;;'  scnl  lo  buy  souls. 

For  the  inslriiclion  proper  of  Ihe  catechu- 
mens  no  ireneral  rules  <;in  be  t;iven,  as  il  de- 
lielids  entirely  on  the  individual  iharacler  of 
till'  leaciicr  and  the  pupil.  In  London.  Ilaiii- 
buru',  Stockholm,  and  .leiusaleni  spcciid  houses 
for  |iriisel\  les  or  "  homes"  have  been  estali- 
lislied. sonielimes  coiiiiecled  wilh  i  kind  of  in- 
iluslrial  schools  in  which  the  inipil  has  an  oji- 
porlunily  for  Icainini;-  a  trade  at  the  same  lime, 
I'nilcr  cert.aiii  ciKaimslances  such  homes  arc 
.absolutely  necessary  in  order  lo  protect  the 
pupils  from  hostile  or  uiifavorable  inlliieiiecs, 
•and  they  always  alViird  an  opportunity  for  ii 
dee]ier  and  more  steady  devclopnienl.  lint  the 
very  advaiilaircs  they  oiler  may  prove  a  leiiip- 
tatioii  to  hypocrisy. 

When  a  catcchimien  has  become  a  I'liever, 
he  iiiiisI  not  only  be  received  into  Ihe  church  but 
also  iiicorporaleii  wilh  a  distinct  coiiLi'reL'atioii 
as  a  ineinlier  of  il.  l''or  Ibis  reason  it  is  n.alural 
Ihal  Ihe  pasiorof  Ihe  conjrreu-aliiiii,  even  ihoiiLrh 
he  has  iiol  been  his  teacher,  should  administer 
Ihe  sacranienl  of  baptism  to  Ihe  new  Chiislian, 
thereby  becoiniiiLr,  so  to  speak,  one  of  his  spon- 
sors. The  oij:ani/alion  of  a  spcialie  .ludieo- 
Christian  clnirch  has  been  tried  several  times, 
but  never  wilh  success.  As  loiiir  as  the  children 
of  Isr.ael  become  Clirislians  •ne  by  one.  there 
seems  to  be  no  irooil  rea.soii  for  such  an  luiilef- 
takinir,  nor  is  il  ])roliable  that  any  clmrcli 
mission  would  ever  be  very  willinjr  to  lend 
aid  III  il.  For  the  missiiui,  on  the  contmry,  it 
is  of  importance  that  ils  converts  continue  in 
uninlerriipted  relation  wilh  their  former  co- 
religionists, as  they  have  become  liiissioiiaric.') 
Ilieinselves. 

The  (xcrlions  ■which  of  late  have  been  made 
for  the  inirpose  of  brinirinir  back  the  .lews  to 
the  soil  also  deserve  siitcial  mention.  These 
have  often  bet'li  suL'Lri'Sled  by  tli(>  desire  of  aired 
.lews  to  return  to  the  land  of  their  fathers,  niid 
have  received  added  iinpulse  from  the  persecu- 
tions which  liive  driven  them  from  Uussi.a  and 
forced  them  lo  locale  elsewhere.  Theairriciillunil 
colonies  which  since  1!STI)  have  been  setlleil  in 
Palestine  by  .lewish  money,  seem  to  prosper; 
and  the  saine  is  the  case  wiih  the  colony  Arluf, 
w  hich  in  1«S;5  was  established  in  Palestine  imder 


JSWS 


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riirlsllaii  ims|)lrcM  Am,  sinci'  1H7(),  the  .lows 
Imvc  rciiiiiic'il  111  I'lilc'Hiiiic  111  urciit  iiiimlicri 
-  ihiTt:  nil'  now  iiiori'  ilitiii  .")(i,(HHi  in  tlir  liiiid    • 

ll  in,  III' ccilll'si',  Vi'l'V  Wi'll  III   iiiil    llirlll    llllil    |illt 

llii'iii  oil  llii'  ri,i;lii  inirk  wiili  respect  to  oeeiipii- 
Hull,  ele.  lint  iin  iiii.ssiiin  society  luis  lis  yel 
iiiiiliiiiikeii  III  work  lor  llie  returii  of  I.sriiel  to 
I'lilc^lilie. 

Iliiliet'io  niissIoimrii'H  to  the  .lews  Imve  not 
tit'lcli  lielil  it  llecessiiiy  to  liliiUe  tiny  speciiil 
pirpiinitions  lor  their  work,  presiipposinj;,  pmli- 
iilily,  thiit  the  work  ilscll'  woiilil  supply  its  ile- 
llliillils  IIS  it  Willi  illollir.  ISilt  llic  result  heieof 
li.'is  liecii  that  llie  igiiiiriiiii c  nl'  the  iiiissjoiiarics 
liiis  licciiiiie  11  liy  woril  iiiiiiiii^  the  Jews,  The 
liiilidon  Siieiely  niiiilll:iilis  11  llelircw  eollei;i', 
clilclly  lor  llie  purpose  nl' M-ivinj;  .Jewish  pnis- 
elyles  the  necessary  Chrislian  and  seeiiliir  iii- 
Kiniction,  A  seminnry  in  which  llieoloi;ians, 
al'ler  llnishini;  lluir  eiliiealion  for  service  in  tlie 
Church,  can  olit.iiii  iiisiruction  in  the  laiiLiuai;'e 
iinil  lilcniluie  of  .Iud:iisiii  was  cslalilisheil  liy 
l{ev.  W.  Falieriii  licip/ii;-.  IHSli,  imilei  liiedirec- 
tion  of  I'l-olessiM'  Kian/  Delil/.scli — till  his 
(lealli,  .March  llh,  ls!)l)-anil  Dr.  Daliimii,  and 
mission  societies  in  Scoiliind.  Scandinavia, 
France,  and  (icrniany  have  sunt  their  emididiilcs 
thither  for  ediiralioii. 

iMissioii  Soriffies, — AVc  arranire  Ihn  list 
of  niissiun  societies  accordiiiir  to  counlries,  and 
iiliico  Eiii;land  at  thi^  head  of  the  list,   because 

II  was  there  that  I'roteslant  missiou  work  for 
tho  Jews  iictiially  coiniiieiiccd.    (Sue  I'refiice.) 

Great  Britain  and  Iniaiid. 
I.  The  rvondon  Society  for  I'ldinotint,' Cliris- 
lianil.V  lUiioiit,'  llie  .lews  was  formed  in  IHOD. 

III  Itiol  a  Gerinan  proselyte.  Christian  Kried- 
rieli  Frey,  educated  in  Berlin  liy  .liliiicke, 
and  destined  for  the  service  of  the  London 
Arissioiiaiy  Society,  asked  thi;  perniission  of 
that  Soeiet)'  to  preacii  the  gospel  to  his  lireth- 
ren  in  thi!  tlesh.  It  was  trranled,  and  he  began 
his  work  while  still  sliidyiiig.  .V  special  com- 
mittee was  aiipointed  to  take  care  of  the  iiro.se- 
lytes,  and  ill  IMOS  this  coniniittee  forincd  itself 
into  iiu  Independent  mission  society  for  the 
.lews.  Frey  heciine  their  lirst  missionary.  In 
the  beginning  lOpiscopalians  and  Dissenti'rs 
Worked  together,  bm  in  ISl.jthelallersepa'-iled, 
and  since  that  time  the  Society  is  exclusively 
Episcopalian.  The  I'rimatc  of  Kiiglaiid  is  its 
patron  ;  among  its  vice-patrons  are  two  arch- 
bishops and  forty  seven  bishops.  Its  president 
is  Sir  .lohii  11.  Keniiaway,  M.F.  All  itsotticials 
(so  far  they  have  all  been  either  Fnglishinen  or 
Irishmen)  must  belong  to  the  Kstablishcd 
Church.  (Questions  of  oiLrani/.atioii  and  discip- 
line are  dciided  by  the  bishops. 

At  present  the  Soeiely  has  2.T  ordained 
und  24  unordained  missionaries,  —  among 
the  latter  2  physicians, — SI  canvassers  and 
teaclieis,  in  all  lUO  workers.  It  ha>  (istations  in 
Kngland  — Ijondon  ( wiih  schools,  chapels,  and 
a  seiiiiiiary;  the  Operalive  .lewish  Converts' 
Institution  and  the  Iiupiirers  and  Wandireis' 
Hume  are  maintained  by  aid  societies),  Hir- 
iningham.  .Manchester,  Leeds.  Liverpool,  and 
lluli;  'i  in  Holland— -Vinslcrdam  and  Rotter- 
dam; 5  in  (teriiiany — Berlin,  Daii/ii;-, Hamhurir, 
IJrcslau,  and  Frankfort-on-tlie-.Main  ;  I)  in 
Austria — Vienna,  Cracow,  and  Leiiiberg  ;  3  in 
Russia— Warsaw  and  Kisliinew;  1  respectively 
in  France,  Rumania,  Italy,  and  Turkey  in  Ku- 
lope — Paris,  Bucharest,  Rome,  und  Constanti- 


nople; .T  in  Turkey  in  .\sla  -SM>yfnii,.T  •riisalem, 
.IiilTa,  Sated, ami  Dainascus;  ;tili  North  .Vfricii  — 
Tunis,  .MoLTador,  and  .Vlgiers,  and  1  in  I'ersia  ■ 
Kpahaii.  In  .Miyssiiiia,  otheiwi'-e  cIumiI  to 
Linopeaii  mis^innarlcs,  is  a  station  at  Kornthal 
iinileriliri'ctioii  of  Mr.  Flail,\s  itii  o  native  helpers 
und  It  teaelieis.  The  annual  revenue  of  the 
Society  amounted,  .March  ilM,  INSlt,  ii.  7l)'J,(M)0 
murks.  It  receives  an  annual  contribution  from 
the  Minpeioi  of  (iermany  and  from  India, 
Sierra  I.eoiie  .\iis|ialla,  and  Ciiiiada.  It 
issues  all  .\liinial  Report,  all  illiisl  rated 
monthly,  "  The  .lewish  Inlelligence,"  and  an 
llliistrated  periodical  for  youths, "  Tlio  Jewish 
Advoeiilc."  * 

III  this  eoniieclioii,  because!  started  by  llie 
Society,  must  \h'.  mentioned  "  The  Ilelircw 
('hrlstian  I'r.iver  I'liion,"  an  assoeialioii  of 
jiio.selylcs  and  sons  of  proselytes,  which  every 
year  holds  four  large  prayer  inectlngs  in  London 
for  tile  .lews  and  the  mission  aiiiong  them  one 
always  falling  on  llie  Hay  of  .\loiieiiienl.  The 
iissoeiation  numbers  IWlfmemliers,  und  issiuisiin 
Annual  Report. 

II.  The  British  Society  for  the  I'idpagutioii 
of  the  (lospel  among  the  .lews  was  founded  .\o- 
veinber  7tli,  IHl'J,  in  London.  A  niiniber  of 
members  from  dilferent  ehurclies  joiiii'd  to- 
gether, and  invited  all  evangelical  Chrl-tiaiis  to 
cooperalioii.  The  proselvic  Riillev  Iler-c  lull, 
father  of  the  present  Lord  Chaiiccilor  of  Lng- 
liiiid,  must  be  eonsidercd  as  the  real  founder. 
The  Society  has  now  0  stations  in  Kngland  — 
Lonilon,  Biriningham,  Leeds,  Manchester, 
JSollinghain,  and  Bristol;  1  in  Scotland-  (ilas- 
gow;  .")  in  (iermany — Hamburg,  Ki'iidgsberg, 
Dresden,  llrcsl.iii,  and  Stuttgart;  1  in  Russia  — 
Wlliiu;  ;i  in  Austria — Vienna,  I'ressburg,  anil 
Lcmhcrg;  1  in  Turkey — Adrianople;  and  1  in 
rali'stine— .F'Ul'a.  It  has  'M  iiilssionarics,  of 
whom  14  ar,  oidaincd  and  1  a  iihysiciaii,  iJ  fe- 
male missii  1  aries,  and  ill)  voliiiiliiry  helpers. 
The  iinnuul  revenue  amounted.  -May  1st,  IK-'il, 
to  17H,.'")0()  marks.  It  issues  an  Annual  Repoit, 
mill  an  illustrated  moiilhly,  "The  .lewisii 
Herald." 

HI.  The  .Jewish  ^lissioii  of  the  Presbyteriuii 
(-"hiircli  of  ICnglaiid  originated,  ueeording  to 
"  The  Jewish  llerald,"  W'l,  p.  liT,  "  some  years 
before  1S7."),  "and  probably  after  1S7I).  A  com- 
mittee which  repiirts  lo  the  Synod  of  the  Fng- 
lisli  i'resbytei'ian  Church  directs  the  mission;  1 
Jiiissionary  with  I  helper  isstalioned  in  London. 
Hi  connection  with  the  L'nited  I'resbylei  iall 
C'hureh  of  Scotland  a  medical  mission  has  been 
eslublislied  at  Rabat,  .Morocco.  The  annual 
revenuoof  the  Society  aniounlcil.  May  1st,  l.s,s7, 
lo  2;i,5(H(  marks.  See  Reports  of  Committees 
presentC'd  to  the  Synod  of  the  I'resliyteriaii 
Church  of  England,  and  the  "  I'resbytcriuu 
Alessunger." 

IV.  I'arochial  Missions  to  the  .Jews  Fund. 
Ill  1S7.")  there  was  formed,  under  the  imtriaiago 
of  the  .\relibisli()p  of  Canterbury  and  a  .u'reat 
iminber  of  bisliops,  a  Society  wliieli  will  aid  the 
pastors  of  the  Fpiscopal  Church  in  the  evaii- 
gellz.ation  of  their  .lewish  purishioncrs, — the 
parish  of  the  Eiiiscopal  Chiircli  being  a  purely 
local  leriii.--  by  pr.'vidiiig  them  with  assistant 
pastors  specially  trained  for  that   very  object; 


*  Twn  inlsslciiinrii's  of  tlm  Lniidon  Soeiet.v  publish 
(terrnaii  |"Ticiilii'iils:  I'nslnr  Bccl(crol'  Hi-msIiiii:  "  liihii' 
KnicMh."  II  iiiiMillil.v.  aaU  I'nifessur  1'.  (Jassi'i  i.f  li.TJIri. 
"  SuiH'iri."  u  \V('fkl.v. 


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niiil  this  wns  tlie  first  attempt  ever  iiinde  to 
triiiist't'i'  llic  mission  lo  the  .lews  froiii  the 
eliurih  ill  ireiicnil  lo  ilic  iiulividiuil  nuiirrepi- 
tiiiii.  Ai<('rilinirly  tlu-  fund,  nmitr  the  mlniin- 
i>lniliiiii  111  M  ((ininiiiuc,  is  ii-etl  imrtly  for  llie 
ediicMliun  dI'  siicli  iis>i>lnnt  pusiors,  piirtly  for 
their  siipporl  in  tlie  pomer  parishrs  Wlien 
a  piislor  WMiits  a  stipend  fur  aji  a>'<istanl  he 
send>  111  the  iiinimilh'e  a  wiillen  pelilidn.slalini: 
the  iiuiuImi-  and  Lfini'ial  I'lmdilinn  of  llie  .lews 
of  his  paii-li,  and  tiivins;  a  foinial  as>uninee 
tiial  llie  •.ssi>liiMl  «ill  In-  oeevipied  solely  wilh 
iuissi(>;i  work  anionir  llieni,  lotrellier  willi  a  ei  r- 
tithale  fi'om  his  liishop  iiulorsinL'  the  |ieliliiin 
and  rcconinundiii:;  tlie  candidate.  Tlii'oii^h 
scnii  aiiMUal  report^.  Ihe  pa>tiils  lliiis  siipjioried 
ri main  in  ciMiininniealion  willi  llie  eoiTiinitlee. 
At  prcseni  7  llnoloirians  and  :!  laymen  are  oe- 
eiipied  in  lliiv  way  in  llie  pari>h(S  of  London, 
Cairo,  IJoinliav.  Uevenue,  Ueeemlier  31st, 
18SS   eO. .")(»(»  marks.     lAnmial  K.i>iirt.^ 

On  the  instaneeof  l{i>hop  lilytli  of  .lernsalem, 
funds  were  eolleeted  liy  the  same  Soeiety  for 
11  similar  mission  in  Alexandria. 

V.  The  London  City  .Mission  ha."*  been  en- 
i^aired  in  mivsion.irv  work  amont^  the  .lews  for 
inoi'e  than  fourteen  vcars.  In  .March,  IS**!).  si.\ 
mi-sionarie-  were  in  iN>erviee.  It  issues  "  The 
London  Ciiy  .Mi»ion  Miiiiaziiie. " 

VI.  The  .lew  ish  Uefnirees'  Aid  Soiiety  was 
formed  in  London  in  iss;!  on  tlie  in>taiiee  of 
Kev.  Friedliiiider  under  the  |ialroiiai:e  of 
Lord  Alienlecn  for  the  purpose  of  aidini; 
Jewish  cini!,'rant>  to  Pale-line.  Il  has  founded 
and  maiirains  a  enlony  at  Arluf,  ni  ar  .lernsi- 
leni,  which  stands  under  the  spiritual  direeliou 
of  the  London  Society.  Hevenue,  .June  30lli, 
ISSlt,  ,s,;iOO  marks.     i.'Vnnual  Heporl  I 

In  this  loiiiiecliiui  mu-t  aKo  lie  ineiitioiied 
the  Society  for  Uelief  of  I'ersi'eiited  .lews 
(Syrian  Ciiloni/.:ition  Kuiidi,  founded  In  London 
under  llie  inesiilencv  of  4he  lale  Lord  Shaftes. 
liury.  This  Soeiety  has  liought  a  lield  near 
Jerusalem,  on  wliiili  Jews  are  eii^ajred  in 
airriculture  and  niarketipirdiniiiLr.  .Aii>sionary 
work  proper  is  not  undertaken.  The  olijeel  of 
Ihe  aid  is  simply  to  j;ive  the  Jews  u  token  of 
C'liii^lian  sympathy.  See  "  lirief  Account  of 
Work  I)oiieand  in  I'loL^re-s." 

VII.  The  Mildinay  Mission  to  the  .Tews  was 
founded  .luiie  Isl,  fsTti  liy  Uev.  John  Wilkin- 
.soii,  w  ho  li;is  lieen  actively  emrjiired  in  mi.-ision- 
ary  work  >iiice  \ST>'i.  His  oliject  was  to  have 
tlie  iros|)i'l  ]ireached  to  every  Jew — man.  woiii- 
an.  or  child-  in  Lnirlaml,  Scolland,  W.ales.  and 
Irelainl.  "  liefore  they  leave  us  on  their  reliirn 
to  I'ale^line  or  liefore  we  le.ave  them  to  meet 
our  Lord  at  Mis  second  Advent."  Tlie  mission 
owns  now  live  hou.ses  in  London,  wiili  .a  print- 
iiij:  es'alilishineiii,  an  ;isylnm  for  children,  u 
home  for  Ihe  sick.  elc.  Thirty  helpers  ari'  eii- 
jratred  in  the  work,  anionic  whom  are  ".i  physi- 
cians, Vll  ladies,  .and  :t  missionaries,  who  tnivel 
throuirli  (<reat  Hritain  and  also  visit  otber  coun- 
tries 

Mesides  his  missionary  work  proper.  Hev. 
.Tohii  Wilkinson  has  also  underl.akeii  lo  spread 
the  Hebrew  iranslalion  of  the  New  Testament 
ninonir  the  Jews.  In  Jainiarv,  ISMtJ,  lie  an- 
nounced that  he  wanted  to  distriliute  100.(H»0 
I'opies  of  the  New  TesianienI  in  llehrew.  In 
April,  same  year,  he  had  tiO,0(lt)  marks  ;it  his 
<lisposal.  He  has  since  visited  Last  Prussia, 
Southern  (lermany,  HunL'ary,  Galieia.  Itussia, 
mid   Morthern   Africa,   distributing    the  New 


Testament.  (See  the  annual  report  in  "A  Suin- 
niary  of  the  Lord's  Work  and  Service  for  the 
Kinir,"  a  monthly.' 

He  is  also  connec  led  with  the  Home  of  In- 
dustry for  Ji'Wesses  at  Spilultields,  London. 
iSce  his  '■  The  Liud's  Work  amoii:;  the  Jews.") 

VIII.  The  liarliican  .Mission  to  the  .lews, 
tiius  named  .after  Ihe  house  in  the  easiern 
centre  of  Lomlon.  where  il  liepm.  was  founded 
in  1S79  by  Kev.  P.  I.  J.  Waisch.iwski.  He  is 
assisted  by  a  coinmiltee  composed  of  ineiiiliers 
of  ditfirent  dcnomiiiatiiins.  Kevenue  No- 
vember :!(llh,  If^Sti,  10,:';!l!  in!'il>.  i  See  •An- 
nual Ueporl.  ') 

IX.  The  Jewish  Mission  of  i..  ■  Chiirili  of 
Scotland  was  founded  in  ISH  imnied'ately 
absoibiiii:  the  Soiiely  for  PromoiiiiL'  (liris- 
tiaiiily  ainonir  Ihe  ,Ie\vs  w  hii  li  exisieii  in  Kdili- 
buri:!!  and  tilaspuv,  and  eslablisjiini:  slalions 
al  I'cslli.  .lassy.  and  (oiislanlinople.  .\flerllie 
split  in  1S4;!  .-dl  Ihe  niission;irics  wtiit  to  the 
Fill'  Cluirch.  and  Ihe  Slate  (  liiirch  h;id  to  re- 
build its  mission  .iiiew.  Al  iircsent  it  h.is  live 
stations. — t  oiislanlinople.  Salonica,  lieyroiit, 
Alexandria,  .•iiid  Siiiyrna,  — wiih  tj  ordiiinei'  mi.s- 
sioii.iries,  1  jilivsiciaii,  and  11  helpers,  iteve- 
nne.  December  ;!lst,  1><MM.  !)l,;iOi»  marks.  It 
issues  •'The  (hnic'li  of  Scolland  Home  and 
ForeiiTii  Mission  Hecord."  a  monthly. 

X.  The  Ladies'  Association  for  the  Chrislian 
Education  of  .Jewish  Females  was  founded  in 
lt'.">4.  and  maintains  a  school  al  each  of  ihe  si.-i- 
lions  of  the  I  liureh  of  Scolland.  in  which  linO 
Jewish  LTiils  are  instrucled  by  .">  l.-idy  leaeliers 
and  18  helpers.  Hevinne.  Deceinber  lilsl, 
1888,  •,';i,7iH)  marks.     (See  Annual  Uepi.rt.i 

XL  Tlie  Jewish  Mission  of  the  Free  (  liurcli 
of  Scotland  had,  al  ils  establishmeiil  in  1^4;{, 
3  stations  wilh  (!  missionaries  II  lias  now  7 
.slalions, — Ainsicrd.ini.  Hreslan.  Prau'iie.  Ihida- 
P<stli,  Conslanlinoiilc.  Tiberias,  and  Safeil. — 
with  39  wiirkers.  ainoiiir  w  hum  are  8  ordaim  d 
missionaries  and  3  physicians.  It  .also  main- 
tains s<'liools  al  IJevad.-inda  and  Pimna  for  the 
Heni  Isniel  in  the  presidency  of  Boinbay.  Brit- 
ish India.  The  seal  of  ils  comniitlee  is  Kdin- 
burjrh.  Hevenue,  .March  31si.  1889.  •J4.").7in) 
marks.  It  issms  "^lissidnary  Heports,"  ••  The 
Free  Church  of  Scotland  Monthly,"  and 
"Children's  Hi'cord,  "  a  nionlhly. 

XII.  The  .lew  ish  Mission  of  the  I'liited 
Presbvlerian  Church  was  founded  in  188.'">  by 
the  Preshyleii.an  churches  of  Scotland  and 
Knu'laml.  and  has  established  a  station  al  Ha- 
bat,  Morocco:  it  also  maiiilains  two  female 
nurses  who  work  anions'  Ihe  Jews  in  Home 
uinler  the  direction  of  Dr.  Voiiti'j.  Il  issues 
■'Annual  Peporls,"  and  '•The  .Missi.mary  Kec- 
ord  of  Ihe  I'liiled  Presbyterian  Church." 

XIII.  The  Scotlisli  llonie  .Mission  to  Jews 
was  founded  in  Eiliiibuis;h  in  ((ctolier,  18'<."». 
on  acconnl  of  the  steadily  inereasin^r  .lew  isli 
iiiiniiL'ralion.  and  is  dcsiL'iied  to  take  cine,  not 
only  of  the  .lews  settled  in  the  city,  but  also  of 
.siKh  as  are  iroiin;  tliidUi;li  the  country  on  iheir 
way  lo  America.  Kevenue,  October  31st,  18.89, 
.5,9(Ht  marks,     i  Annual  Kepoit.) 

XIV.  Till'  Kdiiibiirirh  Society  for  Pronioti'iir 
the  (Jospel  amoiiirst  Foreijrn  Jews,  Seanieii. 
and  KmiLrranls  is  workiiii:  in  EdinburL'h  and 
Leilli  lis  st'cietary  is  Hev.  John  ISlunienreieh. 
Ai.aual  revenue  about  4,81K)  marks.  (Annual 
Kepoit.) 

XV.  The  Jewish  .Mission  of  the  Presbyterian 
Chiireh  in  Ireland  was  finiuded  July  lUlh,  1(541, 


JEWS 


Bll 


JEWS 


till'  s:\u\i-  yi'iir  ill  wliicli  the  Cliiircli  of  Scollaml 
lii'iriiii  its  iiiissioii.  Oiii'  yi'iir  iiiit  rii  m'iii  (Hii  its 
lirst  luissiDimiy  to  Diuniiscus.  ll  lias  ikiw  o 
onlaiiitil  lni^^i<llml■il•s  mimI  lit  liilpeis  in  llniii- 
liiirc,  Altiniii,  iiiul  I)iuiiiis(u>,  Willi  Inaiuli-slii- 
tii'iH  III  Aiii  cxIi-Sfliiirii,  Itcsilu  i  jii,  .liitifiid, 
anil  Uliidaii.  lis  lu'iidiiuaitcis  air  ;i|  Hcllasl. 
Kevfiiiic'.  April  Isl.  ISSSt,  '.ll,(iiHl  iiiariis.  Il 
issiii's '• 'I'lif  .Mi»i(iiiarv  ilrialil  of  llic  I'ri'sby- 
tcTiaii  t'liiiiili  ill  liclaiul.  "  lii-iiionllily. 

tli  rimtity. 

I.  'I'lic  Kil/.ard  l'"iind  ilvi/ard  Slifliiiiir)  in 
Hainliiiiir  is  llic  iildt'sl  iiisiiiulidii  of  iis  Uiiid  in 
<_i»'riiiaMV.  and  was  fouiidid  Oiloln  r  Klli.  ItitiT, 
l>y  KmIkis  Kdzaiil,  died  170.S.  He  liad  liccn 
actively  cimaijcd  in  mi-sioiiaiy  woiU  in  llani- 
liur;.''  siiK'i'  U'i.")7,  and  llicii  iindcrlook  lo  form  a 
fund  llii'  inlcrc^l  of  wiiicli  sliould  he  used  cx- 
oliisivcly  foi-  cariiiLC  for  .Jewish  proselyles.  In 
iTCil  il  rec-eivcd  ils  formal  eonslilulioii.  Il 
stands  under  I  lie  palroniiire  of  the  eily;  one 
iMirironiasler  and  one  syndieus  of  llamlnii;; 
form  the  direelioii. 

II.  The  Soeiely  for  I'ronii>linir  ("lirislianily 
Jlllioii^  Ihe  .lews  (Die  (ti'sellMJiafl  /.iir  Uefi'ir- 
deriinirde>  ('liri^leiilhiims  miler  den  .liiden)  w  as 
formed  I'Vliniary  Isl.  1^^J■,',  in  I5erliii,  al  Ihe 
insiaiiee  of  Lewis  Way  and  I'rof.  'riuiluiU.  In 
1M.")1  il  .suceeeded  in  haviiiir  a  prayer  for  Israel 
incorporated  willi  llie  coininoM  prayer  in  ihe 
cvaiiirclieal  cliiireh  id'  Prussia,  and  in  IS."t!)  il 
was  perinillcd  lo  iii.ike  a  colleetioii  in  all 
cliinehes  on  llie  lOlli  .Sunday  afler  Trinity. 
lis  lhc-olo^i<';dly  educated  missionaries  are 
allowed  lo  oltieialc  in  all  parts  of  ihe  ^  vaii- 
irelical  sla'e  church  of  Prussia.  Il  has  at  pri's- 
<-nt  two  tiieoloLMans  and  two  laymen  al  work  in 
I{<rlin,  LciiiIicil;',  and  .lassy.  Ils  president  is 
<ichcime Olierreirierumrsialh  Lolimann.  Il  has 
liraneh  socielics  in  Siellin  (18;!'.'),  Frankfort  on- 
ihcCdcr  (ItiliSi,  Sehi'mliriieli,  (iloirau,  and  I'y- 
rit/.  (IS-IT).  Ueveniie.  1888,  iniludiii.i;-  legacies, 
7".J.(too  marks;  ordinarily,  lli,(l(>ll  m:irks.  An- 
nual report  in  •' Nalliaiiael,  "  cdilcd  liy  Prof. 
.Siraeli,  who  al.so  edils  a  .scries  of  "  Seliriflcn 
dcs  Iiistituluin  .luilaieum  in  Iterlin,  "  which 
propose  to  irive  si'icniilirally  sified  iiiformalion 
coiiccrninir  .ludiiism.  Tlu'  Ilclirew  perio<lical, 
piililislnil  since  1887  liy  Mr.  Tli.  Lucky  in 
Noiili  Amcric'i,  was  hnuulit  liy  the  Soeiely  in 
IS'.tU,  and  will  lie  pulili>hed  ill  t'Jalicia. 

III.  The  Soeiely  for  Clnislian  Care  of  .lew- 
jsh  Proselyii's  (|)er  Vcrciii  zur  (hi  isilicheii 
Fiirxirirc  i'llr  jiidisehe  Pi(i-.elyleni  was  formed 
in  Hcrlin  in  18;;tias  a  supplemeiil  to  llie  ISerlin 
Soeiely,  which  coiiliiies  ilself  lo  purely  iiiis-ion- 
arywork.  One  missionary  of  ihe  laller  Society 
i-  always  a  nicmlier  of  the  direcloralc  of  the 
former.  It.s  |)residcnl  is  Pasior  I'Mscher  of  Her- 
liii.  Ucvcnuc  in  18811,  'J, 1(10  marks.  (.Viinual 
Keporl.i 

IV.  The  Chief  .Mission  Society  of  Kvanirelical 
Liillieraiis  ill  Saxony  ( Der  lOvauircliscli  Lullier- 
i'^-lieS;lclisis<-lie  llaupl  Missions  \'<>rein),  Keliru- 
aiy  1','th.  18>-.>,  a  few  daysafler  ihc  fouiidalion  of 
the  Iterlin  Society,  an  a'-soiialioii  for  promotiiii: 
true  Uililical  know  Icduc  amonir  Israel,  was 
formed  , -I I  Dresden,  al  ihc  inslance  of  the  Lon 
don  nii->ionary  II.  Smiili.  Court  preacher 
Ainmon.  Count  nolina,  Priiuc  l{eu-.s(i;!.  Prince 
Schriiiliurir-Waldenliurir,  I'asl.  Holler  of  Laiiz 
and  the  pulilishini.!:  linn  of  T.'uiehnit/.  in  Leip/.ii; 
wiTu  among  the  lir.sl  suhscriliets.  For  many 
years  llu'  assiH-iation  aidwl  the  London  mission- 


ary (loldlieiiT  liy  lakinir  care  of  liis  proselytes 
and  liy  llie  education  of  children.  Mul  in  i88!> 
it  joined  llie  KvaiiL,'!  Ileal  Lutheran  Mission  to 
the  llealheii  and  foinied  llie  eliicf  .Mission 
Society,  I'aeli  hrancli  umler  the  direction  of  ji 
special  coinmillce.  l)r.  Delilzsch  in  Leipzii; 
acted  as  iheir  mission.iry  I8;t!t  .1(1.  In  I8();i  it 
consolidated  with  Ihe  Bavarian  Society,  and  in 
1871  those  iw(i  socielics,  li)!;clher  with  the  Nor- 
weiriaii  Mission  to  ihe  .lews,  forined  ilic  Central 
Society.  In  188(1  il  nas  i;raiiled  pernii>sion  liy 
the  Fvaili;elical  Lullieran  Coiisislory  of  Sa.ve  to 
make  a  collection  for  tlii'  Mis.-ion  lo  the  .lews 
in  all  llie  churches  under  Ihe  coiisislory  on  the 
lOili  Siiiiilav  after  Triiiily,  i{evciiue,  1887- 
,88.  (i  (10(1  iii.'irks.      i.\ii irHciiiiil  1 


oM  II    omiua\     aiiei      iiuiii\.       iveve 
88.  (i.OOO  inilrks.     i  AnniiarUcporl.) 

^'    ''''■•■  " lian  Lvaiii;clical  Lullieran  Asso- 

Cliri>lianily  ainonir  Ihe 

Kvaii?;-elisch  Lulheriscln' 

iinlcr 


V.   The  l!:!va 

cialion  for  PronniiiiiL 
.lews  I  Der   l!:i\  criseh 


IIolTiiunn-.") 

\' I     The   Central    .\ssociation   ot 

Lutheran  .Mission  anionu-  the  .lews  iDer 


Kviin- 


irelical  l<illiieran  .>lissuin  anionu-  llie  .lews  i  iter 
Kvanirelisch  Lulherische  Cenlralvereiii   fiir   die 
il  .11  1 1  lit  111.  1  ,.:i 1 1  \i-,i.j  1*1  .I'll  lii,  I  1 1 1 11,1  1  ..'t    1  vJ'^  t 


tJ.llll^V    11.^1     III4IIIII1     l|...\     IIV  \      1     1111,11 

Mission  u liter  Israel)  was  formed  .lune 

tiy  Ihc  iwo  aliovc-meiilioned  socielics,  I\'.  and 
V.  and  the  N'orwiirian  Society,  with  Count 
\'ilztlium  von  Kcksiiidt  as  its  president.  Prof 
Delit/seli  as  rcpreseiilalivc  for  fsa.xony.  Prof. 
Kiihler  for  Mararia,  and  Prof  Caspari  ior  Nor- 
way, to  wlioii.  w;is  added  in  187}  Hank  ilireclor 
Felzcr  as  re|ii<'scnlaliv<'  for  Wuilemlieru,  The 
associalion  has  later  on  licen  Joined  '  ;•  oilier 
;i.ssocialioiis  of  the  same  des<-riplion:  ii  •*'8U  liy 
.Mecklcnlii'ri:  Sclnverin,  in  1888  by  Diain  ok,  in 
Il  has  three  slalions:  Leip- 
Uevenue,  .Iiiiie 


si,  1871, 


188!l  by  llaiinvei 

ziir,  Lember^,  and  C/rinowitz 

:!i)lli,    188!).    l.").  100   marks.     Oriran,   "  .Saal  auf 


Jfiiin,  i>n>i.  1.).  1(1(1  marks,  uriraii,  "  .^aal  ant 
IIolTiiiinsr,  "  slartcd  by  I'rof.  Delilzsch,  con. 
tinned  by  Dr.  Dalm.iii,  now  edited  by  Pasior 
Faber,  who  is  also  publisher  of  a  .series  of 
"Schrifleii  dcs  liisiituluiii  .liidaiiiim  in  Leip 
ziir,"  Professor  Dclil/schs  >ciniiiaiy  al  Leipziij 
i<  not  conneciid  wiih  any  Soeiely, 

VII.  The  Sludeiils'  I'nstiltila"  .ludaica  (Die 
sludeiilisehen  Iiislilula  .ludaica).  Some  mein- 
lii'l's  of  Ihe  .Voideinieal  Mission  .Vssocialioii  in 
LeipziiT  forined.  .lune  lOlh,  1880,  a  special  as- 


liave  been  formed  amoiisi  III 


.1,,..   ...,,,  ., , , 111^  111.   sliidenis  al   Leip- 

zijr.  Krlaiiireii,   llalle,  (ircifswiild,  and  IJerlin; 
■'      '  ■   'Iv   has,  under  the  leadership 


i 


.'  I!' 


-I* 


JEWS 


513 


JEWS 


T 


I    '    J 


Association  anions  tlip  Jews  (Dcr  Juden-^Fis- 
siousviTi-iu  ill  Mt'ckltnhurg-S'-'liwi'i-iii)  was 
furuietl  NoveniluT  :i'M,  1885,  as  a  lii-aiicli  of  llie 
CfDlnil  As.so<'ialion  (VI.).  Its  president  is  Dr. 
Krabbe  in  Holien-Viclii'ln,  its  st'ciclaiy  Pastor 
HulieniTiu  I'anipow.  Jtcvfiuic,  Jaiuiuiy  20tli, 
1^90,  Goilmariis.    (Annual  Itcports. ) 

X-  The  Hliinisli-Wt'stplialiaii  As.soejation 
for  Isnu'l  (l)iT  Uliciiiiscli-Wt'stfitlisclu'  Vcicin 
far  Israi'l)  was  founded  Dcccniljcr  1st,  1S42, 
tit  the  instance  of  tlie  London  missionary  I. 
StfH-kfeld,  and  Pastor  Kiipper  of  Coiogiie,  and 
in  l^^ii  it  received  permission  of  the  Khenisli- 
Westphaliau  Provincial  Synod  to  take  up  a 
otlleciiou  in  its  churches  on  the  lOth  Sunday 
after  Trinity.  It  lias  two  agents  (ordained 
t^iston-*  antl  two  missioni'.ries,  the  former  re- 
siding at  Cologne,  the  latter  at  t'ologne  and 
Kreiiznach.  Its  president  is  Pastor  Brach- 
mann  «if  Coloirne.  Uever.iie,  December  iUst, 
1N^J>,  2->.tXtO  niarks.  It  issues  "  Missioiisblatt 
lies  Kheinisi'h-Westfalischen  Vereins  filr 
Isriel,"a  monthly,  edited  by  Pastor  Stolle  of 
foli'irnc. 

XI.  Tiic  Society  of  Israel's  Friends  at  Slruss- 
burg  iu  Alsjice  (Der  Vereiii  der  Freunde  Israels 
ill  Strassburg  im  Elsass)  was  foiuuled  August 
17th,  180."),  to  aid  the  London  missionary  in 
Str:u«sburg,  J.  A.  llausmeister,  ami  received 
contrilmiions  from  Al.sace,  Paris,  Uaden, 
Wurltemberg,  Switzerland,  and  Ilerrnhut.  At 
one  time  it  bad  an  agent  of  its  own;  it  now  aids 
the  London  Swiety  in  taking  care  of  ]iroselyt<'s. 
Ileveniie,  December  lilst,  188(3,  1,400  marks. 
Iteports  appear  in  ".laliresbeiicht  dcs  Strass- 
bnrger  Hilfsvereiiis  dcr  evangelische  .Missions- 

fesellsohafteii  von  Paris   uud   Basel   uud   der 
"reunde  Israels. " 

XII.  The  Society  of  Friend.'*  of  Israel  in 
Luljeck  (Der  Verein  der  Freunde  Israels  in 
LQIxfk)  wiis  founded  iu  November,  1844.  Its 
revenue,  amounting  to  1200  marks,  is  divided 
by  the  s«K-ieties  of  Berlin,  Cologne,  and  Basle. 
In  IS-il  it  became  consolidated  with  the  Society 
for  Mis-sions  among  the  Heathen,  iu  whose  re- 
ports its  accounts  are  iiriuted. 

XIII.  The  Hanoverian  Committee  for  .Mission 
among  the  Jews  (Das  llaunoversche  Komui. 
fQr  Vfissiou  unter  Israel)  was  formed  in  1888, 
and  in  1889  cimsolidatcd  with  'l"he  Central 
Society  (V.).  Kevenue,  2,0(10  niarks.  (An- 
nual fteports.) 

Among  societies  which  have  dissolved  may 
!•»■  inintione*!:  Verein  v.m  Frcunden  Israels  in 
Bri'inerlehe  und  rmgegciid,  founded  May  lOlh, 
18;59:  IJreiiier  Verein  fdr  Israel,  founded  May 
9tli.  1840;  Ilamburg-Altonaer  Vc'rein  fiir  I-i:iei, 
founded  December  litth.  1841;  Verein  der 
Fri'iinde  Isniels  in  (Jrosslierzoglhum  llesseii, 
foimdi-d  Ajiril  8ih,  184,");  lOvangelischer  W'lein 
von  Fnunden  Israels  in  Kurliessen,  founded 
Jaiiuarj-  Isl.  184.").  These  societies  origiiiiitid 
from  the  enthusiasm  created  liy  the  conversion 
of  Markiis  HihIi,  who  at  Ids  bai)tisni,  December 
9th,  Ix^W,  a.Nsuined  the  name  .loliaiines  N'cander, 
but  when,  in  1S4.5,  he  went  to  America  as 
minister  of  a  I'resbyleriau  congregation  the 
«nthusittsiu  subsided. ' 

Sirilzerlnnd. 
Tlie  Society  of  Israel's  Friends  al  Basle  (Der 
■Verein  der  Freunde  Israels  in  IJasle)  was 
founded  in  18o0,  and  opened  in  1844  a  hoiiK* 
for  proselytes  at  Ba>.le  under  the  direeticni  of 
H.  W.  D.  Heinan.     For  several   years  the  ac- 


tivity of  the  socletv  was  limited  to  this  home, 
but  u  missionarv  will  now  lie  sent  into  Moravia. 
Uevenue.  June"  28tli,  1889,  14,400  marks.  It 
issues  '•  Der  Freund  Israels,"  a  bi-monthly, 
edited  bj  Profes.sor  ('.  F.  Ileman.and  "L'Anii 
d'IsraOl,"  a  «|narterlj,  eiiited  by  Pastor  W. 
rotuvel  of  Neufchatel. 

The  Setheriinds. 

I.  Tlie  Netherland  Society  for  Promoting 
Christianity  among  the  JewstlK'  Nederland.sche 
Vereeiiiging  tot  iiie<leverkiug  aaii  dc  uit bree- 
ding vail  liet  Christeiidoiii  onder  de  Jo(lei!>  was 
founded  in  1844,  at  the  instance  of  the  London 
missionary  C.  W.  H.  Pauli,  in  Amsterdam,  as 
an  aid  society  to  take  care  of  lunselyte^.  It 
has  also  been  active  in  the  distribution  of  Bibles 
among  the  Jews.  Uevenue.  December  iilst, 
1880,  3.870  marks.     (Annual  Ueports.) 

II.  The  Netherland  S)ciety  for  Israel  (De 
Nederlandsche  Vcreeiiiiriiig  voor  IsrjilM)  was 
formed  in  1801  by  a  union  of  two  societies,  re- 
spectively in  Amsterdam  and  the  Hague,  and 
in  connection  with  the  Free  Church  of  Scot- 
land, which  connection,  however,  was  dissolved 
in  1887.  It  has  now  two  missionaries,  who  are 
settled  in  Amsterdam,  but  travel  all  over  Hol- 
land, and  sevenil  aid  societies:  llicrosolynia 
Capta,  which  publishes  a  inis,sion  paper,  ''  De 
Ladder  Jakobs."  a  Zustervereeniging,  a  Kinder- 
geiioolschap.  etc.  Kevenue.  SeiUember  80th, 
1889.  10  400  marks.  It  is.sues  a  monihlj  ,  "  De 
Hope  Isral'Is." 

HI.  'I'he  Christian  Reformed  Mis.sion  among 
the  Jews  (Chrislelijke  Uerefornieerde  Zeudiiiir 
onder  Israfl)  was  founded  in  18^0  by  the  Free 
Church  of  Holland.  It  prints  and  "distributes 
tracts,  and  has  established  a  home  for  iirose- 
lytes.  Its  secretary  is  Pastor  E.  Kropveld  in 
Alblasserdam.  Heveuue,  3,400  marks.  (He- 
porl  to  the  Synotl.) 

France. 

I.  The  French  So<-ietyfor  the  Evangelization 
of  Israel  (Societe  fram/aise  pour  I'Evangeliza 
tion  d'lsniOh  originated  from  the  missionary 
activity  of  Pastor  Giisiave  Kriiger  at  Gaubert, 
Eure  et  Loire,  central  Fnuice,  and  his  monthly, 
"  Le  Keveil  d'Israi'l."  anil  was  formed  February 
14th.  1888.  in  Paris  by  a  committee  coinp(ise("! 
of  ministers  of  dilTerent  denominations,  with 
Pastor  Kriiirer  as  its  secretary,  licvenue. 
December  3ist,  1>88.  .1.000  marks.  It  main- 
tains one  iiiis,sionarv  iu  Paris,  and  ]iublislies 
"Le  Heveil  d'IsraPl."" 

Without  any  connection  with  this  ccniniittee. 
but  supported  from  Aniericti,  I'aslur  M  Hirsch 
labors  .•inioiiu'  the  Jews  in  Paris,  and  reports 
the  results  in  •'I'he  Hebrew  Chrisli.iii." 

II.  The  Paris  Mission  to  the  Jews  was 
founded  in  1S87  by  two  English  ladies,  Miss 
Law  and  Mi.ss  Palmer;  maintains  one  missionary, 
and  has  opeaifl  a  hall  for  the  prcachitiir  of  tlie 
gospel.  Kevenue.  1889,  9,000  marks.  (An- 
nual Report.) 

Koririii/,  Sirfden.  mid  Deniiiiirk. 
I.  The  Central  Coniinitt<'c  of  the  Mission  to 
the  .lews  (('enlralkoinitee)i  for  Isr.'ielsinissio- 
nen).  The  interest  for  a  mission  to  the  Jews 
awakened  in  Norway  a'  the  sjime  time  as  the 
interest  for  a  mis.sion  to  the  he.athen.  June 
12th.  1844.  ;in  ass4iciation  was  formed  for  that 
purposi'  at  SIa\aiig<T,  and  as  very  few  Jews  are 
living  in  Nurway,  it  sent  its  money  as  aid  to 


fir 


JEWS 


513 


JEWS 


ission  to 
Isiiiissii)- 

hv  .lews 
('  lis  tlic 
I.      Juno 

for  llmt. 

lews  are 
j.s  aid  to 


forci<in  societies.  Similar  nasociations  were 
foriiiwl  in  other  cities,  esjieeially  in  IJcrgcn; 
ami  ill  ISti-i  ull  these  associalioiis  were,  liy 
Professor  I'itspari  ami  I'ainlidal  llaert'iii.  unilcil 
iu  the  t'entnil  foiiiiiiilU'e  in  C'lirisiiania,  wliicli 
in  l.sn  was  consolidated  wiili  llie  CcMlral 
Society  in  German V  iGermanv.  V.).  Kevciiiie, 
l)eccn"it>er31>I.  lSt<S,  •»).U)0  niarks.  It  partially 
su-iains  tin- stations  in  Leipzig  and  l\esliine\v. 
and  publishes  ••  .Missionslilad  for  Israel,"  a 
moritiily,  edited  by  I'asiur  .1.  G.  liloiu  in 
C'hristiania. 

II.  The  Society  for  Mis.sions  to  Israel  (Fin'e- 
niiiiriii  for  Israelsmission  i  was  founded  in  lS7(i 
in  StiK-kholm  by  Pastor  Lindslri'mi,  and  has 
four  mis>iiinaries.  whoare  settled  in  Stockliohn, 
lail  visit  every  part  of  Sweden,  and  a  fi male 
liel|Mr.  In  185*4  a  home  for  ))nisclytes  was 
eslalilLshed,  under  the  dire(.n^)n  of  I'asior  Lind- 
strom.  Revenue,  necenibt  r  iilst,  lSS(i,  ;{l),4(IO 
marks.  It  issue-  "  .Missio-u-Tii'ninir  f('>r  Israel,' 
a  monthly,  etliteil  by  Paslwr  .,..  Lindslrinn. 

III.  The  Ey.anirel  leal  Nilional  Society  (Kvan- 
ireli»ka  Fo>terlandsStiflelsen)  was  foundeil 
in  lH.")t!  for  lionie  anil  foreiirn  missions,  l)ut 
in  1HS9  establishe<l  a  .r.issiiin  to  the  .lews  in 
ll:inibu>,-  (See  '  Evangeliska  Fosleilands- 
Stiftelsei.        silierattelse.") 

IV.  Tlu  S\,edisb  Mission  Union  (Svenska 
Missionsfornuudet)  was  founded  in  1877  under 
the  leadership  of  Pastor  E.  .1.  Ekinan,  and 
represents  the  Free  C"hunli  of  Sweden  in  <'on- 
tradistinction  to  FOreninjjeu  for  IsraeLsmissio- 
nen  ill.i.  In  IK-ieniber,  1887,  it  sent  Dr. 
Nystn'un  to  Algeria  as  missionary  among  the 
Jews,  and  in  l>s89  it  nave  him  a  helper.  i.Sei^ 
•' -Missiiuisforbundet,"  a  monthly,  and  Animal 
Reixirt.) 

V".  The  Society  for  Missions  to  Israel  (Fore- 
niiig  for  Israelsniissionenl  w.as  foiindecl  in  1885 
iu  Copenh.-igeu  by  L'hr.  A.  II.  Kalkar,  1)1).,  the 
tiist  historian  of  the  mission  to  the  Jews,  and 
was  iu  IJ^SS  consolidated  with  the  (.'eiitral 
Society  in  Germany  'Germany.  VI.).  Ueventie, 
18S'J,  2,690  marks.     No  re{X)rts  as  yet. 

I.  The  Asylum  for  Jewish  Girls  in  St. 
Petersburir. — An  a::gressiye  mission  among 
the  .lews  is  iu  Kussia  [XTmilted  only  lo  the 
Greek  Church  Jews  are  allowed  to  receive 
instruction  fmm  l.'.itheran  and  Reformed  pas- 
tor-, .ami  may  be  baptized  by  them  on  a  iierniit 
from  the  goveruiuent.  A  similar  permit  must 
he  obtained  for  the  distribution  of  IJibles 
ainouir  the  .Jews.  These  cireumsl.inces  eviilain 
m.iiiy  features  |H»culiar  to  the  .lewi-li  mi-  ion 
ill  Russia.  The  above  asylum  w.is  founded  in 
1S(J4  by  a  former  London  missionary.  Mr. 
Scliuliz,  and  is  sup|x>ilcil  by  a  circle  of  ladies. 
Tile  L'irls  are  umler  the  guiil.iiiee  of  a  Cliiistian 
inotlier.  who  inliieales  ainl  instructs  them  so 
tlia*  they  afterwards  may  be  able  to  make 
their  own  livini:.  Revi'iiue.  September,  188!l, 
5.4IHI  marks.  Reports  in  "SI.  Petersburg 
Ev.-mgelische  Soimtagsblatt. " 

II.  The  Ifcdtic  I.utlK'ran  t'hurch. — Tiie  Lon- 
don missionary.  -Mr.  Ilefter,  succeeded,  while 
travelling  through  the  Raltic  provinces  in 
18i)3.  in  aw.ikening  s<ime  interest  for  a  mission 
among  the  .Tews,  and  in  lst>5  the  Synod  of  the 
Luthei'an  I'liuroh  of  Courland  engaged  a 
Jewish  convert  as  itsmis,«ionary.  Other  Luther- 
an sviiimN  promised  their  aid,  and  in  1S70  a 
centnil   committee   was  formed,    composed   of 


the  superintendents  of  Livonia,  Courland, 
Esth-.Miia,  Osel,  Riga,  and  Reval.  A  station 
was  established  at  Mietaii,  but  afterwards 
ri'inoved  'o  Riga.  Revenue alioul  (1,U00  marks. 
(See  "  }Ji:thcilungcn  und  Nachrichten  ftir  die 
evangelische  Kirclic  in  Riisland.") 

III.  The  Laliur  of  Pastor  Fal'in  in  Ki.-lii- 
ncw.  —  Rev.  R.  Falliii  had,  us  pastor  in 
Kisliincw  since  185i),  niaiiy  dealings  with 
.lews,  and  they  often  asked  hiin  for  instruction 
lireparatory  to  liaplism.  In  the  beginning  he 
addressed  them  to  the  British  mission  in  Jassy, 
but  afterwards  he  took  the  work  in  hand  him- 
self. The  number  of  candid, itcs  increased;  in 
lf^()!)  il  rose  lo  2',U.  A  lioine  comprising  sev- 
er.'il  buildings  was  erecteil,  and  in  1SS(5  an 
agiiciilttiral  colony  was  established  at  Onelschi, 
though  given  up  again  in  1N8!I.  Revenue, 
IS.(ll)l)  marks.     Reports  arc  sent  to  friends. 

IV'.  The  Liibor  of  .losepli  Rabiiiowiteh  in 
Kisliincw. — .Since  188Ii  .lo-ipli  Rabinowitsch 
has  preached  Jesus  as  the  .Messiah  lo  his.lewish 
compatriots,  and  even  if  he  lia<l  formed  his 
large  following  into  an  independent  congrega- 
tion as  the  Israelites  of  I  he  new  Covenant— as  was 
his  idea— he  would  slill  be  enlitled  to  be  nieil- 
lioncd  as  one  of  the  most  active  evangelist.s  of 
our  time.  In  January,  IbS,'),  he  obtained  ])er- 
mission  to  ofliciate  publicly  for  the  .lews,  but  ho 
has  not  ycl  been  able  lo  secure  a  iicrniit  lo  bap- 
tize them.  For  Ihe  (hd'rayiiig  of  the  e.\peiises 
connected  with  this  movement,  ii  society  was 
foriiied  in  London  .March  15th,  18S7,  and 
furHur  int'oriiiation  may  be  found  in  Prof. 
Delilzsch's  "  Dokuinenle  der  national  ji'iilischcn 
christglaUbiireii  bewegung  in  Si'idrussland,"  and 
in  various  l-jiglish  mission  pajicrs  containing 
letters  from  Rabiiiowil.sch. 

United  States  of  Americu. 

I.  The  Church  Society  for  Promoting  Chris- 
tianity among  Ihe  .lews.  — In  IS,")!  the  General 
Convention  id'  Ihe  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
of  the  Liiited  Stales  charged  Ihe  Roard  of 
Missions  with  Ihe  care  of  Ihe  evangelizalion 
of  Ihe  Jews,  and  from  1845  lo  185i  the  I)o- 
nn'siic  Committee  was  at  work  iu  the  city  of 
><ew  Vork  under  that  Hoard.  Tn  185!)  "this 
coiniiiillee  was  reorganized  under  the  name  of 
Ihe  Church  Mi.ssion  lo  Ihe  Jews,  and  work 
was  renewed  in  Ihe  city  until,  January  lOth, 
1878,  the  ]ire.sent  leimi^  was  adopted,  a  wider 
lield  chosen,  and  tli(!  society  formally  recog- 
nized as  an  auxiliary  to  Ihe  general  Hoard. 
Its  iiresident  is  the  ])residing  bishop  of  the 
American  Episcopal  Church,  and  niosl  of  its 
bishops  are  ammig  its  patrons.  Special  ein- 
liliasis  is  laid  upon  the  missionary  activity  of 
the  clergy,  and  'iTfl  clergynien  have  pniniised 
their  assistance.  The  soeiely  has  I'J  paid 
agents,  4  clergymen,  7  teachers,  and  1  lay 
missionary  at  vnik  in  Xew  Vork,  Haltimore, 
Chiea^'-o.  Louisville.  Xew  Orleans,  Philadelplii.-i, 
and  SI.  Louis.  Revenue,  September  1st,  18S8, 
84.0(10  marks      (.Vnnual  Reports  ) 

The  perioilii'al  "  Isiviel's  VValchman,"  imb- 
lishcd  in  Haltimore.  and  edited  by  Dr.  Lewis 
de  Lew,  has  espoused  the  interest  of  this  mis- 
sion. 

II.  The  Hebrew  Christian  work  in  New 
Vork.  —  Rev.  Jakob  Freshman,  son  of  a  prose- 
lyle,  fiMined  in  1SS»,  togelher  with  ten  prosc?- 
lytes,  a  Jiiiheo-Christian  congregation  in  New 
York,  with  its  own  service,  sini'c  1885  also 
with    its    own    place    of    worship,    and    aided  , 


';!  i 


S|!=> 


!l 


'I 


:( 


^1 


JEWS 


514 


JEWS 


l)y  llu'  aclivc  syiiumtliy  of  iiiiiiiy  flcrj^ymcii 
of  viiriims  (Iciiintiiiiiilidiis.  'riic  incinlitrs  of 
till'  cimjiniraliori  iiroftss  .losiis  ('liri>il  us  tliu 
>Icssiali,  Holy  ScripliHL-  us  llie  Woiil  of  God, 
mill  llir  Aposloliiiiin  'IS  lliu  symbol  of  Ihc 
clmicli.  Ill  liis  work  iiiiioiiir  llii'  .kws  ^Ir. 
Fiisliiiwiii  is  niilid  liy  soiiii'  iiiosflyli's  iinii  a 
fciiialc  cvaiiiTi-li^l.  iSi'i'  Animal  licporl,  anil 
'•■{'111'  llilinw  Cliiislian,"  a  bi-iuonllily,  filited 
by  Mr.  Frrsliiiiaii.) 

"  Aiciiiiliiii;  to  till'  Hlainiscli-W'i'slfillisclm 
Jli^sionsblail.  18(i!t,  •).  'J'>  sfqii.,  liii'io  was 
founili'd  in  \i'W  York  in  ISliT  a  .Tiida'o-Cliris- 
tiaii  Iboilu'iliood,  and  a  similar  society  in 
Cliii'Miro  ill  lS(is,  iliL'  lailtT  liavinj?  i-ngagcd 
lU'V.  .1.  I.otlka  as  its  iiii>sionai'V. 

III.  Tlie  Ji'wisli  JIi>,sion  of  llie  Evaiisi'li 
fill  Lullirraii  Synod  of  Missouri,  Oliio,  and 
other  States.— In  ISSii  the  synod  eniraged 
Daniel  Landsmaiiii  as  its  "iiissionarv,  and  imt 
him  to  work  amon;;  the  .lews  of  5^ew  York, 
lievenue,  l)ei'ember;ilst,  ls.S!),  (i.UMtO  marks.  Ue- 
(lorls  in  '■  Zeiiu'e  iler  Wilirlieit  fUrevani;elisiIie- 
liitlnraii  (iemeindiii,  '  tbeorjranof  the  Luther- 
.  1  I'onfereiiie  in  New  York,  and  in  "  Der 
Lullierani  r,"  the  organ  of  the  Sjliod,  pub- 
lished in  St.  Louis 

IV.  The  Norwegian  Lutheran  Zion  Soeiety 
in  Anieriia  for  the  .Mission  among  the  .lews 
(Zionsforeningen  for  Israelsmissioneii  blandt 
liorske  Lullier.-uiere  i  Amerika)  was  founded 
.June  :.Mtli.  1S;!S.  at  the  instance  of  Pastor.).  P. 
Gertsen,  and  afterwards  joined  by  llaugc's 
synod  and  the  Norwegian  .-yiiod,  so  thiil  its 
central  cominiltee  represents  the  whole  Nor- 
wegian Lutheran  Chuicli  in  North  America. 
In  ISSO  it  engaged  The.  Me^ersohn  as  its 
missionary.  lie  labored  first  in  Palestine; 
afterwards,  siiiie  18f<-,  at  Minsk,  in  Uussia.  In 
the  same  year  it  also  look  into  its  service 
Pastor  1*.  Werber  ill  i'laltimore,  editor  of  "Der 
Freund  Israels."     It  i-sues  "  Lulheraiiereli." 

V.  The  llehrew  ('lirisliMii  Mission  in  Chi- 
cago.— In  18^.")  the  Home  Mission  of  the  Kvau- 
gelie.il  Lutheran  (Jeneial  Synod  of  Haltimore 
engaged  Uev.  S.  I)  Merger,  lecturer  in  its 
theological  seminary  in  t'hicago,  to  take  up 
missionary  work  among  the  .lews  of  that  city, 
and  for  a  couple  of  years  he  preached  among 
them.  In  the  fall  of  ISST  an  undcnoininalional 
commiltee  was  formed,  at  the  inslanec  of  Uev. 
Freshman  of  New  York,  and  it  has  a  mission- 
«rv  who  works  by  visits  in  the  houses  and  dis- 
tribution of  tracts  A  reading-room  has  al.so 
been  opened  for  .lews.  Hevemie,  November 
ad.  1S88,  :i.1(l(t  marks. 

Two  new  missions  have  recently  been  orgaii- 
i/.ed,  though  it  would  seem  that  they  have  us 
yet  nol  heguii  luaetieal  work.  In  188(')  a  com- 
niitlee  composed  of  clerirynieii  and  laymen  be- 
loiiiring  to  the  MelhiMlisi  ICpiscopal  Church  of 
Norlh  America  was  fornied  at  Galena,  III  , 
with  Uev.  .1.  H.  Walltisch  as  iis.secrelary  ;  and 
in  the  .same  year  Prof.  .lulius  Magath  of 
Kmory  Collc'ie,  Oxford,  (Ja,.  was  engaged  by 
the  North  (Jeorgian  Conference  of  Wesleyans 
to  do  missionary  work  among  the  .lews.  He  is 
the  editor  of    '  The  Hebrew  .Slessenger." 

The  oldest  .lewisli  mission  in  North  America 
w.-is  the  Society  for  Ameliorating  the  Comiitioii 
of  the  .lews,  foundei!  iu  1830.  It  engaged, 
183:!-38.  the  services  of  C.  F.  Frey,  tlie  lirst 
missionary 
ward 


;i--'8.  the  services  ot  C.  F.  Frey,  the  lust 
sionary  of  the  Loiidou  Society,  mid  tiflcr- 
•ds,  184.j-,W  (■>),   Uev.    Job.    Netiuder,    the 


former  missionary  of  Ilie  BrfiiUTlelie  .Society. 
Its  luincipal  field  was  the  city  of  New  York." 

'I"he  American  Chii.stiaii  SK-ioty  for  Promot- 
ing Chrisliaiiily  simong  llie  Jews'iii  ilie  City  of 
New  York  and  elsewhere  was  formed  in  >Iay 
18lh,  ISTd,  by  Uev.  Abraham  i\  Tris.  who  hall 
labored  among  the  .lews  in  New  York  since 
l.sGl.  and  ediled  a  bi-monthly  called  the  "  Si'r 
of  Hclhlcliem,  '  After  the  roignal ion  of  Air. 
Tris  in  lS,"ti  the  work  wa.s  no  longer  prosecuted. 

The  IJaplisi  Society  for  the  Kvaiigcli/atioii  of 
the  .lews,  which  exi-ied  in  18»T.  is  perh,'i|is  the 
same  society  which  in  18T."»  engjiged  Uev. 
.\lmoii  in  New  York  as  its  missionary,  and  the 
Presbyterian  .Mission  nieniiont-<i  in  "  Freund 
Israels."  l^iTH.  p.  1-lt!.  repn-sfnts  tlie  wcasioiial 
labors  of  Uev.  .1.  Neander,  sin<e  185:5  pastor  of 
the  First  (iermaii  Pn^sbyterilln  Church  iu 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Auslniliii  iiiitl  S^mt/t  Afrirn 
In  181)7  Pastor  S.  Finkelstcin  in  Melbourne 
tried  to  gather, all  the  friends  then-  of  inis-ion- 
ary  work  around  a  .lewish  mission;  and  as 
a  proof  of  the  intervst  thus  awakene<l  may  be 
inei'.tioiied  that  amuial  contributions  arc  regu- 
larly sent  to  the  Lulhenin  Central  Society  finiii 
the  Kvaiigelieal  Lulhenin  Immanuel  Synod  in 
South  .Vustralia,  and  fnmi  the  old  Kvaiigelieal 
Immanuel  Synod.  Similar  contributions  are 
also  sent  to  the  same  iustilulion  from  churches 
in  the  Cape  Colony,  aiul  to  the  Sj^ciele  dcs  Mis- 
sions Kvaiigeliques  in  Paris  fn>m  the  church  iu 
li.asulolalid. 

Thus,  to  sum  up  the  whole  survey,  there  ex- 
ist ie  all  40  Protestant  societies  for  .Jewish  mis- 
sions, employing  ^84  workers,  maintainiiur  l-*.5 
stations,  and  enjoviii'.r  a  revenue  of  I.OCO.IIOO 
marks  (:f4!til.0<Hl). "  Nor  should  it  lie  left  unmcn- 
lioued  that  tlie  mis.sions  n-<eive  gn-at  aid  from 
the  British  and  Foreign  lliblc  Society,  which 
has  published  translations  of  the  Bible  in  He- 
brew, and  ill  the  .lewish-German,  .Iewish-Si>an- 
ish,  and  .Iewish-Peis.i;in  ilialccts,  and  wliose 
canvassers,  spread  over  the  whole  world,  in 
Uu.ssia  and  Silicria.  in  >lon>i-co  and  Egypt,  in 
Arabia  and  Persia,  iiften  |H'rsonalIy  engage  in 
pi-actical  mis-sionary  work  :  as  also  from  the 
American  Tract  Sxiety.  wlios«»  canvassers  are 
/ealously  engaged  in  bringiiii:  the  .lewish  im- 
migrants who  land  at  New  York— somelimes 
uumberiug  iiOO  a  ilay — neaix-r  to  the  gospel. 

Besitlts. 

Among  the  workers  in  the  fields  of  God  the 
missionary  to  the  .lews  still  iH-cupi<s  an  humble 
))lace.  Gospel  s«H-d  c:ist  ainonir  Isniel  is  still 
a  sow  iiig  in  hope.  Nevertheless  true  missionary 
work  among  the  .Jews  has  never  lnfli  altogi  Ihcr 
without  results,  nor  has  the  church  ever  been 
,'iltogellier  wiiboiit  proM-lytes.  If  all  those 
.lews  who  have  eiitered  the  church  and  their 
descendants  ha>l  reniaine*!  togciher  instead  of 
losing  themselves  among  the  other  jHoples,  as 
there  is  an  uulK-lieving  Israel,  there  would 
eerlainly  aKo  now  have  ln-en  a  believing  l.'nii  I. 
to  be  counted  by  millions,  and  no  one  would 
have  ventunil  to  s|H'Hk  <)f  the  iiseles.suess  of 
preaching  the  go-jH'i  to  the  .Jews. 

It  has"  been  estimated  that  during  the  first 
three  ipiarlers  of  the  present  t-entury  ahoiil 
1()I),(X)0  .lews  have  been  convertetl  to  Christi- 
anity. Now,  of  et>urse.  this  must  not  he 
uuderstood    as  if    those  100,000    conversions 


JZ3WS 


81S 


JOHNSON.  EDWARS 


were  the  result  of  the  .Icwi.>.li  mission.      Xni 

to  s])e!ik  of  the  merely  mthImt  iispinitions 
which  iiiuy  li'inpt  iiinuy  tn  !il>:iiiiloii  Judaii-iu, 
tlii'rc  cull  "lie  MO  iir>ut)t  that  ('hri»lianity  inii.st 
picscnl  ilsdf  to  the  .lew  a>  the  iiion-  hiiinaiie 
religion,  ill  fuller  hannony  with  the  <leeiu>l 
instincts  of  the  he.-irt.  ami  le:v--  adverse  to 
the  >lieani  of  modern  civiii/ation.  C'hrisli- 
aiiity  is  its  own  iiii>v-ioiiaiy.  Hut  the  lionest 
work  done  in  its  supjjort  by  the  Jewish  missions 
must  ihciifore  not  lie  nvirlooked.  Many  .lews 
like  hctter  lo  lie  in»ti  ucteil  and  liaptized  liy  the 
pastor  than  liy  the  nii-»ionary.  for  the  simple 
reason — we  are  sorry  to  -:iy — that  the  former  is 
jipl  lo  be  less  strict  in  hi>  demands,  and  may 
coiiscnl  to  administer  liapti~ni  .after  a  few  hours' 
instniclion  and  on  liasis  of  a  elever-Ioiiirued 
coiifession.  A  ini'sioiiary  may  have  exercised 
a  very  tonsideralilc  intlueiice,  and  yet  not  have 
very  numerous  l>:ipii^ms  to  >liow  foi  it. 
When  the  London  Society  in  IsTT  announced 
tlial  ii  li:idli.ipli/id:!."»T4.Iews.  and  that  one  inis- 
sioii;iiy  in  six  year-  h.id  hapti/.ed  >ixly  converts, 
it  should  he  renieiiihercd  tliat  liapli-inal  statis- 
tics can  never  lie  au  adeipiateproof  of  conscien- 
tious lalior. 

'I'he  .lews  like  to  sjiy  that  there  are  no  prose- 
lytes really  convinced  of  the  trutliof  Christian- 
ity; that  ihey  were  all  iM.ULdit.  MHiieliow  or 
other,  etc.  Ihit  in  Germany.  Xeainler,  the 
church  hislorian:  Philippi.  the  f.utheran  ihen- 
hiiri'in;  St.ihl.  the  coiivrvative  juri-t;  Pauius 
Cassei.  tlie  orienlali-t  and  theoloirian;  in 
Denmark,  C'alk.ar.  the  lirst  historian  of  the 
.Jewish  mission  ;  in  Norway,  the  learned  Ilieo- 
loLtian  C'aspori  ;  in  Holland,  tlie  i>oet  l>a  ("osta  ; 
in  Kiiirland.  Kdersheiin.  theaiithorof  "The  Life 
and  'i'imes  of  .Iesu<.  the -Mes-iah:"  and  .Saphir, 
the  eloiiuent  ]>reacher ;  in  Xorlh  America, 
the  two  bishops  Ilellnuith  and  Sehereschewsky 
— were  they  iMiiiirht  V  Xevertliele^s.  it  is  not 
the  result  of  the  work,  but  the  command  of  the 
Lord,  which  has  decided  tlio  ihiirch  to  iinder- 
t.ike  lliemi.s.sion  to  tlie  .Tews,  and  it  is  >ini|>ly  the 
obedience  to  that  comnuiud  which  n-iijis  its  re- 
ward. 

.IfWClt.  Fn)flli'.  b.  Xewbury.  Vt.,  U.  S. 
A.,  Au;;ust  l"itli.  1^24:  irnuluated  at  Vermont 
I'niversity  ixi^;  studied  medicine  .-ind  pra<-- 
liseil  at  Xasliua.  X.  H.  In  5>eplember.  i^'ri. 
his  alteiition  beinu'  caileil  to  the  subject  of  mis- 
sions by  an  articU-  in  the  "  ■loiirnul  of  Missions." 
he  decided  to  devote  himself  to  the  foreiirn- 
inissidn  work,  and  beinsr  acceple<i  bv  the  A.  15. 
I  .  F.  .M..  sailed  -March  14tii.  Jx.VJ.  lie  was  tiist 
slii'ioned  at  Tocit.  then  at  Sivas.  and  in  lf.58  at 
Yoziral.  these  clianires  beiii-r  reiplired  by  the 
liccessiiies  of  the  work  and  the  missionary 
f.iinilies.  He  was  ordaineil  a-  an  evansrelisi  at 
Coiislaiitinople  May  ".i^^th.  IS-'iT.  In  ISIMI  he 
rclwriied  to  the  United  Stales  to  seek  relief 
from  a  peculiar  and  distre^siiiL'  alTi-etion,  and 
for  a  timi'  irave  ii|>  the  exiHM'tation  of  resuininj: 
ini-isioiiary  work  abroad.  But  liis  heart  iH'iiifr 
ill  the  work  and  his  brethren  desirinir  his  return, 
lie  concluded  to  uo  out  asndn.  He  reached 
Liverpool  as  well  as  usual  on  June  ISth.  ar- 
raiiL'ed  to  sail  for  Sinynia  in  a  few  days,  when. 
alter  an  illiies.s  of  ouly  half  lui  hour,  he  died  on 
tile  18th. 

.lliaiiKi,  a  town  in  the  Xorthwest  Provinces. 
t^outli  India,  <'>">  miles  south  of  Gwalior.  A 
walled  town,  slron.aly  fortified:  surrounded  by 
tine  .proves.     It  is  a  I'lulitar}'  and  railway  post. 


the  centre  of  a  large  population.  Climate,  in- 
teiis'-ly  hot.  Population.  •J.4T:{.  .MU-ion  station 
of  the  Piesbyleiiaii  (  hurch  iNorthi  ;  1  mission- 
ary and  w  ifc,  ','  leinale  ltkis^ioualies,  1  native 
pastor,  1  church,  1  chapel. 

.liiiU'iif/.,  a  town  on  a  peninsula  projtciin:; 
from  the  east  coast  of  .Mexico  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  (liniatc  hot.  but  healthful.  Ifcice, 
inixeil  Spanish  and  Indian.  Ijini;uaL'e.  Si^mish. 
lieliLMoii,  Honian  Catholic.  An  out  .-lalion  «if 
>Ialainoias,  .Mexii'o.  Mission,  Southern  Pre»by- 
tiii.-in  Church;  1  native  pastor.  1  orirani/.ed 
church,  11  preaching  places.  1  Sabbath-school, 
;W  scholars. 

.liwai,  a  station  of  the  'Welsh  Calvinistic 
Mclhodisi  .Missionary  Society  i  IJiTtb,  ainoiii:  the 
people  of  tlu'  Kliasai  and  Jainlia  hills.  India. 
Tliesc  hills  arc  a  part  of  the  h  v  riinire  be- 
tween the  valley  of  Assam  on  In  north  and 
the  plains  ot  lieiiiral  on  the  .south.  Jainlia  is 
Ihilish  terrilory,  Imi  Khasjii  is  ruled  by  ils 
own  kiliiLs.  'I'lie  people  are  a  tribe  of  hiinieis, 
speaking  a  moiiosy  ll.'iliic  language,  and  w Drship- 
ing  ileinoiis.  In  i>-,'i<  they  sacriticed  a  jiaily  of 
Kiiglish  engineers  to  the  demons.  I'nder  the 
liroleclion  of  the  English  Government  the  mis- 
sionaries havi'  made  good  progress  in  their 
work,  and  I  here  are  now  in  tlie  Jaintia  district 
7  churches.  WI4  chiinli-niembei>.  l.-'ti'J  Sunday- 
scholars,  tisii  day-scholars.  It  is  intended  to 
inaUe  .liwai  ilie  headiiuarters  of  a  meilical  mis- 
sion for  .I.iinlia. 

J««lli|nir  (also  called  Marwar),  is  a  native 
slate  in  Uajpulana,  India.  Theeapital.  Jodhpur 
city,  was  built  in  l'i4il,  and  is  surroiindeii  by  a 
strong  Willi  six  miles  in  lircuit.  with  .seventy 
gates.  The  Maharaja's  jialace  -.lands  on  the 
crest  of  a  hill  overlooking  the  town  several 
hundred  teet  below.  The  jKipiilation  of  the 
stale  is  islimaled  at  i.iMHI.lNHI  ;  sii  jht  cent 
iire  Hindus.  10  per  cent  .lains.  and  4  |H»r  cent 
Mohaniniedans.  In  the  city  are  ^^t.(H>^l  pe<iple. 
Mission  slalion  of  the  iiiiled  Presbyterian 
Church,  Scotland  (IS-S.-).  ;  1  mis.sionary  and 
wife,  !)  conimunicants,  3  native  a.ssistants,  1 
school,  1.5  scholar^. 

j4»liiiK(»ii,   .\lliorl  0«l>«triie,  b.  Cadiz, 

Ohio,  r.  S.  A.,  .Iiine  'JuM.  is:!:!;  gniduated  at 
.lelVer-on  College.  Cannon.sliiir^.  Pa..  1H.V»; 
Western  Theological  Semir.ary.  AlleL'h.aiiy.  Pa., 
IS."!.");  oiilaiiied  by  Presbytery  of  ( )hio  in  June, 
and  sailed  .Inly  ITlh.  s.une  year,  for  India,  as  ji 
missionary  of  Presbyterian  15<>ard  of  Fon-igii 
Alissions.  He  was  stationed  at  FutieluTurh.  At 
the  coniniencinient  of  the  Sejioy  mutiny  he 
Willi  others  allempled  to  reach  Allahabad,  a 
IJritish  slMtion,  but  was  made  prisjtner,  and 
))iit  lo  death  at  Cawn])ore  bv  order  of  the  retwl 
chief  Nana  Saliib,  June  Kith,  is."!?.  A  fellow- 
missionary  thus  speaks  of  Mr.  Johnson  :  "•  Ik- 
was  a  iniiii  of  very  genial  intlueni-es  and  of  tine 
social  ((iialitics.  His  i|ualitications  for  the  mis- 
sionary work  were  of  a  liiirh  order,  and  he  luule 
fair  to  excel  in  every  department  of  lalnir." 

J«»liii)><»ii,  l]4l\var«l,  b.  Ilollis.  X'.  H..  V. 
S.  A..  l>*l:f.  At  the  aire  of  twenty  he  sjivs  . 
•■  The  wretched  condition  of  the  he;ithen.  and 
the  consideration  that  but  few  go  to  their  re- 
lief, led  nie  to  devote  myself  to  lalnir  for  their 
salvation."  He  was  sent  out  by  the  A.  IJ.  C.  F. 
M..  as  a  teacher  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  sail- 
ing Dec.'uiber  14th,  ltj8(>.     He  was .stiuioned ua 


-'iij 


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1 

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11 

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d 


JOHNSON,  EDWARD 


51« 


JUDJEO  SPANISH  VERSION 


AViiioli,  Kiiiiiii,  where  lie  continued  to  resiile 
llu'wliok'  iliirty  yciirs  of  his  nii.ssioniiry  life. 
Tiif  tally  iiiirl  of  tliut  lime  he  spent  iis  a 
ti'iicliei-  wilh  Uev.  Mr.  Alexiiiuler  in  his  seluK)I. 
lie  WHS  onliiiiieil  us  (liistor  of  llie  Waioli  iliureh. 
"  i''(>r  iimii)'  yeiiis,"  sajs  llie  '  lluiioluhi 
Fill  11(1."  ■•  he  has  been  one  of  the  pillais  of  the 
eliurelies  on  ihe  island  of  Kauai.  Not  oiijri- 
nally  ediiealcil  lor  Ihe  niiiiisliy,  he  evinced 
tniils  which  adiuiralily  lined  him  for  usefulness 
aiiioiii;'  Ihe  llawaiiaiis. "  He  died  on  lioaiil  the 
"  .Moniiiin-  Slai-,"on  a  visit  asdclcirate  from  the 
Hawaiian  Jioard  lo  the  Mierouesiiiu  .Mission, 
JSepteuiber,  latiT. 

.l4»l<»f'  or  \V«>l«>f  %er»l«1l.— The   Joiof 

beloiii^s  lo  the  Ncirro  jrroup  o'  African  lan- 
guimcs,  and  is  spoken  hy  the  .lolofs,  who  live 
near  Halhursi,  (laiiihia,  West  Af  ica,  and  nuiii- 
licr  ahoul  TiO.OOO  souls.  At  Ihe  special  retpiest 
of  the  Weshyan  .Missionary  Siciety  the  British 
and  Foiciuii  IJible  Society  pulil  shed  in  IS^l  a 
Iciilativc  Iraiisliilioii  of  the  (Josiel  of  Mallhew". 
prepared  by  the  l{ev.  K.  Dixon,  stationed  at 
lialhiir.st. 

.■ii4ls(>4»-.\rtil»i('  VorMioii.— An  edition 
of  ihetiospelsof  .Matthew  and  John,  of  the  Acts, 
and  of  the  Episllc  lo  the  Hel>rewsof  the  Andiie 
tiaiislalion,  but  in  Hebrew  characters,  waspult- 
lisiied  in  l.'^4T,  under  the  superintendence  of  llic 
Hev.  Dr.  Wilson  of  Honibay.  Tliis  edition  was 
iiitenih'd  for  the  Arabic-spealiinjr  Jews  of 
Yemen,  Kirypt,  Syri;i,  and  Mesopotamia,  whoiu 
their  writing  or  rea<liii.ir  use  only  tlie  Hebrew 
characters.  A  new  edi  ion  of  the  CJospel  of 
^Matthew,  |)repared  by  Mr.  Irr.sich  uikUt  the 
care  of  Ihe  i{ev.  U.  H.  Wci'.klev,  wasi>ublished 


bv    the    British   and    Foreijrn 


'le  Societv  in 


1HS8.  'Ihe  Arabic  translation  followed  is  thai 
of  Van  Dyek;  the  former  edition  was  transliter- 
ated from  the  old  te.xt, 

JiKliro-fiieriiiiiii     VerNioii.— For    the 

German  Jews  an  edition  of  the  New  Testament 
in  rabliinieal  eharacters  w  as  published  in  1540  at 
Cracow,  inepared  by  John  Herztige,  a  converted 
Jew,  oil  the  liasis  of  Luther's  version.  In 
ISI!)  the  r,ondon  Jew.s'  Societj-  ]niblislied  an 
edition  of  the  entire  Oerman  Bible  in  the 
Judieo-tJerinaii,  Ihe  work  liaviiii:  been  prepared 
]iy  Juda  d'Allemand.  An  ediiimi  <d"  the  Old 
Testament  under  the  care  of  Rev.  1{.  Kolny 
■was  published  in  IS.^O  by  the  British  and 
ForeiiTii  Bible  Society,  which  also  pid)lished 
in  ls(iS  the  Psalms,  carefully  revised  by  Hev. 
AV.  Edwards  of  Breslau.  A  revised  edition 
of  the  I'salm.s,  made  liy  I'rof.  I'alotta  of  Vienna, 
•was  also  published  in' 187:!. 

.liKlivo-IVrwiaii  VorNion.— For  Jewsin 

Persia  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Soi-iety 
publisheil  at  London  in  1S47  ;in  edition  of  the 
tJospelsin  I't'rsian.  but  in  Hebrew  characters, 
under  the  care  of  Dr.  Wilson  of  Bombay. 

.liida'o-PtiliMli     Vornioii.— There     are 

many  Jews  in  I'olaiid,  Koumaiiia.  Galicia.  and 
Ijouthern  Russia  who  speak  the  German  with  a 
nii.xtiiie  of  Hebraisms,  or  at  least  use  jihitises 
pecidiar  to  the  Jews,  wilh  very  little  Polish  in 
them.  An  edition  of  the  New  Testament  in  the 
so-called  Habbinic  characters  was  |)ublished  at 
London  by  the  London  Jews'  Socii  ty  in  ISOl. 
The  same  society  ])iiblished  in  ISii'.t  an  edition 
in  the  Hebrew  sipiare  letters,  and  in  1882  the 
British  and  Foreijjn  Bible  Society  published  at 


Vienna  a  revised  edition  in  the  pointed  Hebrew 
chanieler,  prepared  and  edited  by  Mr.  P. 
Hershon.  A  version  of  the  I'^alms  in  the  same 
••haraeler  was  inepared  for  Ihe  same  Society  by 
Mr.  Isaac  Colin,  on  ihe  recoinuiendation  anil 
under  the  superintendence  of  I'rof.  Dclil/.scli  of 
lA-ip/.iir,  and  published  in  1SS7.  The  same 
Bible  Society  al>o  published  in  lS8!)tlie  I'Kiphet 
Is;iiah,  prepared  by  Mr.  Lichlenstein  of  Leip/i;;-, 
at  the  advice  o'f  Dr.  Delitzsch.  The  U>\- 
lowinir,  which  wc  take  lidm  the  niinual  re- 
|Kirl  of  the  .same  Bible  Society  for  the  vear  18^H. 
will  be-  >f  iircat  interest;  " 'I'he  version  which 
has  srenendly  be  n  known  as  .liid.eo  I'olish 
will  in  future  bt  lore  correctly  called  .ludao- 
Gennan.  The  i,  leslion  of  the  nature  and  dif- 
ference of  the  J uda<i- Polish  and  Juil;eo-(iermaii 
diale<t-.  niiisi  be  answered  by  slatinu'  that  theie 
I  visted  (iriirinally  only  one  dialect,  now  sp(]ken 
lij  the  Jewsof  Austria  and  Russia;  whileit  has 
nearly  vinished  from  Germany,  and  has  there 
l>eeii  siipiVianled  by  ourcorrect  moderntJernian 
language.  This  dialect  Ihe  German  .lews 
formed  in  t)ld  times  from  thetierinan  language 
as  it  then  was  s|iokcii,  interspersing  a  great. 
nianv  Hebrew  and  some  French  and  Spanish 
words,  and  took  it  with  them  when  driven 
from  Germany  to  Poland  and  Russia.  There 
they  euriihed  it  by  not  a  few  Polish  and  J{us- 
sian  expressions,  and  this  German,  w  illi  Hebrew 
and  Polish  tilling,  which  often  retains  words 
and  forms  no  longer  to  be  found  in  modern 
German,  is  the  language  actually  in  use  among 
those  millions  of  Jews  in  i^isleVn  Europe,  ll 
is  true,  however,  that  this  language  is  not 
siioken  by  all  in  the  same  way.  There  are 
s«'veral  idioms  of  it,  ditVering  bj'  the  iniiniinci- 
aiion  of  the  vow  els  and  bv  certain  terms  taken 
from  the  P()lish  anil  Russian  languages.  Thus 
Lithuania,  Galicia,  Bes.sarabia,  Rouinania,  Imve 
their  own  idioms,  those  of  the  three  last  named 
lands,  however,  forming  together  one  family. 
Juda-o-German  editions  of  tlie  Bible,  therefore, 
must  be  written  in  a  fin-m  of  this  language 
which  avt)ids  i)idvincial  idioms  asmiicli  as  ]ios- 
sible,  if  they  shall  be  understood  by  all  Jiuheo- 
Gennan-speaking  Jews  of  the  East.  .  .  .  The 
edition  of  the  New  Testament  printed  at  Vienna 
in  ls8"-  is  written  in  the  (ialiciaii  idiom  of 
Jud;eoGerman,  while  the  new  edition  of  the 
Psjdms,  yiv.  Cohn's  translation,  exhibits  the 
Lithuanian  idiom.  Only  the.se  last  named  really 
represent  the  Jews'  own  Language."  It  may 
also  be  noticed  th.at  as  Mr.  Liclitenslein  is  a 
native  of  Bessarabia,  and  Mr.  Colin  of  Lithu- 
ania, the  work  done  by  them  will  be  ap]ireci- 
ated  by  those  Jews  for  w  liom  il  is  intended. 

Jii4ln>«»-N|Miiii!>li  Vi'r!ki4»ii.— This  is  the 

dialect  spoken  by  the  Sephardiin  Jews,  whose 
ancestors,  when  bMiished  from  Spain  by 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in  1492,  and  from 
Portugal  in  1407.  found  refuge  in  Constaiili- 
nojde  and  other  parts  of  the  Turkish  dominions. 
It  is  printed  in  Rabbinical  characters,  and  i-^ 
suppo-ed  to  be  understood  by  about  45,(100 
persons.  The  translation  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment was  ])reparcd  by  a  Jew,  named  Athias 
Leone,  and  wa.s  carefully  examined  all  through 
by  Mr.  Lecoes.  formeily  an  agent  of  the  IWitisii 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  The  lirst  editiiu 
was  printed  under  the  care  of  >Ir.  Isaar 
I^)wndes  at  Corfu  in  1839.  It  w  as  aflerwanls 
revised  and  reprinted  at  Athens  in  1844.  The 
Auiericuu   Bible    Society    published    the   OKI 


JUDi&O-SPANISH  VERSION 


517 


JUDSON,  ACONIRAM 


Tc'stainoiit,  nidinlv  followini;  in  tlio  first  instance 
till' old  Fcrriiiii  .ludii'oSpiiiiisli  IJihle  of  l-JoU, 
and  cdiiod  l)y  llic  Uev.  Dr.  Scliautllur  mid  Mr. 
Farnian.  'I'liis  cdilidii  was  issued  at  Vienna  in 
184'J.  Tlie  worii  liasheen  revised  and  reiirinled 
forllie  American  liilile  Society  liy  Ilie  Uev.  J. 
Cliristie.  of  tlic  Scotdl  .Mission  to  tlie  Jews,  at 
Con^lanlinople  in  IS?!!.  In  ISTT  llie  I5rili>b 
anil  Forei.iin  I5il)lc  Society  piil)lislied  at  I'on- 
staiilinopie  a  revised  edition  of  tlie  New  Tola 
inent,  con.sistinjr  of  Ji.OOO  copies,  tlic  revision 
liavinir  also  been  made  l)y  Mr.  C'hri^^ie. 

Jii<l«i,Ciii'i'ril  l»JiriiU'l»'«'.l>.  I'aris,  N.  V.. 
U.  S.  A..  April  :.';>d,  lM);i:  siudird  medicine  with 
ld>  father  at  I'aris,  and  ul  the  .Medieal  Colleu'c, 
Fairlield,  N.  Y.;  sailed  as  a  medical  missionary 
of  the  American  Hoard  forihe  Sandwich  Ishmds 
Novemher  lid,  18'.iT.  reachini;  Honolulu  .March 
:U>t,  ISiS.  In  IHfO  he  accompanieil  Captain 
Wilkes  in  his  e.xplorinir  expedition  throUi.di  the 
i-lands.  After  fourteen  years'  faithful  mis- 
."iioiiary  work  his  connection  with  the  mission 
<ea>ed,  and  in  1S}'2  he  hecame  recorder  .and  in- 
terpreter to  the  Governmeiil  of  Kamehameha 
111.  When  Lord  (ieoriic  I'aulet  violently  took 
l>o>session  of  the  isl.inds  in  184;i,  Dr.  Judd  was 
appointed  one  of  tne  joint  connnission  to  repre- 
.sent  the  kin;::.  When  tlie  lioverumeiit  was  re- 
stored to  Kainehameha  .liily  ;Jl-i,  184:i.  he  was 
invited  liy  the  killer  to  oriiaidze  a  nnnistry, 
which  he<lid.  and  lliis  was  the  tirsl  ll.awaiian 
<-ahinet.  In  18|-t  he  became  ministerof  tinance, 
which  otlice  he  held  till  18.">;!.  In  is}!(  he  ao- 
conipanied  the  princes  l.iholiho  and  Lob  Kanie- 
banulia  to  Kuiope  to  make  new  treaties,  and  to 
settle  a  dilliciilly  with  Frani-e.  Dr  .Tuild  wa.s 
eminently  successful  in  cxlricalini,'  the  trovern- 
meiit  from  its  liiiancial  eiiiliarras>ment.  and  in 
main- ways,  as  the  conlideiitial  ministerof  the 
kimr,  was  serviceable  to  the  nation.  It  is  re- 
corded of  him  by  .larves.  in  his"  History  of 
the  Haw.aiiaii  Islands."  that,  fearin-.:  the  seizure 
of  the  national  records  by  Lord  I'aulet,  "  hu 
withdrew  them  from  the  (Tovermiieiit  House 
and  secretly  i)laccd  them  in  tli<'  roy.-il  tomb.  In 
this  abode  of  death,,  surrounded  by  tlie  sover- 
eii:ns  of  ll.iwaii,  usiiiLT  the  colliii  of  Ivaiiie- 
hameiia  for  a  I'able,  for  many  weeks  he  nightly 
found  an  unsuspected  asylum  for  his  own 
labors  in  behalf  of  the  kinploin.'"  Dr.  Judd 
(lied  at  Honolulu  January  I'Jth,    1ST3. 

JikNoii,  A<l«tiiiraiii,  b.  ^Maiden,  !Mass., 
U.  8.  A.,  Auirust  Dth,  1TS8;  jrradn.'ited  at 
IJrowii  I'niversily,  first  in  his  class,  1807.  Af- 
ter irraduatinir  he  tau,i!'lit  school  for  a  year,  and 
published  "  Kleinents  of  Kiii;lish  (Siaminar" 
and  "  Younir  Ladies'  Arithmetic  '  In  1808  he 
entered  Andover  'I'lieological  Seminary,  '•  not," 
says  Dr.  Waylaiid,  "a  professor  of  nligion,  or 
a  candidate  for  the  ministry,  but  as  a  person 
d'  iply  in  earnest  on  the  subject,  and  desirou.s 
ot  arrivini^-  at  the  truth."  In  the  seminary  that 
year  he  was  converted.  The  reading  of  Hu- 
clianan's  "Star  in  the  Kii-^t,'' and  his  as,socia- 
tiou  with  Mills,  Uichards,  and  Hall,  who  had 
arrived  at  Anil(>ver  from  Williams  CoUcire,  led 
him  to  resolve  to  become  a  missionary  to  the 
heathen.  The  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  having  been 
formed  in  1810,  and  ibs  funds  not  being  suffi- 
cient to  justify  the  appointment  of  the  six 
young  men  who  wished  to  go  on  a  foreign  mis- 
sion. Mr.  Jnd.son  was  sent  to  Kn^land  to  secure 
the  co-openition  of  the  London  Missionary  So- 
ciety in  the  support  of  a  mission  iu  the  East. 


On  llic  voyage  the  English  ship  was  captureil, 
and  he  was  thrown  into  prison  at  Uavonne. 
Keleased,  lie  proceeded  to  Kngland.  t'nsue- 
ce.ssful  in  the  immediate  object  of  his  joni  ey, 
he  was,  on  his  return,  appointed  by  the  Ameri- 
can Hoard  as  a  missionary  to  India  or  liurmali, 
and.  enibarking  February  llith,  Isi-J,  reached 
Calctitia  June  ITtli.  Having  changed  his 
views  with  regard  to  baptism,  he  severed  his 
connection  with  the  ISoard.  Not  allowed  to 
remain  in  the  East  India  t'omiiaiiy's  territories, 
he  went,  with  his  wife,  to  M.aurilius.  Here!  he 
reiii.iiiied  four  monllis,  laboring  among  the 
En.^lish  sjiilors  of  the  garrison,  and  tlicii  sailed 
for  Madras.  Fearing  to  remain  in  the  ('oini)a- 
ny's  territory,  he  <uibarked  for  the  port  of 
Hiingoon,  Ihirmah.  ivliich  he  reached  .luly, 
\xi\i.  He  and  his  wife  took  up  their  residence 
in  the  house  of  .Mr.  Fcli.x  C.-ircy,  who  was  then 
absent,  and  afterwards  resigned  his  mission  iu 
their  favor  After  six  years'  labor  the  lirsl  con- 
vert. Monng  Xau,  was  baptized.  From  18:>4 
to  1.8'J(),  durin,Lr  the  war  of  Engl.ind  with  liur- 
mali, .Mr.  and  Mrs.  Judsoii  endured  terrible 
hardships.  Suspected  of  being  a  spy.  he  was 
arrested  in  his  house  by  an  ollicer,  accompanied 
by  an  executioner,  who  -ei/.ed  him,  threw  him 
on  the  Hour,  bound  him  fast  with  cords,  ami 
draLT.Lred  him  away  from  his  wife.  He  was 
thrown  into  the  death-prison,  and  for  seventeen 
months  conlined  in  the  loaihsome  jails  of  Ava 
and  Dung-pen-la. being  bound  duringthis  period 
with  three,  and  during  two  months  with  live, 
pairs  of  fetters.  His  sullerings  from  fever, 
lieat,  hunger,  and  the  cruelty  of  his  keepers 
were  e.xcrucialiiig.  Mrs.  Judson  also  sullered, 
though  not  imprisoned,  liy  her  persistint  en- 
treaties and  large  presents,  and  lliially  by  the 
demand  of  General  Canipbell,  he  was  jit  the 
end  of  two  years  released  In  1800  tlieli"ad- 
(|uarlers  of  the  mission  were  transferred  to 
Amherst.  Hut  he  was  soon  c.'illed  to  Ava  to 
act  as  interpreter  in  the  negotiation  of  a  new 
treaty  between  the  English  and  the  Hurme.se. 
in  his  alisence  his  wife  died,  in  i8',",l  |i  ■  iuined 
the  Hoar  linaiis  at  Moulinein,  which  became  the 
chief  seat  of  the  liaptist  missions  in  Burmali. 
The  site  for  the  mission  was  presented  by  Sir 
Archibald  Camiibcll.  Desirin,ir  to  carry  the 
gospel  to  Central  Burmah.  Mr.  Judson  in  18;il) 
made  long  tours  in  the  interior,  and  spent  three 
months  in  futile  ell'orls  to  establish  a  mission  in 
the  ancient  city  of  Home.  l!efor<'  returning 
to  Mouimein  he  spent  a  year  in  Rangoon.  At 
a  grwit  festival  here  he  was  applieil  to  by  thou- 
.sands  for  tracts.  "  Some."  he  says,  "  come  two 
or  thrie  months' journey  from  the  borders  of 
Siaiii  and  China:  'Sir,  we  hear  that  there  is 
an  etern.'d  hell.  We  are  afraid  of  it.  Do  give 
us  a  writing  that  will  tell  us  how  to  iscape  it.' 
Others  come  from  the  frontiers  of  Katliay,  a 
hundred  miles  north  of  Ava:  'Sir,  we  l.ave 
.seen  a  writing  that  tells  about  an  eternal  God. 
Are  you  the  man  that  gives  awaj-  such  writ- 
ings';? If  so,  pray  give  us  one,  for  we  want  to 
know  the  truth  before  we  die."  Others  come 
from  the  interior  of  the  country,  where  the 
name  of  Jesus  Christ  is  a  little  known:  'Are 
you  Josus  Christ's  man?  Give  us  a  writing 
that  tells  .about  Jesus  Christ.'  " 

In  1831-;!'2  ]\Ir.  Judson  made  three  tours 
amon,ir  the  Karens,  and  with  encouraging  siic- 
ce-os.  In  18:!4  he  was  married  to  Mrs.  Sarah  IL 
Boardmaii.  During  that  year  he  completed 
the  tniuslaliou  of  tlie  Bible  into  Burmese,  which 


I! 

9(f' 


.    i1 


JX7DSON,  ADONIRAM 


518 


JUDSON,  ZafIX.T  CHUBBUCK 


« 


he  lia<l  commenctd  si'vontwn  years  before  in 
Killipxin.  In  IKB*  lie  S!jy>  llieri'  were  iiliove  ii 
thoiiviinl  •«>nveH:-  fmiii  lieiiliieiiisiii  I'oriiK'd 
iulo  elmrrh»->.  In  INi!*.  tlire;ileiieil  wilh  pill- 
niiniiirv  ili-tti-i*-.  lie  Uxik  a  -limt  vnva^'e.  reliuii- 
liiL' ti>  .MiHiliut-iii  in  \\\i<  iiioiillis  "wilh  lieallli 
stiiiieMliat  iin|>n»Vf«l.  Ii;  ivji  lie  eoiiimeiieed, 
lit  tlie  uriT-m  rwnH-l  of  Uie  lie.jil  'in  incpiuii- 
tiiinof  it  Huruiau  dicli.niary.  In  '  ..")  lie  <iii- 
1),'irl\e(i  t'  >r  America  foi  iii^  dwii  iieiillli  luiil  IIimI 
(if  liis  wife  aiToniimnieii  liy  iwn  l>urin,iii  iissist- 
niits  til  lietp  litiH  in  hU  U'<irl\  mi  llie  cliclioMMry. 
-Mr-i.  JiuIm'U  tliwi  at  Si.  Hekiui.  He  reiielied 
l>(»li>ii  (.H-lolHrr  1-Vli.  Toil  weiili  fcir  imlilie 
speakiiiir.  he  adtln-sxil  emwded  assemblies 
tlin>u:rli  an  inleri»--;»r.  Having'- imaiii  married, 
he  retiirntt!  v«»  Uiiniu}i  in  is^ti.  ami  soon  re- 
.siinied  wi>rk  at  ibtn^<>»i  nii  tlie  diclidiiary. 
IJiil  tlie  ititoleranwof  the  IJurmese  (iovermueiil 
and  tlie  sieknesstif  liu-  niissimiaries  caused  him 
to  leave  l{anir<«>n  and  lelurn  to  Mouhnein, 
which  he  ritteiml  Splemlicr  5tli,  ISJT.  Here 
lie  Worked  st«k«liSy  al  the  dictionary,  w  hicli  he 
was  e<>in[i«U«.il  to  leave  nntinislied,  for  his 
heal'u  bail  *«>  uUerly  failed  lliat  in  IS.jd  he  set 
nut  for  a  Ions  M'S-vovaire  as  the  oiilv  h(i])e  of 
saviuir  his  life.  Hi-  died  A]m\  K'lh,  IM.'.tt, 
scare'ely  three  i!aT>  <iiil  of  siirht  of  the  moun- 
tains of  Bunnali.'aiul  his  body  was  committed 
to  the  ile«|».  In  l^il:>  Hmwn  rniversily  con- 
ferred on  hint  Ihe  «le!rroe  of  doctor  of  divinity. 
Dr.  Jwdson  was  a  man  of  viirorous  intellect  and 
fervent  piety, a  clo«:-  slu<leiit.  and  very  Ihoronj^li 
in  his  work.  He  was  well-known  thronirhmit 
India.  The  fiiiwn  Prim-e  of  t^iam  invited  him 
to  visit  Siain  al  hi*  esjiense.  The  Knglish  au- 
thorities profoundly  n-speined  liiiii,  and  the 
native  eonveits  CTi-atly  reven'd  and  loved  him. 
"  Niitnenm*  coaver's,  a  corjis  of  trained  native 
assistants,  the  trans  ^-ition  of  the  Hililc  and  other 
valuable  lxn>ks  int«»  Biinue-e,  ami  a  larjre  l?ur- 
man  and  E^zlish  dit-tionary  nearly  coiipleted 
are  .some  ut  thedimt  fruits  of  his  thirty  seven 
years  of  mtviiiKiarj-  --ervice.' 

Jiidton.  Ann  lla^M-itiiit>,  b.  Hradfonl, 
Mass..  I".  S.  A..  I)fo-mlH.T -J'.'d,  1T8!);  tanj,dil  for 
Severn!  ye:irs  after  KTivina:  Hradford  A<'ademy; 
ni.arried  I>r.  Juibon.  and  embarked  with  him  for 
Bnrmah  Febnian,-  19th,  1S13.  and  in  .Inly,  1813. 
reached  IJang>H>n.  I  lie  chief  .sea]  >oil  of  the  Hur- 
man  Empire.  Her  hetdth  haviiii;  failed  in  a 
year  and  a  half,  she  ssiled  for  Madras  .lannary, 
"l815,  returningafleran  ;ibs<'nce  of  three  montiis 
with  health  luiieh  improved.  8ever;d  thou- 
sands of  SL-uiiese  iK-inir  in  llaniroon,  she  studied 
that  lanirtiase.  and  wilh  the  assistance  of  her 
teacher  trn»slale<l  into  it  the  Bnrmaii  Cate- 
chism, a  tnie!.  and  the  Gospel  of  Matthew; 
als4)  one  of  their  celehraled  iKXiks  into  English. 
She  had  fre«{nent  meetings  wiih  the  women.  In 
18iO  she  liei-aine  seriously  ill,  and  was  taken  by 
Dr.  .Jiidson  to  CaUNSlJa.  parllv  for  Ihe  voyajre, 
and  partly  to  pnic-ure  medical  assistance.'  She 
returned  with  health  imjiroved,  but  soon  was 
ajrain  priwiraleil.  and  August  21st,  1821,  em- 
barked for  America  Ity  the  waj'  of  Enirland, 
reaching  himie  in  Seplember,  1823.  While 
there  a  history  of  Ihe  Biirman  mission,  liejrnn 
by  her  in  F^^ndon.  was  published  in  Kiiirlaiid. 
With  health  paniallr  restored  she  returned  to 
Bumiah  with  Mr  and  Mrs.  AVnde,  reachinj^ 
Ranifoon  I>eeenil»er  5th,  182;'),  and  with  Dr. 
Judson  remoTerl  to  Ava.  There  she  soon  had 
!i  school  of  oalive  girls.     But  on  the  breaking 


out  of  war  with  Eni:I»r«l  *Ik-  w**  willed  to 
share  in  his  »utTerini:s.  WhtS«-  be  mjis  fettered 
ill  the  death  pri-on.  -he  wa^^suaixk^l  in  Lerown 
house  by  ten  ruttlauEr  nimi.  iil<i«iir«^i  of  her 
furniture  and  ni'>~t  of  her  |i«-i;mnbm  effects.  Be- 
iiiir  releascil  till-  th'rd  dar. '^Iir «augfal  in  variwus 
ways  the  comfort  and  releakxr  «f  ber  husband. 
"  She  billowed  hitii  fmm  jxtt^*"*!  »o  [Tison.  miii- 
isleiiiiL;-  to  his  uani-.  trytui  l«»  -hi-ftei]  the  hearts 
of  liis  ktcpeis,  to  miti'.r:vle  hi*-  ■«affl< ring's,  iiiwr- 
cedinu'  wilh  L'oviiiiment 'lUBcaik  orwjih  mem- 
bers of  ihi'  lox.d  family.  F«*ra  T«Mr jiiid  a  half 
she  thus  exerted  herself,  valkincniik^  in  feeble 
health,  in  the  ihirknei^K  of  (be  nuclil  or  undi  r  ii 
noonday  sun.  iiiueh  of  Ibe  liOM-  «ilh  a  babe  in 
her  at  111^."  After  a  trealT  of  |TMK-e  was  ccpii- 
eluded,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  J«t«Is»"ini  wei^e  npiin  at 
Haniioon  March  2l»t.  l^'-int.  banimr  Ihxii  absent 
two  years  and  three  iu«>nlb>u  The  Enidisli 
haviiiir  made  the  new  t>>wiii  ft  Aniht  isi  ihcir 
capital.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Jthfeoa  ««4ablislie<i  the 
mission  there.  Duriti>:  hi»  ali«*t>ce  k1  Ava  as 
inlerpieter  bir  the  EIl^I^-^  *"  '  l^unnHUs,  Mrs. 
iludson    built   a   sm;iU   !  .^ell;n^  house 

iiiid   two   school  housf-  of  which  she 

galhered  ten  children,  ii  ;..r  she  lieisilf 

a.ssemblcd  Ihe  feu   nariv-.  ■    •>  fivr  W(>rship 

on  the  Sabbath.  In  the  niCtM  of  ther*-  toilsslie 
was  attacked  with  fever.  »B»! *fn*-r sisli-en  davs' 
illness  died,  October  24th.  1"»3«L  inlhe  37lhyear 
of  her  age.  She  was  a  w«rniiaiini  »4«]j>erior  men- 
tal endowments,  earnest  pieHT.  *]f-s«crificing 
devotion,  great  perseTerMscx-.  annflected  dig- 
nity and  retinement. 

.IiidNon,  ^tirah   Hall    B«»ar«lnian  >, 

b.  Alstead.  N.  H  .  I'.  S  A  N"  Ttiijb.r  4lli,  ls(i3: 
man  led  Uev.  (Jeorgt  l>aca  ItoouKiman,  and  cm- 
baiked.Iulv  lUth.  1825.  f.>r  B^umaab.  but  was  de- 
tained  in  t'alcutta  by  (he  ww  Ifll  1857.  After 
Mr.  Itoardiiian's  death  sbed«1mnin«d.  tliougli 
urged  by  friends  in  Amerw*  Jo  TVIiim.  1o  re- 
main in  Tavoy.  and  fi^r  thrvne  ytausiif  her  wid- 
owIkhxI  she  continued  h'-r  hiuiiaind's  work, 
proclaiming  (.  Iiiist  to  Kartn  inqnirtTS,  conduct- 
ing schools,  and  m.-iking  Doae  Utorsv.  tdlen  in 
drenching  rains,  "  throuieb  wiMnKW-ntain  jtass- 
es,  over  swollen  stream-s  ami  d(e<Trtift'  marshes, 
among  the  craggy  rucks  aii*!  HdunglenJ  slirubs  of 
the  jungle."  hi  April.  18S4.  >Sw  wasmanied  to 
Dr.  .ludson.  She  w:t*  famil&ar  wjih  ibe  Bur- 
man  language,  having  acqinnnluinasuai  liuency 
and  power  in  eonversatto*!  aiwl  pr»y*r.  and 
w  riling  it  with  accuracy,  ^hc («<Bdu(-led  week- 
ly prayer  meetings  with  tbe  fimale  chureh- 
int^mbers,  and  another  for  tbe  s,iudy  (if  the 
Bible.  She  translated  into  Bmiiaesie'ihe  first 
part,  of  "  I'ilirrim's  Pri)eresf.""  -KeTcrsl  iniets. 
twenty  of  the  hest  hymnsitHrtl  in  the  ••Chapel 
Hymn  book,"  four  vi^am(»  of  "■^■rijilure 
QiU'slions  bir  Sunday -sebiuoils*." and  a  seiies  of 
Sunday  cards,  each  coatjUDia^  *  Aon  hymn. 
She  learneil  also  the  laimKiM'  of  tbe  Pegiiaiis, 
and  superintended  the  tr*B»talioiii  *if  tbe  New 
Testament  and  the  principal  Buiii»ej<e  tracts  inlo 
thai  language.  Hei  h««llb  taTiii<r  failed,  she 
lefi  f(U-  iiome  wilh  Dr.  Jndwn  April 26th.  18^."). 
She  died  on  shi|ibo^'.:''  is  'be  bart^ciT <if  St.  Hel- 
ena, September  l4.  I "<45.  ami  «»«  Imried  on  the 
island,  having  spent  twenty-oaie  rears  in  mis- 
sion wdik. 

.IikInoii,  Eulllir  Chnbfcnc-fc.  b.  Eaton. 
N.  Y.,  I'.  S.  A..  AugTKi;  »M.  ISIT:  laughl 
at   rii(;a:  married  Dr.  JunisLca,  uid  in    1S47 


WHS  (Ic- 

After 

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ilic  Hiir- 
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lilt'  liist 
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■rl   liyiiiii. 

PfLMlIlllS. 

iraclviiilo 
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i6lli.  l^M-'t. 

,f  ^<t.  Hfl- 
rit'ii  on  lliu 
IS  in  niis- 


h.  Eaton. 

7:  lauirlil 

in    1S4T 


J17DS0N,  EMII.T   CHUBEUOE 


Sift 


KAFIR   VERSION 


siiili'd  wi:'i  liim  for  Burninh.  A  jiopular 
writLT,  she  wrote  tiudr  llic  pseiidoiiyin  of 
"  Faiinj'  Forester"  iirliclcs  of  prosi'  and 
jioi'try  for  varioiiH  luair.  ziiies,  Shu  wrote 
ulbo  several  Simdayschool  books,  AVhilo 
in  Kanj;ooii  slie  wrote  tlie  memoir  of  Mrs.  Sarah 
11.  Jiidsoii,  and  in  Moiilmein  composed  sev ii;.! 
of  her  best  poeius.  After  lier  hii  liiitid'  dealli 
she  returned  home  in  18.11  witli  liealtli  nmeii 
impaired,  and  devoted  herself  to  the  care  of 
lier  children  and  aired  |)arents,  and  to  literary 
imrsiiiis.  She  fjave  nmeh  time  to  llie  prepata- 
tion  of  the  jiapers  for  I'residilit  Waylaiid's 
Memoirs  of  Dr.  Jndson.  She  died  at  llami'- 
ton,  IS'.  Y.  .June  1st,  ia54.   Her  essays,  skutcLe.s, 


and  poems  in  the  "Mirror"  were  collecteil  un- 
der llie  title  of  "  Alderhrook."  and  lier  domes- 
lie  poems  under  liiat  of  "Olio."  iler  oilier 
works  ill  jirose  were  the  "  Kalliayan  Slave," 
a  colleclioii  of  missionary  writings  in  prose  and 
verse,  and  "  .My  Two  Sisters." 

Jllirit.— 1.  A  suhurl)  of  the  city  of  Ispahan, 
Persia  mhahited  almost  entirely  by  ArmeiiianH. 
jMission  station  of  the  I'.  .M.  S.  (See  Ispahan.) 
— C.  A  town  on  the  river  Aras,  on  the  border 
between  llie  Caiiciisiis  and  I'eisii.  'I'hestarting- 
jioint  in  IVisiu  lor  eaiavans  and  travellers  to 
the  mission  stations  of  Urooniiali,  'rabri/..  and 
Teheran. 


K. 


Knhylc    or     Kabnil    Version.— The 

Kabyle  lielonLTs  to  the  llamitic  irroui)  of  Afri- 
can ianiriiages.  and  is  sj^oken  in  Algeria  and 
Tunis.  In^lHSi  the  Hritish  and  Foreign  Hibk 
Society  ))ublished  the  first  .seven  chaiiters  of 
the  (fospel  of  .Matthew  ;  but  there  was  great 
dilliciilty  in  tinding  an  accurate  scholar  ac- 
(piaiiited  with  the  language.  With  a  view  of 
securing  as  accurate  a  version  as  possible.  Dr. 
G.  Sauerwein  was  sent  to  Algiers  by  the  above 
Society.  He  returned  with  a  version  of  the 
Gospel  of  .lohn,  made  from  the  French  by  an 
Aral)  who  assisted  P-'re  Olivier  with  his  iCabyle- 
Freiich  Dictionary.  After  Dr.  Sauerwein  had 
revised  the  version  from  theiircek,  it  was  pub- 
lished ill  18S4,  ill  Uoinaii  characters.  Thus  far 
507  copies  have  been  disposed  of. 

Kiicli<*llll  (Ciitch),  a  native  state,  con- 
nected with  the  gcvcriiniciit  of  India  through 
that  of  Hoinbaj',  situated  in  the  western  jiart  of 
til!  Bombay  presidency,  between  Ivatliiawar 
and  Sindli.  It  lies  between  latitude  2t('  47  and 
24  north,  and  between  longitude  ()H  2t)  and 
IV  10  east.  Its  southwestern  border  rests 
upon  the  Indian  Ocean.  Its  habitabli'  area  is 
about  0,500  sipiare  miles,  and  its  |)opiilation 
512,084.  North  and  east  of  the  state,  covering 
an  area  of  nearly  0,000  square  miles  (making 
the  tol.'il  area  within  the  limits  of  Kachchli 
over  15,000  square  miles)  stretches  a  salt  desert, 
uninhabitalile,  untillable,  and  often  in  the 
rainy  season  inipassjible.  known  as  the  "  Uiuin 
of  Kachchli."  li  is  bc'ieved  to  be  the  bed  of 
what  was  once  an  arm  of  the  sea,  but  which 
has  been  raised  above  its  original  level  and  jut 
oil'  from  the  ocean.  During  the  rainy  sea.soii 
it  is  often  inundateil,  partly  by  the  waves  of  the 
sea.  driven  against  it  by  strong  southerly  winds, 
and  partly  iiy  the  raip.fall  from  the  adjacent 
region  draining  into  it  During  the  dry  season 
its  surt'ace  is  often  encrusleci  and  glittering 
■with  salt.  As  the  whole  territory  of 'K;ichclili 
exhibits  traces  of  volcanic  action,  and  is  even 
now  subject  to  occasional  violent  shocks  of 
earihqiiake.  it  .seems  probable  tlmt  the  IJanii  had 
its  origin  in  some  violent  convulsion  of  the 
earth's  surface.  It  is  noticed  that  the  sea  is 
encroaching  more  and  more  upon  the  eastern 
pari  of  the  Hann,  so  much  ,so  that  boats  can 
now  reach  places  wliieli  a  short  time  ago  were 
inaccessible  to  them.  But  it  has  not  yet  been 
determined  whether  or  no  this  iudicules  u  gen- 


eral subsidence  of  the  land  in  that  vicinity.  The 
surface  of  Kaehclih  as  a  whole  is  descrilied  n.s 
treeless,  rocky,  and  barren.  It  is  cut  by  ranges 
of  hills,  rising  at  the  highest  point  to  an  alti- 
tude of  1,450  I'eet  above  the  sc.a.  There  is  a  fair 
proportion  of  good  soil,  though  grain  ligures 
ainoiig  the  articles  imported,  Kachchli  is  es- 
jiecially  noted  for  its  beautiful  embroideries 
and  for  its  manufactures  of  silverware.  .Mand- 
vi  is  the  chief  seaport,  situated  on  the  south- 
west coast;  its  harbor  is  protected  by  a  break, 
water.  Native  crafi  manned  by  the  Kachchhi 
saili.  s,  who  are  as  skilful  as  any  of  the  sailors 
of  Hindustan,  sail  thence  to  .Muscat,  Arabia, 
and  to  adjacent  ports  in  western  India.  Atone 
time  there  was  considerable  tratlic  with  Zanzi- 
bar, whence,  uj)  to  1830,  slaves  were  im|iorted. 
The  iHipulatioii  is  about  three  lifths  Hindu  and 
a  little  iiiore  than  one  liflli  .Mohammedan;  the 
Jains  number  about  07,000.  The  roads  arc 
poor,  and  during  the  rainy  months  the  country 
is  nearly  iin|ia.s.sable.  There  are  no  railroads. 
Education  is  in  a  backward  state.  The  census 
of  1881  reported  only  0,.j02  boys  and  41 0  girls  as 
under  instruction;  and  only  "27,'25!i  niaJes  and 
1,1()8  females  as  able  to  read  and  write.  There 
were  only  38  post-otlices  in  the  entire  stale  at 
that  time.  The  lamruage  is  known  as  the 
Kachchhi,  and  is  classed  by  philologists  as 
liroiierlya  dialect  of  the  Sinilhi,  in  thetnuisition 
stage  between  that  language  and  Gujerathi. 
The  Bible  has  not  yet  been  translated  into 
Kachchhi,  though  the  Gospel  of  .Mark  has  been 
(in  18;!4).  ^Missionary  o|)erations  have  not  j'et 
been  uiidcr1ak<'n.  The  capital  is  Bliuj,  which 
was  at  an  early  period  declic'ated  to  tlie  snake 
divinity  Bhujanga — whence  its  name.  It  has 
a  population  of  somewhat  over  22,000.  .Mandvi, 
the  iirincipal  .seaport,  has  a  ixipulation  of  be- 
tween 35,000  and  40,000. 

Kalir  or  Xttna  VorNlim.— The  Kafir  or 
Xosa  belongs  totlie  Bantu  family  of  African  lan- 
guages, and  is  used  in  Kafirl.-ind,  South  Africa. 
For  the  inhabitants  of  that  countrv  the  Revs. 
William  Shaw,  W.  .'.  Shrewsbury,'  and  W.  B. 
Boycc,  of  theWe.  !"y;in  Missionary  SiK'iety,  trans- 
lated the  New  Testament  into  this  South  African 
language,  which  was  published  in  1841.  A  care- 
fully revised  edition  was  imblished  in  1848 also, 
at  the  .Mount  Coke  Wesleyan  Mission  press; 
and  in  185!)  the  OKI  Tcslameiit,  prepared  by  the 
Hev.  J.   W.  Appleyard,  with   the  aid  ot'  the 


,ii;f, 

If 
I 


ii 


:    k'i 

1 

■'1 

1'        't'l 

I 

:.,!:,■' 

i 

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K 

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1 

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1 

lip 


i 


rWy 


KAFIR  VERSION 


020 


JSALMUOK 


nilnsioimrics  Ucnuic  mid  Diiliiic.  wiis  jiiibllslit'd, 
Tt  11  Vri'.ls  iitlii  llic  |iiililinilli)ii  ol  the  <  )l(l  TcS- 
timifiil.  M  IxMiiil  i>r  h'vImis.  I  (iM>isiinn()l'  rcpri!- 
wMiiiiivi's  (iT  ilic  viiiioiis  cliiiiclics  ill  Sciiiili 
illricii,  I'liliiiiii'iiccil  llic  revision  ol'  llic  Kalir 
S(  ri|iiiins;  Mill!  ill  1m;m  tlir  nviscd  vcisidn  of 
tlic  Niw  'IV^liiiiiciil  WIIS  isMicil  Iroiii  llic  press, 
iiiidei-  llic  ediiiiisliip  (il  llic  Hcv.  \V.  .1.  Dnvis, 
who  iiMik  llic  plM<c  III'  Mr  Applcviinl  iifiur  his 
dciilh  ill  INT-J.  The  revised  vcinIoii  liiiviii!;tii'oved 
iiiuicecpliilile  owiiiL;  lo  eeilaili  reiidcriiiirs,  llie 
iirilisli  iiiiii  Foreii:ii  Hihic  Sot  iely  in  IW2,  ill  llie 
n(|iiest  of  the  Wcsjcviiii  .Missioiuirv  Sociciy, 
iii;rced  lo  roprinl  iiii  ciiilion  of  Applcyiird's  ver- 
sion of  ihc  New  'l'c-l;iiiielll  Ulidi  r  I  lie  ediloiship 
of  Ihe  l{ev.  W.  liiiiilcr,  who  WII-- lo  iiiliddiicc 
a  new  oi'lhoLrnipliy  willioiil  ehanL'iiiL;'  Ihe  IcM. 
picps  liiivin^  liecii  liiUeii  lo  ciiny  llic  revision 
of  Ihe  IlililcloM  successful  issue,  llic  I{cv.  A. 
Knipf,  who  w.is  |)l'cscnl  iil  every  session  nnd  nl 
every  sinnlc  inecliiiij:,  wiis  iip|)oiiilcd  liy  llii'  Itc- 
vision  lloiird  lo  inoceed  lo  KiiLrhind,  .'ind  lo  is- 
sue llie  new  revised  version,  which  wiis  puli- 
lished  ill  ISMS,  Ihe  cdilion  eoiisisiiiii;-  of  li.oilO 
<()|)ies.  L'i)lo.Miirch:!lsl,  ISS!),  llie  liiiiish  {{ihl,. 
boeiety  dis|)oscd  of  50,;ia8  portions  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

{Specimen  vei'se.    Joliu  '6  : 1(3.) 

Ngokuba  Utixo  walltanda  ilizwo  kangakftj 
wada  wanika  iinyana  wako  okupola  kwozel- 
wcyo,  ukuzo  osukuba  ekolwa  kuyo  augabubi, 
koko  abo  iiobomi  obunguuapakade. 

Ktilii'liiiitl,  a  section  of  South  Africa  ly- 
iiiti:  belwecn  the  rivers  Kei  and  L'nifiiinodua, 
and  occupied  by  the  Kalirs  It  bus  been  iiii- 
nexed  lo  Cape  Colony,  llioiiiih  Ibilish  iiuiiii- 
ji'raiils  have  entered  il  soiiicwlmt  eimliously. 
Still  thcfircat  iillraclionsof  the  country,  il  bcinif 
111  once  the  niosi  sahiinious,  fcrlilc.  and  piriur- 
(■s(pic  region  of  Soulli  Afric.-i,  have'  helped  lo 
ovcreonie  ihc  dilliciihies  and  daii^'crs  of  coloiii 
/alion.  and  there  is  now  a  conlinuous  zoni'  of 
Kuropean  seillcniciits  from  Ihe  Oraiiire  Kivcr  lo 
Dcla-oa  IJay. 

/%/("('((//(//(.  -ivalirland  is  the  most  densely 
jieoplcd  ))orlion  of  S<iiilh  Africa  in  |>roporlion 
to  its  e.Meiit.  there  licinu  over  half  a  million  in 
an  area  of  not  more  than  lli.(ll)l)  squari'  miles, 
or  about  ;iv!  to  the  s(|u,iri'  mile. 

The  Kalirs  take  llut  foremost,  jilaec  in  tlio 
ISanlii  family  for  physical  beauly  ami  sirciinih, 
couran'c  .and  inlcllineiicc.  (Sec  Africa,  ami 
Hanlu  race.) 

Kafirs,  ^fission  to.  Ixopo.  Natal.  Ilcad- 
(piailcTs.  Kiiiakamu,  JS'alal.  .Vfrica. — This  mis- 
sion, at  liisi  known  as  the  "  i'ock  Ktamlain 
.Mission,"  was  started  by  Mr.  and  Mrs  Ellicrt 
S.  Clarke,  at  l{ock  Fountain,  iimoMi;-  the'  I'm- 
kolisa  tribe,  in  1878.  In  addilioii  lo  Uoek  Foun- 
tain there  are  now  stations  at  lOnt.'ikamu.  Hope 
Yale,  and  Kiidundiima,  sill  of  I  hem  imporlani 
eeiitres  fiu'  missionary  work,  as  they  adioin 
Katir  cominunilies  where  llicre  arc  llioiisands 
of  heathen  who  had  never  heard  the  u'ospcl  be- 
fore this  mission  was  .started.  .Many  other 
lircachinu;  jioiuls  will  iirobably  .soon  become 
reifular  slalions.  Besides  its  iircachinn'  services, 
the  mis.sion  carries  on  .schools  and  medical 
work. 

Kil-tfi,  a  town  and  district  in  Formo.sa 
■where  the  Presbyterian  Cluirch  of  England  are 


workinjr.  with  foiirsialionHainonir  the  (Jldiu'se — 
Kii');!,  Tall  lak,  KatanLT.  (iiila-oan;  and  four 
ainomr  the  i'e-po  lioan— (liain-chelig,  Kapoa- 
H'):.,  Thau  sia.  and  lloaii  a-ehlian. 

lillU«>«llhlia,  a  town  in  the  soiilliern  part 
of  the  island  of  Kiushiii.  Ja|iaii,  renowni'l 
for  its  landloi  ked  harbor,  one  of  the  bi'sl  in 
.lapaii.  Population,  l!l,S."(H  1IS8T1.  .Missi,,n 
stiilion  of  Ihe  .Mciho<lisi  Fpiseopal  Cliiiiih 
(.Norllii;  I  iialive  pri'aclicr.  "J  oilier  helpers,  l' 
(•liiireh  iiieinliers.  1  church,  I  si  liool,  ",'1  scliol. 
ars.  Chiircli  .Missidnary  Sociely;  1  nalive 
teacher.  '^'1  church  members  I'liion  Church 
of  CliJ'sl;  ;'/.' ehiircliniciiibeis.  ',' oiU  slalions. 

liiiuiirii  Vci'«i4»ii.— The  Kai^iira  belomrn 
to  Ihe  Itanlii  faiiiily  of  .Vfiicali  laliLruai.'es.  ainl 
is  spoken  by  the  Kanuras,  a  tribe  of  Kasi  I'jpia 
torial  Africa.  In  issi  the  liiiiish  and  Korei;;ii 
lillile  Sociciy  piililisheil  Ihe  (tospel  i.f  Luke,  as 
Iraiislalcd  by  1  he  missionary  .Mr.  J.eisl.  Oilier 
parts  of  the  liibic  have  also  been  translated. 

liaili,  a  town  in  Ihe  Niluiri  Hill  dishitt. 
.Madras,  Soiiih  India.  '■'>  miles  from  <)oiaea- 
niiind,    51)   mihs  west   of    Itamla.      I'opiilalion. 

ii.'.lo-l.     Mission  slali if  the  liasle  .Missinnaiy 

Society;  '2  niissionaiic>  and  wives,  is  imiive 
hcl])crs.  3  oulslalioiis. 

lialalcaKli  (Ralaslryi.  a  town  in  the  N'orlh 
Arcot  disiiict,  .^l.idras.  India.  Hi  miles  noiih- 
I'lst  of  Tirupali,  a  slalion  on  Ihe  .Madras 
liaihvay,  iiorihwesiern  line.  I'opiilaiioii. !)  '.CI.'), 
Hindus.  .Moslems,  and  Chrisliaiis  The  inwn 
has  laij;c  ba/aais.  and  is  a  place  for  piluiinia;;e, 
as  il  eoiilaiiis  one  of  Ihe  most  famous  leniples 
of  Siva.  .Mission  slalion  of  Ihe  lleiiiianiisbiiri; 
.Missioiiaiy  Sociely  1 1ST;!),  wiili  one  of  their  lari:- 
csl  and  besi  connregalioiis. 

Iiala>>a|»a<l  iKalsapad).  a  town  in  the 
MulLialpad  disirict.  .Madras.  .Mission  disliiel 
of  the  S.  I",  (t.;  .");i  villaiics.  1  missionary,  .").") 
native  helpers,  l.'JOCi  church-ineiiibers. 

lialtfail,  one  of  the  most  nonhern  eilics  of 
t:liina,  is  siiualcd  on  the  Suiiirlio  Ui\ir.  at  a 
pile  in  the  (ileal  NVall.  in  the  iiroviiice  of  ( 'hihii, 
l:2."i  miles  noilhwesi  of  Pckiii;;.  It  is  an  impor- 
lani commercial  slalion  on  Ihe  road  lielwicii 
China  and  Siberia.  Mission  slalion  of  Ihc  A  il. 
C.  F.  M.  (isii.-));  2  missiomiries  and  wivs,  i 
femali'  missionaries,  'i  chapels,  1  day-school.  1 
irirls'  l»oardiiij;-scliool.  A  dispensary  lias  hceu 
doinir  iiiucli  ;;'ood. 

l4aliiii|><>Mtf  (Dalin.irkoO.  a  town  and  hill 
tract  in  Hiiutan.  India.  Ji.-tl)  miles  iiorili  of  Cal- 
eull.a.  Cliiiiale  variable;  elevation.  1.0(10  feel; 
mean  teniper.-ilurc,  ?.")  F.  I'opulation.  1-.liS'.'. 
Ncpalis.  l,e|ielias.  IJliiileas,  speakilisj:  each  their 
own  laiiLTuaLie;  .■iiid  I'l.'iiiimen.  who  spe.ak  ll'ii- 
iiiili  ami  Hindi.  KcliLiion,  Hindu.  .Moslem, 
liiiiidhisl.  Cliiisiian.  deinon-worship.  ><ali\i's 
ihriviiii;-.  iiidusliious  .Mission  slalion  of  lln' 
(iiiild  ?dissioii,  lOslablished  Church  of  Scollaiid 
(1881 1;  ^  missionary  and  wife.  .">  nalive  helpi  is, 
iJout-slations,  1  churches,  l.l-t  church-memlicrs. 
9  schools.  l!T4  scholars.  Contributions,  !!:104 
Srottish  rniversities'  .Mi.ssion,  Ksi.ablislicil 
Church  of  Scotland  (188<i);  1  missionary  and 
wife.  ;}  nalive  helpers.  1  out-stiitioii,  2  churches, 
2.5  communicants,  0  schools,  118  scholars. 

KaliiiiU'k  (Calniuck).  For  version,  sec 
Mongol;  for  race,  see  Tartar. 


LMUOS 

jlihicso — 

iiii'l  t'liiir 

,     Kll  pnil- 


licin  imit 

rcMowt'i'l 

ic    licsl    ill 

.Mi^Mnll 

il   Clninli 

I  Ipcrs,    l" 

,    -Jl     Mill'!- 

1     iiiilivi- 

II  (liurcli 
sliiliolis. 

Mil  IwloML"* 

iiiiiic--.  mill 
Kii-I  Ki|Uii- 
iil  l''(iiii'.;ii 
.1  l,\il<i'.  II-- 
isl.  OiIrt 
iisliilcil. 

lill  (lisli-ict, 
,111  ttuliini- 
l'ii|iul;ilinli. 
Missiniuiiy 
1,   IS    imlis'c 


II  ihr  Norlli 

lllilo   linrlll- 

Ihf  Miiilins 
liiiiiiii. !»  ii;!."). 
'Ihc  liiwii 
•  iiiltiriiiiiii!i', 
Kill!-  Iciiipli'S 
riuiiiiii^liur;;; 
i.niu'ir  hn-ff- 

111  in  till! 
Ill  (lisliict 
s-ioniity,  i")5 

in  cilics  of 
Kivcr.  ill  il 
icdiCliilili, 
Mil  iiiii")i'- 

1,1     llC'lWtl'U 

,,r  ilif  A    1'.. 
il   wiv  <,  'i 

;lV-SCll(llil.    1 

iry  liii.s  liiTii 

iwii  Mini  liill 
,,rili  (if  Ciil- 
l.dOO  feel; 
iiiM.    lt>.tiS'.>. 

l^r  CMCll   lllcil' 

-.pcMk  15'ti- 
111,  Mnslclll. 
lip,  NMlivc> 
Mtioii    of  llif 

(if  Sciitliiinl 
ilivc  li('li>ci'>. 
■cli-iiH'inliii'^. 
iilions,   »\M. 

KslMtilisliiit 
.ssiotiMvy  mill 

2  cIuhtIk'^. 
clioliiis. 

vursiou,   sti? 


KAMAIiAPURI 


Ml 


Kitiiiiiltipiirl,  II  vllliiKt!  in  till'  Kiiniiil  ills- 
trill,  .Miiili'M.s,  liiiliii  I'npiiliitioii,  H,")!,  ilimliis 
anil  Miislciii.s,  Ki'iiiiii  Uiilild  lor  llic  lociil  super 
Htiiiiiii  tliiil  lii'ic  till  .siiiikdliiiiN  iiri'  Imniili'SM, 
mill  iliMi   Miiy  pi'isiiii  liitliii  liy  ii  siuikc  will  ii'- 

cover  if  liriillglll  here  for  treiilllielit.  Mission 
station  of  llie  S.  1',  (i, ;  1  iiiisHiuiiury,  3  schools, 
fl  li'iicliers,  I'Jl  scholars. 

lillllUIIMl<»IIK«»  (Hilie),  a  town  in  Smilh 
<iiiiiieii,  West  (eiilnil  Africa,  alniosl  due 
<'Mst  from  ]{( ii.Lfuellii,  Mis.sion  .siatioii  of  the 
A.  U,  V.  F.  M.  '['Ill'  striin,i;est  iiiiil  most  prom- 
ising' feiilurc  of  the  work  is  llie  leiuliinL,'  in  the 
,schoiils  in  spite  iif  the  irrciiuliir  alleniliince.  A 
<'liureli  is  soon  lo  he  (Mi;iiiii/.eil,  anil  the  arrival 
of  M  ineilical  miwioniiry  ill  Ihe  sliilion  will  irive 
tldileil  opporliinily  for  reaihini:  llie  heiirls  nt  ihe 
people  It  llM<  'J  luissioiiMries  anil  wives  (1 
))liysieiiin),  "J  femiile  mi.ssioimrics, 

Killllltilli,  >i  town  ill  Soiithetist  Africa, 
iiorlli  of  Ihe  Mmpopii  Hiver,  10  miles  from 
.MoiiLTwe,  nc!i'.'  liihiimhiiiic  Mission  sliiliun  of 
Ihe  A,  15.  ('  i'\  M.  A  hi'iiltlifiil  lociiiion,  within 
ri'iich  i>f  iiunieroiis  villai;csof  Ilic  lialswa  Irihes, 
iipnii  whom  it  is  inlended  to  concenliMle  the 
cITorls  of  the  missionaries,  iis  I  hey  arc  more 
numerous  and  widely  dislrihuled  llian  Ihe  oilier 
Irilie,  Ihe  UmIoii.u'iis  1  missioniiry  iind  wife,  1 
feiimic  missioniiry, 

lilllllttfllWil,  a  town  and  port  on  the  hay  of 
Yedii,  .lapaii,  Hi  miles  from  Tokyo,  on  the  rail- 
roMil  hclwecii  VokoliMmii  and  Tokyo,  At  one 
time  it  hid  fair  1  i  he  an  imporlMiit  commercial 
city,  hut  Vokolmma  has  urown.  Mini  Kmiim;;m\vm, 
only  a  few  miles  away,  has  sulTered  in  conse- 
(pience,  Po|)ulMliiiii,  'iO.IIDO,  Mission  slalion 
of  the  Melhiidisl  Kpiscopal  Church  (N'orlh) ; 
1  native  preacher,  1  church,  2;t  communiciints. 

KilllllXim'll,  a  tmvn  on  Ihe  west  coast  of 
Nippon,  .lapaii,  on  .lapan  Sea,  IHO  miles  iiorlli- 
wcst  of  Tokyo,  Poimlalion,  »li,6:)!t  (18S7). 
Climati!  .scmi-iropiciil.  i^Iission  station  of  iliu 
I'rcshyleriMii  Clmrcli  (Xorili)  ilHTU)  :  4  mission- 
aries and  wives,  2  otlicr  ladies.  4  native  helpers, 
4  out -still  ions,  2  churches,  184  cUurch-members, 
3  schools,  l.")!)  sliidenls. 

Killl4l,V4  a  town  toward  the  cenlrc  of  the 
island  of  Ceylon,  is  hiiill  on  Ihe  maiiiin  of  an 
artilicial  lake  l,T;il  fl.  above  the  sea,  75  miles 
by  rail  from  Colombo,  It  was  formerly  Ihe 
capital  of  a  kiuirdom  l>v  that  name,  and  con- 
tains the  tombs  of  the  Ivandiiin  kiiiLTs,  toi;;ellier 
with  miinv  liandsome  temples,  .Mission  slation 
of  Ihe  Cliurch  .Mi.s-ionary  Socii'ty  (ISIS),  It  is 
the  headiiuarlers  for  mission  work  and  inslriic- 
lion  in  the  ceiilr.'il  pari  of  Ceylon.  Trinity  Col- 
lege does  good  educational  work,  and  two 
thirds  of  its  2315  students  are  Chrislians,  Two 
ilinerucies,  central  and  western,  are  carried  on 
from  Kaiidy,  chictlj-  among  the  Sinhalese,  and 
number  17:5  communicants  in  each,  with  an 
aggre.gate  of  40  schools,  ;i,36!)  scholars.  In  the 
town  and  neighborhood  me  !!  mi.ssioniiries,  2 
native  pastors,  151  communicanis,  A  Tamil 
cooly  mission,  reaching  the  coolies  ou  the  iilan- 
tations,  has  its  centre  here  for  the  Central  Prov- 
ince, and  there  are  145  communicants.  The 
Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary  Society  has 
jiere  its  centre  for  work  in  the  Kandy  district, 
in  which  it  is  estimated  there  are  a  million 
Buddhisis  ;  3  missionaries  and  assistants.  147 
church-members,  4  Sunday -schools,  230  scholars, 


KARAKAXi 

4  day-schools,  1S4  scholars.  Ilaplisi  .Mis>iionarv 
Socicly:  1  evaiigelisi,  10(1  Sabbathscholars,  SO 
day  scholars, 

■iailtfril,  alown  in  the  l'uiijal>.  North  India. 
120  miles  easi  norlhcasl  of  Lahore,  I'opulalioii, 
.■■),iiS7,  Hindus,  .Moslems,  Sikiis,  etc.  Mission 
station  of  the  Church  .Missionary  Socicly  (1S54); 
1  missionary  and  wife,  )•  ciMiiiiiiinicanls,  'i 
schools,  132  scholars. 

KailltWC,  a  town  in  the  (iiiboon  and  Co- 
risco  dislriil,  west  coast  .\frica.  on  the  Ogowe 
Kivcr,  130  miles  by  river  from  the  sea.  Mission 
slalion  of  llie  I'rcsliyleriaii  Church  (.N'orlh);  1 
missionary  and  wife,  1  single  lady,  2  French 
and  tt  unlive  helpers,  4  oul-slalions.  On  account 
of  Ihe  occupancy  of  the  country  by  the  French 
(Joverninenl,  il  is  cxlremely  iirolmbic  Ihal  Ihe 
I'aris  Kvangeliral  Socicly  will  lake  over  the 
mission  of  liie  I'resbyieiiun  Moard,  an  exploring 
parly  having  exaniincd  the  missions  m  ISSO 
wilh  a  view  lo  such  action, 

■iariK'lli  iKurrach ,  a  town  of  the  Siiidli 

dislricl.  ISonibay.  West  India,  at  the  norlherii 
cxlreiuily  of  Ihe  Indus  delta,  near  the  soullierii 
base  of  Ihe  I'ab  Moiinlains  of  IJcluchislan. 
I'opulaiion,  (is,;;32.  .Mission  slalion  of  ihe 
Church  .Missionary  Socicly  (1S50).  Fvangclisiic 
work  is  can  led  on  under  Ihree  heads:  vcriiaciilar 
pleaching  in  Sindlii,  (Jiijarallii.  and  Urdu; 
lectures  in  Knglish  ;  and  villa,!:e  and  district 
work.  There  are  2  missioiiaiies,  30  coinmiiui- 
canls,  3  .schools,  .">2S  scholars. 

Iiarailt'«  or  t'arailOM,  a  .lewish  sect, 
exisiini;  in  Kiissia  (eliielly  in  the  Criinea).  Aus- 
tria ((Jalieial,  Turkey,  and  oilier  countries  of 
the  ICasI,  whose  distinguishing  tenet  is  a  strict 
adherence  lo  Ihe  IJiblieal  books,  and  the  re,jec- 
lion,  except  as  exegelical  aids,  of  all  oral  Iradi- 
lioiis  and  Talniinlical  inlcriirclatioiis.  They 
Ihemselves  trace  their  origin  lo  llic  time  of 
Shalmanesjir,  and  since  he  carried  Ihe  ten  tribes 
of  Israel  lo  the  noilh.  they  hold  Ihey  must  wor- 
ship with  Iheir  faci  s  to  the  souili.  Karaite 
historians  are  now,  however,  greallv  divided  on 
the  subject  of  Ihe  oriirin.  The  Ixaraites  have 
produced  a  valuable  literature,  not  oiih'  on 
Biblical  inlerpreiations.  dogmalics  and  oilier 
religious  topics,  but  also  on  philosophy  and 
malhematics.wrillenparlly  in  Ilebrewor  Arabic, 
partly  in  a  niixlure  of  Tartaric  and  Turkish, 
which  is  a  peculiar  idiom  of  their  own  in  a 
region  bordering  on  Ihe  Hlack  Sea,  and  partly 
ill  Ihe  laiigiia.ircs  of  the  several  countries  whicli  • 
they  inhaliil.  Their  lilcralure  is,  however,  very 
little  known  lo  ihe  occidciilal  world.  Several 
of  Iheir  |iiiiicipal  writings  have  recently  been 
1  ubiisheil  at  Hupaloria,  in  Ihe  Crimea. 

Karailk'  Tartar    or   4'riiiu>a-Tiirki 

Version. — The  Karaile  Tiirki  belongs  to  llie 
Turk  branch  of  the  I'mlAllaic  family  of  lan- 
guages, and  is  used  by  Ihe  Karaite  Jews  of  the 
Crimea,  Uiissia.  A  translalion  of  Ihe  Old  Tes- 
tament, in  which  the  words  are  moslly  of  Tartar 
origin,  yet  not  intelligible  to  Turks  or  Tartars, 
because  the  version  is  so  truly  Hebrew  in  its 
cliarai^ter,  existed  long  ago,  and  some  codices  of 
such  a  version  are  now  in  the  (lossession  of  Ihe 
Imperial  Library  at  St.  Petersburg.  A  reprint  of 
the  Hook  of  Genesis  was  published  by  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  in  1819." 

Kurukal  (Karkal),  a  town  in  South  Kanara, 
MiKlrus,  ludiu.    Stutiou  of  the  Busle  Missionary 


i- 


Mi- 

m 


KARARAL 


523 


KARIB 


Society  (18T2).  lU'sidcs  llic  four  principal  slii- 
tioiiH  Miinpilur.  Miilkl,  I'dapi,  iind  Kitrknl — 
tliis  Socicly  liuN  r>5oiil'>.|iilioiisaiiioii^'  the  'I'iiIiih. 
Till'  llr>l  "loiivcrls  wcrt!  l>a|>li/.t(l  in  IH'M,  unil 
now  llu'i-L"  aru  U.dlM  liapli/.cd  imciuIiith,  1,1)10 
coininuiiicaiits,  l.-IUI  pupils. 

■iiiriiMK  or  Tiirklfkli  'I'lirtar,  or  \<»Kai 

VtTnUm.  -'riic  N(i),'ai  liclonjiH  id  tin-  'I'urkl 
))raii('li  of  llic  Irid  Altaic  laiiKUMi;c-faiMily,  and 
is  used  l(y  the  Tartars  in  ('iscaucasia  and  on 
the  Lower  \'oli;a.  As  early  as  ItKttl  a  I'lilislation 
of  the  Scriptures  into  this  vernacular  was  made. 
The  Uev.  William  Seaman,  forsome  time  chap- 
Ijiin  to  an  Knulish  aniliassador  al  ttic  I'oite, 
Iiulilished  this  veision  al  <  >xford.  Met  ween  the 
years  1813  and  1S17  Messrs.  Hrunlon  and 
I)icUson,  Scotch  missionaries,  pulilislied  at 
AHlrakhan  the  I'eiilatcueli,  I'.saims.  and  the 
Mew  'reslanieiil  in  a  revised  form.  In  1MH4  the 
British  and  Koreiirn  llililc  Society  pul)lishcd  the 
Penlalcuch  and  the  New  'restamciil,  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  Salenum  ;  other  purl  i  are  to 
follow. 

Klirfllllll  Vt'rNiftll.— The  Karel  belon^'s 
to  the  k'iim  branch  of  the  I  ral- Altaic  family  of 
lan.i;uaucs,  and  is  spoken  in  the  province  of 
Tver,  Unssia  In  isjll  the  Kussian  liihle 
Bocietj'  published  tlic  (Jospel  of  .Matthew  at 
St.  I'ctersbi'vjr,  in  the  modern  Uussiauclinracter. 
It  biia  uevt'i  n 'en  reprinted. 

{Speeimci.  verse.    Mtitth.  5 :  16.) 


miHR>,  najrie 
aiia    iiHxuiflHcb 


HiHui  aua  saifybrx, 
inierMiisieui  ieuiiuR,  k> 
uiiflHi  rioBnui'b  asicWB:  ii  KiHmtiuiiiflticb 
vmm  Tyauiuiyo,  Kyufiane  on^  uiaHaara- 
uiuia. 

Karen  Version. — The  Karen  belongs  to 
the  TibcioHurma  i^roup  of  non-Aryan  lan- 
guaires,  and  is  sjioken  bv  the  Karens,  who  live 
l)riiicipally  in  Hurma.  'I'liere  ari'  live  dialects : 
the  Sfiau,  Pwo.  Hirhai,  Paku,  and   Ked    Karen. 

1.  'fhv  Si/ini  Karen  \'frnij)ii,  New  Tt'slament, 
translated  'bv  Dr.  \V:ide  of  the  A.  H.  M.  U., 
and  first  published  in  184:5.  The  whole  Bible,  by 
Drs.  Wade  and  Mason,  published  in  18.")iS,  has 
been  more  widely  circiilated  than  anv  other  of 
the  translations  inadi^  luidcr  the  direction  of  the 
American  Baptist  .Missionary  I'nion.  I'p  to 
18H!»  more  than  .")0,00l)  cojiics  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment and  about  25, DIM)  of  the  entire  Bible  bad 
been  issued  from  tlie  mission  ])ress  in  Uauiroon, 
and  considerable  portions  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament  had  been  printed  for  the  liurnni 
Bible  and  Tract  Sorietv. 

2.  The  I'lro-Kiiri'ii  ^  emioii  is  somewhat  later. 
Portions  of  the  New  Testament  were  issued  in 
1847;  the  New  Testiimenl  coni]iletc,  in  18.")!!,  by 
Mason  and  Wade;  but  the  whole  Bible  not  un- 
til 1881.  The  Old  Testament  was  translated  bv 
Dr.  Bravton.  About  8,000  copies  of  the  New 
Testament  and  ;i,r)00  of  the  wlioie  Bible  have 
been  issued  to  1880. 

i!.  The  liiitiin  (niiiii)  Karen  Verninn  is  still 
later.  The  New  Testament,  by  Drs.  .Mason  and 
Cros.s,  did  not  appear  till  18(i;!,  and  the  Old 
Testament,  by  Dr.  t'ross,  not  till  1870.  A  jiart 
of  these  were  printed  in  Calcutta.  The  circu- 
latiuu  has  been  about  6,000  copies  of  the  New 


Testament,  and  perhaps  4, (KM)  of  tlie  Old  TcitU- 
meiil  and  the  entire  Scriiilures. 

4.  The  /'ii/iii  h'lirin  \'iriiioii,  by  Drs.  Cros.s 
ami  Bunker,  did  not  a|ipear  till  18(111  or  1870, 
aiul  then  only  the  New  Testainenl.  Of  Ibis 
theie  have  been  two  or  three  editions  of  !I,(I00 
copies  'I'hc  Old  Testameni  ami  IIk'  entire 
Scriplures  were  not  publishe<l  before  187((. 
The  edition  was  probably  :t,tl(iO,  and  anolber 
edition  of  'J.rttIO  has  been  recently  is-.ue<l, 
'I'hesc  were  published  at  Calcutta  or  Si'iamporc. 

T).  llitl  hiiinit  (Kareiineel.— Translation  of  a 
porti(ui  of  the  Scriptures  is  going  on,  but  not 
yet  compli'ted. 

{S]>ecimeH  rerse,     John  a :  16.) 

'^■ingSssSg)'- sBpcooT  B.  jJ.Scocof 
y>coissi^  5bo-o5<7D-i5Si  oomco^co-T 
,^.p:^cooD:  8icoonS:OD^.  -roo  f)co-5oo8> 
opcSioSScSi. 

(BghidKimn.     1  .lohu  1  :  3.) 
3:3030:?aD3  XODwlCOO  COOCOO!  COsOQl 

cov\,  c^:  o^:  oo8ooJ)o85co5coo:  c^tut 
ob:,  ss)(j.i:3"tcq?5.«0(i^«xy|. 

(Sgiiu-Kareu.     1  .John  1  :  3.) 

o^DD w  2s8joooc|^cS5oo:§:ck\35\c:8\.  3so 

(Pwo  Karon.     Mall.  5  :  16.) 

SsSqODQ,  OOCOOJTOJSSC^JSSlJl^JO'lCOSWC 

Karen*),  u  race  of  people  livinj^  in  Burma; 
(See  Burma  and  American  Baiitist  jAIissionary 
Union.) 

Karih,  or  Karir,  the  aborif^inal  iu- 
habilants  of  Duteli  Guiana  on  the  north  coast 
of  South  America. 

Portions  of  the  Scriptures  printed  in  Edin- 
burgh have  been  circidating  among  them  to  a 
limited  extent  for  half  a  century. 


RARS 


n38 


KAZAN-TURKI  VERSION 


>05  cosoo: 
>oo:Ol):oj 


Sso 


KlirM,  a  Mlroiiiily  fortillcd  rlly  of  snutliiTli 
CiuH'iiMiis,  coiMiiit'rrd  fniiii  Tiirki'V  in  llu' uiir 
of  18Ttl-77.  It  WHS  iilsii  the  ^iiv  iif  ii  >{iiiil 
Hiruf;Klc  l)t'l\M'('ii  tlif  'rui'ksMiid  UiissiiiiiH  in  tlic 
Annciiiim  Wiir.  IIh  iiopiiliiiinii  ilJ.iHMi)  is 
liii(,'i'ly  AriiM'iiiiin,  mv\  it  wiii  Hiicccssfnlly 
woikcd  Its  an  mil  station  of  Ki/rooni  (A.  H.  ('. 
F.  M.).  Since  it  lias  lu'coinc  Hiissiun  liiiiioiv 
niissiuuury  work  is  much  niort'  lircuniMcrihiKi. 


liliriir,  a  town  in  Mailias,  Imlia,  on    the 
Ariviiii  Uivcr,  near  its  jiinctioM  uiiii  ilii-  Kcvcri. 
t'  is  hot  aii(l  lirv 


'I'lic  cliniai 
'I'auiil  is  tin 


iiiLr    Ion;; 

>lftllOlli 


Population  l),2ll.'i. 
ue.     Mission   sia- 


liK'valliiif 
tioii  of  the  Wi'sk-yaii  >(ctlioilisl  Mission  Society 
(IMOIl);  1  missionary  and  wife,  7  lociil  prcacliers, 
10  oulstalions,  1  cliurch,  140  cliurch-mum- 
liers,  10  schools,  !t70  scholars. 


lialliiiiwiir,  a  peidnsulu,  nearly  s(|uare 
ill  slmpc,  which  foiius  the  western  pait  of 
Gujarat,  a  |>rovince  of  the  Muuiluiy  presidency. 
The  waters  of  the  Aialiian  sea  (or  Indian 
ocean  I  wasli  it  upon  the  southern  and  western 
sides;  the  Salmrmati  Uivcr  and  the  Gulf  of 
Cainhay  on  the  east,  and  on  the  north  the  Uann 
and  (iulf  of  Kachchh  It  is  some  2'iO  mile.s 
in  extreme  length  and  1(15  miles  wide.  It 
covers  an  area  of  an.ItOO  s(|uiire  miles,  and 
coulums  u  populatiim  of  ahout  'J,  "0,(H)0. 
The  surface  is  .generally  unilulaliiiK.  Iliou;;h 
the  southern  part  is  hroken  hy  lofly  liills,  ris- 
iiifl  in  one  instance  loIt.rKlOfecl  in  liei;;hl.  The 
soil  is  faiily  jrotHl,  tlie  water-Hiipply  ahimdant, 
and  the  refiion  ^jeiierally  wealthy.  Oiu'  si.\th 
of  the  cotton  shipped  from  Hoinliay  to  forei;;n 
ports  is  ;;r()wn  in  Kathiawar.  The  political  re- 
lalioiis  of  this  renion  are  exccedimrly  com 
pJiciited.  Dill,  a  town  at  the  e.xtremc  .southern 
point  of  the  peninsula,  with  7  .s(|imre  miles  of 
territory  and  ahoul  lif.OOO  people,  liclonss  to 
the  Portuguese,  and  is  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  governor-ijeiiend  of  Goa.  A  small 
territory  in  the  eastern  part,  emhracing  1,100 
square  miles  and  a  population  of  lt5(),(H)0,  is 
British  territory.  The  GaiaUwur  of  Baroda 
rules  over  another  tract  about  as  lartre  as  llu! 
British,  with  a  poinilation  a  trifle  smaller.  All 
the  remainder  of  the  territory  is  divided  up 
among  1M7  petty  native  states,  each  with  its 
own  ruler  or  chief.  The  area  thus  covereil 
by  native  chiefships  amount.s  to  2(>,55y  .s(iiiare 
miles,  with  a  population  of  2,il43,399  souls. 
These  states  are  all  feudatory  to  the  British 
Government  through  the  medium  of  the  (lov- 
eiiimcnt  of  Bombay.  An  Kiiglish  olliclal. 
styled  the  i)olitical  agent  of  Kailiiawar,  con- 
neeted  with  the  Uombay  estalilislinieiil,  resides 
at  liajkot.  a  town  of  some  l."),0(K)  people, 
situated  at  about  tiie  centre  of  tin'  penin.sula. 
lie  is  assisted  by  a  corps  of  suboidinalcs,  and 
very  much  of  the  civil  and  criminal  jurisdic- 
tion of  these  native  states  is  in  his  liaiids;  the 
more  important  chiefs  only  are  entrusted  hy 
the  British  Government  with  plenary  jurisdic- 
tion in  their  resiiective  states.  Under  the  care- 
ful inspection  of  the  Hritish  Government,  the 
administiation  of  their  internal  allairs  is  on  the 
whole  well  attended  to  by  the  chiefs;  life  and 
IM'operty  are  .safe,  education  is  (irogressing,  the 
means  of  public  comnuiuication,  both  by  or- 
dinary road  and  by  rail,  are  iucrea.siug,  other 
public  improvemeuts  are  in  progress,  and  the 
general  condition  of  the  peninsula  is  one  of 
prosperity.     Lions  formerly  abounded   in  the 


mounliiinouH  parts  of  the  pcnlnHiila:  n  few  tiro 

still  left,  the  authorities  say  not  more  than  ik 
do/en,  and  these  are  strhtly  preserved.  The 
peninsula  is  ipiitc  rich  In  arclia-ological  ic- 
mains,  ehielly  connected  with  the  ltii(ldlii»l  and 
.lain  religions.  Among  the  Buddhist  remains 
is  one  of  the  famous  inscriptions  of  AsoUa,  the 
great  Buddhist  king  of  Magadha,  who  nour- 
ished two  and  a  half  eentiiries  before  Christ, 
and  iinilei'  whose  reign  Ituddhism  Ik-ciiiiic  tliu 
slate  religion  of  a  great  part  of  India,  The 
edict  ill  (|uesiioii  is  found  upon  a  huge  granite 
bowlder  between  .liinagarh  and  Giriiar  in  the 
soulli\\e--tei'ii  part  of  the  peninsula.  The  lan- 
guage chietly  spoken  is  (iiijarallii,  though  in  a 
dialectic  variation  known  as  Kathiawari.  The 
Irish  Presbyterian  .Mission  is  carrying  on 
work  at  several  points  in  the  peninsula.  More 
than  '.i, 000,000  of  the  population  are  Hindus 
|l:4il  per  cent);  .Mohammedans  number  about 
i:t  tier  c»'iil,  .lains  I  jier  cent.  Christians, 
Parsis,  Jews,  and  "others"  u  few  huudreil 
each. 

KiiilMiili  Vt'r<«ii»ll.— The  Kaiisali,  which 
belongs  to  the  Iiido  branch  of  the  Aryan  family 
of  languages,  is  used  in  the  western  part  of 
Oilde.  The  Gospel  of  Mallhew  Iralislated  into 
this  dialccl  was  piiblislieil  at  Serampore  in 
IM'.'O,  but  not  being  found  of  permaiient  value, 
it  was  never  reprinted. 

Kiivala  InIhikI,  in  Lake  Tanganyika, 
east  ('entral  Africa,  was  for  a  lime  a  station  of 
the  L.  M.  S.,  but  on  Hccoiml  of  Ihreateiied  at- 
tack by  the  Arabs  at  I'jiji,  it  was  thought  best 
for  the  missionaries  to  remove  to  the  mainland, 
where  there  was  more  possibility  of  escape  to 
Lake  Nyassii.     (See  Fwambo.) 

Kau'ii-kau'U,  a  town  iu  iiorlliea.st  New 
Zealand,  near  East  Cape,  on  a  beautiful  little 
river  eiititying  into  the  Bay  of  Islands.  .Mis- 
sion station  of  the  C  M.  S,;  1  native  mis- 
sionaiy,  Hother  helpers,  4  churches,  \)\i  church- 
members. 

Iiayiiii;-<>.uaii  (Kiaying),  n  town  in  the 
province  of  Kwangtiing,  China,  with  a  popula- 
tion of  ;iO,000.  A  station  of  the  Basle  .Mis- 
sionary Society  (18S!5).  In  the  province  they 
have  ti  laiye  w'ork  in  7  stations  with  '2,i'iii  bai)- 
tized  memliers,  1,504  comniunicants. 

liazaii-Tarkl.— The  Ka/.ani  belongs  to 
the 'i'urki  blanch  of  the  Lfal  Altaic  family  of 
langiiagc.i.  and  is  vernacular  to  remains  of  the 
mighty  Tartar  kingdom,  which  once  had  its 
seat  at  Kazan  on  the  Volga.  They  inhabit  the 
governments  of  Kazan,  Orenburg,  Samara,  and 
Stavropol,  and  are  said  to  iiuniber  about 
1, OIK), 000  souls.  They  are  looked  on  as  a  sub- 
division of  the  Xogai.  In  1H7;J  the  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society  iirinted  a  tentative  edi- 
tion of  the  Gospels,  translated  by  Profes.sor 
llminski,  and  c.xamiiUMl  by  Dr.  Had/loir.  As 
the  work  was  favorabli'  received,  the  trans- 
lator was  engaged  lo  translate  the  Gospels,  to 
be  printed  in  the  Arabic  and  Cyrillic  charac- 
ters, for  the  benefit  of  the  .Mohammedans  of 
Kazan,  who  would  not  read  them  in  the 
Uuss  character.  The  work,  however,  pro- 
,irresHed  very  slowly,  and  Mr.  Saleman,  of  the 
University  Library,  was  sent  to  Kazan  to  make 
ariangcinent.i»  for  a  New  Testament  edition  in 
the  Kazan-Tartar,  adopted  from  some  of  the 
sister  dialects.     The  work  was  to  be  prcpured 


Jhi' 


II 


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m 


'.'■i 


;  ml 

:     it 


KAZAN-TUREI  VERSION 


534 


KHASIA  HII.L8 


It 


?  1 


by  Mr.  Salcman  at  St.  Petersburg,  imd  revised 
at  Ka/.im.  I'ndcr  hisarniiijremeiit  the  U()s[h'1  of 
jNIatthew  was  iiriiited  under  the  rare  of  Pro!es.<or 
CJoitwald  a;  tlie  "  Kaxan  Uiiiversitv  Press"  in 
1884.  In  1887  the  Gospel  of  Mark'was  issued, 
aud  in  1888  the  Gospel  of  Luke. 

Kaxak  Tiirki,  or  Oreiiliiire  Tiirlar. 

— This  language,  wliicii  also  belongs  to  tlic 
Turki  branch,  is  used  bv  the  Tartars  in  the 
vicinity  of  Orenburg,  tor  them  the  Kev. 
Charles  Fra/.er,  a  Scotch  missionary  at  Astra- 
klian  made  a  version  of  the  New  Testament  on 
the  basis  of  tlie  Karasi  version,  which  he  ac- 
commodated to  the  linguistical  peculiarities  of 
tlic  Tartars  of  Orenburg.  This  trauslatiou  or 
rallier  accommodatiou  was  published  by  the 
liu.ssian  Bible  Soiiety  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1820. 
Parts  of  the  Old  Testauieut  were  also  published 
by  that  society. 

KetmiiHiiiiwIiOdp,  n  station  of  the  lilien- 

ish  Missioiiar\  Society  in  N'ania(|ualand.  South 
Africa  (180ti»."  with  litiO  memU-rs.  In  1878  the 
last  Naina  chief  entered  the  congregation;  1 
missionary,  1  female  missionarj-,  40  pupils. 

lifitli-Falcftiicr  lliNKion:  see  Presb.v- 

teriau  (.'luirih  of  Scotland. 

Kriakarai,  a  town  in  Madras,  India.  ^lis- 
sion  station  of  the  S.  P.  G.;  centre  of  work  for 
•3-2  villages. 

Keppi'l  l<>laii(l,  one  of  tlie  Falkland 
^rouji.  lying  oil  the  coast  of  the  Argentine 
Reinililic,  South  America.  Mission-tield  of  the 
South  American  JILssion  (See  Cranmer). 

Kcrlu'la,  a  town  of  3Ie.soi>ot;imia,  Turkey, 
west  of  Baghdad,  famous  as  Ilie  shiiiie  of  the 
Shiah  Moslems.  It  is  here  that  the  two  Sliiah 
^Martyrs,  Hassan  and  Hossein.  are  buried,  and 
their  tomb  is  as  much  a  place  of  pilgrimage  for 
tlie  Shiahs  as  Mecca. 

KrtI,  a  station  of  the  Rasle  ^Mission  Society, 
in  the  Nilgiri  Hills  district,  Madnis,  India, 
among  the  Bailagas.  Commenced  in  1847,  it 
now  lias  a  church  of  76  members. 

Klialallolii.  a  town  of  Transvaal,  ea.st 
So\ith  Africa,  northeast  of  Leydensburg.  south 
of  IMphome.  Mission  station  of  the  Berlin  Evan- 
gelical Luthenms  (18t;i-1880i;  1  missionary.  9 
native  helpers,  4  out-stations,  131  church-mem- 
bers. 

Kliaiidwa,  a  t(m-n  in  Ajmere.  Bengal, 
India.  The  headiiuarters  of  the  British  district 
in  the  Central  Provinces  called  Nimar.  which 
contains  an  area  of  ;{,:!40  .s<niare  miles  and  a 
population  of  211,176.  In  the  district  are  648 
villages.  Khandwa  gives  its  name  to  a  circuit 
of  the  Metluxlist  Episcopal  Church  (NortIO, 
■which  covers  a  distance  of  120  miles  in  which 
English,  Urdu,  Hindi.  Manithi,  Oujarathi,  and  a 
little  of  Tamil  .and  Telugu  are  spoken.  The 
jwpulatior.  of  Khandwa  is  14,119.  The  climate 
of  Xini.ir  district  is  on  the  whole  good,  though 
the  jungle  parts  inhabited  by  the  hill  tribes  are 
extremely  malarious.  Preaching  tours,  open-air 
preacliing.  and  open-air  Sabbat ii-schools  are  the 
different  methods  of  work.  (Juite  recently  the 
Ballahis.  a  low  caste  of  Hindus,  have  petitioned 
for  instruction.  Hurda.  sixty  miles  from 
Khandwa.  |M)pulation  13.000,  is  included  in  this 
Station,  uud  in  the  following  statistics:  3  mis- 


sionaries,   17    church-members,  1    dav-scbool, 
22  .scholars,  32  Sabbath-.schools,  759  scholais. 

Kliafii  VcrNioii.— The  Khasi  Iwiongs  to 
the  Khasi  family  of  non-Aryan  languagi-s,  and 
is  vernacular  to  the  .scatlt'red  inliabitants  of  the 
Khasi  or  Khossiah  bills  on  the  nortlieastem 
boimdary  of  India.  Dr.  Carey  tninslated  the 
New  Testament  with  the  aid  of  an  intelligent 
lady,  the  widow  of  one  of  the  chieftains,  which 
was  published  at  Serampore  in  1827.  A  New 
Testament  in  Bengali  character  was  aIsois,Mie<l 
at  Serampore  in  1831.  An  edition  of  the  New 
Testament  in  Koman  chaiiuters  was tmdertaken 
by  the  I{ev.  Thomas  .Jones,  of  the  Welsli  Calvin- 
istic  -Meibixli^ts,  and  in  1846  his  tnmslat ion  of 
Matthew  was  i>ublished  at  Calcutta  for  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Stxiety.  Other  part* 
followed,  and  the  New  Teslamint  ])repare<l  and 
printed  under  the  care  of  the  Itev.  W.  Lewis, 
with  the  aid  of  the  Ucv.  T.  W.  Meller.  was 
published  at  London  in  1870.  A  .second  edition 
was  issued  in  1878,  and  a  |>i'^kc!  edition  was 
publishei!  in  1882.  In  1884  a  revi-.. d  etlition  of 
the  New  Testament  i4.iXXi  copiesi  was  publi>hed 
under  the  care  of  .Mr.  Lewis,  as  wi  11  as  the 
Testament,  tran>lated  bv  the  Kev.  H  Bolicrts, 
of  the  Calvinistic  AlelliiHlist  Foreitrn  .Missionary 
Society.  Ip  li>  .March  31st.  i889,  32,246  por- 
tions of  the  Scrijitures  were  disposed  of, 

(Specimtn  verse.    John  3  :  16.) 

Naba  kumta  U  Biol  u  la  leit  ia  ka  pyrthei, 

katba  u  la  aitl-noh  ia  la  U  Kbfin  ia  u  ba-Iop 

khft-marwei,  ba  uci-uei-ruh  u  baiigoit  ha  u,  u'n 

'nu'm  jot  shuh,    L:urei   u'n    ioh   ka  jingim 

b'ymjiukut. 

Hliadwawplira,  a  territory  in  tlie  Khasi 
and  .I.aintia  Hills.  Assam,  India,  imder  the 
government  of  the  vajah  of  Nougklow.  Mis- 
sion-tield of  the  AVelsh  Calvinistic  MethoJist 
^Mission  Society;  1  'missionary,  .5  churches,  13 
preaching-stations,  814  church-members,  1,263 
Sunday  scholars,  680  day  .schohirs. 

KliandeNli  I  British  Iudia\  the  district  in 
the  norlhcMslein  corner  of  the  Deccjin  table- 
land. Its  western  boundary  is  the  range  of 
western  Ghats,  by  which  it  is  .sepanitt'd  from 
Gujarat.  <Jn  the  north  it  borders  uynm  the 
Inciore  native  stiile,  often  spoken  of  as  llolk-ir's 
dominions.  It  I'overs  an  area  of  nearly  lO.tKWi 
.sipiare  miles,  and  has  a  popidation  of  over 
l,200.t)00.  It  now  forms  one  district,  or  i-oUec- 
torsiiip,  of  the  Bombay  jMcsideiicy.  The  |w>pu- 
lation  includes  nearly  1,000.(HN)' Hindus,  over 
90,000  Mohaiuinedans,  and  more  than  17.'>,<HXi 
Hhils,  an  aboriginal  tribe  inh.abitiug  the  jun- 
gles and  hills  in  the  northwe^teni  part  of  the 
district:  these  Bhils  once  leil  a  verj- disorderly 
and  savage  life,  but  are  now  gradually  settling 
down  to  peaceable  industry.  With  oliier  tribes 
of  a  similar  character,  these  form  a  large  .section 
of  the  population.  Manitbi  is  the  princi[>al 
language,  and  is  displacii;g  Gujanithi,  which  is 
spoken  by  some  of  the  mercantile  castes,  es|K'- 
cially  in  the  north  of  the  ilistrict.  The  Church 
.Missionary  Society  has  mis-ions  in  Khandesb, 
with  bea(fiiuarters  at  .Malegaon. 

KhaNia  IIIIIn,  a  range  of  mountains  form- 
ing, with  the  .laintia  Hills,  the  border  between 
Aiwam  aud  India.  These  mountains  are  in- 
habited by  various  hill-tribes,— the  Oaros,  the 


KHASIA   HILLS 


535 


EINCAID,  EUOENIO 


Klijisis,  tin-  .TiiintiiiR,  Xairns,  etc., — who  were 
vtTV  (leg  111(1  I'd,  without  liooksov  a  wiilton  Inn- 
{Tiiiigi',  aiitl  fii;.'!i!;i'il  inaitilyin  liuiiliiiir,  and  at 
liiiM-s  in  ri'liliiMy.  In  1S;M  llic  lirilisli  (io\<mii- 
uic'Ul  made  a  tK'aty  with  the  kiiijrs  of  Klmsia, 
providiiii;  for  tlic  I'slalilisliiiiciit  of  a  iiiili  ary 
]i<ist  at  C'lit'i'ia  and  tlio  constnution  of  a  road  to 
Assjim.  In  I.S-IO  tlic  Welsli  Calviinslic  Mclli- 
odist  Missiimarv  Socit'ty  sent  out  their  lirsl  mis- 
sionary to  till' Hills,  where  now  tiO  eluiic/ies 
have  iieeii  formed,  with  l..")T(!  eoniniunicaiils, 
7.3<i4  Sunday-scholars,  divided  u|i  anionj;  the 
M-veu  ilistriets.     (See  .liwai,  Ivhadsawiiluah.) 

Klit'rwari,  a  town  in  Uajputana,  India, 
near  the  native  state  territory  of  Marwar  aid 
Irdar.  Mission  of  the  Church  Missionary  So- 
ciety. The  work  of  the  mission  is  carried  oi; 
entirely  amonj:  the  lihils,  a  wild  and  tiirhiilent 
nice,  who  prefer  to  iret  their  livinjr  by  iilunder 
rather  than  hard  work.  The  ])acitication  and 
civilization  of  these  peojile  has  proved  a  diltieiili, 
problem  to  the  Uritish  CJovernmeiit.  Evaiii:  'l- 
istic  work  was  connneneed  in  1880,  and  for  two 
years  it  was  extremely  dillieult  to  u'el  the  coiili- 
deiice  of  these  hill-men.  Now  there  is  a  small 
Christian  chuifh  with  2  missionaries  and  wives, 
2  native  communicants,  10  schools,  :244  .scholars. 

KlioriiNNiiii,  n  province  of  Persia,  .south  of 
Afirhanisian.  Area,  1".'4,4(H)  scpi.'ire  miles.  Sur- 
fa<'e  mountainous,  a  lai'ire  portion  a  i;rcat  .salt 
desert;  the  northwest  .and  iiorlheast  <listriets  are 
fertile,  with  num<'rous  ojises,  mostly  of  small 
extent,  hut  contaiiiiiijj  several  jiopidoiis  towns. 
Population.  8.")().0iH),  two  thirds  of  whon\  are 
Persians  resident  in  the  towns,  the  remainder 
iK-ini:'  nomadic  'I'urkomans  and  Kurds.  The 
prevalent  reli;:ion  is  Molnunniedaiiism,  of  the 
t-hiah  sect.  i\horass,in  once  fornu-d  part  of 
the  empire  of  Alexander  the  Oreat,  and  i>assed 
Ihroiiiih  many  hands  until  1383,  when  Tamer- 
Jane  piined  possession  of  it.  Under  his  son  it 
aliaine^l  ureat  pros]>erity.  After  the  inroads  of 
the  I'zlH'cks  it  was  seized  hy  the  Persians,  and 
has  formed  a  province  of  Persia  since  1510,  with 
the  exception  of  Herat. 

Kliiiliiii  iKoolna,  CulmO,  a  town  in  Ben- 
pd,  India,  78  miles  east -northeast  of  Calcutta. 
It  is  a  plaie  of  considerable  importance,  with 
a  thrivinir  trade.  Mission  station  of  the  Baptist 
Missionary  Society:  1  missionary.  '24\  church- 
nieinhers.  170  day-scholars,  70  Sabbath-schol- 
ars. A  printing  establishment  is  a  great  aid  to 
Ihf  work. 

Kliii/.i<>laii,  a  province  of  Persia,  north  of 
the  Persian  (iulf.  Area,  30, (100  sipiiire  miles 
Surface  hilly;  rivers  good-sized.  Khuzist.an 
ointaiiis  extensive  grazing  lands.  oi\  which  vast 
henis  an  pastuied,  luid  produces  many  kinds 
of  grain  and  fruits.  Population,  4(10.000.  Ta- 
jiks. Sabian  Christians.  I.urs,  Ardiliuis,  and 
.\rabs,  all  :)f  whom,  except  the  Sabians,  ait'  Mo- 
haininediins.  Its  priiicip.al  towns  are  Shuslii, 
I>izfid,  Aliwaz.  and  Mohainmerah  ;  and  the 
pnmnce  also  contains  the  ruins  of  Susa,  one  of 
ihe  ancient  capitals  of  Persia, 

Kifliri,  a  town  on  the  south  const  of  the 
island  of  .lava,  is  the  capital  of  the  iirovince, 
and  is  situated  on  a  river  of  the  sauu'  niune. 
Popidat ion.  0,000.  The  governor's  residence  .and 
a  nio-^pivarelhe  principal  public  buildings.  .Mis- 
sion slatt<m  of  the  Dutch  Slissionary  Society. 


Kiliiliorl)',  a  t(nvii  in  West  Gri(|UMland; 
since  the  discovery  of  diamonds  in  18(10  incor- 
porated with  Cape  Colony,  South  Africa.  I'opu- 
lat ion, '.'8, ()(;;!( 1887).  Mission  station  of  lierlin 
Kvangelical  Lutheran  Society  (187.'));  '•'  mis 
sionaries,  8  native  helpers,  8  out-stations,  17(i 
chureh-mend)ers,who  ciaitributed  about  ;rl,000 
the  tirst  year.     S.  P,  G. ;  1  missionary. 

KiiiilMiiidii  VorMioii.— The  Kimbundu 
belongs  t<i  the  IJantu  family  of  .\rrican  lan- 
guages, and  is  spoken  in  Angola  country,  West 
Africa,  from  l.oanda  to  Melange.  A  transla- 
tion of  the  tiospcl  of  .lohn  into  Kimbundu  was 
nuide  by  the  Hev.  I'.'li  Chatelain,  of  iJisliop 
Taylor's  self  supporting  mission.  The  translator, 
formerly  a  Swiss  teacher  of  langtiages,  stialied 
at  the  Presbyterian  Seminary  in  Hloomlield, 
N.  ,1  lie  then  spent  two  years  at  l.oanda  and 
one  year  at  Melange,  where  he  also  made  his 
version,  which  was  published  by  the  British  ami 
Foreign  Bible  Society  in  1887.  '  The  translator, 
the  author  of  a  grammar  and  vocabuliuy  of  the 
Kimbundu  language,  also  carricil  through  the 
press  the  Gospel  of  Luke  in  1889. 

Kilicaill,  l'>llu:i>llio,  b.  AVetherslield, 
Conn.,  L'.  S.  A.,  17!lT,  graduated  at  Hamilton 
Literary  and  Theological  Institution  18'J'.2,  in  the 
.s.'une  class  with  Rev  .lonathan  Wade.  Aii)>oitUed 
a  missionary  of  the  Baptist  Triennial  Convention 
for  Burmali;  sailed  .'Mav'.'4th,18;iO.  On  his  arrival 
in  Burluah  hepreached  for  awhile  to  the  Lnglish 
congregation  at  .Mouluu'iii.  hut  soon  enteri'd 
upon  work  among  the  mitives.  Bold,  ardent, 
brave,  he  determined  to  establish  a  mission  at  the 
cajtital.  and  in  !83;!  he  went  to  Ava.  There  he 
baptized  his  lirst  converts.  In  1837  he  under- 
took to  reach  Ass;un  by  crossing  the  mountains 
between  Bininah  and  that  country,  but  was 
forced  to  tiuii  back,  and  having  been  repeatedly 
taken  prisoner  aiul  robbed,  he  rcacheil  Ava  in 
extreme  destitution,  after  a  Jouriuy  of  thirteen 
(lays.  In  1840  he  was  obliged  to  leave  I'pper 
Burmah,  and  went  to.\kyab,  Arnican,  where  ho 
continued  to  labor  till  184'2  when,  Mrs.  Kin- 
caid's  health  having  failed,  he  reliiriu'd  to  the 
I'nitcd  States.  On  account  of  the  continued 
ill-health  of  his  wife  his  connection  with  tlie 
Society  ceased.  In  .Inly,  1849,  he  was  reap- 
pointed by  the  Missionary  I'nion.  aial  sailed  in 
1850.  lie  was  recpiested  by  the  coiniuittee  to 
m;iki'  another  lUtempt  to  establish  a  permanent 
mission  at  Ava.  Finding  this  imiuaclieable,  he 
made  his  headquarters  at  Prome,  on  the  Irra- 
waily.  near  the  southern  border  of  the  Biuinan 
Kmpire,  making  occasional  journeys  from  this 
station  to  the  Burunin  capital.  He  resided  al.so 
at  Bangoon  and  Amaraptira.  In  18,'")(i  he  re- 
visited .\va  with  his  family,  was  rec<ived  in  a 
friendly  maimer  by  the  king,  w  ho  olTercd  hiiii 
a  lot.  and  proposed  to  build  him  a  hotise.  The 
king  also  accepted  a  Burmau  Bible,  and  con- 
ferrid  upon  him  royal  gifts.  Dr.  Kincaid  re- 
turned home  in  IS.")Tat  the  king's  expense,  bear- 
ing desp:it  dies  from  the  king  to  tlieCiovernment 
of  tic  Cnited  States.  Betuming  to  Biirmah 
the  same  year,  he  Labored  principally  at  Prome 
imtil  I8(!.">.  when  he  took  his  linal  departure 
from  the  mission  tield.  reaching  home  March 
17lh.  18(l()  He  was  an  energetic  missionary, 
and  opeeially  noted  for  his  long  journeys  into 
unexplored  regions  of  heathen  territory."  After 
liis  rcuirn  he  resided  at  Girard,  Kansas,  where 
he  dieil  Ainil  3d,  188;!. 


iM 


i 


KINCHAU 


526 


EmO,  JONAS 


Kineliaii  {.Tin-jou,  Chin-clian),  a  city  on 
ibe  norili  >li(ir<' of  till'  Gulf  of  Liao-tuiig,  1^0 
uiili-s  west  of  ilic  i)ort  of  Ncwchwaiig.  C'li- 
niaif  iiiucli  ilic  sainc  as  ilie  Sink;  of  Now  York; 
vTirt'iiu-s  of  tciiiin'ialuir,  Hi  biOow  zero  to  !K)° 
Fahr.  Population  over  l,00l),()00.  Laiiiriiagc, 
Maiuluriii.  sonuiinics  Mancliu.  Social  con 
dilinn  of  tlu'  masses  poor  and  degraded,  lint 
the  jH-oiile  are  (luiet,  ]icaeeable,  iind  kindly 
disposed  to  foreigners.  Mission  station  of  the 
Irish  Presliyterian  C'lmrrli;  1  ordained  mis- 
sionary and  wife.  1  iiliysieian,  1  single  lady,  8 
native" lieliH-rs,  4  theologieal  stiuieuts,  1  school, 
60  sobolars. 

Kins.  Joiian,  b.  July  29th,  1792,  at  Haw  ley, 
3Iass..  U.S.A.  His  father  wasa  furmer.noted  for 
his  love  of  the  .sacred  Scriptures  and  rigid  ad- 
herence to  its  teachings.  Under  his  instruction 
Jonas  read  the  Hihle  through  once  between 
the  ages  of  four  and  si.\,  and  then  once  yearly  to 
the  age  of  si.\teen.  His  conversion  occurred  at 
the  age  of  tifteen.  AVitliotit  funds  or  aid  lu  de- 
termite<l  on  an  education,  learned  the  English 
grammar  while  hoeing  corn,  read  the  twelve 
books  of  the  ^Eneid  of  Virgil  in  lifty-eight  days, 
and  the  New  Testament  in  Greek  in  si.\  weeks. 
He  graduated  at  Williams  College  1810,  and  An- 
dover  Seminary  1819.  After  leaving  the  Semi- 
nary he  engaged  in  home  missions  in  Massachu- 
setts, and  a-s  a  city  missionary  in  Charleston, 
S.  C.  where  he  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist. 
AVhile  in  Andover  his  mind  was  strongly 
drawn  toward  foreign  mission  work,  especially 
iu  the  East,  and  he  desired  to  go  to  Europe  to 
study  Anibie,  and  then  enter  whatever  field  of 
l.-ibor  shotild  be  open— perhaps  among  the  Ara- 
bians or  Persians.  He  decicied  to  go  to  Paris 
to  study  w ith  the  celebratid  De  Sacy.  On  the 
eve  of  embarkation  he  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Oriental  Languages  in  Aiidierst  College. 
Advised  to  accept  the  aiipointinent,  and  tlie 
trustees  approving  his  plan  to  study  abroad,  lie 
sailed  for  Paris  August  18th,  1821.  While 
ensrigetl  in  this  study  he  receivid  a  pressing 
invitation  from  Pliny  Fisk— Mr.  Parsons  having 
died — to  join  him  in  mission  work  in  the  Holy 
Land.  >Ir.  S.  V.  S.  Wilder  agreeing  to  jiay 
$100  a  yeflr  for  three  years,  and  others  guaran- 
teeing his  supjiort,  he  accepted  the  invitation. 
Having  comi>leted  his  three  j'cars  in  Syria  and 
Eg\-pt,  he  left  Heirut  for  America  in  1827,  going 
overland  to  Smyrna,  where  he  siK'iit  several 
months  iu  the  study  of  Modern  Greek.  At  home 
he  tnivelled  extensively  North  and  South  in  be- 
half of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  While  engaged  inthis 
work  Providence  oiiened  the  way  for  him  to  go 
toGreece.  The  Ladies'  Greek  Committee  of  New 
York,  being  greatly  stirred  by  his  recital  of  the 
sufferings  of  the  people  from  Turkish  despot- 
ism, had  pre])ared  a  shipload  of  food  and  cloth- 
ing, and  invited  him  to  be  their  almoner,  also 
their  missionary  to  Greece.  He  accepted  the 
invitation,  resigning  the  jtrofessorsldp  at  Ain- 
heist,  declining  a  similar  one  at  Vale,  and  em- 
barked for  Greece,  reaching  Poros  July  28th, 
1838.  His  distribution  of  food  and  clothing 
o|>ened  the  way  to  preach  Christ.  People 
mme  in  large  numbers,  begging  for  Testaments 
and  listeninii  with  eagerness  to  the  gosjiel. 
Even  the  priests  approved  what  was  said.  The 
President  of  Greece  favored  his  work.  He 
visited  many  important  iilaces,  everywhere 
preaching,  establishing  schools,  and  relieving 
■want.     Iu  1829  he  married  a  Greek  lady  of  in- 


Hiience.  who  provedan  efHeient  helper  in  the  mis- 
sion work.  In  ls;{ti  the  mission  was  transferred 
to  the  American  IJoard.  Having  previously 
visited  Athens,  and  arranged  to  reside  there 
after  the  Turks  had  vacated  the  place  iu  1831, 
it  became  his  ]M-rmanent  home.  Here  he  soon 
built  a  school -house,  in  which  he  had  service  in 
Greek  every  Sabbath  till  18(}0.  The  establish- 
ment of  sehiHils  was  a  proiniiu'iit  object  with 
Dr.  King,  and  he  made  it  a  con<litioii  that  in 
them  till'  S<-riplures  should  be  .stuilied.  At  the 
"Evangelical  Gyiinia>ium,"  which  he  eslidt- 
lished,  he  gave  religiotis  instruction  several 
times  a  week,  to  alKiul  s<'venty  pupils  varying 
in  age  from  ten  to  thirty-tive  years.  Ile'also 
formed  a  theological  cla.ss  composed  of  Greeks 
and  Italian-,  to  whom  he  gave  regular  and 
fre(pient  instruction.  Some  of  these  have 
(H'cupied  im|N)rtant  ]M)sitions  as  teachers  or  in 
the  employnxut  of  government.  But  the 
hierarchy  became  alanned  at  the  inlluence  of 
his  i)reaehing,  his  .schot)ls,  and  the  circulation 
of  the  Scriptures.  A  bishop  denounced  the 
schools,  imd  threatened  with  e.xcoirmunicalioii 
all  wild  sent  their  children  to  them.  At  tho 
instigation  of  the  Greek  Synod  he  was  brought 
before  the  Areopagus,  the  highest  court  in 
Athens,  charged  with  reviling  the  "  mother  of 
God  "  and  the  "' holy  images."  After  reading 
his  accusation,  the  judge  asked  him  if  he  had 
any  defence  to  make.  He  replied:  '•  Those 
things  in  my  l)ook  with  regard  to  JIary,  traii- 
substantiation.  and  images  7  did  not  say;  but 
the  most  l>rilliant  luminaries  of  the  J'!astern 
C'luirch— St.  Epiphanius,  St.  Chrysostom,  the 
great  St.  Basil,  St.  Ireuiviis,  Clemens,  ami  Euse- 
biiis  Pamphyli— S'ly  them."  He  was  condemned 
to  be  tried  befori-the  felons"  court  in  Syra.  An 
inflanmiatory  jminphlet  having  been  ciix-tdated 
in  advance,  his  life  wi»s  threatened,  but  through 
the  influence  of  some  lawyers  ami  government 
otHcials  the  trial  did  not"  take  place.  At  one 
time  there  was  a  conspinicy  of  tifiy  me;i  against 
his  life.  In  1847  an  accusation  against  him, 
though  proved  false,  cau.^ed  such  excitement 
that  the  king  adviseil  him  to  leave  the  country 
for  a  time.  He  went  to  Geneva,  visiting  al.so 
several  im|)ortant  P^uroiH-iui  cities.  In  1848  he 
returned  to  his  usual  work  at  .\thens.  In 
March,  18-51.  he  was  apiwinted  United  Slates 
consular  agent.  On  March  22d  he  opened  a 
box  which  had  l)een  sent  fiom  Washington, 
and  found  in  it  an  Amerioin  tlag  for  the  use  of 
the  consulate.  That  very  evening  a  mob 
as,seinbled  at  his  hoiLse,  threatening  violence, 
when  he  unfurled  the  Hag  inid  they  dis]>erse(l. 
In  18.52  he  was  agiiin  brought  to  "trial  on  tho 
charge  of  blaspheming  God  and  the  Greek 
religion,  and  under  pressure  of  great  jiopular 
excitement  he  was  condemned,  against  law  and 
justice,  to  tifteen  days'  imprisonment  in  a 
loathsome  jtrison,  and  after  that,  ex])ulsioii 
from  the  kingdom.  iMarch  9th  he  went  to  tho 
lirison  in  Athens,  btit  was  removed  the  next 
day  to  the  j)oliee-oftice,  and  was  kindly  treated, 
^larch  13lh  he  becsime  ill,  and  was  taken  home, 
btit  gmirded.  Having  protested  against  the 
.senteiue  in  the  name  of  the  I'niled  States  Gov- 
ernment, the  H<in.  Geo.  P.  Marsh,  minister 
resident  at  Constantinople,  invest igated  the 
matter  in  18.52  by  onler  of  the  goveriunent, 
and  Dr.  King,  by  onler  of  the  King  of  Greece, 
was  in  18.54  fret-d  from  the  (K'nally  of  exile. 
He  continued  his  work  in  Greece  till  18.57, 
when  l»e  attended  a  meeting  of  the  Evangeliuil 


KING,  JONAS 


527 


KIRaHIZTURKI   VERSION 


Alliuuci-  ill  BtTliii.  lie  wus  nt'viT  free  from 
p».'tty  juTst-cutioii.  He  was  aniillu'iniili/.ed  in 
18«:{  by  Ihi-  Holy  Syiunl  of  Alliens,  but  his 
liberty  was  not  taken  away.  His  health  being 
ilill>iiireil.  he  viMte<l  the  L  niled  t?tates  in  1804, 
and  returnitl  to  Athens  in  1807.  He  emiiloyed 
part  of  his  time  in  revising  plans  lie  had  drawn 
up  for  the  oruaiiizalion  of  a  dis'.inetively  I'lot- 
estnnt  Greek  Church.  Sueh  u  (•liurch  has  been 
t'stablislieil  since  his  death.  In  lb74  a  "neat 
and  l»eautiful  church  building  "  was  erected  in 
Athens.  After  sending  messjiges  to  his  son.  to 
the  little  b:iud  of  Greek  converls,  and  giving 
direcliou>!u-tohisburial.lhe  faithful  missionary 
pitssed  away.  May  22d,  18(!'j,  in  bis  77th  year. 
He  was  a  thorough  linguist,  having  studied 
eleven  languages,  and  speaking  fluently  live. 
Hisoriginal  works  in  Arabic,  Greek,  and  French 
were  ten  in  uuinlier,  some  of  them  being  widely 
rvad.  and  tniuslatc<i  into  other  tongues.  He 
revised  anil  carried  throtigh  the  press  eleven 
others.  He  di>tributi-d  4(Kl,000  copies  of  Scrip- 
ture |)ort  ions,  religious  t nets,  and  scho(>l-l«)ok» 
in  Greece  and  Turkey,  In-sides  what  he  scattered 
during  his  ir.ivels  in  other  parts  of  Europe,  and 
in   Palestine,  Syria,  and  Eirytit. 

"Dr.  King."  says  Dr.  Anderson,  "has  left 
his  impress  on  the  Greek  nation.  To  him  pre- 
eminently is  it  owing  that  the  Scriptures  since 
1831  have  been  .so  extensively  used  in  the 
schools,  and  that  in  Greece  the  Word  of  God  is 
not  bound:  also  under  Crod  the  visible  decline 
there  of  pn-judice  against  evangelical  truth  and 
religious  liberty." 

Kine«bur)-.  Cjriis,  b.  Alsteatt,  N.  H., 
November  •i'itl.  17s«;  gndualcil  at  Hrowii  Uni- 
versity IHli.  Andover  Theological  Seminary 
1815;  ordaineil  lus  a  missionary  of  I  he  A.  1».  C. 
F.  .M.  totheC'hoctaws.  and  went  to  theClu'rokee 
cuuuir^  lu  161t>,  oiminencinir  a  station  at  Hrain- 
erd.  In  June.  1818.  he  left  Hniinerd  with  .Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Williams,  to  commence  the  mission 
among  the  fhoctaws.  They  t  ravelled  in  a  wagon 
four  hundreil  miles  thmugh  the  wilderness,  to 
the  place  afterwartlc-alled  Elliot.  In  .May.  1820, 
a  new  station  csillt-d  Mayhew  was  cslablislied, 
and  in  Novemljer  Mr.  and  .Mrs.  Kingslauy 
made  it  their  ix'rmanent  home.  .Mr.  Kingsbury 
was  much  eiicourage<l  by  the  friendship  of  the 
Choctaws.  and  zeal  for  the  educalion  of  their 
chihlren.  Mrs.  Kingsbury  died  September  15lli, 
18"J'.i  Mr.  Kingsbury  continued  in  the  service 
of  the  A.  BC.  F  M."  in  the  ('litK'taw  Mission. 
with  zeal  ami  suctes.*,  until  it  was  discontinued 
in  18.j9;  iaiMtring  after  this  in  the  same  tield  in 
connection  with  the  Presbyterian  and  Southern 
Presbvterian  Boiirds  till  his  death,  June  27tli, 
1870. " 

KingKlon.  a  town  in  Jamaica.  West  Indies, 
on  a  m.'igniticent  bay,  defj-nded  by  two  I'orls. 
Population.  40.(KX>.  Mis.sion  station  of  the 
Baptist  Missionary  Society.  Ileadcpiarters  for 
their  mission,  with  stations  (m  Ilaiii,  San 
Domingo,  the  Caymans,  Turk's  Islands,  Cuba, 
and  Central  Amerij-a:  :!  mission.arics,  1  resident 
minister.  2  chapels.  Headcpiartersof  the  Jamaica 
Baptist  Union:  161  churches,  33,(M)0  members. 
Near  Kingston  is  the  Calabar  College  for  the 
tniining  of  ministers  supported  by  the  English 
BafjUist"  Missionarj- Society.  United  Methodist 
Free  Church:  1  preacher,  4t)5  church-members, 
2  Sabbath-scluKils.  260  scholars.  United  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  Scotland  ;  2  mi-ssionaries, 


2  clmrches,  44fi   church-members,  3  Sabbath- 
schools,  2(iO  scholars. 

Kill);  Williiiiii%  T<»U'ii,  a  town  in  Cape 
Colony,  South  Africa.  Cliniulesub-tropical,  very 
<lry  n\u\  heallhv.  Population  (188ib,  ."i  :i8U,  chief- 
ly Kalirsaiid  lloltentots.  Languages,  Kalir  and 
Dutch.  Natives  are  very  degiaded,  practising 
polygamy,  circuincisioii,  and  various  savage 
customs.  Mission  station  of  the  London  ^Mis- 
sionary Society  (182t));  1  missionary  and  wife,  (10 
native  heliiers,  10  out-stalions,  2  churches,  (id.") 
churcli-members,  9  schools,  457  scholars.  S. 
P.  G.  0''*'>2};  1  missionary. 

liillllWll,  a  iircfectural  city  in  Cliehkiaiig, 
('hiiia.  t'liniate  tropical.  25  -!)5  .  Popiilalion, 
50. ((DO.  Language,  Mandarin.  Natives  out- 
wardly very  lu'osperous;  morally  low,  given  to 
gambling,  opium,  drinking,  etc.  .Mission  station 
of  tlieAmericaiiBainist  .Missionary  Union  (1883); 
1  missionaiy  and  wife,  2  other  ladies,  4  native 
helpers,  5out-slalions,  3  eliiirches,  70  members 
China  Inland  Mission  (187')):  1  missionary  and 
wife,  4  initive  helpers,  1  out-station,  1  chapel, 
22  members,  1  .school,  6  scholars. 

Kiiiika  or  \yikH  Version. —Into  this 
language,  which  belongs  to  the  Bantu  family  of 
African  languages,  and  which  is  the  vernacular 
of  the  Wanika  trilies  in  the  region  of  Mombasa, 
East  Africa,  the  late  Dr.  ICrapf  translated  the 
Gospels  of  Luke  and  John,  and  llu'  Epistles  to 
the  Romans  andEphesi.ans,  of  which  the  Gospel 
of  St.  Luke  was  |)rinled  at  Bombav  in  1848. 
In  1882  the  British  and  Foreiirn  Bible  Society, 
at  the  re(iiiest  of  the  Rev.  R.  Busliell  of  the 
Foreign  IMissionary  Committee  of  the  United 
Methodist  Free  Church,  jirinted  .at  London  the 
translation  of  the  (Jospel  of  SI.  Matihew,  which 
the  Rev.  Thomas  Waketielil,  a  missionary  at 
Ribe  since  18()1,  hiui  prepared  by  the  a.ssistauce 
of  an  educated  And). 


(Specimen  verse. 


;70.) 


Nao  ossi  agomba,  hikara  uwe  nl  mana  wa 
Mulungu?  aka  gomba,  muimui  luuuaaiuba,  ni 
mimi  endimi. 

Kirt'iiorer,  Jiiliii,  b,,  educated,  and  or- 
dained in  Holland;  sailed  in  1798  as  missionary 
of  the  L.  .M.  S.  to  South  Africa;  opened  a  mis- 
sion in  Buslimen's  Land;  visited  Europe  in  1803 
with  three  Hotlentol  converls;  die<l September, 
1825. 

KirKiii^'-Tiirki  %er,>»ioii.— The  Kirghiz 
belongs  to  the  Turki  bianch  of  the  Ural-Altaic 
family  of  languages,  and  is  spoken  by  the  Kir- 
ghese  hordes — Great,  Lillle,  and  Middle,  as  they 
are  called— occupying  various  regions  in  South- 
ern Siberia,  Ceiitril  Asia,  and  west  of  the  Cas- 
liiiui  Sea.  The  numbers  of  these  hordes  are 
variously  estimated  as  high  as  2,000,000  and  as 
low  as  1,450,(M)0,  the  lower  number  being  ))rol)- 
ably  the  more  correct.  The  lirst  New  Testa- 
ment in  this  vernacular  was  printed  at  Astra- 
khan in  1820.  The  edition  consisted  of  5,000 
collies,  and  the  version  was  an  adaplalion  by 
the  Rev.  Chas.  Eraser,  of  the  Scoli'sh  .Mission, 
of  the  Version  made  by  the  I?  Bninton, 

and  i)rinted  at  Karass.     Theve.  as  revised 

by  Prof. Gottwald, and  an  editio  .OOOcoiiies 

was  printed  at  the  Kazan  Universuy  Press  for 
the  Brilishand  Foreign  Bible  Society, under  the 
care  of  .Mr.  Saleman,  in  1880.     A  third  edition, 


r  -  ■! 


KmOHEZTUREI   VERSION 


638 


KLEIMSCHMIDT,  J.  O. 


H 


\ 


consisting  of  4,800  copies,  was  ]nil)lishc(l  in  1887 
undiT  till'  editorship  of  Mr.  Nilenmn.  after 
Laving  been  revised  again  by  Dr.  Gottwald. 
About  7,8(10  copies  of  the  New  Testament  liave 
thus  far  been  disposed  of. 

Ki!>illiiie\v,tiie  caiiital  of  Hessarabia,  Rus.sia, 
is  on  the  Buik  Kiver,  8")  miles  noriliwest  of 
Odessa.  Population,  l:i().()74.  .Mission  station 
ofthelj.  S.  P.  G.  among  the  .lews;  1  missionary. 
Also  the  residence  of  ,1ose]ih  Habinowiteh,  who 
lias  gathered  u  huge  congregation  of  Jews  to 
whom  he  preaclies.     (See  .lews.) 

Kiiioliaii,  a  citv  in  Chehkiang.  China,  ou 
the  left  bank  of  the  Vangts/.  Kiver.  It  isa  large 
and  prosperous  place,  and  considered  one  of  the 
keys  to  the  empire.  Mission  station  of  the 
China  Inland  Mission  (187'ii;  1  mi.ssiouary  and 
wife,  1  single  lady,  1  out-slation. 

Kiii-kiiiiiic  a  prefectund  city  in  Kiangsi, 
China,  lies  on  the  south  bank  of  tlie  Yang-tsz, 
not  far  from  tlie  oullel  of  Lake  Po-yang.  It  is 
the  great  centre  of  the  tea  tralHc,  and  controls 
the  carrying-trade  of  tlie  river  and  on  the  lake. 
The  climate  is  fairly  good;  hot  in  the  summer, 
but  bracing  and  cold  in  the  winter.  Opened  to 
foreign  trade  in  18t')l.  Mission  station  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (Xoith),  18()8;  3 
missionaries  and  wives.  111  members,  5  schools, 
109  scholars.  An  insiitute  'jas  recently  been 
opened  for  higher  cducati'ii,  and  all  tlie  day- 
seluK>ls  have  been  broiig.it  into  systcmali/.ed 
atliliation.  The  Protestii.it  Episcopal  Church 
have  here  a  sjmitariiun.  C.  I.  M.  (1889);  2  mis- 
sionaries. 

Ktiintf-rlinil,  a  town  on  the  island  of 
Hainan,  oil  the  coast  of  China,  250  miles  south- 
west of  Hong  Kimg.  Mission  station  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  (Xortli),  1885;  8  mission- 
aries, 2  missionaries'  wives,  2  out-statious,  1  hos- 
pital. 

Kiiillffniii,  Africa;  a  town  on  the  central 
part  of  the  east  coast  of  the  island  of  Zanzibar. 
Mission  station  of  the  Scottish  Universities 
Mission  to  Central  Africa.  The  work  of  the 
mission  was  prospering  tinelj-  under  the  rule 
of  the  beneticeiit  Mohauimedan  king,  Seyitl 
Ihirghash  bin  Said,  who  was  tolerant,  and  im- 
bued with  English  ideas  of  liberty  and  justice. 
At  his  death  in  1888  German  aggression  coni- 
luenced.  and  the  work  of  tlie  niis.sion  lias  been 
seriously  hindered  by  the  disturbed  condition 
of  alTaii-s.  There  are  at  Kiungani  a  theological 
college,  school  and  home  for  98  Ixtys,  a  large 
chapel  and  a  priiiting-ollice,  2  clergj'",  7  laity. 

KJibi,  a  town  in  Ashanti,  Gold  ("oast, 
Africa,  northwest  of  Akropony.  Population, 
2,0IM).  Haste  missionaries  tirst  broiiglil  Chris- 
tiiiiiity  to  these  regions  in  1828,  when  the  land 
was  a  Danish  iiossession,  but  0:i  German  and 
Danish  missionaries  .sacriliced  their  lives  in  the 
atteiiipl.  In  1841!  the  Danes  transferred  some 
negro  fiimilies  from  the  West  Indie.s,  educated 
by  the  .Moravian  Hrcthreii,  and  in  this  form, 
still  under  the  direcMion  of  tlie  Hasle  Society, 
the  mission  has  succeeded  very  well,  both 
among  the  Ga  and  the  Tselii  tribes.  Kjibi, 
among  the  Tselii,  w.is  founded  in  1801,  an<t  has 
925  chuich-mcmliers.  The  wlioli-  New  Testa- 
ment has  been  tmnslated  into  Tschi. 

of  the   first 
to  Greeii- 


Kli>iiiMt>limi«ll,  J.  C,  one  o 

.Issiouaries  of  the  United  lircthren 


land.  He  went  to  Lichtenau  almnt  1777.  This 
was  the  third  station  fonndwl  in  Greenland, 
1774.  and  situated  ou  the  Fjiord  Agluilsok,  4(»(J 
miles  -«uth  of  Lichtenfels  and  about  40  miles 
fi(iin  the  Danish  colony  .Iuliannehaa]<t.  After 
Kleinschmidt  had  worketl  iu  Greenland  nineteen 
years  his  wife  diwl,  and  he  returned  to  Europe 
to  place  his  children  in  the  school  of  the  United 
Hrelhren  in  Fulneck,  in  Yorkshire.  While 
here  he  married  again,  and  soon  returned  in  a 
Danish  ves.sel  to  his  old  mission  iu  Greenland, 
arriving  at  GoiUiaven  in  Disko  Kay.  The 
captain  for  some  unexplained  reaison  would  not 
land  the  missionaries  at  Lichtenfels  nor  New 
Herrnhut.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kleinschmidt,  after 
going  back  6tH)mili-s  to  New  Herrnhut,  had  still 
to  go  .500  mill's  Ix-fore  they  arrived  at  Lich- 
tenau.  The  mission  here  was  very  promisinir, 
and  in  a  letter  written  June  25lli,  1819,  Jlr. 
Kleinschmidt  wrili-s  of  the  readiness  of  the 
Greenlandei-s  to  receive  the  giisjH'l.  He  siys; 
"Often  have  we  sIumI  tears  of  joy  and  thank- 
fulness for  this  singular  proof  of  GlHl'sgoiMlness 
to  us."  He  completed  the  translation  of  the 
New  Testament  in  June.  1821.  All  the  mis- 
sionaries joined  in  n-vi...ing  it.  and  it  was  sent 
to  the  IJritish  and  Foreign  Bible  S<K'iety.  At 
this  time  the  congregation  at  Lichtenau  con- 
sisted of  .5.'<*t  persons. 

For  some  time  the  missionaries  had  wished  to 
form  a  fourth  station  in  the  ueighlwrliood  of 
Staatenli(X)k  or  Cape  Farewell,  and  Mr.  Klein- 
schmidt was  sent  by  the  Moravian  Society  to 
reconnoitre  iu  the  summer  of  1^21,  and  ascer- 
t.'dn  whether  there  were  insurmountable 
obstacles  to  beginning  a  mission,  and  to  preach 
the  gos|x>l  whenever  and  wherever  an  oppor- 
tunity offered  itself.  He  left  July  3d,  with 
three' native  a-ssisiants,  two  of  them  with  their 
families.  The  compauy  consisted  of  thirteen 
adultsand  fourchildren in  two bojits.  For  three 
days  they  battled  with  the  ice  and  waves  at  the 
peril  of  "their  lives.  They  passeil  on  the  ^ixtli 
day  a  high  pnmiontory,  where  Kleinschmidt 
he.'ird  there  had  landed  some  scattering  heathen, 
and  hoping  to  do  them  gt>«l,  he  api^roiiched 
their  camp  and  w;is  invited  to  come  forward, 
and  promised  to  go  with  them  to  the  south, 
where  more  of  their  people  were.  To  his  sur- 
prise he  found  great  numlters  of  jieople,  who 
came  joyfully  to  meet  him,  telling  him  be- 
fore he  could  spesik  to  them:  "  We  are  quite  in 
earnest:  we  all  wish  to  be  converted."  He 
found  also  some  who  had  sjieut  a  few  months 
at  Lichtenfels  and  retjiiueil  the  religious  impres- 
sions received  tlierv.  The  jH'ople  tliK-ked  to 
him  from  botli  sides  of  the  river,  so  much  so 
that  he  had  hanlly  time  to  «-jit  or  to  sleep.  The 
native  assistants  were  invaluable  to  him,  giving 
constant  testimony  to  their  faith  and  love  for 
Jesus.  After  talkine  with  the  people  all  day, 
he  held  a  public  meetmg  in  iheoix-n  field,  wh'cli 
was  attended  by  all  the  people,  who  listened 
with  the  closest  attention.  On  the  7th  he 
turned  Miulhwanl  to  Lichtenau,  accompanied 
by  the  whole  party  of  Greenlandcrs.  The  en- 
tire voyage  home  was  full  of  interest  and  some 
dangers:  hehad  many  times  preached  to  wander- 
ing parties,  and  made  some  e.xplonit ions,  and  ai 
length  arrived  in  safety  at  Lichtenau  In  1824 
Mr.  Kleinschmidt  set  about  forming  a  new 
station  at  F^c<^erick<^laI!.  The  materials  for  a 
dwelling  and  a  church  had  been  prepared,  and 
were  to  come  fr»»m  Cop«'nhagen.  5leanwliile 
Kleiiisc!.midt  had  '.ittu  living  in  a  .s(h1  house 


KLEINSCHMIDT,  J.  C. 

84  fet't  lodg  and  12  wide.  One  Ihinl  wiis  usimI 
for  II  (Iwfllin';  iiml  the  rest  for  a  church.  On 
tliu  -iTth  of  July,  1824.  104  hiathtn  were  hap- 
tizetl.  ■  To  di'ScrilM.'  what  G«k1  has  doiif  for  us 
duriti<r  this  first  year  of  our  abode  in  tliis  iilair, 
is  tnyoiul  thf  |>o\vcr  of  words."  In  IH'i'J  the 
litlk'chui-cli  from  Coix-nliagi-n  was  lauded  at 
Juliauuchuiipt. 

Klerk<«dorp,  n  town  in  the  Transvaal, 
Africa,  norlhwcstof  Potsclicfstrooni.ona  uorlh- 
eru  lirancli  of  the  V:ial  Kiver.  Mis.sion  station  of 
the  Wesleyau  Methinlist  Mis-Mouary  Society;  1 
native  pa.stor,  3  native  lielpers,  ioO  church- 
menitjers,  1  schix»l.  22  scholars. 

lillislll,  Jo<«e|»ll,  li.  Stnnid.  Gloucester- 
shire, Kiii.'l:ind  ;  edueaieii  by  Uev.  Dr.  Williams 
at  Stroud  :  ordained  deacon  Sei)temlK'r  21st, 
1S17.  and  priest  l!:*l>*  by  Hishop  of  Glouiesler- 
.shire:  embarked  as  a  mis--ionary  of  the  C.  .M.  S. 
December  Mih,  ISIT,  for  Jaffna.  North  Ceylon; 
was  sialioiied  at  Nellore.  His  health  failiiiir, 
he  sjiiled  for  Kni;land  July.  183S.  and  also  made 
a  visit  to  the  United  States.  He  re-embarked 
for  Ceylon  from  England  January  17th,  1840, 
and  died  on  his  way,  at  Colomlx),  October  1  llh, 
havinir  been  twenty-three  ye;irs  in  the  service. 
Mr.  ivnighl  was  probably  unsurpa.xsed,  if  not 
uneipialled,  by  any  in  India  in  his  critical  and 
extensive  knowleilge  of  the  Tamil  la>,guage. 
He  was  for  .several  yesirs  engaged  in  the  pre|>ii- 
ration  of  a  Tamil  and  English  dictionary,  and 
had  made  great  progress  in  it.  when  failure  of 
health  recpiireil  hin\  to  leave  for  England.  Af- 
ter his  death  the  work  was  committed  to  others 
and  completed.  Mr.  Knight  was  a  man  of 
lively  Christian  spirit,  and.  though  attached  to 
the  Episcoiwi  C'luirch,  cordially  fniernized 
with  all  disc-iples  of  Christ,  uniting  with  them 
in  religious  meetings  and  at  the  Lord's  Table. 
He  was  greatly  lieloved  by  his  brethren  of  other 
missionary  societies,  and  his  desith  much  la- 
mented. 

Kobe,  a  city  of  Japan,  on  the  bay,  and 
near  the  city  of  Uiogo;  connected  by  mil  with 
Osiik.'i.  Kobe  and  Hiogo  together  have  a  pop- 
ulation of  103.909  (lNiT>.  A  nejit  place,  regu- 
larlv  built  :  the  centre  of  a  larsre  tea-tnide. 
:MisMon  station  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.^M.  il8;9):  1 
missionary  and  wife,  7  other  latlies.  I.j9  church- 
members.  American  Biiptist  Missionary  Union 
(1881);  2  mis-sionarii^s,  1  missionary's  wife.  8out- 
sl:ilions.  2  native  kee|>ers,  2  schools,  42  scholars. 
Methodist  Episcopid  Church  South:  1  missiou- 
ary  and  wife.     S.  P.  (i.;  2  missionaries. 

Koclliiliiics  a  town  of  Eastern  Turkey, 
near  the  liorderof  Persia,  in  the  most  inacessi- 
ble  part  of  tlie  mountains  of  Koorilisian.  The 
.seat  of  the  Patriarch  of  the  Nt~-torians.  Mis- 
sionaries of  the  .V.  15.  C.  F.  M.  and  the  Presby- 
terian IJoaid  (North)  luive  freipiently  visiteil 
the  place,  but  the  (miy  attempt  t<'  establi^li  a 
station  there  was  in  1>W2,  when  .^lr.  Wahl.  sent 
out  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  endeav- 
ored to  set  up  a  printing-press  and  form  a 
school.  Tlie  ph«n  failed.  (See  Archbishop's 
Mi.ssion  to  the  Assyrian  Christians.) 

Koclii,acity  in  Southeast  Jaiwn.  southwest 
of  rokushima:  |K>pulation.  32.8«j0(1887i.  Mis- 
sion station  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  South): 
3  missionaries  (one  married'.  2  female  mi^^ion- 
siries,  1  churcli.  1  native  minister,  I-jU  Sabbath 
scholars,  a  V.  M.  C.  A. 


539 


KOLHAPUR 


K«»llillltl,  a  town  in  the  Naga  hills,  As.sani. 
In(ii;i.  !iiiil  the  heachjuarters  of  the  British  Gov- 
criiiiu'iit  .'iinoiig  the  Angami  Niigas.  It  is  at  an 
eleviilion  of  ."j.OOO  feel,  and  has  a  healthy  cli- 
mate. Population,  4,tX)0;  lungu:ige,  Angami 
Is'aga.  .Mission  station  of  the  A.  B.  .M.  U.  1 1878); 
1  missionary  and  wife,  3  chinch -members. 
Matthew's  and  Johns  Gospels  have  bi-en  trans- 
lated by  the  missionary. 

K<»l  Vc'Diloii,— The  Kol.  which  is  a  dia- 
lect of  the  Gond,  belongs  to  the  Dm  vidian  family 
of  the  iion-Arvan  laiiiiuaires.  and  i»  s|Kiken  liv 
1011,000  Ivols  of  Central  lui'.ia.  It  is  only  re- 
cently that  the  British  and  Fon-ign  Bible  Soci- 
ety has  iMiblished,  at  the  re<(uest  of  the  C  hurcli 
-MissioiiMiy  .Society,  a  tentative  edition  of  ."KK> 
copies  of  the  Gospel  of  Luke  anil  the  Fir>t 
E|)istlc  of  St.  .lolin.  The  tnm.-lation  was  made 
by  General  Ilaig,  assisted  by  three  Kols  who 
understoiKl  the  Telugu  Bible,  and  issued  at 
Liiiidou  in  1882. 

K«»kHli4l,  a  country  of  Central  Asia,  one  of 

the  three  great  Khanates  of  West  Turkistaii,  or 
Independent  Tartary.  It  is  inclosed  by  lofty 
mountains,  and  is  for  the  most  jiart  ti  well- 
watered,  fertile  vtiUey.  Climate  severe  in  the 
mountainous  regions,  but  miUi  in  the  main  val- 
ley. In  summer  the  heat  is  exco-sive  during 
the  (lav,  but  the  nii^hts  are  c<x»l.  Population, 
3,()()0,(")0()  including  U/tiecks,  who  are  the  mil- 
itary aiul  dominant  cla.ss.  Tajiks.  Kirghiz,  and 
Keptchaks.  Kokand  is  noted  for  the  excel- 
lence and  variety  of  its  friiiis  and  for  its  manu- 
facture of  it  tine  iiuality  of  silk.  A  commercial 
treaty  between  Kokanil  and  Kussia  was  negoti- 
ated in  18()S.  and  the  country  is  virtually  under 
Kussian  protection  and  control.  The  town  has 
a  population  of  54,043  (1885). 

liowkMlad,  a  town  of  Ea.st  Gri(|imland. 
Africa,  .south  of  Pieterinaritzburg.  north  of 
Alarburg,  It  was  built  in  1863  by  the  e:isleru 
division  of  the  waii'Jering  Griquas.  under  the 
leadership  of  Adam  Koh,  in  what  was  at  thai 
time  called  No-man's-land.  In  187u  nime  tht» 
London  missionary.  Dower,  to  them,  and  they 
loved  him  so  miicli  that  they  wimid  not  let  him 
go.  Ill  1877  the  S.  P.  G.  eslablisheil  a  station 
here,  which  is  now  under  the  charge  of  1  mis- 
sionary. 

K4»lnr  ^i<>!ii4»n.  at  Mysor»*.  India.  The 
Kolar  Mission  has  gi-own  out  of  the  Kolar  Or- 
phanage, which  was  founde<l  by  Miss  Louisa 
H.  Anstey  during  the  gretit  Indian  famine  in 
1877.  The  mission  at  prev-nt  con-isi-  of  a 
boys'  orphanage,  a  girls'  or;ihanage.  the  .\nglo- 
Ciinarese  School  for  Imjvs  and  girK.  a  large 
Christian  church  and  dispensary  at  Kolar.  and 
four  Christian  villages,  three  of  which  contain 
chapels  Christianity  is  proclaimed  by  native 
preachers  in  the  market-place  <)f  Kolar  and  in 
the  large  (Tosi)el  Hall,  also  in  towns  ami  vil- 
lages of  the  Kolar  district.  Workshops  for 
carpentry,  blacksmiths'  works,  and  tailoring, 
together  with  farms  atui  wood-culiiiu.'  in  the 
jungles,  give  employment  to  the  maj.)rity  of 
the  Christians.  The  entire  work  of  tlie  mi.ssion 
is  carried  on  by  Miss  Anstey  and  her  native 
assistants. 

K«»llia|»iir,  the  capital  of  the  native  state 

of  llwit  name.  Bombay.  India,  is  a  picturesq\»e 
town,  and  ipiite  a  tlouri^hinir  trading-place. 
The  people,  who  are  mainly  high-caste  Hindus, 


U' 


KOLHAPUR 


530 


EOORDISTAN 


1  I! 
1  u\ 


tojti'llicr  with  tlic  iilioiiirincs  nuil  low-caste. 
si>fiiU  llu!  Muilitlii  iiiid  iriiulustani  liinu'iiiiges. 
Tlic  nuiiilic  T  ill  ihi'  cily  is  csiiiiinicd  ui  STLikX). 
Mission  still  ion  of  llif  I'lisliyteiian  Church 
(North),  'i'lif  work  wii.s  coniini.iict.'d  in  ISW  by 
nil  inilu|)i'ii(lt'nt  .VniL'iican  nii.ssionary.  Hoyal  G. 
VVihicr  ((1.  v.).  and  was  laiion  under  tin-  care  of 
tilt'  Hoard  in  IHTO;  V!  iiiissionaiics  and  wives,  4 
Iciiialc  missionaries.  •,>  outslations,  1  church.  6I( 
<()iiiiniinicants,  4  Siil)l)ath-schools,  JSO  .si-liohirs. 
1  high  school,  r,'0  scholars,  1  Chiistiaii  girls' 
school,  'i')  scholars.  ;!  hoys'  day  schools,  \Vi 
scholars.  S.  I*,  (i.  (18T0;  1  iiiissioiiary.  2  tciuale 
missionaries,  2!i  church-menihers,  7  schiH)ls,  4lW 
scholars. 

Koiiiiiiii;;KiiM,  a  town  in  Little  Xaninc|ua- 

laiid.  Africa,  situated  on  the  coast  .south  of 
Slciuliopf,  southeast  of  Coiicordi.'i.  Mis.sion  sta- 
tion of  the  Rhenish  Missionary  Society;  1  nii.s- 
sioiiaiy,  1  female  missionarj-,  DC  school- 
children. 

Kiiiikiiiii  Vi>rHi«>ii.— Tiie  Konkani.  also 
Kiiiukaiii,  is  a  dialect  of  the  Marathi.  aii<l  he- 
longs  to  the  ln<lic  branch  of  the  Aryan  family  of 
languages.  The  greater  part  of  the  people,  who 
number  about  lOO.OOO,  are  Hindus;  a  part  be- 
long to  the  Church  of  Home,  and  speak  the 
Konkani  with  a  iiu.\t\ire  of  Portuguese  wonls. 
As  early  as  IHIS  a  New  'Pestament  was  published 
at  Scianipore,  to  which  was  added  in  lH-.ii  the 
Penlatcuch.  Towards  the  clo.se  of  the  year 
18815  the  Madriis  auxiliary  issued  an  edition  of 
the  (tospcls  of  .Mark  and  John,  taken  from  Ca- 
rey's Version,  ])rintcd  in  1818  in  the  Devana- 
gari  chariu'ter,  but  .somewhat  altered,  .s«)  as  to 
be  better  understood  by  all  clas,ses.  Steps  are 
now  being  taken  for  the  formation  of  a  com- 
mittee to  revise  the  New  Testament  for  the 
press. 

K«>or<li!«laii. — Koordistnn, generally  speak- 
ing, includes  those  sections  of  Turkey  and  Per- 
sia in  winch  Koords  form  a  large  part  of  the 
pop\ilatiou.  They  abound  in  the  regions  e.\- 
tending  from  the  Russian  border  at  Erivan  on 
the  north  to  the  tig-producing  hills  of  the  Sin- 
jar  in  Ijiper  Mesopotamia  and  tlie  tiower- 
gardeiis  of  Shira/,  on  the  south,  and  from  the 
plains  of  Orooiniah  and  Ispahan  on  the  east  to 
the  Tigris,  the  Kui)hraies  at  Samosata,  the  Tau- 
rus at  Mara.sh,  and  the  Anti-Taurus  in  C'apjw- 
docia  and  Pontus  on  the  west. 

In  the  Koordish  sense  the  historical  Koordis- 
tan  of  the  "  Shereef  Na'ameh"  (a  collection  of 
Koordish  historic'td  traditions)  lay  within  biMui- 
daries  soinewliat  moie  contracted.  Bt'giuning 
at  Kais,  in  the  northeast,  the  eastern  boundary 
extended  to  the  Ara.ves.  near  Mount  Arnnit.  to 
the  western  shore  of  Lake  Oroomiali,  and  the 
eastern  slopes  of  the  Zagros  to  the  lM)undary  of 
(Jill  I'crsia,  a  little  southwest  of  Ispahan.  The 
southern  boimdary  ran  west  through  Dizfiil  to 
the  Choasi)es  Mountains,  along  these  to  the 
Ilamreen  Hills,  by  these  to  the  Tigris,  up  the 
Tigris  to  the  Sinjar  Hills,  along  the  south  side 
of  tlie.se  to  the  Kliaboor  River.  >ip  the  Khalnior 
River  to  Has  el'Ain,  thence  northwest  to  Birijik 
on  the  Euphrates.  The  western  boundary  ran 
north  from  Ririjik  to  Alhisian  in  the  Anti- 
Taurus,  and  up  to  the  edge  of  the  Sivas  plain 
on  the  river  Ilalys.  The  northern  Ixiundary 
ran  thence  directly  east  to  Er/.ingau,  Erzroum, 
uud  theme  to  Kars  by  the  Pas.sin  plain. 

Geographically,  the  Koordistau  of  to-day  iu- 


chides  the  Turkish  iirovinccsof  Er/.room,  Van, 
iiitshkall.'di.  .Mosul  (eastern  portion).  Hitlis.  Di- 
arliekir.and  Mamooriei  el  A/i/.(IIar|ioot.  eastern 
|xirtioni.  and  in  Persia  the  wcsleni  |)ortion  of 
A/.erbij:in.  Ar<lilan,  luid  Luristiui.  In  short, 
Koordistau  is  situated  between  lat.  '.]'i  and  40 
north,  and  long.  'M'l  and  48  cast.  The  muss  of 
the  KiKtnls  dwell  to  this  day  \\  ithiii  these  lindts. 

I'llf/sirat  /•>■<//»/ ;y'.s,-- Any  iiiap  will  re- 
vciil  within  these  liniiis  mountain  cliains  rnn- 
uirig  in  all  directions;  iuid.  indeed,  tlie  region 
may  properly  be  leiiiirded  as  the  Swil/,erlan<l  ui 
Western  Asia.  'I  he  body  of  this  spider  like 
system  of  inouiit.iins  is  in  the  region  south  of 
Lake  Van  and  north  of  Niiu'Vch.  west  of  I.id<e 
Droondah  and  cast  of  the  Tigris.  About  the 
size  of  Palestine  in  its  palmicsi  days,  it  is  a  per- 
fect s<-a  of  mountains,  with  mmmtain  peaks 
that  vie  with  one  ano.her  in  tliei'.  ell'orts  to 
pierce  the  regions  of  the  upper  air,  ar.d  rise 
fn.m  l(t.(MK.I  feet  to  15,(t00  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea. 

The  anti(piity  of  the  region  as  the  abode  of 
unin  is  attested  by  the  absence  of  fcMcsts. 

Out  from  this  .system  flow  the  Ara.xcs  and 
the  Ilalys  on  tlie  north,  the  one  to  the  Caspian 
and  the  other  tothcHlaek  Sea;  and  to  thesduth 
the  Euphrates,  and  the  Tigris,  with  its  ten  trib- 
utaries, into  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Such  endless  combinations  of  mountains  and 
valleys.  Lakes  and  gorges,  rivers  and  plateaus. 
snow-dad  peaks  and  grassy  ])lains,  render  the 
stenery  beautiful,  grand,  weird,  and  wijd  by 
turns. 

I'ftpiilof  ion.— Tosiiy,  with  Xenoplion,  that 
the  KtKirds  arc  the  Cai(luclii,  does  not  answer 
the  ijuestion  of  their  origin.  The  following 
may  c<;  itribute  soinelhiiig  to  this  interesting 
ethnological  quest  ion  ; 

(If)  The  region  described  above  was  inhabited, 
in  the  times  of  the  As.syrian  Einiiire.  by  a  war- 
rior nice  named  'Gnlii."  i.e..  warrior.  The 
Assyrians  called  them  (iardii  and  Kardii;  the 
Greeks  later  called  them  KaidokastK-o'/jflidK-eJ). 
They  were  Scjthiiins  or  'i'lininians. 

(6)  After  the  subjugation  of  Assy  ria  the  Gardu 
were  absorbul  by  a  still  more  cneigelie  tribal 
race,  the  southern  Koormanj.  of  whom  KelTee 
Effeudi,  in  his  brochure  upon  the  Koords.  says: 
"They  are  reckoned  as  the  origin  of  the  Kciiir- 
nianj  dvoord),  and  are  lineal  descendants  of 
Madai.  the  .sou  of  .laphclh."  This  absorption 
tran.sfened  the  Gardu  from  the  Turanian  to  the 
Aryan  fainil)'.  These  occupied  Northern  Koor- 
distau. 

((•)  In  Southern  KiMirdistan  there  dwelt,  ac- 
cording to  tradition  one  Giidarz,  sou  of  Gio. 
and  chief  of  the  "Gutu."  Of  him  came  the 
tribe  nameil  Kalliur,  as  well  as  a  son  named 
Holiam,  who  was  sent  by  Rahman  Keiani  to 
dcstro}'  Jerusalem  and  lead  the  Jews  into  cap- 
tivity. Roliam,  then,  was  I5oklit-i-na.sser  (Neb- 
uchadne/,/ar  of  Scripture),  who  succeeded  to 
the  throne  of  Uabylou.  His  descendants  are 
the  Koorans  or  Gnrans  (Goiiiiis).  They  were 
Semitic.  (See  "  Encydopiedia  Uritanniea,"  ar- 
ticle "  Kooidistan.") 

((f)  The  ne.vt  .stci)  in  the  racial  process  seems 
to  be  furnished  by  Kellec  KlTeiidi,  who  inti- 
mates that  the  sunt  hern  Koormanj  coalesceti 
with  a  part  of  the  Koorans,  ami  thus  formed 
not  only  the  pow  erful  Jafl"  tribe,  but,  by  a  union 
of  their  speech,  a  new  dialect  also,  which  is 
still  called  the  JatT.  'I'lius  a  prominent  branch 
of  (he  Semitic  family,  by  its  union  with  the 


i   w 


il 


EOORDISTAN 


531 


EOORDISTAN 


vigorous  soiitliern  Koorinaiij,  was  transferred 
into  till'  An  tin. 

(e)  LiiliT,  lilt!  Aryiin  clement  is  strengthened 
by  iin  iiifiisioii  of  Iriiiiiiin  stoek,  which,  ciowilcd 
out  of  I'(^rsiii  by  ii  ttitiil  elhni<-  iiidvcincnt  from 
the  liiiiiks  of  the  Indus,  liriiiijs  in  the  Luis,  who 
arc  weieoincd  by  llie  .lulls  jind  jxivcn  sett  lenient 
iiloiij;  the  Kiirun  liiver  iind  ils  nlllucnls. 

Two  results  follnwcil  from  this  contact  also: 
Jalf  blond  collised  thioui'h  the  Lur  tribe  and 
made  il  Koordish,  and  the  liaiiic  element  t)f 
the  Lur  hiMLCUUirc  i)ei((ilated  tlirollirh  the  ag- 
glulinaled  and  coarser  tiliic  of  thcIalT  tongue, 
and  shaped  it  to  Iranian  moulds;  much  as  ijie 
.Saxon  clciuenl  iircvuiled  in  our  Lnglish  tongue, 
while  the  racial  pieponduraiice  remuiued  to 
the  Angles. 

(/■)  .Still  another  IndoPersian  ethnic  move- 
ment occurred,  and  from  its  centre  of  rest  in 
Afghanistan  a  \Vciid  migration  was  projected 
westward  acro.ss  Persia  and  up  into  Lurislau 
and  Ardilan.  It  fused  with  what  it  touched, 
and  out  of  the  new  admixture  was  evolved  ii 
more  compact  union  of  the  nomad  portion  of 
the  Kooran  Jails  and  of  the  Lurs  with  the 
Wend  element,  under  the  tribal  name  of  Wend. 

These  steps  of  ethnologic  evolution  may  best 
be  indicated  by  the  accompanying  table. 


('/)  Those  partly  pastoral  and  partly  agricul- 
tural occupy  fixed  aliodcs  in  winter,  hut  in  sum- 
mer dwell  in  lents  among  pastures  not  remote 
from  their  harvest  fields. 

(<•)  Those-  purely  agricultural  reniaiii  through- 
out the  year  in  fixed  abodes.  Some  Kooiils 
dwell  in  towns  and  cities  as  meichants  and 
mechanics. 

Generally  speaking,  one  half,  perhaps  more, 
belong  to  class  «,  while  the  remainder  are  dis- 
tributed between  classes  i  and  <•  in  the  |Udpor- 
tion  of  2  to  1. 

denenU  C/iariieterintirn. — The  FCoords  are  of 
two  distinct  types— the  northern  and  the  .south- 
ern. The  northern  Koord  is  bold  but  not  cour- 
ageous, hospitable  but  full  of  theft  and  Ireaeh- 
ery,  loud-voiced  and  brutal,  la/.y  and  ignorant, 
fond  of  intrigue,  feudatory.  He  is  thriftless 
and  likewise  shiftless  in  regard  to  his  pei-son, 
dress,  and  manners,  lie  has  black  eyes  and 
hair,  is  of  fine  physifpie  aii;l  athletic,  is  tem- 
penite,  and  of  sturdier  morals  than  his  Turkisli 
ruler.  As  a  rule  he  is  monogamous,  an  I  treats 
bis  wife  more  after  the  manner  of  Eiuopeans 
than  of  the  Turk.  lie  is  intellectually  ilull,  ami 
dogged  in  bis  commercial  dealings;  ready  to 
owe  and  acknowledge  a  debt,  but  slow  to  cau- 
ccl  it. 


I.— TliH  Constitution  of  ilie  Jaff  Tril)e. 
^a)  (iiaii  or  (iardii  (Turanian),     I 

al)soii)('il  liy  ilif  >  and  fomiinf;  the  Koormanj   (.An'snl     1 

(li)  Koorniunj— southern — (Aryan)  1      wliicli  later  al)sorl)sa  part  of  tlie         --  and  constitutes  the  .lafT(.\r- 

<rl  Koorans  (liuraiis).  wIki  are  Semitic',  \ 
yan);  and  this  also  receives  the  Ul)  Lurs  wlio  yet  retain  their  trihal  unity  and  name. 
II.— The  Constitution  of  the  Wend  Tril)e — the  Guelhore  of  the  Shereef  Nadmeh. 
Still  Inter  the  Weiuls  (Iranian)  draw  olT  I 

((!»  'the  Kocher  Kooran,  or  Noniadie  Jails,  and  also    v  thus  forming  the  Wend  Tribe  (Iranian). 
C^)  The  JatT  Lurs.  I 

Tribal  Ditision  and  Dispersion,  as  I  bey  arc  to-day.    This  is  briefly  and  best  presented  in  a 

tiibulated  form. 

I.  Jdff  Tribe. 


KooyiHdUJ- Northern. 

Kitorm(iitj-f!iiuthe>-n                  ' 

1 
A'ooinus. 

ihnir  (sul)-tiil)es)  of  Northern 

Turkey         ami          I'ersia. 

Turkey       niut       Persia. 

Koordistaii  in  Turkey— in 

Ashairof 

Ashttir  of 

Uashkaloh— 

Rowaiidiz.                     Mikri. 

Keikook. 

Zohan-east, 

Van. 

Arbeel.                      Sheuoo, 

Suleimanieli. 

Kernmnshali, 

Bitlis, 

Khoi  Sanjak,                Serdesht, 

JatT  .shehr  Zore. 

Hamadan, 

Diarbekir, 

Kanieh, 

Kelo,             1 

Dei-sim  Mts., 

ArdiUu. 

Krzioom, 

Hilbas. 

Kixjrdek, 

Anatolia. 

Maraooiiet  el  Aziz. 

Suleiiuanieh. 

Bookan. 
T  ff.t  Nomads,      i 
•'*"(  Settled. 

Balia  Meeva, 

liaba  Cniri. 

n.  Wend  Trib,: 
1 

r. 

ireiirf. 

1           Kocher  (Nomadic)  A'ooran. 

1 
Lit 

Afghanistan. 

Turkey         and         Persia. 
Asliitir  ttf 
Bakhtiar  Wend,          flaina  Wend. 

I, luistan— Persia. 

.laff  Jowazooil. 

1 

Koormanj 


Koo.-an, 


Number. — For  vtiriotis  reasons  exactness  is 
simply  impossible;  the  following  tabulation 
gives  only  approximate  estimates: 

1  Northern— Turkev 2.000.000 

1  Southern- .! ''"'"■'"'y ''*■'*<'<' 

P°"""^"'     1  Persia 200.000 

( Turkish  Provinces aXl.tXJO 

1  Persian  "         l.W.OOO 

Turkish  "        110.000 

Wend,  <  I'ersiau  "        '.»0,000 

(  Afghanistan  (southwest  portion),  .WO.OOO 

Total.    3.400,000 

Mode  of  Life. — [a)  Those  purely  pastoral  arc 
nomadic  (cidled  Kochers),  and  oscillate  between 
the  mountains  and  the  i)lains,  occupying  the 
former  in  summer  and  the  Ititter  in  winter. 


The  .s(mtliern  Koord  is  not  less  athletic,  but 
of  finer  grain,  more  polite  in  his  bearing,  more 
iiuict  in  his  manners,  and  more  careful  of  his 
person  and  dress.  lie  bits  a  more  intelletttual 
cast  of  features,  and  is  brighter  looking.  This 
applies  to  the  fixed  southern  Koord:  his  nomadic 
brother  Is  more  like  the  northern  Koord.  The 
organi/.atiim  of  the  southern  Koords  is  more 
compact  than  that  of  the  northern  tribes,  and 
there  is  among  them  the  tpiiet  consciousness 
of  power.  They  obey  Abd  ul  Hamid  more  as 
Caliph  than  as  Sultan. 

In  general  they  are  the  bigblanders  of  Turkey 
and  Pei-sia — fond  of  freetUun,  but  lawless  in 
their  use  of  it,  thereby  occasiouing  giesit  un- 
easiness to   b(jtli   those  powers.      C'lanuisbuess 


1 


Ill  i 


KOORDISTAN 


KOREA 


Mm 


and  tribal  feuds  are  powerful  prfvcnlivcs  of 
tboir  rui-ial  Louiogt'neity  auii  ixiliiical  powiT. 
TLt-y  holj  iu  !>«>lution  tljo  fleimiits  of  a  stale, 
but  a  gufrjHrl  I'retipitHif  will  crysiullize  tlieiii 
iuto  a  bulwark  of  fn-edom  better  than  Switzer- 
luuil. 

I.itnyitiigt. — Ii  is  Mill  disputiKl  wliether  Koor- 
di.-b  i>  u  dk4uiti  iauguajie.  Tliiit  it  is  Iranian 
is  I'lear;  tbal  it  L*  a  di«lcHl  of  tlie  Persian  is  not 
Ml  tleur.  Of  Ihe  flvi-  stages  tliroiigli  wliieli  tlie 
Persian  lia:> rciN;«tl.  the  Koordisli  most  reseinliles 
the  last,  or  Nt'o^Ptl^'iau.  The  Koordisli,  how 
ever,  is  ti'.uugh  of  a  hinpuage  to  have  its  own 
dialeets,  of  wkicb  the  following  are  the  eliief : 

(liThe  Koomianj,  mainly  u.>-ed  in  northern 
Ko«>rdistan. 

(J)  The  Jftlf.  mainly  us<-d  in  soulliern  Koor- 
distau.  and  of  nbich"  KelTee  Kllendi  say.s  that 
receutly  very  many  of  the  Koorans  forsook  the 
K(^>ran  dktlw-t.  nnd  now  sjieak  "  the  original 
and  beautiful  Jaff  language." 

(:5iThe  Koonui.  or  Goran,  and  called  also 
Zaza.  ust-d  by  the  Kotber  .lalTs,  the  Koorans  of 
the  Derstm.  an.>und  Haqxioi,  and  in  various 
parts  of  Anaioiiia. 

(4)  The  Lur.  used  in  Ltiri^tan,  lull  affect ing,  ns 
well  :ls  e«>nntt.liu!r.  the  Kooiiiii  and  Wend.  Of 
these diaiects  Ihe)atl  is  probably  theitiirest  and 
sujierior.  :ind  the  KiKunianj  the  harshest  and 
least  developed. 

Generally  *p«ikinp.  the  Koordish,  iu  nil  its 
dialeets.  is  simple,  sententious,  terse,  direct, 
forceful;  better  adapted  to  exiiress  the  feelings 
and  the  will  than  the  inoie  discursive  and  logi- 
cal efforti- of  the  intellect.  .Vs  the  language  of 
uu  unlettened  race,  its  development  has  been  iu 
the  direction  «<f  apjH-Jils  to  the  emotions  and 
passions  of  a  pwple  at  once  tind  cliielly  i)astorid 
and  pretlaiory.  It.s  intellectual  development 
will  advance.  /*jri /*i*«m.  with  that  of  the  Koor- 
flish  race,  ami  the  capabilities  of  each  are  of  no 
mean  order. 

Reliyiifn. — AU  Ktxirds  are  Moslems,  but  the 
Suutiis.  or  followers  of  Mohammed,  and  the 
Shiahs,  or  followers  of  Ali,  share  them  about 
eiiualty. 

Again.  Ihe  Sunnisare  divided  into  the  Shafai, 
Uauatt.  and  Ilanbali  sects.  The  southern 
Ktwmwuj  and  the  Jaffs,  the  Ibikhtiari  Wend 
and  the  Jaff  JowaztxKl.  are  Shafais;  the  north- 
ern Koormanj  of  Jebel  Toor,  of  the  plain 
north  of  the  t-injar  Hills  and  to  Ihe  west  of 
Sert.  are  Hanafis  ;  but  Ihe  llaubali  sect  has 
little  hold  upon  Ihe  Eoords. 

The  Shiah^  compri-^e  the  Lur  and  Wend 
tribes  of  Persia  and  Afghanistan,  the  Koormanj 
of  Dohtan.  St-n.  and  Bitlis,  and  Ihe  Kooians  of 
the  rVrsim  Mountains  and  Anatolia  in  Turkey. 
All  Kooids  are  bigoted,  and  are  fanatically  sit- 
tacheil  to  their  Sheikhs,  if  not  to  their  religion. 
Coniparaltvely  few-  of  them  have  an  intelligent 
grasp  of  Islam,  which  indeed  is  a  foreign  reli- 
gion in  a  foreisn  tongue. 

Beliitiyn  In  Jtir*iorniri^  Work. — At  present  they 
sustain  noite,  because  neither  Turkey  nor  Persia 
would  tolerate  onrmized  work  in  their  behalf  ; 
and  their  ci'Utaet" with  the  evansrelistic  elforls 
of  the  Eastern  Turkey  and  West  Persia  nussions 
for  Ihe  nominal  Clirislians  residing  in  their 
midst  is  of  the  slightest. 

The  evanaelsial  churches  of  Turkey  support 
a  "  Ktionlish  Mission."  which  is  conducted  from 
Harp«>>t:  but  it  is  for  Koordish-speaking  Ar- 
menians in  Koordistau,  and  not  for  the  Koords. 
In  cooneclioD  with  this  work  a  tnmslation  of  the 


New  Testament  tint!  abo  ■  mhD  hyniulxiok 
have  been  ptd)lishtd  in  Kuonaaajl  Kt'iordisli. 

Some  eltort  for  K< >ordi»b-jf«ttLing  S«yrians  is 
IU)W  prosecuteil  by  the  Jlaidin  t^imicni  of  the 
Eastern  Turkey  Mission.  Il  vinild  seem  the 
intention  of  Providence  lu  ««•  these  evan- 
gelized Koorilish-speakmj  I  turiMiaos  as  an  <n- 
lerin^-  wedge  for  work  »imwf:  the  Moslem 
Koonis  when  "  all  things  ant  rwidT"  for  such  a 
inoveuient.  The  Persiaia  M»s*oi(n  <if  the  I'rcs- 
byteriau  Board  iNorth>  b  aJljo  nuking  efforts 
to  reach  them. 

All  w  ho  know  them  belier*'  in  the  Koords  as 
a  irte,  iu  their  capabilitkik  and  in  their  future 
religious  and  |«ilitieal  pt»..«Tie«*,  und  not  a  few- 
feel  that  in  them  mtty  !se  tfi^uDd  the  sohiiiou 
of  the  "  Eastern  t^uestt»>Qi.  " 

lioor«li!tli  Ver*kMi.— Tbe  Koordish  !«- 
longs  lo  the  Iranie  branch  cof  5be  Aryan  family, 
and  is  spoken  ui  Ko«.>rkli?lan.  Turkey.  For  the 
Koords  using  the  Armeniui  riiancier.  ISishop 
tSchevris.ul  'lahri/.  transited iheGos]>els. which 
were  printetl  at  s^hiisha  in  1>33  by  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  A  inm'skiicin  of  ihe 
New  Testament  wiisals«>iir«pni!pci3  by  nn  Armeni- 
an student  at  liebtk  tor  imd  j-ubHsbed  by  the 
Anu'rican  Bible  S^>ciety.  Ain'ib<T  translation 
into  Armeno-Koonlish.  ft  «li:<h  the  liospel  of 
jMatlhewwaspublisheil':  ■■  •  3>  .'md  For.  Bible 
Soc.  in  1W6  and  iifhf  •-   -     .t    by  the  Am. 

Kiblc  tioc.  was  imdf  r-    ■  ]'a-u>r  Stepan  of 

Heine,  not  far  from  I >  •  ■  ■  ■  But "' (ssiys  the 
"  American  Bible  Sx;-.  j.  ;..i .  rd." March!  1880) 
"  in  his  desire  to  make  it  imtlligible  lo  the  in- 
habitants of  different  settlx-Bi*,.  ibe  translator  so 
cond)ined  idioms  as  to  Batkr  il  unintelligilile  to 
almost  all.  The  use  of  Ihe  Amx  riian  character 
])roved  a  hindrance  rather  thus  a  help.  It  is 
ixrhaps  better  adapted  to  the  laniruage.  which 
lias  no  character  of  ir»o«rB:  bat  bong  Christian. 
It  was  repugnant  to  McirlcM  pride.  The  fact 
also  that  any  Kixtrdswho  loarn  to  read  learn 
Arabic,  Tiukish.  or  I^»si•■,  intTeased  the  prej- 
udice against  the  AnticeEaiiia  ktier."  An  en- 
tirely new  translation  is  iti  «.Tart(e  of  prepara- 
tion. 

Jl-.'iill  o  ;  16.) 

ifnLUUiU 


^lU 


(Specimen  wrw. 
tti^quM  *\^iLmJi  fmo  mtiu^  ^{Kfi  <J^yt 

^l»  ^O  d-lilLIU  flJutS$  UfllUUM  ilfiL^^ 
'Uutui    *ltiu   iquMf    £p     J-n     ^tul;tnf§ 

Kordoftiit,  a  eofiairey  of  Africa,  west  of 

Nubia.     (See  Afric*.  > 

K4»rea. — The  kinxdcoi  of  K<>rea.  projierly 

called  "  Chosen."  comprises ibe  peninsula  lying 
between  .Tapau  and  the  imiiiland  of  China,  to- 
gether with  M  midtitnde  of  adj|a<-enl  islands.  It 
is  washed  by  the  T«inir«w  S*a  on  the  west  and 
the  Japan  Sea  on  the  ifatsa  ;  on  the  north  it  is 
bounded  bj-  Chinese  aiud  RiBsaan  territory.  It 
lies  between  34"  and  -tJ  ixcnii  latitude  aiul  be- 
tween 127  and  133  I«Tcsi»TOie  fa.si  (from  Grees- 
wich). 

Physirat  Charfittfriftica.—'lXf-  surface 
is  rugged  and  mouiitaiii>o«*s  being  divided  into 


EORBA 


638 


KOREA 


:tnl 


west  of 


two  wiitcrslicils  liy  nil  iirciriihir  riiugo  of  inoun- 
titins  ruiiiiiiig  from  noiili  to  south  uear  tlic 
fiusterii  coii.Nl.  The  cDUiitry  is  well  wuti'ifd, 
the  hirgi'st  livers  lulling  into  the  Yellow  Sea. 
Considering  the  inoiintiiiiioiis  elmnieter  of  the 
fouiury  it  is  exceedingly  pnKluetive.  All  kinds 
of  eeri'als  nw  produced,  from  wheat  in  the  nor- 
thern part  to  lice  in  the  more  temperate  south- 
ern proviiues.  The  pine  and  Ih'  grow  almost 
side  hy  side  with  the  baml)oo.  'I'he  mineral 
wealth  of  Koiea  is  very  great  :  large  deposits 
of  gold,  silver,  and  coal  have  been  found  ;  hut  the 
nunerul  resources  have  nolyei  been  fairly  tested. 

(ioi'vt'niiifnt, — Korea  is  an  idisolute  mon- 
archy of  the  paternal  type.  There  is  a  written 
coiiMilution,  which  is  a  guide  to  the  proper  ad- 
mini>tiiilion  of  the  governmcnl,  but  it  does  not 
include  the  idea  of  representation.  It  is  an  in- 
dipi'iiileiil  kingilom.  although  China  claims  the 
right  of  interfrrence  in  her  fcreign  poli^'V. 

I'eopfr. — The  population  of  Korea  is  prob- 
ably about  13,0<K).l)(J(l,  although  the  Lack  of  a 
proper  census  renders  an  exact  es|imat<'  impos- 
sible. This  population  is  distributed  lui- 
eveiilv  over  th(M-ii:lit  provinces  (omposing  the 
kingiiom,  the  mo>t  thickly  settled  portions  being 
the  southern  and  western  provinces.  Tlie  [leople 
of  Korea  are  of  inidoubied  Mongolian  origin. 
Successive  tribes  s«  celling  down  from  the  north 
and  ovcrrumiing  tin-  country,  together  with 
large  numbers  of  (,'hincse  wlio  from  time  to 
time  found  in  Korea  an  asylum  fiom  the  op- 
pression of  their  native  land,  have  produced  a 
conglomerate  ma>s,  of  whose  origin  it  is  impos- 
sible to.^ay  more  than  that  it  is  .Alongolian. 

Lungiuuje.—'X'W  language  of  the  Koreans 
is  distinct  from  that  of  their  neighl)ors  in  its 
grammatical  construction  and  idioms,  b\it  it  has 
borrowed  from  the  Chinese  a  large  number  of 
words,  just  as  Knglisli  has  borrowed  liirgely  from 
the  Latin.  The  Chiiu'se  character  is  used  in  all 
ollicial  and  liteiary  writing,  and  in  tact  in  all 
writiiigon  the  jjart  of  the  belteri  lass  of  people. 
The  Korean  language  was  reduced  to  writing 
about  three  hundred  years  ago.  It  has  an 
alphabet  who.se  simplicity,  flexibility,  and  com- 
prehensiveness compare  favorably  with  those 
of  any  other  known  alphabet.  It  is  as  unlike 
the  intlexible  syllabary  of  .lapan  as  it  is  unlike 
tlu-  unwieldy  ideograms  of  Chimi.  The  Korean 
written  language  is  used  only  by  the  lower 
classes, who  form,  however,  the  vast  imijority  of 
the  population. 

lit'tigioH, — The  religious  history  of  Korea 
may  be  divided  into  live  periods  or  niovemenls. 
The  tirst  includes  the  early  centuries  of  the 
kingdom,  and  terminates  about  :!.")0  .\.i).  Of 
the  religious  history  up  to  that  time  little  is 
known.  It  is  probable  that  there  was  no  one 
form  ot  religion  prevalent  throughout  the  dif- 
ferent tribes  and  clans  living  in  the  land,  but 
that  each  .had  its  own  religious  ob.serv;mces  luid 
rites.  lint  during  the  4th  century  A. I),  a 
gineral  consolidation  of  the  dilVerent  i)arls  of 
the  country  took  place,  and  at  the  same  time 
Huddhist  missionaries  appeared  and  taught  their 
failii.  It  rtourished.  and  in  the  s|)ace  of  a  few 
centuries  we  tind  Korea  a  IJuddhi.st  nation,  with 
numerous  monasteries  tilled  with  people  from 
every  station  in  life.  In  the  course  of  time  the 
teachings  of  Confucius  began  to  have  their  iu- 
tluence  upon  the  jK^ople  and  gradually  sup- 
planted the  religion  of  liuddha.  and  for  many 
centuries  past  Confucianism  has  been  holding 
sway  over  the  masses  of  the  people.    Biiddhisiu 


still  exists,  but  is  conlincd  ex'jiiisively  to  a  few 
moiiasteiies,  whose  iinnates  are  looK'.'d  dowu 
uiion  by  the  people  at  large. 

Near  the  close  of  the  18th  I'entury  some  of 
the  members  attached  to  the  Korean  Embassy 
to  Peking  ciuni!  in  contact  with  i{onian  Catholic 
missionaries  and  brought  back  that  faith  to 
Korea.  It  took  root  almost  iimnediately  and 
spread  with  great  rapidity.  Several  causes  led 
to  this:  (1)  The  Confucianism  of  Korea  was  not 
a  religion.  It  lacked  the  supernatural  clement 
that  is  lu'cessary  In  satisfy  the  religious  feeling. 
Ancestor-Worship  dem;inded  no  faith.  ^:J|  Tlie 
Huddhist  prieslliood  h.'id  become  so  degraded 
that  they  had  forfeited  the  respect  lUid  venera- 
tion of  die  jieople.  (o)  The  power  of  Christian- 
ity, coming  thidiigh  whatever  medium  luid 
propagated  by  whatever  agencies,  took  hold  of  a 
people  who  were  particularly  lilted  to  receive 
ii.  Mtit  the  history  of  Uoman  Catholicism  in 
Korea  is  one  of  persecutions.  Early  in  the 
prcseni  century  a  persecution  broke  out  wldch 
swept  oil  a  large  numlxr  of  the  Christians. 
In  ISiW  two  ijomaiiist  missionaries  secretly 
entered  the  counlry.  and  two  vears  later  tlu'y 
were  joined  by  anotlnr;  but  in  IHIiK  another 
persecution  broke  out,  and  all  these  mission- 
aries,  togi'thcr  witli  many  thousjinds  of  native 
Chii'ilians,  were  put  to  death.  The  French 
Government  allempted  to  get  satisfaction  from 
llie  Korean  (iovernment  for  the  execution  of  its 
three  cili/(  lis,  but  was  unable  to  do  so.  This 
persecution  did  not  stop  the  work.  Other 
workers  c.Mne  to  supply  the  pl.'K'cs  oftlio.se  who 
had  been  killed,  and  in  18(10  I  here  were  twelve 
foreign  UomaMist  missionaries  in  the  country, 
and  at  their  head  was  ]5isliop  Herneux.  In  Isiii 
the  last  king  of  the  Vi  dynasty  died — a  king 
under  wliohi  the  Homaiiists  were  not  only  toler- 
ated, but  even  allowed  to  obtain  a  great  deal  of 
inlluence  in  the  alfairs  of  the  kingdom.  The 
reins  of  government  fell  into  the  hands  of  a 
regent  who  was  intensely  opposed  to  foreigners, 
and  to  the  Homanisls  in  parlicular.  Soon  after 
he  took  the  lead  of  sillaiis  Mishop  Herneux 
and  eight  of  his  associa.es  were  seized  and  jnit 
lod(,'atli,  and  an  ini|iii>itioii  was  in.stitnted  which 
bade  fair  to  extcrmiiiat  Christianity  from  the 
land.  It  is  not  know  n  'uiw  many  native  con- 
verts there  were  at  that  ,inie,  but  there  must 
have  been  not  less  than  (;(»,(Ht0.  Of  these 
10,000  were  put  to  death.  In  some  localities 
whole  communities  and  villages  were  put  to 
the  sword.  Theetl'ects  of  this  persecution  were 
very  widespread  and  permanent,  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  power  of  the  Uomanists  has  never 
rallied  from  the  stroke  it  then  received.  The 
horrors  of  that  time  imiiltmted  in  the  whole 
people  a  dread  of  foreign  religions  which  is  as 
great  a  draw  back  to  Protestant  as  to  Komaiiist 
niis.sion  work. 

No  pro])er  statistics  can  be  given,  j-et  it  would 
probablv  be  erroneous  to  estimate  the  number 
of  Uomanists  at  h'ss  than  ."lO.OtK)  to-day  (188il). 
There  is  a  strong  force  of  Homaiiist  missionaries 
in  Korea,  all  of  wliom  InO'c  been  sent  out  by 
the  Sociele  des  Missions  Etrangeres  de  Paris. 
(Paris  Evangelical  Society).  One  of  the  great- 
est benelits  that  they  have  conferred  uihiii  the 
cause  is  the  compiling  and  iniblishing  of  a 
complete  lexicon  and  grammar  of  the  Koreaa 
language. 

Protestant  yfmions. — The  first  Protestant 
nussion  work  for  Korea  was  done  by  the  Uev. 
John  Ross  of  Moukden,  Chiua.     About  ten 


1 


!•  i 


XORBA 


084 


KORBA 


I'l'  I'. 


i' 


; 


years  iijjo  hu  ciiinc  In  coiitiut  wllli  Koreans  near 
(lie  bolder  lietweeii  Korea  and  Cliina.  lie  look 
ll|)  llic  Koreiui  laii.i.'iiii<;e,  and  altlioiigh  never 
having  Net  Tool  U|>on  Korean  soil,  lie  liaiislaled 
llie  whole  of  the  New  'reslanieni  into  Korean 
and  sent  il  acMoss  ilie  lioi'di'r.  lojicilier  wiili  lurjre 
linnd)ers  of  CliineNC  Hililo  lie  thus  iHianie 
tile  means  of  liei;inniiij;  a  woil\  of  ;;real  inipor- 
tani<'  in  Norlliern  Korea.  Wlien  I'roiesiaht 
missionaries  ciune  lo  Korea  later  tiiey  lound 
whole  eoniniiiniiii's  in  the  nortli  professini; 
Protestant  Clui^tianity,  stud^in;;;  the  llilile 
uiuoiig  themselves,  aa(l  only  waiting  for  some 
one  lo  Kline  and  leaeli  Iheiii,  Tlie  Irealy  lie- 
Iween  Korea  and  the  I'liiled  Slates  was  signed 
In  1S8'J,  and  then  for  llu'  lirst  lime  the  eyes  of  the 
civili/.ed  world  were  liirned  upon  Korea.  The 
first  inovement  made  toward  pulling  nieii  in  the 
field  was  llieappointnient  liy  the  Ameriean  I'res- 
liyteilan  Hoanl  of  Dr.  .1.  "W.  Heron,  M.I).,  as 
niedieal  missionary  to  Korea  in  the  spring  of 
1884.  His  coming  was  delayed,  and  in  tlie 
siimmur  of  the  same  year  Uev.  Dr.  U.  S. 
.JleClay  of  tlie  .iapaii  Methodist  Confer- 
enee  was  sent  to  loolt  over  tlie  ground  and 
report  on  the  advisaliiliiy  of  seiKling  mission- 
aries Uefore  his  favorable  report  was  acted 
upon.  Dr.  11.  N.  Allen,  M.D.,  of  China  was 
transferred  from  that  Held  to  Korea,  and  lie, 
arriving  with  his  family  in  the  uutiimii  of  1884, 
became  the  lirst  resident  Protestant  mi.ssionary. 
Meanwhile  the  rep<irt  of  Dr.  McClay  had  been 
acted  upon,  and  the  Missionary  Society  of  the 
Meiliodist  Eiiiscopal  Church  of  America  had 
appointed  lo  the  Held  Dr.  VVm.  U.  Scrantonand 
liev.  II.  G.  Ap|)en/.eller,  and  the  Woman'.s 
Foreign  Missionary  Societj'  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  appointed  Mrs.  M.  F.  Scran- 
ton,  in  November  of  the  same  year  the  Pres- 
byterian Boaril  appointed  Kev.  H.  G.  Under- 
wood. In  December  of  1884,  before  any  of 
these  appointees  had  arrived  in  Korea,  occurred 
the  riot  ill  Seoul,  during  wliich  Prince  Mm 
Youg  Ik  was  severely  wounded.  Tlie  skilful 
and  successful  treatment  of  the  ease  by  Dr. 
Alli'n  produced  such  a  favorable  ini|)ression, 
that  a  general  governminl  hospital  was  founded 
by  his  Majesty,  and  Dr.  Allen  was  placed  at 
its  head.  In  tliis  way  a  great  impetus  was  given 
to  the  good  feeling  that  had  already  begun  to 
make  itself  manifest  on  the  part  of  Koreans 
toward  foreigners.  In  the  spring  of  1^85  Rev. 
11.  G.  Underwood,  who  had  been  spending  .some 
months  in  .laiiaii  studying  I  he  Korean  laiigniige, 
arrived  in  Korea.  For  a  lime  the  object  of  liis 
coming  was  kept  from  the  Korean  ollicials  from 
the  fear  that  the  interests  of  the  missionary 
work  might  be  eiulingered;  but  thai  fear  provi'd 
to  be  gioundless,  ami  soon  it  became  generally 
known  that  he  liad  come,  and  thai  the  object  of 
his  coming  was  sometliing  besides  medical 
work.  Shortly  after  came  Win.  B.  Scranton, 
31. D.,  and  family,  and  Uev.  II.  G.  Appenzeller 
and  wife,  wIkj  had  been  sent  out  under  the 
3Iethodist  Mission. 

Ill  the  summer  of  188.5,1.  W.  Heron,  M.D., 
and  wife  arrived,  niul  Dr.  Heron  entered  into 
tlie  government  hospital  work  with  Dr.  Allen. 
Dr.  Scranton  founded  a  hospital  soon  after  his 
arrival.  During  that  same  summer  jMrs.  M.  F. 
Scranton,  appointed  by  the  Woman's  Board  of 
the  Methodist  Church,  arrived.  During  the 
lirst  year  (jf  work  these  workers  were  busy  in 
the  medical  work  and  in  studying  the  language, 
but  in  the  summer  of  1886  liev.  II.  G.  1  nder- 


wood  fiiiinded  an  orphanage  for  Korean  boys, 
with  the  sanction  of  the  governnienl. 

.Mrs,  .M.  F.  SeranI  m  began  her  work  among 
women  by  eslablishiiig  a  school  for  girls,  w  liich 
also  received  cillh  ial  recognition,  and  the  name 
of  Vi  Willi  was  bestowed  upon  it  by  the  govern- 
nienl. .\l  the  same  lime  Uev.  II.  (J.  Appell- 
/elli'r  opened  a  school  for  llie  instrrctioii  of 
Korean  _\oiilli  in  English  and  llie  scieiires.  I  nc- 
governmi'iit  conferred  upon  it  llie  name  of  I'ai 
Cliai,  wliieli  means  "for  the  training  of  useful 
null.' 

At  the  same  time  the  government  established 
a  school  for  training  pliysicians  in  connection 
with  the  lios|)ital.  In  the  siimnier  of  1S8IJ  Miss 
A  Kllers,  .M.D.,  arrived  in  Korea,  having  been 
sent  out  by  the  Presbyterian  Board  to  do  med- 
ical Work  ainoiig  woinen.  A  woman's  ward 
WHS  added  to  the  hospital,  and  Miss  Kllers  took 
charge  of  it,  and  was  also  made  physician  to  her 
Maiesly. 

'llie "lirst  baptism  was  jierformed  by  Kev.  II. 
G.  Underwood  in  the  antumii  of  lH8(i.  and 
from  the  lirst  the  work  t(M)k  on  a  most  encour- 
aging aspect.  Large  numbers  of  iii((iiirers  came 
in  from  distant  parts  of  the  country,  and  il  was 
not  long  before  a  little  native  chnreli  was 
organized.  Certain  portions  of  the  Scri|)liires 
were  relriinslated  and  put  in  the  hands  of  the 
jieoiile,  notably  the  (Jospel  of  ^lark. 

Ill  llie  autumn  of  1887  Miss  Mela  Howard, 
M.  I).,  and  Miss  L.  Uoihweiler  arrived,  liaving 
been  sent  out  l.'y  the  Methodist  Board,  the  former 
organizing  a  woman's  hospilal  in  connection 
with  Dr.  Seranlon's  hospital,  and  the  latur 
entering  into  the  work  of  the  girls' school  under 
Mrs.  M.  F.  Scranton. 

In  December,  1887,  Rev.  F.  Glilinger  and 
family  arrived,  liaving  been  transferred  by  the 
Methodist  Board  from  Foo  Chow  lo  Korea.  He 
entered  inlo  the  educational  work  and  also 
organized  a  printing  establishment,  called  the 
Trilingual  Press,  because  of  the  fad  that  il 
is  prepand  to  print  in  English,  Chinese,  or 
Korean.  Il  has  been  of  great  value.  In  .March, 
1888,  Miss  L.  S.  Hortjn,  M.D.,  arrived  lo  lake 
llie  place  made  vacant  by  the  marriage  of  Miaa 
Filers  to  Rev.  D.  A.  Buiiker  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege. 

Up  to  this  time  Rev.  H.  G.  Underwood  and 
Kev.  H.  G.  Appenzeller  had  made  several  mis- 
sionary trips  into  llie  country,  and  had  started 
work  in  several  places,  the  most  important  of 
which  were  Eni  .liu,  Kyeng  Yang,  and  Hai  .liu. 
But  the  journeys  e.\lende(l  over  a  large  part  of 
the  country  as  shown  in  the  map  of  Japan  and 
Korea. 

Ill  May,  1888,  Rev.  G.  IT.  Jones,  under  the 
Methodist  Board,  arrived  and  began  woik  in 
the  .'Slethodist  school.  In  November,  1888,  .Miss 
jAlary  E.  llayden  and  Dr.  C.  .M.  Power,  having 
been  sent  out  by  the  Presbyterian  Hotird,  ar- 
rived; the  former  lobegin  work  for  women  and 
tlie  latter  lo  enter  the  medical  work,  since  Dr. 
Allen  had  severed  his  eoiine<'lioii  with  the  mis- 
sion in  order  to  accompany  the  Korean  Lega- 
tion to  Washington  as  foreign  secretary. 

Miss  llayden  found  the  nucleus  lif  a  gi.ls* 
school  already  formed,  and  entered  immediately 
upon  llie  work  of  suiierintending  it. 

In  December,  1888,  Rev.  D.  L.  Gill'ord  ar- 
rived, and  took  up  the  study  of  the  language 
and  teaching  in  llie  Presbyterian  mission.  At 
the  same  time.  Rev.  Robert  ilarkncss,  sent  out 
by   "  the  Society   for   the    Evangelization    of 


EORBA 


685 


KRAPF,  JOHN  LUOWia 


Korea"  of  Toronto,  Ontario,  and  J.  ,,.  (Jiilc, 
sent  out  l)y  tlio  Y.  M.  V.  A.  of  TorcMto  L'ni- 
viMsitv,  Ontario,  arrived.  In  February,  IHHI), 
Hcv.  Wni.  Oardiicr  and  Miss  Harali  Oiirdncr  ar- 
rived, Imt  on  aec'iui.t  of  local  rt'a.Hons  returned 
to  America  soon  after.  On  March  ir)tli  IHHl), 
llie  Rev.  II.  (J.  Underwood  and  .Miss  llor- 
liiii  were  married.  In  Au>;uhI  of  IHSU,  W.  M. 
.McCiill,  M.I).,  arrived  to  enuaj^'e  in  medical 
worl<  Willi  Dr.  Scranton  of  the  Melliodisi  nds- 
siuii,  Al)()ntllie  same  lime  Hev.  H.  Ilarkness 
left  Korea  on  account  of  his  lieallh,  ami  .Miss 
.Metii  Howard,  .M.I).,  was  compelled  bv  ill- 
lieiillli  lo  return  to  America,  and  Dr.  Power 
severed  Ids  <()nnectioii  wilh  liie  mission  and 
weiu  to  .lapan.  .Mr.  .1.  C  Gale  went  to  Tusau 
aliout  the  last  of  September,  1881),  to  start  work 
and  to  reside  thenv 

In  October.  IHHI),  Uev.  J.  G.  Davles  and  .Miss 
Davies  arrived  from  Australia,  sent  by  the  mis- 
Hioiiiiry  conunitlee  of  the  I'resl)yterian  Cinirch 
of  Victoria,  Australia.  Present  condition  of  the 
Work  1H89;  the  Methodist  .school  averages  80 
students  a  year;  the  Metliodist  j;irls'  scliool 
contains  '^5  girls;  tiic  Methodist  hospital  has 
about  8,0(K)  ca.sea  a  year.  The  Presbyterian 
orphanage  contains  about  40  boys;  the  girls' 
school  has  8  girls;  the  government  hospital 
treats  about  11,000  cases  a  year. 

Fifty  people  have  been  baptized  in  the  Jleth- 
odist  mission,  9  of  whom  are  full  members  of 
tiie  native  dmrch  and  30  are  probationers;  3 
of  I  hem  are  women.  In  the  Presbyterian  mis- 
sion 10?  people  have  been  baptized,  7  of  whom 
tu'e  women. 

Ill  the  suininer  of  1888  the  Korean  Govern- 
ment issued  an  edict  forbidding  the  teaching  or 
preacliiiig  of  (Jliiisllanlty  in  Korea.  While  it 
is  a  ((Uestion  whether  such  an  <:diet  can  be  eii- 
forceil  ill  an  open  port,  it  is  felt  that  the  onward 
iiKivenient  has  been  liindered  to  some  e.\tent. 
It  is  felt  that  the  time  eau  bi^  well  spent  in  prep- 
aration for  future  work  and  in  such  (Christian 
work  as  will  not  directly  antagonize  the  will  of 
the  government.  Meanwhile  the  workers  iiru 
impatiently  waiting  for  religious  toleration, 
which  wouid  be  easily  secured  by  the  unite(l 
aitiipii  of  the  Irenty  powers.  The  naliire  of  the 
Korean  and  tlie  lack  of  any  real  religion  to  be 
overcome  render  K(jrea  a  ino.st  hopeful  tield. 
What  has  already  been  accomplished  shows 
that  there  need  be  no  long  delay  between  the 
arrival  of  missionaries  and  the  cstablisluneut  of 
a  strong  uativc;  cliurch. 

At  tlie  present  time  Hev.  II.  G.  Underwood 
is  in  Jap.'in  superintending  the  publication  of  a 
pocket  dii'tionary  and  manual  of  the  Korean 
langiiage,  which  will  prove  im  aid  to  workers  iu 
the  study  of  the  language. 

Korean  Verinloii.— The  Korean  language, 
belonging  to  the  extreme  Orient  languages  of 
Asia,  is  spoken  in  Korea,  a  iieiiinsiila  of  Eastern 
Asia.  In  1832  the  shores  of  Korea  were  visited 
by  Dr.  Gutzlnll,  who  distributed  (lortions  of 
the  Cliinese  Scriptures  among  the  inhabitants, 
and  caused  a  copy  of  the  entire  Chinese  version 
to  be  conveyed  to  the  monarch.  It  is  but  re- 
cently that  efforts  were  made  to  bring  the 
gospel  within  the  reach  of  the  Koreans  in  their 
own  vernacular.  The  Uev.  .loliii  Ross  of  \ew- 
cjiaiig  translated  the  New  Testament  into  the 
Koreiin,  and  5,000  copies  were  published  by 
till'  Hriti.sh  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  in  1885. 
Of  the  success  of  his  version  the  translator  gives 


encouraging  accounts.  lie  speaks  of  women 
reading  hi-  version  "  with  the  avidity  of  jx'oplc 
hungering  afl<T  the  truth."  ['\t  lo  5lareli  ;)lst, 
1881),  the  nrilishaiid  Foreign  HibK  Soeietydis- 
jiosed  of  7a, (140  porlifMis  of  the  Scriptures. 

As  ,Mr.  Uoss'  viTsioii  is  not  available  for  llio 
8(toul  district  of  Korea,  the  Ameiii  an  Hiblo 
Society  pub'ished  a  versimi  of  the  (iospel  of 
Jlatlhew  made  liy  Mr.  Uijiitei  in  INS,"),  which 
was  also  published  in  a  revised  form  by  the 
National  Hible  Society  of  Scotland  in  1887. 

(Specimen  verm:     Matt.  5  :  U.) 


KotiiKiri,  a  town  in  the  'Nilgiri  Hills, 
Madras,  India,  17  miles  from  Ootacamund. 
("limate  said  to  be  the  linest  in  the  disirict. 
Population,  3,091.  Mission  strtion  of  the  Basle 
Missionary  Society;  1  missionary  and  wife,  10 
native  helpers,  142  church-members. 

Koltf  iir,  a  town  in  the  mountain  districts  of 
the  Punjal),  India,  on  the  high-road  to  Tibet. 
Mi.ssion  .station  of  the  Church  Missionary  So- 
ciety (1847).  The  work  is  carried  on  princi- 
pally by  means  of  .schools  among  the  wild 
mountaineers.  Polyandry  is  ))revalent,  and 
human  .sacritices  have  been  oll'ered;  but  such 
inactices  are  rapidly  jiassing  away  since  the 
mi.ssionaries  have  gained  a  lirm  hold  on  the 
people.  The  station  has  1  missionary,  20  com- 
municants, 9  schools,  128  scholars. 

Kriipf,  Joliii  Liidwitf,  b.  Wurtembcrg, 

1810;  educated  in  the  Basle  Mission  House; 
sent  by  the  Church  Missionary  Society  lo  join 
the  Aby.ssinian  mission  begun  by  Gobat  1830, 
and  conducted  by  Isenberg  and  Blumliardt. 
Two  or  three  monihs  after  his  arrival  they  were 
all  e.xiielled.  through  the  hostile  iiitluence  of 
two  French  Uoinish  priests,  who  persuaded  the 
Prince  of  Tigre  tliat  they  were  more  in  accord 
with  Abyssinian  Chrisiianity  tliaii  the  Protes- 
tants. Having  been  iiivileil  bv  ihi'  King  of 
Slioa  to  visit  his  coimtrv,  Dr.  Ivrapf  left  Suez 
with  Mr.  Isenberg,  .Iiinuary  27tli,  1839,  with  the 
liolK'  of  entering  Abyssinia  by  way  of  Zeila,  and 
after  many  dilliculties  reacht'd  in  .May  the  kiuj;- 
dom  of  Slioa.  lying  south  of  Abyssinia,  and  in. 
its  widest  sense  including  the  whole  of  the 
Ethiopian  highlands.  The  king  received  them 
favorably,  and  iiromised  his  protection.  Isen- 
berg went  iu  November  to  England  to  prepare 


n 

m 


'.  '• '  1 

\& 

i 


XRAFF,  JOHN  LUDWIO 


586 


KRAPF,  JOHN   LUDWIO 


m 


for  llu'prrss  Aiiilmric*  wcirkK,  while  Dr.  Kriipf 
I'ciuitliii'il  sillily iii^  till'  Onllik  laii;:uiip'  iiiid 
liilKiriM;;  niiiuii^'  llic  AIivk^ImIiiiin.  In  18-40  In; 
n<  riiiiipiininl  tlir  kilii;iiii  an  cxprillliiiii  to  tlic 
OulliiH.  II  liritvc,  vlu'iii'diis,  unit  diirini;  iiiilinii.  In- 
LiiMiiiiK  II  viisi  cxti'iit  of  Iririioiv  slri'lchinj; 
iuxi.liwaril  nciirlv  to  Mcuiiliasa.  anil  iiiiinlii'i'lnK 
fruiii  six  to  cl^lii  iiiillions.  'I'lic  slavi'iiailc  was 
carried  on  liy  llieiii.  In  a  sceonil  visit  lie  noted 
tliroe  places  where  a  (iiillii  niissioii  niii;lit  liees- 
tiililished,  and  hail  many  op|ioi'tiinities  of  pro- 
clainiilii;  the  gospel  iiie>sai;e.  'I'lie  popiilMtion 
of  ii^lioa  is  to  a  lar>;ee\ti'iil  niiinliially  (iiristian, 
similar  to  ilie  ('(.pile  Cliiireh  in  l\iry|il,  Imi  the 
Gallas  are  heal  lien.  '!"lie  eonimiilee  were  .so 
imiiiesseii  \\  iih  the  piiivideiitial  ojieMini.'s,  liolh 
ill  Ahyssinja  and  amoiiir  the  heallieii  (iiilla 
trilies,  that  I  hey  resolved  to  lorin  the  Aliyssini- 
aiis  into  a  new  iiiissioii,  to  lie  ealled  the  iCiist 
Afriea  Mission.  In  1841  the  people  of  Mio.i 
t'.Xpressed  u'leal  desire  for  the  Word  of  (iod. 
I)r.  Krapf  spent  three  years  amoiiir  Iheiii,  Iml  In 
l8Pi  he  wasa^'ain  e.xeliided  throiiLrh  Uoiiii^li  iii- 
lllleiiee.  lie  ;;reatly  ilisiied  to  reach  the  (lallil 
tribes,  lie  translated  the  Gospels  into  their 
l«n>;imj:e.  'I'o  devise  a  plan  to  reaih  them 
from  the  Indian  Oieiin  lie  sailed  down  the 
const  ill  184;!,  and  visited  Aden  llaviiiu;  re- 
ceived the  aiiproval  of  the  eiiminillee,  he  sailed 
with  his  wife  fcM'  the  Zan/ihar  coast,  laiidinir, 
.Taiiuary  ;!d,  1S44,  at  .Momhasa,  which,  after 
visilinij  Zaii/iliiir,  he  selei  ted  as  the  site  of  his 
mission.  Here  he  and  his  wife  were  prosiiatefl 
hy  fever,  and  in  Iwn  months  she  and  their  in- 
fant child  died.  Ur  now  devoted  himself  willi 
zeal  to  the  work  of  the  mission,  especially  to 
the  study  of  the  laniriiai.'es  of  that  rcLrion.  "  He 
made  e.veursions  aiiionu:  the  Waiiika  and  Wa- 
kamha  tribes,  pieacliiiii;  and  siirveyiiii;  the 
jrroiind  with  reference  to  future  operalioiis. 
Me  found  the  natives  cMremely  deirraded,  in- 
temperate, and  ill  the  habit  even  of  scllinu'' their 
children  to  obliiin  the  means  of  indiilLiciice. 
He  aiiplied  himself  l(i  the  wcjrk  of  tianslatioii, 
and  in  three  years  after  the  foimdiiii;  of  the  mis- 
•sioii,  had  ti'iiiislated  Acts,  |{omans,  (hdaliiins, 
Peter,  1  John,  into  the  Swahili  liiiiLniaire.  anil 
had  com))leled  a  dictionary  of  Kt.OOl)  words  of 
the  iSwahili,  Wanika,  and  Wakamb.i  lanvniMLres. 
Repealed  attacks  of  fever  liiid  ;;really  impaiicd 
his  <'on--lilution.  Vet  he  coiiiiniieii  Ids  mission- 
ary lours,  frathcrini:  valuable  iiifonimlion  coii- 
ceViiini:  the  interior  tribes,  nnd  preachinir  Ilie 
gospel,  which  the  natives  who  lieanl  it  would 
repeat  to  others. 

In  184fi  he  was  joined  by  John  HebiMunn,  and 
to;j;ether  they  estaiilished  the  mission  station  at, 
Kisulutini  iii  the  Habai  district,  tifteen  miles 
inland.  They  were  both  laid  aside  for  some 
weeks  with  fever,  and  befiu'c  they  had  fully  re- 
covered their  strength,  they  set  out  for  the  Hew 
mission.  They  found  the  iilace  more  salubri- 
ous than  Mombasa,  but  the  jieople  were  deeply 
sunk  in  ignorance,  suiterstitioii.  and  sensuality. 
Continuing  their  explorations  in  tlic  inleii(ir. 
they  found  wonderful  openings,  and  came  in 
.sight  of  the  Galla  country,  so  long  the  object 
ofDr.  Kra|if's  desire  Dr.  Krajif  visited  I'sam- 
bara  and  L'kainba,  and  .sailed  down  the  coast 
ais  far  as  Cape  Delgado.  In  1849  he  proceeded 
to  Ukambani,  iJOOnulos  to  the  northwest,  to  visit 
the  Wakainbii  tribes,  numbering  about  70,000 


*  Aiiili8i-i'; 
lauguage. 


is  tlie   priUL'ipal  vernacular  Abyssiuiau 


people.  He  went  iigiiin  the  next  year  with  the 
view,  as  instiiicled  by  tlu!  committee,  of  found 
Iiil:  It  mission  among  the  Wakamba  on  the 
liHgliLs  of  Vata.  Itiit  the  pliiii  faileil.  In  iIiIh 
journey  he  sighted  Mount  Keiiia.  On  the 
journey  he  was  repeatediv  In  the  greatest  ex- 
tremity from  hunger  ami  ililrst,  wild  iKiistsand 
.savage  robbers.  He  eontiiined  the  study  of  the 
language  iind  the  tiiinslation  of  the  .Scrlptiires. 
He  came  to  the  concliision  that  from  the  tiallii 
boundary  l<>  the  Cape  of  (iood  Hopv'  lliere  Is  one 
family  of  languages,  which  he  calls  the  Swahili 
slock,  which  stock,  lie  ihiiiks,  judging  from 
specimens  he  hud  ruccived  of  West  Afiieali  lan- 
guages, comnieiices  on  the  southern  bank  of  tho 
(iaboon  Itiver.  The  luissioimrii  s  in  llieir  tourn 
oblained  niiii  h  geograpbieal  iiiforniatidii.  They 
saw  a  range  of  iiioiinlaiiis  covered  with  perpet- 
ual snow.  In  I8.')(l  Dr.  Kralif  visited  KiiLrlaiid 
in  order  to  print  his  translations,  and  toexplalii 
to  till'  eommittee  bis  views  upon  the  East 
Aftica  Mission.  He  visited  also  Germiiny,  and 
wilh  tliiie  pious  mei  haiiics  uiid  an  ordained 
student  of  liasle  he  riliirned  to  Africa  in  18,"(1, 
intending  to  establish  new  stations.  Uelaiu- 
ing  Uabai  as  a  starting-poinl  on  the  coast,  he 
prepared  to  go  to  rkaiulia  with  Mr.  I'fell'erle, 
who  dieil  on  the  way  of  the  fever  of  the  coun- 
try. Dr.  Krapf  made  his  journey  alone,  reach- 
ing far  into  rgaiida  with  some  native  .servants, 
will)  deserleil.  leaving  him  a  starving  fugitive 
in  a  hostile  coiinlry.  He  was  altaeked  by  rob- 
beis  on  the  way,  and  obliged  to  abandon  his 
object  and  reliini  to  the  coast.  \Vhile  atleinpt- 
ing  to  reach  the  river  Dana,  he  was  again  at- 
tiickid,  and  nearly  lost  his  life.  He  at  length 
reached  the  station  after  ixtraordina;)' adven- 
tmcs  and  great  siill'cring.  In  18."),')  he  again 
visited  Abyssinia  to  place  there  an  "Industrial 
Mission,"  planned  by  liisliop  (iobat,  and  found 
many  truces  of  llie  former  distributinii  of  the 
Scriptures.  In  later  years  he  established  and 
directed  Ilie  leiuaikable  "  I'ilgrim  .Mi-.sion."  iu 
eonnecliim  with  tlie  St.  Clirischoiia  Insliliite, 
which  v.a.s  to  begin  the '■chain  of  missions" 
from  tlie  north  instead  of  from  the  east. 
Twelve  stations  were  i)lanned,  embracing 
Kgvpt,  Nubia,  and  Abyssinia.  He  afterwards 
visiied  I'sambara  and  was  well  received  by 
King  Kmeri,  who  liesired  him  to  eslabli~.h  a 
mission  on  a  niounlain  thirty  miles  distant. 
olVering  him  his  protection.  In  185.')  lie  re- 
turned to  Kurope,  and  though  he  went  again 
twice  to  Africa  on  temporary  missions,  the 
great  work  of  his  later  years  was  linguislic,  in 
liisipiiel  home  at  Korntlial  in  Wiirleiiihurg,  i)re- 
paring  diclionaries.  and  Iranslaling  tlie  Scrip 
tures  into  the  East  African  tongues.  He  was 
found  dead  at  his  lioiiie,  on  his  knees  in  tlie  atti- 
tude of  |irayer.  Xovember  2()lli.  1881.  and  nii 
the  iiOlh  his  body  was  buried  in  the  presence  of 
iJ.OOO  jieople  assembled  from  all  part-s  of  the 
country. 

Though,  like  Livingstone,  he  was  a  pioneer, 
and  like  him  saw  little  direct  fruit  of  his  laliors 
in  the  conversion  of  souls,  yet,  as  in  his  case, 
the  indirect  results  have  been  imtncnse.  Ouo 
of  his  earliest  inodiietions  was  a  vocabulary  of 
.six  African  languages,  viz.,  /ii-Sira/iili,  h'i-yi/cn, 
Ki-K(tmh(i,  l\i-P)homo,  Ki-IIiiiu.  and  d'allil, 
published  in  18.")0.  In  the  leading  language,  Ki- 
Swahili,  he  translated  the  New  Testament,  a  fra- 
ment  of  the  Old.  and  parts  of  the  Priiyer-Hook; 
also  compiled  an  Outline  Grammar  and  ati 
elaborate  dictionary,  the  latter  just  completed 


ERAPF,  JOHN  LUDWIO 


887 


KUSAIE  VERSION 


lit  hi'4  ilt'iiih.  lie  prmliircil  hIho  vii('iiliulMrl(<»i  In 
hi'vci'.il  liiiiu'iiiii^cs,  mill  II  tniiiHlutiiiii  of  \hv 
<Ji>s|ii'l  of  Luke  iiilii  Ki Mkii. 

lirloliiiiiU'ir,  iitiiwn  In  tin'  \iiill|ii  illstt'li't. 

Di'IiumI,  lliili;i,  ">0  mill's  iii.tth  of  <'iilrllltii.  ('II 
lliiti'  li'iipinil  l'ii|iillMlii>ii,  'Jli.T'ill  liiii  r.'iliil  Imii 
gllil'.'r  lli'llil.'ili.  i{rliL'ii>ll-<,  lliliilll  mikI  Mii^Ii'IM. 
Hill  l;il  I'liiiililjiiii  itiiihI.  MK'-iiiii  xlMtJiiii  n|' till' 
('.  M.  S.  Till'  ■.tiiljiiii  WHS  riiiiinlcil  in  |s;l|,  niiil 
<'iiiiii' ^<|||)ll  111  ('iiiiiii'i'tliiii  willi  niii'  III'  iliiisi'  nii- 
iiiiTiiiis  Mi'iis  wliiili  ]iiiirr-s  til  hiivi'  nil  Htlliiiiy 
til  ('Inlstliiiiily.  till'  KMrlaliliiiilja-i.  \vipr»lil|i|ui's 
III' till' CrriiliM'!  DiiriiiLi' till'  iMiiiiiii' III'  M-tl*  tlw 
inisr.il Hiiiiirs  wi'ti'  alili'  111  irivr  snnic  siipiiini, 
mill   niiivi'i'ts  ti|>|ili('il  lit   tlif  shitiiins  in  iiiiiiti' 

lUill'S;    1((M)    pi'l'Mills    wiTi     liil|i|i/ril   III    mil'  tillli', 

Al'tirtliiil  till'  work  whs  linril,  tlu'  iiioii' mhisiIh' 
■li'siiits  wrii'  iiiiily  to  sliiiii'  ill  till'  Imivist.  'riicii' 
iiri'  5  oi'i|;uiii'il  iiiissioiiiii'ii's,  :t  iinonliiiia'il,  :l 
inlss|i)iiiirii's'  wivrs,  5  oiIht  hiilii's,  17  tiiilivi' 
llt'lpi'ts,  Til)  out  stilt  ions,  K  iliiirrlirs,  81'J  cLuiuli- 
iniiiilii'i's,  ;!M  scliool.s,   1,4IU  scliolm's. 

■iiK'lioiitf,  II  town  ill  Kiilikii'ii.  Cliiim. 
Mission  stiitiiin  of  till' ('.  M.  S,  i  |s|T);  •,>  inission- 
aril's,  I  llillivi'  piislor,  'J'J  srliools;  U''JO  silioliii's. 
A  siimll  cliiiri'li  lor  li  juts  1iii>  liri'ii  lniilt  iil  tlii! 
leper  villll!J:l'olll^ille  llie  wc^t  uiile.  .\I.  10.  Clniiili 
(Noltlii  lliis  here  II  eeiitre  lor  the  Kllehelii;  ilis- 
Irict;  lOstiiiioiis.  Ill  KiU'heiiLj,  I  I'eniiili' iiiission- 
ary,  Ki  ehiireliinemlpi'is,  1  .school,  'iO  scliolais. 

KiK'llllltf,  eiipital  of  Smiiwak.  liorneo, 
East  Iiiilies.  Popultitiiiii,  Iiri.tlOO.  'Ilie  S.  P.  (!. 
(|s,">I)  liiis  here  a  prosperous  mission  unions;  tin; 
LiiiiilDajuks.  Till'  ploiiirh  has  heeii  inlioilueeil, 
mill  the  iH'oplo  arc  boconiini^  tlirifly  mill  iiulus- 
Irious. 

14 II 1 1  III  ll  II  r,  a  town  in  >railra.s,  Tnilia.  A 
centre  of  work  liy  the  S,  I'.  (J.  amoiiu  10 
vilhiLres,  in  which  there  are  1)9  coiiiiiiunicants,  .") 
st'liools,  1110  scholars. 

Kiiiiiake,  a  town  in  Ilritish  (iniana.  South 
America,  ll  (■ontains  a  siniill  hut  luosperoiis 
coniireifatioii  of  linliaiis,  coiiverliil  hy  iiii  iiiiie- 
lieiiileiil  missionary,  J.  Meyer,  wliu  workcil  there 
from  1S4(I  to  184-.. 

Kiiiiiaiiint«>,  Japan,  a  city  in  ilie  iirovinee 
of  Iliijo,  on  southwest  coast  ot'llie  most  .south- 
erly islmul,  ."lit  miles  ilue  east  of  Xiigasaki. 
Cli'matc  teniperate.  Po|nihition,  47,002.  Mis- 
sion station  of  the  A.  H.  C.  F.  M.  (1887); 
3  missioiiaries  anil  wives,  3  female  niis- 
sioimrie.s,  13  native  helpers,  7  ont-stations,  4 
rhurches,  373  churcliniemliers,  2  sehools,  \4!) 
.scholars  (iiicluiles  islmul  of  Kiushiu).  Chiireh 
Mi.ssionaiy  Society;  1  missionary,  1  single  liiilv 
(ineluile.s  Nasjasaki).  Melhoilist  Episco|ial 
Church  (North);  (ineluiled  with  Xajrasaki,  q.v.). 

Kiiiiiatiiii  Version.— The  Kumaoni, 
which  liulongs  to  the  Iiulic  lirancli  of  the  Aryan 
family  of  Iani,niag'es,  is  spoken  in  the  ])foviiiei! 
of  Kumaon,  west  of  Palpa.  A  translation  of 
the  New  Testament  into  this  dialect  was  muile 
by  the  Serainpore  missionaries  anil  pulilisheil  in 
1830.     It  has,  however,  never  been  repriiiled. 

KiiiniiiHiiirIt,  a  town  in  the  Ni7.am'.s 
Dominions,  Soulli  India;  is  on  the  river  Muni- 
j'eni,  an  important  affluent  of  the  Kistna.  It 
was  an  out-station  of  the  Church  Missionary 
Society's  Telugu  Mission  (1841)until  1888,  when 
a  missionary  took  up  his  residence  there.    In 


the  district,  coiitiiining  'H  vlUagcx,  tlieru  uru  75 
eoiiililiiiilciililM,  3  »«chij   1^,  UA  Nclioliil's. 

liiiiiiiikl  VrrNloii.-Tlie  Kiimukl  belong 

to  the  Turk!  Iiriiiirh  ol'  the  rriil-.\ltalc  laiiL'uaues, 
mill  Is  the  iliiilerl  of  siiiiie  HO.IKIO  Tartais  inhahlt- 
i  iil:'  the  north  wot  slioreof  the  ( 'uspinn  Sea,  near 
I'etrovsk,  anil  the  noriheiist  ili^iricl  of  |)a;;hes- 
tiii,  waleii'il  liy  the  .Vk-ai  and  Siuija  rivers. 
It  Is  also  foiiinl  on  the  Tink,  a  liiile  above 
Kiirliar.  Durimr  a  tour,  Mr.  .Morrison,  the 
ilL'illI  of  the  llrlli>.ll  mid  Koreiiin  Itible  .Society 
ill  Traiiscauciisiii.  learnid  that  there  wenalioiit 
Iwi  Illy  laiigiiiiges  in  l>a!;liisliiii  witlioiit  a  shred 
of  llleraliirc.  As  the  Kuiiiliki  is  the  most 
widely  spoken  of  these  liilliruaires,  the  .sailK) 
Soeii  ly  aiiiliori/eil  in  is.siin  yomiir  .Mollah  resid- 
ini;  in  the  seini-Tiirtar  village  of  Vaksi  to  trans- 
late  tile  (Jospcl  of  .Multhew  from  .Vrabic  into 
Kiimuki,  UMiiir  the  Ariiliic  ehmaeler.  The 
tr.insl.iiion  of  the  .Mollah.  Klia>aii  Meg,  was 
revised  by  .Maior  Tchckiinoll',  and  re  revised  by 
.Mr.  .Vniirkhaiilaiit/,  and  |iiiblislii'il  In  ISKS,  the 
proofs  having  liceii  lead  by  Dr.  Sauerwein. 
Thus  far  ."iTo  copies  have  bei'ii  disposed  of. 

lilliliiailliiiliiiii,  a  disiriel  of  the  Traviin- 
coi'e  mission  of  the  ("liuicli  .Missionary  Society 
(I8.'")4).  in  Madras,  India,  including  7'  villagi-s, 
170  communicanls,   1  sclmols,  311  .scholars. 

Iilll'l't>('lll-\ll|;uiir,  a  town  In  Soulli 
India,  in  the  llydcralmd  district,  Ni/ain's 
l>oiiiiiiioiis,  not  far  from  Secunderabad.  .Mis- 
sion station  of  the  Wesleyan  .Missionary  Socicly; 
3  missionaries,  8  native  agents,  370cliureli-nieni- 
hers,  .')  Sunilay-scliools,  70  scholars,  7  day- 
schools,  70  scholars. 

Kili'liiil  (Kiirnool),  n  town,  capital  of  a 
disiriel  of  the  same  name,  located  on  llieTunga- 
bhiiilra  Hiver  in  .Madras.  India;  is  the  centre  of 
a  large  Telugu  |iopulalioii.  li  has  '.ill, ;!■.'!>  in- 
habiianls.  .Nlission  station  of  the  \.  H.  .M.  U.; 
3  missionaries  il  inarrieil).  3  oiitslatloiis,  3 
churches,  313  chureh-meinbers,  3  Sunday- 
schools,  .■)4  members,  3  dayscliools,  .54  scholms. 
S.  P.  (}.  (IS.V));  108  comimiuieants,  1  missiou- 
ary,  104  scholars. 

Kliriiiiiaii,  a  town  in  CapeColonv,  Africa. 
Mission  slalion  of  the  London  Missionary 
Society  (1818)  among  the  Hecluianas;  37  out- 
stations,  4  missionaries,  834  chiireh-membcrs, 
14  schools,  000  scholars,  u  printing  establish- 
ment, and  a  .seiniiiary. 

KiiNtiit',  one  of  the  Caroline  Islands,  >[icro- 
nesia.  Mission  station  of  the  A.  15.  C.  F.  M. 
iW.Vi).  The  work  done  at  Kiisaie  has  reference 
almost  e.xcbisively  to  the  Gilbert  and  .Marshall 
Islands,  and  includes  a  distinct  training-school, 
a  high-school  and  theological  seminary  com- 
bined, for  each  of  these  groups,  and  ii  girls' 
boarding-school  for  impils  galliered  in  eipial 
numbers  from  the  smiic  groujis.  The  whole 
Hibli!  is  now  translated  into  the  language  of  the 
400  inhabitants,  and  the  334  Christians  supiiort 
a  nalive  [lastor.  Thus  Kusaie  is  more  of  a  centre 
of  influence  for  the  neiirhboring  islands  than  iv 
])laee  for  mi.s.sionary  elTorl;  1  uiissionary  and 
wife,  3  female  missionaries. 

KiiNiiic  Vernioii.— -The  Kusaie  belongs  to 
the  Micronc'sian  languages,  and  is  spoken  In 
Strong  Island.  In  18.')2  the  Rev.  D.  G.  Snow 
settled  on  Strong  Island,  and  in  1860  he  pub- 
lished some  extracts  from  the  Gospels  of  Mat- 


^rtl 


^  : 


KUSAIE   VERSION  :,M 


LABRADOB 


tlii'W,  I, like,  anil  .1  >lin,  nl  Hnnnliilii.  In  1863 
the  lomiilfti-  tF(i>ii(l>  were  issucii  at  the  siiiiif 
l>lari'.  In  ISO.")  tlic  (iiispil  <,f  MaiJiifW,  in  istks 
tliMi  of  .Mark,  iu  isti!)  ilu-  Acis  «)f  the  Aijostlt-s 
and  the  Kiiistk-s  of  .lulni  wi-ru  |<n))li^•lled,  all  at 
tlu'  uxpensc  of  the  Anicricau  Bible  Society,  as 
translated  I)y  Mr.  Simw. 

(Specimen  verge.    John  3 :  16.) 
Tu  God  el  lii;i.>*el  fualu  ou  iJii,  tu  el  kitamu 
Mwen  siewuuu  isusla  uatal,  tu  met  e  uu  kemwu 
811  lalalfurii  k'el  elo3  tlu  mi«e,  a  mol  lalos 
mapatpat. 

Hwa{;ull  Version.  —  The  Kwaarutl, 
■which  liclonirs  to  the  liiuiriiaires  of  America,  i.s 
s)i(ikeM  liy  the  Indiau.s  ol  Vaueoiiver's  Island. 
The  Hev."A.  .1.  Hall  of  the  (.liureh  Missionary 
Society  translated  [Mirts  of  the  New  Testament, 
of  which  the  Gospel  of  Matthew  was  pulilished 
bv  the  Ihilish  and  Foniirn  IJilile  Society  in 
l'6H-2,  and  that  of  John  in  1SS4.  Thus  far  l",017 
portions  have  been  disposed  of. 

Kwalii  Kiipiiil!*,  a  sintion  of  the  Rhenish 
^Missionary  Siniely.  iu  Northwestern  Borneo, 
East  Indies,  founded  in  18IW  anionir  the  lake- 
dwellers.  It  now  ha.s  ".JUS  conimuuicants, 
anions;  whom  are  several  Chinese. 

Ku'Uiiit-ra.— Ill  the  sontheii.st  district  of 
the  island  of  Tauna  (New  Hebrides)  a  dialect  is 
spiikcii  by  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  which 
dilTcrs  from  the  Measisi  which  is  spoken  in  the 
northeast  district.  The  Uev.  Mr.  W.  Watts,  hav- 
iiijr  completed  a  ver.-ion  of  the  New  Testament 
in  this  dialect,  superintended  the  print inj;  of  the 
same  in  Edini)iirgh  18tN).  It  is  ptihlished  by 
the  National  Bible  Society  of  Scotland.  The 
poi>iilation  who  speak  this  di-ilect  are  estimated 
to  be  i.OOO  souls.     (See  Tanna.) 

Ku'aiiB-clii,  a  town  in  Hupeh,  China, 
on  the  Yansi-tsz  River,  .south of  Wuchang  To- 
jretlier  with  W'u-sueh.  a  station  of  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Missionary  Society  (1888):  3  mission- 
aries, 130  church-nienibers,  5  schooLs,  67 
scholars. 

Kwaltaliedc,  an  out-station  of  the  Mo- 
ravians iiinoug  the  Matuari  ncirroes,  lii«  south 
of  MaripasttKHi  on  the  I'pper  Saramacca  River, 
in  Surinam.  South  America.  It  was  oifranized 
as  a  separate  congregation  in  1888.  and  a  native 
assistant   put   iu  charge.     Frequent  visits  are 


made  by  the  missionaries  of  the  older  >tations 
to  the  various  tribes  of  Busli-negrf)es  living  i.ii 
all  the  large  rivers  of  Surinam,  the  Co|K-naiiie, 
Saramacca,  Conicwyne,  Miirowyne,  an<l  Culli- 
ca,  and  their  Irii)Ul;iries.  and  on  each  there  are 
p'ospects  of  extension  and  succi^s.  New  sta- 
tions are  being  formed  at  vaiions  {loint.s,  xs 
rapidly  as  circiimsi.inccs  permit.  A  new  edi- 
tion of  the  New  Tcslaineiit  and  I'v-dms  ha.s  re- 
cently been  issued  in  the  Negro- Knglish.  the 
collocjuial  dialect  of  the  negroes,  from  \\kieli 
good  results  may  coulidentl}'  be  e.\|)ecled. 

Ku*>i-ll\«il-<;lll*>l{;,     the     capital     of     a 

county  in  Slu'iisi,  China.  Mis.-ion  station  of 
the  China  Inland  .Mission  U''^6);  0  missionaries 
and  assistants,  1  cha|)el. 

K%«'t>i-yaiip,  a  prefectunil  city  in  Kwii 
Chan,  China.  Mission  station  of  the  China  In- 
land .Mission  (1870);  3  missionaries,  2  mi-v>ion- 
aries'  wives,  1  single  lady,  3  native  lielpers,  1 
church,  25  church-members,  2  schools,  1J> 
scholars. 

Kyt'laiiK*  •'»  U^y>•^\  in  the  province  of  Ia- 
hoiil,  ill  (  eiiiial  Asia  or  Little  Tibet,  on  the 
Himalaya  Jlountains.  lU.IMK)  feet  alnive  the  s«i, 
18  days'  journey  norlhwe-.t  of  Simla.  Mis.<ion 
station  of  llu' Moraviaiw  (185«i);  2  mis-ioiiarii-s 
and  their  wives.  The  work  here  is  cliietiy  car- 
ried on  by  the  ilineraling  method,  and  much 
good  is  done  by  the  distribution  of  iNKiks  and 
tracts  printed  at  Kyelaiig,  in  the  Tibetan  lan- 
guage. 

Kyoto  (Kioto),  n  large  city  of  Ja|>an.  situ- 
ated in  the  southwestern  part" of  Nip|M«n,  wa-; 
formerly  the  ancient  sacred  capital.  •'With  its 
schools,  hospitals,  hinatic  a.^vlum,  prisons,  dis- 
pensiiiy.  alms-houses,  fountains,  public  parks 
anil  gardens,  exipiisilely  lieautiful  cemeteries, 
and  streets  of  almo.st  painful  cleanliness,  Kyoti> 
is  the  best  arranged  and  liest  managed  city  in 
Japan."  The  climate  is  temperate,  with  a  nuxl 
enite  rainfall.  Population  of  the  citv  pr<iper  i> 
204, .V)!*.  It  is  noted  for  its  manufaciures  of 
cra])e,  bronze  goods,  and  porcelain.  For  a  long 
time  foreigners  were  jealously  excluded  from 
this  sacred  cil}',  but  now  it  is  a  mission  .station 
of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  (IS7.'));  'J  mi-s-Monaries  and 
wives,  6  female  mis.sioiiaries,  12  oiit-slaiions,  19 
churches.  3  1 14  church-members,  1  lheologic:il 
seminary,  85  students,  1  girls'  school,  1-55 
students,  1  day-school,  572  students. 


L. 


■.lahrador,  a  peninsula  of  British 
America,  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  comprising  in 
its  fullest  sense  all  the  territory  Iwninded  north- 
east and  eaM  by  Hudson  Stnit  and  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  southeast  and  south  by  the  strait  of 
Belle  Isle,  the  gulf  and  river  of  St.  Lawrence, 
southwest  ])y  Bersimis  and  RuiK?rt"s  rivers,  and 
west  by  Hudson  Bay.  12x1  reme  length.  950 
miles,  breadth,  750  miles.  Area  about  450,000 
sipiare  miles.  The  east  portion,  embracing  the 
region  draining  into  the  Atlantic,  Iwlongs  to 
Newfoundland;  the  R'niainder  forms  part  of 
the  I>omiiiion  of  Canada.  In  a  restricted  seiis<! 
Labrador  includes  only  the  coa.st  washed  by  the 


Atlantic.  The  coasts  are  rugged  and  forbid- 
ding. The  highest  monnlaius  of  Lttbrador  ex- 
tend along  the  east  coa.st.  Mount  Thorohy. 
near  the  coast,  is  2.730  feet  high.  The  larL'e-i 
rivers  empty  into  Hud.son  Bay:  they  are  niin'.- 
eroiis,  and  abound  with  silinon  and  other  tish. 
Little  is  known  of  the  minenil  wejdth  of  Liib 
rador,  but  it  is  believed  to  be  great,  and  .s-ne 
small  quantities  of  iron  ore.  limestone,  graniii . 
and  other  stones  are  found.  Vegetation  i- 
si'anty,  because  of  cold,  and  only  stunted  tn*-. 
shrubs,  and  lichens  grow  well  there.  Cliro'jt' 
is  very  cold;  rainfall  great.  Population  cot - 
sists  chieliy  of  Eskimo  and  Indians,  tLSul  a  fe^ 


m. 


LABRADOR  6f 

desccmlHiits  of  enrly  Frrnch  settliTs.  French, 
Kiiirlisli.  :iti(l  KsUiiuoart'  thecoiiiiiioii  liinsruiines, 
Uoiiiaii  Catliolic  iiiid  I'rok'siimi  llici'liicl'  rclig- 
ioiis.  Tlic  iK'ciipalidiis  !irc' llsliiiiir  in  siiiimicr, 
liuiitiiiir  anil  IrappiiiLr  in  wliiK  r.  Tlic  iMipdi- 
Uiut  sclllfincrits  are  scalUTcd  aloii^r  the  sIkhc  of 
the  Si  l^Hwrfiicc,  east  lliroui;li  llic  strail  of 
li«^'lli-  IsU',  to  C'api:  W't'bi't'U,  just  north  of 
Hainilloii  Inlet. 

Tlie  .M<iiavian  Brethren  are  the  only  mission- 
aries at  woriv  in  Lahra<ior.  Stations:  Nain 
(1771),  Oiiak  (177(ii.  Hebron  (1S3(I),  Hope- 
dale  (1782),  Kainah,  and  Zoar;  40  missionary 
agents.  480  eommiinieaiils,  1,251  chiirch-mem- 
bi-rs. 

I..af<'iidit'e  iNliiiidN,  a  ^roup  of  14 
i>lands,  only  t)  of  wliich  are  inhaliiied,  lying 
in  the  Indian  (Jeean  about  200  miles  oil  the 
west  coast  of  Madras,  India.  Poptiialion 
14.473,  called  Moplas.  Tliey  are  of  mi.\eil 
Mincioo  and  And)  deseent,  anil  in  religion  are 
Mohammedan.  The  .Malayalam  language  is 
s|K)ken,  but  Arabic  ehaiaeleis  are  used  in  writ- 
ing. Cocoanuts  are  the  i)rineipal  agricultural 
pnMiuct.  and  coir  forms  the  priiiei|)al  article  of 
tnuie.  Its  manufacture  is  carried  on  mainly  by 
the  women.  Tlii'  northern  portion  of  the 
islands  is  atlaehed  to  the  colleetoiate  of  South 
Kanara.  and  the  remainder  to  Malabar  district, 
for  iuiministnitive  purposes,  as  Great  Britain 
has  taken  possession  of  this  group. 

■..ucrwix,  AlplKiiiMe  FraiicMiM,  b.  May 

10th,  1799,  at  Ligideres,  Switzerland;  studied 
at  Bakel,  near  Uotterdam;  ordaineil,  August 
lull,  1820,  asa  minister  of  tlie  Dutch  lU'forined 
Church;  sailed  for  India,  October  1st,  1820,  asa 
missionary  of  the  Netherlands  Missionary  Soii- 
eiy;  was  stationed  at  Ohinsurah  in  the  Dutch 
Territorj'.  The  N.  M.  S.  having  decided  to  re- 
linfjui.sh  its  missions  in  India,  .Mr.  ljairoi.\ 
offered  his  .services  to  the  L.  M.  S. ,  and  Octo- 
ber Isl,  1827,  was  accepted.  He  continued  at 
Chinsunih  two  years  longer,  and  in  Ai)ril,  1820, 
removed  to  Calcutta,  where  with  others  lie  su- 
pt'riiitended  the  native  congregations  in  several 
villages  south  of  the  city.  He  engaged  exten- 
sively in  vernacidar  preaching  in  Calcutta,  and 
in  itineratimr.  for  which  his  knowledge  of  the 
Bengiili  eminently  iiualilied  him.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  eloiiueiil  and  ellective  vernacular 
preat^hers  in  India  He  could  always  .seciue  a 
large  audience  by  the  cliarin  of  his  manner  and 
voice,  by  ri  ftdicilous  use  of  idiomatic  Bengali, 
and  by  the  beautiful  imagery  in  which  he 
clothed  his  ideas.  He  (V)nilucled  through  the 
pres."  a  new  edition  of  the  (tospels  of  Matthew, 
Luke,  and  John  in  Bengali  for  the  Calcutta 
Bible  Society,  and  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Diilf, 
iiU|ieriiitendeil  the  printing  of  Isaiah  in  the 
Niine  language.  He  also  conducted  a  theolog- 
ical clas.s.  In  1N42  ho  visited  Enuland  and 
Swit/crlttiid,  where  he  earnestly  advocated  the 
c:iu.se  of  missions.  He  returned  to  Calcutta  in 
1844,  and,  as  l)efore,  engaged  especially  in  ver- 
nacular preaching  and  itini  tilting.  In  IS-IO,  at 
the  invitation  of  the  Orissa  Baptist  missionaries, 
be  went  with  Mr.  Mullens  tot'ultack  and  Puri, 
to  prejich  to  the  Bengal  pilgrims  who  canie  to 
the  annual  Car-festival.  In  1H,">,")  he  took  part 
in  the  Bengal  .Missionary  Conference  at  Cat 
cutta.  In  1H50  he  was  invited  by  the  directors 
of  the  wK-iety  to  visit  England  for  his  health; 
hut  he  declined,  liojiing  that  a  change  to  the 
upper  provinces,  and  a  stay  for  some  mouths  at 


9  ,       LADRONB 

Almorah,  wmild  restore  him.  In  November  of 
this  year  he  went  to  .Muzapore,  thence  to 
Benares,  where  in  1857  he  joined  in  the  .Mis- 
sionary Coiderem-e.  He  then  visited  .\gra, 
Delhi,  and  Fiitleligurh,  and  the  visit  to.Mniora 
being  inipraclic.'ible,  he  letunieil  to  ('.•denita. 
On  -May  I'.tth,  1S,5!».  he  was  attacked  with  severe 
pnins,  and,  though  the  alarininir  svini)loms 
abated,  died  the  eighth  of  the  following  duly. 
"His  interviews  if.  his  sickness  with  mission- 
aries of  all  denominations,  ".says  one,"  weleiuost 
allecting,  and  his  love  for  llicni.  and  theirs  for 
him.  is  Ijest  illustrated  by  Paul's  farewell  at 
Miletus."  The  funeral  was  iiuinero  isly  at- 
tenihil  by  all  sections  of  the  Church  of  Christ, 
as  well  as  by  niiMi  of  the  world,  who  had  often 
heard  him  speak,  or  who  were  per.sonally  ac- 
iiuainted  with  him.  The  Bishop  of  Calcutta 
and  the  .Vrchde.acon  were  ])resent  at  the  burial, 
and  native  Christians  of  the  city  and  from  the 
village  stations  carried  the  collinfroin  llie  hearse 
to  the  grave.  He  had  jusi  conipleled  his  si.\- 
tielh  year,  and  his  mission  service  in  Bengal, 
chielly  in  Cilcutta,  extended  over  the  period 
of  nearly-  forty  years. 

I.a<i<i,  l>aiiii>l,  b.  Inity,  X.  II.,  U.  8.  A., 

Jaiuiary  22d.  1804  ;  removed  with  his  parents, 
at  the  age  of  twelve,  to  East  Burke,  \'t.  ;  was 
employed  on  his  father's  fiu'in  till  the  age  of 
eigiileen,  cherishing  the  desire  and  purjiose  for 
a  libeial  ediieatiou.  He  graduated  at  .Middle- 
bury  College  1832,  Anilover  Theolonicil  Sem- 
inary 18';5.  The  purpose  that  guided  him  in  all 
his  studies  was  the  missionary  work.  He  sailed 
asa  missionary  of  the  A.  B.  ('.  V.  .M.  for  Asia  Mi- 
n;ir.  His  tirst  lield  of  lalxir  was  Cyprus;  but 
after  five  years  s|)ent  in  aci|uiring  the  language, 
and  in  elVorts  for  the  [veoiile.  the  mission  was 
discontinued.  He  was  then  stationed  for  nine 
years  among  the  (Greeks  and  Armenians  of 
Broosa.  [..aler  he  spent  lif teen  years  at  Smyrni'. 
and  several  years  at  Constantinople,  In"  18,58 
he  visited  the  United  States  for  his  health,  but 
afterwards  resumed  his  work,  and  tinally,  after 
thirty-two  years  of  foreign  service,  he  returned 
with  his  family  in  1807,  greatly  eid'eebleil.  Ho 
supplied  for  .a  year  the  church"  in  East  Burke, 
Vt..  and  then  resided  in  .Middlebury  until  his 
detUh,  which  occurred  suddeidy,  October  Uth, 
1872.  He  had  returned  from  the  meeting  of 
the  .\^meriean  Bo.ard  .at  New  Haven,  apparent- 
ly iti  his  usual  health,  when  he  fell,  anil  almost 
instantly  evpired.  "He  w;is  charnclerized  b}' 
great  singleness  and  simplicity  of  purpose,  by  a 
godly  sincerity  of  life,  and  a  most  conscientious 
Christian  con vers.i lion.  As  a  laborer  in  tin; 
missionary  lield  he  was  disiiniiuislied  for  stead- 
fast perseverance  and  fidelily,  and  for  his  mod- 
est and  unremitting  devotion  to  duty,  often  in 
circumstances  of  great  ditlieulty  and  discourage- 
ment. Ilissolier  discretion  ai]il  solid  judgnient 
won  him  the  atTeclionate  eonlidenee  of  his  fel- 
low laborers,  and  nnide  his  work  fruitful  in  en- 
during results." 

■..atlroiit'   or    Hariaiiiio    iMlaudN,    a 

group  of  about  20  islands,  belonging  to  Spain, 
in  the  North  P.icitic  Ocean.  Area,  4'JO  sipiare 
nules.  Po))ulation,  8,ti(i5,  'I'lu^  islands  ;ue  of 
volcanic  formation,  inoimtiiinous,  well  watered 
and  well  wooded.  The  climate  is  healthy,  the 
heat  being  tempered  by  the  trade-winds.  The 
present  inhabitants  are  mostly  de.sceiiilants  of 
selllers  from  Mexico  and  the  l"'hili|)piiies.  Ma- 
gellan  discovered   these  inlands   in    1521,   and 


ii^ 


'k. 


:«L| 


]w  Wii^' 


I 


LADRONE 


540 


UmSATIAN  SERBS 


I'  H 


named  tlii'ni  Lndrones,  from  the  thievish  dispo- 
sition of  tlie  iiilial)iliinls;  they  were  iiflenvards 
called  the  Lii:airus  Islands;  and  in  10(57,  when 
the  .lesuils  sellled  lliere.  they  were  renamed 
Marianne  or  Mariana,  in  lioiior  of  the  Sjianisli 
queen. 

L4i«l)<>iiiilli. — 1.  A  (own  in  Natal.  Africa, 
ou  a  liraneli  of  tlie  Uhilvela  Uiver,  northwest  of 
Stendid.  Mission  station  of  tlie  S.  F.  (J.;  1  nds- 
sionary. — "J.  A  town  in  southern  ('a|i('  Colony. 
Africa,  sou(h  of  Anialienslein,  northwest  of 
Mossel  Hay.  Mission  station  of  the  ISerliu 
Evanirelical  Lutheran  !>ociely  (1859);  1  misi-ion- 
ary,  1  out-.station,  401  church-niendjers. 

LusOfi,  a  town  of  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa, 
at  the  nmnth  of  the  Ugnn.  It  is  accessible  to 
vosels  of  eonsiderahle  si/.e,  and  has  water  com- 
munication far  into  the  interior.  Since  1801  a 
British  jKissession  ;  often  called  the  "African 
Liverp(K>l,"  on  account  of  Its  enormous  exports 
of  pidm-oil  Population,  1881,  37,453,-111 
•whites.  10,000  .Mohammedans,  3,000  Uoniau 
Calholics,  5,IH)0  Protestants.  Station  of  the  C. 
M.  S.  (1852)  in  their  Yoruba  Mission;  2  mission- 
aries, 3  single  ladies,  5  out-stiitions,  4  schools, 
262  scholiMs,  151  comnnmicants.  There  are 
four  .self-support ing  native  chinches  in  (he  city 
and  vicinity.  There  are  a  traiiung  institution, 
a  grammar-school,  and  a  female  institution,  all 
of  which  are  doing  a  good  work.  Preaching 
is  iu  lioth  the  English  and  Yortiba  langua.ges. 
Conversion  of  .Mohammedans  is  by  no  means 
rare  here.  Southern  Haptist  Convention  (1855); 
i  missionaries  and  wives.  125  church  members. 
Wesleyan  .Methoilist  Jlissionary  Society  (1843) 
6  missionaries,  71  native  helpers,  4  schools,  3S4 
scholars,  910  church-nieinbers. 

■..alioro,  the  capital  of  the  Punjab,  India. 
Popidation  in  1871,  98,924.  Has  several  tine 
mosqiies,  and  a  nund)er  of  Hindu  temples. 
The  surrounding  country  is  covered  with  vast 
ruins,  attesting  the  ancient  magiuticence  of  the 
city.  It  has  now  little  eoniinercial  activity. 
Population,  140.000,  .Mohammedans,  Hindus, 
and  Sikhs.  Puuiabi  and  Urdu  are  the  most 
prevalent  languages,  but  Pashti  and  Kashmiri 
are  alsosiioken.  ^[ission  station  of  the  Presb}'- 
teriau  Church  (North).  1849;  4  ndssionaries  and 
wives,  2  female  missicmaries,  1  church,  104 
church-members,  33  schools,  1,850  .scholars. 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (North)  ;  2  mis- 
siouaries  and  wives,  1  church,  13  church-mem- 
bers, 1  sc1kk)1,  34  scholars,  1  Suudaj'-school,  45 
Sunday-s<'hool  .scholars.  C.  ]\I.  S.  (1807)  has 
a  Divinity  School,  with  14  students,  and  a 
church  with  30  communicants. 

L4«iiigiil»iir^,  a  t(nvn  of  Southern  Cape 
Colony,  Africa,  near  Mo.ssel  Bay.  Mi.ssion  sta- 
tion of  the  Berlin  Evangelical  Lutheran  Mis- 
sionary Society  (1883);  1  missionary,  7  out-sta- 
lions,  80  church-members. 

(.akawii,  it  town  in  North  Sinni,  on  the 
Maidi-Wung  Hiver,  75  ndles  southeast  from 
Cheung-Mai.  Jlis.sion  station  of  the  Presl)y- 
terian  Church  (North),  1885,  among  the  Laos. 
The  medical  work  under  the  care  of  a  ndssion- 
ary  physician  has  gained  the  favor  of  the  rulers, 
and  thelirst  and  second  governors  have  contrib- 
uted land  for  a  hospital  and  mission  residence. 
There  are  2  missionaries  (1  married),  1  female 
missionary,  1  church,  18  members,  1  school,  30 
pupils. 


■..akrinba,  the  easternmost  of  the  Fiji 
Islands  (q.v.),  Pohiiesia.  The  work  of  tlie 
Wesleyan  Methodi.st  Missionarj'  Society  was 
commenced  iu  1835  and  the  jubilee  was  cele- 
brated in  18-85,  when  nearly  ail  the  iidiidiitaiits 
of  the  islands  were  n<uninal  C'hristians.  The 
work  now  is  entirely  M'if-supporling,  and  is 
under  the  care  of  the  Sydney  Conference,  and 
contains  (including  the  whole  group),  10  cir- 
cles, 11  nii.ssii'uaries.  51  native  preachers,  1,236 
church  buildings,  l.'iOl  scholars. 

LaniaUiu :  see  Buddhism. 

I..aii-<*liaii  il^n-chow),  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Kausuli.  China,  lies  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Yelli>w  Uiver.  The  houses  arc,  as 
a  rule,  of  w<x>d,  Imt  the  streets  arc  well  paved 
with  stone.  The  iirovincial  governor  of  Kashgar 
resi<les  every  three  j'ears  alternately  iil  See- 
chow  and  Lan  chau.  Mission  district  of  the 
!Methmli.st  Episcopal  Church  (North),  with  1 
native  assistant  in  the  city.  In  the  Lan-clmu 
circuit  are:  122  members,  4  day-schools,  32 
scholars,  1  Sunday-school,  60  .scholars.  C.  L 
M.  (1885);  6  missionaries  and  assistants,  5  com- 
municant.s. 

LaiiNatian  Serbs,  The.— The  Lansatiau 
Serbs,  divided  into  Upjier  Lansatians  and 
Lower  Lausiitians,  inhaliit  Saxony  and  I'nissia. 
They  numbtr,  according  to  the  latest  statistics, 
173,409,  of  whom  98,059  are  Upper  Serbs  and 
75,410  Lower  Serlis.  The  Lower  Serbs  belong 
to  the  Protestant  profession,  while  the  Upper 
Serbsare  Catholics,  with  the  exception  of  KJ.OOO 
Protestants.  Their  langtiage  belongs  to  the 
western  branch  of  the  Slavic  languages,  and 
forms  two  dialects.  Upper  and  Lower  Laiisa- 
tian,  which  Uiflfer  considerably  from  one  an- 
otiier.  Both  ilialects  use  the  iJatin  alphabet  in 
their  literature. 

The  Lansaiian  Serbs  (called  in  Gennan 
Wends)  are  the  surviving  remnant  of  the  Slavs 
who  in  ancient  times  (xcupied  the  count  rj' 
around  the  river  Elbe,  and  who  were  speedily 
Germanizetl.  Orthmlox  Christianity,  according 
to  tradition,  Wiis  introduced  among  them  by 
the  Slavic  apostles,  Sts.  Cyrill  and  Jlethodius, 
but  it  was  soon  replaced  by  Latin  Christianity. 
Having  lost  their  iiidepcndence  as  far  back  as 
the  11th  century,  they  were  subjugated  suc- 
cessively by  various  of  their  neighbors,  until 
finally  they  were  divided  between  Saxony  and 
Pru.ssia.  They  succeeded  in  retaining  their 
national  langu.-jge  up  to  the  13th  century,  but 
in  the  14th  centur}'  the  German  element  lie- 
came  so  predominant  that  it  proscribed  the 
language  of  the  |>eople.  In  the  10th  century, 
however,  when  Luther's  Beforniation  made  its 
way  in  the  country,  it  gave  an  impetus  to  the 
national  language  and  created  an  eeclesiastico- 
religious  litersiiure.  The  most  ancient  n'oiui 
ment  of  the  lang-uage  is  the  New  Testament, 
found  in  a  manuscrTi>t  of  1548,  and  translated 
from  Luther "s  text  with  additions  from  (he 
Vulgate  by  Y'akubitza.  In  1728  the  whole  Bible 
was  published  in  the  Upper  Lansadaii  di'dei  t, 
which  has  gone  through  many  editions,  while 
in  1824  the  .sjime  thing  was  doiie  in  the  Lower 
Lansatian.  These  and  other  similar  publica- 
tions, and  the  preaching  of  the  Word  of  (Jod 
in  the  |)eople*s  language,  helped  a  great  deal, 
especially  among  the  Upjicr  Lansatians,  to  keen 
up  their  national  spirit  and  to  save  them  from 
Leiug  swallowed  up  by  the  Germans.     The 


V 


I.ANSATIAN   SERBS 


541 


LATAEITEH 


state  of  things  in  I^ower  Lausatiii  was  not  so 
happy,  and  Genujinisin  thiTc  hns  made  ami  is 
liuikiug  prraiter  ailvaiici-s.  Since  18;JN  the 
inovcmtnt  lora  natiii:ial  levival  has  been  Ki)itig 
iin  among  the  I  ppcr  I^ansatians,  and  llic 
leaders  of  the  lunvciuent.  mostly  pastors  and 
te!H.-hers,  have  taken  jiains  not  only  for  the 
religious  tniiniiig  of  the  people,  lull  have  also 
established  «|iiite  a  literature  for  the  ediieation 
uiid  geiiend  uplifting  of  their  fellow-country- 
men. 

Loio-ho-kro,  a  county  town  in  the  north- 
ern ixirt  »f  Hupeh,  China,  northwest  of 
Wuchang.     Mis-ion  station  of  C.  1.  M.  (1887); 

1  missiouarv  and  wife.  ;J  female  missionaries, 

2  native  hel|H-r-i,  4  clmrcli-member.s. 

l<HO-lill9.  a  station  of  the  Methodist  New 
C'onne.\i<>ii,  in  the  Shantung  Mission,  tUiina, 
where  a  medic;*!  inis>ion  i.s  carried  on  with 
great  success.  In  the  district  are  19  cougrega- 
•ions  of  1.33»>  people. 

l.ao<t. — For  the  L^ios  in  Siam  a  version  has 
been  prejisired  umier  the  inispices  of  the 
American  B:>ptist  Mission  Society,  but  op  to 
July.  18*).  it  had  not  been  printed.    (See  Siam. ) 

Li»|»luiid,  the  country  where  the  Lapps 
live,  has  no  hmirer  a  diMinct  (lolitical  or  geo- 
gniphie:il  exi.stence,  but  is  territory  whicli  is 
included  in  the  dominions  of  Norway  and 
Swclen  anil  Kiis.sia.  The  region  belonging  to 
Norway  and  Sweden  lies  in  the  north  and 
northeastcni  jvirt  of  the  Scandinavian  penin- 
sula, and  incluiles  the  provinces  of  Norrlanil 
and  (^imiiark  in  Norway,  and  North  .'ind  Smilh 
Bothnia  in  Swiilen.  Russian  Lapland  lies  in 
the  norihwe<teni  districts  of  the  emi)ire,  and 
is  includetl  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Finland 
(((.v.).  In  Norway  the  area  of  Lapp  territory 
covers  nesirly  ".W-oOO  stpiare  miles,  with  5.000 
true  Lapps:  in  Sweden  .jO.tiOO  s<piare  miles, 
4,00<)  L:ipps:  in  Kus>iall.;«His(piare  miles,  8,800 
Lapps.  In  addition  to  the  natives,  Finns, 
Swedes,  Norwegians,  and  Russians  are  found 
in  large  numtiers. 

For  the  greater  part  of  the  year  the  climate 
is  severely  cold,  though  that  of  the  coa.st 
regions  is  temperetl  by  the  Gulf  Stream.  Dur- 
ing .Fuly  and  August  the  sun  never  .sets  for 
sevenil  weeks  in  the  northern  districts,  and  the 
htat  is  great.  Fore-Is  of  birch,  pine  lir,  and 
alder  al>i>und.  but  large  tracts  of  country  are 
utterly  twrren. 

The  Laplanilers.  or  Lapps,  belong  to  tlie 
Siime  l>nineli  of  the  human  race  as  the  Finns 
and  Esthonians.  and  physically  are  undersized, 
with  stnught  black  hair,  somewh.al  yellow  skiu, 
low  foreheads,  .«mall  eyes,  and  beardless  chins. 

Though  somewhat  despised  by  'I  'ir  N  >"- 
wegian  Meighl)<irs.  they  have  :rc'  ..  ■ncn  ,d 
jHiwers.  and  an-  maiuinliy  dexterous  '  Jonesty 
and  a  struns  affeeiion  "for  their  nailvi  land 
char.H'tcrizp  these  jn-ople.  With  all  their  su- 
|)erslition  and  rre<lulity  tliey  .are  capable  of 
great  reli;rious  <lepth  and  consltuK'y.  iluts 
and  tents  are  their  dvvellinsrs,  and  the  reindeer 
their  IK'S!  friend,  supplying  them  with  food 
and  chithing.  They  never  form  towns  or 
villages,  but  live  among  the  other  peoples,  yet 
not  of  them.  pres«-rving  their  own  customs,  and 
preferring  to  lie  isolated.  Christianity  lias 
been  preiiehed  amons  them,  and  they  follow 
the  Greek  Church  in  Uussia  and  the  Lutheran 


in  Norway  and  Sweden.    The  Bible  has  been 
translated'  into  their  own  langungo. 

i>/»«.s»f»i*.<«.— Swedish  Missioiuiry  Union ; 
Svenska  ^lissions  Sattskapt.  LapsUa  Missions 
Vilimer;  lirilish  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 
Scriptures,  enlire  IJible  in  Laiip,  and  Genesis 
and  Isaiah  in  Norwegian  Lapp, 

Lapland  bei  aiiie  Chii>li,iiii/ed,  during  the 
reij.'!!  of  Kric  the  Holy,  in  ll.");.  Gn-lavas  Vasa, 
in  l.").")!),  sent  a  missionary  to  this  cdunlry,  and 
his  successors  al.-^o  i)roini)leii  ','hrislianity  in  Lap- 
land. Churches  were  liuill  as  early  as  the  ITth 
cenlnry,  and  Gustavus  A(loli)lius  founded 
schools  and  published  books  in  the  Lapp  Ian 
guage  ill  Kill  i.si'c  Sweilisli  Mission  to  Lapps). 
Ill  18'.i(l  the  Lapjis  began  an  iiidependeut  work 
niiioiig  their  own  jieople  under  native  priests. 
'I'lie  lirsl  society  to  aid  the  Lapps  was  the 
Danish  Finland  .Missioniuy  Soeiely,  founded 
.lanu.iry  lOtli,  18.50,  at  Ilelsingfors  (see  Finlaiul 
.Missionary  Soeiely). 

In  18;{(j  the  Swedish  Free  Church  Missionary 
L'nioii  sent  its  tirsl  missionaries  to  Liipl.-ind  iseo 
Swedish  .Mission  to  Lapps).  Finland  sent  out 
its  lirsl  native  missionaries  in  lM(i'.i  under  the  Her 
mannshurg  Society,  to  .Malleli,  South  Africa. 
The  next  iinporlaiit  mission  was  that  of  the 
Sweilisli  Missionary  Union  to  the  most  north- 
erly pari  o^  Lapland,  Lanavara,  1880.  At  the 
same  time  Ihey  f(M tided  the  .society  called  The 
Lapps  ..Mission  Friends,  which  exiended  its 
work  into  Russia,  with  a  station  on  Lake  Onega 
at  I'elrogavodsk. 

Lapp  VorjtUm.— The  Lapp  belongs  to  the 
Finnisli  branch  of  the  Ual-Altaic  family,  and  is 
spoken  ill  Russian  au'l  Swedish  Lapland.  As 
early  as  1048  some  p  rts  of  the  Itible  were 
IMiblished  in  Lapp,  af'i  rei>iblislied  in  1009  at 
Stockholm.  The  tir.st  edition  of  the  Lapj)  New 
Testament  was  published  in  1755  and  reprinted 
by  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  in 
1811.  Ill  the  latter  year  the  Old  Testament  was 
also  piililisheii  by  the.ame  Socie'y.  Besides  a 
translation  into  liiipp  luopi-r,  thei'c  exist  ver- 
sions for  the  Liiiil.iiid'.rs  of  Sweden,  Norway, 
and  Itiissii,  which  will  be  treated  under  the 
proper  alphabet. 

(Specimen  verse.    John  3  :  16.) 

Jutte  nau  etfl  Submtl  irdrallieb,  ii;te  fobtt  ulfofronbbl 
Qinardgntiim  ^^^lr^ncb8^  itrnl  fitrt  fultc,  lutfo  Jaffa  fi) 
nal,  i  falfa  (ntitot  ainat  dbtjot'c  iiren  clctneb. 

Ijiiriiiisri'iriiN,  a  town  in  Brazil,  !0  luilea 
s<iutli  of  the  Kii'iator.  Climate  tropical  Lan- 
guatre,  Portuiiuese.  Iteligion,  Roman  Catholic. 
Social  condition  low.  Mission  station  of  the 
Presbyterian  Clier»  b  ,  "vortlD,  1884;  1  missionary 
and  wife,  4  nati>  ■  Uel.iers,  3  out-.stations,  I 
church,  70  cliurLu-..f 'UOcrs,  J  schools. 

I.i)(t.<.ki}°eli,  a  ciiyonthe  coa.st  of  Syria, 
1'?.0  miles  north  of  Beyrout.  A  seaport  of 
Aiepiio,  ami  an  important  centre  of  trade. 
I'opulalion  largely  Nu.sairiyeh  ((|.v.).  Prin- 
cipal mission  station  of  the  Reformed  Pres- 
byterian (Covenanter)  Church,  U.  S.  A,  (1859), 
among  the  Nusairiyeli;  3  out-stations,  9  ordained 
missionaries  (4  inariied).  (i  unordained  {.'i  niedi- 
cali.  5  female  missionaries,  0  nativi.'  preachers, 
.58  li'Mcliirs  and  helpers,  '.3  (churches.  'i'M  coni- 
iiiiinicants,  H\:\  Sabbatli-.scholars,  975  day  and 
boarding  scholars. 


I 


s  'i 


LATIN   VERSION 


(H? 


LEOGE,  JAMES 


i  . 


I.iilin  V«'r«>loii.— The  Latin  hdoncs  tnthr 
lir.ico-Laliii  IpiMiiili  of  the  Aryim  I'aiuiiy  of 
lanirimai's,  ami  i-  ciassid  with  the  so-calliil  diad 
laiiiriiaircs,  ln'int;  only  iiscd  for  liliiruical  pur- 
jHiMs  ill  llie  I  liiiicli  III'  Itoinc.  As  so  iiuuli  has 
already  liein  wrilleiioii  iliis  version,  weeoiiliiic 
ourselves  lo  the  liriel'esl  siateiiieiil.  At  a  Very 
earlv  luriod  a  Laliii  version  already  e.\isle<l  In 
the  i'ourlli  century  one  was  especially  ciirrenl, 
the  so  called  "  llala."  A  revision  of  the  l.aliu 
text  of  the  New  'reslaiiient  was  uiiderlalveii 
nhout  the  year  ".s;!  hy  .Icronic.  In  the  same 
year  he  correelcd  the  I'saller  itlie  Hoinaii);  in 
387  lie  co'rectid  it  airain.and  il  hecanie  knuun 
as  llie  (iallicaii,  liicaus<>  livst  iiitroiliieiil  into 
Giiul  liv  (ireizoiy  of  'roilis.  Helweeli  the  years 
;i!<")  and  Id.'i  .IcVonie  translated  Ihe  Old  'iVsiu- 
llU'iil  from  the  llclirew,  niiil  two  eenllliies  later 
his  version  was  adoplcd  prelly  >;eiierally.  In 
the  follo.\in,ir  lenluries  revisions  wire  under- 
tahen.  liut  only  t(>  Ihe  detrinielil  of  Jerome's 
version.  Whenlliearl  of  printiiifr  was  inveiiled, 
the  l,alin  Vulirale.  as  Jerome's  version  was 
called,  was  Ihe  lii-l  hook  senl  oiil.  'Ihe  earliest 
edilioii  which  is  dated  is  thai  ot  Maycnee.  UO'^. 
In  l")lli  the  (ouneil  of  'rrenl  decreed  Ihe  Liiliii 
Vul;,'ale  to  111-  "  uulhenlie."  and  il  was  eon- 
sidered  lo  he  the  prerofjalive  of  the  I'ope  lo 
issue  an  aulhoiiiative  edition.  This  was  done  in 
irilMi  liy  Si  \l  us  v.,  and  Ihe  print  in  !i  of  any  oilier 
te.M  WHS  forliidden  under  j  tnally  of  e.xcom- 
luunicalion.  Neverllieliss  Chinenl  Vlll.  i.ssued 
iu  15!(J  a  very  diilcrenl  le\l,  and  in  loilS  an 
oilier  edition  with  some  alh'ialions  was  puh- 
lished.  which  hecaiue  the  slaiidard  Vulirale  of 
tlie  whole  Komish  Cluireh.  Allhoiifrh  no  ver 
sion  lull  Ihe  Vulirale  has  ever  liecii  received  as 
"  aulhcniic  "  hy  the  Church  of  Home,  jet  on 
account  of  the  many  errors  and  corruptions  hy 
whiih  tlial  te.vl  is  disligiired,  several  altcniprs 
Lave  heen  made  hy  t'at holies  as  well  as  hy 
Pioleslanls  lo  produce  luore  correct  Latin 
versions. 

(Sptcitiusu  oerse.    John  3:  16.) 
Sic  enim  l>eu9  dilexlt  mundum,  ut  Filium 
euum  unigeuitum  daret,  ut   omuis  qui  credit 
ia  eum  non  pereat,  sed  Labeat  vitam  cteruam. 

l^awroiK'o.  Jolin  B.,  b.  Gencspo,  N.Y., 
U.S. A  .July  l-Jih,  lSI)T;.irraiiu;iledal  rnionCol- 
lege  l.'^^'J,  Andiver  Theoloirical  Seminary  18;{4; 
'  sailed  .as  a  missionary  of  ihe  ,\nieiican  Hoard 
31a_\  null.  18;i.-),  rcachinir-  Ma<lura  ( icloher  l;flh. 
He  was  on  Ihe  way  lo  .Madras  to  cmhiirk  for 
tlie  L'liiled  States  when  he  was  allaek<'d  with 
«lvsenlery  al  Trichinopoly.  Afler  lakinjr  medi- 
cine and  mi'dical  advice  he  jirot ceded  on  his 
journey  lo  Tanjore.  rrjrcd  lo  go  to  Ihe  sea- 
shore, he  went  lo  Trani|neliar.  where  ln'  died 
Decemher  •,'Olli,  I84T.  (Aprosiiiir  hiseoiilideiiee 
in  thai  Saviour  whom  hi'  had  so  lonir  preaeheil 
In  India.  Il  was  irralifyinir  lo  him  thai  his 
body  would  rest  wilh  the  early  and  devoled 
missionariei  of  Trainpiehar.  His  remains  were 
deposited  in  ihe  mission  huryinir  jrrouiid  Mr. 
Lawrence  was  sialioned  niosl  ofilie  tinu' that 
he  was  conneclcd  wilh  Ihe  .Madura  misvinn  at 
Diiidiual.  ile  was  a  lahorious  mis-ionaiy  and 
n  geuihl  ccnipanion.  .Mr.  Winslow  writes: 
"  lie  has  left  a  irood  name  hehind  him,  not 
only  among  the  natives,  hut  among  Europeans.'" 

l.ebiiii«»ii,  a  large  village  on  the  island  of 
Antigua.  West  Indies,  about  4  miles  from  Si. 


.'.ihn's.  between  thai  station  and  Graeeliill.  The 
jiopulalion  eoM.-isls  tliielly  of  emmicipalcd 
slaves,  who  olTereil  s|Hfial  opiMirlunilics  for 
mission  work.  In  ISM*  the  .Mmavians  o|)encd 
a  sl.alion  there  and  soon  gather«  d  a  good  si/cd 
congregalion.  now  in  iliarge  of  a  ni.'irried  mis- 
sionary. Baptist  Mis-ion:iry  Sieiety;  1  eh.apel, 
1  minister. 

■.it'llllliwil.  a  district  of  Syria  comprising 
the  range  of  mouulainsof  the  sime  name.  (See 
Syria.) 

■..t'lmiion  !M>hool<>lli<><tion.  Sup))orie(1 
by  Ihe  Free  (.'hureh  I'f  Sroiland.  Iliadijuarlcrs, 
'.i  York  IJiiihliiig^.  Kdiidnirgh.  Scotland. 

The  Iirsl  elToris  niaile  liy  (hrislians  in  Scot- 
land to  evangeli/e  llie  pi-ople  of  Svria  were 
put  forih  in  INiO.  wlien  l»r.s.  IJIaik.  Keilli,  .V. 
IJoiiar.  .and  .M<  Cheyne  \veres<nl  on  a  mi-sioiiaiy 
e.spedilion  lo  the  Holy  Ljind  In  lst;o  a 
calholic  agency,  callt-d  the  I,i  bmion  Schools 
Sociely,  was  establislieil  in  Seolljoid  for  Ihe 
t'hrislian  educiition  of  l!ie  pi-ople  of  the  Leba- 
non, among  wimin  dire«-t  missionary  clTorl  is 
generally  imprjuticalde.  bin  education,  coming 
even  ihroULrh  christian  s«-hools  is  wariidy  re- 
ceived; a(i  oidingly  ihis  nielhod  of  work  was 
adoiilcHl,  and  village  xduMils  were  opened  in  the 
.Melen  district  of  the  Lebanon.  In  1872  Hev. 
John  t<ap  WHS  S4nt  out  as  mi  ordained  niis- 
sionars  and  in  ISiO  the  medical  work  of  the 
luission  was  commenced  by  the  appointment 
of  Or.  t'.arslaw  a-~  nuiiical  missionary. 

The  ceutnd  st.itiou  is  El  Shweir,  about  20 
miles  from  IJi-ynuit.  where  .are  ihe  two  liiirh- 
schools.  till'  disjieiistiry.  smd  Ihe  new  chuiih. 
lately  eompletttl,  funds  for  \»hi<h  vniv  con- 
tribiiled  by  the  Sjibbatb-schools  of  the  Free 
Cliurch  of  Scotland. 

In  addition  Ihe  mission  supjiorls  7  village 
schools,  vithau  averav'c  attendance  of  ;!8T,  and 
two  pieaehinsr  staticms.  The  work  of  the  mis- 
sion is  carritil  on  by  two  missionaries  from 
Scotland,  as,sistcd  by  native  preachers  and 
teachers.  Twenty  one«>f  the  lifly-four  students 
who  have  gnidualed  from  high-s<-liools  arc  now 
tcaclung.  stiiue  in  this  mission,  soim-  in  ilie 
schools  of  the  .Vmerican  Mission,  and  olhci's  al 
the  Syrian  t'i>llege  at  IJ«-yn«ut. 

The  annual  income  of  ihe  mission  is  aliniil 
£750. 

I..<>8U1>.  Juinr<>,  b  Hunlly,  Aberdeenshire, 
Scollanil.  IsI-'k  gRid«aIe<l  Kinir's  follege  .'iiiil 
riiiversity.  ls;!.->.  .\fter  studying  at  lliglibmy 
Theolo^'ical  College,  London,  he  wasappoinli d 
in  is;>!)l»y  the  London  Mi.ssionary  Sociely  a  mis- 
sionary to  Cbiiia.  and  n-.-uheil  .Malacca  in  Ue- 
cemberof  llies;nne\«'!«r.  In  lS4ti  he  took  clia  lire 
of  the  .VnirIo("liines<'  i-olh  gt-  founded  by  Dr. 
.Morrison.  In  l"^:{theSi»iely  decided  locliaiiue 
the  college  into  a  Ih»>ologicai  seminary  for  llie 
training  of  native  ministers  for  China,  sclecled 
HoliL'  Kong  for  the  s*-:!!  of  the  inslilulion,  and 
.-ipiMiiiiicd  .Mr.  L»'g:r«- as  ils  piesi-lcnt.  He  re 
moved  with  his  family  to  Honir  Kong  Aul'usI 
lOlh.  of  the  .sjime  y«':ir,  areonipanied  by  lliree 
proinisiiur  native  Christians  from  .Malaica 
Chin  Seen,  who  bad  long  enjoyed  Ihe  iiislruc 
lions  of  .Mr.  Legin-.  was  onlaine<l  to  the  irospel 
ministrv  in  1S46.  H«-sid»-s  iHTfomiing  mission 
work,  Nir.  Leg-re  olliciatetl  as  minister  of  the 
English  Union  Church  until  1840.  when  hU 
health  having  failed  be  returned  to  England  ae 
companied  by  Ibree  intelligeut  Chinese  youths, 


LEaGE,  JAMES 


543 


liEIPSIC  EVAN   LUTB.  MISS   SOC 


who  were  by  him  baptized  in  ilie  pressure  of  u 
irreat  ('oui;ri'j;;tti">n.  Tln-st-  \imtli>  witi'  iih- 
tivfs  of  Aliilncca,  and  were  liapli/.cil  in  tlie 
<hiirch  in  which  I>r.  Miliic,  pri-sid<nt  of  the 
MtiiiU'ia  CoiU-ge,  had  \hvu  wont  lo  worsliip. 
Ill  l^-^),  having  relnirn<l  lo  IIomk  Koiii;,  lie 
ri'iM)!!!^!  tlif  n-ifption  inio  tlic  chiiicli  ot  uu 
agt'il  Chinaman  and  tliri-c  yonni;  nii-n  of  niiuli 
promis*',  four  <:iiididali's  for  tin-  mini>lry  iindci' 
in>tru(lion,  lM--ldi-s  thu  oviT>i^lit  of  a  iiimIl- 
hi>aiiliiii;-s<'li<M>l  of  thirty  piipil>.  and  tlu-  >taii  d 
pruarhiuLr  in  the  I'nion  C'hiirili.  In  IS.V,'  Mrs. 
Lcir-ic  diftl.  In  l^tiT  ho  visited  Enirland,  and 
wliile  there  w:is  pre^^-nled  liy  the  irovernnieiit 
of  tin;  rolony  wiih  a  serviee  of  phile  "in  ac- 
knowle<i<;inent  of  tlie  many  vahiable  mtvIci's 
freely  and  <rn«iuiton>Iy  renden-d."  A  niiniber 
of  tin;  (hint -*  inhabitants  pn'M-nlni  him  with  a 
cosily  and  beaillifnl  silver  tabid,  made  after 
the  Chinese  fashion.  In  ISTO  he  reei-ived  from 
the  Univer-ity  of  Aln-rdei  ii  the  ileirree  of  dcK'Ior 
of  laws.  In  this  year  he  reinrni-d  to  Ilong 
Kong.  In  IST.'i  some  gentlemen  engaged  in  the 
("liina  trade  ofifi-reil  to  establish  a  chair  of  the 
Chinese  lanu'uage  and  lilenlnre  at  Oxford;  the 
University  aeeei'leil  the  offer,  and  eoiistiluti-d 
the  ehair  in  Marih.  l>fT(i,  Dr.  Legire  being 
I'leitrd  professor.  Dr.  Legge  looka  proniiiuiil 
part  in  is47  in  the  di-«-us<ions  concerning  the 
|)ro;ier  renderieig  in  Chinese  of  the  words  fjod 
anil  Spirit,  and  pobli-.ticii  a  volume  in  1Nj'2  un- 
der the  titie  of  -'The  Xolious  of  the  Chinese 
concerning  (;<m1  and  Spirits."  His  <-hief  work 
is  an  edition  of  the  Chines*;  cUtssics,  with  the 
Chinese  text,  a  tnn-'.ation  in  Kngli-<h,  notes 
critical  aiul  exe^i'tieal.  and  copious  prolegcim- 
ena.  F'lr  ihes*-  and  translations  of  other  im- 
portant ancient  Chinest-  works  he  ri'ceiveil.  on 
occasi<  II  of  its  tirst  awanl,  the  .Inlien  prize  from 
the  Academic  des  Itelh-s  Ix'llres  ct  Ins<ripli(ins 
of  the  In>litute  i>f  France  in  IST.'i  He  attended 
the  C'ongriss  of  Orientalists  in  Florence  in  1S78. 

I..('ll,  a  town,  the  capital  of  the  L:idakh  prov- 
ince. I,ess<'r  Tibet.  The  higheM  mission  sta- 
lio!)  yet  occupieil;  situateil  in  the  valley  of  the 
Indus  Hiver.  11.5<I0  ft.  alHive  the  s«'a.  iMlwceii 
mouniaitis '.'l.tHiii  ft.  hiirh.  It  is  a  great  marl 
for  trallic  iM-tween  Punjab  and  Chiin'M*  'I'.irlary. 
.Mission  station  of  thi'  Monivians  d-KS."));  •>  mis 
sioiiaries  ami  their  wive^  (one  of  these  a  trained 
medical  mi-sionary  in  i  harireof  the  government 
hospit;d  and  disjiensjiry ).  This  is  the  nio<t 
promi>iii!r  of  the  tlin-e  stations  in  the  Iliina- 
layas.  ahhough  the  condition  of  the  people  is 
still  very  had.  Here  the  missionaries  wail  for 
an  opportunity  to  enter  TiU-t  proper. 

I.i(>lii*ll«lail.  a  -itation  of  the  Montviati  Hreth- 
leu,  Suriii.-iin.  South  Amerii-i  ilM-si)  ,,ii  the 
northern  bank  of  the  Coinewyne  Hiver.  about 
live  miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Suriii.-ini. 
It  is  a  centre  for  an  itinerating  missionary,  there 
being  some  thirteen  plantations  within  the  dis- 
trict. The  slaves  roitiing  on  Ihe-e  estates  were 
imieh  addicli-d  to  sorcery  and  idolatry,  but 
within  a  cou|)le  of  years  the  missi(m;iry  could 
reiM)rl:  "The  nesr<K-s  are  one  after  another 
ridding  themselves  of  their  gcKls.  Some  of 
them  lately  t<M»k  a  whole  basketful  to  the  river 
by  night,  lunl  threw  them  in." 

■..elptit'  Eianeeliral  l..ulli('raii  niw- 
<»i«»ii  Mftcit't).  Flcadijiiarters  Leip^ic,  Ger- 
miuiy — The  present  I^eipsic  Sx-iely  was 
founded  at  Dresden  id  ItCW,  and  removed  to 


Leipsic  in  ls4ii.  There  had  existc<I  since 
l^l'.t  a  mivioiiaiy  as.socialion  in  Dn->4len,  which 
labored  in  close  cDnnei-tii^n  with  the  I{j|-le  So- 
ciety: ii  sent  its  n\oney  and  its  missionarii-<  to 
liasle.  Like  the  latter  institution,  and  in- 
ilii'il  like  all  the  earliest  iR-ginnings of  mission- 
ary activity  in  (iermaiiy,  tlie  Dn-s<|en  ii.s.s<Hia- 
lioii  sprung  from  and  wa.s  sup|M>rted  by  the 
piitislic  circles.  Hut  in  the  third  decade 
of  the  present  century  various  circumstances 
(iMilribuied  very  much  to  increa.se  denomina- 
tional I'eelini;  in  tierniany.  or  at  least  lo  detine 
more  sharply  confe^sioMal  differemes.  In  \SSi 
the  Dicsileii  As.soci;iiion  established  its  own 
mission  s<hool,  which  in  \i<ii>  develojHtl  into 
a  complete  tidssionary  seminary,  and  in  the  lat- 
ter year  it  also  coustit'utetl  itself  an  inde|>endent 
mission  siK-iely. 

Ill  1S4I  1)1.  Karl  (Iraid  lucame  president  of 
Uie  Society  and  director  tif  its  seminary;  and 
it  is  worth  iioiicinL.'  that  his  princi|>:d  work  in 
the  held  of  theology  is  "Tlie  Dillerenci-s  be- 
tween the  Various  Cbri>tiau  C"onfessious,"  a 
hook  which  tan  through  11  eilitioiis.  He  made 
a  joinney  over  Palestine  and  Eiryju  to  the  tjust 
Indies,  is^'j-."):!,  the  liteniry  re-uits  of  which 
were:  ".louineyto  the  Ka.st  Ii:<ii«-s,"  1H.'>4  .>i, 
5  Vols.,  and  ■'  riiblioiheca  Tamuiita,"  ls.'>l-ii."i, 
•1  vols  Hut  the  practical  result  was  the  con\- 
pli'te  dissdhitioM  of  the  connection  lietween  the 
Leipsic  and  the  l{;isle  societies.  The  Htsle  So- 
ciety, in  accordance  with  all  pii-li,s|ic  missionary 
labor,  aimed  simply  at  individual  conversions. 
Dr.  'tiaul,  on  tlie  contiary.  look«il  for  a  na- 
tional conversir)!!.  and  he  cousnpn  ntly  de. 
maiided  something  els«'  ami  S4inielhing  more 
ffoin  the  missionaries  he  >ent  out.  namely,  an 
intimate  acciuaintanec  with  the  whole  state  of 
civilization.  -reliL'ii'Us.  s4-ienlilie.  liteniry.  jMilit- 
ical,  and  sixiiil— anion-:  the  jM-opIelo  whom  they 
weiesciil.  lie  also  wished  to  make  the  Leip- 
sic Society  the  centri'  of  the  eniin-  missionary 
activity  of  the  Lutherm  Church,  and  In-  gave 
its  labor  a  siriilly  Lutheran  chamcter,  which 
imposed  upon  the  laborers  a  certain  reserve  to- 
wards their  c(il:iborers  of  other  denominations. 

The  tifst  lield  (K'ciipied  by  the  Sxiety  cainc 
to  it,  so  to  spe;ik.  by  iiilierilani-e.  Dciinnirk, 
from  the  iiitioduciiou  of  the  Hefonnation  in 
15:ili  till  the  establishment  of  relii:ious  liberty 
in  IHjl).  niaintaiiieil  a  Luthenin  state  chunh  of 
the  sicniest  exelusiveness.  forbidiiing  the  He- 
foriiuil  to  enter  the  cotmtiy,  exi»-lling  tlie  na- 
tives when  they  bec.-ime  Itoman  Catliolic,  and 
was  the  lii-si  I'loti'st.-mt  |»iwcr  i-f  Continental 
Europe  w  liich  iindertixik  active  iiiissiouary  work 
aiiii>tig  the  paL'aiis.  From  ibe  iM-ginningof  the 
1"<lh  ceiilniy  ii  foiiiuled  and  sup(HirIe<l  tiourish- 
ing  nii.ssions  in  all  its  oullving  i>os.sessions: 
Greeiiliiiid,  the  West  Indian  fslamls.  the  west- 
ern <-oast  of  Africa,  and  Tranquebar  in  the  Ea.st 
Indies.  In  thi'  beirinning  of  the  pres«-nt  <-en- 
tiiry  there  were  in  the  last  mentioniil  place 
several  well  informed  .'ind  well-dis<-iplineil  Ta- 
mil congrei;ations  in  charsre  of  a  Ihini-h  iwisli^r, 
with  a  siatr  of  active  missionaries  ininstly  from 
Halle),  and  a  good  Tamil  translation  of  the  Hi- 
bh'.  IJiit  in  isi.'i  TnnKiuebar  was  sold  to  Kng- 
laiid,  and  in  1S4T  all  the  proinrty  of  the  Danish 
inis.sion  was  Ic'jilly  tninsfernil  to  the  Society 
of  Leipsic.  Its  lafior  then- has  iM-en  eminently 
successful,  while  its  indefiendent  attempts  in 
.\iistiiilia  and  amonv'  the  He<I  Imlians  of  North 
•Vnierica  had  to  be  given  up.  New  and  imi>or- 
tant  stations  have  risen  yiiir  :ifier  year  among 


f-'lJl 


rm 


i\\\ 


j-li- 


liEIPSIO  EVAN.  liUTH.  MISS.  SOC. 


544 


LEPERS,  MORAVIAN  MISS    TO 


the  Tfinills  in  Jlnjiiwonini,  .Madras.  Pudukotln. 
uiid  recently  also  in  Haiijionn.  Hurinii.  A  Ilie- 
oloirieal  seniiiiiiry  lias  l)eeii  establi>lu(l  at  Po- 
reiaf,  near  tin'  <'iiy  of  'l'raniiiR'l)ar.  in  which  the 
native  itiipils  are  instnieled  al.-o  in  Gennan; 
and  at  the  lirsl  Tamil  synod  held  at  Tnnjon.-, 
June,  IWT,  deletrates  were  jiresenl  from  13  c*<>n- 
grenalions,  and  the  fo\nulalion  was  laid  of  an 
independent  'I'ainil  J.,utlievan  (.'hureli. 

At  line  time  the  i|ue>tiiin  of  easte  tlireatenttl  to 
cause  very  jrrave  dillieultie-;.  The  Danish  mis- 
sion ])ai(l  III)  ailfiiiidn  to  it.  |>artly  lie<anse  the 
missionaries  re,-illy  aimed  only  at  individual  con- 
viisioMs,  partly  heeause  the  mission  was  a  slate 
inslilulion,  and  tlie  Danish  Governnient.  an  ab- 
solute monarchy,  ]ir(ibaiily  never  doubted  that, 
within  its  own  dominion,  it  had  the  riirht  to 
decide  the  (lueslion  just  as  it  saw  tit.  Dr. 
Graul  seems  to  li.ive  looked  upon  the  matter  in 
a  similar  way.  But  when  C'hrisliaidly  cea.-*s 
to  he  a  mere  element  in  the  life  of  a  p«'opIe,antl 
becomes  its  veiy  founilalion.  caste  inusl  iro  as 
slavery  went.  Chri^lianily,  however,  is  itself 
freedom,  and  very  much  can  be  left  to  its  own 
iidiorn  jtower  of  reconstruction  and  orirauizii- 
tion.  At  all  events  the  Society  has  with  "rri-at 
success  inamruraled  the  policy  of  foiminj.'  in- 
dependent Mild  self-iroverninir  con;:re<raiions. 
I'crliajis  a  much  liiciler  ditliculty  will  arise 
from  the  natural  jealousy  and  tlespair  with 
vvliich  iiajranism  sees  itself  melt  away  before  a 
jiower  it  does  luit  umleistand.  In  his  last  an- 
nual report  the  present  director  of  the  JSoci- 
ely.  Dr.  llurdiland,  tells  us  tliat  in  conversjt- 
tioii  with  one  of  the  missionaries  a  Hnthinan 
suddenly  cried  out:  "  Pairanism  is  di.-.solving, 
and  if  we  don't  bestir  ourselves  swiftly  anil  en- 
ergetically, we  are  lost;"  and  as  a  commentary 
on  this  confession  he  adds  that  pampldet  after 
painiililet  is  issued  by  the  pagan  priests  U-aring 
titles  like  tliese:  "  One  hundred  and  tifty  Self- 
contradictions  in  the  Hible,"  "Jesus  was  onlv 
a  Man,"  etc.  ]>ut  it  is  not  altogether  iin[H)-ssi- 
ble,  as  Dr.  Ilardiland  intimates,  that  all  such 
pamphlets  are  really  Kuro[)ean  inspirations, 
and  in  that  case  they  will  not  amount  to  much. 

The  Society  draws  its  resources  from  tlie  Luth- 
eran churches  in  Germany  and  the  Scandinavijin 
kingdoms.  Its  revenue"  for  the  year  1.SS9-1K) 
amounted  loiii;i,H(W  jiiarks,  with  a  Inilance  of 
49,;il5  marks  from  the  preceding  year,  ami  a 
grant  of  ;{,!)v5:!  rupe(>s  for  its  .schools  from  the 
English  Government.  It  maintains  23  stations, 
with  141  meeting-places,  24  foreign  and  223  na- 
tive workers,  14,014  cliurrli-mcmlKTs.  149 
schools,  and  3,653  scholars.  The  native  contri- 
butions amount  to  4, .527  rui)ees. 

Lcnilx'rg,  a  city  in  Galicia,  Austro-IIun- 

gary.  Population,  87,lt)5.  one  third  of  whom 
are  Jews.  ^Mission  station  of  the  liritish  S«>- 
ciety  for  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  among  the 
Jews;  2  ladies.  London  Society  for  Projuiga- 
tion  of  Go,spel  among  the  Jews;  1  niis-sionary. 

IjImikhiic,  a  town  on  the  island  of  Haiti, 
West  Indies,  on  the  west  coast.  20  miles  west  of 
Port-au  Prince.  Jlissiou  station  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church,  U.  S.  A.,  with  Port- 
au-Prince  ((j.V.). 

lil'«»|»ol«lvill(',    a    town    on    the    Congo, 

Africa,  at  the  head  of  Livingstone  Falls.  St;in- 
ley  Pool,  is  likely  to  become  a  centre  of  civili- 
zation and  commerce  for  the  Congo  Valley. 
Mission   station  of   the  A.  B.  M.   U.;  4   niis- 


.sionaries.  1  physician,  1  church,  1  Stuidav-school, 
7  schidars.  1  day-school.  Hefornied  Presbyte- 
rian General  Synod  has  al.so  occupied  this  "sta- 
tion. 

■..rpcllil  VtTJil^m.— The  Lepcha  belongs 
to  the  Tibeto-lJurman  group  of  noii-.Vryan  lan- 
guages, and  is  used  in  Sikhim,  N'orlli  India. 
The  li  1st  atleniptsal  a  Bible  tianslation  iiitoihis 
language  were  made  by  the  l{ev.  AV.  Stark  in 
lf<'>'t  or  lS."iti.  The  work  has  since  been  carried 
on  by  the  late  Uev.  >ii(bel,  wIkisc  version  was 
placi-d  wiih  the  Calcutta  Auxiliary  iSilde  Society 
by  the  li.ilitist  ilis>ioiis.  'I  he  Gospels  of  Mat- 
thew .-ind  .lolin,  (Jenesis,  and  the  lirsl  twenty 
chapters  of  Kxodiis  were  |)ublislied  by  the  Ihif- 
i.sli  an<l  Foreign  Bible  Society  in  1S70  at  Cal- 
cutta. 

(Sjvri'meii  Terse.     John  3:16.) 

€\  To  te  A(j  r)  ^)  \f)  (*••<)  <$f 
KU^  (of  tF3tv5'''<>f^3^'5  i< 

46  -^i  ^'i  5(v  h  (<)  ^)^<^  <w ' 

L.t'l>rr*>,    ]n«>i'iiviaii    ]tli>ii>ioii<«    lo.— 

Uev.  J.  La  Tidbe,  Bishop  of  the  .Moravian 
Church.  Headquarters  of  the  London  Associa 
tion  in  Aid  of  .Moravian  Mission.s,  21*  Ely  Place. 
London.  C.  E. 

lA'itei'  Asi/fiint  hi  South  Africa.— h 
is  nearlv  seventy  years  since  the  Society  of  Mk- 
ravian  llicthren,  which  has  ever  been  ready 
to  go  to  the  most  inhosiiitable  climes,  the  nio^t 
jx'stilenlial  districts,  and  the  most  degradid 
jx-ojiles,  had  its  attention  called  to  the  wretched 
lepers  of  South  Africa,  where  her  missionaries 
li;ul  for  many  years  been  lalioring  successfully 
among  the  Hottentots.  In  the  year  l^lN  the 
Colonial  Government,  fearing  the  siiread  of 
leprosy,  erected  a  temporary  asylum  in  the  val- 
ley of  Hemel  en  Aurde  (i.e..  Heaven  and  Kanhi, 
so  calk-d  because  it  was  far  removed  from  hu- 
man habitations,  and  hemmed  in  bv  rocks,  with 
only  a  strip  of  sky  above.  To  this  place  some 
Cliri.stian  Hottentots  had  been  removi'd  from 
the  Monivian  settlements.  Their  faithful  pi'.s- 
tors  paid  them  occasional  visits,  and  embraced 
the  opportunity  of  jueaching  the  gospel  to  all 
the  altlicted  inmates.  In  course  of  time  a  lamer 
hospital  was  buiit,  and  the  Governor,  Lord 
Charles  Somerset,  re(piested  the  Directing  Hoard 
of  the  Moravian  Church  to  send  a  mis.sioiiary  to 
manage  the  institution  and  to  instruct  its  in 
mates  in  the  doctrines  of  Chrisliauitv.  Accord- 
ingly, in  Jainiary,  1822,  the  Kev.  ilr.  Leitner 
and"  his  English  wife  entered  upon  their  s<lf- 
denying.  repulsive,  and  then  sujipo-sed  lU'rilous. 
duties  at  Heniel  en  Aarde.  Year  by  year  the 
work  progres.sed.  Jlr.  Leitncr's  preai  liiiig  of 
Christ  was  blessed  to  many  of  the  poor  cieat- 
tires  in  his  charge.  Diligence  superseded  idle 
ne.ss;  the  hospital  was  soon  surrounded  by  neat 
gardens,  and  a  large  i>lot  of  grcuind  was  cnlii- 
vaie<l  for  the  general  benefit.  Assisted  by  such 
of  the  lejiers  as  still  could  work,  ^Iv.  Leitiiei- 
constructeil  an  aiiueducr,  which  suiii>lied  llie 
little  colony  with  water  for  their  gardens  and 
houses.  Is'ii  wonder  that  theafHicted  household 
looked  up  to  the  missionary  as  their  father,  and 
,«!»d  was  the  Easter  Day,  182!»,  when  he  wa-^ 
suddenly  removed  by  death  while  baptizing  one 


^^ 


LEPERS,  MORAVIAN  MISS.  TO 


545 


LEPER  MISSION  IN  INDIA. 


of  the  converts.  Duriiifj;  the  six  years  of  liis 
liihors  iiinonirst  these  iicojile  lie  had  Impti/.ed 
9.-)  aiiiills.  iiKist  111'  wlidiii  iiad  died  liefore  him 
ill  luiml)ie  icliiince  on  the  S;ivi(iiir. 

Ill  llie  same  devdIiMl  spiril  tlie  sueeessors  of 
:Mi-.  and  Mrs.  I.,(itiier  lalioied  at  Ileiiiel  en 
Aurdc  for  icn  yejiis.  In  184(5  ijie  irovfinnient. 
wisliinii;  in  I'lilarire  the  lin-pilal  by  tln'  addition 
of  a  luiialic  asyhiin  and  an  inliirnary  for  the 
]ioor.  resolved  to  rciiiove  it  froiii  lleniel  en 
Aaide  to  liolilien  Island,  a  low.  sandy  islet,  siir- 
round<'d  liy  daiiireroiis  locks,  and  situated  near 
tlie  enliaiiee  of  Talili'  M.iy,  seven  miles  from 
tape  Town.  IIei<'  coiiiinodioiis  1(1111(11111?*  Were 
ere.ted  and  airiiiiireiiients  made  lor  diet,  elean- 
liiiess,  veiilllalioii,  and  si'a-liatliiiiir,  f.ir  sui)enor 
to  tlioseat  the  other  station.  The  eharire  of  this 
inslitiilion  was  now  eoiiimiltiMl  to  iroveitiiiieiit 
fillieials,  the  duties  of  the  misNionaiies,  .Mr.  and 
iMrs.  Leiiiiiaiiri,  beiiii;-  iestriet<'d  to  the  spiiilii.il 
and  edue.ilioiial  eharire  of  the  patients.  The 
number  of  lepi'is.  lunatics,  and  others  on  the 
is'.ind  \v,is  about  ;jOO.  .V  school  was  iH'jrun  for 
the  children  of  lepers  and  such  adults  as  chose 
toatleiiil;  its  liist  teacher  \v:is  a  leprous  youiij; 
Knirlishiuaii,  who  underlook  the  .service  irratu- 
itously  In  ls(i()  thi'  li'oveiiior  p.aiil  ii  visit  to 
the  island,  and,  in  accordance  with  his  expressed 
desire  that  a  competent  person  should  be  wnt 
out  to  take  cliarnc  of  the  schools,  .Mr.  .lohn 
Taylor,  son  of  an  esteemed  missionary,  williiiirly 
came  to  this  desolate  islnnil  of  lepers  and  luna- 
tics. For  live  years  this  earnest  youni^  mission- 
ary coniinued  his  labors,  until  his  death  iu 
18<i(i.  He  was  buried  in  the  shadow  of  the  little 
church  on  Uobbcii  Isltiiid. 

For  forty-live  years  Moravian  men  and  women, 
impelled  iiy  love  to  Christ  and  compassion  to 
mill,  were  fouiul  williiiLj  to  undertake  this  seif- 
dciiyiiiir  duty  amid  a  mass  of  human  misery 
and  coiruiiticjii;  and  when,  in  18(17,  the  Enirlish 
Goveriiinent  appoiiileil  a  chaplain  of  the  Enirlish 
Chui'cli.  and  thus  dis|ieii.sed  with  the  reli.irious 
oversiLchl  of  llie  Moravian  Church,  her  missi<)n- 
aries  sorrowfully  retired  from  this  interesting 
po.st  on  l{o!iben  Island,  earnestly  praying  for  a 
blessing  on  their  successors. 

Leper  Home  at  Jerusalem,  under  the 
care  of  the  Moravian  Church. 

In  the  year  18(i5,  Haron  von  KefTcnbriiick- 
Aseiieraden.  of  Nehringen,  I'omerania.  and  his 
wife,  visiii'd  the  Holy  Land;  their  compassion 
was  roused  by  the  pitiable  condition  of  the 
wietclied  lepers,  who  lived  and  died  outside  the 
gates  of  .Icrusalem  in  the  most  distres.sing  state 
of  s])iiiiiial  and  bodily  misery,  east  out  by  their 
friends,  dependent  on  the  casual  charily  of 
passers-by,  lodging  in  miserable  huts,  and  dying 
in  agony,  iinsoollied  and  unattended.  \Vhat 
they  saw  they  could  not  forget,  and  an  earnest 
desire  sprang  up  in  their  hearts  to  alleviate  the 
sutrerin.srs  of  these  luosi  niiseraliie  of  all  the 
poor.  With  the  ;iid  of  friends  arivuigeinents 
were  made  for  the  founding  of  a  small  lA'iH?r 
Asylum  near  .lerusaleni.  and  a  committee  wa.s 
chosen  among  I'rotestant  friends  in  Jerusalem, 
who  undertook  the  direction  of  the  work.  A 
siiit.ilile  piece  of  land  was  bought  imt.side  the 
Jalfa  Gale  and  a  plain  building  erected. 

It  was  not  an  easy  matter  to  lind  suitable 
]iersons  willing  to  take  up  the  heavy  cross 
which  till'  dailv  care  of  lejiers  in  every  stage  of 
loathsome  and  incurable  disea.se  must  impose. 
After  some  etVorl  in  oilier  ipiarters.  an  urgent 


the  Moravian  Church.  The  recpiest  wa.s  at 
once  granted,  and  .Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  Tii'>pe,  who 
liad  been  thirteen  years  in  the  Labrauor  .Mis- 
.sion,  wer"  found  willing  to  become  "  Hoiiso 
Father  and  Mother"  (d'  the  new  Leper  Home 
at  .Ferusalem,  which  was  consecrated  on  Ascen- 
sion Day.  .May  oOth,  isir.  At  the  end  of  the 
lirst  year  there  were  I",'  patients. 

The  Home  for  Lepers  was  thus  devised,  built, 
and  furnished  by  the  Haron  and  Baroness  Kef- 
fenbrinck,  with  the  help  of  a  few  friends  in 
(Jerniany.  The  sum  needed  for  its  annual  siip- 
liort.  however,  coiihl  not  be  promised  from  thi.H 
source,  and  the  liaroness  wrote  to  Itisliop  Lii 
Trobe.  wlio^e  account  of  the  work  among  lep- 
ers in  South  .\frica  li.iil  fallen  into  her  hands. 
H<r  appeal  for  help  for  the  le|iers  in  the  Holy 
Land  w.is  iiiM'rted  in  the  .Moravian  maga/.ine, 
and  elicited  a  ready  rcsponv  from  its  readers  in 
Kngland.  This  sum  was  soon  increased  by  con- 
tributions from  (_'lirisiia:;s  of  other  dcnoinina- 
tioiiN.  and  for  many  years  jiritish  coiitrilmtions 
have  covered  nearly  two  thirds  of  the  annual 
expe'idilure  of  the  instilniion.  In  187.")  the 
a>yli  m  was  enlar.iied  by  the  addition  of  two 
rooti.  ;:  soon  .after  another  room,  called  "The 
Swiss  Kooni.'waserceteilbv  coin  ri but  ions  from 
friends  in  Switzerland,  anil  the  happy  idea  of 
an  "  Knglisli  Room"  was  .so  lu-omplly"  and  lib- 
erally responded  to  in  Lnglaiid  that'  the  com- 
mittee thought  .it  better  to  employ  the  money 
in  the  erection  of  a  new  wing  to  the  hospital. 
This  was  acconiplishe(l  in  1S77.  The  year  1885 
found  the  a.syhim  tilled  willi  patients  in  every 
sl;iire  of  leprosy,  and  the  cominittec  and  the 
elders  of  the  .Moravian  Church  decided  that  a 
larger  hospital  with  more  airy  and  conimodious 
rooms  must  be  built.  The  new  building  is  sit- 
uated on  an  cinineiiee  commanding  the  high- 
way from  .lerusalem  to  Melhlehem,  and  at  some 
distance  from  the  city  gates;  it  was  eomideted 
in  April.  1887.  Protestant  Christians  of  sevenil 
tieiioniinalions  took  hearty  interest  in  the  open- 
ing services,  and  the  I'.isha  of  Jerusalem  joined 
the  company  and  insi>ected  the  whole  establish- 
ment. The  cost  of  the  buihliiig.  more  than 
i'4.000.  wa.s  chielly  coveriil  by  liberal  contribu- 
tions in  Great  Britain  and  the  eonlinent  of 
Europe. 

In  1880  the  Directing  Board  of  the  Moravian 
Church,  at  the  urgent  reiiuest  of  the  Barones.s 
Kt'lTenbriiick  undertook  tlieentire  charge  of  the 
Home,  relying  upon  the  continued  and  increas- 
ing aid  of  Christian  friends. 

In  1884.  after  seventeen  years  of  unrcmittini^ 
labor  in  the  asylum.  .Mr.  Tajipe  was  obligeil, 
through  failing  health,  to  retire  to  Germany 
with  his  wife,  and  a  young  missionary  student, 
named  Fritz  .Miiller.  who  had  during  the  jire- 
vious  year  assisted  .Mr.  Tappe,  willingly  under- 
cook the  v.ho!i'respo!>sii)il!iy  oi'  (he  Home.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  .Midler  are  still  in  charge.  It  in 
remarkable  that  out  of  about  twenty  .Moravians 
who  have  eiipigeil  in  this  Christian  minisliy  to 
lepers,  not  one  has  taken  the  dreadful  disease. 

l^epiTN  ill  liidiii,  niNMioii  lo.  Secre- 
tary, W'ellesley  C.  Bailey,  Esq.,  17  Glengyle 
Terrace,  Edinburirh. 

In  the  year  1874  Mr.  Wellesley  C.  Bailc}', 
who  had  been  workiii.ir  in  coiinei'tion  willi  the 
Mission  of  the  American  Presbyterian  Church  in 
Lodiana.  Punj.ab,  returned  home  and  lold  his 
friends  in  Dublin  of  his  work  among  the  lepers. 


r  n 


^i: 


i 
'    i 

i 

1 

t 

{4  '.^  ^'jl*  ■* 


appeal  was  made  lo  ibo  Hoani  of  Diivctors  of     He  fouiul  ihat  the  subject  awakeued  great  in- 


1 1 ' 


IXPER  SCISSION   IN  INDIA 


S40 


UBERIA 


!■  I 


ij  \ 


terest  amoD^  CliristiAn  people,  niul  a  few  of  his 

own   p«rsoiijd   frien<ls  dftcrmiiKHl   to   do  wliiit 

thev  iv>ul«l  lo  heJp  in  the  w 

entitUtl  "Lipersin  Iniiin" 

»tkiil   ti>  Ih-  .'iini.yiin — WHS 

si)onst>  in  «lu-  Srsi  f«-w  iiv 

that    >lr.   15aiU-y  aii.i 

h:tliil  of  (.I'll  vva«  in 

wu.-  ititfii>U'«l  f.tr  Uii 

rlttiiiiuil  ff.     For  •-. 

\va^  in  tlw'  haml<<if  Mr.  lJ:iilcy 

liut  ih>-   i\'^|»iHi>jl>il!iv  )«<aiii< 


small  tract 

;n  till  Tt'  are 

and  the   rc- 

.•«)  rciiiarkalilc 

.(Is  fi'll   lliat   the 

r,  and  I  hat  a  work 

aiiylhiiiir  Ihty  had 

iiic  the  iiiaiiiiiicinciil 

llld  liis  t'rictKls; 

uii'al   that  a 


cimiinitUf  \va>fonia-.^  in  Uulilin  in  |s;h.  'I'liiis 
tile  witck  »»>  t^trritiii  mi  until  IssT.  when  the 
<'uiniiiiri«-«-  »a*  r«-<>rirani/.fii,  ihc  Marchinncss  of 
Di.llt  rin  ami  Avn  Inccmiiiiir  |i:ili(im'^s,  and  His 
Oraif  thf  ArrliJ<i-lii'])  "f  l>Mlilin,  iin'sidcnt. 

Tlu'  >«»'ii-ly  al  jm-Ncnl  cunlincs  ils  flVorls  to 
India.  lV_vl««n.  .-iml  Ilurinah.  hut  liy  ils  (  nnsii- 
tutiiiu  tan  li*-jin  nt-\v  wi.rU  in  anv  ((innlry  of 
the  Ka-st. -.IkkuI.!  ii  M-e  tit;  it  is  ■.iiidcnoniinalional, 
and  «i>r6L>  i»j  ominei-lion  willi  any  of  llic  I'rol- 
estant  iui.»i->iis  which  may  niinirc  its  aid.  Its 
work  is  »l  |»n-*-iit  carried  on  in  ciinnt'ction 
with  It>difl«-rvni  missionary  soiielies,  and  in  19 
ditltr»nt  c»-nirv^ 

In  l^'o  SI  Imilt  an  asyhim  of  its  own  in 
Chanii«.  in  Uie  Himalayas  in  connection  with 
the  ^'hiiri-hiilf  Scxtiland  Mission,  and  in  llicsame 
year  o>uiniif-n«t^i  aitiinir  the  Saliathii  iA'pcr 
Asylum.  lJ«-n  rndt-r  Ilic  cliaru:!-  of  l)r.  Joiin 
Xewtoti  ■•f  Ihe  Anu-rican  l*rc.-l)yterian  Mission. 
It  h.is  uiucli  ruiarsred  Iliat  iii-.iiiutioii  l)y  its 
^nint-i.  atui  «»Hiiiinjes  to  aid  il  hy  rcL^nlar  an- 
nual supj'iit^t.  In  1>^7><  it  hciran  aidinir  tlie 
Le()er  Asyliiiu  jit  Aniliala.  Punjab,  under  the 
care  of  she  Aiin-rjtT«n  I're.sbyterian  -Missionaries, 
eoutitiitiiti  tt<  bt-p  until  1884,  when  the  asylum 
no  lo[ii¥T  ntr-«l«".  11. 

Work  w.-»s  U-pm  in  Aliiiora,  in  connection 
with  tiie  L»»U<L.  Missionary  Society,  in  1879, 
and  li.usc»«iilinu«J  iipio  the  jiresent  tinte.  Since 
issl  theasyliiiii  at  Delira,  N.  W.  P.,  has  been 
aided.  lu  'l>>4  il  nided  the  f.  .M,  S.  in  ils 
work  aiwiKis  ilir  It-jters  at  C'alcnlta,  and  in  tiii^ 
.same  year  ••jx-nwl  an  asylum  of  its  own  at 
Loharditir-j:a.  Cbota  Nasriwre.  In  18S.')  it  bc- 
g!in  to  ait  the  work  of  the  V.  AI.  S.  in  the  l^un- 
jab  atnl  all  Tnivancore.  In  188()  work  was 
be^nat  Ruorkt-t-.  in  connection  with  llie  Anieri- 
cau  .Metbixiisl  EjiiM-opal  .Mis-ion.  and  in  the 
.siime  year  <»ppi«-Hi  an  asylum  of  ils  own  in 
Pithora.  in  «Ik-  Himalayas. 

In  1*^7  the  Work  was  further  exiendcd  by 
comineneinff  optTstioiisat  All.iliaba<l,  X.  W .  P., 
and  iiawai  Pindie.  in  connection  with  the 
American  Ppi-*l.»vt«Tian  Mission;  al  Madras  in 
connection  wish  the  Wcslcyans  and  oihers;  in 
Neyt»>r  wi«h  ihr  L.  M.  S.:  and  liy  biiildinir  an 
iisylutu  of  its  own  at  Purulia.  C'liota  Xairpore. 

In  rh's  vt-ar.  t««c<.  ihe  Society  liepm  ils  inlcr- 
estiii:;  w.>rfc..f  <<-|»:4ralinir  ihe  untainUMJ  children 
of  IcfhT*  irnni  liieir  unh.-ippy  relatives,  in  tlie 
hope  of  savins  the chiliiren  tfoni  fallini;  victims 
to  the  tiLseaK*'.  At  present  it  provides  for  many 
such  little  rtoes  al  Almoni.  Pithora,  holiar- 
dug>ra.  am!  Punilia. 

In  lis**  snaiits  were  first  jriven  lo  Culictit 
(Basle  Mtssi..ni  nharmsala  iC.  M.  S.),  and 
C'oIomM  I  Ba|«Ji>-i  Missioni.  In  the  present  year 
( LS.SSi  the  Suciety  hojies  to  extend  it8  work  in 
Bumiah  ami  other  places. 

The  Society  h*s  not  as  yet  sent  out  any  mis- 
sionaries of  its  own.  but  helps  the  missionaries 
of  otbo- societies  to  carry  on  leper  work,  by  a 


sysleiii  of  L'ranfs  inat»l  ai»l  fry  huildinji  asylums 
for  lepers,  piittinir  thftn  is  tiairre  of  mission- 
aries alri'ady  in  the  tieM.  Ti»e  ?«K-i«'ty  has  two 
sides,  philanthropic  aati  •jx'iiiiirt  listic".  but  itjj 
tiisi  aim  is  to  preach  aB»J  tctani  fhiisi  to  the 
lepers. 

'I'luTe  is  an  eiiorm»)iji*  ixM  for  CTanirelistic 
woik  amouir  the  Iep»T*.  •■i  Ii»lisL  They  have 
luovcd  verv  ready  to  htijir  lij*-  i.'yi-.jiel.  In  Ihe 
asylum  of  [{urm.-ih,  wtttua  <-Si'!ii«-i  n  moiiihsof 
ils  foundation,  only  lour  «  i  s>  inmates  remain 
hcalheii.     Income 'for  I>^>.  Vi  itH. 

I.it'|M»ri»  I  Leporro  .  a -^^niiiJl  i«iwti  in  Trans, 
vaal,  Kast  Souih  Africa.  bi>«iA  of  Rusieuhurg 
and  east  of  KmiuaiLs 

Mission  station  of  «h«-  HtTowTin^bunr  Mis- 
sionary Society,  with  oiK  <diuri  h-nicmbers 
ainonir  ilii'  l!ak»eDa». 

l..orih(>.  a  town  in  «»*««irB  pan  of  Orauirc 
Free  Stale.  South  Afrfo*.  m.^i beast  of  Maboul- 
ela,  .Mi.-sion  st;itioa  •><  Piiiii<.  Evtuis.'»'li<-al  Mis- 
sionary Sociiiy  1 18.>7  ami«>«!)ijibeBasut<>s;  1  mis- 
sionary. '.'IS  eonmiimrcaiE.:*,.  352  scholars. 

I..t'U   **r  iA\nni»  Vn>lon.— The  Lett 


bclonir-  to  ihi'   Lirhu.-ini.    '' 
in  lln-  piiivinecs  of  [.iv  .c.  .■. 
inhabitanls  are    for   the    ;, 
and  one  of  Iheir  eivreli;;:. 
dean  of  liie  Luiheraii  I  h  . 
Ihe  lirst  Iransl.-itioti  of  rti.- 
After   bem;:   revi.-ed   ^;-     ■ 
superintendent  of  [. 
expense  and   under 
XL.    in    lti.8t».     -V    -eve: 
was  pidilished  at  Koniu:-  ■ 
ous  editions  of  tile   N.-  ■ 
lishcd  by  the  St.  Pen  r^ 
more  cspeci.-iUy  by  the  A 
In  18t)7  an  eilltioii  of  ' 
gel  her  with  the   PsUcii.*   v 
liritish   and    Foreiirti    !>;:■ 
care  of   Prof.    Bie!<  •  --  ■ 
society    issueil    a    n 
Testament,  as  prep.r 
cwitz  of  Riira.    Til    ■      ■  - 
Scriptures  have  bee_  — -,• 
Bible  Society. 

{Sptcimeii,  wrw.    JoSan  3  ;  16.) 
lln  'tit  Ii:t)ti''rfme  to  c<rtn£afn!51)lrjie.''ita'lriiif(D 
fdlDit   pafcf)u  ircniicecCtriiaii^iii   i>rliiii   in  ofirif,   fa 
tt)lffiTm_  tcctn,  ri3  ti;j  n?S*  Evma  ar  Ivhi  fa^MM. 
bet  to  tnu^fdjtgu.DMnjofifrtBa  i<ci*c})t 

Lej"€len«tbnrS'  IjMiiitfi!i**«anr-  Lijdensburg), 

a  town  in  >oiiihe:'.>t  TtrauB-'J-jud .  Africa,  south 
of  Ihc  Lirn|iopo  Ktver;.  ownltejea  of  Pnloria 
.Missi(U'  siation  of  tint  Bttim  Evanirelical 
Soclei)  1  !."<»•»);  t  m&4>ii»aai5'.  II  ojitive  helpers, 
1  out  station.  3  Miner  prtaciuDg-iikces,  tii*9 
ehurch-meml)er». 

I.iii»c>riii,  a  repabSir  ea  tlae  ooast  of  l'p|>er 
(Juiiu-a,  Africa,  extcndii^  froaa  londlude  T)"" 
54  to  V2  -"3  west,  imlmrfing  9(K*  miles  -iloii.c 
theeoa-t.  with  an  a^-  ""  j    '^•T't*dlb  of  KKl  miles. 


Ti.T"L.  Mid  is  s]«iken 

■.:   ;  <  '•urland.     The 

K.;    jinri  Luilienins, 

cS'-,  Ernest  (.iliick, 

■.h  :•.  Livonia,  made 

8;;:]e  inlo  the  lA-tt. 

-T;    Fisher,   ireneral 

■>*ii^  printed  al  Ihe 

■  crMjc   of   Clijirles 

1  AiM'd  edition 

.";>o.     Xuiner- 

•  nl  were  imb- 

•  Sieiely,  but 
i'.ible  Society. 
!■  sl:iliienl,   to- 

'.-  ]'  .iiiish<-d  by  the 

r    >..(  ieiy  under  the 

5-    I'i^a   llie  same 

ol    llie    New 

":.i    lUr.  M.  Loes- 

■'    ^¥.*  jHiriioiis  of  the 

rfji  tif  bv  the  British 


A  colony  of  rieLTroe-     ■ 
here  in   ISlti   by  an  Ar, 
ciety,   with  the   objei  ' 
chaiK'e  for  seU-imp'-   - 
selection  of  loc.ilif, 
attempt,  as   the   cl-i 
made  with  the  nativf   •;  •■  : 
more   healthful  loca,.'v. 


A.  njfr-i<a  was  planicd 

.•    1    Ionization  So- 

j  Ihe  nei'-ro  a 

An  unfortunate 

be  failure  of  the 

-  -.s   ffiial.     A   treaty 

-■-   :  I'-'Sl  secured  a 

Tiie  land  wa.«  por- 


MM 


XilBERIA 


547 


LINDLET,  DANIEL 


tloncfl  (lilt;  settlenu'iits  sjiniiifr  up,  and  were 
imiiifd  .Monniviii,  Caldwell,  Kdiim;  new  lands 
were  ii(i|iiir<'d;  iiciirldjDi  itiir  cliicl'-i  were  rc- 
ci'ivid  into  llic  coloiij',  aiKJ  lioslilc  cliicfs  wcic 
coiKii.i'ivd,  iiiilil  ill  1847  Liliiria  was  di'clariil 
an  iiidu|ifiidi'ni  ijovfrninoni,  with  u  i)r('si(i(iii, 
senate,  and  house  of  represcntalivcs.  A  pnip- 
ertvi|ualirnaiioii  restriels  the  rii:hl  of  sulTiaire, 
anil  for  the  liuic.  whites  are  not  allowed  eilizeii- 
ship.  Gieal  Ihiiaiii  iiiid  otliir  Hiiropean  pow- 
ers recoLrMJ/ed  the  repuhlie,  and  its  eai(ter  has 
l)een  one  of  s'e.ady  growth  in  nuinbeis,  in 
wealth,  and  in  eivili/.ation.  Theoriirinal  plan  of 
llie  colony  lia>  not  been  fully  eariied  out,  since  it, 
draws  its  people  more  from  tliesurroundin.i;  dis- 
tricts and  n.itive  tribes  tlian  from  the  emanei- 
pated  lu'i-'rcxrs  in  North  America  In  18H0  ilu; 
kiiiirdoin  of  .Medina,  a  ricli  aud  populous  coun- 
try, was  annexeil. 

"The  people  arc  estiinuted  at  1,400,000,  of 
whom  50,000  spe.ik  the  lOiiglish  languaifc. 
iSuL'ar  is  the  principal  iiroduci  of  agricnlliire, 
thoui^h  farmiiiir  of  all  kinds  is  conducted  with 
iuireasini;  results  in  crops  of  cocoa,  colVee,  cot- 
ton, and  rice.  Trade  in  irold  dnsi,  iviuy,  palm- 
oil,  cotlec,  aud  other  products  is  rapidly  increas- 
iuLT  in  value  and  extent. 

.Mission  work  is  carried  on  by  the  I'roteslant 
Episcopal  Church,  the  ."*Ielliodist  Episcopal 
Ciiurch  I  North).  I'resbyteriiin  Church  (North), 
besides  some  unattached  missions. 

Liit*litc'iiuii  (i.e.,  !Mca(h)wof  Liuht),  a  town 
on  the  southeast  e.Mrenuty  of  (}recnl,iiid,  400 
miles  south  of  Lichtenfels,  and  40  miles  from 
the  Danish  colony  of  Juliancnhaab.  .Mission 
station  of  the  .Moravians  (1774);  ;i  ndssionaries. 
This  station  was  ope  ned  at  the  earnest  re(pi<'st 
of  the  heathen  iidiahitants  of  the  district,  whose 
attention  had  been  called  to  the  gospel  by  a  visit 
some  years  previous  of  Dr.  Malt  lie  w  Stack. 

I..l«'lilt'iilelf*  (i.e.,  Uock  of  Li.irht),  a  town 
in  Cire<':iland,  on  an  island  :!  inih's  from  the 
mainland.  '.10  miles  soiith  of  New  llerrnhiil,  40 
miles  north  of  the  enornu)us  glacier  called  the 
Ice  Bluik.  .Mission  station  of  the  Moravians 
(1758).  It  wiis  originally  ;i  cluster  of  liuis  built 
by  -Moravian  missionaries,  which  grew  into  a 
good-sized  .settlement.     It  has  1  missionary. 

■..il'll.  one  of  the  Loyalty  Islands.  Polynesia, 
60  mile~  cast  of  New  Caleihuii.i.  Climate  salu- 
brious. Population,  0,004.  Uace.  I'apuaii.  I,au- 
puage.  Lifu.in.  Keligions,  I'roleslant.  Kom.iu 
Catiiolic.  Natives  peaceable,  la/y,  dirty,  ex- 
tremely honest,  siencrally  improving.  Mission 
station  of  I,.  .M.  S  (1854):  1  mi.ssinnary  .and  wife, 
25  native  helpers,  !)  churches,  2A)'>0  members, 
1  theological  seminary,  15  students,  5  schools. 

I.iitll  VePxHUI.— The  Lifii  belongs  to  tlie 
!Melanesian  languages  and  is  spoken  in  th(; 
Loyalty  Islainls.  The  lirst  part  of  the  Scriptures 
tran-ilated  into  this  language  was  the  lirst  chap- 
ter of  the  Gospel  of  .John,  prepared  by  the  l{ev. 
William  Nihil,  ami  printed  in  1855  at  the  i-us- 
sion  press  on  Mare.  The  first  Gospel  i)rinlcd 
was  that  of  Mark,  translated  liy  l5i-hop  Palte- 
son,  and  printed  in  New  /ealand  in  185!).  in 
the  same  year  llie  Rev.  Samuel  .M'Farlane  of 
the  London  Missionary  Society  settled  on  the 
islam',  and  towaril  the  close  of  thai  year  the 
Oo.«pel  of  ^fatthew  was  printed  on  .Mare.  'I'he 
complete  New  Testament  was  i.ssued  in  1868. 
In  1869  the  Book  of  Psalms,  translated  by  the 
Ker.  James    Sleigh,  was  printed,  the  edition 


consisiing  of  5,000  co>ics.  In  187U  a  revised 
edit  ion  oi'  th-.'  New  Test  anient,  together '.v  it  h  the 
I'salms,  was  printed  at  London  under  the  care 
of  Mr.  .MKarLine.  In  1.S77  the  Testament, 
lianslalcd  by  .Messrs.  Sleigh  and  Cicairli,  was 
also  printed  at  London  by  the  liritish  anil  For- 
eign Millie  Society.  Till'  translation  of  the  en- 
tire Bible  was  complcleil  on  Aiignsl  ','!tlli,  I^si. 
and  a  revision  of  the  work  w.as  undertaken  w  ilh 
a  view  to  having  it  lU'inled  in  KiiLrland  in  one 
volume.  The  revised  edilion  of  ihr  llible,  with 
iiiarii'inal  references,  was  printed  al  London  in 
ixs.s,  under  the  care  of  the  Hev.  .1.  Sleigh,  the 
edilion  coiisiviiiiir  nf  4,noo  copies.  Thus  far 
8,075  portions  of  the  Scripiures  have  been  dis- 
posed of  by  the  IJritish  Hiiile  Society. 

(ispeciiiwit  wrse.  Johu  3  :  10.) 
Hna  tune  la  hninii  Cahazo  kowc  la  fcno' 
hnengodrai,  mate  nyidati  a  hamane  la  Nekij  1 
nyidati  ka  casi,  mate  tha  tro  kb  a  meci  la  kete  1 
»ngete  lapauno  koi  uyida,  ngo  tro  ba  hctenyi  la 
mcle  ka  tha  asc  palua  ko. 

■.liloiitf,  a  town  in  KwansTtung,  China,  ou 
the  estuary  of  the  Canton  River,  between  Can- 
ton anil  Hong  ICong.  Mission  station  of  the 
ISasle  .Missionary  Society;  'i  missionaries  (2 
iiiairie;'.),  1  out-statiou,  1  training-school. 

Uliaro.o,  Northeast  ^le.xico.  southwest  of 
Matanioras,  on  the  r;iilway  to  Saltillo.  Climate 
hot,  but  healthy.  Laiiguiige,  Siiaiiisli.  Relig- 
ion, Roman  Catholic.  Natives  civilized,  but 
morally  degradid.  Mission  station  of  the 
Presbyleriaii  Church  (South),  1874;  1  mission- 
ary, i5  communicanls,  1  Sabbath-school,  13 
scliolars. 

Liii-fliiiiyr^  a  city  in  Shantung,  China, 
near  the  junction  of  the  Grand  Canal  with  the 
Wei  River.  <'liinate  drv.  healthv.  Popula- 
tion, from  40,000  to  .5(»,i)00.  Mission  station 
of  the  A.  15.  C.  K.  .M.  (1880);  :i  missionaries  and 
wives,  4  na'ive  helpers.  Tlie  medical  depart- 
ineiit  of  the  work  is  of  great  and  growing  im- 
portance. 

LiiKlloy,   Daiiu'l,  b. 

Washington  County.  Peiin. 
at  Ohio  I'liiveisily;  taught 
aled  at  I'liion  Tlieological 
1839.  He  preached  three  J'ears  in  Charlotte, 
N.  (!.,  where  he  li.ad  a  very  successful  ministry, 
several  hiindred  being  added  to  his  church. 
The  American  Board  having  made  an  aiipcal 
for  seltled  pastors  to  become  niis^i.inaiirN,  be 
olVered  his  serviies.  married  Miss  Allen  of 
llichmoiid,  Va.,  and  siiled  in  is;!4  for  Africa. 
From  Cape  Town  they  travelled  in  wagons  .500 
miles  Id  Griqiia  Town,  the  next  ye.ar  .5110  miles 
fnilher  to  Mosik.a.  the  counlrv  of  .Mosilikatse. 
The  Dutch  and  .Mosilikatse  being  at  w.ar.  they 
encountered  great  peril  and  snUVririg,  being 
reduceil  almost  to  starvation.  Reaching  Port 
Natal.  I  hey  were  driven  thence  by  the  v.:;r  be 
tween  tl",'  Dutch  and  Dingaan.  the  grea,  uncle 
of  Cetywayo.  Returning  to  Port  Ntil.il  in.Junc, 
18:)0.  he  labored  among  the  Zulus  for  thirty-live 
years.  He  not  only  preached  to  them  the  gos- 
pel of  Christ,  but.  though  not  a  mechanic,  be 
showed  the  native  Christians,  who  wisiied  to 
improve  their  modes  of  life,  how  to  make 
brick,  build  houses,  construct  implements  and 
pieces  of  furniture.  He  often  defended  tlio 
people  with  his  rifle  from  the  attacks  of  wild 


August  24ih.  1801, 
,  U.  S.A.:  graduated 
liool.  and  gradu- 
Scniinarv,   Va.,  in 


J    I 


^r 


,  S    j 


LINDLET,  DANIEL  548 


LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  MISS. 


hiMists,  find  in  sickiu'ss  miniHlcrod  to  thciii. 
Tlic  imsi'tllcd  .stiilc  iif  till'  coiinliT  was  so  liariii- 
fill  to  till'  labors  of  the  mission  thai  for  ii  tiniu 
till'  missionaries  were  recalled  Mr.  Lindley 
refused  to  leave,  anil  look  service  as  pastor  of 
II  Kelornied  Dutch  church  (1^11),  until  llic 
mission  was  nsinned  in  HSl").  In  184(i  live 
I'onindssioners  \vcic  a|i|>oinled  hy  the  Colonial 
Government  to  allot  lands  to  the  initives  and 
to  eneouraire  them  to  industry.  Mr.  liindiev 
vas  one  of  these  eonuuissioners.  lie  was  al- 
ways i;really  honored  and  loved  liy  Ihi'  Zulus. 
The  Diileh  Jioers.  ainoiij;  w  hom  (le  had  taken 
refuire  when  driven  by  war  from  his  honu'  and 
Work  ainonir  the  nalives,  .said:  "  If  there  he  n 
humiMi  name  that  warms  the  heart  of  ii  Natal 
Tcek  IJoei-,  it  is  the  cver-to-herememhered 
name  of  Daniel  I.indlcy."  He  returned  home 
in  ill-health  in  1871,  and  died  ut  ^lorristow  :i, 
M.  J.,  Septemher  3d,  1880. 

Uqiior  Tralllf  iiihI  ITIiNNionH.— It  is 

lui  axiom  in  i>hysics  that  without  tlie  npiilica- 
tion  of  force  water  will  not  rise  higher  than  ils 
Source.  In  the  liirlit  of  this  truth  a  jflancc  at 
the  use  of  ardent  spirits  in  .some  Christiai.  laniU 
may  show  us  what  to  expect  in  their  conunerce 
with  heathen  tribes.  lielgiuiu  is  a  fair  speci- 
men of  a  pajial  country,  and  there  70,0()l),()l)0 
litres— a  litre  =  2.111!  pints-are  consumed  an- 
nually. Every  year  her  0,00(),OII()  of  popida- 
tion  spend  i;i,"),t((K),000  francs  for  licpior  and 
only  ir),t)OI),t)IK)  for  public  instruction,  and  the 
amount  that  is  drunk  continually  increa.ses. 
During  the  last  tifleeu  years  Uie  inhabitants 
have  increased  14  per  cent,  1)ut  the  alcohol 
used  157  pur  cent,  so  tliat  we  arc  not  surprised 
to  Ihid  the  insane  increase  45  ])er  cent,  crimes 
74,  and  suicides  SO  jier  cent.  ("  iMissionarv  He- 
view  of  the  World,"  1889.  878.)  With  such  a 
stale  of  things  at  home  IJelgian  commerce  could 
not  he  very  profitable  to  heathen  lands.  And 
it  is  to  l)e  feared  that  some  I'rotestant  countries 
would  not  appear  so  much  better  in  this  respect 
as  tlie  free  circulation  of  the  Word  of  God  in 
them  would  lead  us  to  e.xpect.  The  net  reve- 
nue from  the  excise  in  Great  Britain  in  1887 
was  .f27,681,523,  all  but  i:7;il,6(;0of  it  from  the 
manufacture  aiul  .sale  of  liipior.  The  ollicial 
returns  of  dutj'  on  spirits  in  1870  were  for 
England  13,3(i8,096  gallons,  Scotland  9,193,608, 
and  Ireland  8,1. ")(), 743  gallons  ("  Encyclopa'dia 
Britannica,"  9th  edition,  art.  "  Excise"):  the 
same  work  (xxi.  533)  states  that  the  number 
of  gallons  made  in  Scotland  rose  from 
5,108,373  gallons  in  1824  to  20,164,903  in  1884, 
and  no  one  can  travel  through  Scotland  with- 
out being  impressed  with  the  number  of  places 
where  spiritsare  sold  and  the  abounding  drunk- 
enness which  follows.  The  misery  and  poverty 
resulting  from  this  cause  are  fearfully  manifest 
in  those  portions  of  her  large  cities  wliere  the 
poorei  chisses  have  their  homes. 

Such  figures  inepare  us  for  dark  pages  in  the 
records  of  commerce  with  heathen,  and  we  arc 
not  disappointed;  the  reality  even  exceeds  the 
expectation.  Boston  is  the  headquarters  of  the 
A.  B.  C.  F.  !M.,  and  yet  tlie  autliorities  at  the 
custom  house  in  that  city  on  application  fur- 
nished the  following  to  one  of  its  otticers:  "  Ex- 
ports of  rum  to  Africa  for  five  years  ending 
June  30th,  1887,  3,359,224  gallons,  valued  at 
11,126,197,  besides  141,572  'gallons  of  other 
epiriis,  value  140,627."  ("  Missionary  Ilerahl," 
1888,    246.)     In    1887,    180,000    gallons   were 


imjiorted  from  Christian  lands  into  Sierra 
I.eone  alone,  and  into  the  neighboring  district  of 
Jjiigos  1,231,;H)2  gallons  were  sent  annually. 
(Heport  .)f  liondon  .Wissiniiary  ConferciKe, 
18SS,  i.  126.)  Uev.  W,  Allan  states  that  the 
Miger  Comiiany  impor  ed  220,000  gidlons  in 
two  vears,  and  5(10, 0(n)  gallons  went  with 
him  in  the  slii|)  Caliban  from  Liverpool. 
The  lion,  and  Uev.  .lames  .lohn.son,  a  native 
member  of  the  govenimenl,  who  has  labored 
there  for  eighteen  years,  sliites  that  pa<kages  of 
gin  and  rum  were  baind  «veiywhei(!.  Large 
st(  ainers  loaded  with  liiUKr  lay  ill  ancluu';  ware- 
houses were  craiuined  witii  the  article  to  the 
very  doors;  canoes  were  heaviU' laden  with  it; 
streets  and  lanes,  highways  an  1  byways,  the 
river  banks,  and  even  the  bush  were  littered 
with  demijoliiis.  The  very  soil  of  Abeokuta 
seemed  composed  »(  broken  bottles;  and  at 
Afarjui>a,  loily  miles  inland,  the  seats  in  the 
chunh  were  einply  gin-bo\es.  TJie  traders  at 
lionny  complain  that  cotton  goods  remain  on 
the  shelf,  and  the  only  demand  is  for  mm  and 
gin,  which  is  sold  for  four  and  even  three  iience 
(ler  bottle.  Such  prices  seem  fabulously  cheap, 
but  the  following  incident  maj'  explain  its 
cheapness.  A  gorilla  from  the  Gaboon  River 
died  on  board  a  steamer,  and  to  preserve  the 
body  it  was  placed  in  a  cask  of  this  trade  rum; 
but  when  it  was  opened  at  Liveriiool,  the  hair 
and  skin  were  found  burned  otf  as  by  vitriol, 
and  the  llesli  in  a  slate  of  horrible  putrefaction. 
And  this  is  the  kind  of  liipior  sold  to  be  drunk 
by  tlie  natives!  {L.  M.  V. ,  i.  127.)  In  1885  more 
than  10,000,000  gallons  of  such  liipior  was 
sent  to  AVestern  Africa.  Of  this  flood 
of  ruin  England  furnished  311,384  gallons, 
Germany  7!823,042,  Netherlands  1,096. 140, 
the  I'nited  Stales  737,05t),  Portugal  91,525, 
and  France,  cf  alcoliol,  405,944.  (L.  M. 
C,  ii.  5.50.)  Germany  here  en  joys  a  pre-eminence 
that  is  by  no  means  to  be  envied.  The  motive 
for  Rueh  intense  activity  in  evil  is  found  in  the 
enormous  prolits  of  this  trade,  amounting  in 
some  cases  to  700  per  cent,  and  to  those  greedy 
for  tillhy  lucre  700  per  cent  inolit  is  a  tremen- 
dous motive.  Uev.  II.  Giattan  Guinness  is 
authority  for  this  measure  of  protil.  (L.  SI.  C, 
1.  480) 

These  lists  of  figures  are  full  of  mourning, 
lamentation,  and  woe,  for  while  among  us  some 
can  use  intoxicating  drinks  for  a  long  period 
with  rare  self-control,  it  is  not  so  with  savage 
races.  They  seem  to  lack  the  power  to  resist, 
and  give  themselves  up  at  once  and  without 
reserve  to  the  destroyer.  The  one  thing  they 
seek  is  to  get  drunk,  to  feel  the  thrill  of  intoxi- 
cation; and  soon  projierty,  health,  and  life  Itself 
are  engulfed  in  the  abj-ss.  The  red  men  of  our 
own  land  are  sad  exam])les  of  this  tendency; 
and  though  in  bondage  the  lack  of  money  and 
the  strong  hand  of  the  master  inti'iit  on  his  own 
gains  ludd  back  the  black  man  from  this 
swift  decline,  in  Africa  his  tondeiieies  are 
uncontrolled.  Missionaries  give  some  very  sad 
glimpses  of  the  work  of  ruin,  but  neither  pen 
nor  i>eneil  can  do  it  justice. 

Rev.  II.  Waller,  F.  U.  G.  S.,  docs  not  confine 
himself  to  vague  generalities,  but  sets  the  con- 
crete niin  before  our  eyes  when  he  testities  to 
seeing  hundreds  of  young  women  lying  beastly 
drunk  round  the  wagons  of  the  ruiiisellers.  If 
there  were  women,  there  wcu'c  also  men,  and 
here  we  have  all  the  elements  for  a  very  pan- 
demonium of  abominations;  and  if  any  think 


XIQUOR  TRAFFIC   AND  MISS 


rvio 


UQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  MISS. 


^1 


Mr.  Willie  i'M'.\iU'ii('iic('c\(('|)li()iml.  I  lull  comforf 
is  wrciiclicil  awiiy  liniii  us  wlicii  Dr.  Chirko 
lisi'.s  prcri.M'lv  I  III' Mime  wiiiiisi'iiiii'i'iiiini;'  yoiiiij; 
Woiniii  ill  SiMilli  Alririi,  only  wliurc  .Mr.  WiiUir 
.>*iiys  lniinlirils  Dr.  ( 'hirki'Miys  llnmsiiiiiis.  WIml 
liii|"' is  liifii' fur  11  |H'(i|ili'  in  siii'h  ii  vortex  of 
(le-lriielioii  V  ll  corrolioriiles  this  tesijinonv  of 
l^vo  wiiiiessis  ill  ililVeicni  lielils  winii  .Mr.  -Nfoir, 
of  Ilie  Afiiriin  Lukes  'ritiiliiifr  ('oiii|iiiiiy,  suys, 
"  1  liiive  seen  lioys  iiiiil  i,'irls  of  liflceii  yeiirs  of 
Ufjc  ,1,'ciliiin'  llieir  Willies  in  nun,"— iiiul  siicli 
riiiuiis  has  iilremly  lieeii  ileserilii'ii.  Kev.  11.  G. 
GuiiinesH  ik'scrihes  il  us  "  iiifiiniously  imil  i^iii, 
soirculy  lii  to  miiki.'  piiiiil  wiili."  (li.  .M.  C,  i. 
482.) 

It  niiiy  1)1' siiiil  this  is  the  tcstiiiiony  of  niis- 
sioiiiirics;  yes,  anil  in  it  they  are  iiiiHiiiinims. 
Christ  like  love  for  men  neiliier  (lisqualilles  to 
see  nor  to  ilesirihe  the  truth;  hut  we  iiie  not 
conlineil  to  missioiiuiy  lestiiuony.  Sir  Hichurd 
Bill  Ion  slates;  "Ills  my  siiiecre  belief  that  if 
the  slave  traile  were  reviveil  with  all  its  horrors 
anil  Afriea  (.'oiilil  i;et  rid  of  the  white  man  with 
his  powiler  ami  rum,  she  would  he  a  gainer  hy 
tlic  uxchaiine. "  'I'liis  is  slronj;  lestiiuony  from 
one  who  had  himself  seen  tlie  slate  of  thiiijj;s 
which  lie  thus  desiiilies.  One  of  these  rum- 
sellers,  without  iiiteiidinu;  il  or  perhaps  even 
lieinjr  aware  of  his  damagiiiii;  co'iicssions,  has 
turned  Stale's  eviilenci!.  Mr.  JJells,  a  leadiiiij 
nierehanl  of  Sierra  Leone,  thus  tells  his  stoiy 
(h.  yi.  C,  i.  12')-,  see  also  ii.  ri;")!):  "  Tlie 
liquor  trallie  de.stroys  liody  and  soul.  It  is  a 
greater  evil  than  the  slave  trade.*  1  am  my- 
self a  large  dealer  in  spirits.  1  have  on  Ihu 
road  now  thoiisaiids  of  gallons  of  rum,  and 
several  thousand  demijohns  of  gin.  I  am  hy  no 
means  inseiisihie  to  the  evil  this  trallie  does  to 
these  lands  and  to  coiunierce  itself. f  And  1  re- 
;tret  il  much.  They  liavi;  heeome  slaves  to 
flie  white  man's  rum.  Hum  uud  giu  is  their 
incessant  cry. "I 

The  Rev.  J.  .lohiisoii,  already  (iiioted,  styles 
this  "a  criminal  trade,"  and  calls  iiiionhis 
people  to  "protest  with  all  their  (our)  might 
against  this  deadly  Irallk;  of  Europe  with  Af- 
rica. Let  the  guilt  of  ruining  our  land  for 
gain  be  the  guilt  of  strangers  only,  if  Ihey  per- 
sist in  their  unchristian  course,"  and  all' good 
people  in  Christian  lands  .say  Amen.  Again  ho 
says:  "There  has  been  no  peace  in  Africa  for 
centuries,  but  this  drink  trallie  makes  it  worse. 
Negroes  have  survived  the  evils  of  the  slave 
trade,  cruel  as  they  were,  but  they  cauuot  with- 


*  A  member  of  tlie  Iji'Kislature  of  Liiros  said  in  that 
assembly:  '■Tlu'  slave  tiiule  was  a  ftreut  evil  to  Afriea, 
but  Ihe'nim  Iraile  is  far  worse.  I  woiilil  railiei'tlmt 
my  uoiinirynien  were  in  s-lavery,  worked  hard,  and  kept 
away  from  tlie  diink,  liian  that  the  drink  should  hi'  let 
loose  upon  them." 

t  The  NiRer  Tnulintf  Coinpany  has  piohibiteil  the 
trade  in  lic|iioi's  for  tiiiaiieial  reasons,  for  it  has  been 
foiinil  that  riiiii  ruins  trade,  and  this  fai't  is  so  manifest 
that  the  ooiiipany  iii'sies  the  CmiKo  Kree  State  to  take 
the  .same  stand,  so  that  commerce  shall  not  be  de- 
stroyed for  the  lack  of  eonsumeis  to  purchase  its  com- 
modities. How  can  such  a  result  be  avoided  if  Cliris- 
tisn  nations  continue  to  send  TD.iltH)  barrels  of  rum,  and 
only  one  missionarv  to  counteract  the  destruction  y  M. 
K.  1888.  i:il;  see  also  L.  M.  C,  i.  477,  for  words  of  Kev. 
W.  M.Taylor,  1)  D. 

t  That  was  the  cry  that  met  Stanley  on  his  arrival  at 
the  western  coast.  ("ThroUBhthe  Dark  Continent."  ii. 
444,  443,  anil  L.  M.  C,  i.  478.)  The  traffic  has  so  ile- 
based  them  that  thouKbts  of  the  morrow  and  their 
famlliea  are  buried  in  the  demijohn  till  it  is  empty. 
The  liquor  trafllo  is  ruinous  to  commerce,  for  it  has 
pauperized  the  people:  to  stop  it  would  be  again  to 
ommerce  and  a  blessing  to  Africa. 


stand  the  terrible  evils  of  the  drink.  If  they 
gooiilhe  extinction  of  the  Negro  is  simply  a 
iiuesljon  of  liiiie."     (L.  M.  C,  i.  4^;),  l^."). ) 

.Malike,  King  of  Nupc,  writes  thus  to  Hisliop 
Crowlher:  "  Uarasa  (liipiori  has  ruiiiid  our 
couTilry.  It  has  nmilc  our  people  insane.  I 
favor  all  tnule,  except  in  barasa.  We  implore 
Crowtlnr,  the  great  ('biisliaii  minister,  to  beg 
the  great  I'riesis  (the  (,'liurch  .Mivsionury 
Society  (omniitlee)  to  beseech  the  tiuecii  of 
Kiiglaiid  to  kci  p  barasa  out  of  this  land.  Let 
him  help  us  in  this  for  Ciod's  .sake.  He  must 
not  let  ourcounlrv  Ik;  destroved."  (L.  .M.  C, 
i.  l'J."i,  I'Jii.) 

This  evil  is  not  contincd  to  Western  Africa, 
nor  is  the  native  opjiosition  to  it  limited  to  tlnit 
region.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  has  forbidden 
the  trallie,  but  he  has  no  power  to  control  Hii- 
ropeans,  who  arc  the  leaders  in  this  wrong,  and 
.so  his  own  people  are  becoming  deinorali/.cd  in 
spile  of  all  his  cIVorls.     (L.  .M.'c,  i.  181.) 

Not  long  since  a  Chrisiian  nation  sent  900 
barrels  of  liquor  to  .Madagascar,  and  the  gov- 
eriiinciit  purchasid  the  entire  cargo,  and  poured 
it  oiil  upon  the  .sand.  (.M.  U.  1W,S,  47-1.)  Hum 
made  in  .Mauritius  is  sent  to  Mailtigasear,  and 
when  the  government  of  that  island  seeks  to 
lirevcnl  il.  because  il  increases  crime  at  so 
fearful  a  rale,  Lnglish  ollieials  hinder  Ihe  en- 
deavor, and  the  cruel  wrong  goes  on,  liquor 
Hows  freely,  and  even  Ihe  vouiig  king  himself 
has  bcconie  a  diunkaril.     (L.  .M.  C.,  i.  -ISI.) 

The  natives  of  the  diainond-tields  in  South 
Africa  iin|)loreil  the  Cape  liarliameni  to  have  Ihi! 
saloons  removed  from  among  them,  but  their 
petition  was  refused.  The  market  for  British 
spirits  could  not  be  inlerrered  with,  whatever 
misery  il  bronghl  to  the  natives. 

.Mr.  W.  S.  Caine,  M.  I'.,  while  travelling  in 
Egypt,  found  more  than  400  saloons  in  Cairo 
with  English  names  and  English  placards, 
.setting  forth  the  excellence  of  tlieir  wares,  and 
heard  an  Egyptian  speaker  denounce  in  a  large 
meeting  the  foreigners  who  introilticed  the 
trallie  into  his  country.    (M.  II.  1887,  S.W.) 

Hev.  W.  Allan  coiJverscd  with  some  of  the 
owners  of  two  lines  of  steamships  to  Western 
Africa,  and  they  not  only  did  not  deny  his 
statements,  but  inforincd  liim  tlitil  the  whole 
of  their  cargo(^s  which  they  took  out  front 
Hamburg  and  Rotterdam  consisted  of  nolhing 
but  mm  and  gin.  _  lie  had  heard  this  on  the 
coast,  and  now  it  was  conlirined  :it  liead- 
finarters.  The  Secretary  of  the  Hamburg 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  in  reply  to  a  letter  from 
Hev.  Mr.  Lang  of  the  Church  .Missionary 
Society,  says:  "  .Merchants  here  inleresled  iu 
the  African  Irade  are  of  opinion  that  measures 
for  limiting  this  trallie  (in  liquorsi  are  injurious 
to  the  develo|inienl  of  trade  with  tho.sc  countries, 
and  that  the  importation  of  liquors  ns  carrieil 
on  at  iire.sent  has  no  injurious  elfect  upon  the 
natives."  AVe  can  understand  the  lirst  part  of 
this,  but  how  to  recoiu'ile  the  closing  sentence 
with  Iruth,  in  the  light  of  the  trstiinony  of  Mr. 
Uetts,  through  whose  hands  a  part  of  these  sjiine 
liquors  passed  in  Africa,  is  beyond  our  power. 

Khame,  tlu!  chief  of  Hechuana  land,  voices 
the  sentiments  of  the  Africans  themselves  when 
he  says:  "  I  fear  Lo  Rengula  less  than  1  fear 
brandy.  1  fought  with  Lo  Bengnla.  and  drove 
him  back,  and  he  never  came  again,  and  God, 
who  helped  nie  then,  would  help  me  again. 
Lo  Bengnla  never  gives  me  a  sleeiiless  night, 
but  to   tight  against  drink  is  to  fight  against 


LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  MISS. 


r,r.o 


LIVINOSTONB,  DAVID 


(U'liions  iintl  not  men.  I  tliciul  ilir  while  mimm'm 
ilrinU  inciie  lliiin  nil  iIk'  a.s.seuiiiKol  I  lie  Miilahelc. 
wliieli  kill  men's  Ixulies.  und  il  is(|iii('klv  over  ; 
tiiil  drink  |iuls  devils  into  men  iind  dcslroys 
liolli  tlieir  s<>id>  and  licxlii-s  tin'evcr;  its  wminds 
never  Ileal.     (.M.  II.  i.  IHMil,  IM.I 

?iti  I'm'  iiiif  view  has  lieen  eonlined  to  Al'fiea, 
bill  the  deadly  linils  ni  tlds  Irallle  are  not 
jieeidiar  to  Atriia.  India  also  siilVeis,  anil 
that  too  at  the  hands  ol  (liristiali  Kii^iland. 
The  irovenimenl  sells  the  ni<>no|Mi|y  cd'  disiilliiiL,' 
mill  selling;  li(|Uor  in  its  sevei.d  disliiels  and  the 
imrchaser  urj;es  his  sales  rei^ardless  of  eoiisc- 
(luenees  lo  the  natives,  and  in  spiic>  ol'  ihe  re- 
monst  ranees  111'  the  lielttr  chissts.  so  I  hat  Ihonjrh 
till'  people  were  almost  entirely  total  alislaini  r.s 
liefore  the  Hrilisli  rule  licffan,  the  whole  land  is 
now  lieeoininif  demorali/.ed.  Kven  the  con- 
verted natives  sulli  1  with  the  rest,  for  while  in 
IHHO  there  were  II  haliiliial  and  ll'ili  oeeasional 
drunkards  out  of  '.".l.ddO  ehiirch-memtiers.  in 
IHM  there  were  "jriO  liahitiial  and  iTI  (X'easional 
drunkards  in  the  churches,  and  the  increase 
since  then  has  lieen  irreatiT,  and  still  larger  in 
liroporlioiininoiii:  the  heathen  pnpnlatioii.  This 
must  exert  a  fearful  power  to  hinder  Ihti  C'hiis- 
tiaiiization  of  India  (.\l.  U.,  1881»,  IJIIK). 

.Mr.  W.  S.  Caine,  .M.I'.,  gives  some  striking 
instances  of  this  policy  of  the  government.  The 
collector  at  Darjeeling  compelled  a  tea  planter, 
ignorant  of  the  law,  to  open  a  >.alooii  on  his 
farm,  and  at  Hiirrisal  theeollector tried  to  loni- 
Jiel  a  /.emiiiilar  to  reopen  axaloon  which  he  had 
dosed  on  his  estate.  The  native  refused,  and 
defeated  the  collector  when  the  case  came  into 
Court.  Still  there  remiiins  the  unspcakalile 
shame  of  an  English  otiicial  in  heathen  India 
Using  his  authority  to  compel  a  native  to  re- 
open the  saloon  which  his  sense  of  duty  had  led 
him  to  close.  .Mr.  Caine  (piotes  the  following 
from  jMr.  Wesiland,  a  memher  of  the  viceregal 
council:  "  We  look  hopefully  for  an  incrense 
in  the  e.xeise  sj-stem  in  Norihern  India."  In 
otlu  i' words,  he  holies  that  the  revenue  will  bo 
increased  by  increasingdrunkenness  among  the 
people.  In  connection  with  this  it  should  be 
addi'd,  that  the  revenue  from  native  spirits  was 
then  increasinir  at  the  rate  of  ten  per  cent  an- 
uually  (.M.  U.,  18S9,  ;!t)8) 

The  "Bombay  Ciuardian"  states  that  the  re- 
sult of  this  governmental  stimulatingof  the  sale 
of  liipior  in  order  to  increase  its  revenue  is  that 
the  number  of  consumers  has  doubled  in  ten 
years  (.M.  II..  18S!t.  :i44>.  Rut  what  else  could 
be  e.\i>eeted  from  a  governineiit  which  delib- 
erately intlicts  the  curse  of  opium  on  China, 
iind  then  justilies  the  wrong  by  its  own  need  of 
revenue.  Is  not  that  the  same  jdea  by  w  hicli 
the  robber,  tbe  burglar,  and  the  prostitute  seek 
to  justify  tlieir  nelarioiis  courses'/  We  might 
trace  the  same  intluences  operating  in  other 
beathen  lands,  but  it  would  only  be  repeating 
the  same  things  with  a  change  of  name.  Africa 
has  been  .selected,  because  that  continent  at 
present  bears  the  brunt  of  this  attack  on  the 
welfare  of  heathen  nations.  India  has  been  re- 
ferred to,  becau'e  there  a  Cliristian  nation  has 
a  glorious  opportunity  to  bless  the  i)o]Milalion 
which  the  Providence  of  G(k1  has  entrusted  to 
its  care;  but  in  other  lands  we  woiilil  only  see 
the  .same  causes  operating  only  under  I'ircum- 
stanees  less  favorable  to  success,  though,  alas! 
benthen  countries  can  raise  few  barriers  against 
national  ruin  wliieli  Christian  nations  cannot 
trample  down  v,heu  so  disposed.     iSurely  we 


have  need  lo  press  I  he  petition  which  the  Mas- 
ter has  taught  us  to  iirgcbeliue  the  mere\  seal: 
"Thy  will  be  done  on  itartli,  as  it  is  done  in 
heaven.  "  When  that  prayer  is  answered,  hii- 
liiMii  governments  w  111  be  as  holy  and  licnevo 
lent  in  all  their  proceduic  as  Ihe  angels  who 
arc  before  the  Ihrone. 

IJi'llllK,  the  westcrnmosi  of  the  Taliiut 
Islands,  KasI  Indies,  A  slatioii  of  the  Kriiielo 
Alissionaiy    Society    with    Tu    meinhers. 

I.lllililiiiiaii  Vci'hUhi.— The  l.ilhuanian 
belongs  to  tlie  Lithuanian  branch  of  the  Aryan 
family  of  languages,  and  is  spoken  in  the  I'rov- 
inei^  ()f  J.ithuania.  The  lirst  translator  of  the 
Hibli!  into  this  lunguugc  was  .lohii  Itiilkius, 
pastor  of  Ihe  Lithuanian  church  at  Ki'migslicrg. 
lie  completed  his  tralislalioii  in  iriiMI.  and  de- 
liosited  the  manuscript  in  the  royal  libiary  at 
Ki'Miigsberg.  Itlio/a,  his  successor,  revised  Ihe 
I'salins.  which  were  published  in  Ili'J.").  An 
edition  of  the  .New  Teslaim  nt  was  ]iulhislie(l 
from  Mrelkiiis'  manuscript  by  order  of  Kred- 
eiiekl.of  Prussia  at  Strassliurg  in  1701).  An- 
other translation  of  Ihe  ISiblc  into  this  lan- 
guage, made  by  Cliyliiiski.  a  native  of  Lithu- 
ania, was  printed  at  London  in  lllltll.  A  new 
Iraiislalion,  made  by  the  |{ev.  John  .bieob 
t^iiandial  the  order  of  King  Kicderiik  William 
of  Prussia,  was  printed  in  I  ;;>,'),  and  a  second 
edition  issued  in  l?");")  The  Hrilisli  and  For- 
eign Millie  Soiiely  puiilished  an  edition  in  ISHi, 
which  was  followed  by  other  issues,  and  in 
lH(i4  the  Prussian  Hible  Soiiely  also  |uiblislied 
an  edilion  at  ll.ille.  In  I HH;!  ihe  British  Bible 
Society  issued  an  edition  of  the  four  Gospels  for 
l,4(Mt,()lK»  Lithuanians  in  Uussia  under  the  care 
of  Prof.  Juskovit.sch. 

(Specimen  verse.    Jobu3:16.) 
tnlpo  DlciDS  tni)lfjo  ftcictfl,  fab  fnnjo  ftltnglmmull 
fttttii  bStrf,.  lelb  ttifil  I  |l  fiffi  fR  i)rnDtiIlti/bft~nni,iltiii 
flDttjnta  turrttu. 

I.iilitz,  ft  town  In  Jnmnicn,  West  Indies,  in 
tbe  SavHunab.  It  is  built  on  an  eminence  TOO 
feet  high,  but  is  one  of  the  warmest  and  least 
comfortable  of  all  the  towns  in  .lainaica.  .Mis- 
sion slatioii  of  the  jNIoravians  (1804);  church  or- 
gan i/ed  18;i!>. 

|jilll('-l*<>|':4>,  a  town  in  Dahomey,  slave 
coast.  West  Africa.  ^Mission  station  of  the 
Wesleyan  Missionary  Society;  1  missionary 
and  w'ifc,  8  native  helpers,  122  chureh-inem- 
bers,  5  schools,  2(!3  scholars. 

IA\  or  l..iv«»ll  Vt'l'slllll.— The  Liv  belongs 
lo  the  Finn  branch  of  tbe  rial-Altaic  family  of 
languages,  and  is  used  by  the  Livs  w  ho  inhabit 
West  Courland,  Uussia,  to  the  number  of  4.000 
or  5.000.  In  ISTll  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Soiiety  published  the  (Jospel  o(  Matthew.  This 
(iospel,  formerly  published  by  Prince  L.  L. 
Bonaparte  and  generously  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  Bible  Society,  was  translated  into  tbe 
Lettish  character  by  tbe  academician  Wiede- 
mann. 

l..ivillK!«tOllt>,  l>avid,  b.  Blanlyre,  Scot- 
hind,  March  lillh,  181:!.  His  parents  were  re- 
ligious, and  be  was  early  impressed  with  the 
noble  life  of  Jesus  spent  in  healing  the  body 
and  instructing  the  ignorant.  At  ten,  jiart  of 
bis  lirst  week's  wages  as  "  piccer  boy  "  at  a  looiu 


LIVINO8T0NB,  DAVID 


SSI 


LIVIN08TONB,  DAVID 


Ii<mil;IiI  II  l.iillii  ;;i'iiiiiiiiiii'.  IIU  rvciiiiiu'  liiiiirs, 
ot'icii  triHii  ^  o'i'liirU  lill  iiiiilni'.'lil.  vM'i'c  s|ii'tii 
ill  Ilii'  study  <>l'  l/iliii,  (iri'C'k,  IkjImiiv.  iiihI  l'hiI 
OL'V.  At  llilirli'i'ii  lit'  ii'SoIvimI  til  III-  II  lui'ilicMJ 
iiii>-<liiiiiirv.  Ity  "pliilii  jivlii!.'"  line!  ■  liiirli 
tliliiMii'.'."  woikiiiLT  IIS  II  "  s|i|iiiii'r"  ill  ilir  Mini- 
lili'l',  iiikI  stiiilvln:;  in  <tliis;rii\v  in  Ilir  wiiilii', 
nniiiivv  Mill'  "  pliUiiiLi'  ii|i  us  iiiinli  o!  riir|iriiiry 
mill  iiilnr  iiscliil  irulo  iis  |iiis»ililr,"  he  pii  pMi'i'il 
liiiu-cM  I'lii'  liis  I'lituii'  lill'.  Allrr  Ills  in'i'i'|it- 
iiiii'i' liy  till'  1,11  mIiiii  Missiniiiiiy  Sii<i('i\  in  IH;iM, 
III'  stiiiliril  tlirnlii^'N',  nu'iliriiii'.  mill  M'iriiri'  liir 
two  yi'iirs  in  i.oiiiliiii,  limlv,  liis  innliiiil  iIi'ltI'I'I' 
in  till'  l''aiiilly  ut'  I'liy-iiiiiiis  iiiiil  Siiiliiihis  in 
(1I.i--l;iiw  .  s.'iili'il  |)i'ii  inlirr  Mili,  |M.l(),  fm-  ('n|n' 
'I'liwii :  iliriirr  imiri'i'ili'il  In  KiininiiiM.  till'  siiiiiiin 
III  Miill'iil  mill  lliiinilliiii.  I''iii'  twii  \rms  In' 
traviiM'il  till'  lii'i'liiimiii  (•iiiiiitr\',  visitiiij;  tlii' 
II.'iUuMin^,  mill  nlln  i  liilii'-  )ii  ls.|;i  lir  ^r 
Iri'iiil  Miiliiiisi  I'm'  II  iiiis^iim  stiitinn.  Ilrri'  ii 
liiiii  rni.slii'il  Ills  arm,  miil  iii'mly  (ml  mi  iiiil  in 
Ills  lill'.  Ill  IHII  III'  lnnl<  III  lill'  ini-^inll  linil^i' 
111'  liiiil  linill,  his  w  ill',  .Mmy  MnlTiil,  ilmiiililii'  nf 
till'  niissiniimy.  'I'liis  stiilinri  lir  ii'liiii(iiislii'i| 
til  Ills  rnili'iiifiii',  mill  rcninviil  In  (  liniiiimii'. 
rii|iilMl  111'  till'  Uiikwiiiiis.  Si'i'lirli'.  llirii  i  liii'l', 
iil'ti'i' llirii'  yrmsnt'  instriiilinn,  wiis  liii|iti/ril. 
A  I'ciiifiil  ilninirlii  niin|irllril  l,iviiiu''-iiini'  I,) 
s<'rk  II  innri'  favniiil  ii'i;inn.  mill  llir  wlmli' 
tlilii'  t'lillnwi'ii  liiiii  111  Kiilnlii'ii;.'.  Wliilc  lirrc 
III'  visiii'il  lill'  lini'is.  'I'liry  ii'^'m-ili'il  with  lios- 
lilily  miy  wlm  Irriilril  iis  nirii  ihi'  niilivrs.  wlinni 
tliry  liinUril  iiiiiin  us  "  lilai'k  |irii|ii'il\',"  anil  ir- 
sislril  I'Vcry  litlrlii|il  In  rniiliil  a  nil>sinii  iii'iir 
llirii'si'tljrnii'iils.  'I'hr  rivrral  Knlnlirii^',  wliiili 
hull  yii'lili'il  him  wali'i'  fm'  in  ijialimi.  maili'ally 
I'liili'il.  mill  ill  till'  I'niii'th  yrar  ilisapiirm-cii. 
I,iviiiL'stiiiu'  liii'l  hi'iinl  nf  "ii  uii'iil  lakr. "  siii'- 
rnunilril  liy  ii  iiiiinly  tiihi',  iiili'il  liy  Sriiiliimii', 
II  pnwi'rfiil  rliirf,  I'lirnilly  1(1  striimri'is.  'I'lirrc 
III'  hnpi'il  In  liiiil  a  pliiri'  i'nr  I'lituri'  lalinrs.  Ac- 
(■ninpanii'il  liy  Oswrll  iiiiil  Miiiiay,  Kiiirlish  Iniv- 
cllris,  111'  I'l'iissril  till'  Kiililiini  Disiri,  iihnosi 
impassalili'  from  iliniiirht,  limiiriiniis  sripi'iils, 
mill  ihi'  ili'ailly  Isi'isi' liy.  On  Aiiiriist  1st,  1HI!», 
III'  sii;lil('il  Liiki'  Niraiiii,  hiil  failril  to  ri'iicli 
.Siliiluaiic  thioiiirh  till'  ji'iilimsy  of  a  chirf  who 
ii'fiisi'il  In  tiaiispiirt  him  arinss  the  Ziniirii  HiviT. 
A  .sui'iinil  alU  nipt  I'ailcil  ow  iiit,'  Id  tlii'  illnrss  of 
his  chililicn.  A  lliiiil,  with  his  fmnily  mnl 
Si'i'lii'lr,  WHS  siii'i'i'ssfiil.  Si'liiliimir  wclcoiiiril 
tlit'in  warmly,  lull  iliiil  from  piiiiimoiiiii  within 
II  nionth  after  llirir  iiiriviil.  In  .Iiiui',  IS.")1,  l,iv- 
in!;sloiii'  ii'inhi'il  Ihi'  Ziiinlirsi  Hivrr  at  Si  sli- 
eki',  in  till'  lirarl  of  Afrii'a,  an  iiiipnrlaiil  ;r<'i)- 
irrapliiial  ilisiovcry,  as  it  Imil  licrii  Mipposcd  to 
rise  iiiiirh  finthrr  cast.  His  family  liiivincr  siif- 
fi'ri'il  iri'iaily  from  illnrss,  hi'  ili'iiili'il  to  sfinl 
llu'in  to  Kiiirlaml  fof  two  years,  liimself  exjilore 
the  ciHintry  in  siaieli  of  ii  lirallhy  eeiitre  for 
mission  work,  also  to  trace  the  Zmnliesi  to  its 
.soiiree  anil  In  I  he  inasi,  thus  open  in  i;'  up  a  piilli 
to  the  interim'.  While  he  was  retiirniiiLC  In 
KnliilieiiH'  frnm  Cape  Town,  after  seeing  liis 
family  einliark,  the  Hoers  slew  many  of  lii.s 
Bakwain  pi'o|)le,  earrieil  away  many  iiinre  cap- 
tive, sacki'il  his  house,  anil  ileslrnyeil  his  linoks. 
On  May -*3il,  lS."i;!,  he  leaclieil  Mnyanii  on  the 
Clinlie,  ciii>ital  nf  the  Makoloio,  was  coriiially 
receiveil  by  tsekelelii  Seliituanc's  son  anil  suc- 
cessor, uiiil  reiniiineil  for  some  months  "preacli- 
inj;  llie  .i::ospel  anil  healinir  ilisea.ses."  lie  pro- 
ceedeii.  Noveiiilier  lltli,  tracinir  the  course  of 
the  Zambesi  and  its  iittlucnt,  the  Leeba,  to  its 
source  in  Lake  Dilolo.    On  this  liaKardous  e.\. 


pedition  he  liKik  Iweiity  seven  men  provided  liy 
,'^i'ki'llii,  parily  with  a  vii'W  to  opiii  up  a  tiaile- 
Inille  lieUM'in  their  i\\\  n  ciiiiiitiN  and  the  eniiNt. 
They  siilferid  finlii  I'Mi'i  llie  lilin!.;er  and  tliilMl, 
fevei'  mid  dysentery,  iilliicks  nf  wild  lieiiMts, 
rnbliers,  and  linslile  tribes  I'rocei  diii);  friilii 
l.iike  Diloln.  he  arrived,  .Ma\  lIKt,  IN.VI.  at  St, 
I'llill  ill  [.omnia.  i'a|iitiil  nf  .Viipila,  mi  the  ucMt 
coast.  Krmii  this  jilace  he  sent  hi-,  le-trnnmnical 
nbserviition^  In  .Nlinleai,  loyal  iisllollnnier  at 
the  (ape,  and  mi  aeiniiril  nf  his  Jmiiniy  to  the 
Hoy.ll  (ii'ni;i,'i|i|iieiil  Siii  iety  nf  Klivlallil,  «  llicll 
awiirdid  him  lis  bi::lii'>.|  lioiinr,  the  itnlil  niediil. 
.Mallear,  spiakiiiii'nl  the  ntimher  and  aiciiriicy 
nf  bis  aslroiimiiical  and  iiioiirapliical  observu- 
limis,  says:  "  Von  i  onld  lio  to  any  pnint  aernsH 
the  eiilire  cnnlini'iit.  iilniiLT  i,iviii;;stiiiiu'.s  truck, 
and  feel  certain  of  ymii  pnsiiiiui.  " 

III  iri'cal  |ili\sieid  prn^lialimi  and  inenliil  ilc- 
pressimi  by  dl'-ea^e.  Iiiiiii;er.  and  care,  he  wu.s 
kindly  rieeivi'il  by  the  ilrilish  ( ■|iiiiniissiiiner. 
The    rnrtiiLriiese  niei'i'liaiils   mid    nltici.'ijs  also 

were  iiiiisl  hnspiialile  and  eiinil is.      lint  |,iv- 

inir^tniie  wa-,  painfully  cmivincid  ihal  liny  liml 
111  heart  the  prosperity  of  tlie  sliivc-t  laile.  On 
ririivery,  he  beu'an  his  return  jouiney.  reachin^^ 
hiiiMinii  Seplenibir,  IS,").').  His  wants  for  llio 
|oiiiiiey  Iheiiee  Id  the  east  i  nasi  Hire  supplied 
liy  Sekelelii.  who  al.so  iicciinipMiiii  d  him  for 
some  ilisianie  with  ','00  nf  his  pinplc  I.eiivinj; 
liinymili  .Nnveinber  miIi.  he  si  ion  1 1  i- cove  red  llie 
fanimis  V'iclniia  Falls  uf  the  Zainipisi.  "The 
peiiple  all."  he  says,  "  expri  sm'iI  ^ricat  siilisfac- 
liiiii  on  hearinir  my  ines>.'ii;i'.  as  I  dirccliil  llieir 
II 1 1  en  I  ion  In  .le^i  IS  as  their  Saviour."  He  an  i  veil 
.Mari'h  ','11,  ls,")li,  at  Tele,  Ihe  fiirlbest  olltpnsL 
nf  the  i'niliii:iii"-i',  in  an  einaeialeil  cmidilimi, 
mid  was  kindly  enlertained  by  the  pivernor 
fill  six  Weeks.  Leaviii^r  Ills  .Makololo  friends 
well  eared  for.  he  starleil  I'nr  (^iiilimaiie  on 
the  Inilian  Ocean,  reacliiii.u:  it  May  i!Oth,  fmir 
vears  frnm  the  last  deparliiie  from  C'lipe  Town, 
liaviiiL''  traversed  the  ciintinenl  from  oeetin  to 
oceiin  and  Iravelled  on  fool  over  11,00(1  miles. 
He  I  hen  em  ba  iked  for  I'^iiiilmid.  December  I'Jili, 
iN.'ili.  He  was  ri'Ci'iviil  with  great  lionor  by 
the  I,oiiilnii  Missiniiary  Snciily,  the  Koynl 
(ieoirrapliical  Society,  the  iiniveisities  nf  Caiii- 
bridire  and  0.\l'iird,  and  by  all  classes  of 
snciely.  At  (ilasirnw,  I';iliiibiiri:li,  Dublin,  0.\- 
fnrd,  anil  t'ambriili;e  his  adiliesses  wcie  liearil 
with  frreal  iiilcresi  by  leained  and  uiilcn  lied, 
nlii  and  yoiinir.  \Vliilc  at  liniiie  be  piiblished 
his  "Missiiinaiy  Travels  and  licsearchcs  in 
South  Africa."  In  his  travels  the  atrocilies  of 
the  iiilernal  slave-liallic  li.'iil  so  nvealed  them- 
selves to  him.  mid  the  obstacles  it  inesenled  to 
inisvion-wnik  in  Ceiilral  Africa  liad  sn  im- 
jiresseil  him,  tliiil  the  i|Ui'siinn  of  its  suppres- 
sion became  "  the  uppermosl  idea  in  his  mind." 
Hilliertii  his  explorations  had  aimed  solely  iit 
opi'iiiiii;-  lielils  for  mission  work  ;  theiiecforlli 
lliey  sniiirlil  In  open  lip  the  country  to  Icf^iti- 
niiile  and  prodilclive  cmnmeice  as  a  means  of 
siiperscdiiiL'  llie  deslruclive  and  inliiiriian  Iraf- 
lic  in  tiesh  and  blood.  His  motive  appears  in 
these  words:  "The  opeiiiiiu:  of  Ihe  new  cen- 
tral connlry  is  a  inaller  for  cnnirratiilatinn  only 
so  far  as  it  o|)ens  iipa  jirospecl  for  the  elivalion 
of  the  inhabitants.  I  view  the  f;eo!ri'aphical 
exploration  as  tlu^  beirinniiii;  of  Ihe  missionary 
enterprise.  1  include  in  the  lalter  term  every- 
thinii-  in  the  way  of  effort  for  the  amelioriition 
of  our  race.'' 

Httviiif;   severed    his    connection    wiih    the 


I       ! 


■'■  I 

r*,f'fj:ii 


UVINOSTONE,  DAVID 


552 


LIVINGSTONE,  DAVID 


t' 


L.  M.  S.,  he  relumed  in  1858.  apixjinted  Brit- 
ish consul  for  Ea.sterii  Africa  and  llie  districts 
of  tlie  iiitfrior.  and  also  leader  of  an  exiifdition 
for  ex|)li)iing  Kasu-ru  and  Central  Africji.  He 
was  acioniiiunied  by  his  lirother  Charles,  Dr. 
John  Ivirk.  and  others.  At  CaiK-  Town  he  wits 
accorded  a  reception  by  ihc  people  and  nutlior- 
ilies  of  tiie  Colony,  liie  (iovernor  presentiua; 
biiii  with  SOO  ifidneas  in  a  silver  casket,  as  a 
testimonial  to  the  value  of  his  services.  Most 
of  the  year  was  spent  by  the  party  in  exploring 
the  Sliiiv  liivci-  and  making  the  discovery  of 
Lake  Shirwa,  April  IHtli,  and  Lake  Nyassa, 
September  Kith,  18."»9.  Around  the  latter  the 
nii.ssioiiary  fouml  the  slave-trade  rainiiant, 
"desolating  the  country  sunl  paralyzing  all  ef- 
fort." Iteturning  to  Tete  in  1860,  hefullilled 
liis  pledge  made  three  yeiirs  Ix'foreto  his  Mako- 
loto  friends  by  takingthem  to  their  homes  at 
Linyanli.  In  IHijl,  accompsmied  by  his  brother 
and  Dr.  Kirk,  he  made  another  trip  to  Lake 
Nyas.sa,  and  remained  exploring  for  several 
\<  eeks.  His  wife,  whom  he  liad  welcomed  only 
tiiree  months  before,  died  April  37th,  18t)2,  lit 
aiiapunga  on  the  Zambesi. 

The  i'niversities'  .Mission  to  Ceutml  Africa, 
proix)sed  by  Livingstone  in  18.->7,  was  estab- 
lished in  18.")9,  Arc'hdeacou  MacKenzie  of 
Natal  consecrated  bishop  for  the  mission  in 
IHCl,  and  the  mission  was  settled  at  Magomero. 
In  July,  18(53,  the  bishop  died  from  exposure 
and  fatigue. 

In  the  new  iron  steamer,  the  "Lady  Xyas.sa," 
the  explorers  steamed  up  the  Shire;  but  before 
it  coulil  1k'  carried  over  the  cataracts,  his 
brother  and  Dr.  Kirk  were  obliged  by  sickness 
to  return  home.  He  resolved  to  continue  the 
exi>loiatioiis  alone.  An  onler  from  home  re- 
calling the  exp«'dition,  he  set  sai'i  for  Zanzibar 
in  18(14  in  the  "  Lady  Xya.ssa."  Needing  finuls 
ami  desiring  to  sell  the  vessel  built  with  the 
avails  of  his  Iiook,  he  manned  the  little  cnift 
with  nine  natives  and  four  Europeans,  himself 
navigating  her  to  IJinnbay,  which  he  reached 
after  an  adventurous  voyage  of  a  ntonth. 
Thence  he  einbarki-<l  for  England.  He  pub- 
li.she<l  "The  Zambe-ii  and  its  Tributaries." 
When  urged  bv  Sir  Koderick  .Murchisou  to  re- 
liiupii  'h  the  missionary  work  and  attend  only 
to  discovery,  he  wrote  :  "  I  would  not  consent 
to  go  simply  as  a  geographer  but  as  a  mission- 
ary, and  to  do  geogn.pliy  by  the  way."  In 
this  spirit  he  accepted  the  commis-sion  of  thy 
Geogniphical  Society  to  itscerlain  "the  water- 
shed of  South  Central  Africa."  to  "determine 
whether  the  ultimate  souices  of  the  Nile"were 
"among  the  hills  or  lakes"  south  of  the  point 
where  Speke  and  Grant  saw  that  river  (lowing 
from  the  Victoria  Nyanza,  and  also  to  "settle 
the  relation  of  the  Nyassa  with  the  Tanganyika." 
lie  had  also  the  appointment  of  British  ecui>iul 
in  Central  Africa,  but  without  pay.  From 
Zanzibar  he  reachiil  the  continent  March  34lh, 
procee<led  up  the  Hovuma  Uivcr  as  far  as  he 
could,  and  August  8th  reached  Lalce  Nvassa. 
A  well-watere<i,  fertile  region,  but  largely  de- 
populated by  slave-hiniters,  the  tokens  of  whose 
barbjtrities  lay  all  along  their  march.  Thence, 
battled  by  inundations.  lu)stile  slave  -  dealers, 
treacherous  alteiulant.s,  want  of  supplies,  and 
severe  sickness,  he  pn)Ceeded  northward  to- 
ward Tanganyika,  which  he  sighted  April,  18(57. 
Two  of  the  men  who  deserted  took  with  them 
bis  medicine-chest,  and  he  was  without  means 
to  control  the  attacks  of  fever  and  dysentery 


which  prostrated  Inm.  \Vhen  sufficiently  re- 
covered he  jiassed  westwanl,  and  in  Xoveinber 
discovered  Lake  JInro,  and  Jidy  38th,  1868, 
Lake  Bangueolo  or  Hemba,  IM  miles  long.  75 
wide  '  •  Constant  wettings  jiiid  wadings  "  pros 
tnited  him,  and  for  the  tirsi  time  in  ncjirly 
thirty  years  he  was  carried  on  the  march. 
Heturning  to  the  Tanganyika,  he  reachwl  Ujiii 
:March.  lN(i!l.  < )n  July  13th  he  starteil  westward, 
and  September  31  si  reached  Banbarre.  a  town 
in  .Manyueina.  He  struggled  forward,  accom- 
|)anied  by  three  faithfuls,  Susi,  Chuma.  and 
Uaidiier,  but  was  driven  back  to  BaiilKirre  by 
sickness.  Dis.aliled  for  three  nioiii lis  by  ulcers 
on  the  feet,  and  fuither  delayed  by  the  ireaeli- 
eryof  natives  seiU  from  Zjinzibar  with  .supplies, 
and  bj'  slave  hunters,  it  was  only  b}-  indomi- 
table persistence  that  he  reached  the  town  of 
Xyangwe.  an  Arab  settlement,  the  western 
limit  of  his  explorations  of  the  Lnalaba.  He 
had  now  traced  the  grejit  river  which,  rising  ag 
the  Chambeze  in  the  uplands  l>etweeu  Xy.-i-si 
and  Tanganyika,  Iniverses  a  chain  of  lakes," issu- 
ing successively  from  Bangueolo  as  the  Lua 
pala.from  .M(eroas  the  Luvwa,froni  Kamolondo 
as  the  Lualaba,and  had  also  suggested  what  later 
investigations  proved  true,  that  it  enters  the 
Atlantic  (Jcean  as  the  Congo.  He  had  a-MXT- 
tained  also  that  the  Tanganyika  does  not  iK-long 
to  the  siune  drainage  system  as  the  Xya.ss!i. 

Hacked  by  disease,  and  tortured  in  spirit  by 
the  horrors  perpetrated  by  the  slave-hunters,  he 
was  forced  back  by  his  .-ilTrightetl  attemlaiits 
from  Xvangwe,  "a  ruekleof  Inmes,"  ashe  sitid. 
to  L'jiji,  (itM>  miles,  which  he  reiichwl,  Octolier 
23rd,  only  to  tind  (hat  the  ni.scai  who  ha<l  charge 
of  his  stores  had  stolen  .and  us<-d  them  all. 
While  Livingstone  was  making  this  journey 
under  compidsion  to  l'jiji  from  the  western  ex- 
tremity of  his  exi)lorations,  Henry  il.  Stanley, 
the  tnivelling  eorrosi)ondeiit  of  the  "  Xew  Vork 
Henild.' 'sent  from  America  by  .Mr.  Gonlo.i  Ben- 
nett to  tiiiil  and  relieve  hiiu,  was  urgini;  his  w;iy 
from  th<' east  coast  in  search  of  him,  and  reachetl 
L'jiji  live  days  later  than  Livingstone.  Xot  in 
vain  had  the  missionary  in  his  extremity  re- 
corded: "  I  coiumit  mvs<'lf  to  the  Almi;_'hty 
Disposer  of  events."  lie  and  Stanley  together 
vis'teil  the  north  end  of  the  lake,  and  s<'ltle<l  in 
the  negative  the  long  dispuleil  i(U<-i|ion  whether 
the  Tanganyika  was  coiuiected  with  either  the 
Victoria  Xyanza  or  the  Albert  Xyanza.  At  the 
end  of  theyear  1871  they  journeyed  together  to 
Uuyamj'emtK'.  where  Stanlev  had  left  stores 
bro'ught  for  Livingstone.  lle.'e  they  psirted 
March  15th,  1873,  Stanley  Ix-aring  with  him  the 
))recious  journal  of  six  years',  which  '•contained 
a  wealth  of  information  about  countries  and 
peoples  hitherto  unexplored  anil  imknown,"  and 
Livingstone,  with  renewed  health  and  spirits, 
ready  to  ])ursue  his  work  on  the  arrival  of  n-li- 
able  men  from  Stanley.  He  startwl,  August 
25tli,  1873,  to  make  another  explonition  of  the 
Chand>eze  System.  To  Mr.  MolTat  he  writes: 
"  I  set  out  on  this  journey  with  a  strong  pn-senti- 
ment  that  I  shall  never  tinish  it."  He  was  most 
of  the  time  wading  through  "sponges"  and  wet 
with  torrents  of  vain.  Dysenterj- in  aggmvateil 
form  renewed  its  exhausting  attacks,  and  his 
consti(u(ion  could  no  longer  withstaml  it.  He 
had  to  Ik-  carrie<l  in  a  litter,  by  turns  suflferinz 
excniciating  pain  and  for  hours  insensible  or 
fainting  from  loss  of  blood.  Still  he  would  at 
timesa.sk  regarding  dLstant  hills,  or  of  the  rivers 
crossed,  whence  they  came  and  whither  they 


UtVINGSTONB,  DAVID 


553 


liOBWENTHAL,  ISIOOR 


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flowi- 1.  AppniiK  hiiii;  Iliilii  on  the  south  shore 
of  Lake  Haiijriicolo,  men  were  sent  in  iidvance 
til  liuilii  a  hill  lor  liiin,  and  lie  was  laid  npon 
lii-i  lied  c(t  sticksand  ,u;rass.  Next  inornini,'  Chief 
C'liitaialio  caileil,  hut  he  was  loo  ill  to  lalU.  At 
aho\it  1  A..M  ,  .May  1st,  lie  asked  Susi  for  his 
ini-dieine-chest.  Selecting  the  calomel,  and  ask- 
iiiL'  for  water,  he  added:  "  All  liiilil,  you  may 
;ro  i)Mt  now."  iJefore  dawn  th(!  hoy  who  sU'iit 
wilhiii  the  hut  to  he  ready  at  his  call,  fduiid  liiii> 
kiii'eliiig  hy  the  bed,  liis  he.ad  hurii'd  in  his 
hands  uiion  the  jiillow.  The  spirit  had  departed. 
His  faithful  men,  after  emhaimiiiu'  the  hixly  as 
well  as  they  could,  wrapped  it  in  calico  and 
hark,  and  carried  it  with  all  his  iiapers,  instrii- 
inciils,  ele.,  a  year's  jouriu^y,  to  Zanzibar.  On 
April  l.-ilh,  1874,  accompanied  h)-  Susi  and 
t'huma,  it  arrived  in  Knirlaiul,  and  w;is  deposiled 
in  Westniiiislcr  .Vbhcy,  Iheariu  which  li.id  been 
crushed  hy  I  he  lion  beinji;  a  means  of  his  ideiiti- 
licalioii.  His  journals  kept  ilurini;  these  last 
st'ViMi  years'  explorations  were  publjslicd  in  1S74 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Last  .lournalsof  David 
Livinirstoue  in  Central  Africa."    ("2  vols.) 

■..olidt'll,  llciiry,  h.  Danbury,  Conn., 
U.  S.  .V...ranuary '^.-nh,  1S-J7.  I  lis  early  life  was 
spent  on  a  farm,  workinn'  for  six  years  in  sum- 
mer, and  altt-nding  school  in  winter.  At  Ihcaire 
<if  sixteen  he  commenced  leai'hinir  in  the  oulcr 
distrii'ts  of  his  native  town.  Delennined  to 
Ijecome  a  i)hysieiaii,  he  studied  willi  Dr.  Ben- 
nett, who  lived  three  miles  from  where  he  was 
teachinir.  While  leaching  school  ;ind  studying 
medicine,  he  leclunMl  on  leinpeiaiice  in  IIk; 
neiirhhoring  towns,  was  aclive  in  ihe  villaire 
lyceum  and  debating  society.  He  early  showed 
a  markiMl  itislc  for  mathematics,  and  wilhout 
any  oral  inslriiclion,  acipiired  al  this  lime  the 
elcMiienls  i){  algebra,  geuinelry,  Irlgononietry, 
and  surveyiiiL'.  In  lsi4.'i  he  entered  Amherst 
College,  where  he  was  converted.  His  mind 
while  in  college  was  strongly  drawn  to  the 
heathen  as  a  personal  inattei'  by  a  discourse 
from  .Mr  HuririNs,  of  the  Maralhi  .Miv^ion,  and 
f'oni  Dr  Scudder.  .if  (,'eyloii.  He  gradu;iled  in 
1841*.  iind  w.is  sdlieited  lo  lake  charge  of  a  high 
schiwil  with  a  laiire  salary,  and  also  to  become 
^  tutor  in  Willisioii  Seminary.  He  declined 
ijoth,  and  after  a  few  weeks coinmenced  attend- 
inir  the  miiiiciil  lectures  in  New  Haven,  and 
studying  theology  witli  Dr.  T.iylor.  He  was 
examined  .lanuary  17th,  IH.jO.  ,an'd  received  his 
diploiiiJi  as  Doctor  of  .Medicine.  From  Xew 
Haven  he  went  lo  Auburn  Theological  Semi- 
nary, and  on  leaving  thai  he  took  <harge  of  the 
Uanhury  In.-litute.  While  there  he  Iransl.iled 
a  large  volume  from  the  Kreiiih  —  "History  of 
the  Protestants  of  France"— which  w,is  well  re- 
ceived Heidsotook  !i  priimincnt  part  in  estab- 
lishing the  Second  Congregatiiuial  Church  in 
Danbury.  Having  heard  thai  the  A.  15.  C. 
K.  .M  was  in  pn^ssing  need  of  three  missionarv 
physicians  he  olTered  himself  and  was  accepted. 
After  siK'niling  ii  few  weeks  at  Andover  Semi- 
nary, attending  Ihe  hospitals  in  New  York  and 
the  lectures  at  the  Union  Seminary,  he  was  or- 
dained to  the  missionary  work  October  12lh, 
Itiol;  einharked  for  Smyrna  November  '-'ihh; 
reached  Heyrout  January  lilst,  1852;  remained 
there  three  weeks,  and  started  for  .Mosul,  a  long 
journev  hy  land,  where  he  arrived  April  '2:iil. 
fM-arcely  hi«i  he  entered  Ihe  city  when  he  was 
besieged  hv  patients  of  every  description.  He 
opened  a  dispensary,  and  soon  had  u  hundred 


lialients— high  and  low,  rich  and  poor,  Mo.slein, 
Jew.  and  Christian,  the  majority  often  .Moluim- 
me<lans.  In  1852  he  made  an  excursion  to 
Sheikh  Adi,  Ihe  scat  of  the  Yc/.idees  or  devil- 
worshippers,  and  wrote  a  narnilivc  of  his  jour- 
ney and  observations  for  the  .Mission  House, 
and  in  18,"i;!  a  Journal  of  the  excursion  was  pub- 
lished in  the  "  New  York  Tribune.  "  In  all  his 
intercourse  with  Ihe  people  he  refused  lo  give 
medicine  unless  he  was  permilted  to  preach  the 
L'ospel.  On  the  arrival  id'  Jlr.  .Marsh,  .May 
liilh,  18.5:i,  Dr.  Lobdcll,  by  a  vote  of  the  Mis- 
sion, visited  Oroomiah  for  his  health  and  for 
promoting  the  objects  of  the  mission.  He  made 
an  exiairsion  also  to  T.abriz,  to  exiilore  an  in- 
teresting province  of  the  I'cf.sian  empire.  On 
February  27lli,  185.'i,  he  had  fever  all  day,  but 
lirepared  n  sermon,  talked  with  a  crowd  of 
papists,  prescribed  and  ineached  lo  85  jiatients, 
and  delivered  bis  sermon  to  the  churcli  in  the 
evening.  For  twenty-live  days  his  sickness  con- 
tinued. Mr.  .M,-ir>h  and  .Mr.  Williams  were 
absent  at  the  annual  niecling,  and  no  idiysician 
was  present.  -Mr.  .Marsh  returned  on  the  !2Isl, 
and  on  entering  Ihe  room.  Dr.  Lobch'll  raised 
liis  thin  arms,  saying,  "  I'raise  to  Cod!  I'raise 
tot;odl"antl  threw  them  about  his  neck  and 
wepl.  He  died  Sunday,  M;irch  25th.  He  was 
burled  by  the  side  of  Dr.  ({rant  in  the  new  cem- 
etery without  Ihe  walls.  Frofes.sor  Tyler  says: 
"By  constitution,  by  education,  by  profession, 
in  every  way  he  was  admirably  lilted  for  his 
work.  He  removed  prejudices,  he  commanded 
respect,  he  won  the  admir.-ition  and  alt'eeticm 
of  those  who  knew  him.  His  medicine  opened 
the  ears  ;ind  hearls  of  the  people.  His  logic 
tore  up  error  by  the  roots;  his  preaching  was 
with  power;  the  numbi'r  of  regular  hearers  was 
trebled  those  three  years.  His  letters  and  jour- 
n.-ils  altesi  his  greal  love  of  liteniluri',  science, 
and  antiiiuities,  and  his  earnest  de-ire  to  con- 
tribute lo  their  advancement,  yet  his  determi- 
nation tosubordinatt'  tliese  and  every  other  ob- 
ject of  interest  to  the  salvation  of  men  and  the 
Hedeemer's  kingdom.  ' 

l.<ol»«>llial,  a  town  in  the  Transvaal,  Ea.st 
South  Africa,  northwest  of  Leydensburi;.  Jlis- 
sion  station  of  the  Berlin  Kvan.  Luth.  Society 
(18771;  1  missionary,  8  ntitive  helpers,  1  out- 
station,  108  churchniemhers. 

■..inliaiia.  !i  <iiy  in  the  Punjab,  In.  i,  115 
miles  southeast  of  Lahore.  Climate  seiniti()|)ical. 
Population.  44,iKi(l.  Mission  station  of  tlii'  Pres- 
byterian Church  (N<irllii.  1^:!5;  H  missionaries 
an<l  wives,  1  single  lady,  ti  other  helpers,  I!  out- 
stations,  1  church,  114  church-members,  4  girls' 
schools,  ."iti  scholars,  1()  schools,  1  (I8(t  stiident.s. 
The  station  was  opened  in  18l!4.  but  was  com- 
pletely broken  up  by  the  liiditm  Mutiny  in  18,57. 
It  is  liow  in  a  most  tlourishiiiL'  condition.  The 
printinsr-press  (uihlishes  works  in  four  dillereut 
languaires. 

l.i4»t'U'«>iitlial.  iNidor,  b.  Po.scn,  Pni.s.sian 

Poland,  182U,  of  .lewjsh  parents.  At  an  early 
age  he  showed  great  aptitude  for  language 
and  philoloiry.  Without  enleriiiLr  college  ho 
had  at  the  age  of  seventeen  more  than  mastered 
the  studies  of  a  colleiie  course,  liilending  now 
to  devote  himself  lo  a  business  life,  he  ac- 
cepted a  mercantile  clerkship.  He  was  a  radi- 
cal in  politics,  member  of  a  liberal  club,  and 
published  a  poem  which  so  displeased  the  gov- 
eruuienl  that  he  lied  to  America,  reaching  New 


•^ 


:  -A 


ml 


m 


Z.OEWENTHAI.,  ISIDOR 


584 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


York  in  1846.  There  he  was  so  destitute  thiit 
he  U'cjinu-  ii  street  peddler  in  order  to  earn  liis 
brejul.  Through  llie  iiitluence  of  Uev.  Mr. 
Gay  ley  of  Delaware  he  obiained  ii  situation  as 
tea«'lier  of  Geniian  and  Freneh  in  I.,afayelte 
College,  Easton.  I'a.  He  joined  the  senior 
class,  and  unulualed  in  1^48.  He  tlien  became 
teacher  of  ^antruiiires  in  the  collei;iate  school  at 
Mount  Holly. \\.  J.  (1818  50).  fn  1851  he  he- 
came  a  Christian,  and  in  185:3  entered  the  Theo- 
logical Seminary  at  I'linceton,  taking  high  rank 
in  philology,  and  writing  important  articles  for 
the  ■'  Biblical  Repertory."  He  was  tutor  iu 
Princeton  College  in  18.")5;  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
bytery of  New  Vork  as  an  evangelist,  and  sailed 
in  lH.5t5asa  missionary  of  the  I'lesbylerian  Board 
for  Northern  India.  He  aciinifed  ii  kiiowl- 
e«lge  of  I'eisian,  Arabic,  Kashmiri,  Hindustaid, 
and  the  I'ushio,  the  language  of  the  Afghans. 
He  could  speak  Persian  llucnily.  He  completed 
a  translation  of  the  New  Testament  into  the 
Pnslito,  which  is  now  in  circulation  among  the 
Afghans.  He  was  shot  in  his  own  garden  by 
hiswatchman,  a  JSikli.  who  alleged  tliat  he  mis- 
ttxik  Dr.  Loewenthal  for  a  robber.  He  had 
nesirly  conjpleted  a  dictionary  of  the  P\ishto 
language,  and  left  a  ((.llcction  of  Pnslito 
works  in  manuscript.  His  death,  which  oc- 
curred at  Peshawur  in  18G4,  was  a  great  loss  to 
the  mission. 

Lonolia,  a  town  in  Bulgaria,  20  miles  south 
of  Plevna,  80  miles  northea.st  of  Solia.  Cli- 
mate fogg_v,  dam|),  100°  to  10".  Popidation, 
7,020.  Bulgarians,  Turks,  Gypsies.  Iteligion, 
Eiistern  Orth(Mlo.\.  .Mission  station  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  (North)  1881;  1  missionary, 
2  female  missionaries,  2  schools,  45  .scholars. 

Loeiiii,  Kithort  Willium,  b.  York, 
Ohio.l'  S..V.,May  4th,  184i5;  served  as  a. soldier  in 
the  Union  army  1802;  gra<luated  at  (MierlinCol- 
lege  and  Theological  [Seminary  1872;  preached 
one  year  tbiring  his  course  at  Brunswick,  Ohio; 
saileil  for  Micronesia  iis  a  mi.ssionarv  of  the  A. 
B.  C.  F.  M.  June20lh,  1H74.  He  resided  for  a 
time  on  Poniipe,  and  in  18T!)  went  to  the  .Mort- 
liK-k  Islands  to  take  charge  of  the  work  in  that 
gmup.  On  these  corid  islands  he  remained 
with  his  wife  for  two  years,  when,  on  account 
of  the  setircitv  and  poor  (piidity  of  the  pro- 
visions, their  health  became  greatly  impaired. 
anil  his  life  was  despidred  of.  Tln^y  embarked 
for  New  Zealand  and  tlienci'  fnr  San  P'raneisco. 
There  Mr.  Logan's  health  was  so  much  im- 
proved that  they  returned  to  .Micronesia.  In 
18-'<4  betook  up  his  resilience  witbiii  the  Ruk 
archipelago,  where  he  enjoyed  s^ood  health,  and 
aci'omplislii  d  a  wonderful  work  on  many  islets. 
He  resided  on  the  island  of  \Vola,  on  the  ]{\\k 
lagoon.  While  rejoicing  over  the  arrival  of 
reinforcements,  and  the  aniieipatioiis  of  more 
cxtendetl  operations  in  the  Western  Caroline 
Islands,  he  was  atliu'ked  with  fever,  .and  after 
s»'ven  weeks'  illness,  died  December  2Ttli,  1887. 
Mr.  Treiber,  writing  on  the  day  of  his  death, 
styles  him  "a  mighty  manof  (}od."  Dr.  Pea.sc 
of  Kusaic  writes  of  him:  "  He  was  very  dear  to 
lis  .-dl  who  knew  him.  and  by  every  one  he  was 
held  in  the  hiirhest  estimation.  He  was  our 
best  missionary.  As  a  workei',  he  was  zealous, 
metli'vlical,  indefatigable.  In  his  care  of  the 
nii'^ion  he  was  cautious  and  prudent,  making 
u«  false  moves,  yet  withal  cidhusiastic  anil  full 
of  "oiinige— just  the  man  for  a  piotu'er,  or  for 
an;'  other  place  in  our  work.     As  u  .:nin  he  was 


kiitd,  patient,  and  svmpjithetic  towards  every 
one.  inloleraiii  of  nothing  l>ut  sin,  always  loiig- 
sutTering  towunis  the  sinner.  " 

■.•okoja,  a  town  on  the  Upper  Niger,  Africa, 
northwfsi  of  Gbebe.  at  the  junction  of  the 
Binue  Kiver  with  the  Niger.  Mission  station 
of  the  Church  Missionary  .Society;  7  native 
workers,  37  church-members,  2  "schools,  ,58 
sehohirs.  and  a  printing  establishment,  which 
i.ssues  works  both  in  the  lybiraiind  in  the  Hausa 
languages.  The  New  Testament  and  parts  of 
the  Old  Testaiueut  have  l)een  translated  into 
the  llausii,  the  language  usetl  by  a  large  and 
iwwcrful  Mohainiue<Ian  tril)e. 

Luinbok,  one  of  the  Bali  Islands  (q.v.),  at 
the  etist  end  of  Java.  Eitst  Indies.  The  Utrecht 
.Mi-ssion  openi-d  a  station  at  Buleling  in  1800. 

London  .4<><iOfiulion  In  Aid  of 
Moravian  .HiMionx.  Headi|inirters.  20 
Ely  Phiee,  Holbom,  London,  W.  ('.,  England. — 
This  association  was  established  in  1817,  for  the 
puriH)se  of  collecting  funds  in  England  in  aid 
of  the  missions  of  the  United  Brethren  or  Mora- 
vians. Meniliership  is  open  to  all  per.sons  snb- 
scribini:  annually  one  guinea,  or  collecting  si,\- 
pencc  a  week. 

■'  Ik'iiefactors  of  ten  gtiineas  and  upwards, 
and  ministers  making  congregational  collections 
to  the  amount  of  twenty  guineas,  and  e.\ecutors 
pa3-ing  bequests  of  tifty  pounds,  .shall  be  life- 
memlKTS. 

"The  Coni;Mitlee  shall  consist  of  all  ministers 
who  are  members,  and  of  about  twenty  others 
to  lie  chosen  out  of  the  lay-members  of  tlu! 
AssiM'iation,  annually,  at  the  ptiblic  meeting,  in 
the  mouth  of  May,  who  shall  hold  their  meet- 
ings on  the  tirst  Thursday  of  every  month, 
which  shall  Ije  oih-ii  to  the  attendance  of  any 
memlHT  of  the  a.sMM-iation.  The  Secietary  of 
the  mis.sions  shall  lie  (e.\-ollicio)  a  member  of 
the  Committee." 

Tlie  whole  of  the  funds  obtained  (after  deduct- 
ing incidental  e.xpeiiM's)  are  remitted  to  the 
conductors  of  the  missions  of  the  United  Breth- 
ren or  Monivijins,  and  ajipcar  in  the  Annual 
Reports  of  the  So<Mety,  as  well  as  in  a  rep(>rt 
issued  annually  by  the  Association.  This 
is  of  i's|>ecial  advantage  to  English  readers,  as  it 
brings  the  gri-at  work  of  the  Monivians  more 
clearly  l)efore  them  than  the  reports  of  the 
parini  Sot-iety. 

Lftndon  mitNionar)  >^ot'ii>ly.— Head 
(piarters.  Mission  House,  14  Bloomtield  Street, 
London  Wall,  London,  E.  C. 

Ilifftory. — The  I>oiidon  Missionary  Society, 
or,  as  it  was  first  called,  "  The  Missionary  ."^o- 
ciely,"  was  the  second  of  the  great  societies 
formwl  neair  the  close  of  the  18lh  and  in  the 
opening  of  the  19th  centuries,  and  was  the  im- 
mediate result  of  the  Bengjd  .Mission  of  William 
Carev.  Dr.  Kyland.  of  Bristol  College,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Coiiimiltee  of  the  Bapli>t  .Missionary 
Scjcieiy,  invited  his  friends,  the  Rev  Dr.  David 
Bogue.  a  FresbylerLin  minister  of  Gosport,  and 
Mr.  Stephen,  tolisieii  tothe  first  lelteis  received 
from  Carey  and  Thomas.  After  hearing  tlicin, 
Dr.  Bogue  and  Mr.  St(  iibeii  called  upon  Jlr. 
Hey,  a  leiuling  miidster  of  Bristol,  and  from 
hiin  iibtaine<i  a  promise  of  support  if  lliey 
should  orininize  a  s<Hiety  for  non-Baptists.  Dr. 
Bogue  then -ient  to  the  "  Klvangclical  Magazine" 
an  "  addreK-  to  professorsof  the  gospel,"  urging 
them  to  •'  pray,  converse,  and  consult  with  ouu 


m 


IiONDON  MISS.  SOO. 

RDOIher,"  and  to  suhscribe  annitall}'  a  sum  of 
nioni-y  sulUcieiit  to  wiul  "twenty  or  thirty" 
mksionarics  among  the  lieathiii.  The  imper 
■wius  piiblishe*!  iu  Seplemln'r.  17!(4,  uiul  its  elTect 
U|>on  CliristLinsiii  Enirlaiidand  Scotland  was  iii- 
stant:uic-«iu.«-  So  miieh  interest  was  excileii,  tliat 
a  niectinsr,  with  a  view  to  tlie  forMiMlii>ii  of  a 
WK'iety.  was  appointed  for  the  -Jlli  of  November. 
The  luinislers  who  attended  it  were  of  various 
c<>nuf(-tions  and  ilenoiuiuatious,  hut  '  ^dowiiiij 
anil  barnionious"  in  their  inJN.sioiiarv  /.eal. 
Tlu-s«'  ministers  sent  out.  in  .lainiary.  1795,  a 
circular  to  various  iK-rsoiis  in  which  it  was  juo- 
p<«s«tl  that  a  nifetinii  sliould  he  held  in  London 
the  ensiiinsr  summer  for  the  [lurpose  of  oriran- 
izin^  a  missionarv  so«-iety.  On  tlie  l."»ili  of  Jan- 
uary a  nnnilKT  of  ministers  convenecl  in  tlie  city 
of  L<mdon.  and  !i]>poi!ited  a  coininiltee  to  ascer- 
tain the  sc-ntiments  of  ministers  ilirouirliout  the 
eountr>' in  rcirard  to  llie  trnat  plan  under  coii- 
siileraiittn.  Accordiiurly,  a  eircuhir  letter  lul- 
drv!ss«l  to  ministers  was  drawn  up,  ac(iiiaiiiting 
them  with  tlie  plan  and  object  of  the  i)ro- 
poisetl  society;  they  were  re(piested  to  make  the 
matter  known  to*  their  con irreirat ions,  and  to 
send  delegates  totheCcmveniion,  which  was  ap- 
pointetl  for  the  33d,  33tl,  and  34th  day.s  of  Sep- 
tenit>er. 

On  the  eTenin<r  preceding  the  meeting  a  con- 
sultation of  ministers  was  hehl.  Interesting 
letters  from  ministers  and  •'  private  Christians  " 
were  read,  and  an  iui<ircss  delivered  by  the  Kev. 
Dr.  Ilaweis  of  Aid  winkle.  Dr.  Howland  Hill 
clj>s«>d  the  meeting  with  pniyer.  and  the  assem- 
bly broke  up  with  feelings  "of  delight,  "  which 
the  highest  eratilic-ation  of  senstiality,  avari('e. 
ambition,  or  party  zi-id  could  never  have  in- 
spired." The  following  day,  September  alsl,  a 
Lifge  consTvgation  assembled  at  Spa  Fields 
Chafiel.  Dr.  Haweis  preached  an  animating 
sennon  fri>m  Mark  Ki :  l."!,  l(i.  mid  after  the 
meetinir  a  larire  number  of  ministers  and  lay- 
men ail^Mimj-il  to  the  "Castle  and  Falcon," Al- 
ders'jite  Street,  and  formed  "  The  .Missionary  So- 
ciety." In  the  evening  a  sermon  was  pn^ached 
by  the  Hev.  G.  Hunh'r.  and  on  the  three  fol- 
lowing days  suitvssive  meetings  were  lieM  in 
dilTerent  (Kirt.s  of  the  city.  The  cause  of  mis- 
sions was  pleade<l  with  solemnity  and  earnest- 
ness, and  the  Christian  world  seemed  to  awake; 
as  from  a  dream,  wondering  that  it  (Mjuld  have 
slept  so  long  while  the  heathen  were  waiting 
for  the  G<>s|t«-1  of  Jesus  Christ.  For  the  first 
time  Christians  of  ail  denominations,  forgetting 
tlieir  jwrty  pn-juilicesand  partialities,  assemblecl 
in  the  same  pla<f,  s-tng  tlu'  same  hymns,  uniled 
in  the  same  prayers,  and  fell  themselves  one  in 
Christ.  This  unanimity  of  s|)iril,  which  tiiiii" 
has  only  served  to  strengthen,  is  found  em- 
boilied  in  theeon-clilufion  of  the  S«H'iety,  which 
has  reniainetl  unchanged.  For  greater  facility 
and  expedition  in  the  conduct  of  business,  the 
directors  are  emiioweretl  to  subdivide  into  com- 
mittees, but  no  proceedings  of  tin- coiiiiiiiltec;; 
are  valid  until  rititied  by  the  Hoard. 

All  nuMieys  exeifding  the  sum  required  for 
the  current" use  of  the  Society  and  its  various 
nii«sious  are  Invested  by  the  directors  in  such 
securities  as  they  m;iy  a|iprove,  in  the  names  of 
not  less  than  three  trustees,  who  are  appointed 
by  them  from  among  the  memlM'is  of  the  Hoard, 
iinil  a«1  under  the  instnictions  of  the  dire<'lors, 
and  call  lu,  sell,  convert  into  nionej-,  and  vary 
the  investments  in  their  names  at  such  limes 
and  in  such  manner  as  the  directors  rcciuirc. 


The  directors  appoint  the  salaries  of  the  sec- 
retaries, but  themselves  transact  the  husines3  of 
the  Society  without  emolument. 

Const  it  lit  ion     ami    Oiyaiiizdtioii. — 

"The  Mis.'.ionary  Sodety"  was  largely  a.s- 
sistcd,  in  its  early  j'cars,  by  Presl)yteriaiis  tuid 
Episcopaliiiiis,  but  is  now  supported  mainly  b^- 
the  Independents  or  Congregalionalists,  I  he  other 
denominations  directing  their  gifts  in  large 
measur.t  to  the  societies  since  formed  in  their 
own  coniinunions.  Hut  the  fundamental  piin- 
ci|)le  of  ilie  Society  remains  the  same  as  at  the 
outset,  namely:  "  That  its  design  is  not  to  send 
Pr(  >byterianism.  Independency,  l^iiM-opacy, 
or  any  olher  form  of  church  onlcr  and  gov- 
erniiKMit  (about  which  there  may  be  (lill'ercnce 
of  opinion  among  serious  persons),  but  the  glo- 
rious gospel  of  the  blessed  (Jod,  to  the  heathen, 
anil  that  it  shall  lie  left  (as  it  ought  to  be  left)  to 
the  minds  of  the  persons  whom  God  may  call 
into  the  fellowshipof  His  Son  from  among  iliem, 
to  assume  for  themselves  such  form  of  church 
government  as  to  them  shall  appear  most  agree- 
able to  the  Word  of  God." 

The  sole  object  of  the  Society  is  to  spread  the 
knowledge  of  Christ  among  heathen  imd  other 
unenlightened  nations. 

The  condition  of  membership  in  the  Society  is 
an  annual  payment  of  one  guinea. 

A  general  ineelingof  members  is  held  annually 
in  London  during  llu!  month  of  Mny,  for  the 
purpose  of  aiipointing  a  treasurer,  secretaries, 
iiiid  directors  ;  to  receive  reports  and  to  audit 
accounts  ;  and  to  (h'liberate  on  iiny  measures 
which  may  promote  the  object  of  the  Society. 
All  matters  proiioscd  are  determined  by  a  major- 
ity vole  of  the  iiiembeis  iiresenl. 

The  management  of  the  Society  is  in  the 
hands  of  a  Hoard  of  Directors,  luinuallj"  chosen 
out  of  the  memhers  of  the  Society,  not  more 
than  one  third  of  whom  reside  in  or  near  London. 
The  directors  are  emiiowered  to  collect  and  re- 
ceive all  moneys  contributed  to  the  Society,  and 
to  expend  the  same  in  its  behalf;  to  .M'lect  and 
manage  mission  stations;  to  ajipoint,  send  forth, 
and  tittingly  maintain  missionaries,  to  make, 
alter,  and  amend  by-laws  for  the  general  C(mduct 
of  business,  and  otherwise  to  carry  out  in  ii, 
suitable  manner  the 

DcnfoinHcnt 
Soon  after  the  formation  of  the  Society,  its 
members  were  called  upon  to  dcci.le  in  what 
jiart  of  the  world  ils  work  shoidd  begin.  Like 
Carej',  Dr.  Haweis  h.ad  become  much  interested 
in  the  South  Sea  Islanders  from  Captain  Cook's 
"Narrative  of  his  Voyages  in  I  hi'  I'acitic  Ocean," 
an'  in  ill!  aildrcs^^  (h^livered  at  Surrey  Cliiipel 
drew  such  a  iiiclure  of  these  "chirk  places  of 
the  earth"  that  intense  interest  was  e.veiled, 
iiiid  the  directors  decided  to  establish  a  mission 
at  Tahiti,  They  began  immediately  to  solicit 
subscriptions,  to  e.vamine  and  select  mis.siou- 
aries,  and  to  make  preparations  for  their  voyage. 
IMucli  hard  work  had  lo  be  .ici'omplished,  "  but 
every  dilliculty  vanished  before  the  energy  and 
zeal  of  the  .Missionary  Society,"  and  in  August, 
17!)(!,  the  "  Duff,"  puVclmseirby  the  Society  and 
commanded  by  Captain  James  Wilson,  "a 
worthy  genll(Miian  who  had  retired  ii.  atlluence 
luid  ease  from  the  Fast  India  service,"  but 
voluntered  his  services  for  this  voyage,  sailed 
down  the  Thames,  having  on  board  tliirty  mis- 
sionaries who  thus  inaugurated  a  work  that  for 
vivid  interest  and  great  results  has  had  uo  su- 
perior in  the  history  of  missions. 


object  of  the  Socielv. 

of    Foi'eiffii     U'ork. — 


! 


1 


II 


LONDON  MISS.  SOC. 


.ViG 


LONBON  MISS.  &100. 


At  the  snme  time  iittention  was  speciiilly 
called  to  Africa,  wlicre  the  Haplist  Mi.ssioiiary 
Society  hiul  during  the  i>ievious  year  made  an 
attempt  to  estahlisli  a  ndssioii.  The  London 
^Missionary  Society  joined  willithe  Glasgow  and 
Scottish  .Missioiniry  Societies,  in  IT'Jti,  in  send- 
ing an  e.xiieiiition  to  Sierra  l^eone.  Tliis,  h(>\v- 
ever,  not  proving  a  siieces.s,  and  the  recent  con- 
quest of  Cape  C'olonj-  directing  i)uhlie  notice  to 
Soulh  Africa,  in  Dcccnilier,  ITUO,  Dr.  Vander- 
kemp  and  his  associates  set  sail  fort'ape  'I'own. 
In  I T!)^  a  missionary  was  sent  lo  Calcutta,  hut 
then'  was  no  detinlle  mission  organi/.cti  in  India 
until  1S()4,  when  .Messrs.  Kingellaube,  ('ran,  and 
Des  Granges  were  siaiioned  at  Vi/iigapatamand 
Travancore.  and  .Mr.  Voss  at  Coloinlia,  Ceylon. 
Another  allemiit  was  made  in  ISUat  Chinsurali, 
near  Calcutta,  l)ut  it  was  nol  until  I.siO  tliat  llie 
!Nort!i  India  Mission  was  delinitely  inauguraled. 
In  lyiH)  Ilie  Rev.  William  .Moseley,  an  Indepen- 
dent minister  at  L(aig  liiiekhy,  Norllnimpton- 
shire,  imblislicd  a  valuahle  "  Memoir  on  the 
Importance  and  Practicability  of  Transiating 
and  I'ulilishing  Ihe  Holy  Scriptures  in  tlie 
CiiincM'  I.anginige,"  He  had  discovered  in  the 
Hritish  .Mtiseum  a  manuscript  containing  a 
Harmony  of  the  Foiir  Gospels,  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles'  tlic  Ei>istlcs  of  I'aul,  and  the  lii-st 
cliajiter  of  the  Hebrews  in  Chinese.  It  was  a 
folio  volume,  and  was  lettered  by  ndstake 
"  Kvaiigelicjl  Quatuor  Siiiice."  On  a  blank 
leaf,  atthe  beginning  of  the  volume,  is  llie  fol- 
lowing note:  '•This  transcript  w;is  made  at 
Canton  in  17;iT  and  ITIiS,  by  order  of  Mr.  Hodg- 
son, who  sjiys  it  lias  been  collated  w  ilh  care  and 
foinid  Very  correct,  (.iiven  by  him  lo  Sir  Hans 
Sloane,  Bart.,  in  ITJilt."  (Moseley 's  ^lemoir,  'M 
edition,  p.  '.iO  ;  Evan.  .Mag.,  vol.  ix.  ]>.  ■J4.'i. )  It 
was  this  ^lemoir  liy  .Mr.  Moselev  wliich  lirst 
turned  tlie  atlenlion  of  ibc  friends  of  nii-sions 
to  China,  and  in  18(14  the  Iti'v.  l{oliert  Morrison 
was  engageil  by  the  L.  M.  S.  to  study  the 
Chinese  l;inguage.  In  Jan'iary,  1807.  lie  sailed 
fr(an  England,  by  way  of  America,  for  Canton, 
with  a  jiarticular  view  to  the  translation  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures  into  Chinese,  inaiiguratbig  thus 
the  work  of  Protestant  missions  in  China  proper. 

At  the  s;inie  time  ( 18(17)  an  urgent  call  from  a 
West  India  planter  gave  the  iinpuNe  for  the 
founding  of  a  mission  at  I>emerHra  wltich  after- 
wards extended  to  IJrilish  (Juiana  and  Jamidca. 
Then  followed  the  mission  to  Mauritius  (1814), 
eoiisei|in'nt  on  the  occupation  of  that  island  by 
the  liritish  (Jovernment,  and  in  1818  wa-!  com- 
menced in  Madagascar  a  work  that  has  been 
one  of  the  m;irvels  of  the  Christian  Church. 

The  [,evanl  was  not  without  its  interest  for 
Einrland.  and  in  181(ia  missionary  was  stationed 
ut  -Malta  with  a  view  to  work  in  (ireece.  an<l  a 
fewye.irs  laterllie  loniiin  Islands  weri' occupied. 
This  elVort,  however,  was  not  conlinui'd.  and 
the  missionaries  entered  odier  departments  of 
labor,  one  of  them  becominiran  ellb'icnt  agent 
of  Ihe  Hritish  and  Foreign  liiblc  Society. 

1818  ■^aw  Ihe  eonunencemeni  of  u  mission  to 
Siberia  and  Tarlary,  afterwards  closed  by 
Itu.s.«ian  edict  in  1840,  and  of  one  to  Malacca 
and  the  Ea.st  Indies,  since  given  over  to  the 
Netherlands  S»>ciely. 

Then  followe<l  u  long  period  during  which 
existing  work  wa.s  strengtiiened.  The  first 
new  mission  was  really  the  resiiscila|,ion  of 
nil  old  one,  when  in  1809  the  niis.sioii  to 
Mongolia  endeav<>red  lo  reach  Tarlsirv  from 
the  "^Vest.     lu   IHIQ  the   L.  M,  S.  responded 


again  to  the  call  from  the  Dark  Continent,  nud 
established  its  iui>«iun  in  Central  Africa,  tak- 
ing as  iis  district  Lake  Tanganyika,  made 
sacred  by  the  nu-niories  of  Livings'tone.  This 
closed  the  long  story  of  effort  with  which  the 
.society  sought  to  girdle  the  i-arlh  Single  ven- 
tures there  were  beside,  such  as  one  to  IJuenos 
Ayres  and  another  !o  Priiiee  Eilward's  Lsland, 
but  they  did  not  result  in  i>ermiuient  work, 
and  are  of  iultrt-st  chielly  as  indicating  the 
breadth  of  view  of  ihc  founders  and  iiromoters 
of  the  So*iely,  who  were  ri-solved  tliat  if  pos- 
sible no  nation  should  reuiaiu  without  the 
gospel. 

Jilissioiiitoffhr  Socii-fif. 

1.  To  tfie  S'lit/i  .S</*.^Tiie  first  parly  of 
missionaries,  which  left  London  Scptcniber 
17!K).  did  not  reach  Taliili  uiild  Man  li,  17117, 
being  obliged  by  violent  gales  to  change  their 
course  and  round  the  CajH'  of  G<km1  Hope  in- 
stead of  CajH-  Horn.  They  were  warmly  wel- 
comed by  the  natives,  aiid  Ca]>laiii  Wilson, 
leaving  twenty-five  of  the  party  at  Tahiti  and 
establishing  "the  n-st  at  Tongatabu  and  SI. 
t  hrlsliau  in  the  Friciully  Islands,  returned  lo 
England.  His  n'|>ort  so  increased  ihe  en- 
thusiasm for  the  mission  that  in  three  months 
the  Duff  s;ii!ed  agiiin  wiih  twenty-eight 
missionaries.  Wlieu  near  Hnizil  the'  vessel 
was  seized  by  a  French  privateer,  and 
after  many  adventures  the  party  succeeded  in 
reluming  to  Knglaiid.  A  little  later  tidings 
were  reeeiveil  from  Tahiti  that  on  account  of 
persecution  niosi  of  the  ndssionaries  liad  been 
obliged  to  leave  the  island.  In  .May,  18(i0,  an- 
other jMirty  sniUtl  for  Tahiti,  tinding  iiiion 
their  arrival  that  one  of  those  who  had  re- 
mained had  iK-tii  nuinlen-d,  and  another  had 
given  up  the  work. 

After  eight  \e:irs  of  labor,  seemingly  with- 
out result,  si.x  of  the  missionaries  left  'I'aliiti 
and  saileil  to  llmdiine.  A  rebellion  of  Ihe  na- 
tives occurring  S4ion  after,  which  resulted  in 
the  tlefeat  of  their  king,  Poir.are,  all  Ihe  rest, 
except  .Mr.  Nott,  joined  tlieir  associates  in 
Huainne.  In  the  following  year  all  but  one, 
Mr.  HayxvanI,  deciding  to  give  up  Huahine 
also,  sailtsl  for  New  South  Wales,  and  lliiis 
apparently  terminali-tl  tlie  mission  to  Tahiti, 
from  which  the  Sniety  had  at  tirst  hojied  so 
much,  but  whi«h  they  "had  long  regarded  as  a 
sort  of  ft>riorn  ho|H'.  In  the  twelve  veal's  of 
its  existence  supplies  had  Inen  received  only 
twice  and  letters  not  much  oflener,  allliough 
English  Vi-s-st'ls  fn'«pieiitly  touched  at  the 
islands,  and  the  missionaries  never  failed  lo 
send  intelligi-ncc  to  England.  The  missionaries, 
who  had  left  the  islands,  while  sedulously 
endeavoring  lo  «Io  all  the  good  ixissible  in  New- 
South  WaU-s,  felt  an  unconquerable  desire. 
notwithslanding  the  trials  and  perils  to  which 
they  had  iK-en  ex|¥>sf<l,  to  resume  the  iiii- 
poiiani  work  they  had  s<i  n>luclanlly  (piiltcd. 
I'pon  ntviving'  intelligence  from  Poniare 
that  tranquillity  was  restored  between  him  luul 
his  subjects,  together  with  most  urgent  invita- 
Ii4>ns  to  rvtuni.  five  of  them  (.Alessrs.  IJieknell, 
Davies,  Henry,  Scott,  and  Wilson)  rejoined 
Mr.  Nott.  who  was  with  the  king  at  Einiro 
Now  iM'g;)!!  the  reaping  from  the  long  sowing. 
Pomare  gave  evidence  of  ctniversion,  as  did 
many  others  among  the  principal  chiefs. 
Large  numbers  publicly  lenounced  idolatry 
and  met  to  worship  the  true  God;  these  were 
called  •' praying  Y**''ople. "    Soon  idolatry  was 


LONDON  MISS.  SOC. 


Wt 


IiONIX}N  MISS.  BOO. 


I 


^!i 


(•om|)U'teIy  abolisbeil  in  Taliiii  and  Einieo,  the 
goils  were  ileslrovetl.  buiiiuu  s:icTiIic-i-s  iuid  the 
inurili-r  of  iiifauis  ci-a.*til,  TLeir  ibii-f  god,  a 
shiipi-k'ss  block  of  wood,  and  otber  idols  were 
forwarded  to  London  and  depo!<ited  in  tbe 
niiiseiini  of  Ibe  MH-iety,  as  tropbies  of  Ibe 
triunipbof  Christianity  in  tbe  Georgian  Islands. 
Ill  IHIT  tbe  Itev.  Mr.  Ellis,  who  at  Ilie  request 
of  Ibe  ."xieifcty  had  learned  the  art  of  printing, 
wa.-  srnt  to  Tahiti  with  a  printing-press  and 
types.  l"iirii>sity  to  see  the  iirinliiig- press 
brought  pers<>n>  from  dillereut  i^irts  of  the  isl- 
and, as  well  ;is  from  Tabi'i,  to  l(X)k  at  Ibis  won- 
derful luaebine.  Huudre<ls  who  had  learned 
to  read  were  slill  destitute  of  a  book.  Some 
hatl  wriiteu  out  tbe  whole  six-lling-book  on 
sheets  of  writing-paper,  while  others  bad  writ- 
ten the  alpbal>el  on  pieces  of  doth  ni:.;'':  from 
tbe  iMirk  of  a  tree.  Poman-  nwnif'-ste«l  a  strong 
interest  in  the  press  and  rendered  much  assist- 
ance in  the  erection  of  tbe  buililiiig  for  its  ac- 
commodation, lie  was  allowed  the  jirivilegc 
of  setting  the  lyjies  for  the  tirst  alpbalx.'!.  and 
of  making  tbe  impression  of  the  first  sheet  that 
issued  from  the  press,  greatly  to  his  own  satis- 
faeiiiin.  The  curiosity  of  tbe  natives  in  regiird 
to  the  press  was  not  esi>ily  sjitistied.  Ponmre 
visited  the  otlice  almost  every  day.  the  chiefs 
reipiested  to  be  admitted  inside,  and  tbe  win- 
ilows,  doors,  and  every  crevice  through  which 
•tliey  could  iH-ep  were  tilled  with  |>eopIe  ex- 
claiming. "BtriOii/it!  ftii'ui  p<tiiri" — "  O, 
Britain,  land  of  skill"  or  knowledge).  Na- 
tives from  £imeo  and  from  many  otber  islands 
came  to  procure  books  and  to  see  tbe  machine 
wbicb  performed  such  wonders.  For  several 
weeks  before  the  tirst  |>ortion  of  Scripture  was 
tinisbcd,  the  district  of  Afaresiitu,  in  which  tbe 
printiug-ollice  was  situ.ited.  resembled  a  public 
fair.  Tbe  lieacb  was  lined  with  ctmoes,  Ibe 
houses  of  tbe  uati%'cs  Were  full  to  overtlowiiig, 
and  temponiry  encsimpinents  were  everywhere 
erected.  Tbe  printini:ollice  was  visited  by  such 
uumlR>rs  of  the  sinuigers  that  they  often 
climbed  upon  one  another's  iKicks.  or  on  tbe 
sides  of  the  windows,  so  a^  lo  darken  tbe  room. 
So  anxious  were  they  to  obtain  books,  that  tlie^' 
would  come  from  otber  islands,  and  many 
waited  tive  or  six  weeks  nitber  than  return 
without  Ihem.  'ITie  l>K)ks  were  read  eaR-fully 
and  regularly  by  niauv.  and  l)ecanie  tbe  source 
of  great  enjoyment.  In  ixis.  a  very  large  num- 
ber of  tbe  inhabitants  of  tbe  Georgian  Islands 
having  emlmicetl  t'briMianity,  the  missionaries 
proposed  to  the  king  and  s4)me  of  tbe  leading 
chiefs  tbe  formation  of  :  mis>ionaiy  society, 
to  lie  auxiliary  to  tbe  London  Missionary  Soci- 
ety ;  tile  plan  was  at  once  approved  by  them, 
and  tbe  KJtb  of  .May.  tbe  anniversiiry  of  tbe 
London  Sn-ieiy.  was  ap|Miinted  for  itsoigaiii- 
/.alion.  At  sunrise  the  nnssionaries  atteniled  a 
meeting  for  prayer,  tbe  natives  also  holding 
one  ainoiii;  themselves  at  tbe  same  hour.  At 
tbe  morning  service  a  st-nmin  in  Eni:lisli  was 
preached  by  one  of  the  missionaries;  tlieafter- 
niNtn  services  wer«'  entin-ly  in  tbe  native  lan- 
guage, and  longlx-forc  tbe  ap|>ointcd  hour  tbe 
cliapei  wascritwdet!.  ami  it  was  dei'ided  to  hold 
the  services  in  a  Ix-auliful  grove  near  by.  Af- 
ter singing  and  priyer.  Mr.  Nott  delivered  an 
address  :  at  its  conclusion  Pomare  arose  and 
adclressed  tbe  multiliidp,  referring  to  the  won- 
ilerful  chanire  wbii-h  the  gospel  bad  made  in 
their  condition,  and  showing  their  obligation  to 
extend  to  others,  still  in  heathen  darkness,  the 


blessings  they  enjoyetl.  In  conclusion,  he  pro. 
po.sed  tbe  formation  of  a  Tahiiiau  Missionary 
Society,  to  aid  the  London  Miss-ionary  NH'ie'y, 
asking  all  who  approvcti  the  project  to  hold  up 
their  light  bauds.  The  whole  assembly  having 
thus  signilied  approval,  the  constitution  of  the 
society,  wldch  had  been  previously  prejiared  by 
tbe  missionaries,  was  read:  a  treasurer  and  sec- 
retaries were  chosen,  and  tbe  people  relurneti 
to  their  homes  exeitetl  and  happy.  In  1!<19  the 
Hoyal  .Missiim  C'ba|H-l,  plunue«l  by  Pomare  and 
built  by  the  united  efforts  of  the  chiefs  and 
])eople  of  Tahiti  anil  Einieo,  waso|>ened  for  di- 
vine service.  Ptunare  and  unuiy  others  were 
baptized  here  June  6,  1S19.  in  the  pn-sence  of 
about  o.tXtO  i)eople.  Mi-ssrs.  Bickncll  and 
Henry,  who  had  arrived  in  tbe  '■  I)>iff '"  more 
than  twenty-two  years  iK-fore,  conductetl  the 
services. 

At  tbe  retiui'st  of  Pomare.  the  missionaries 
assisted  him  and  bis  chiefs  in  fniming  a  cixle  of 
laws  in  accordance  with  the  priucipK->  tif  the 
(liristian  religion,  and  at  the  tirst  imniversjiry 
of  the  .Missionary  Society  these  laws  wen-  pre- 
.seiitcd  by  i'omare  to  tbe  chiefs  and  jn-ople,  who 
bcartilv  agreed  to  observe  them.  They  were 
liriiited  on  large  sbi-ets  of  psilK-r.  were  sent  to 
every  chief  and  mairislrate  throughout  the 
islands,  iiiid  posted  up  in  public  platvs.  Sub- 
.seciiiently  two  or  three  .slight  insurrections 
occurred",  which  were  vjisily  quelleil.  and  the 
aullii  irily  of  the  new  laws  was  iinnly  established. 

Wlieii  tbe  missionaries  arrive!  at  Tahiti  in 
IT'JT  lliey  found  the  mond  habits»if  tbe  islanders 
such  tbat  diey  should  !«•  forever  hidden  from 
view  by  Ibe  veil  of  oblivion;  liunian  dcpnivitj' 
developed  itself  amonir  them  in  revolting  forms 
wbiili  will  not  U-ar  tbe  light;  their  sivage  wars 
gave  tlicm  a  feriK-ious  clumicter;  they  were 
addictetl  to  thievish  habits,  to  robliery  and 
pluuiler.  Their  dances  and  other  amustuieiits 
were  conducted  with  shokiiig  indecency,  their 
conversation  was  low  and  vile,  and  chastity  was 
unknown  among  them.  Some  of  them  were 
cannibals.  Infanticitle  prvvailetl  loan  incn-d- 
ible  extent.  "Awfully  dark  indetil."  says 
Mr.  Ellis,  ••  was  their  mond  character,  and  not- 
witlrstanding  tbe  apfvin-nt  mildness  of  their  di.s- 
posilioiis,  no  portion  of  tbe  human  nuv  was 
ever,  jierbaps.  sunk  lower  in  bnital  lii-entious- 
iiess  and  moral  degntdalion  than  this  is<ilated 
jieople."  Long  ami  piitieiit  st-etlsowing  at 
leiigtb  brought  the  barvi-st;  and  when  the  fruit 
appeared  it  wsis  rich  anil  ahundant,  the  rejHirts 
for  l^i2(»  showing  a  wonderful  change,  tbat 
;ittiaited  the  notice  even  of  the  officers  of  psi-ssing 
vessels. 

In  ISil  two  laymen  were  sent  out  bv  the 
London  Society  to  lejicb  the  natives  useful  arts; 
among  tbtintbe  manufactun-  of  cotton  cloth, 
and  bow  to  nuike  lathes,  l^tims,  and  spiuniug- 
wliiels. 

Near  the  close  of  1821,  Pomare.  the  steady 
friend  and  tbe  tirst  convert  of  the  mis.sionaries, 
died,  and  was  s\icic^leil  by  his  son.  Pomare 
111.,  who  was  cn>wne<l  with  Cbrislian  cere- 
monies; be  lived  only  a  y«ir  and  a  half,  when 
he  was  succeeiled  by  his  sister,  who  afterwanls 
married  the  youiii;  chief  Tah.na.  to  whom  her 
father  had  given  his  own  name. 

Ill  ls-24  the  South  S«-a  Acj»ih-my.  the  primary 
object  of  which  was  to  provide  e<lucation  for 
tile  children  of  n\issionaries.  was  esiablislieil  at 
Einico  by  a  deputation  from  the  I/mdon  Siciety. 
The  Iu.stitution  was  iuleuded  also  to  l>e  prepar- 


i 


m 


m 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


It"'' 


atory  to  a  scnunary  for  Irainiug  native  pai^lors, 
and  native  eliiklieu  who  showtil  <(imlilifs 
which  woiilil  lit  thfiii  for  such  u  work  Lad 
access  to  it. 

In  18;)5  the  Tahitiau  tninshitionof  the  Scrip- 
tures was  coniiileled,  and  Mr.  Nott  went  to 
EnLiliind  to  superintend  the  worlv  of  priniini:, 
and  to  recover  liis  health.  In  l.SW  the  Ke|M>ns 
show  that  tiiere  were  in  Tahiti  uearlv  •J.mtl 
church-meniliers;  two  tliird.sof  the pt-ople could 
read,  ii  gieal  nunil)er  were  able  to  write,  aud 
the  schools  and  chaiu'ls  were  well  alteuded. 

^Muli  was  the  condition  of  thinirsiu  the  (.ieorg- 
lan  Islands  when  the  iiitr(«liu-tiou  of  the  Fn-neh 
protectoiiile  opened  the  llocnl-gates  of  iuiiiuily, 
ami  eniliarrassed  and  tinally  tiroke  tip  the  mis- 
sion. In  1W4;J  the  French  and  Anieriniu  con- 
.sidales  determined  to  hreak  through  all  restric- 
tions, and.  in  spite  of  law,  opeuly  forcctl  the 
sale  of  spiiils.  Insults  and  outrages  wen-  wn- 
timied,  until  in  1844  (Eileen  I'oinaretook  refuge 
on  lioanl  a  IJiilish  vessel,  where  she  reuiuine<i 
for  six  months,  and  afterwards  sjiiled  in  the 
"  Carysford"  to  Haiatea.  Ou  the  2d  of  May. 
1844,  Rev.  Henry  Xolt  died,  having  almost 
comi)leted  a  half-century  of  glorious  work  ou 
Tahiti.  June  30th  Rev.  T.'s.  XcKean  was 
accidentallj  shot  by  a  native  sohlier.  Many  of 
the  stations  were  at  this  lime  broken  up,  others 
reduced  to  a  very  low  condition,  and  sevend  of 
the  missionaries  returned  to  England.  Among 
nnmy  arbitrary  regulations  iutrodue-ed  by  the 
French  was  one  which  changeil  the  ^^!il>lKl!h 
from  Sunday  to  ^Monday;  and  another  forbid- 
ding the  missidnaries  to  travel  without  a  j>ii,s.s- 
porl.  In  December.  1H4(),  the  patriot  forces, 
seeing  the  impossibility  of  re.-istance.  surren- 
dered lo  the  French;  the  (pieen  returned,  and 
an  attempt  was  made  to  revive  the  mission.  In 
1(^49  the  new  French  governor  arrived,  who  at 
first  seemed  friendly  to  the  missionaries,  but 
afterwards  u.sed  his  authority  and  influence  to 
prevent  the  natives  from  going  to  church  or 
from  making  contributions  for  the  diffusion  of 
the  gospel.  15ut  amid  all  the  troubles  the 
Tahitiaii  Church  received  numemus  accessions 
aud  exhibited  increasingly  stnmg  Christian 
chaiacler  ;  especially  was  the  Christian  charac- 
ter of  (^ueen  Pomare  maintained  througli  the 
most  trying  circumstances.  In  18.52  a  law  was 
enacted  removing  the  choice  of  j>a.stors  from 
the  members  of  the  churches  to  the  principjd 
chiefs,  and  the  nussionaries  of  the  London  M's- 
sioniiiy  Society  were  denied  even  the  privilege 
of  preaching  the  gospel  in  their  own  house.s. 
Itegaiiling  lliis  as  a  violation  of  treaty  stipula- 
tions witii  Great  Britain,  as  well  as  of  every 
principle  of  religious  liberty,  the  missionaries. 
retired  from  the  island,  leiiving  Mr.  Howe  in 
charge  of  the  mission  property  aud  of  the  Theo- 
logical Seminary  at  Papeili.  A  numlKT  of 
native  ]iastors,  educated  at  this  .seniinarj-,  had 
jireviously  been  ordaiiu'd,  ami  were  now  in 
.some  instances  pastors  of  churches.  The 
Ficncli  rule  in  the  Georgian  Islands  subverted 
morals  and  strengthened  every  evil  influence, 
but  the  good  W(uk  of  the  I.oiulou  Missionary 
Socielj-  has  not  been  been  destroyed.  Trans- 
ferred to  the  Paris  K\angelieal  .Siciety.  the 
missions  have  nourished,  and  the  stations  now 
show  most  eneouraging  progress. 

SociKTY  Isi.ANiis. — It  will  be  remem1)ere«l 
that  when  the  missionaries  on  Tahiti  were 
obliged  to  floe,  they  spent  some  time  at  Huahine, 
one  of  the  Society   Islands,  before  going  to 


New  South  Wales.  5fr.  Ilayward,  however,  re- 
mained for  sometime  ou  Huahine,  and  then  re- 
turned lo  Eimeo.  In  1814  heand  Mv.  Nolt  .sailed 
agiun  to  Huahine.  were  warmly  welcomed,  and 
iheiriiisl ructions  lislened  to  with  .serious  atten- 
tion. Afterwards  .Mr.  \Vil.son  and  Pomare. 
while  sidling  from  Eimeo,  were  driven  to  Hua- 
hine, wheie  lliey  sjienl  three  months  in  pitaih- 
iug  the  gospel  and  persmiding  the  native>  to 
abandon  their  idols.  In  .lune.  18IS,  Mo.-rs. 
Uavies,  Williams.  Orsinond,  and  Ellis,  accom- 
panied by  a  munber  of  the  principal  chiefs  of 
Eimeo,  sailed  fidni  that  island  to  Hindiine  for 
the  puriMisc  of  establishing  a  mission  there,  and 
found  that,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  the 
natives  had  reiiomiced  idolatiy  aiul,  in  profes- 
sion al  least,  had  become  Christians.  All  this 
was  owing  to  the  example  and  efforts  of  'I'ama- 
toa.  the  king  of  Itaiatea.  and  some  of  the  chiefs 
who  had  been  with  him  al  Tahiti  and  Eimeo. 
SfKiu  after  his  retiun  to  liaiatea,  'I'amaloa  had 
publicly  renounced  his  idols,  aiul  had  declared 
Idmself  a  believer  in  Jehovah  and  in  Jesus 
Christ.  Several  of  the  chiefs  luid  many  of  the 
peojile  followed  his  example;  but  here,  as  in 
Tahiti,  the  idolatrous  chiefs  and  jieople  resorted 
to  arms  in  defeiue  of  tin  ir  gods.  Exasperatetl 
al  the  destnu'tion  of  (^lo,  their  great  national 
idol,  they  determined  to  put  all  the  (  hrisiians 
to  death,  and  made  !Ui  tittiick  upon  them,  which 
however,  resulted  in  victory  to  the  Chri-.uans: 
and  the  assjdl.ints  were  .so  much  impressed  w  ith 
the  mercy  shown  them,  and  the  feast  prepared 
for  them  by  the  victors,  that  tiuv  declared  their 
inteution  of  giving  up  the  gods  \\ho  could  not 
protect  them  in  the  lK)ur  of  danger.  They 
joined  with  the  Chiistians  in  demolishing  the 
idols  aud  burningthe  inanies  (altars),  and  three 
days  after  the  battle  there  was  not  a  vestige  of 
idolatry  left.  The  example  set  by  the  Haiateans 
was  soon  followed  by  the  people  of  'l"ahaa,  Honi- 
bora,  and  Hmdiine.  ^lauran  was  visited  by 
chiefs  and  jieople  from  liorabora  aiul  Raiatea, 
who  persuaded  the  natives  to  burn  their  leniple.s 
and  g(Kls.  Thus  ended  the  reign  of  idolatry  in 
the  Societ}-  Islands,  most  of  the  people  sidopling 
the  outward  forms  of  Christianity,  lUthough  they 
were  of  course  not  yet  fully  acquainted  with  its 
nature. 

In  1820  a  house  of  worship  was  opened  on 
Huahine;  it  wiis  one  hundred  feet  long  and 
sixtj-  feet  wide,  was  plastered  within  and  with- 
out, and  the  windows  were  closed  with  sliiling 
shutters.  Hy  the  ingenuity  of  the  missionaries, 
rustic  chandeliers  were  formed  of  light  wood 
and  cocoa-nut  shells.  Schools  were  established 
on  this  aud  other  islands  of  the  group,  and  the 
intprovement  of  I  he  pupils  was  very  rapid. 
The  same  eagerness  tooblain  bo<>ks  was  nuini- 
fested  here  as  in  the  AVindward  Isljiuds  (Georg- 
ian t,  and  nothing  ciaild  exceed  the  delight  with 
which  they  were  received.  Great  improvement 
was  manifested  in  adoiiting  the  dre.ss  and  habits 
of  civilization,  tind  in  no  respect  was  theiv  u 
greater  change  than  in  the  manner  <d'  keeping 
the  Sabbath.  It  was  customary  for  those  who 
resided  at  a  distance  to  come  to  the  missionary 
island  on  Saturday  afternoons,  and  parties  from 
every  direction  might  be  seen  approaching:  the 
shoif  was  lined  with  ciuioes,  and  theemamp- 
menl  jireseiited  a  scene  of  bustling  activity 

On  the  Sabbath  no  visits  were  made  and  no 
company  entertained;  tires  were  not  kindled 
except  ill  ca.se  of  sicklies.".,  the  food  having  been 
prepared  ou  Saturday.     This  strict  observance 


LONDON   MISS.  SOO. 


550 


LONDON   MISS.  SOO. 


of  till'  S!il)l)iilli  WHS  nuver  diirctly  onjoiiiiMl  l>y 
tlie  iiiissioiiiirii's,  but  wtis,  no  doiilit.  laij,'e'ly  iit- 
tiil)iiti'(l  to  tlicir  u.\iiiii|ilc,  and  partly  iH'iliaps  to 
supc'iHiitioii  in  the  iiuiives.  I,ai;:f  coiiirrcjiHiioiis 
assiMiibifd  at  tliu  ifligiuus  si rviru^.  .V  sca»ap- 
laiii,  who  was  prcstiit  at  one  of  llu'su  iiii'uliii,irs, 
says:  "The  most  pciiccl  order  ri-igiii'd  Iht- 
whole  lime  of  seiviee.  Tile  devout  attention 
wliieli  tlu'se  poor  peo|)le  i)aid  to  wliat  was;roini; 
forward  and  tlie  earnestness  willi  wideli  lliey 
listened  to  tlieir  teaclior  woultl  .sliauie  an  Kng- 
iisli  eonjireiration." 

The  baptism  of  the  first  converts  in  theS<K-iety 
Islands  toolv  place  in  September.  I.SIO.  and  Ma- 
Inne.  th(^  priiicii)al  chief,  wasiimonir  ihenundier. 
The  name  of  every  individu.-d  wa>  formerly  ile- 
scriplive  of  some  event  or  ipialily.  and  was  -reu- 
erally  siirniticant  of  someihing  blasphemous, 
idolatrous,  or  impure.  These  the  missionaries 
advised  the  people  to  ren(>unce.  and  to  select 
those  by  wliicli  tliey  wished  to  be  called  iu 
future.  "  Scriptural  names  were  iu  sienenil 
chosen  by  the  adults  for  themselves  and  their 
children. 

The  tirst  n.-liirious  nwakeniiiir  in  the  Society 
Islands  occurred  in  1S19  and  IH-M.  Early  iu 
May.  1830,  the  tirst  Christian  church  in  this 
irronp  was  ornaiii/ed  at  Iluahine.  and  ou  the 
followiiii;  Sabbatli  !(>  persons  united  with  the 
missionaries  in  partaking  of  the  commnuion. 
Tlie  annual  mecling  of  the  Jlissiouary  Society 
was  held  soon  after,  and  the  subscriptions 
amounted  to  more  than  ;!,00()  gallons  of  oil,  be- 
sides cotton  and  other  articles.  In  February  of 
the  following  year  four  of  the  converts  who 
had  long  been  consistent  Christians  were  set 
apart  to  the  ollice  of  deacon,  and  jiroved  valu- 
able assistants  of  the  missionaries.  A  great 
ch.inge  had  taken  place  by  this  time  iu  these 
once  degraded  islanders.  The  aged  and  the 
.sick,  who  had  formerly  been  treated  with  the 
greatest  cruelly  iuid  neglect,  were  now  nursed 
with  care  by  relati\es  and  ehildreu.  Benevo- 
lent societies  were  formed  among  tlie  natives  in 
some  of  llic  islands  for  the  purpose  of  building 
l-..)uses  for  the  poor,  aiiv!  supplyiug  with  foo<i 
!ind  clothing  the  sick  who  had"  uo  friends  to 
take  care  of  tluMii. 

Parental  restraint  and  discipline  Ijcgan  also 
to  receive  attenlidii.  The  mothei-s  endeavoivd 
to  intlucnce  their  children  and  gain  their  allec- 
tioii  by  kindness;  the  fathei-s  sometimes  resort etl 
to  harslier  measures.  There  were,  however, 
some  young  men  who  diil  not  relish  the  re- 
sirainis  which  Christianity  put  upon  Ihem,  and 
who  formed  a  conspiracy  to  murder  the  niis- 
sion.'iries  and  overturn  the  government.  Their 
plans  were  detected,  and  the  chiefs  deterniineil 
to  put  the  ringleader -1  to  death.  The  mission- 
aries, however,  interceded  for  them,  and  after  a 
whole  day's  discussion  the  chii-fs  yii-ldwl.  in- 
<iuiring  what  would  be  done  in  Kngland  in  such 
a  <'!ise;  when  told  that  in  Kngland  there  were 
established  laws,  by  which  all  olTemiers  were 
tried  before  j\idges  ajipoinled  for  the  purpose, 
they  appointed  a  tenipor.iry  judge,  liy  whom  the 
criminals  were  tried,  iind  the  ringleaders  scn- 
t(!nced  to  four  years'  banishment  on  an  uninhab- 
ited island.  A  code  of  laws  was  soon  |)re|)ariil 
by  the  missionaries  and  recognized  by  the  chiefs 
aiid  peoi)le  of  Kaialea.  It  was  pu"blicly  pro- 
claimed in  -May,  1820.  At  a  national  asst-mbly 
licld  in  Huahiiie  in  May,  1821,  a  similar  c(xle 
was  proclaimed  in  that  island  under  the  author- 
ity of  the  queen,  the  governor,  aud  the  chiefs. 


Slight  insurrections  which  occurred  in  Huahino, 
Saliaa,  and  in  some  of  the  other  islands,  wei 
supl>ressed  without  bloodslied,  and  the  suprtni- 
acy  of  the  laws  was  lirmlv  established.  In  the 
year  1837  considerable  additions  were  made  to 
the  church;  in  1838  more  than  a  hundred  mem- 
l)ers  were  ailmilted  to  cliurcli  fcllowsbip  in 
liorabora.  Since  that  time  the  missjdii  to  these 
islanils  has  been  subject  to  many  vieissiindes  of 
decline  and  progress.  The  French  outrages  in 
the  (ieorgian  Islands  and  the  attempts  to  eslab- 
lisli  a  Protectorate  in  this  grouii  have  caused 
much  excitement. 

TiiK  .VisTKAi.  Islands,  included  in  the  Soci- 
ety's .Mission  to  the  Society  Islands,  tirst  receiv(;(l 
the  kiinwledge  of  the  gospel  in  1821.  In  that 
year  a  fatal  e|>id(  niic  prevailed  at  Hurulu,  and  a 
young  clii<f,  Aiuira,  with  some  comp.mions, 
left  it  forTiibuai,  about  KM)  miles  distant.  On 
their  return,  after  drifting  about  for  three 
weeks,  the^-  landed  at  .Maurua.  Here  tliej- 
Were  shown  the  demolished  temiiles,  prostrate 
altars,  and  broken  idols,  and  were  lold  that  tlu^ 
people  ou  these  islands  had  become  w<irshipiiers 
of  .Jehovah,  the  one  living  and  true  (^iinl.  They 
immediately  proceeded  to  Uorabora  (now  called 
Porapora)  to  see  the  missionaries.  From  this 
place  they  went  to  Haiatea,  aud  were  tilled  with 
wonder  at  what  they  .saw.  On  the  Sabbath 
they  were  conducted  to  tlie  chapel,  where  songs 
of  praise  in  which  the  people  joined,  and  the 
sermon  from  one  of  the  missionaries,  excited  iu 
them  the  deepest  interest.  Tliey  were  at  once 
convinced  of  the  superiority  of  the  Christian 
religion,  and  desired  to  be  iDstructed  in  the 
knowledge  of  the  true  God,  became  pujiils  iu 
the  sch(X)l,  and  soon  learned  to  read  and  sjiell 
correctly.  Having  publicly  renounced  their 
idols  and  professed  tlieniselves  wur.shippers  of 
.lehovah,  they  became  anxious  to  return  to  their 
own  island,  to  carry  thither  the  knowledge  they 
had  obtained.  An  oiiportunity  occurred  for 
them  to  go  in  a  vessel  bounil  f<a-  Kngland,  and 
the  chiefs  earnestly  bogged  the  missionaries  to 
send  instructors  with  them.  Two  of  the  native 
deacons  volunteered  to  go,  and  were  supplied 
with  elementary  books,  and  a  f<'W  copies  of  the 
gosjiel  in  the  Tahitiaii  language,  which  is  very 
similar  to  that  of  the  Austral  Islands.  After 
their  arrival  at  Hurutu.  the  chiefs  were  advised 
to  prepare  an  entertaiiuneiit  the  next  day.  of  a 
uninlHM'  of  kinds  of  food  which  were  consid- 
ered sacred,  and  of  which  it  was  thought  a 
woman  could  not  partake  without  instant 
tleatli.  The  feast  was  accordingly  made  read}  , 
and  Anur.i.  his  wife  and  friends,  with  thi^  Kjiia- 
tean  Chiisti.ins.  unitedly  piirlook  of  the  sacred 
food.  The  chiefs  and  people  stcKxl  around,  ex- 
IH-cling  to  see  tliose  who  had  lliiis  violated  the 
law  of  the  gods  f.all  into  convulsions  or  expire 
in  agony.  Hut  when  they  saw  no  Imrin  befall 
them,  Ihey  exclaimed,  "The  priests  have  de- 
ceived us,"  and  hastening  to  their  temples  tiny 
hurleil  the  idols  from  the  places  so  long  occu- 
pied, burnt  to  the  ground  their  sacred  biiild- 
ings.  and  desiroyed  every  inaiae  in  the  island. 
In  182:!  Mr.  Williams  visited  Uurulu.  and  again 
in  1829.  Teachers  had  been  sent  from  Pora- 
l>ora  to  teach  them  reading,  writing,  and  the 
elements  of  religion.  .Mr.  Williams  found  that 
the  people  had  improved  and  made  progress  in 
many  ways.  Uimatara  and  other  islands  fol- 
lowed tlie  example  of  Rurutti,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Tnbiiai.  hearing  of  this,  sent  to  Tahiti, 
rc(iuesliug  teachers  and'  books.     Mr.  Xott,  with 


■  ■; 

1 

)■■; 


I 


!! 


LONDON  MISS.  SOC. 


660 


lOKSON  MISS.  SOC. 


two  naiire  iMioliers,  sailed  to  this  isliind  in 
Jim*-.  l*ii.  Tbt-  jM-oiilf  wiTf  iiuluccd  lo  ullriul 
public  Wi»i>hi|».  wluif  -Mr.  Ncilt  iiroiiclicd.  In 
lH"J»i.  mbvn  Mr.  Davifs  viNJltd  iliu  islund,  the 
pn>ft!s*i»»n  «»f  fhri'iianity  luid  Ix'coine  jiiiicriil 
thrixigboul  lb«-  islund,  and  llie  cliit'fs  and  pcu- 
ple  »t-n-  as>i>iiiiir  ilic  ttacluTs  in  iiuilini;  up 
ti>mlf>>nable  «I««-!linir>  and  a  substantial  Iidusc 
for  public  worsJiip.  Tlir  work  in  tiic  islands 
cimttniml  lo  be  tTuricd  on  l)y  native  agency 
aluae.  i-xtfpl  the  iH-i-jisioua!  visits  of  mission- 
aril's. 

P»:ari.  Islands.— In  the  early  jiart  of  the 
r».'liru  of  Pi'inan- II.  many  (if  the  inhaliitants  of 
tlu'  IVarl  Inlands  flt'd  loTahili  for  secnrily  dnr- 
insr  a  war.  Tiiey  were  iirolected  liy  I'omare, 
and  »ben  Ibe  Tahitians  cast  away  llieii-  idols 
tliey  alM>  r\-noun^i-<i  idolatry,  and  iilaeed  them- 
.stlve<  iin«l»-r  ibe  instruction  of  the  inissionarie.s. 
In  I>*-7  "bt-y"  n-lurue(i  to  llicir  own  island,  and 
b«?fi>re  k'Dtf  war.  eunnil),ilism.  and  idolatry 
ceasrtl.  and  a  platt-  of  worship  was  liuiU. 

MAR^rE>A>  IsLASOs.— In  l^!*?  Captain  Wil- 
son, afler  Laiiidiiig  the  missionaries  at  Ton- 
gataltt  aiHi  Tahiti,  sailed  for  the  Mai(piesas. 
At  Sania  Cbrislina  iie  left  .Mr.  Crook,  who, 
after  rv^klinff  on  the  isl.-ind  about  a  year,  lie- 
canie  dL^xHinigirtl  ami  returned  to  Tahiti.  In 
ISio  hi-  wen!  l«a<k  with  two  native  teachers 
fmm  lluahine  and  one  from  Tahiti.  The 
j)tople  at  lfir*»  S(t'm<-<1  friendly,  .'ind  Mr.  Crook 
left  the  nalivc  leanliers an<i  returned  to  Tahiti  ; 
but  saionafler  Ibe  jn-oiile  threatened  to  kill  and 
devour  the  teachers,  who  were  obliged  to  leave. 
St'Veral  other  aUenipts  were  made  by  the  So- 
ciety lo  (."hrisdaniz*-  these  islands,  bui  in  1841 
the  firltl  ira5  ainudoned,  and  the  ndssiunavies 
returni'd  lo  Tahiti. 

UrKVET  IsuAsns. — In  1821  two  natives  were 
set  a{ian  with  sppropriate  religious  serviees 
at  the  !?<iciely  Islands,  and  sent  to  Aitntaki. 
3Ir.  Williams  went  with  them,  and  found 
among  ihe  natives  every  feature  of  sjivage  life, 
but  the  teachers  were  kindly  received  with 
promises  of  prc>tecl  ion.  Notwitlistanding  the.se 
promise*.  Ihev  Iabore<i  in  gnat  discouragement, 
suffering  much  fmm  the  jtersecution  of  the  na- 
tives. At  K-nslb.  however,  the  daughter  of  the 
old  chief  was  laken  ill  ;  offerings  were  nnide  io 
the  g'nis.  and  lo  in<iuce  them  to  restore  the 
child  to  hcallh  their  favor  was  invoked  from 
momine  to  oi^ht.  Bui  the  disease  increased, 
and  the  girl  died.  The  chief,  incensed  that 
the  sods  shouki  not  have  regarded  his  olVerings, 
determineii  at  cnoe  to  abandon  them,  and  the 
ne.\t  nH>min]r  st-nl  bis  mui  to  set  lire  to  his 
marae.  Two  other  iiianies  near  it  took  lire  and 
were  consumed.  The  people  brought  their 
idols  lo  the  leaehers.  and  professed  I  licmselves 
followers  of  Jehovah  Fifteen  n\onths  after 
the  srriTal  of  the  ttMchers  a  ge?ieral  meeting  of 
alt  the  people  was  held,  anci  the  teachers  pro- 
no<e«l  that  all  the  manes  on  the  island  shoidd 
Ik*  btirneil.  and  a  Immim'  of  worship  for.Iehovidi 
built.  The  multitude  consented  to  both  these 
pn>{i«ie>ilkms.  and  a1  the  close  of  the  meeting  a 
general  conlhurrali.in  of  maraes  took  place. 
The  whole  jxipulNtion  then  came  in  jiroces- 
sion,  the  chief  and  priest  le.'iding  the  way,  and 
laid  their  idols  at  the  teachers' feet,  receiving 
in  return  copies  of  the  gospel  ami  elementary 
lHM>k<t.  The  missionaries  at  liaialea,  hejiring 
of  the  saccess  of  the  native  teachers  at  Aitu- 
taki,  resolved  lo  visit  .'hem  and  to  attempt  the 
introductioD  of  the  gosjud  into  every  island  of 


that  group.     In  Jutj.  I'SiS   Messrs.  BounieRnd 
Williams,  with  six  DaliTtt-  1«atlren^.  after  a  live 


They  found  the 

■^'  y   mH  the  people 

iiiiily    prayer 

Kixi-   i^lands 

III    largest  of  the 

ruiiiiined    undis- 

•  i<-r,  dctenniued  to 

.  It,  and  Ml  length, 

lixs^ihir,  was  delighted 

TrH'Uiiiiiins  and  heau- 

.  island.     He  met 

and    cTowii.s    of 

<  ''  the  ]irogreS8 

.   ;;    .'  li   i'  already 

lioccuiit      is     given: 


days'  sail,  reaibcd  AhiUaiki. 

Sabbath  regarded  a.-«  *  ■w--" 

attending   divine    »* 

general   throughour, 

Wen  visited,  but  Rir 

group,    lone    stanliv 

covered.    Mr.  W  1! 

nnike  one  more  i  :l    - 

after  almost  giviuj; 

with  the  siu'lit  of  r.li. 

tiful  valhns  ,,(  the 

with   a   favorable    r' 

people  gathered  roi. 

of  Christianity  in  rl    -     ■ 

known.      Jlr.     Botmue  <• 

"  Much  has  lieen  sojil  off  nl«-  j.rocress  of  the 

gospel    in  Taldti  and  in  Six-  SiKiety  Islands, 

but  it  is  not  to  becotBpuwS  wiiL  its  "success  in 

Itarotonga.     In  TahtBt  llW  unis-sjoniirics  labored 

for  tifteen  years  bffocie  tW  l«a>t  fruit  appeared. 

Two  years  ago  the  Kaiiioticiatpiii>  did  not  know 

of  the  gospel,  but  their  *d«*BCMneiil  in  religion 

e(pials  that  of   :he  TahntAaw^  .  .  .  And  when 

we  look  at  the  meaiaii  mtf^tl  it  lie<-oines  in\ich 

more    astonishing.   .  .  .  T'lxi    native    teachers 

have  been  the  instnii»»«l»«if  effwliug  all  this 

Wonderful  chatiire.  befiM*  a  «t'gle  ndssionary 

has  set  foot   upon  'hr  'sintd."  'Mr.  AVillianis 

visited   the   island    -<  •  c    miltr  lliis  rcjiort  was 

wiitten,  and  again  in  ISTrL     He  says  :   "When 

I  founil  them  in  I>:Sf  tL^r  were  ignorant  of  the 

nature  of  Chrisriiin  w. cAij'';  and  when  I  left 

them  in  1834  I  am  e>  r  iwaine  \}in1  IIktc  was  a 

hou.se  in  the   islan.'.    ■  ''    -■    '^loiiily  ]irayer  was 

not  ob.served  evtrv   :  .!)d  e\ening." 

Sa.M().\n  Islanl>~  >.»«.^orsi. — In  1787 
these  islands  were  vB*tBiMl  by  a  Fivnch  vessel, 
and  several  of  the  inew  were  ibw»rfierously  nuir- 
dered,  which  act  eriedilicfiil  '<«aeh  an  inijnession  of 
their  treachery  and  fenivitlr.  that  for  inan_\  years 
they  Were  not  visited  by  mit  vwswels  from  the 
eivili/ed  world.  Mr  Virn^ms  was  ]>robably 
the  tirst  to  entertain  t,bi^  iiJtai  i-f  iiilr<Klucing'  the 
gospel  in  these  DsIaji»Ss.  lInTiBg  no  .suitable 
vessel  in  which  to  inatir  ili>e  Toyag<-  of  '.J.OCK) 
nnles.  he.  with  tht'  i-*i?i;diiK!e  of  the  natives,  at- 
tempted to  build  iioe.  IIJs  utmost  ingemu'ty 
was  needed  for  this  Has^t,  laud  a  d»-Mription  vf 
some  of  the  wa_\s  by  ~ 

his   purpose   may  be 

"i^in  tcKils  for  work- 


smith's  bellows,  as  w ,  " 
ing  in  iron,  whi<h  tv 
otonga.  were  imiisfi     ■ 
for   the  sjike   of  rl,. 
goats  on  the  island.    U;. 
ditliculty  .-i  toUritilf  I.' 
all  the  leather.  Ieav>  j 
but  the  iiJiked  ixiar';- 
in  the  ordinary  w:t\ 
however,  p«rM'Vt  ri  ■: 
"  hit  upon  a  nov.  i    ■• 
occurred  to  him  t[i.i,r   i 
pmnp  as  water  is.     .\ 
two  bo.xes  18  im  Lifs  -j, 
valves  and  levtrs   ,,p.; 
lives,  he  contrii>d 
of  blasts  as  an.swi  -I 
building  of  the  v.  ss. 
an  anvil,  and  a  pair 
tongs.      With   scan  < 
oakum,  cord.iiie.  "r  - 
eeeded  in  laundiini:  «. 


whki  be  a<-eomiilished 
SBi!i*«»s;iitig.     A    pair  of 


1h-  foUDil  in  Uar- 

:'    '1  1  rcfon  killed, 

-  •    of   the  four 

.    1  v,^,  i  u.  led  with  much 

[<.»w-R     But  the  rats  ate 

.  -^,=r,<T  ^,i  ],i^  ••iiiparatus 

ijo]»e  of  working 

Mr.  Williams, 

■"   ■■;-    :ii.(l   at   last 

-   •:!<  wind.'"  It 

-        .        ■     ilirown  by  a 

1  _     .  by  means  of 

..HI*-  kinj  4  ft.  high,  with 

T.i-rkt^J  by  S  or  10  na- 

•     su<h  a  su<'c<'ssion 

;-  ]'ur]>osc-s  in  the 

was   used  for 

-  jiincers  for 

wiihout  sjiw, 

:i1  length  suc- 

t  long  and  18 


in  hreadtli,  and  of  7»>«.'«  ** 


.iden.     It  WU3 


''ill 


soo. 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


501 


LONDON  MISS.   SOO. 


imniL-(l  "  Tlie  Mt's,s<nij;cr  of  Pcaco."  The  trees 
\l>.e(l  for  it  Imd  lieeii  split  with  wedges,  Ilie 
r(>|H'N  were  of  tlie  twisted  l)in'k  of  the  liihiseus, 
tlie  sjiils  made  of  iiiitive  mats  ((iiilleii,  and  l)ie 
rudder  was  formed  of  a  piece  of  a  pick  a.\e,  a 
cooper's  ad/.e,  and  a  laiire  liiu'.  In  tliis  vessel 
.Messrs.  Williams  and  HarlV,  with  7  native  leaeli- 
er-,  sailed  from  Kaiatea  .May,'llli,  l.s;iO,  Tliey 
proeieded  first  |o  'I'oliiralabn,  wliene(!  lliey 
.sailed  for  Samoa,  takinL'  with  them  a  chief  of 
one  of  these  islands,  whom  they  found  at  Ton- 
jratalni.  After  a  prolraclcd  voyaL;c  they  leaehed 
ijavaii.  whose  kinir,  .Malietoa,  reeeived  ihcm 
kiiiilly.  Leavinir  the  ti'achers.  Mr.  Williams  re- 
turned to  Itiiiatea.  Two  years  later  he  aij;aiii 
visited  Samoa,  and  found  that  on  sonu'  of  the 
islan  Is ('hri--ti:inity  had  l)e<'n  cniliiaced  through 
the  tcachiii;,' of  tin;  natives  from  Kaialea.  At 
one  |ilaee  a  eoiiLrreLratiiiii  of  ."id  Christ ians.  dis- 
tiniruisheil  from  the  hi'athen  natives  liy  a  haiiil 
of  white<'loth  upon  the  arm.  had  lieen  iralherecl 
by  one  whose  only  instruction  had  l)e<'ii  u:aiiu'd 
from  one  of  the  teachers  who  was  lalioriiii;on  an 
island  many  miles  away.  A  loni;  canoe  voyasie 
was  necessiiry  for  each  lesson  he  received.  This 
in.'iii  and  many  others,  callimr  thciuselvcs''  Sons 
of  the  Word."  heirired  .Mi'.  Williams  to  send 
them  teachers.  This  irreat  desire  for  iiislriic- 
lion  was  c<immunicated  hy  .Mr.  Williams  to  ihc 
L.  .M.  S..  and  in  is;j.">  a  party  of  mis>i(inMriis, 
accompanied  hy  their  wives,  set  sail  lor  Samoa. 
In  I.si:!i).  in  these  beautiful  islands,  rapine,  mur- 
der, cannibalism  and  most  sickeiuMLr  crimes 
ami  horrors  iircvailed;  throujih  tin' work  of  iIk' 
L.  .M.  S.  all  this  was  chanjied.  and  within  ten 
years'  time-  ("hristlatiity  reiijned  in  the  hetirts 
and  lives  of  tlie  jn'ople 

Ni;w  IIi;iiiiii)i:s.— The  illness  of  both  Mr. 
and  -Mrs.  Williams  necessitated  their  return  to 
Knirland  in  1M;(4.  Uecoveriiii:  their  health  dtir- 
iiiir  a  four  years  residence  in  Kniiland.  they  be- 
cami'  an.xious  to  return  to  tlieir  former  work, 
anil  Mr.  Williams  jiroposed  to  the  Society  to 
undertake  an  e.vplorini:  voyage  among  the 
groups  of  islands  situated  between  Samoa  and 
Xew  Guinea,  ami  to  place  on  them  native 
teachers.  Accordingly  an  appeal  was  made  to 
Christians  in  Kngland  for  moiuw  to  purchase  u 
ship,  which  should  be  devoted  exclusively  to 
missionary  pur|ioses,  Mr.  Williams's  narrative 
,'iml  his  personal  re])rc.sentations  excited  so 
much  interest  throughout  Knglanil.  that  a  sum 
more  than  sullicieiil  for  the  purchase  of  a  ship, 
the  "Camden,"  was  soon  raised.  On  tlie4thof 
.Vpril.  isa."^,  a  farewell  meeting  of  intense  in- 
ter' ;  vas  held  in  London,  and  a  few  (la,\s  later 
the  'amden  "  sailed,  having  on  board  a  jiarly 
of  i:(  missioiiiiries,  including  !\Ir.  anil  .Mrs.  Wli- 
liaiiis  and  their  son.  Mr.  Williams  visited  the 
Navi^.atoi's,  Georgian,  and  Society  Islands,  and 
linn  jiriMceded  to  the  New  llelirides.  aicom- 
panied  by  Ca))lain  Morgiin.  .Mr.  Cuiiniiu.'h  im, 
vice-consul  for  the  South  Sea  Islimds,  and  .Mr. 
Harris,  who  was  intending  to  go, is  a  missionary 
to  the  .Mar(|Uesas.  On  the  KMIi  Novemlicr, 
lS:!!t,  the  "Apostle  of  the  Pacilir  "  landed  at 
Taniia,  where  he  was  kiially  treated  by  the 
people.  The  three  Samoaii  teaiiicis  set  apart 
for  this  island  were  gladly  received,  and  .Mr. 
Williaiiis  set  .sail  aginn  f(U-  Eiromanga,  which 
he  reached  the  next  day.  The  natives  here 
were  more  rude  and  barbarous  than  those  of 
the  oihir  islamis,  and  would  not  at  lirst  hold 
liny  inierciuirse  with  tlie  strangers;  but  having 
received  presi'iits  of  lish-hooks  and  beads,  they 


briaight  some  cocoaniils  to  the  missionaries,* 
who.  thinking  that  they  had  gaineil  their  eonti- 
dctice,  all  went  on  shore.  While  Captain  .Mor- 
gan waited  to  see  the  boat  siifely  anchored,  .Mr. 
Williams,  .Mr.  Ilarils,  and  .Mr.  Cuiuiiiiglmni 
walked  up  the  bea(h.  The  captain  then  start- 
ed to  follow,  hut  the  boat's  crew  called  to  hill) 
to  ((line  back.  Looking  round,  he  saw  .Mr. 
Williams  and  .Mr.  Cunningham  ninniiig  to- 
wards the  sea,  .Mr.  Williams  closely  piir-iicd  by 
a  native.  Capiain  "dorgan  immediately  re- 
turned to  the  boat,  from  which  he  saw  a  native 
strike  .Mr.  Williams,  who  fell  ba(  kward  to  the 
giiiund.  ,\nolher  native  struck  him  with  a. 
(lull  while  others  pierced  his  hody  with  arrows. 
.Mr.  Ilariis  shared  the  same  late  Captain  .Mor- 
gan tried  in  vain  to  obtain  the  bodice,  bin  every 
attempt  was  foiled  by  the  natives,  by  whom  they 
Were  atteiward  cooked  and  devoured.  Thu 
news  of  this  ciilamity  w.as  received  in  Kiigliuid 
a  few  days  before  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Society. 

In  February,  lH4t),  the  British  ship  "  Favorite" 
sailed  from  Sydney  to  search  for  the  lem.iins  of 
.Messrs.  Williams  and  Harris.  .Mr.  Cuiminghain 
and  a  Samoaii  chief  to  act  as  interpreter,  accom- 
panied the  ex|)editioii.  At  Krromanga,  by 
means  of  i)rcsenls  and  threats,  they  olilaiiied 
from  the  natives  part  of  the  bones  of  the  two 
missionaries.  The  vessel  then  siillcil  for  the 
Sanioas,  where  the  bones  were  interred,  the  ser- 
vices being  attended  liy  theolliccrsof  the  "Favor- 
ite,"tliemissioiiaries, and  hundreds  of  Samoans, 
who  remembered  Mr.  Williams  as  the  tirst  mes- 
senger of  salvation  to  their  >hores.  S(H)n  after 
this,  Mr  Heath,  of  the  Samoaii  .Mission,  was  re- 
(]uested  by  his  brotlier-mis>ioiiarics  to  make  an  ex- 
ploring voyage  in  the  "  Camden."  He  visited  the 
New  Hebrides,  and  left  native  teachers  at  f(air 
of  the  Islands,  one  of  them  being  Krromanga. 

In  1843  .Messrs,  Turner  and  NislK't  arrived  at 
Taima.  They  assembled  the  principal  chiefs, 
made  known  their  object,  and  were  kindly  re- 
ceived with  promises  of  protection.  On  tin"  fol- 
lowing Sabbath  they  held  reliirious  services, 
which  were  attended  by  moi'e  than  21X1  jieople. 
The  missionaries  soon  found,  however,  tha*  the 
])eople  were  depraved  and  cruel  in  the  extrcnie. 
.V  few  manifested  some  attachment  to  them,  but 
by  iiU  others  they  were  regarded  with  distrust 
alid  hatreil,  and  more  than  once  their  destnie- 
tioti  was  secretly  attempted.  .V  fatal  disease  at- 
lacked  the  island,  ind  the  chiefs  in  the  interior, 
attributing  it  to  tlie  arts  of  the  mis<lonaries,  de- 
manded their  cxpuNion.  To  this  tlioM'  who 
were  friendly  to  the  mi~--ionaries  woiilil  not  con- 
sent, and  a  savage  war  was  the  result.  The 
missionaries  let't  ilie  isl.ind  in  their  sm.i II  open 
boat,  but  were  driven  back,  and  death  in  its 
most  horrid  form  seemed  inevitible,  when,  just 
as  they  were  entering  the  harlMir,  an  .Vmerican 
vessel  appeared  otf  Taiiiia.  in  which  they  were 
taken  to  the  Navigator's  Islands.  The  attempt  to 
lilacc  native  teachers  on  the  Islcof  Piiic^.  in  1S4(), 
had  a  still  more  tivigical  result.  In  ti^4'.'  the  crew 
of  the  brii;-  "Star."  Iiavini;  Ih'cii  treated  with  ap- 
parent friendship,  went  on  shore  to  cut  timlier, 
and  were  Ireacherouslv  killed  i;nd  devoured,  nf- 


(Pi: 


f  1 


•  Tilts  slivness  iitiit  ilistrust  on  Ilie  part  of  tlie  imtive» 
was  inviiiii  In  l!ie  tail  tlmt  ii  slioit  time  iirevimis  a 
iiiii'lv  iif   »liiii>  iiaitiTs  liait  taiiiliil  on  Ilie  islaiiil  hikI 

il.'lil    killeil    the   sun    nf    Ilie   ehii'f;    tin"    llMlnlHrs    pi-rpc- 

Irjifi'ii  afierwjiril  \vt*i-e  siMipty  acts  nf  veiigeaiiee.  and 
were  ill  siiiei  a uilaiiee  witli  imtive  law.    (Set    Nkw 

ilKHKUIKS  MlsmiiN  I 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


5oa 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


tcr  wliicli  tliu  .Siiinoaii  l<'iirI(ors  were  niurdcrcil  at 
tlic  coiuiiianil  of  tlic  cliict',  not  t'lcin  oppiisilion 
to  lliciii  or  to  what  llicy  laiiiilil,  lail  in  rcviiitic 
lor  oiilni;;("<  i)r('vioiisl_\  (•<miiiiill('<l  l)_v  Kiii.'li-.li 
aii<l  .Viiicricaii  Uiuicrs.  'I'lu'  visiis  of  llicsc  Had 
in;:  vessels  Iimvc  Im'cii  marked  liy  roliliery  and 
MMirdiT,  and  llicaclsof  veiiireaiKe  eoiiimilled 
by  the  natives  in  liiis  case,  in  tiie  nnnder  of 
Aii'ssi-s.  Williams  and  Harris,  and  al  oilier  limes, 
do  not  eipial  in  liarliarily  the  aelions  of  many  of 
llicse  traders.  Tlie  natives,  upon  one  occasion 
liavinir  oll'ered  some  ri'^islaiice  lo  their  outraires, 
were  altacked  willi  di'.idiy  \vea|)ons,  many  of 
then)  slain,  and  others,  having'  taken  refii,u;e  in 
a  cave,  were  siitloeatcil  hy  a  lire  liiiilt  al  its 
mouth.  The  immediate  cause  of  the  death  of 
tlie  leacluTs  on  llie  Isle  of  Pines  was  the  fact 
that  lliey  had  been  presented  by  the  traders  with 
forijed  Icllers  from  the  missionaries,  in  which 
Ihey  were  directed  to  assist  Iheiii  in  the  jiroino- 
lioii  of  their  ohjeels  The  jealousy  of  tlie  (H'o- 
ple  was  thus  excited  aijainst  them.  Nolwith- 
slaiaiinji  all  the  discourajii'menl,  the  mission  lo 
ihe  New  Hebrides  was  renewed  in  1845,  when 
Messi-s  Turner  and  Murray  landed  al  Tanna 
with  1")  native  teachers.  'I'liey  left  four  of  the 
teachers  and  two  native  evaufrelists  at  Nine, 
after  which  they  proceeded  to  Erroman<;a,  but 
from  the  appearance  of  the  natives,  they  con- 
chnled  tliat  they  were  still  imfriendly  to  tlie 
jrospel,  and  so  did  not  land.  From  Erromanpi 
they  proceedeii  to  Sandwich  Island,  alK)Ut  50 
miles  distant,  where  tliey  foiuid  a  population  of 
noble  as|)eci  aial  frentle  maimers.  Here  they 
placed  four  native  evangelists,  who  were  received 
with  hearty  f^ood-will  by  chiefs  and  pi-ople. 
Teachers  were  also  left  al  two  islands  of  the 
New  Caledonia  v'ronp,  but  on  Ihe  large  island 
of  New  Caledonia  thev  found  that  Maluku, 
Ihe  chief  of  Ihe  Isle  of  I'ines,  had  soinlluenced 
the  ]X'ople  that  thev  thoufjht  best  to  willidniw 
the  teachers  already  lliere.  In  18.")2  the  Hev. 
]\Iessrs.  ^Iiirray  and  Sunderland,  of  the  Sainoan 
nnssion,  visited  these  islands,  and  found  an  e.\- 
Iraordinary  chanire  in  Ihe  sentiments  and  habits 
of  Ihe  peoi)le  since  the  previous  visit  of  Ihe  mis- 
sionary ship.  Large  mnnl'crs  had  renoimced 
idolatry  and  put  themselves  imder  Christian  in- 
struction. Commodious  places  of  worship  and 
dwellings  for  tc.iehers  had  been  erected,  con- 
gregations and  schools  gathered,  and  a  few  were 
bopeful  candidtites  for  church  fellowship. 

.\laiiy  unsueeessfid  attempts  were  made  to 
land  missionaries  on  N'iue  (Savage  Island!;  but 
in  184!)  a  teacher  from  Sanwar  succeeded  in 
establishing  himself  there.  In  1857  mission- 
aiies  visited  the  islanil,  and  found  that  remark- 
able progress  had  been  nnide.  In  18l!l  Ihe 
Uev.  Mr.  Lawes  was  sent  to  this  ])ost.  where  he 
met  with  great  success.  In  addition  lo  evan- 
gelistic, pastond,  and  school  work,  he  trained 
many  students  who  have  become  ellicient  i>io- 
neeis  in  other  islands  in  Polynesia  luid  in  New 
tiuinea.  There  are  now  in  the  training  inslitu- 
tioM  tifteen  yoinig  men,  who,  it  is  hoped,  will 
ni.d\e  good  teachers  either  at  home  or  in  New 
Guima. 

Nkw  GriNE.\, — The  mission  to  New 
GuiiuNi  WHS  commenced  in  1871.  by  Ihe  plaiMiig 
of  eight  teachers  from  the  Loyally  Islands  at 
Darnley,  Saibai,  and  Dnan  isliuids  in  Torres 
Strait.  In  1873  Mr.  Murray,  uccompanied  by 
^Irs.  .Murniy  and  fourteen  teachers  from  the 
Loyalty  and  Ilervey  Islands,  settled  al  Cape 
York,  locating  the  teachers  lu  various  places. 


In  1871!  he  placed  teachers  at  Port  IMoresby, 
whiih  is  now  the  central  station  of  the  work 
east  of  Turn's  Strait.  .Murray  Island  (1877i  ims 
become  the  centre  for  Ihe  western  branch  of 
ilie  mission.  Kiom  the  industrial  school  .unl 
teaeheis'  seminary  at  this  phu'c  many  teaeh- 
ITS  have  gone  forth  to  work  in  the  islnnds  and 
on  the  coast  of  Torres  Striut.  Port  .Mipresl)y 
has  also  a  linining  instilution,  from  wliieii 
many  stiiilents  have  lieeii  sent  t(j  evangeli/.e 
Iheir  eonntrynien.  This  missicai  has  siilVeied 
much  from  Ihe  fever,  and  from  the  hostility  of 
the  natives,  bul  remarkable  residls  have  been 
attained,  espci'ially  in  the  ea.stern  branch  of  the 
nnssion. 

Year  by  year  these  islands  of  the  South  Pacific 
lue  becoming  of  greater  value  to  JOurupean 
Jiowers.  In  some  cases  the  direct  trade  with 
the  islands  and  the  extent  of  the  iilantatioiis 
owned  upon  lliem  have  been  sullicieiil  to  in 
(luce  (ireal  ISritain,  France,  and  (iermany  lo 
assert  a  claim  lo  Iheir  posssesion.  In  other 
cases  Ihe  slrateiric  position  of  groujis  of  isliimls 
on  the  line  of  commuiiicalion  between  Europe 
and  the  colonial  possessions  of  some  power  has 
been  the  motive  for  annexation.  Serious  changes 
have  occurred,  and  llie  .Society's  mission  Wdrk 
has  been  contracted  both  al  its  eastern  .and  wes- 
tern extremities.  The  lesolve  to  withdraw  en- 
tirely as  soon  as  possible  from  Ihe  mission  in 
the  Society  Islands,  and  also  from  Ihe  Loyalt\' 
Islands,  will  soon  limit  the  work  to  the  Samoaii 
Island  groups,  with  the  oul-slalions  in  the  north- 
west, and  the  island  of  Nine  The  loiii;  threal- 
ened  annexation  of  Ihe  Society  Islands  by  the 
French  took  place  during  188i),  the  immediate 
result  being  most  disastnais  to  mission  work. 
The  natives  had  no  wish  to  conic  under  the 
French  Hag,  and  they  resented  with  great  spirit, 
though  without  avail,  the  attack  upon  their  lib- 
erties. In  Kaialea  a  large  section  of  the  popu- 
lation went  to  the  mountains  and  the  bush,  re- 
fusing to  submit  to  French  jurisdiction.  In 
Huahine  the  excitement  and  opposition  were 
0(iuiilly  inlense;  and  only  the  great  forbearance 
displayed  by  Ihe  coniniander  of  Ihe  French 
war-vessel  ))reveiited  bloodshed.  Such  a  slate 
of  things  could  not  bul  paraly/e  ,ill  inissiou 
operations. 

On  Haialea  the  schools  were  closed,  and  the 
Lord's  Slipper  had  not  been  celebrated  for 
months,  because  Ihe  iieople  were  scattered.  The 
conlribulidiis  to  the  Society  from  Kaiate.'i  and 
Tahaa.  which  have  ofleii  ainounli'd  to  several 
hundred  pounds,  dropped  to  a  few  dcillais 
inivalely  given.  The  Kev.  AV.  E.  Hichards  hail 
the  pain  of  tinding  that  his  earnest  ellorts  (as  a 
neutr.al.  yet  a  friend)  to  im^vent  blooilshed 
caus>  d  him  to  be  viewed  with  suspicion  and 
anger  by  his  own  people  and  also  by  the  French 
authorities.  .Mr.  Cooper  found  himself  in  ihe 
same  iiosiiion  on  Huahine.  and  for  some  time  it 
seemed  doubtful  if  the  peo|>le  wiaild  ever  again 
listen  lo  his  voice.  Thev  .seemed  lo  have  begun 
to  understand  his  jiosition  belter  before  the  end 
of  the  vear;  bul  their  hostility  to  every  attempt 
of  the  Vreiich  lo  establish  their  aiillKaily  con- 
tinues unabated;  and  it  is  greatly  lo  be  feared 
that  before  long  there  will  be  a  seiiou.s  couHict 
on  both  islands. 

Tliedealh  of  !Mr.  Hiclianls  has  already  been 
referreil  to  in  the  earlier  portion  of  the  rcpi>rt. 
After  this  sad  event  it  became  the  duty  of  the 
directors  to  consider  the  situation  with  a  view  to 
future  arrangements;  and  after  mature  delibera- 


' 


LONDON   MISS.  SOO. 


r>(t:i 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


lion  il  was  ilccidcil  Hint  il  would  not  1)0  cxiicili 
<'nt  to  till  lip  the  viiciiiit  |ilii('L'  liy  a  fi'csli  iip- 
liointiiu'iit,  mill  tliMi  IIS  soon  as  Mi'i'.in>;('iiii'Mis 
roiilil  1)1'  iiiiidi'  for  tlir  tiiinsl'i  r  of  tin'  inission  in 
II  wiioli',  it  woiilil  III'  lor  ilii'  uilviintiiji;('  of  the 
cliiiiclics  if  it  wcH'  liiinili'il  over  to  the  I'm-is 
Jlviinjrelliiil  .Missiormiy  iSoeiely.  It  sciileely 
ni'i'ils  to  he  siiiil  111  it  this  ilei'ision  i-<  not  dm.  lo 
liny  iinwilliiijrness  on  the  purl  of  Kii>rlisli  niis- 
.'-ioiiiirii's  lo  \vo|-k  Milder  the  Fieneli  lliifr  Thf 
diieelors  me  ;j:liid  also  to  iicknowledne  lliiit  il  is 
not  line  lo  liny  oppressive  ineiisiiiis  iiislitnted 
liy  the  Kiiiieh  (joverninenl  iiiriiilist  I'lotesliiiils, 
l!  is,  however,  imrl  of  llie  sellled  iioliey  of  the 
French  iiiliiiinisinilloii  that  nil  eiiiieatioii  shiill 
lie  ill  the  liamls  of  the  i^overniiienl,  mid  shull  lie 
condneled  in  the  Ficnch  l.iiii,nmir".  By  this 
inemis  one  of  the  iiionI  iniporlmil  parts  of  the  in- 
lliieliee  Ihe  niissioniiries  have  hilherlo  possessed 
has  lieeii  eniirely  lenioved  from  them;  and  it  is 
also  doiilitfiil  if  Ihe  traiiiiiii;  of  the  native  |)as- 
tors  will  he  peiniilled.  .Moreover,  it  appems  to 
be  part  of  the  Freiieli  eoloiiiiil  law  thai  no  i  on- 
Irihiltiiins  shnll  he  made  by  the  ehiiiehes  to  tlii! 
funds  of  miy  foreiirii  orirani/.aliim.  Conse- 
<(ii('nlly,  the  |)ros|iL'et  in  tliesi!  islnnds  a])pears  to 
be  the  rest  riel  ion  of  Ihe  missionaries'  work  within 
the  narrowest  liniils,  iieeonipaiiied  In' an  enor- 
mous increiise  of  the  cost  of  the  work  to  the 
Society.  Very  uiiwillini;  as  they  are  lo  retii'i! 
from  lields  which  have  Ix'eii  so  richly  blessed, 
there  appeared,  under  the  circiiiiistauces,  to  be 
no  alternalive  left. 

The  llervey  Islimds  were  visited  in  the  he- 
uiiiniiii:  of  the  ( 18H9)yeiir  by  ii  territic  liiirii<'iine, 
which  did  irreiit  dainiiiice  to  chapels,  schools, 
mid  dwelliiiij-hoiises,  and  wrecked  the  planta- 
tions of  the  people.  The  hurricane  was  fol- 
lowed on  Uarotonija  b^'  u  proloiiired  (lrou!.^ht.  in 
which  many  of  tlie  springs  entirely  dried  up. 
As  a  conseipuaiee  of  llii.s  the  people  have  suf- 
fered very  serious  losses.  Another  iiiemornble 
I'vent  of  the  year  is  the  iirorlanniliou  of  the 
British  Proteclorate  over  the  islmids.  This 
step  was  taken  after  repealed  reipiesls  from  the 
jieople  mid  with  their  eiilhiisiastic  approval, 
and  i.s  in  accordaiu'e  with  a  eominon  iinder- 
.standing  arrived  at  by  Enirlaiid,  Frmiee,  and 
Germany,  by  which  the  jiriiicipal  ijroiips  of 
islands  in  the  South  Siias  are  eoiiiin;;  under  the 
intliienee  of  one  or  other  of  these  powi'is.  Il  is 
xisiiiilicmil  at  once  of  the  proirress  of  civilization 
mid  of  tli(^  ('haracler  of  loo  much  of  the  trade 
with  the  Solilh  Seas,  that  the  ))riiicipal  request 
made  by  the  i|iieeii  and  chiefs  to  her  ^[lljesty 
the  (^ueen  of  Ensrlaiid,  in  coimeclion  with  the 
]iroleclorale.  was  thai  ii  law  should  be  passed 
forbiddiiiir  the  inlrodiictioii  into  the  islands,  or 
the  sale  to  the  natives,  of  inloxicaliiisr  lii|iior. 

In  the  aiitiimii,  six  native  teachers  with  their 
wives,  liaviim' I'ompleled  their  course  of  tiiiiii- 
ini;  at  the  institution  at  UaroloiiLra.  were  sent 
to  join  the  number  already  at  work  in  New 
(riiinea.  Within  the  past  six  years  2(5  teachers 
with  their  wives  have  lieen  .sent  out  from  this 
institution. 

The  Samomi  Mission  now  includes  the  islands 
of  Tiitiiila,  .Manna,  L'polu,  and  Savaii,  with  the 
Tokelaii.  Klliee,  and  (Jilberl  jiroiips.  The  po- 
litical troubles  in  Samoaaiidthe  civil  war  which 
has  niired  fiercely  have  occasioned  i;reat  anxiety 
to  the  missionary  .societies  at  work  there;  but 
their  neutrality  "has  been  respected,  and  the 
work  hnsj^oneon  at  the  variou.s  stations,  suhje(^t 
to  the  evils  which  are  insepanvble  from  a  time 


of  war.  These  troubles  Iiaviiii:.  by  the  iiirree- 
liii'iil  between  Knu'laiid,  (iernimiy,  mnl  tin! 
riiiti'd  .Slates,  come  to  mi  end,  it  is"  hoped  that 
the  work  may  continue  without  fiirtlier  iiiier- 
riipiion  from  political  snurces. 

Iln'lixh  liiiiiiiiii  iiiiilllii'  Wixt  Iiulii's. — In  ]S()7 
Mr.  I'osI,  the  owner  of  a  laiLce  plmilalion  called 
"  Le  IJcsouveiiir,"  in  Deiiierara,  sent  lo  Iho 
Directors  of  the  .Missiomuv  Society  an  iiri;eiit  re- 
(piesi  that  a  missionary  nifglil  be  sent  to  instruct 
his  slaves.  AccordinLdy.  in  February  of  Ihe 
follow iiij;  year  the  Uev.'.I.  Wiiiy  was  .settled  at 
Le  Itesoiiveiiir.  The  expenses  of  the  mission 
were  nimost  entirely  bonii'  by  .Mr.  l'o>t,  who 
seciireil  lo  the  Society  the  chapel  and  dwcUinir- 
lioiise.  toirelher  wilh  a  sniiill  endowment.  In 
ISim  Mr.  I'ost  died,  and  in  tMi;i  .Mr.  Wray  re- 
moved to  Berbice,  to  take  the  reliLrious  charire 
of  the  crown  negroes  there.  In  ISIT  Kcv.  .1. 
Sniitli  succeeded  .Mr.  Wray,  and  labored  sne- 
cessfiilly  iiiilil  \H-i'.\.  On  a  cliiiri.'(!of  complicity 
with  a  revolt  anions'  the  iiCL'roes  he  was  tried 
by  eoiirl-martial,  and  died  in  prison  on  the  (ith 
February.  IS'.M.  With  his  deiilli  the  work  of 
the  Society  at  [..e  Hesoiivenir  ciinu^  to  it  close. 
After  the""  Kmmicipntion  Act  "  of  18;{4  the 
Siicicly  iitlempled  further  work  ainoiitj  t'le 
nei:id  races,  iind  a  mission  was  conmieiu'cd  in 
.liiinaica.  The  object  of  this  mission  was  to 
found  Clirislimi  chiirclies,  and  gradually  lead 
them  on  to  .seif-niiinagcnieiil  and  .self-siip|)ort; 
and  to  aid  in  accomplisliing  this,  instilutioim 
were  founded  in  Oemerara,  Berliice,  mid  Ja- 
maica. Kvery  etTorl  was  made  to  encourago 
the  negroes  to  moral  and  spiritual  improvement 
and  self  help.  At  one  time  there  wen;  li>  niis- 
■sionaries  in  (Jiiimia  and  .Imnnica;  uow  ilieru  is 
but  one  in  (jiiiiana.  and  in  .luiimica  the  tSoc'iety 
has  no  rel>re.scnlalive. 

ytiiuvitiitK.—'V\w  work  of  the  L.  M.  S.  in 
.■Mauritius  was  eommenced  in  1H14,  witli  the 
openinirof  a  school  for  French  children  at  Port 
Louis,  and  the  circulation  of  Scriptures  and 
tracts.  A  Sunday-school  was  formed,  and  in 
the  face  of  much  opposition  a  small  congrega- 
tion was  gathered.  By  degrees  .Mr.  Le  IJriin, 
the  missioiiiir}',  succeeded  in  inducing  the  free 
colored  people  to  attend  upon  his  instructions, 
and  ill  181S  he  oigmii/.ed  a  church,  which  in 
ISIO  had  "Jb  members.  An  aiixiliaiy  .Mission- 
ary Sociity  was  fornied.  the  proceeds  of  which 
were  to  be  devoted  to  the  support  of  the  Mada- 
gascar mission.  In  IS'Jtl  u  missionary  under 
aiipoiiitnicnt  lo  !Madiigascar  undertook  the  in- 
siruclion  of  the  slaves  upon  a  plantation  called 
Belombie.  with  such  good  result  that  the  di- 
reclois  continued  the  school  for  many  years. 
Ill  XKVi  -Mr.  Le  IJiiin's  health  faiU-d,  "and  he 
was  obliged  to  visit  England.  Owing  to  the 
state  of  airairs  on  the  island,  the  directors 
thought  it  unwi^.e  to  resume  the  mission,  but 
.Air.  Le  Brim  returned  and  carried  on  the  work 
at  his  own  charges.  Under  his  <'are  and  that 
of  his  wife  and  son,  the  evangelistic,  educa- 
tional, and  pa.stornl  work  were  prosecuted  with 
vigor. 

.Vdihif/asrnr. ~{Scc  article  on  Aladngnsrar.) 
Present  missionary  force  !t3  English  mis.siou- 
mii's  and  1)70  native  pastors. 

liuliii. — The  mission  work  of  the  L.  'Si.  S.  ill 
India  is  divided  into  three  sections,  North  In- 
dia, South  India,  and  Travancore,  which  are 
again  subdivided,  tlie  dilVerent  stations  not  be- 
ing always  dependent  upon  or  organically  eoii- 
ne<Med   willi   each    other,  but  for  geographical 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


S64 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


rciisons    Ihe    wider    (listlnctloii   will    lie    ]iic- 

HCIVCll. 

1.  .N'ouTH  India,  coiitainiiip  llic  stiiiioiiH  of 
Ciihiiitii  (IHIT),  Hcriiiiiiiimr  (IHll)),  Hcimns 
(1H','0),  Mir/iipiir  (lH:tT(,  Aliunni  (IH.VI),  Sin- 
gidwli  dsrr,'),  l^aiuc  Klici  (IsiHti. 

'i.  SoiTii  India,  <(piiiMiriiii!r  .MaclniM  ilHO.')), 
Vi/iii;ii|mliiin   (IHO(l),   Itclliirv'  (IHiOi,    Mflummi 

(IS'J(I),    i{iiii;;iil<>lf   (IHJO),  Ciriidilpllh   (l.S'i4i,    Sii- 

l<iii    (1.»<'.'-1),   ('uiiuliiiioni-    (ls;tO),    Viziiiiiiiu'iiini 

(|S.V,>i,  (;,,i,|y  (1M,-M),  Tl'i|)illni.i-(lHfIl) 

;i.  TitAVANcoitK,  ((iiitu'iiini:  Niigncdil  (IHiiUi, 
(pillion  (lf<',M).  Nfvoor  (l.'^.'Hi,  'I'lcvaiKlniiii 
(is:l^<.,  I'anvclialfV  (l^<l.">».  Tilliivilci  (18(1(1) 

Niiurii  India. --('alciilia.  'I'lic  Sociciy  ciun- 
iiicMcitl  its  work  ill  Calculla  in  181(1.  'I'lic 
Hvv.  .M('>>.is.  'I'liwiiltv  and  Kiiili,  llic  lir.^t  iiiis- 
sicinaiics,  lic;ran  at  an  railv  pciioil  to  picacli 
llic  iriispcl  ill  Mcnirali,  to  islatilisli  M'luMils  and 
di-liiliiilc  till'  ScriiiliinN,  In  isijs  the  rnimi 
Chapel  was  frcclcci,  llic  funds  fur  wliitli  wen- 
cliiclly  snlisciilucl  in  Calculla.  A  print liiir- 
prcss  was  cstalilishcd  in  ls-.>().  Tlic  '  Cliri>tiaii 
School  Soci4ty."  the  olijcci  of  which  was  to  in- 
Irodiict'  Chrisiijin  in^lniclion  into  the  nalivir 
schools,  under  the  entire  nianaireincnl  of  native 
sclioolinasteis,  was  also  formed  at  Calcutta.  In 
the  sanie  year  a  "Hetliel  Society,"  in  loiinec- 
lion  with  the  ISaptist  Mrethrcn  at  Calcutta  and 
Serainpoie  wa.i  estahlishcd,  lleiu'ali  ])|-eacli- 
iiij;  was  nndertakeii  .'il  .Mir/.aporc,  anii  a  chapel 
was  opened  on  the  main  road  of  iJhowanipur. 
Ill  is;{0  the  niinilicr  of  schools  was  diminislu-d 
for  the  jiurpose  of  ^iviiii^  increased  atlentiiui  to 
tilt!  Njiread  of  the  gospel.  A  year  or  two  later 
there  was  11  manil'estation  of  open  and  decidid 
hostility  to  Chrisliaiiity,  which  was,  however, 
rcirarded  as  a  much  more  eiiconragiiii;  siirii 
tliiiii  the  apathy  hitherto  shown.  Notwitli- 
standiiig  in.iiiy  iiilverse  circumstances,  tlii' 
work  of  the  mission  proceeded  with  eneoiir- 
iigiiiil  signs  of  progress.  I'nceasing  attention 
has  lieeii  given  to  iireacliing,  schools,  tianshi- 
tion  of  the  Scriptures,  the  iiiihlicatioii  and  dis- 
triliiition  of  tracts,  and  itincnint  preaching  in 
large  villages. 

For  iiiaiiy  years  llie  educational  agencies 
have  been  a  very  prominent  feature  in  the  work. 
The  Hhowanipiir  Institiilion  had  upon  its  roll 
ill  \HHH,  (ilT  students;  and  there  are,  in  llic  25 
schools  of  the  ci'iitriil  and  out-stations,  2,()H;{ 
(-cliolars.  The  mission  to  women  in  Calcutta 
is  exceptionally  strong,  and  the  openings  for 
work  in  the  gills'  schools  and  in  the  lioines  of 
the  ]ieople  increase  year  l>v  year.  The  preach- 
ing station  ill  the  How  Uiizaar.  Calcutta,  the 
encoiiraging  work  ill  the  Isaniatti  district,  and 
the  growth  of  a  native  Christian  coinmunity  in 
the  tloiirisliing  stations  of  the  s(nilli  villages, 
show  the  iMirely  evangelistic  side  of  the  mis- 
sion. 

IJerliainpiir. — The  mission  (it  Berliampiir,  be- 
gun in  1824,  was  an  extension  of  the  work  at 
C'aliMitta.  Rev.  Mr.  Hill,  the  missionary,  met 
with  iiiueli  opjiosition  for  a  lime,  liiit  at  length 
succeeded  in  establishing  schools  for  the  cliil- 
dreii  of  Hindus  and  .Mohainmedans.  In  1828 
a  chapel  ami  mission-house  wen;  erected,  and  a 
girls' school,  under  the  care  of  Airs  Hill  and 
another  lady,  was  in  ii  iirosperoiis  condition. 
An  orpliiin  asylum  was  also  established.  The 
force  of  lu'cjudice,  the  apathy  of  iiiireiits,  and 
other  causes  have  at  this  station  continued  to 
])lace  great  difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  educa- 
tion oif  girls;   uotwithstandiug  3  girls'  schools 


have  been  estahlished.  There  are  also  ."i  lioys' 
schools,  with  ;t(M  scholars,  In  N'oveniber,  1888, 
the  tlrst  converi  from  the  /.eiianas  was  bapli/ed, 

Hi'iiares.  ~  The  work  of  the  Society  was  com- 
ineiiced  ill  Henarcs  in  182(1,  with  the  opening  of 
native  schools.  A  (diapel  was  opened  iii.|x2l. 
Some  years  later  the  woik  id'  translating  the 
Itiiile  was  begun,  and  as  this  work  progtt'ssed 
vast  niiiiibers  of  tracts  and  copies  of  the  Scrip- 
tures wt'i'c  put  in  circulation  by  the  ml.ssioii- 
aries.  A  scrioilH  obstacle  to  the  success  of  such 
labors  w;is  the  inability  of  the  people  to  read, 
the  |illpils  in  the  mission  seliools  being  alinost 
the  only  readers.  'I  hey  therefore  eon-iilcred 
the  edncation  of  the  native  youth  of  the  tirst 
impoitanie.  and  devoted  the  iiion^  liinc  to  this 
braiich  of  work. 

The  missionaries  now  nt  work  in  this  tield 
lind  the  same  great  obstacles  (oiifiontinLT  them 
whiih  opposed  the  progress  of  those  who  liist 
iindcitooU  the  work.  Meinucs  is  the  great  ceii- 
liid  citadel  ol  Hliidiiisni,  where  leaiiiing,  de- 
vontiiess,  idyulty,  wealth,  superstition,  the  ven- 
eration which  has  been  inslille<l  in  the  iiiiiid 
fi'oin  infancy,  combine  to  miike  inissioiiary 
work  most  ditlleult.  The  London  Society  car- 
ries on  evangelistic  and  educational  labors  in 
many  forms,  and  this  spreading  of  Christian 
light  has  already  wrought  such  tangible  rcsultsas 
greatly  to  eneoinage  the  belief  that  what  is  yet 
wantiiig  to  coinplete  the  great  object  in  view 
will,  by  (jod's  blessing,  surely  follow.  Largo 
nuinbers  of  the  inhabitants  of  Henarcs,  who  are 
still  outwardly  atlacheil  eilhcr  to  Hinduism 
or  to  one  of  the  other  hcalheli  systems  of  tho 
city,  have  had  their  thoughts  ab(ail  (.hal  and 
duty  so  transformed,  i>uritied,  and  elevaled,  as 
to  savor  far  iiinre  of  Christian  than  of  heathen 
teaciiing.  \  much  higher  tone  of  morality  is 
]ierce|)tibly  i)ervading  those  sections  of  the  dif- 
ferent cla.sses  of  society  that  come  most  into 
contact  with  (  liristitin  intluence,  and  a  growing 
readiness  is  ever  inaiiifesled  by  all  ranks  in  the 
city  to  throw  open  to  Christian  instrnetion  their 
lioincs,  which  were  forineily  so  strongly  closed 
against  it. 

.Mir/.iii>ur  and  Singrowli. — Mirzapiir  was  oc- 
cupied by  the  London  Society  in  Wix.  Super- 
stition and  sin  still  rule  in  the  district,  but  tho 
missionaries  have  continued  their  varied  work 
with  earnestness  This  work  consists  of  str-et 
and  ba/aar  preaching,  evaiigelislie  t(Mirs.  S'  n- 
d.'iy  schools,  zenana  work,  high-school  work, etc. 
In  Singrowli  the  native  preacher  and  his  little 
tiock  have  completed,  with  much  laborand  sac- 
rilice,  a  ]ilace  of  woishiii,  which  was  openeil, 
free  of  debt,  in  18,>*8. 

Alniora. — The  Almoin  Alission  was  lom- 
ineiieed  in  18."i(),  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of 
('••iptain  (now  Sir  Henry)  Ham.say  and  other 
Christian  gcntleineii  resident  in  the  province  of 
Kumaoii.  Within  the  past  ten  years  thi'  mis- 
sion has  developed  in  many  directions;  the  at- 
tendance at  the  boys'  schools  hiis  increased 
from  i512  to  750;  at  the  girls'  seliools  from 
20  to  •2!tr).  A  iii-w  cliai)ei  and  a  boarding- 
school  for  Christiiin  boys  have  been  erected; 
the  high-school  has  been  pmnioti'd  to  the  rank 
of  a  college,  and  a  |)ublic  library  started,  which 
is  now  able  to  stand  aloiiiMvitlioiil  help  from  the 
mission.  Three  stations  outside  of  Almora 
have  been  opened,  and  a  small  church  lia>  been 
formed.  A  leper  asylum  has  been  o])ene(l  at 
this  station.  The  average  number  of  inmates 
is  107,  exclusiveof  those  in  the  brnuch  usyluuis 


i 


LONDON   MISS    SOO. 


503 


LONDON    MIS&.   SOO. 


nt  C'lmnilnj?  mid  Pllonitfiirh.  The  prinrlp'il  oiil- 
H'liildii  of  Almorii  in  nniicHliwiir,  ii  (•cliliiiiicd 
|ilii('i'  of  |>il>;riiiiiiK*'  f<»'  il"*  lliiiiliis  of  Kii- 
iiiniiii.  KuiiN,  ^I'l'iii  1111(1  siiiull,  lilt'  liclil  siiiiic- 
llllli'H  scvrii  ill  II  yi'lir.  Tilt.'  jtospcl  has  hicii 
lirriiihi'cl  \u\v  for  iimiiy  VniiH,  cspcchilly  hi 
.Iiinimry,  the  liiiii'  i>(  \hr  priniipiil  luir;  liiil  Ihi! 
tiiHl  iitii'inpl  Ml  11  M'tlh'il  iiiisHidii  wiiM  niiiili'  ill 
1HM7,  wlicii  a  hiiys'  scliool  was  cstahlisjiid,  mid 
a  Miiall  liispi'iisaiy  (<priii'il;  at  tlir  liiltcr,  witliiii 
three  iiiiiiilhs,  l.;!'JI) patients,  iDaliy  iit'  them  jiiiiir 
Wdiiiell,  were  liiated. 

Uliaiii'e  Khet.  -Ill  iiddiiiiiii  In  diri'ct  work 
for  the  heallieli,  the  L.  .M.  S  earrics  on  vly:or- 
(HIM  and  iliireiiiiUlii;;  lalior  for  Ihe  tieiidil  of 
till!  soldiers  slaljoiieci  at  Haiiee  Kliel,  speeiai 
services,  evelillii;  classeH,  etc.,  hi'liiir  liehl, 

Sorrir  Indi  \.  -.Madras.  \Vorl<  in  .Madras 
was  coinnienced  liy  I  lie  I/.  M.  S.  in  1^(15  Tlie 
first  iiiissioiiarv,  Uev.  .Mr,  Ijoveless,  for  a  loiiir 
time  laliored  alone,  preaeliini;  ai;d  estnlilisliini; 
.hcIiooIk.  In  |H|lt,  unci  siiliM-ipieiilly  fmm  lime 
to  lime,  oilier  lalioiers  arrived,  and  tlie  worii 
Kleadily  incn  asi'd  in  eneriry  and  success.  At 
tliis  slalioii  ediie.ilional  worii  lias  always  heeii 
an  imporlaiil  fealiire.  and  there  are  now  aM he 
(•eiilral  and  two  mil  slalioiis  li  Ixiys'  and  H  Ldrls' 
scIkhiN.  ill  adilillon  lo  Sunday  schools. 

Bellary.  This  siaiinii  was  opened  in  ls|(), 
1111(1  has  lieeii  ('(Miliniied  willi  irreat  encoiir- 
niremeiit.  In  coniieclion  with  this  station  the 
Scriptures  have  lieeii  lianslaled  hito  Ihe  I'anaiii 
Mild  'ramil  lani;iia'_'es.  Ediicalioii  has  always 
liecii  largely  carried  on.  Willi  ils  10  oulsla- 
tioiis.  Mellaiy  has  !l  sel Is  with  700  scliolais. 

Vi/.a,irapaiaiii.  -In  IMOI  ilie  .Missionary  So- 
<'iely  sen!  lo  India  lliree  mis'.ioiiarli  s,  the  Rev. 
Messrs.  Uliiirh'taiilie,  ('ran.  and  fjcs  (Jraiiires. 
Their  inlenlion  was  to  heiiiii  a  mission  on  the 
('oroinaiidcl  coast,  hut  upon  their  arrival  in 
the  coiiiilry  llieir  lilans  were  chailii'il.  .Messrs. 
(.'ran  and  Des  (iraiijres  proceeded  to  \'i/ai;a- 
palam.  while  .Mr.  I{higlet,iulie  e-lalilishcd  him- 
self III  Tiaviuicore. 

TIase  lirsi  ini-sioiiary  laborers  in  this  field 
were  warmly  received  hy  the  coiniiiandei'-iii- 
thief  of  Ihe  forces,  and  also  liy  Ihe  j(i(li,'c,  who 
ti|)  to  this  lime  h.id  hecii  condiicliiii;  piihlii; 
Worship  in  the  f(al.  for  the  soldiers  of  tli(! 
garrison  and  such  oiliers  as  wislied  to  attend. 
This  duly  w.as  now  eommillcd  to  Ihe  missioii- 
arics,  tlie  irovernment  maUitij;  an  allowance  for 
their  laliids, 

111  l.soti  a  charily  school  was  in  successful 
operation,  willi  siiilahle  liuildiiiLrs,  mikI  willi 
HO  or  40  persons  under  iiistruclioii,  includiiiLj 
Hindus  of  all  castes,  some  of  llieiii  idinim,' 
from  long  distances — tt'ii,  twenty,  and  thirty 
miles. 

Soon  lifter  the  opeuinj?  of  the  mission  thu 
plan  of  traiislalinir  Ihe  ciitire  Scriptures  in  the 
Tellnga  laiiiriiagc,  whicli  is  spol<cii  tiy  all  the 
Hindus  in  the  live  northern  (iicars,  was 
forincil,  and  the  churclies  at  home  were  ap- 
pealed to  for  aid.  In  Jaiuiaiy,  \x{)'.l,  >Ir.  (.'ran 
died,  and  in  IHIO  Mr.  Les  (ir.iiiires,  haviiiir,  liow- 
fver.  translated  three  of  the  (Jospcis,  which  were 
printed  at  Scrampore  liv  the  IJiiplist  l)r(  tliren. 
In  18U»  the  translation  of  Ihe  New  Teslamenl 
into  Telinga  was  com|)leted.  and  was  iiiihlished 
nt  .Madras,  at  the  e.xjiense  of  the  Cnlciitta  Hihie 
Sociely,  Mr,  Fiitchelt.  who  had  joined  tlie 
missioii  in  1.S19,  had  comiileted  tliis  work,  and 
hoped  also  to   give   the   whole    Bible   to  the 


lieatlinn  nroiind  hlin,  but  died  before  thiit  Iiopu 

was  reall/cd. 

Ill  X^'H,  'JO  vciirii  nfter  the  cHtiibliNhinent  of 
the  liiisslon,  there  were  live  native  schools  in 
operation,  with  'J.'iO  boys  under  iiislriiclioii. 
Ill  IH'JT  there  were  I'J  schools  and  over  5IK) 
Hcliolars.  In  WVi  "  I'llgiiinH  I'rognss"  wiw 
translated  into  the  laiiL'iiage  of  the  Tcliigus, 
and  was  read  wilh  eslninc  iiilere.<i  and  dcllglit 
by  inlelligenl  nalives  who  iinderslood  the 
Scrijitures.  Ueporls  for  1N.'")'J  show  coiiliiiued 
siicces.s  in  the  work  of  Ihe  lll's>ioii.  A  mis- 
sionary  iissocialloii  had  been  formed,  for  I  he 
twofold  pur|iose  of  adding  to  Ihe  funds  of  Ihe 
Sociely  and  of  siislainiiig  an  inleiisl  in  I  he 
cause  of  Clirisl,  and  an  oipliiinaL'e  for  girls 
cslahlis|ie(l.  The  mission  to  V  i/agapataiii  at 
present  (1SS9)  consisls  of  Ihe  eciiiral  slalioiisat 
Vi/,iu:apaliim  and  oiilslalloiis  at  (  liiltavalsa, 
Aiiaka|ialli,  and  Kllamaiichilli.  In  addilioii 
to  Ihe  Kiiglish  missionaries  there  are  0  native 
preachers;  the  boys'  and  girls'  schools  are 
prospenais. 

Haiigalori!.— The  mission  at  liangalorc  was 
ronimeiiced  by  the  Uev,  .Messrs.  Korhes  and 
Wilder  ill  IH'JO.  Its  position  renileis  it  an 
iinjioilant  mission,  ainl  it  has  alvMiys  Ik  en  u 
successful  and  useful  one,  and  llii'  Wdik  has 
gone  steadily  on.  The  many  schools,  in  whicli 
Tamil,  Canarese,  and  Knglish  are  laiighl,  h.ive 
well  rewarded  the  pains  be>lowe(l  upon  llieiii. 
I'reaching,  at  the  slalionsand  lhi'oiii.di(Mil  ihe 
siirroumiing  country,  and  the  liislrihiitioii  of 
Millies,  tracts,  etc.,  are  vigorously  pidseeiiled. 
Iiangalore  has  now  \>  oiil-sialions,  and  llie  total 
niimher  of  schools  is  IH,  with  ahiMit  1(^00 
.scholars. 

Helgmini.— Throiigboiil  its  whole  hisiory  lliis 
liiis  been  a  well  (diidiicled  and  .successful 
iiii.ssi(jn,  in  coniieclion  wilh  which  I  here  are 
H  schools  with  more  lliaii  T(K)  scholars; !!  Kiig- 
lisli  missionaries  and  tl  native  preachers  cany 
on  the  cvangelicid  work. 

('iid(la|iah  — A  deep  iii(ere,'<t  has  attached  to 
the  Cuddapah  ,Missioii  during  recent  years,  in 
(U)iise(pi(ncc  of  Ihe  widespread  movement 
ainiaig  the  low caslc  .Mal.'i  population  of  the  dis- 
trict Inwards  Christianily.  The  liisl  converts 
were  mainly  Siiilia,  and  when  the  .Mala  move- 
ment began,  the  Siidra,  fearing  Icsl  his  heredi- 
tary serf  should  pass  from  under  his  hand,  and 
atlain  to  a  ciilliirc  superior  lo  his  own,  not  only 
willidrew  himself  from  inissionarv  iiitliiciice, 
but  also  for  years  persecuted  the  Alula  people, 
who  are  a  despised  and  degraded  luce,  ii|iou 
wliom  ceiiliiries  of  serfdom  have  left  marka 
which  caniiol  be  oblileraleil  in  one  or  two  gen- 
erations. This  perseculioii  has  almost  entirely 
ceased,  and  Ihe  Siidras  have  again  becimie 
ready  and  allelilive  hearers  of  the  gospel.  IJe- 
ing  a  free,  robust,  and  self  reliant  |)eople,  they 
will  add  Id  Ihe  church  a  sirenglli  and  iiide- 
]iciideiice  of  chariiclcr  which  could  not  be  e.v- 
pecled  from  llic  .Mala  villagers.  To  meet  the 
grcal  demands  for  cducalion,  the  traiiiiiig-cla.ss 
for  native  workers,  eslablished  .some  years  ago, 
hasissiimcd  the  pidportionsof  a  trainiiigschool, 
wilh  Ihree  divisidus  — one  for  boys,  a  second  for 
men  loo  old  to  read  in  a  school  class,  and  a  third 
for  young  men  taking  a  full  course  with  the 
ministry  in  view. 

Salem. — This  mission  has  at  times  met  with 
inucli  opposition  from  the  natives;  but  the  i)re8- 
ent  attitude  of  the  nou-Christian  populatioa 


I! 


i- 


LONDON  MISS.  BOO. 


rm 


LONDON  MISS    SOC. 


bt'iirs  ini|M>rtniit  icsiinKniy  to  the  iiitliiciu-o  of 
llif  work  iloiic.  Iii^uiul  of  the  titTct',  liiirotril 
o|i|iosiiiiiii,  oi  ilii- jiiilillririicc  of  foriiitT  times, 
llirie  :i|>|Miirs  in  iiiMiiy  iiisiiiiH-es  m  spiril  of  eiii- 
lU'sl  jii(|iiir\  .  Till'  lixliistriiil  m-IuniI.  esliililisheil 
ill  1SI<^.  i-  :i  valiiiilile  fciitiireof  llie  iiiivsioii. 

CoiiiiliiitiHtr.  -  Of  I  In- six  in-titiitioii>l'orlii<;|i('r 
edui'iitioM,  esi:ilili>li(il  l>y  the  l.oiiiloii  .Mission- 
ary Sieirty  ill  South  Iii<li:i.  one  is  :il  Coiiiilia- 
loor.  .'iiiil  is  ill  a  tloiirishitii;  eouilition.  tlir  work 
of  llie  slalioM  h.iviiii;  e\ti'iiile<l  to  1 1  <iiil  stations. 

'rri|iiiloor.  Vi/iana::niiii.aiiil  (iooiy.  -  .\t  lliise 
Htiilioiis  Very  I'Miiisive  aiul  iiii|>orlaiit  work  is 
canifil  oil.  lull  iM'iiiir  of  ihr  same  ireneral  char- 
iictir  MS  that  .'ilreaily  devriUil,  tieljiils  are 
oinitted.  I'leaehinir.  w  ithiii  diNirs  and  w  ithoiil. 
ill  lovMi  and  eoiiiitry,  is  vji;oroii»ly  jnoseeiiti-d; 
iiiid  /('liana  visiiiiitr.  toireiher  with  the  edina- 
tioii:il  Hoik,  wliieli  isa  dislini:iiishiM^  feature  of 
the  Sn-iely's  work  evurywhetf,  is  actively  tar- 
ried on. 

'ruAVANcoiti:  — Ijirire  niiinlM'rs  of  jvrsons 
Were  liapti/cd  early  in  the  lii»iory  of  this  mis- 
sion, hut  ihe  motive  with  many  of  lliein  was 
worldly  advantaire.  Crowds  of  Hindus  .-iiid 
Molianiinedans  e\|iressed  a  w  illiiii.'liess  to  em 
hriiee  (hiistiaiiity  if  their  dehts  were  paid.  .Mr. 
l{ini:lelaiilii'  s'lys:  "  For  two  hundred  ru|>ees  | 
eoiild  have  iMui^ht  lliein  i.ll.  Iiiit  as  1  declined 
to  pay  their  ilelils  tliey  never  ealled  on  ine 
airiiin  "  In  ISltl  .Mr  l{iiiLdetaiil>e'>  .ealtli 
fiiileil.  and  he  was  olili^ed  to  relinipiish  his 
Work,  and  for  a  year  the  I.oinloii  Sieiety  had 
no  representative  at  Travaneore;  Imt  in  1MI7 
Hev  Charles  Meade  arriveil.  and  in  IMS  was 
joined  liy  Mr.  Kiiill.  Diirinir  the  year^  ISIJI 
and  lS-,'(>" nearly  :t.tKKt  of  the  natives  of  'rravaii 
eore  a-keil  for  reliirioiis  iiislruetion.  in  addition 
to  the  !MH)  previously  eoniii-eted  with  the  mis- 
sion. In  IH'.'.s  the  'l"ravaiitore  mis>ion  was  di 
viiled.  the  eastern  division  eomprisinj;  Najrer- 
eoil  and  its  out-stations:  the  western,  Trevaii 
driiiii.  Neyoor.  and  tjiiilon,  with  lluir  niimer 
oils  out  stations.  'I'he  irmwth  of  all  ihe>e  sta 
tions  w:is  most  ninarkahle.  In  lS"i4  there 
were  in  the  e:islern  ilivi-ion  'i't  eoiiL'n"jilions, 
eomprisini;  8t>7  families.  NeyiMir,  in  the  west- 
I'ln  divi-<ion,  had  Ai  out  stations,  with  U.V! 
Christian  families.  I'areyehaley.  a  liniiu-h  of 
the  Neyoor  station,  eoinpi i^d.  with  its  7  out 
station-,  t  .I'.IT  (  hri-tiaii  f.iiiiilii  s.  '{'here  were 
ill  the  s<  liools  l.;!T','  hoy- and  .'oil  iriil-.  (^iiilon 
mid  'rrevaiidriiin  wire  :d-o  liranrh  mi-sioiis, 
with  priiitiiii:  pns-.  -<'h<i<i|-,  »ie.  The  'I'lavan- 
coie  ini.ssioii  at  pre-4  nl  romprise-  the  eeiitral 
Walioiis  of  Naireieoil.  NiMmr.  I'.'iieyehaley, 
Tievaiidriim.  (jiiiloii.  and  Tittiivihi.  with  an 
Mfliireirate  of  lll.'t  oiit-tulions 

Til  rill  ri/  •mil  .S'Vr/</.-   'I'he  Mission  to  Selin 
j:in-k  ill  SilK'ria  was  undertaken  in  |H19      The 
first  jiriiited  edition  of  the  iraiislalioii  of  Mat 
tliew    was  s«'iit    till'  (tovernor  of    Irkutsk,    for 
di-lriliiilioii  .'iinoiiir  the  'I'art.ir-  near  Lake  ilai 
kill.     'I'he   eharaeier    in    wliiili    the    hook    was 
wrilleii  iKaiiiiiie  Taitar   wa-  not  generally  iiii 
iler^liHMl  liy  thi'  ItKiial   tiilies,  Init   two  of  their 
iiolili  s    wcri'    tiiiiiid    who   I'oiild    deeipher    'hi' 
eharaeter.  and  reail  an>l  i-\plain   the  ImmiU:  the 
ehiefs   thereupon    niadi'  a  eolleetioii  of    t.-fcitl, 
whii'li  was  s«'iii  to  the  liiKsinii  Itihie  SM'iety.  to 
defniv  the  expense  of  a  tran-lalioii  into  tlnir 
own  faiiLriiatre,  in  a  ihameirr  wliieh  tln'v  emild 
linilel'staild.      The  iiohles  who  had  Pad  ihe  lir-l 
edition  wen- ehoseii  to  iinderlake  llie  work,  in 
wliieh  they  beenuic  «>  iiiiieh  Interesicil  (bttt  lie- 


fore  the  translation  of  the  t.isi  t.i<«|N'l  was  rom 
pleteil  they  e.xpres-cd  their  reMilve  to  reiioiiiiee 
their  former  siipersiiiion-  and  eiiiluai  e  the 
Chri-tian  faith.  Meanwhile  the  wotk  of  ihe 
mission  pro>:ies-ed.  SehiNils  for  Im>_vs  nn4| 
i:irls  were  e-lal>lislied.  and  the  whole  llilile  had 
iieeii  translated  into  .Moncoli:iii.  whin,  in  1H4I, 
the  mi.ssion  was  suppiesMil  by  the  ISii— iaii  Sy- 
nod In  ISliJMlie  work  wa-  rei  oninn  m  ol.  tlie 
mis-ioiiaries  lilneeedillL'  to  I'ekill  and  elilerinir 
.Molliioliii  from  the  e.isl.  Some  a<  ei  —  1<>  till- 
people  was  jraiiied  l>y  means  of  iiieilii  al  \4ork. 
the  Chinese  iisideiits  hi  iiur  foiiiiil  more  re-|Hin 
sive  than  the  .Mongols  The  eential  -tati^n  i>f 
the  mi— ion  i- at  Chaoyaiii:. 

C/iiiiii.  The  Soeirly  niidertiHik  work  in 
China  in  I^M»T.  The  hioirraphieal  -kelrli<-s  of 
111'-.  .Morrison  :ind  .Milne  eontaiii  the  hi-torv  of 
thi-  mi— ion  until  ihi'death  of  the  former  in  1^:^. 
liy  his  death  it  was  li  ft  wilhoiil  any  one  ii. 
care  fur  the  few  Chinamen  who  had  In-tn 
hri>ni.'lit  iindir  Cliri-!iaii  in-triielion.  and  who 
were  dispersed  hy  the  pers«'eiilioii  w  hit  li  liroki- 
oiit  shortly  after'hi-  death.  In  l^^:!.'!  the  Kev 
\V.  II.  .Medhur-t  and  the  Hi-v  Kdwiii  Stevens 
arrived  in  China,  hut  no  |N'rinaiieiii  woik  was 
done  liy  till'  Soeiety  in  Caii'on  iiiilil  I-l  vetirsnf 
ter  Dr.'Moriison  sdiiith.  liy  theliian  of  Ihi.'. 
helweeii  the  liritish  and  Chin«-s<-  (ioxeiniiients. 
eertain  ports  weie  opeiiiti  for  ri>iiinieree  ami 
the  lesideiiee  of  loieiirners.  :iiid  -eveial  iiii->ion 
aiies  removed  from  the  -tal'on-  in  the  Malay 
Areliipela'.;o  to  China.  In  Fehiiiaiy.  ]^i^.  Ii<n 
jainiii  llohson.  M.l>.,a  inissiimarv  -ii.t  out  l>y 
the  I.oiiiloii  .Mi— ionary  Sn-ietv.  -•■<iire<l  an 
eliLnhle  po-ilion  for  a  hosp.ilal  al  Canton 
.loiiied  with  l)r  llolison  in  Ihi-work  wa-  1^  aiie 
Afa,  a  Chinese  eoiiverl  w  ho  had  iM-eii  l>apli/ii| 
hy  l)r  .Milne  and  onlained  liy  l»r.  .MoiriMin. 
A  kind  rei'eplion  »as  ^iven  tin  in  hy  the  iieiL'li- 
iMiriiii,'  ( 'liiiiameii.  m.-iiiy  of  w  liniii  availed  tin  in 
.selves  of  Kr.  Ilohson's  medieal  -kill,  and  were 
attentive  to  the  preaehini;  of  Lean:;  Afa.  tin 
the  Sahhath  wire  held  s|H'eial  n-li^'joii-  «4'rviee>. 
This  mi-sioii  showed  a  sieadv  and  ini-i'iiritriiiir 
};rowtli  year  after  year.  In  IS.Vt  the  niinilNr 
of  patients  who  reeeiveil  meiliral  and  sili^ieiil 
aid  was  II.Htiti  Four  witklv  -i-rvin-*  were 
held  with  the  patients,  lii'lweeii  70 and  »«•  |m  r- 
.soiis  n-iially  atti  tided  the  pilhlii  -erviei--.  wliieli 
were  eoiidiieled  alti  rn.'ilely  i>y  llr.  iloli-on  aii<l 
LeaiiL*^  .M'.'i.  Oppo-ition  to  tin  triilli-  of  the 
pi-jH'l  L'ladiially  dimini-lied.  and  it-  te:ielierH 
were  tre.'ited  with  iriealer  re-|Mii  Sxiii  after 
the  eoiiehision  of  the  war  IhIwii'Ii  F.li!.dalid  and 
China  the  dirielois  deeided  to  irive  up  the  mis- 
sions ill  the  Mal.'iyan  .\rehi|N-lai.'o  and  to  i-oii- 
eeiilrale  tliiir  ellort-  for  the  t  hiiii'M'  ii|miii  China 
it-i'If.  In-liuelioii- wi  re  aeeordinvlv  i;iven  to 
their  Chiiie-e  mis-ionaiies  to  meet  in  lloiu; 
KoiiL'.  where  plans  nf  futiiie  woik  would  Iw 
eon-ideied  The  ineitini:  was  held  ill  .\iii!n-t, 
IH^l:!  Kij;lit  mi— 'Diiarie- wile  presinl  Mi^«r-. 
Medhnrsl.  Ix-fiire,  .Milne.  Iloli-oii.  .1  and  .1 
Stionaeh.  S.  I»\.  r,  al;d  tin  Ihm  .1  li.  .Moiri 
son.  This  eoinmitlee  deeideil  to  eoiivert  the 
Aimlo  Chinesi' eolh'L'e  in  .Malaeia  into  a  Ih"'- 
loL'ieal  seminary  for  the  trainiiiL'  of  a  native 
niiiii-tr.\  for  Ciiina.  seleetiiii:  lioMi:  Koii^  iw 
the  most  appropriate  plaee. 

I'he  1{.  V  W  II  .M.dhiirst.  leaviiiL'  IliitnTia. 
went  with  l>i  Lin  khail  to  Slialiu'hni.  and 
e-tahli-lnd  an  rv.'iii;.'elieal  and  inediml  mi-sion. 
In  1S|7  die  liev.  W.  Miliiheiid  wn»  imIiIoI  to 
the  foree  at  this  station,  wliii-li  now  ci>iiipri«» 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


567 


LONDON  MISS.  SOO. 


Sl;:uii;hai.  sevcriil  o\it  slat  ions,  ttiidlhc  surround 
iiiir  ciMinlry,  where  evaiii;elislic  work  !•*  carried 
on  liy  Mr.  Muirheud  with  native  a-isi^iaius,  ilie 
ineijiejil  work  liaviiiir  lieen,  sevenil  yiars  after 
it-  fouiidalion.  ttikeu  up  liy  llie  forei.;ii  com 
inunily.  Two  missionary  ladies  were  sent  lo 
this  slalion  in  IHMT.  'I'lu-  Amoy  Mission  was 
t'oumled  in  IMIl,  and  now  contairrs  sevenil  sclf- 
sii|i|ii)rliM!;  cliurclics;  one  of  its  oul-stalions, 
('liiani;-<'liiu,  has  become  a  licad  station,  with 
two  resilient  missionaries  (one  of  tliem  a 
physician);  many  sluili'iits  have  been  tiained 
for  evani.'elisiic,  pastoral,  and  school  work. 
Work  for  the  Cliiiiesc  women  is  carried  on  by 
two  ladies  sent  out  in  ISS."). 

Ill  IStil  a  station  was  openeil  at  Hankow, 
mid  six  years  later  one  at  Woo  t'hani;,  on  the 
opposite"  side  of  the  Vani;!/.  Kiver.  A  medical 
brani'h  was  .addeil  some  years  ai;o  to  this  mis- 
siiiii.  which  is  ilniM'.'  splendid  work.  .V  daily 
inoinini^  meetint;  is  held  willi  tlic  patient--, 
many  of  whom  have  become  ('hrisiiaiis. 

Ill  IMtil  stations  were  .also  iipened  in  I'liiiii;- 
kinij  ill  S/.c  Chuaii  province.  ;ind  at  'ricii- 
tsjn  H  medical  missidii  has  bccumi'  a  very 
important  work.  haviiiL;  been,  pecuniarily  and 
otherwise,  aid<d  iiy  \A  lluiiic  < 'ham;.  Kcmalc 
missionaries  were  sent  to  this  station  in  is.s,").  to 
eniriife  in  work  for  women.  'I'Ium-i'  an'  many 
oul  stations  in  the  Tientsin  Mis^imi,  sonu'  of 
which  have  become,  within  the  l.ist  ye.ir,  cen- 
tral stations.  Medical  work  was  eommeneed  in 
l'iUin'.r  in  isill.  In  lH(!;t  evaiiLrelic:d  work  w.is 
•iiidcilakcn.  Thefe  are  now  two  principal 
si.iiinns.  The  •'  Kasl  City  "  aiicl  "  West  City  " 
iiii-~ioii  work  for  Chinese  women  and  siirls, 
conductiMJ  by  l.idies.  was  co  nnienci'd  in  IH.S4. 

S'lul/i  Aj'i'ii'ii.  -Ill  ITltSthe  mission  to  South 
.Vfiica  was  eommeiiceil  by  I>r.  Vanderkemp 
.•mil  Messrs.  Ivirclierer.  Kdnionds.  and  Kdwards. 
Two  of  the  party  proceeded,  throu;;h  m.iiiy  d.ili 
•reis,  to  the  land  of  the  Kalirs.  wlnre  for  .1  short 
period  they  were  alloweil  lo  remain.  Ill  spile 
of  ob-<taeles  someseecl  miisl  have  been  sown;  for 
thirty  years  later  an  a;;ed  woman  wa^  admilled 
to  tile  Chilicli,  who  had  received  the  '.ro-pel 
from  Dr.  Vandirkemp's  li|is  Itein^ compelled 
lo  leave  this  locality.  Dr.  Vanderkemp  and  .Mr. 
ICetld,  who  had  joined  him.  .-iflcr  mucli  opposi- 
lion  from  the  colonists,  and  miny  attack^  from 
till'  natives,  succeeded  in  estalilishirii;  a  mission 
at  Koohoo.  a  spot  :;ranted  them  liy  tin-  Dutch. 
This  station,  called  IJelhelsdorp.  pros|iiri'd. 
tiol witlistaiidiii^'  many  hardships  and  discour 
aLrcnienls,  which  were  incriiased  by  the  scarcity 
of  water  and  the  sterility  of  the  soil.  The 
proi;ie.ss  of  the  scholars,  and  cspeci.illy  their 
faciliiy  ill  acipiiriiiu:  religious  knowleilire,  was 
n.s|onisliiii'.r.  .V  print  in  ij;  press  w.is  s,.|ii  out 
ill  H-.>'i,  larire  ;ind  lloiiiishiiiLr  schools  wi're 
est.'ililislieil.  and  the  mission  was  exieiidcd  to 
I'aealtsdorp.  .V  second  mission  to  Kaliis  w.'is 
attempted  ai  Kai  Kiver  in  ISKl.  lint  was  after 
two  veais  suspended.  .V  mission  was  opened 
by  ^fl'ss|•s.  Kirchi'ier.  Kiainer.  and  Kdw.irds  on 
Zak  Uiver.  alioui  100  miles  above  ( 'ape  Tinvn; 
by  means  of  which  the  tribes  of  the  Namaipias. 
Conmnas,  (Jriipias,  and  Uechuanas  became 
known  to  Ihi'  Chiistian  world;  the  post  itself, 
however,  had  to  be  lelinipiished  in  I^^IHi. 

In  ISIl  iinotlier  mission  wis  coiiiiiieiu-ed 
ani'Uii;  the  Kushiiieii.  at.  Colesberir,  by  Messrs. 
Smith  and  Corner.  It  was  not  loni;  before  the 
liilln  and  power  of  the  irospel  reached  their 
huiirls;  a  ehui'cli   arose,  and    with    it    the   usual 


results  of  Christianity  apiH'ured  in  the  improved 
londition  of  the  people,  I'^xtensive  frardens 
were  cultiv.iled  by  hands  that  used  lo 
liandle  only  llie  bow  and  the  spear.  Other 
hopeful  stations  anioiiu;  the  Hushineii  had  to  bo 
broken  up  in  eoiisc(|iienee  of  the  missionaries 
bein^  ordered  by  the  i;overnmeiil  to  reliic 
within  the  eoloiiv.  The  last  mission  to  llieso 
people  attenipteil  by  the  Society  was  in  tho 
iiei-.:hborhooil  of  the  Caledon  Uiver.  and  was 
iiftciwards  trans,,  rred  by  Dr.  I'hilip  to  the 
Paris  Society.  In  IStHi  ilit  tiisl  attempt  was 
made  to  c.irrv  the  >;ospil  to  the  deslitute  and 
miser.'ible  rei;lonsof  (inat  Nam.'iipialaiid.  After 
a  loiiir  journey  of  yieat  haidships  the  mission- 
aiies  re.iched  the  »»iaiii;i'  Kiver,  where  they 
tried  lo  open  a  mission.  Their  ditticulties  and 
anxieties  were  incieased  by  the  close  proximity 
of  .Vfricaner.  a  man.  who  haviiiLT  been  driven 
to  desperation  by  the  oppression  of  the  Dutch 
Uoeis.  had  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  his 
tribe  and  h.id  become  the  terror  of  the  whole, 
coiiniiy.  lie  professed  himself  friendly  to  the 
Knulisli,  and  upon  the  removal  of  the  mission- 
aries to  Warm  liatli.  occasionally  attended, 
with  some  of  his  people,  upon  their  iiist ructions; 
but  in  coiiseipieiice  of  the  impnidence  of  some 
of  the  people  ,'it  Warm  Itath  in  joiniiiL;  in  aii 
expedition  airaiiist  him.  he  became  eiira.Lrcd 
aiiainst  ilie  mission.  The  missiiniaries  were 
kept  in  the  irrealist  terror,  and  were  at  leliijth 
obli:.'id  to  llee  to  I  he  colony.  Their  lliijht  proved 
to  li.ive  been  just  in  lime,  for  Afrii'aiier  and  his 
nil  11  .'irrived  at  the  mission  premises  soon  after, 
tiMik  what  booty  they  could  tiiid,  set  tire  lo  the 
premises,  and  left  them  in  ruins.  In  December, 
1S||,  ihi-  missionaries  set  out  to  retiiiii  to  their 
Work  Duriiiir  this  most  distressini;  journey 
.Mrs.  .Vllneclil.  the  wife  of  one  of  lliein,  ilii'il. 
'file  Nam.iipia  Mission  was  resumed  at  I'ella, 
south  of  the  Or.'iM ire  Kiver.  .Mr.  .Vlhiecht  hail 
the  ^ire.it  joy  of  iiiaUiiii;  peace  with  .Vfricaner 
Ix'fore  siartinu:  on  a  joiinie.v  to  the  Cape  for 
medical  advice.  On  this  "join  iiey  he  died, 
"  leaviiiir  behind  him  a  bright  testimony  of 
zeal,  love,  and  self  denial." 

Ill  .l.iiiu.'iry,  ISIS,  Koberl  .Mollat  arrived  to 
Like  cli.'ir^'c  of  the  mission.  Thi'  simy  of  this 
half  century  of  work  anioM<;  the  Itechuaiias  is 
already  so  tamiliar  thai  aslii.;ht  sketch  only  will 
be  driven.  Ill  1S','(I  thr  sMiiion  was  removed  to  the 
Ixuiiim.'in  Kiver.  .'ind  continueil  tlirou<.''li  almost, 
iiii  redilile  hardships  and  dilllculties;  the  mis- 
sionaries, in  addilion  to  siispicion  und  hostilities 
from  the  natives.  IimiI  to  encounter  the  perils 
and  piiv.ilioiis  of  a  lon^  iliou;;lit.  which  was 
ascribed  by  the  n.'ilives  lo  llicir  intluince.  After 
this  daiiirer  had  passed  the  coiinliy  was  pluiified 
into  war.  I^uiet  w.is  at  Icnirtli  resioied.  and  a 
time  of  ureal  eiieiiui.iiremcnt  followed  .Stolid 
indilVcrence  pive  way  lo  deep  concern,  the 
chapel  was  tilled,  prayer  ineetiiiijs  were  held 
from  house  to  house,  .'iiid  the  loiiveils  L'ave 
every  indicalion  of  a  cliamre  of  hearl.  The 
Kuropi-an  dress  was  assumed,  the  women  and 
!i\rU  were  laui.'hl  how  to  make  their  own  elotli- 
in;r.  .and  a  orient  chamre  passed  over  the  people 
in  their  persons,  iheir  social  cnstoms,  their  do- 
mestic ari.'im;ements,  and  I  heir  public  beliiivior. 
They  learned  lo  read,  and  Iheii  increase  of 
knowleilire  kept  pace  with  llieir  oiilward  refor- 
mation. In  till!  ('ullivallon  of  the  soil,  and  in 
the  increase  and  variety  of  its  protliiee.  j;real 
proi;reits  was  made.  In  1S;10  the  fouiidulloiiM 
of  a  ehiireh  were  laid.     .Mr.  Molt'al's  IIihI  IriiliM- 


»  ] 


1 


1 


IA3ND0N  MISS.  BOO. 


668 


LONDON  MISS.  SOC. 


lation,  the  Gospel  of  Luke,  wns  printed  nf  the 
CaiH-.  a  iiriiiliii;,'i)R'ss  hciiii;  sixiii  sent  to  the 
liiiN-idii.  Great  jii-o.-iH  rily  was  tnjoycil  until 
1»<-H),  when  I  lie  Kiillr  war  broke  out.  The  loiiij 
mill  (lesolatini;  wins,  for  whieh  Ihccolonislsaiiil 
governors  were  mainly  responsililc,  and  the 
liijiior  (rallle  introduced  by  llieni,  whieh  inaile 
wor>e  liavoe  tiian  the  sword,  were  very  jjreal 
«)b.staeles  in  the  way  of  the  missionaries;  but 
liie  stations  at  (Jri(iuatown,  Loiii;  Kloof,  Kurii- 
man.  Lekatlong,  and  other  places  made  better 
proirress  than  wotiUI  have  srcnied  possible. 

hi  18.W  Dutch  emiLiiaiils  allocked  the  tribes 
among  whom  .Mc.ssis.  Livini.'sioiu'.  Edwards, 
and  Injilis  were  laboring,  killeil  or  captured 
men.  women,  and  children,  and  breakini;  into 
I>r.  Livinirslone's  house  stole  his  jjroperty  and 
lore  Ids  b(M)ks  lopieees.  The  iiiissionariesafter 
a  iniK-k  trial  were  seiilcMecd  to  he  l)aidshed  from 
the  country.  Dr.  Liviiij^stone  was  thus  led  to 
tiudertake  Ids  travels  into  the  heart  of  Africa,* 
where  he  found  an  inleiesliiii;  population  far 
more  numerous  than  the  tribes  of  the  .-outh, 
who.  iliouixh  speakiiiLr  dill'creiil  laniruaircs,  jren- 
enilly  uinlerslood  the  Sechuana,  in  which  he 
preached  to  then\  the  jids|iel,  and  with  the 
NUieiion  of  the  L.  M.  ti.  established  ii  mission 
there. 

Iktween  ITOHand  18,*).'i  2S  stations  had  Iwen 
established:  of  these  T  — Kat  Uiver,  Kniii>|)'s 
no|>e.  I'eelon,  .Mamusa.  .Mabolsa.  KolobeiiL' and 
Malebc — were  bioken  up  by  the  Kalir  w;ir  and 
the  Dutch  BiH'is.  Whiii  this  work  of  mercy 
wa>  begun  in  .'^outh  Africa  by  the  missionaiies 
the  natives  pos>e.s.sed  uo  symbol  or  visible  foiiii 
oflhouirht;  Dr.  Motl.it  and  others  bad  to  ac- 
«pnre  the  kiiowli'dirc  of  their  rude  spetch  not 
by  the  eye,  but  by  the  ear;  to  make  tin-  hul  of 
the  savages  their  study;  and  by  a  nice  compari- 
Min  of  utterances  and  !<ounds.  to  le.arn  by  ^low 
deirrees  the  thouirlits  anil  feelings  of  the  na- 
tives. Hut  over  all  these  dilliculties  ardor 
and  iHTseverance  triumphed,  and  they  gave 
bi«ck  to  the  nativo  in  their  own  tongue  various 
works  on  education  and  useful  knowledge,  to- 
j!ji.'ther  with  the  whole  Hible. 

At  present  the  work  in  South  .\frica  is  pass- 
ing thn>ugh  a  painful  crisis,  which  seems  to  the 
su)H-rlici;d  and  ignorant  spiclalor  ti>  indicate  the 
faihire  of  Chrisiianily.  but  which  will  umloubl- 
iiily  result  in  the  removal  of  the  corrupt  and  the 
«l«insinir  of  the  true  One  great  cause  of  the 
present  low  state  of  the  mi-isious  is  the  fait  that 
e<iiu-ation  of  any  kind  sl.inds  very  low  in  the 
t'slimation  of  the  Hechiianas.  Some  years  ago 
such  a  thing  was  never  thought  of  ,is  a  person 
i>ein<;  a  member  of  the  church  who  could  not 
re;id  the  New  Testament  fairly  well.  Ihit  the 
village  churches  have  been  so  long  without 
pro)>er  suiiervision,  that  the  igiKU'aiit  and  in 
many  cases  ill-living  headmen  of  the  villages 
have  been  the  only  guides  .and  helpers  whom 
ihe  people  have  had.  These  men,  aciimr  as 
«leaeons  and  teachers,  have  procured  adniission 
into  the  ehiireh  for  people  who  in  many  eases 
were  known  to  he  living  immoral  lives,  and  in 
most  ea.st's  unable  to  read.  It  has  consequently 
Imih  neei^ssary  to  deal  very  severely  with  tlie 
fhurelie.s  in  <'ounlry  villages,  and  the  re|M)rl.s 
for  1889  sliow  iinproveineut  in  many  ways:  new 


•  Dr.  I.tvliufHtiine  said  i>r  tlilH  (icoiirreiioe:  "Tli« 
Bofnt  rtwolvnl  to  sliiit  up  Die  iiitcilur,  and  I  dt'teriiiliK^i 
-Ui  opm  tliu  uouulry:  wu  hIuUI  nee  wbi>  has  HUOoetHltHl 
— they  or  1." 


••hajx-ls  have  l)een  creetcd  iu  place  of  tht  mis- 
erable liovels  in  w  iiieli  some  of  the  congrega- 
tions »orship|>e«l,  Ihe  schools  have  been  belter 
attendetl,  and  theeontribiitions  towards  mi.sslon 
funds  have  lieen  large.  Out  of  l.")0  eandidales 
for  chureh-nieuiltership  at  Iviiiiiman,  70  were 
admitted  to  the  eliureh.  The  labcus  of  the  mis- 
sionarie>  have  not  been  diminished  by  the  inllu.v 
of  while  seltlers  to  Ihe  regions  of  the  diamond 
and  gold  mines.  To  Ihe  heathen  practices  w  iih 
whieh  they  liave  h:i<i  always  to  contemj  -  for  it 
must  1m-  n-iiK-liilM,'re»l  the  missiou  churches  of 
ISeehiianaiand  are  still  in  the  midst  of  a  heal  hen 
eommunily — have  Iki'Ii  added  the  worst  vices 
of  eivili/jilioii.  Tlu-  contact  of  the  natives  with 
white  men.  wliost- one  object  in  life  appeals  to 
he  to  s»-.ireh  for  gold,  and  who  in  m.iiiy  cases 
use  their  gains  only  to  •.'ratify  their  animal 
ap|M'lilt>,  renders  the  task  of  the  niissiomny 
exceedingly  dillieull.  Now.  as  in  the  early 
days  i»f  Ihe  mission,  the  greatest  obsincles  to 
Ihesiiecesvs  of  inis.sion  work  are  those  raised  by 
eivili/.ed.  uol  stvai'e.  people. 

Within  Ihe  i>.-is|  ye.ir  (lSS9i  the  slations  of 
the  SK-i<ty  ill  Kafliaria  have  been  cntirelT 
given  up  lo  the  Congregational  I'liion  of  Soulli 
Africa,  and  its  liiifct  work  is  ;it  present  limiled 
to  the  rei;ion  iK-yond  the  Vaal  Kiver.  Tlif 
stations  now  inefuded  in  the  Smilli  Afiiniu 
Mimion  an-:  Ifcirkley.  Kuriimaii.  TaiiiiL'.  K:iiiye, 
Moh'ltololf.  and  >hos|ioiig.  Tin  Midi  In  U  Mix- 
»iitii  iiieliido  Inyati  and  Hope  FoiiiitMin.  The 
chief  of  MalelK-leland  has  been  beset  by  one 
party  after  another,  who  seek  lo  indin  e  him, 
lor  various  lirllM*s,  to  hand  over  to  them  tlii^ 
privilege  of  mining  for  gold  in  the  valualile 
eoiintry  over  whic-h  he  rules.  In  addition  lo 
these  |Kirlies  hundreds  of  white  men  are  said 
lo  be  wailiiigou  the  Uirdersof  Matebelcland  bir 
an  opiMirtiinily  !o  enter  in,  ami,  as  a  result, 
there  is  in  tiie  minds  of  the  nalivcs  a  great 
unrest,  and  suspicion  of  all  while  men.  The 
missioiiaries  are.  howevir.  trusted  by  them 
more  ihaii  any  others,  and  their  advice  ami 
help  are  s<>u::iil.  with  the  conlidencc  that  they 
will  a<i  fairly.  Tin-  natives  appear  now  lo 
ilistingiii.>^h  very  ele.irly  between  those  who 
have  s«>tlle<l  amongst  them  evidently  for  their 
good,  and  Ihe  other  white  men  whose  iiiteiesi 
ill  Ihein  is  as  evidently  a  ipieslion  of  sellish 
gain.  It  is  earnestly  ho|H'(l  that  nolhiiig  may 
occur  to  fan  Ihe  ngilalion  and  suspicion  of  the 
niilives  into  a  Iier«'e  llaine  of  hostility. 

The  slallon  al  Inyati  was  o]ieiied  in  1800. 
The  two  Kniflish  missionaiies  at  present  in 
this  tielil  hail  Iio|h-«I  much  from  the  services  of 
a  Christian  Zulu,  who  with  his  wife  had  been 
tniinetl  for  mission  work  by  the  missionaries 
of  the  Amerie:iU  Ilo:ird  at  Natal,  lie  gave 
himself  with  pn-at  and  uii'.|>ariiig  /eal  lo  his 
work,  hut  his  health  broke  down,  and  he  died 
in  .Marih,  1N'*9.  The  station  al  Hope  Koiinluiii 
was  :ils4(  o|M-iie4l  in  IHtll);  there  me  two  mis- 
sionaries  in  charge,  who  have  gained  the  con 
lidence  of  llie  <-hief.  and  are  frequent  I  v  in 
re<pii>ilion  lo  interpret  for  him  when  ho  wishes 
lo  eomniunieale  with  I'^iropealis.  The  evil  life 
of  the  |«'opIe  is  most  depres.sing  to  these  faith- 
ful misMonaiies.  who  have  wailed  long  to  see 
the  harvi'st  of  iheir  |ialiuiil  sowing. 

Tfir  Crntral  Afrifun  Mi*i>ion  was  under- 
taken in  \^Ti.  a"  party  of  si.\  missionaries  ar- 
rived at  Zan/.ihar  in  April,  and  started  for  tliii 
interior  with  wag<)n>i  and  o.xen.  Kinding  this 
mwlv  of  tmvelliiig  a   failure,  they  remained 


IX:>NX>ON  MISS.  soc. 


LOVEDALE 


aiuuii^  the  hills  of  Kira.sa  during  tlio  rainy  scii- 
M»n.  aud  ill  May.  ISiS.  piocffdcil  (iii  their  join- 
iiey  iu  l»o  njirlics.  The  lir>l  wciil  l)y  « ;iy  of 
Ibf  L'iiaiiiw«>i  fouiiiry.  Miid  l>y  iiiviiniioii  cil  ihc 
rhii-f  i-<>iiiiiK'ii(vd.  ill  IHTii.a  station  at  I'raiiilio. 
The  ^woikI  parly  rt-aclird  rjiji  iiiAuLrust,  IsTy. 
The  iiiissioii  lia.s  passed  tlmiii^li  ten  yeais  of 
ainiiisl  un|ir«tvdenied  trials,  owiiii;  to  the  faii- 
iin- of  lieiiltli  and  deaths  in  the  mission  eirele. 
The  probli'iii  of  inaiiilaiidhu  coiitiiuioiisly  a 
Mlltieieiit  and  effective  stalf  lor  earryini;  on 
work  is  still  unsolved,  the  director--  havini;  liad 
:i  fresh  disapixiintinent  in  their  elVorts  to  rein 
foni-  the  mission  in  the  failure  of  the  lieallh 
of  the  youiiir  missionaries  sent  oiil  in  isttl, 
who.  coliiplelely  proslrntid.  were  compelled  to 
return  to  Enirland.  and  the  mission  was  again 
deprived  of  nie<lical  aud  clericid  aid. 

During  l^yj  much  anxiety  has  heeii  fell  in 
resrani  to  llie  nus^ionaries.  on  aceoiint  of  the 
IrouMes  whicli  have  arisen  lietweeii  the  African 
Lakes  Coliipauy  and  the  Arab  traders.  This 
anxiety  was  incr«isi-d  hy  the  lldiniis  that  .Mr. 
Arthur  Bn^ik.s.  who  was  on  liis  way  to  I'.nn- 
L-iiui  from  URinilw.  had  been  murdered,  with 
several  of  his  men,  at  the  last  siau'eof  tin;  jour- 
ney, near  Saadani.  The  |iros|iecls  of  tlie  nus- 
sioii  »«-em«'«l  lo  Ik-  d.irk  indeed,  liiil  before  lonj; 
news  arrive<i  that  tlie  disturbances  had  not  e.\- 
lendeii  into  the  interior.  At  I'lMmbo  there  was 
no  minor  of  dau;^-r.  and  at  the  other  si.itions, 
Kaval.-i  I>L-in<l  and  Fwambo,  all  was  (pMel, 
Kavala  Isl.iuil  iK-iii;;  under  the  |)rotecli<>ii  of  the 
ni«»-l  ptiwerftd  Andi  on  the  lake.  The  latest 
station.  Fw.-imbo,  at  the  south  end  of  the  lake. 
is  more  than  ."i.tttK)  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  and  h:is  prov«-d  to  be  evceplinnidly  healthy; 
the  natives  are  said  to  be  a  manly,  iniU'peiident 
r^iif.  and  srri-Jit  thinirs  are  hoped  for  the  mis-ion. 
('(Hniuunieation  iH'twecn  the  stations  and  with 
other  |Miints  on  the  lake  has  been  made  possibk^ 
liv  the  ••<»inpletion  of  the  steamer  "(toiMl 
News."  whieli  has  been  si.\  years  in  process  of 
makiiis.  and  i-  now  at  work  on  the  lake.  New 
mission  a  fit's  have  arrived.  The  natives  are 
frieiKlly  and  trustful,  and  actual  missionary 
wiirk  at  lenirth  seems  to  be  proirressiiijr. 

While  frtiin  the  South  Seas,  Africa.  India,  and 
other  missions  come  notes  <d'  troidile  and  indi- 
mti.ms of  difficulty,  which  cause  mu(  h  anxiety, 
yet  the  direi-tors  rejoice  to  receive  from  every 
jKirl  of  the  field  evidences  of  steady  proL'rcss, 
iiulieatiiiir  the  prcMMice  anil  powir  of  One  whose 
iiiten-sl  in  sinful  ami  sorrow  iirir  men  is  deeper 
than  theirs.  Suece.ss  has  attended  the  tralniii^r 
of  vtHiu:;  men  in  mis-ion  schools.  Zenana 
w«irkers  liave  seen  the  liirht  loine  into  dull  eyes 
and  the  life  into  crushed  hearts.  .Medical  mi-- 
si«>iiari<"»  liav«'  probed  the  -ores  of  sinful  hearts 
whiie  they  tifstted  the  physical  diseases  of  those 
who  eaiiie  t«>  them  for  healinu:  the  voice  of 
the  preacher  and  cvaiiireli-t  has  cairiedacon 
vii'tion  which  has  made  iiuii  own  that  (toil 
s|N>ke  to  them:  aud  many  a  laborer  who  has  not 
lici-n  |»emiiiii-d  lo  rea|>  ha.s  followed  the  irospel 
plough,  and  ha-  Im'4'ii  |H>rinitted  to  see  the  si^ns 
of  she  eomiiifr  spriiisr. 

Ilalf-lienrtetl  C'hri-liaiis  far  away  from  the 
strife,  hiarinir  exajipTaled  and  distoited  ru- 
mor', may  imairine  failure  because  they  do  not 
yet  hi-ar  "the  sliotil  of  victory;  but  the  miswion- 
iiry  liniid  co  forward  in  the  streuL'th  of  a  re- 
newed faith,  knowinu  from  experience  that 
irreaier  is  He  that  is  with  them  thtm  all  those 
Uial  be  against  them. 


■.•o-\|;iioii|r,  a  district  of  the  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society's  mission  in  Fiihkicn,  China;  1 
native  pastor,  ;{84  communicants,  H  .schools,  (57 
.scholars. 

■.•4»4»  <ii«M»  l«>laii«iH(Liu  Kill  or  Kill  Kin), 
a  chain  of  lid  island-  in  the  North  I'acilic,  be- 
tween .lapaii  and  Formo.sti.  Their  siirlace  is 
very  ruu'iTed and  lliesoil  variable,  but  the  islands 
abound  in  grass  and  trees,  and  are  very  piellir- 
csipie  and  beautiful.  The  climate  is"  hoi,  but 
the  heat  is  never  excessive,  tlioii.Lih  there  are 
frcipiinl  injurious  droughts  and  typhoous. 
I'opulation,  l(>(i,7Hi),  consi-liiig  of  two  races, 
the  .lapanc.-e  and  the  Loo  Chooaiis  proper,  who 
arc  of  the  same  stock  and  greatly  icseinbie 
each  other,  though  the  Lihi  Cliooaiis  are  more 
elVemiiiale  and  le.-s  intelligent,  and,  unlike  iiio.st 
oilier  .Mongolian  tribes,  wear  a  full  black  heard. 
Their  book  learning  and  religion  are  for  the 
most  |iarl  Chinese,  and  the  higher  clas,ses  arc 
well  educated.  Their  piineipjil  occupation  is 
agi  iciillnre,  but  the  mode  of  cultivalioii  Is 
l>rimilive,  the  iniplenienis  are  rude  •■iiid  the  soil 
is  generally  tilled  by  hand.  The  land  all  belongs 
lo  the  govcrninenl,  w  hii  h  let- it  to  large  tenants, 
who  sublet  il  to  small  larniers.  The  govern- 
ment is  administered  in  the  name  of  a  king,  and 
is  in  the  hands  of  an  aristocracy  consisting  (as  in 
China)  of  the  liteiary  class,  who  appear  lo  live 
ill  idleness,  while  the  poor  are  greatly-  op- 
])ressed.  About  lilO  years  ago  the  principal 
island  was  divided  into  three  kingdoms,  which 
were  subseipieiilly  united,  and  became  subject 
lirst  to  China  and  then  lo  .lapan.  .Missionary 
Society  at  work  in  the  Loo  Choo  Islands, 
IJrilish  and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  .Scriptures, 
Luke,  .lolin,  and  Acts  in  Japanese  for  the  blind. 
Luke  lo  Houians  iu  Loo  Choo  (Liichu). 

L.OO  (Tioo  (liiif'liii)  Vt'rNioii.— This  be- 
longs to  the  extreme  Oriental  languages,  and  is 
spoken  in  the  islands  of  Loo  Choo,  which  lie 
nearly  midway  between  .I.apaii  and  Formosa. 
The  inhabitants  ate  of  the  .-ame  race  as  the 
.lapanese,  and  speak  .a  dialect  of  that  language. 
A  mission  called  the  "Loo  Choo  Naval  .Mis 
sion, "having  foiits  object  theconvirsinn  of  the 
people  lo  Chrislianily,  was  conunenced  about 
the  year  lHf;t.  In  IH'.  >  Dr.  lieitellieim,  a 
medical  missionary,  was  m  nl  by  this  Smieiy  to 
Loo  Choo,  ,'ind  for  the  beuelit  i  f  tin-  people  he 
translated  the  (iospels  of  Luke  and  .lolin,  the 
Acts,  ai'.il  the  Kpi-lle  to  the  Uonians,  which 
were  published  ill  f^.j."!  at  lloiiir  Konu:  by  the 
Society  for  Proiiiotiiig  Cliiistian  KnoulJ'dge, 
and  under  the  supirinlcndeneeof  tlie  Hi  hop  of 
\ictoria.  The  .  inie  parts  were  iiNo  issued  by 
the  IJrilish  and  Foreign  iJible  SiK'iely. 

IaiIii,  a  town  on  the  soiuliern  part  of  the 
co.isi  of  Chili.  South  America.  The  tirsi  sia- 
tioii  of  the  South  .\in"rican  .Mi— ioiiaiy  Society 
in  Chili:  opciii'.l  by  Captain  .Mien  (Jardinerin 
1S()I.  The  w  .irk  is  jirini  ipally  anioiiir  llic  Fng- 
lish  coniiiiiinity  of  miners.  There  is  a  cliiircli 
and  a  scIukiI  hoii-e,  and  Sundaysch(M)l  and  ser 
vices  lire  well  alleii.leil. 

Lovt'llllllll>  raiMNiitii:  see  Danish  Mis- 
sions. 

■.•<»V('«iiilt%  a  town  in  Cape  Colony,  Africa, 
700  miles  northeasl  of  Cape  Town,  is  the  site  of 
a  missionary  institution,  which  is  of  absorbing 
interest,  since  its  nufthods  of  work  when  il  was 
cumuieuced  were  uuvel,  uud  huvc  been  proved 


liOVEDALB 


570 


LOVEDALE 


to  >)<■  siKTcssfril — the  Lovodalp  Mission.  In 
1S41  Ht'V.  Williiiin  (Jovnn  opened  here  a  mis- 
sioii;iry  iii.>.liliile.  nml  the  pliiee  wiis  ealleil 
Lovediile,  after  Dr.  i.ove,  the  lir.-l  --ecretarv  of 
the  (Jla>;;ow  .Missionary  Society.  The  aims  of 
Ihi'  instiiulion  were  thi'se:  Ni.' 'I'u  take  voiiiil.' 
men  of  iiilelleetiial  ami  spiriliial  c|ualilieatii>ii^ 
iinil  ediH  ale  tlieni  to  !»•  preu  Iters,  u'd.  To 
train  youni,'  men  and  women  as  leaeliers  for 
li.itive' niis>ioii  sclioois.  ;Jd.  Imiiistrial  tduca- 
tion  in  v:iiions  arts,  siieli  as  w:il'oii  hiiilditiL'. 
bl.iejvsmiihiiiv.'.  priniinir.  honkliinillnu'.  teleir- 
nipliy.  aiicl  aLiiicnhnral  work  of  varioiis  kinds, 
was  earefiilly  to  \»-  LMVeli  to  the  tiatives  in  or- 
der that  tliey  miuhl  lie  iiidiistrimis  and  Useful 
<'iti/.eiis.  4th.  To  irive  an  efhieaiioii  of  i.  ireii 
cral  eliaracler  to  all  w  iiose  eoiirse  in  life  had 
not  yet  lieeii  delinitely  determitied.  The  Iwo 
departments,  indn-'trial  tiiid  educational,  aie 
« arried  on  in  two  huildiiiLrs,  one  for  the  male^ 
tiiid  the  (ilhcr  for  the  fcinalc'^  Ivich  di'|i!iit- 
metit  has  its  owtl  special  aim.  hiil  the  irialid 
jnirpose  of  e.ich  .and  both  is  to  Christ iaid/.e.  not 
nnicly  to  civili/e;  and  the  (oiiveision  of  the 
individual  is  the  ^ifeal  aim  and  the  desired  end 
of  all  the  work  that  is  eoni'.iicted.  The  solution 
of  tlic  prohh  111  how  to  develop  Christi.an  <lmr- 
iieter  and  cneit;y  amid  the  cxistinir  conditions 
siirroiitidiiii:'  harliaiixis  and  indolent  races  is 
frauirlit  with  many  dilli<iillics;  and  in  order  to 
('hri^tiaiii/i'  suicessfiilly.  it  has  heeii  proved  of 
fTieat  a-sisl;ince  to  eivili/e  at  the  same  time. 
The  iirinciple^  which  i;overii  the  matiaireincnt 
of  the  l.ovcil.alc  lii^lilulion  aic:  il)  It  is  lion- 
siMtariaii  and  iindcnomiii.ilional.  The  Fii'i' 
Church  of  Scotland  supports  it  tinsimially,  hut 
all  deiKiininatioiis  in  the  coiinlrv  are  repre- 
sctiled.  (U'  have  lieeii  rcpieseiitcd  at  one  time  or 
aiicither.  At  Lovedale  ainoni;-  the  pupils  all 
coloisatid  lu'.arly  all  trilics  in  South  .Afiica  tire 
repn  sented.  .•ind  some  few  have  come  fiom  tn  nr 
the  Zainhesi  and  Sliiri'  rivers  in  Ceiiir.al  Africa. 
No  inlluelK-e  !-•  hidiiiihl  to  heir  upon  ihe  stii 
dents  to  lea VI'  their  ow  II  denomination  or  to  join 
Ihe  Free  (liurcli  of  Scotland  in  prefcii  lice  to 
the  churcii  with  which  they  are  coniiecteil. 
Kvetl  in  the  theoloL'ical  course  those  who  tire 
trained  as  ai;etits  fur  nthcr  IhmIjcs  are  not  w<!ik- 
died  ill  tlieir  denominational  tie^.  ('.■'  liroad 
<  hrisiianity  iloes  not  me.iii  la\  Christianity. 
Instruction  in  the  iSililc  ami  in  praiiiiiil  nUix- 
ion  is  the  lir^t  wmk  of  the  d.ay  in  all  thcelas.ses. 
Moininir  and  (Vt'iiinij:  worship  i»  held  in  llie 
dinitiL' iialls.  At  noon  every  Wednoday  ;t 
lirayertneetimr  is  hehl,  and  eiicli  workman 
drops  his  tcMiU  and  takes  part  in  the  ineetin'.'. 
iilthoUL'h  it  involves  a  pecuniary  loss  hy  resi.Min 
of  the  time  taken  from  Ihe  week's  work.  :h 
Self-support  is  the  tlieory,  thouirh  in  iiractici- 
the  Institution  has  not  yit  liecome  fully  -elf- 
suppoitiiiLT.  In  the  trades'  departments  i  sjm' 
cially  this  principle  is  carried  out.  Ilow  soon 
it  will  liceoine  fully  self  suppoitimr  emi  1h' 
prophesied  from  the  i.aet  that  only  ■,'•">  per  ccnl 
of  the  annual  e.\penditure  is  drawn  frcjiu  Imiiu 
sources. 

In  iiddition  to  tiiesc  irencral  |>riiici|)les  oilier 
]es.ser  ones  are  The  education  Is  practical:  hal>- 
Its  of  industry  iiiid  activity  are  iirired  and  en- 
c'ouraired,  aiid  promotion  in  the  cla.sses  dc|H'iid.s 
first  upon  the  moral  chiiriieti'r,  thou  U|h)U  thi* 
intelliijjence  titid  activity. 

'fhe  curriculum  in  tlie  ediirntlontd  depart- 
nient.s  includes  three  courses,  each  of  which 
occupies  three  years.     These  are:  The  eleuieiit- 


ary  srliool,  the  liiomrr  coiirs*-.  and  the  llieo. 
lojrieal  c««irs«'.  Tin-  stiltjcits  stmlied  iire 
those  usually  laic'lil  in  like  inslilutioiis.  In 
reiiaril  to  the  lencliili;;  of  l.-ilin  and  (iieek  to 
lheo|oi;ic:d  »MuU-lil«.  Iheri'  has  Ih-cii  -.oinc  dis. 
cushion  hut  <li<- lendeiicy  now  is  to  drop  these 
stuilie>  friiin  the  coiirM-  as  iioi  lieinir  c-^eiillal  to 
Ihe  e<|ulpuielil  iif  llie  lialive  ]iilslor.  The  Iraitl- 
ili:;  of  iialive  Iea«liers  for  eleiiieiittirv  native 
seho<i|«  i-  M  cnnd  ill  ini)Mirtance.  Teachers  who 
hold  a  «crlit1i-:ite  from  lln  educational  de|i.irl 
iiieiit^  have  a  lii::lier  slaliis.  and  can  .seciiie  ;rood 
sidarie^.  A  i:«-iiend  e<lucatioii  i^  •.'iveii  to  all 
who  are  aMe  to  take  il.  and  any  part  of  the 
course  may  Ik-  iIi«is<ii.  Hy  thi>  ine.aiis  clerks. 
iiiterpreler-.  and  men  in  all  tin'  w.dks  of  lite  re- 
ceive a»  much  tiliiniliiin  !i»  may  he  necessary 
or  e.\|Mil;inl  for  lli<in  lo  undertake  In  the 
Industrial  m-|>.-irlmenl  the  various  an-  tdrcady 
s|Miken  ot  an'  can-fully  t.-iuvdit.  The  native 
tippreuiici--.  after  a  trial  of  thn-e  or  si\  nionihs, 
ate  indeii'unil  for  tivf  or  six  years,  if  -ati-fac- 
lory.  In  ihe  evenilii;  iIh'V  are  :;ivi  ii  a  part  of 
Ihe  •;eiier;d  <-iliic:iiion.  In  addition  to  their 
hoani  and  UMi>jiiii:  they  receive  psiy  at  rates 
varyini:  from  iwo  lo  live  dollars  a  month,  of 
which  a  -mall  part  i-  retained  <  ach  month  in 
trust  fortheiii.  which  i-  p:iid  to  Ihetn  at  the  end 
of  llieir  appn-nii>-<'ship.  No  one  is  allowi'd  to 
lie  idle.  Tho-<- » lio  are  not  apprentices  or  en- 
.irai;i  d  iu  oiliir  work  arc  employed  in  m.-iiiual 
l.-ilNir  alxiu:  ill.-  tit-Id-  ami  p.nleti-,  Soatti.-ic 
live  is  ihe  tduc:ili<>n  iirovideil  at  thi-  in-titutioii. 
that  many  Kiiri>|H-alis  have  availed  t hem-elves 
of  it-  advaiilaL''^  anil  mingle  freely  with  the 
native-  in  Ihe  «-lasscs. 

The  n-sull-  of  Ihe  work  carried  on  imiy  !»- 
sunimxl  up  under  llirt-t-  heads: 

ill  Numeri<-al.  From  iin  .•iitcndtince  of  uvelve 
or  ihirtet  II  when  ilu  -cIkhiI  was  tirst  opeinil, 
it  jrrevv  ihirin;.:  the  tiist  twenty  years  until  at 
one  lime  Ihe  nnmlHrs  n-ached  one  hiimlied 
and  twenty.  Within  ihe  la-t  twinty  u-ar-  it 
has  -rrown  coii-ideridily.  and  developeil  in 
various  dirt-t-tiou-.  In  l^^^•  the  numlier  in  all 
the  elas-«--  naeht-d  a-  hiL'li  as  ."il-.i.  In  Iss'.l 
there  wt-n-  l<i."i  native  iMiaiders,  4!l  apprenti(-es, 
:t4  day  iiupils.— a  total  of '.Ms  natives,  and  'JI 
Kur>i|M'aii  iMwnlers.  '.'»;  day  pupil-:  msikiii!:  a 
total.  IkiIIi  iiaiivf  and  forciLMi,  of  •,".».'»  in  .-itlind- 
anee  on  the  iiislitulion  The -inlT  ol  in-truc- 
tors  niiiiilH-rs  >  oidailied  missionaiies  lone  a 
phy-iciiini.  a  Coni:n-:;atioiial  minister  at  the 
lie.-id  of  lilt'  tlu<>loi:Jml  departinetit,  li  foil  i:r|i 
ina-ler^  in  the  edin-:iiional  department .  .mil  (i 
sU|K-rinltndeiil-  of  the  varioii-  hraiiche-  in  the 
indu-lrial  de|<nrtmenl. 

'".'i  Kihuaiioiial.  Al  this  pltiee  10  ordained 
native  |ici-u>rs.  41"^  tcacheis.  4',l  interpieti  i- and 
cU-ik-.  .VC.  in  various  industrial  voealions. 
iK-iih-i  -«-vi  ni!  liUiidmls  of  whom  no  infor- 
in:ilioii  ha-  Ix-iii  ni-eived,  have  heen  l|-aiiied. 
The  -pirilual  and  n-liirious  re-iilt-  an-  very  eti- 
'-lurairiiiir.  anil  llieie  is  a  v'leat  deal  of  -|ii,in- 
ti\.>«iiiis  intelhi-lual  iiiid  evant'eli-tic  activity 
ami  11^  the  -liiilenls.  An  in-titution  church  for 
irili -e  -tiidenls.  pupil-,  and  other  te-identH  in 
'he  plaif  was  niintni/.i'd  in  l^xti.  and  the  total 
numlM-r  ailinilleil  from  amoii^lhe  students  up 
io  1HV9  w;,«  71.  Xhe  aventire  nuinher  of  cotn- 
niunicaiiis  durin:;  the  four  years  »a-lNi.  There 
i.s  ul<!4>  a  Knlir  eliureli  and  a  native  pastor. 

(:ti  Kinaiii-iiil.  A  coinparison  of  the  iiuinlier» 
of  llu'  pupils  iind  ihe  fi-e-  received  for  the  last 
twenty  years,  -iiii-^-  the  sy-lem  of  |  a\  ineiit  wii.s 


m-^ 


!   '' 


LOVEDAI^ 


571 


LOWRIE,  WALTEK  MACON 


wclvr 
llcil, 
lil  ill 
idlrd 
iv>  il 
(i  ill 
ill  all 

llil-rS. 
Il.l    '^1 

ill!   11(1- 

1-1  nic- 

nlic    :i 

111    lli«' 

I'.iiii'jrii 

,  ;lll(l    •' 
ill  111! 

(luiiifil 

Ids  iiiul 

iiiliKiis, 

infill- 

liiiiiii'il. 

ll'lV  I'll- 
If    ^pull- 

Imtiviiy 
linli  f"i' 
[lulls  in 

llflltS  ui> 
"of  <oui- 

iir. 
liiiniiiirs 

lllf  liisl 

liciii  was 


flr-t  adoptctl.  shows  that  the  in<titiitiim  is  rnp- 
iilly  bt'iiiiiiiiiu'  sclf«iipp<iriiiiL'.  In  ifsoiircos 
an-  iialivf  f«-s,  «roVfruiiu-iil  irrauts,  iiiul  tin- 
luiiiliicf  of  thf  farm  ami  ^anions  It  is  not 
ciiiloAfil.  Thi-n-  i>  a  farm  of  "J.stK)  ucri-s,  4(K) 
of  which  art-  riiltivated. 

In  thr  \voril«  of  Sir  l^inirhnm  Dale,  Siiperin- 
tfinhiil  <tiMifril  of  K<luralion  in  Oipf  Colony, 
••  rii(loiil(ti-<lly  tliat  iti>titiition  ( Ixvctlnlf)  is  one 
of  ilic  iiolili->t  ami  nioM  sii<i-o»ful  niis-jonary 
iii:cMcii-s  foiinihil  ami  >i!p|ifirl<(l  in  the  Capr 
Colony  tiy  British  philanthropy." 

Tin-  iiliiuiat'-  aim  of  Lovt-dalf  is  to  develop 
irradii.illy  in'o  a  native  iiniver-ity. 

l<«iurU>,  RciilH'ii  l*4i«l,  1>.  Ihitler,  Pa.. 
I'.S.A..  Nov«nil« f.Mth,l**','T;  LMadualed  I'niver- 
sily  of  New  York  l>m>:  wa.s  liiior  tliere  in  ispj, 
attemlinir  also  a  eoiiiv  of  leeture-  at  Union 
Tin  olo'.'ieal  Seminary;  fini>het|  lii^  theolonical 
course  :il  Princ-etoir.  \Vii»  priiieipal  of  an  .-iCHd- 
emy  at  Wyoming'.  I'a  .  l"<l!»--"il;  was  a  iiii»ion. 
ary  a  few  months  aiiion:^  the  Ch<M-t:i\v  Indians. 
Thronuh  lii>  early  e<lii<-:il ion  he  hacl  IcMiked  for 
ward  ti)  the  ini-«*i')n  work  with  his  hrollier,  ami 
after  the  deiithof  the  latter  ollered  to  l'o  olll 
and  take  his  place.  He  wa^  ordained  IX-V!,  ap- 
poinieil  lo  China  a-  a  mi«sionaiy  of  the  I're^liy- 
leriaii  HiBiril  of  ForeiLni  Mi"ion».  and  s:iil«(l 
April  ;'M.  1>*">4.  lie  wa-  siitioned  at  Sliani'h.ii 
l."5."i4-tlo.  lie  made  ripid  pro'_'re»>i  in  I  he  aixpii- 
silion  (»f  the  laiiiiuaire.  ami  within  a  year  was 
ilhle  to  condiicl  piililie  exeni»e>  in  Chinese.  He 
al-^)  devoted  much  time  to  the  completion  of  a 
dictionary  of  the  ••  Four  IJook*.'  commenced 
l>y  his  lirother  Walter.  He  tiaiwl.'ited  also  the 
"Shorter  Catei-hi>m"  ami  a  catechism  on  the 
(>.  T.  history.  When,  e'.ifeeliled  l>y  constant 
Work  ami  the  eiiervaiinir  <-liiiiate.  he  was  ad- 
vis<'i|  to  visit  his  native  land,  he  replinl  that  he 
would  not  leave  China  •' until  he  had  looked 
deatli  in  the  face."'  He  had  nearly  linislied  a 
commentary  on  the  tiosjMl  of  Matthew,  when 
he  died  at  Sh.'imrhai  of  chronic  iliarrlxea,  April 
'Jtitii.  IstMt.  Dr.  CuIlK-rl-4>ii.  wiih  whom  he  was 
for  years  as«<iciate<l.  says:  ••  He  hail  a  Ion;;  ami 
very  trying'  stniL'^'le  for  life,  ami  was  anxious 
to  live.  It  w.is  the  :;ivini  up  of  his  chosen 
Work  as  a  missionary  of  Christ  that  distressed 
him.  lie  had  no  ft-:ir  as  to  the  future:  but  tin? 
asrony  of  leavin::  undone  tin-  tjtsk  he  had 
marked  out  for  himself,  of  Iwiviii!.;  the  heathen 
for  whose  sjilvatioii  he  had  so  euriiestly  lalMireil, 
without  seviici  them  hroui.'lit  lo  Christ— this 
.S4fmed  like  piercinsr  his  vilaU  with  a  sword.  " 
The  following;  is  a  |«:irt  of  a  minute  pas.sed  hy 
till-  Shaii'.'h.ii  .Missionary  Confenni'c.  pn-|i;ired 
hv  Ki'V.  .1.  S  Itiiriton  of  the  KiiL'lisli  (  hurch 
^lissionary  SM'iety:  ••  His  (le<-p,  eariu-st  piety; 
his  s<iuiid  scholarship,  his  ex|H-rience  of  mission- 
ary work  amon<r  the  Chwtnw  lodiaiis.  and  his 
unwaveriiij:  ilevotetlness  to  the  csirly  formed 
)iurpos4'  of  his  life,  even  amidst  the  ravaires  of 
ilis<-ase.  peculiarly  littiil  him  for  the  work  of  a 
Chinese  niissiiinary    " 

L«»u'rif.  WulU'p  lla«-uii,i>  Hiitkr.  Pa.. 
I'.S  A  .  Fehruary  |st|i.  ispj;  irrudiiatedal  .lef 
tirs4  111  College  l><:iT.  with  the  timt  lionor;  decided 
whilu  lu  college  to  pre|tare  forthe  nwiistry,  and 
he  a  niissjoiniry  to  the  healluMi;  ^'raduated  at 
rrinoetoii  TliPidoiritTll  S«-min!»ry  lH4<t,  ordaineil 
NovemtMT  ilth,  1>M1;  s.iile<IJauilury.  \><4'i.  for 
Chin.'i  as  a  ini-vsiiMiary  of  the  Pre.shyterian 
■Roard  of  Fon'ii:n  Nlis.sioii.s.  The  empire 
Ih'Iiii;  then  cIumhI,  Sinsni|x>re  was  selecte<l  as  a 


suiialile  place  where  the  Chinese  lansniasre 
could  lie  learned,  tninslations  made.  s4-1iimi|s  es- 
talilislied,  and  other  mission  work  done.  I^ind- 
inirat  Macao,  he  left,  June  l«lh.  1^4'.',  for  Sin ir- 
apore.  On  the  way  he  was  shipwrecked;  the 
vessel  was  aliamlolied  at  <«i.  he  w  ilh  Iwinly-tWd 
others,  .{IN)  miles  from  Ian<l.  put  out  '  in  ii 
small  leaky  ImkiI,  withonly  one  o;»r,  and  havinir 
a  scanty  suiiply  of  provisions  auil  water.  Kx- 
posed  for  live  tlays  to  a  rou^'h  -*-a,  and  iiicoun- 
terini.'-  a  s<'veiv  irile,  thev  lalidfl  with  L'reat 
dilliciilty  at  Lulckii,  a  small  island  near  .^lallila. 
Mr.  I.owrii-  retiiriHil  to  Macao.  In  Aiiirust. 
IM;!.  he  lieL'an  a  voya;;e  up  the  c-oast  to  :is<-er- 
taiii  the  relative  advanta;.'es  for  missionary 
laliorid  all  the  iiew!yo|>i-inil  cities.  In  the 
mean  time  the  Kxecuiive  Coniinittee  hail  re- 
solvicl  to  occu|iy  thni-  stations  in  China— Can- 
toll,  Amoy.  and  Niiii:|io  or  Shanghai.  I>uriii<; 
this  year  he  piililisheil  in  the  •■  Chiiu-M-  Heposi- 
toiy  "  a  series  of  articles  on  the  history  of 
mission  work  in  China,  with  a  brief  account  of 
the  .lews  and  Christians  in  China,  which  were 
arierw.irds  piililished  in  the  l'nii«il  Siati-s.  un- 
der the  title  of  ••The  Land  of  Siniin."  In  re- 
tmiviii'.r  to  Niii'.'iMi  lu  found  the  laiuruau'e  en- 
tiielyililTereai  fiom  ihe  Mandarin  w  hich  he  hail 
liarmd.  and  therefore  had  to  Im  irin  ati>-w  He, 
however,  made  such  pmirress.  that  in  eiirhleeil 
nioiilhs  he  commenced  pn-achin^  in  Chinesi'. 
-Much  of  his  time  was  taken  up  with  the  busi- 
ness of  the  Nin:.'i>o  Mission,  and  <-"rni-ting 
plnof-sheets  of  works  from  the  pres».  hi 
.Viiiriist.  l^Ki.  he  publishtil  vieral  essiys  in 
the  •■  Chinese  Uepository"  on  the  proit-r  t  hi- 
tiese  Words  to  be  u-eil  in  tniHslaiin::  the  name 
of  (Jod  into  Chinese.  His  vii-ws  iiijretil  with 
those  of  Drs.  IliMiiie  and  Itridinuaii.  but  dif- 
fered from  those  of  Meilhurst  and  others.  He 
commenceil  .aKo  the  pre|>ar.ition  i.f  a  dictionary 
of  the  "  Four  Ui'oks."aiiii  lUeidi-d  to  include 
also  the  ••  Five  Cl;issii>.'  Thes«'  Unk-  contain 
the  body  of  the  <  hiiies*'  laiigiia;^-.  This  work, 
he  thoiiL'lit.  would  niplire  two  or  thn-e  ye:irs 
wiiliout  interferiiii:  with  mon-  dini^t  and  im- 
portant missionary  lalwirs.  His  plan  would  in- 
clude bioirniphical  and  hi»toric:il  notii-es  of 
China  from  ii.r. '.M'Ht  to  n  ( .  *k1.  in  a  lari'e 
ipiavio  volume.  But  he  did  not  live  to  com- 
pleie  the  work.  In  1^7  he  wxs  api>oinii-<l  one 
of  till- deleijllion  for  the  revision  of  the  Chi- 
nese tr.-iiisl;itioiis  of  the  liibh-lhat  met  tt  ShaiiL'- 
hai  ill  .Iiiiu .  The  life  of  thi-  taleiiti-d  and  usi-- 
ful  missionary  w.is  brouirht  to  an  early  anil 
sudden  close  "by  the  hands  of  Chinese  pirates. 
While  attehdiii'.'  the  meeliiiL'  ol  the  r»-visioii 
coinmittee  at  Shanirhai  he  n-«^eiviil  a  iiie>s:iije 
reipiestiuLr  his  immeiliate  return  to  Ninari>o. 
llesetoiit  .VuL'Ust  Hith.  with  hi«  two  attendants. 
by  canal  furCliapoo.  and  then' eml'wrki-<lon  the 
litth  for  Niiii:|M>.  Havini:  sailwl  aUmt  twelve 
inilfs  they  were  attacke<l  by  pi.mles  aniieil 
with  swords  and  s|M-:irs.  One  of  the  iMmtmen 
who  was  near  him  states  that  while  the  pinites 
Were  maimini;  the  snitors  ami  ransackinir  the 
bii;it,  he  was  sitiinir  at  tin-  Ihiw  nailiii;.'  his 
porkil  Bible;  ;mil  as  they  wen-  in  the  act  of 
seiziuLi  him.  he  turned   himself  |>artly  nuind. 

and  threw  his  Bibl i  the  .hi  k.     Tlm-c  niiii 

.seized  him.  .-iiid  threw  him  into  the  soa  The 
Bible  was  a  copy  of  H-urster's  rimo  edition  in 
ill  brew,  (tieek.  and  Kiiiilisli.  the  same  mpv  be 
had  pieserved  with  irn-rit  dillieully  in  the  ship- 
wreck of  Ihe  •'Harmony."  The  dent  h  of  Mr. 
Lowrie  was  a  great  1«>»  io  the  luiwhiuary  cause. 


Il 


! 


^11 : 


liOWRIE,  WALTER  MACON 


878 


LYMAN,  DAVID  B. 


|{i'*li(>|)  Hdoiif  of  tlic  Episc()|)nl  ChniT'li  says: 
"  No  one  ill  Cliina.  1  licliuvi-,  ini>UMi>  his  loss 
as  1  do.  W'l'  wtTc  luj^i'lhtT  iliiily  for  two 
luoiitlis  1111(1  II  Imlf,  lalMniiiv;  toiri'tlit-r  in  wliiit 
nvi'ImpiIi  liclicvcd  to  liu  tlii'  most  ini|Miilaiil  mai- 
ler coiincclrd  Willi  our  Ma.sti-r's  raiiM-  in 
i'liiiia."  "No  one  in  Cliina  nroniistil  lo  do 
more  tV.r  llie  ciiiise  of  our  Divine  )la.-ttT  tlian 
lie."  "  With  re--|ie(l  lo  llie  li:i>|H'r  wortl  lo 
render  Tlnns  (God)  lie  took  a  proniint'iit  |virt 
in  the  diseiissioiis.  and  wrote  on  this  sultjeci 
one  of  the  alilesl  arlicles  tlmt  a|i|M'arf«l  in  llie 
•  Chinese  Ueposiloi  y.'  "  lie  was  daily  irrow- 
ins:  in  powei ,  and  the  field  ol  iisefuliiess  wxs 
eontiniiallv  <i|ieiiiiij;  wider  and  wider  litfoie 
liini."  "  \Ve  had  promised  eaeh  other  that  we 
would  labor  iniieli  lou;ellier  to  set  the  plain 
doelrines  of  the  eros.s,  liy  nieaus  of  tnicis,  N'- 
fore  this  people."  Mr.  Lloyd  sjiys:  •'We 
needed  liiin  to  oversee  the  press,  to  preiwre 
tracts,  to  assist  in  reviviin;ilie  Scriptures.  i;<hI 
had  endowed  him  with  a  nolile  inlellec-t.  a 
S')iind  judLiiiient;  had  liestowed  upon  him 
niueh  irraee,  and  had  eminently  titled  him  fur 
ji  hiiih  station  in  this  great  harvest  flelil." 

I..«>y>ill)  ImIiiihIn,  a  irroiip  in  the  Snilk 
I'aeitic,  eonsistini;  of  I'vea.  Lifii.  Toka,  nnd 
JIaie.  Lifii,  the  larL'e<l,  is  al>out  M miles  lonir 
and  'J5  liroad,  and  eoiitains  ii  |>opiihilion  of 
nliout  (i,()(M).  The  isiiiiid  is  of  «t)ral  formation, 
iind  the  thin  layer  of  soil  is  priKluetive  of  vege- 
tables and  fruit.  Fresh  water  is  easily  ol»- 
taiiied.  .Mare  lias  ahoiit  (i.tXMt  |)eople.  Uvi-ji 
is  a  cirele  of  ','11  islets  enclosing  a  lagoon  "JO 
miles  wide,  and  has  2.r>(M)  inhaliitants.  The 
islanders  heioiig  to  the  Melanesian  nuv.  and  each 
island  has  its  own  tongue.  C'lirisiianity  wius 
early  introduced  into  the  islands  liy  natives 
from  Uaidlonga  and  Samoa.  lu  1841  the  L. 
.M.  S.  sent  their  first  missionaries  to  this  tield. 
The  Freiieli  (iovernmeiit  instilutetl  a  comiuan 
daiil  in  the  islands  in  lf6l.  consiciering  it  a 
ilepeiideney  of  New  C'aletloiiia.  Under  their 
rule  the  Kiiglisli  missionaries  were  inierfere<l 
with,  liut  reinonstranees  from  tlieiiritisli  Uov- 
erniiKint  have  .seciireil  free  liberty  of  worship. 
The  stations  of  the  L.  M.  S.  are"  .Man-  (Ih^H, 
(iSH  ehuieh members;  Lilu  ( 184:{).  1  mlvsionary, 
'-'li  native!  ministers,  u'.iKH)  chureh-members: 
Uvea  (18r)()),  210  ehiireh-members. 

LlK't'ii,  a  town  on  the  northwest  mast.  17 
miles  weslsouthwest  of  .Montego  IJjiy.  .lam-iiea. 
West  Indies.  Mission  siaiion  of  the  Unite«i 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland:  1  missionary. 
'i  out  -tilt ions,  .i:iti  cliui'ch-members.  3  Snnday- 
sclioiiN,  AT>.\  scholars.  Also,  1  resident  liiptist 
minister,  and  a  church. 

I..ii<>kii«»iv,  a  city  in  Oiulh,  Northwest 
I'roviiices,  India,  on  the  Oumti  Kiver,  4'2  miles 
froiii  Cawiipiir.  l!)i)  finm  nenari-s.  (5(0  from 
Calcutta.  Viewed  from  a  distance.  I.iicknow 
presents  a  |)icluie  of  unusual  magnilicfntf  and 
architectural  splendor,  which  fades  on  neater 
view  into  the  ordinarv  aspect  of  an  Oriental 
town.  Ni'vertheless  it  U  one  of  themi»l  im|>or- 
lant  cities  in  India,  and  many  of  its  streets  are 
Itroader  and  finer  llian  in  most  Indian  towns, 
and  the  sanitary  comlilion  of  the  eily  is  con- 
stantly being  improved.  Popiilntiou.  "iSO.TTS. 
Mission  station  of  the  Church  Missionary  Sniely 
(lHr)tH) ;  3  missionaries,  'l  missionaries'  wives,  4 
schools,  4liH.seliolai's:  very  active  zenana  mission. 
84  comiminiuants.    Methodist  Episeuiutl  Church 


(North) :  2  mis.sionnries,  1  missionary's  wife,  1 
other  lady,  iiriiiting  establishment,  liigli-schiMil, 
«'tc.  Wesleymi  Methodist  Missionary  SiK-ieiv; 
'i  missionaries,  'JO  native  helpers,  «  itchools,  (}ft'2 
siholars. 

■..Il-Uilllt  :i  prefect iiriil  city  in  the  south 
rentnil  part  of  Sliansi,  China,  southwest  of 
Tai-yiieii  and  southeast  of  Tiingchaii.  .Misviim 
station  of  the  C.  I.  .M.  (IWT);  ii  missionaries  and 
wives.  1  fennile  missionary,  1  church,  ttcburch- 
ineinbers. 

I..iikiiii4>r,  the  largest  island  in  the  Mnrtloi-k 
Grouii.  .Micronesia.  'I'lie  Hawaiian  Kvanu'elical 
As>ocialion  formed  a  station  here  in  lST-1  by 
jin-achers  from  I'onape.  and  T  small  but  steadilV 
glowing  tdiigregations  have  been  L'allieriil, 
«-ompri>ing  (iOO  chiirch-menibers.  The  trans- 
lation of  tiie  New  Testament  into  MorlNK-k  was 
finished  in  1H84,  and  sells  very  well;  acopy  costs 
l.">0  ciK-oa-nuts. 

l>Mk«lt'lii(Liverpoon,  atown  on  the  Congo, 
West  Africa,  between  Stanley  Pool  and  Ivpiator 
station;  is  one  of  llie  ten  stations  which  have 
lieen  e.-tablished  aioiig  the  U|)per  Congo  by  the 
liaptist  .Missionary  Soeiity.  The  climate  proves 
favorable  to  Kiiropeans.  There  are  'i  mission- 
aries 


Missionarj-   Soeiely  (1 
only;  1  mi.s.sionary. 

■..iiiMiii,  a  station  of  the  S.  P.  G.  among  the 
Dyaks  of  Horiieo.  Kast  Indies  (1853):  1  mission- 
ary. KiO  coinmunieants. 

■..uxor,  a  town  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Nib',  Upper  Kirvpt,  li  miles  south  of  Karnak. 
Mis.sion  station  of  the  V.  P.  Cli..  U.  S.  A.  iX^TA): 
1  missionary  and  wife,  1  .school,  70  .scholars.  1 
church,  'i\  communieaiits,  33  Sunday-scholars. 
70  d.iy-scliolars. 

I^yiiiiiii,  l>avi«i  II.,  b.  New  Hartford. 
Conn.,  U.  S.  A.,.luly'.iiltli,  1803;  was  hopefully 
converted  to  Chiisl  in  cliildhoiHl,  and  united  w  ilh 
the  church  at  the  age  of  eighleeii;  gnidiiated  al 
Willi.inis  College  1S',N.  and  Andover  Theologi- 
cal Seiiiinary  i'<31:  sailed  November  •.'Otli.  the 
same  year,  as  a  inissjonaiy  of  the  A.  15.  < '. 
F.  .M.  with  the  fourth  iiiission.irv  company  for 
the  Sandwich  Islands,  re.ichiiig  lloiiolulii  .May 
17lll,  1>'3'J.  after  a  )iassj|ge  of  IT'J  days.  He  was 
stationed  at  Hilooii  Hawaii,  where  he  remi'iiietl 
during  his  whole  niissionary  life.  For  four 
years  he  was  associate  p;islor  with  Mr.  (Jreen. 
\n  ls3(i  he  coinnieiiced  the  Hilo  Uoiitdini:- 
scliool  for  boys,  designed  totr.iin  teachers  for  the 
coniiiioii  sclnM)|s,  It  was  also  a  maniial-laltor 
sclmol.  .Mr.  Lyniiiii  bad  the  charge  of  this  till 
1873,  "hen  bee.'iuse  of  his  advani-ed  age  he  re- 
lini|uislied  it.  'I'he  average  nuinber  of  piii>il* 
h'ls  been  54,  and  the  whole  number  educated 
during  the ','8  years  ending  with  isf,3,  IKIO  In 
graduates  are  found  .scattered  over  the  Hawaii:ill 
group,  and  a  large  miniber  have  become  s<  IkmiI- 
masters.  The  iiistitution  has  a  charier,  and  the 
missionaries  on  the  island  of  Hawaii  are  the 
trustees.     Mr.  Lymuu  was  very  active  iu  the 


LTMAN,  DAVID   B 


r.TH 


jrifiit  revival  ill  nrcucliiiiL'.  in  ailtlition  to  ti-ucli' 
iiiL'.  Ill;  WHS  hiL'lily  li'mnrcil  in  lii>i  old  iiirt'  I'V 
till'  pciiplc.  lie  (lied  ISM4.  au'clHl.  Imvim.'  s|h'IiI 
lil'Iy-lwo  ytiurs  in  tlif  iiii-sioti  ticlcl.  wilhoiit 
iiiicc  visiiiiii;  his  iiiilivc  land,  llis  fiiiu'ral  was 
allcnili'd  in  tlic  lari,'!'  Ililo  clnircli  liy  a  ureal 
asNcinl)ly  of  natives  and  Iuiimlmuts.  in  n-nii'in- 
liniMci;  of  liiiu  whom  tbcyjovwl  tocull  "  FiUlitT 
Lynmn." 

■..yiiiaii,   Henry,  b.  isio,  in   Massiiilm- 

sclls,  i:,S,,V.;i;ia(liiaii'dal  AinlnTsl  L'olU'i;e  IH-jO, 
Anilovcr  Seminary  is;c2;  studied  inedieiiie,  and 
sailed  with  l{ev.  Saiuiiel  .Mun'-on.  I'**},  under 
Ilie  A  li.  ('.  F.  M  .  with  instructions  to  explore 
the  Indian  ArehipehiL'o.  Iianilin<^  at  Hatavia, 
April,  is:51.  they  vi^iied  I'adani;,  the  Haltoo 
irroiip  of  I'^i'J  island--,  ^pendini;  there  a  month, 
and  eolleetinir  niueli  vahialile  inforinaiion. 
'I'lienee  they  went  to  Sumatra,  intending;  if 
praeticahle  lo  visit  the  IJatlas  of  the  interior. 
'I'hey  were  advised,  on  aeeount  of  rumors  of 
w.ir,  ilaiiLjers  from  wild  hi-as|s.  and  the  dilliculty 
of  the  journey,  not  lo  .attempt  it.  Hut  asolhei-s 
had  visited  the  interior,  and  th;it  lately,  with 
s;ifety,  they  ventured  to  proeeed,  and  .luiie  'i'-'A 
set  out  on  fool  with  a  few  native  .issistants, 
iiiiioiivr  them  an  interpreter.  SialiiiL'  daniceroiis 
precipices  iind  peiietratiiiir  dense  juni;les.  they 
reached  in  live  days  the  villiiixe  of  Sacea.  which 
was  at  w.ir  with  another  villaiie.  They  wen; 
soon  surrounded  hy  two  hundred  armed  men, 
and  thouirh  they  had  iriven  up  the  arms  which 
they  hail  taken  to  defenil  theiu  atrain-t  wild 
beasts.  .Mr.  Lyman  was  shot  and  Mv.  .>Iunsoii 
pierced  with  a  spear.  A  terrible  punishment 
w;i>  inllicted  on  the  murderers.  Tlie  |H'ople 
of  the  neiiihborimr  villa-res  hiivinu;  learned  that 
the  stianj^ers  were  L^ood  tuen.  who  had  come 
to  henelii  ilic   Batta  people,  leaguetl  toirether, 


L70NS,  LORENZO 

burnt  the  village  of  Siicrn,  killing  niaiiy  of  llm 
inhabit.ints.  and  destroynl  their  pirdens  and 
lieldN.  'I'he  death  of  these  men  |)r(Mluced  a 
deep  sensaliiui  throuirhoiu  the  Christian  world 
.Mr.  Lyman  published  •Condition  of  Females 
in  l'a;;an  Coimtries  "  The  Kheni>ii  .Missionary 
Society  in  1*^">1  established  amission  .imoni;  the 
Ituttas,  which  now  has  u  stations  itiul  l,.j(JtJ 
converts. 

■.•)'«>ll«,  l..or«'ll'/.«l,  b.  Colenune.  Mass.. 
r.S.A  .  April  isih.lsor;  liraduatedal  rni<mCol  • 
lejrc  lsu>7,  and  Auburn  Thcoloniea!  Seminary 
l"*:!!;  snileil  for  Sandwich  Isliinds.  as  a  ndssinii- 
ary  of  the  A.I!.C.F..M..  Novendier  •,'tilh,  IMil; 
was  stationed  at  Wainiea.  Hawaii.  He  residiij 
there  continuouslv  from  his  arrival  at  the  stii- 
tion,  .Inly  Itith.  1m:;',>.  till  his(h;iih,  .-,J  years  He 
iH'Vcr  visited  home,  anil  lor  the  last  twi-nty- 
ihree  years  of  his  life  never  lel'l  his  statioii. 
After  the  International  Sunday  schiKil  Lesson 
System  was  conimenieil.  .Mr  Lyons  preiiared 
the  Lesson  Helps,  Notes,  and  (^ueslions,  puh 
lished  ill  advance  in  a  weekly  newspap-'r.  At 
the  close  of  the  seven  years'  .series  of  lessons  the 
Hawaiian  Sunday-schools  testitied  their  iriate- 
ful  aiipreciation  by  a  present  of  ijl, ",'(•(•.  Ho 
invested  thi- money  in  publishiiii.'.  forllie  Use  of 
schiKils.  a  laijie  and  choice  select  ion  of  Sunday- 
.school  hymns  in  Hawaiian,  (tf  the  11','  hymns 
in  the  IxioU  used  by  the  Hawaiian  <  hurches, 
the  laii:e  majority  are  of  his  composjiion  or 
translation.  "Of  a  cheery,  ficnial  nature,  ho 
ha.s always  lieeii  greatly  beloved  by  his  mission- 
ary a.ssociates,  and  reveicd  by  the  Hawaiians 
for  his  amiable,  guileless  character,  and  for  his 
warm  iH'isonal  interest  in  them  imlividually, 
and  in  their  n.itioiial  prosperity."  The  lust 
.seven  months  he  sull'eieil  gretilly.  He  dieii 
October  0th,  1»S0. 


BSD  O"  VOL.   I. 


■' 


-mm 


>B: 


APPENDIX  A. 


A    DinLTOflRAPIIY    OF    FORETOX    IVFTSSTONS;    TIFINO    A    LIST   OF   BOOKS   AND 

PAMl'lll.KTS    ri'ON    .M1>SI()NAI{V    'VOlJK   AM>   WOKKKUS,   XHD 

L'PUX    IIIK   KKI.It.lDNf,.    KTIIN-  LoilV,   TOPoiiltAl'llV, 

AM)  <iH(>(;UAl'IIV   OF   .MISS.-ONAKV   LANDS 

DOWN   TO  THE  CLOSE  OF  MM. 

Coinpili'd  by  llic  Hicv.  Samiki.  .Mac.vui.ky  Jackson, 

Editor  of  the  Concine  DkUunary  of  IteliyioHii  KnowktUje,  N.  Y.,  1891. 

Assisted  by  the  Itev.  George  Williiim  Gihnore. 

Nc>TB.— Tlip  snnriH's  of  the  fi'llmvini;  list  an-  principally  llicsi-;  In  c'-nfi'iil  tlif  Ilrlrinh  Mtistnim  fntnlogur  nf 
I'riiitfil  llihiks,  l.iindun,  IH+J  s((ii.  l-'or  l)il(lk^^  In  KMKli!ili:  lln'  Kiiiilixli  ('iiliiliniur.  Lonclcin.  ISiH)  wici. ;  and  tlio 
J/iifi/riiii  fiiliiliuiiit,  S.  Y  .  IS-'il  s(|i|.  isciiTa!  sfiirsi.  I'lir  (Ji'irmin  honks:  /iii'liuiil  ItthhiitUnu  Tliniliuiirii, 
<)(ittiMk'>'n.  is<i»-ii(i.  a  Veils.:  Italiliiirnis.  I'filrstiiiilisrUr  it.  Kulliitlixihi'  Throhiiiir,  \a-\\i/.\k.  1k;0-MI:  unil  Hinricli's 
iwnii  annual  imris,  lifipzi^;.  lf<H.'>  s(|c|.  Knr  I'iimh'Ii  Ixiokx:  I.oivn/.,  I'liliiliiijui'  (iiui'itil  ili  In  hilninre  h'riini^niiie 
({•■I'Uis  1^4^^,  I'aris.  imJT  si|.|.,  ami  .1  SHlijrrt  liitlf\r  n/  llf  Mmlnn  Wnrhs  iiililnl  In  thi-  l.ilniiry  nf  lln-  Hiiliuli 
Mnitfiiiii  in  III'-  nuns  ISHIt  H."i.  <'unipile(l  iiy  (1.  K  I'oilfsoni-,  l..iii(li)n,  IMd.  Hcm,|i-s  iIihm-  j."i-inTal  ratalinriu-H,  the 
opfrial  line  on  missions,  hy  Dfaii  ,1.  Vahl,  l'o|>enlia>CHn,  IHsl,  wilh  snpplenienis  IMMj  anil  1  ft**,  and  tUr  <:iil<ilnyiie 
of  till-  HuitkK  in  llif  /"7>m//l';-.s(iivii.s<m  Mrmniinl  l.ilirilrn  nf  tin-  Uiiimil  As.-'nilil!ii  Cnllt'i/r,  Hrljiixl.  ilelfast,  IW7 
Ithe  las'  t«o  kinilly  snpplied  liy  Itev.  .lames  Johnslon,  Seureinrv  uf  Ihi'  Limilon  .Mi.-slonaiy  Conference  of  1WS|; 
the  Hililinlliiiit  (hifniiilis  of  Cliai'les  Kiel.leiiol.  Iioniion,  1s;il  w;i:  the  hnifiiin  Misniutiiiiii  Mnuviil  of  I'rank  S. 
Dohliins.  I'liila.  |I'<'*II:  atnl  oiher  snnrces.  have  hecn  nlili/.eil.  All  the  aliove  nientiiiiKHl  are  in  Die  iiiiili'isitined'ii 
possession,  and  tlieir  use  has  heen  made  in  his  lihrary.  Tht;  lesntl  is  a  litiver  collectttai  tlian  hu.s  e\er  hcfii  made 
of  titles  in  niissioiiiiry  hililio);i'apliy.  Ii  will  he  noticed  timt  tlie  prices  of  the  iHiiiks.  the  iiuinlier  of  vuliiines,  and 
tie*  si/i*  have  heen  >yiven  wherever  known. 

Thii  caialoi;ne  was  he/nii  hy  the  iindersii^ned  in  the  fall  of  1887.  It  orrew  tipon  his  liamls  until  he  had  coHecleJ 
Home  live  tlioiisHiid  titles  liy  request  of  its  seerelarv.  the  Itev.  James  Johnston,  an  aliMiact  of  it  was  printed  in 
the  re|>ort  of  the  ( 'onferi-nce  'Si'e  Weporf,  vol  I.,  pp.  4'<!I-.')IS)       Mr    Jolmslon  kimlh  sent  interleaiisl  copien  of  tliose 

fi.»,;»'s  to  vario;i*;  friniids  <if  niiHsit>ns,  who  made  some  additions  to  lite  list,  which  h;ivc  Iweii  incor|MirattHl.  Slitiiit. 
ated  hy  theotTer  of  the  piililisliers  of  tlie  ••  Kiicyclopa-lia  of  iMissioiis"  lo  print  itwiilioul  cost  to  the  iindei'si);ned, 
he  was  happy  in  secnrm^;  Mr.  (iilmore's  co  opei-ation  in  jjettinir  it  ready  for  the  press.  Then  when  it  appeared  in 
type  he  read  the  proof  and  made  mirueroiis  additions,  imiil.  wien  two  thirds  tiiroiich  what  turned  oiil  lo  he  an 
titiex|H*ctedly  loin;  lahor.  and  one.  too  of  an  except  ion  all.v  tr.\'iii^  kind,  and  cai'i'ieil  on  amid  many  distraction!*, 
the  comliiiiin  of  liis  eyes  olilit;e<l  him  to  ask  Mr.  (Iiliiiore  to  complele  the  prcmf  ri'adini;.  .NotnillistandinK  IIih 
Kr<'ai  pains  tjikiMi  there  are  doiiiiiless  errors  of  viiiious  sorts  in  tl\ese  lists,  and  oniissions.  some  serious  and  |i.i-s- 
in;;  «tranKe.  Kor  all  such  lapses  the  eompiler  hiv,'s  forK'ivein'ss.  and  w  ill  lie  ^'laletul  lo  thow  who  iioiiit  them  oiii. 
fo  Kev.  ('.  K  liillelt,  lilirarian  of  rnioii  Tlieolo;;lciil  Sciniiiary.  and  to  the  lilmiriaim  of  the  lihrarie.s  of  Ilio 
Americuu  Hoard  and  of  the  I'reshyterian  lioard,  the  three  lihraries  which  he  has  exainiii.Hl  for  titles,  aad  to  all 
who  hare  eocoiiraKed  hltii  in  his  lahon),  the  uuduriiiKUud  retiirnx  his  thanks;  but  chielly  to  Mr.  (iilmore. 

Saxi'kl  Macahjcv  Jackson. 


Ii.  =  London 

N,  Y.  =  New  York 


COMMON  CONTRAPTIONS. 
I!erl.  =  Herlin       I  Hresl.  =  liri'slau 
I's.  =  I'aris  I  l-pz.  =  I.eipzit; 

Slulin.  —  iStockholm. 


I  Chra.  = 
I  KbhD.  ^ 


Chrisllania 
■  CopenUugtiB 


I.  MISSlOyAIiY  JTLASES  AXD  MATS. 


Anker.      Missinnskort  over    Znliilander   (Missionncy 

inapof /nlulandl.     HerKeti,  IHTH. 
Aiiker.     Kort   over  Madat;askar  OIup  of    Mada^as- 

can.     Iteriren.  I^7.*». 
Allxs  der    ItlieiniHeheii    Mlssious-(«e«e!lsc1ii»ft. 

I.p/ . -.'d  e,  1S.->I.     Ko.     JMk. 
Ileiikrivelse   til    Missifiiiskortet   (Missionary   map 

Hiih  accoinpaiiviUk'  ilescription),     3d  ed.    Khhu. 

isilj.     With  map.    n.  e  .  1^73. 
Cliiiri'li    MlHsliiiinry  Allits.     I,.,   Ch.   Miss.   House, 

ISV.I      ;ihe.  iss;.     Kvo.     .Is.  (Id. 
4'olorirte  .Missliins-WeltkHrte.     liascl,  IK')?. 
Coltiiii  .V  Co.     Mis.sioiiarv  map  of  the  world.    N.  Y, 

Ko.    JJii. 
I>iiiirMii,  O.    (!eo|;raphv  of  India.     Madras,  1R41I-05. 

•J  liarts,  lOth  ed.  I,.,  Trilhner.  IH80.  IHino.  Is.  TmI. 
E.  C.  I..  Carte  d.-s  Missions del'Indo  Chine.  Ps.  IHTU. 
GriindeinHiiii,    V.    U.      .Mltfemeiner   Missions-Atlas. 

(jullia.  lH6;-ri.     4to.     *)  Mk.— KleMier  .Missions-At- 
las.    Calw.  uud  Slntti;.  1W:J.     -.'d  e.,  !»«>.    9.V. 
Jensiiii,  H.  11.     Mai>  of  the  Syrian  MisHion.     1.HT3. 
JuHenhaus,  .1.    Atlas  der   Kvantrelischen   Mlssions- 

(ieiiellseliaft/.ullasel.     Ku.     Uasel,  1)S5T.  ;ide.,  Itj59. 

to.    0.au.Mk. 


Maps  of  Missions  in  .\sIh  of  Am.  linptlst  Mis* 

s irv    L'liioii.      riiila..   Am.     lla|it.     t'u.,     ItitJl. 

$I..MI. 
Miipof  .MlHsioiiHofthe  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.    Bost.,  Cong. 

I'llli    Co.,  IMst. 
Moravian  .Atlas.     Ilethlehem,  Ta..  IK'it     Sl.OO. 
Iteichel.    I,.   T.     Jli-sioiis  Atlas  der   UrUder  Cnllat. 

Ilerriihut.  isiio.     I'o      t  M  Mk, 
KlieiiilHclier  MisHlons-AtlMs.     Bannen,  1878. 
.Sniltli,   iitn.     The  student's  ^t^ i);ri*pliy  of   British 

liiiiia.     I, ,  Murray,  1^^ — .     7s  lid 
Siid-Afrikii    ziir    I>iirstelliiiiK    ili-s   Geblets   <ler 

Herliner     Slis.sions  Ijesellschaft.      Berl.   INtW.      4to. 

1  .--I  Alk. 
Viihl,  .1.    Missionsatlas  nied  Forklarinir  (Missionary 

ma]),  with  ex|ilaiiatioii).     1-4.     |Atl«s.  and  4  vols. 

of     explanatory     matter      in      Danish.]       Kbhn. 

IHtWi. 

WHiiKeniiiiin.  Uhersichtskarte  OI>er  die  EvaogeV- 
ische  Mission  in  Slid  Afrika.     Berl.  1881. 

'Welt-Kiirte  der  MIhsIoii,  etr.     Berlin.  1871. 

M'erner,  O.  '».  J.i.  Katholischer  Missions- Atlas. 
KreiliuiK.  is"!      Jd  e..  lsp.->.     4to.    5  Mk, 

WyUl's  MIsHionnrv  AIImh.     L,  1S39.    Hvo.    14s. 


575 


Urn- 


ETHNOLOGY 


r.Tfl 


ETHNOLOQT 


II.  icTitxoLoav  OF  Missioy^inv  lands. 


Anicrlkii't  Norilwi-nt-Kflitle.  Nciirsif  K.ritclinissc 
>'tliiii>lci|;iM'lii'i'    lii'iwii.      Ilcrliii    (K('iiiiKlii'l>t'    Mil- 

wi'in.  isx:!.     Imi. 
A II It'll II II K  /ii  \\  is^ftwt'liarMlclirn  llrnluu'litun^fii  aiif 
lli'l^i'ii  ill  l':;ii/4'l  Alilianilliiii^-i'ii  vi'ifassi  (Ktliiii>liit,'ii- 
vim  A    HiiNilaii.     Aiillii'iiinilu^-li'   v.iii    II.  ViirliiiM  I. 
Ill  .aii-^Hiiti-liiri   Mill   (i.    Nfiiiiiavi'i-.     lii'ii.,  -i  aiill. 

Mi'l-I..    INK-*.       ■,'  V. 

i\"Mii'<>p<>l<>Kl<'>il  Siit'loly  of  >Vii»liliiKloii,    Ti'iiii- 

sarliiiiis,     v.'.'.     Wasli.  Siiiltlis.  Iiisl  .  IK"*-').     Jl.lHI. 
IliK'i',  (\  i;.  V.      rv|K's  |ii'iiii'i|iaiix  ill's  (IIITri'i'iits  lai'i'H 
liiiiiialiiiMlansli'sr>  iiiii'iii'Hilii  Mil  mill'.    St.  I'vlt'iKli., 

IM-'.I,       Kill. 

liiiK*'lii>l<  W.  I'liNsU'D  mill  |iii|ltli'H,  or.  IIiiuikIiIi 
nil  ilii'  aiilillriitli.ii  iif  Mil'  |irliii'i|ili'S  iif  "Xaliinil 
Si'li'i-I  JMii  '  anil  "  Inlii'i'ilaiiri'"  in  imlitiral  snrii-iv, 
I,  anil  N  V  .  I'^Ti.  I'-'niu.  $l.."iii  (iiT.  Iraiis.  liii' 
I'lsiiriiM,'  ilri-  Nalimii'ii  \.\i/...  IH'.i.  Kvii,  I  ink. 
I'linili  Man-.  I.nl-  si'|i'nlilli|iii'S  ilii  ili'Vt'liip|ii'iiii'iil 
ill"*  naiii'iis.     I'ans.  'iil  I'll  .  is;.'), 

liiiiK'i'ot't,  II.  II.  Nalivi'  liai'i's  t>t  Ihi-  I'arilli' Stiili'M 
111  N.  A ma.    San  I'r,,  Haiicioft.    ls;.'>    min.    Si). 

t-Mi        *l.."lO. 

llarriiH,  il,    on  llii'  Nativt's  nf  linliii.     L.,  Siiiipkiii, 

issi).     Hvii.      Is.  I'll  I. 
UuMtliiii,    .\.     Klliiiiiliinlsrlics  liilili'i'liiirli,  iiiit  crkliir- 

rliili'MlTi'Xl.    Ili'l'lin.  Iiilliilnli'l.  is;:.    Kn.    I'.'inUs  — 

Vi'lkiTstiirniiii' am  ni'iiliniiiiiiiira.     Itrrl..  IMiininli'i', 

lKs.'l.     i^vii.     (link.     Dli' \Vrl(  ill  iiiivii  S|ili'i:i'liini:i'ii 

aiiC  ili'iii    Waniicl    iles    Vr'li<i'tt:i'il;inki'tis.      HtTJiii. 

IiiiininliT,    l.-i'T.      Hill.      !l    inks—liir    Viilkri-    ili'S 

iisUii'lii'ii    Asii'ii.     I.pz..   IsCiit      I'f.     .'i   V.     «vi>.     Iii« 

lii'iliu'i'  Sairt"  ilri'  I'lilviii'siiT.  Kiisiiiii)'oiiii'  iiiiil  Tlii'o- 

^'iiiiii'.     I.pz..  lss|.     svii.     li  ink. 
]iniiiii|;iii't<Mi,>l<>li,     Pit'  anssi'ri'iii'iipiiiM'lii'ii  VrlkiT. 

Cassi'l,  Ka>  .  |ss,"i,     Svn.     l..'Klink.     Kin  Spii/ii'i  k'a:i|; 

iliiivli     ilir     Mnliaini'ilaiiisi'lii'      Wfll.       SliiIlKiiri, 

Hii'Ki'r.  I'*'*..     Kvci.     .'link.     .\ini'ilka.     Kini'   hIIiiio- 

Ki'iipliisclii'  Itiiiiilreisf  ilnrrli  ili'ii  Kiintiiii-nt  iiiiil  ili'J 

AiilillHii.     Siiitlk'iut.  Hii'iiiT,  I.SS'.'.     Svii.     ,',  ink. 
BclU'u,   li.  \y.  •!.     'lilt'   Itai'i's  (if  AfTKliaiiistiiii.     I. , 

'riiililliT.  ISKII.     Svn.      Ts.   (ill. 
Ili'rillloii,    .\.     I.i's   iiui'   samnk'i's.     T's.   IW'J.     Kvo. 
lilililiilpli,  .1.    I'rilii's  111'  Mil'  lliiiilnn  Knnsli.    L.,  Ti'Uli- 

lli'l',    issil.      Svn.      I.'is. 
Illiiiiiriilrllt,    I''.     Vi'isiii'li   riiiiT   Kllini  j-niplili'  drr 

i'liiliiipini'ii.     IIitI..  I'l'li'i'iiiaiin,  |ss-.". 
DuiiwU'k,  fl.     (iiir    iiatinnalllirs:    m',    win)    arc    tlio 

Irish,  Si'iilcli,  Wi'lsli,  anil   Kiijclisli  ?     N.  Y.,  Scrili- 

ni-r  .V  W,.  IHMl,     i-jnin.    J-J.mi. 
Itnii'i',  ('.    I,.    Hai'i's  of  ilii'iilil  Wiirld:  A  Manual  of 

Klliiiii|ii|.'y.     I,.,  Mnrra^v,  |sii:t.     -Jt'..  lSi;!l.     Kvn,     Us. 
Ili'H.v,   (liiiK.     iManiial   nl'  .MitlirnpnloKV.      I...    Loiit;- 

iiiniis,  IKTl.     H\i>.     (is. 
Brown,   l{«l>.    'I'ln'  I'l'iiplns  of  llie  Worlil.     L.  .<:  X. 

v..  Ciisst'll,   |SM-,'-ti.    liv   Mm,  ea.  Th.  (kl.     Tin-  Raoi'S 

nfMankiiiil.     I,.,  Ciissi'll.  IH^.f  «.     4  v.  in '-',  4tii,     'Jls. 
lliK'liiiFi',  I.,     Man    ill   lilt'  past,  pri'sciil,  iiiiil  fiitliiv. 

I...  I'';'^.     Mvn. 
BiirgcKS,  K.     What  is  tiiitli  *    Iminiry  Into  tlii-  nntiii- 

iiitv  anil  iiiillv  nf  ihi'  liiinian  riu'f.     N.  V.,  CYnwcIl, 

1N;!(.     I'.'inn     Si  .'ill. 
Burton,  |{,  I".    Siiiilli.  anil  tin-  nu't'n  of  the  valley  of 

Ihi'  Iniliis.     I...  Alli'ii.  IS.'il      Svn.     l-.'s. 
Cabi'll,  .1.  I„    Ti'siiiiHiiiy  nf  inniliTii  science  to  the 

iiiiilv  nf  iiiankiiiil.     N.  Y.  IN.TO.     p>iiiii, 
CiiHpiirl,   O.    liic  l"ii.'i'scliii'liic  tier  Mciisclu'it.     Lpz. 

isr.1.    'J  V.  Svn.     11  ink. 
CHiivin,  Cli.     MC'innlrcsiir  Ich  races  de  rOc<iaiile.    I's. 

iss',>,    r,  rr. 

Cliristlltth,   T.    The  Iniliiltriilsh  npiiiiii  trniloaml  Its 

I'lTi'iis.     I'.iiL'l.   nans.     I,,  Nisliet,  IHTll.    I'.'nin.     ',>«. 
ClirlHliiiiinn,   Fr.      Aiistralien.   (it'scliiilile  tier  F.nt- 

ilfckiinnsieiseii  mill  tier  Kolonlstitinii.     Lpz.    IHTO. 

•,'il  I'll.     ISSO. 
Cliiirrli,  It.  \y.    Civilizatinn  liefnrennil  after C'hrlstl- 

aniiv.     1...  IMai'inillan,  isr-,'.     I'.'inn.     is. 
Cliirk,    K.    t..     Hat't's  nf   Kiiropean   Turkey.     N.   Y., 

Iliiilil        ISTH.      Svn.      fliMl 

Clnrke,  II.     Karlv  hislnrv  of  the  Mediterranean  pop- 

lllallnlis.      1..    ISS'.i.      Svn. 

ContrlliiitioiiN  In  Nnrlli  American  KtlmoUufy, 
llli'm.'!-.  ami  lli'iijinr.  Siiivey  nf  Ilie  Itni'ky  ^Iniiiituin 
I{et;inni.     Wasliinntnii.  IH^T  st|i(.     4io, 

CroziilH,  J.  lie.  I.i's  1'eiillis;  <''liiiled'etlilioloKie  afri- 
•  'aine.     I's.  ISR'i.     H\„.     fi  fr. 

Curr,  K.  !»l.  The  .Aiisiriilian  race:  its  origin,  Ian- 
Kiia^e,  ciistnins.  places  nf  laiiiliiiK  In  Australia,  and 
the  rniites  liv  wlilrli  it  spifail  itself  nver  Unit  (!iiii- 
tlnent.     I,,  isss,    :i  v.  Svn.     Vnl.  Iv.  4tii. 

OUKt,  It.  N.  Sketch  nf  the  miiilern  iBiiiruaiJes  of 
Africa,  with  laiii.'iiai.'e  map.  I...  Trilliiier.  18m. 
8  V.  8vo.  ','."«.-  The  Uncfsaiid  I  .a  ni»iia>ces  of  Oeeau- 
Ica.    Fr.,  traiisl.     I'.s.     ISW.     rJiiui.    a.50  fr. 


Iliiltoii,  I'.ilud.  T.     Di'scriptivi' Klliliii|n>,'y  of  llenicill. 

I,,.  Trllliiii-r.  IHS-J,     Mo.     I'.Tis. 
Drake,  s.   (i,      .Miori^inal  iiiceH  of   Norlli  .Viinrira. 

riiila  .  Iii'silver.     Sm.     51  iKi, 
Kiirl,  ti.  \\,     Native  iiicis  of  tlie  linlian  .VrcliipeliiK'n. 

Papuans.     I..     ]s.');t.     I-Jnm. 
KlIlH,  A.  II.     'I'lie  Tslii  sjiiakiiik' IH'iipli's  nf  Ilie  (InId 

I  nasi  nf  Wist  Africa,  their  ii-ii^inii,  iiiaiiiii'i-s.  t'lis- 

Inins.  laws,  lanu'iiap'.  elc.     I..  ISST.     Svn. 
Krilniiiiin,    l''r,  V.     ri'liersichl    tier  lllli'sten    tUikls- 

t'lit'M,  tatai'iM'lien.  iiiiil  Miiit,'hnlist'lii'n  Vi'ilkerstjiinnie 

nai'li  lia-i'liiil  I'll  liin's    Viii'Kaiiiie.      Kasaii,    ls4l. 

Svn.     I  I  ink.  I 
I'.llinoerapliic   .Itliis:  niapH,  with  exiilaiiat inns.     N 

\  .  \Vil.-,\      it.i.    <<:i.','.',. 
KtliiioKriiplitsclie  rriiKel>U|;<'ii  i  Vienna  Antlirnpo- 

l"l.'    lii'M  llsfliull  1,      \\  It'll.   ISSI  si|i|.     Svn, 
reHllieriiiiin,  .1.     SiH'ial  hisiorv  nt  llie  lacts  nf  mall 

kind      I,..  Tililiiifi-.  issi  N|i|.  '  Svn.     ,'a. '.'Is. 
I''ii;iil<'r,  I.oiiIn,     Tlie  human  rati'      N.  Y.  IsT'l. 
J''liKler,     lleiliiikre  ziir  Klliiinuraphie  Kleina-iens  tind 

llie  llalkanhailiinsel.     Ilii'sliiii,  is;,-,      s^,,.    i  nik.-- 

Kthnii|nt:isi'lit'   KnrscliiiiiKeii    iiiiil   .Stiiilien.     Svieii, 

iss-.i      itn.     l.'Jii  mk. 
Flower,  \V.   II,     Haces  of  men,     (Science  h'ctiires.) 

|1^MM      Svn. 

Force,  M,  I',     Karlv  notices  nf  the  Iniliaiis  of  nliio. 

Til   what     rare   did    tlie    iiiniiitil-liiiililcrs    lieinii^  v 

Clhcitihali.  ( 'larke.  is;i.l.     svn.     .'lOc. 
Frictliiiiiiiii.     llie  ( 1st  .Vsialisiiie  Iiisehnlt.  I.pz.  1silS. 
I'ritseli,  (i,     llie  K.iii|.'i'liiii't'iii'ii  Silil- Afrikas.     Kllinn- 

irni|iliivcli    iiiid    analiMiiiscli    licschrielieii.       Itresl. 

is;.'l.     tin.     ;.•,  ink. 
<iunllioipe,  K,  ,1.     .Notes  nil  criminal  trilies  residiii); 

ill  or  tit'i|iit'iitiiiK  the  llninhay  Presiileiicv.  Ilerar, 

and   the  Ceniral   I'rnviiices.      Hondiay,  1SS.I.    Svo. 

:t  r. 
Iliirtnuinn,  11,    Hie  Vtilker  Afrikaii.    Bvrl.  IMTB.    Hvo. 

hr.  tiaiis.  |S,sii.  Ps. 
Ilai  IvIk.    Natiiit'ii  ai;  Jlfiiiieskcllvet  I  del  hi'ile  Norden 

I  Natnit' and  hiiinaii  life  in  the  far  Nnrtlii.    Tratisl. 

liv  I    .liiisen.     Kliliii.  IHi'iil. 
1l4'4'(ieu elder,   «ltilin,     llistnry.  manners,  and   ciis- 
tnins nf  the    Indian    natiniis   \vl nee  inhaliiled 

I'eiinsvlvaiiia,  etc.    I'liila.,   Lippincnlt,   ISTii.    Svo. 

?:t..''iii.  ■ 
IlellU'iild,  F.  V,     Pie  Krile  iliid  ihrc  Vi'ilker.     Bllltt- 

Kiiit.  isvt;,  3e..  iss;t- 1.     Svo.     I.'>  mk. 
Ilteklsi'li,  V,     liJH  Tungiiseii.     Dnrpat,   18X0.     Svo, 

'.'  mk. 
lloilHon,    lirlan    II,    (in    the  alioiiKines 'of   India. 

K.ssav  1st,  on  the  Kncch.  IK'idn,  and   Hlilmal  Tribes, 

in  :i  parts.    Calciitlii.  twlT.    svn 
IIoiikIiIoii,  It.C,     Wnineii  nf  the  ( irieiit.    Cincinnati, 

llllilicnik,  ISTS.      I'.'nin,      J-.'.(Xi. 
IlovKliirqiie,   A.     Lcs   Haces    hiimaiiies.     I's.     18S'.'. 

Svn. 

lltiuortli,    II,   II,     Some  notes  on  the  Hiiiis.     I.eiil. 

iss.-,  Svo.     |l.-.'.-niik.| 
Jessnii,  II.    II.     Wiiini'ii  of  the  Arabs.     N.  Y.  Tindd, 

is;.-l.     I'.'inn.     J'J.iiil.- Cliildrennf  the  Kast.     Unstnii, 

Cnin;,  I'lili.  C'n.     Ii'iinn     1«K'. 
Jolinen,  A.  .1.     Pmiifs  nf  the  unity  and  recent  orijiiu 

nf  thehniiiiin  lai'c.     L.  IHI'l.     Svn.    Os 
Joliiiston,  W.  &  A.  K,     Ilandlinnk  to  ,IoIiiiston's  il- 
lustrations of  tv|»'s  of  natiniis.     Kilinli.  ,(  I..  1881. 

Svo. 
Kt'ttiiv,  A.  II.     Cctilral  .\merica.  the  West  Iiiilies.  and 

Smi'li  Ainericii.     V.'iih  i'thiiii|ni;ical  appendix,     ilii 

Slaiifoid's  coiiipi  niliiim  of  (jeofiapliv  and  travel  i 

N.  Y.,  Scriliiier  .V    W.,  18;s.     '.!  v.  Svo,  f'Jl.lKi.     Kn- 

rope,  with  eihnninftical  apiienilix.     (In  Slanford's 

conipeiidinm   of  KenKiaphv  and  travel.)    I,.  ,V  N. 

Y  ,  Seriliiier  *  \V  .  ISS.',.     '.'is. 
KiiiK,    W.    K.     The  Alinrl»rinal  Tribes  of  the  Niltriii 

Mills.     I.    18T(I.    Svn.    (A  paper  before  the  Aiilhinp- 

nlnnical  Society.^ 
KIpiii,  «1.     .Mliremeine  ('iilliirBescIiiclite  der  Mensch- 

fit.     I.iiz.  18.')'.'      1(1  V.  Svn,     liTTIi.     Thjur. 
Leliinil,    I',    (iodfrey.     (ivpsies.      Kost.,    lInii);htoii, 

:Mif  ,  188','.     1','inii.     Ji'.'.mi. 
I.«Kson,     I.i's   I'olynCsiens,  leiir    ori^riiie.  leiirs  niiiria- 

tiniis.     fttinle  .'  .  lies  races  tie  la  l'olyiii''sii'  an  point 

lie  vue  lie  relliiinlni,'it'.  tie  raIithiii]iiiliiKi<'    .  .     1'". 

187!!.     Vnl.  1.,  8vii,  l.'i  fr.     Vol.  Ill,,  |8S:J,.  I.'i  fr. 
Letoiirneaii,  V.     .Sncln|o(rv.  based  iipnii  t'lliiini.'iapliy. 

Trails,    bv    II.     M.   Trnllnpe.     1,.,   I'liapnian,    1881, 

Svo.      IDs.' 
I.ewin,  T.  II.    Wild  races  of  So.  Eastern  India.    L., 

Allen.  1870.     Svo.     lOs.  tkl, 
I.IkkIiih.    oriental  Picture  (Jallery.    N. 'Y.  1889.    4to. 

Jl.ci), 
Luliliock,  J.,  Sir,    rreliistorlc   times.   Illustrated  by 

ancient  reiiiuiiis  and  the  iiianners  anti  cnstmns  of 


STHNOLOOT 


577 


TRAVELS,  GENERAX. 


mo<1)-rn  HnviiKM.    L.  187S,  4th  wl  .  1'*7S.    IS*,  rep. 

N.    Y  .    A|i|.li'l..ii.  1H79.     Hv<>     ♦.'.!«) 
LiK^y-l'iiitioiii'lxii,    I*.  iIk.     Kthni>K>»|>iii>'  ilc  r.Vini''- 

i'li)iit'  aiitai<-iii|iii'.     l'a(iiK*>nH,   AiiuicanifiiH,    t'lir- 

(fifiiK.     I'H    t-^KI      Mil      ft  fr. 
>lH<'li-iir,  4i.  K.     TIhMVIIs. —  I'lii-  Knu'lixli.-'I'lii-  Nmlh- 

Tln'Slii\H.  X.  Y..  I'liil.  is; II     Kiu'h  Itiiiiii.V'.  IV 

>liti'->>*lll,  N.     I.I'  xi'uodl  ra/./i'  ilil  uiiiiiiiilii.     Huiiu'. 

I--SII.       N\.i 

.'tliitllK'Uo,  WiiHliliiKlini,     KlIiniilnKy  uiiil  |ihiliiliii;v 

i.r  llli'  lli.llll>.ll  lllilllllls.  I,.. 'l'-(lliliiT,  IW-J.  hvu    3s, 11.1, 
MlH«ii>iiitry     I'irliii')'   <i»llery:    lllii.sii'iilidiiH    tiiuii 

lliiiish  '\ini'i  ii':i.  Mwluiiii .Ian  cniiiilri^.i.  Africa. 

ami  Ni-»  Z<.>nlaii<l.  Ilimluii,  lliiiiKbton, U»K<"><I'^  ^''>. 

II. I      ."iill'. 
Meliili'k)-.  ('.  K.    DIh  sa.lv.'.lk.'i-  imd  doM  Clii-istiin- 

iliiiiii.       Kill!'       I'lliiiiiKniiilii^i'liii       Unli-i'Kii.'liiiiiK', 

I'ri'iizl.iii.  ISII.     ,Hvi>,     1  Til.     Ill  Si;i-. 
MiM'ciio,    I',    r.     1,1  I'Mtiiiliii  ili'l    lii'iiiliiv  Siiil.Viiii-ri- 

caii.i.     Iiiii'iii.s  Avrrs.  Im;h      sv.i. 
MorKKii,    I.,   il.     ,\m.'li'iit  s.icirly:  ivst'imluM  in  tli.. 

liii.'s.if  liiiinfiii  priijfn'HH  ri'iiin  ..tivaK*^ry  t<i  I'ivili/a* 

II..1I      N.  v.,  llcilt.  IMTV.     Mvd,     Jl.iHI 
Miillcr,    Fr.      Alli.'i'iiH'iiie     Ktlinnt,'i'apliii'.       \  icMiia. 

I-;'.I      svii      Kilimnrraphlt';     Ki'K.  n    .I.r    l-n-HMlli- 

N.nara.     .Viillir.ipnl.iKNi'li.-r  Tliii  I       Vi.-iiii,i.    Hiw. 
Obt'i'iaiKltT,    Itinh.     Fn-ni.l..   V.^IUrr.     Ktliii.ik'rapli. 

Iwlii-  Si'liililiTiiinri'ii  aim  .iHraltt'ii  ini.l  iii'Iihm  Wi-lt. 

I,pz.  KliiiMianli.  issj.  snn.    Kn.    ra.  I  ,.'"1  niU.    . 
OIllvlni'-Hviniri'Karil.      kiiohnilr   <■!    Tiliei.     Kin. In 

.r.ilni.inrapliir  aiiclfiini'  ct  iniKU'nie,       P».    lH,s^l. 

xv.i      .'.  Ir 
I'liiiilor,  .1,  T.     KiliMcliiity:  n  liintnrv  and  (iHni'al.iity 

.'t  III..  Iiiiinan  rini-.    I,.,  Haillii'ii',  IHSO.  I'.'iii.i.  :ii.  ti.l. 
l>iit(i<<>>n,    s.    It.     lliiH|ifl    KlIiiiiiloKy.     U,  Kel.   Tr., 

|s»;.     -.'.I  ...I,  IHHS.     Hvci.     -Jm.  ltd. 
I'aiilltzsi'liktt,   I',      HeltrilKi'  znr  Kiliiii>i.'nipliii'  nn.l 

.\iiilii''.p'.|.it.'ii'    ili-r   Sniiiali,    (Inlla,    iind    llarrari, 

l.p/,  li.sii.     Fill.     10  ink. 
IV-i'lD'l,  Oitcar.    Vi'ilkrrknnde,  ljpz.,a.  e.,  IDHS.  8v». 

■  ',■:  nik. 
rii'Kcrliii;,    (iinH.     Hai-i'M    nf    Manklml.      I..,   Itnlin, 

isr.l.      II. I.      n.  I',.  1K.-III.     Sm.     7h.  lid. 
riM'-i'lii*,  T.     nil- Arier.     .Ii'iiii,  1S7H.     Hvo.     .^  ink. 
Pi'Irliitrd,  .1.  V.    Tilt!  natnial  liistury  nf  iiiaii.     L.  4  e. 

l--,-,,-|,     •.'  V,  Hv.>.     Wn. 
rriiiiiil    <l<'    ItoHHuy,   I*.    \jeH    popnlalliiiiM    Daniilii 

iMlllis.     Vs.  \<iH-i.    4to. 
Oiiatri'l'nK<'Hi    .\.   (I«.      Riip|Hirl  siir  IfX  pruKn^s  de 

I  antlimp.iliiUir.     l'n.  IWT. 
Kiic<>it  <if  iSlHnand   lhi*lr  i,'<'<<Kraplili  ill  illHtrilintitin. 

N.  Y.,  Applcton,  IS7II.     K'in.i.     $•.'  J."!. 
ItHii,  ('.     Articles  no  anlliriipiiliinlcal  siili.|.'ul»  r.mlrili- 

nlfil  t.)  tilt'  annual  rt'porlM  nf  llit>  Sniillisnnian  In- 

siii  .  ISill  rr.    Wash..  Siiilllis.  Inst..  iw,«.    Sv...  |..ii,. 
Khvhi'Iv.  II.    On  tliH  TnrkH.  Taltars,   and   Mn>;lials. 

SI.  I'fltTHli.,  18T!I.     Xvi).     fH..-illmk.| 
Itltlii'li,  .V.   F.     Hit-  Kilinni;riipliie  Kiisslaiid's.     Itt-r- 

llii.  I'fl.M-niann,  IXTH.     It... 
Sittiil-OpnyH,   llervev.     ('..lli't'tinn    filiii.iKrapliiipu' 

pli..t.iKiaphil''i'.     I's'.  lH«4stiij. 
Hrlii'iilic,    H,    Hit-    AiiKM.      \ tiknliaina,    lSh3.      Fnl. 

lYfti  i.| 
Scliiii«lt/,tl.  D.  K.,  iiiiil   Kriiiisf>.     Ii|f  f>tlMiri(,'rapli> 

isi'h  ])nllirnp.il.>^M.st'lii'     .•Mitlii>llnni;     .h's    Ai.isenni 

ll.i.li'lTr.'V.     Kin    IleitraK  znr    Kiindi'  tier  SUdseu- 

V.ilk.'r.     Ilainlinrd,  ISHi.    a,',  ink. 
ScliiK'lilfr,  W.     IHh  Natnrv.ilki-r.  Missvt'r«tlliiiliiis«H, 

.^lissdi'iitniiKi'ii  iiiid   .Mi^NlninilliniKfii.    I'liilerburn, 

IKtXMl.    2  prls.,  Svo.     10  ink. 


SrhrmliT,  «).   rilf  KItMrp  /fltclnllii-lliinir  di^  ImloKer- 

iiLilll^i-lli'ii  V.ilkt'4      Kfil    I^IM      hvii.     I  ink, 
N<'liurli(«r-l.i'rvli<-ufHlil,    A.    v.       Uiinnian    lilniitl 

iikiM.i  Itilk.  Fri  ii\t'iKuiiuiUKo(KK<'iliis.  Siiickliliu. 

IKsl      Mv,i.     U. SO  ink  I 
HeiiiiKT.     liiH  HhlllppiiieD  uiid  iliri' ItfiwoliUfr    Wiir» 

I.IIIV.  IMId*. 
SliiiHitii,  Wa.     HlHtorynftliXKypxIeH;  Willi  H|KH'iiiit*iia 

<il   ilii'  Kv|wy  laiiKnuKf.     N*  V.,  Mlllur.    '.'i.,  IHTti, 

i.'iii..     *:.in<. 
Hmltli,  \V.  K,     Kinsliip  aiitl  innrrlacvliiuarly  Arulila. 

I'ainlir.,  I,.  ,V  N.  Y  .  I^V..     -vn.     7m.  M. 
8nillli»i>iil»n    Inittltiitlaii.     Uiirt'Hii  ..f   F.tliii..|ii|{y, 

I'lilili.'ntii.im,  aud  KeporU.       \VaHliint;iL>u,   U.  0., 

lsStl«|.        111). 

Sparlit,    K.    .V.   K.    ▼.     DiiH   ■''I'.lliuiil    AhIi'II  Kiimpa 

nil  I   s V..|kfr  Slaiiiin.v     Itt-i  i.  IHT'.i.    hvii.  (link. 

.Hpt-iii'iT,  iliTlici't.  lii'M'iipiivt'  Mii'iiiliiKy,  I,  ,  WIU 
ll.lllM  .V  N,.  !■»;  I  s.|.j.     H  pl'ls.,  NVfl      5h   tt>',*ls  t^i, 

sriill,  U.  /,iir  KtliiiiiKnipliif  derl<4-pnlilik  llimt.'inala. 
/iin.ll    l^■l^      Mvo, 

Tviiipl«,  II.,  sir  Asia.  Willi  (•fhn(il..itlcal  apin'n. 
ilix,  I  III  Siaiiriii-'l  s  I'Liiipt'iidiiiiii  ..f  iffiiK'iiipliy 
ami  lia\.-l.i     I..,  .V  N.  Y  .  .St'iiliiifr  ,v  \V..  l"-,-.'.     -JIk. 

Tiiiiiiiai'lit'k,  \V.  KiliDiilii^'isc'lif  F'.rwIiiinKi'n  (Uiur 
.S'lir.l  .\^.il■ll.  Wifii.  Iliildir,  IHNI.  Km.  •.'  iilk.^ 
Kiliii.ii.iL'lHi'lii-  l'iirscliiini,'fu  (liter  (.IhI  Kiirii|ia. 
U  it'll,  li.il.lfr.  lv.1.     Hv.t.     i  ink. 

Topliiiird,  i'liul.  .\lilliio|>i>ln;{y.  PrvfaCf  liy  P. 
HiiHM  Traii^l  liy  It  T.  H.  llartlt'y.  I'lilla.,  Lip- 
pin.... it,   isrs.     8vii,     $-.Mi(l. 

TriitnlMill.  11.  C.  The  I1I11.1.I  euveiiaut.  N.  Y.,  l!4HS. 
Svii,     S.'.Oii. 

(JfaUy  lie  'tli'/U-Kllveiil,  «'.  K.  !.>••<  T),i<-liklni,  tftn 
\'t'.p^*'s.  It's  iiiitiipiii.'H  tliiiKi  .iiif^ritMiiifi*  t'f  hIiiI- 
qiit'rt,  prl'.t't'.ilt'K  .It'H  r^snltiils  antlir(~)|H>ltiKifpi.-i4  tl'iin 
viiyaK"  fii  Asif  I't'iitralf,  I's  iH^n.  hv..  l.-i  fr.— 
AllaM  aiitliriipt.l.ii'iipie  dt.»i  ii..|i|ilfH  df  F.irKhuiint. 
l"n,  l>f«l,  "^v.i.  10  fr. -Kxpi'ilit|..n  Htifiitilltpi.- frail- 
naisp  Hii  UiiHNif.  I'll  SiliC-rie  ft  tlanx  le  Tiirkt^tnu. 
f(..«nlliils  Hnllir..piili)Klipies.  .  .  I'm.  ISNii.  Hvo. 
:i..Vi  fr. 

VaiiiliAry,  II.  Sittfiiliil.ler  an  dt-m  MurKenlaiide, 
•|1..||.  IHTi;      Hv.i.     ti  ink, 

Vaiiil«rkiii<l«r<*,  l„  l:f.'lii'ri'lit.H  siir  rethnnloKle ds 
la  ll..li:i.jii..      Ilnixfllfs,  1^79  ISIK). 

Velh,  I'.  J.  .lava,  >ri'":-'r.iplii-.i'li.  ethnolonlwh,  hl»- 
ii.riM'li.     Ilaarlfin.  IHT.VH'J.  .1  parts,  Hvo. 

VoKt.  I.'iirl.  V.,ilfwin(ti'n  (lli«-r  .It'ii  Mensflifii.  sflim 
sit-lliiii);  iiiilerxchiipriinKniid  imlerinitiir.  (iit^ssfn, 
isf.i.     ■.'  Vlll. 

Wiillx,  T.      .\nthr<iiMilii(rli»  dt-r  \atiir-v.".|kf 


ls.v.Mr..    .^v.  Hv.t.     UTh.    7U  Kr. 
Watsiiii,  .1.  F.,  niKl   Kuy,  .1.  W.     Rat 

..f  llin.l.Kistan.     L.,  Allen.  I«tW-70     4 


'HS  and 

V     lit). 

Kthnnliigy  nf  the  PaclliLV    I. 


Lpz. 

trlliea 

innn, 

,  IK79. 


U  hiliiK-e,  M.  .1. 

Hv. 
WietiTsliflin,  K.  viHi.    Oenchlchto  der  V.ilkfrwaii- 

iliMiiiiL'.     I.pz.  is.-.ii.    Kvo.     15  mk. 
AVilliaiiis,    a.    W.     lUstiiry  of   the  Ne^rn  Ka(i>  in 

Anifrif.i.    KJI'.I-ISHO.      N.   Y.,   Putnam,    18h-J.      v!  v, 

Mv.i.     $7.1)0. 
Wilson,   ,1.    Triht's  and   lAniriiaKeg  of  the  R.imliay 

l'r.'si.lt.iii-y.     H..111I1   1«7I.     4to. 
WimhI,  ,1.  O.     l!iii-ivilizH.l  raffs;  or.   natural   hidtory 

nf  man.     Itaitforil.  1S70.     Svti.     $fi,Oil. 
'WomU,    J.    I>.    Kativf    trilifs   of    Sniiib   .\iistraliA. 

Ailflaiilf.     II,.  \Vi>.«ls.)     lS7n,     8vo.     His. 
YeiitinHn,  J.   P.    Slifiiiitif  origin  <if  llif  nations  ol 

WfHteru  Europe.     L.,  Bums,  1S79.    8vo.    ba. 


;i 

I 

i:' 


///.     TRAVELS  J.V  MISSinXARY  LANDS. 


I.  Okskiiai,. 

Alinliulf  IIk  lliiitorlo  kvit  lif  Ihit  til  T,ands  i>i;  LnniU 
fllfi'  Sainliin.'  ..f  Kfisflifskrivflsfr  .  ij.'iifnil  hi-;- 
tnrv  i.f  IravfU  l>v  land  aii.l  liv  sfa;  n  iiill.H'ti.ni  nf 
travflsi.     I-IJ.     Tiiinsl.  tr KiikI      Klilni    I74K  .V< 

AliiMWortli,  \\.  V,  All  n.nn.l  tin-  wiirl.l:  r.'i'.inl  nf 
vii\a>;t'S,  Iravfls.  r.iid  aihi'iitinvs.  N'.  ^'.,  Piitnani. 
1K7II.  4ti).  JI^.W.  — Kartli  tlflim'atfil  with  pen  ami 
iifni'il:  ii'fiiril  nf  viiyB»!fS.  travfls.  ami  a.lvfntiins. 
N  Y,  HiinilfiiKe,  IH^'i.  Ilo.  Sinim.  WamlfriiiKs  in 
evfiv  iliiiif ;  iir.  vnvntrfs,  travels,  ami  ailvfiitiirfs 
all  riiimd  llio  world'.  X  Y.,  KoiitlrdK'f,  lH7.'i.  ltt>. 
Jilil.iX), 

.AndersHoii,  N.  J.  En  Vt'rliti>nisp(jlinK  ^-^  voyage 
ar.inml  thf  worltIV     1H.M-.I.     Stnlin.     IS.MI, 

Anson,  llforge,  I,or<I.  A  voyaKf  loiinil  tlif  world 
in  till'  vfars  1740-44.  London,  iiianv  etls.,  e,ir. 
Niiiiiii...'lK7f.     8v...     '-'K. 

ititinbriilKf,  I^iK'v  I...  Hiiiind  thf  world  letters,  Bo»- 
I I,.itlirt.p.  I'W.'.     I'.'iiiti.     $l..'iO. 


llHiiilirlil-.;!',    W.    F.       .\round     thf  world   tour  of 

Clirisiiaii  niissions.    N.  Y.  IH.'^l.    3  f .,  Il..st..n,  law. 

|-.'iiii>     J-.'iKl. 
Ilntfii,  II.  W.     Illiistratfil  trnvi'ls;    recird  of  .II«pov- 

I'l-v.  tri'.iirr.'ipliv.  and  advent  lire,    N.  Y.,  I'assfll.  4lo, 

f.  C.ls.    $4.-. no.' 
IlfHAvoir.    IVkin,  Yeildo,  etc.;autourdemonde.  Pi. 

IN7I. 
lie iviiiiiiiii.  tl,  •!.     KIkIiI    Vfars   in    Asia  anil    AfriCA. 

IH-li;  .Vi.     I,  .  Williams  ,^t  X.,  1S0.">.     Hvii.     .'is, 
Ilertoii,  ChiiH.,  l'.VIil>6.    (Jualrt- aiiiit-fs  en  Orient  et 

I'll  llalie,  on  C'.instaiitinuplf.  Ji'-rusidem,  et  Rome 

fii  IH4H  51.     I's.  XiVA.     8vu.     5  fr. 
llliKh,    W.     A   Viiva«f  to  thf  South  Sea.    L.   1798. 

Danish  traiisl..  Kliliii    isiiii. 
Iloiit-Kolierl,  ,1.  I>.  de.       Nil  et  Iiannlif.    Souvenirs 

irnn    t..iiriste         Kj-'vpte,    Tnitpiie.    CriintV,       PS. 

ISVi      Sv.i.     ;  fr 
lloiiKiiiiivillf ,  Louis  .Aiitoliii-  de.     Voyage  autoiir 

tie   ni'iml.'    pt'ii.l mt    If.s  aiintVs    KlUi  liil.     P».    1771. 

n.  e.,  ISII  s(|i|      8vo. 


TRAVELS,  OENERAX. 


m 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


■IrHiKiM    I'aiil.     Anloiir  <lii  iiKiiiili'      I'm,  1NH4.     Ithnn. 

.1  .'<i  li 
ItritKKoy,  Aiiiit*,   l.iitlti       Ai'i'iiiiil  tli>-  »<irlil  in  ilm 

.VBi'lii   MiuU'iiiii    '     N.  Y.  Unit,  1s;m,    ny„,    $:iM, 
llrlBifx,  •!.  F,      lli-ttllii'ii  aihl    Imh   litiuln.      I...  Miiiilh 

A  I       H»,.      I -.v. 
Ilrtiwii,  Hol>t.     I  iiiiijirifii  of  tlif  mc.iI.I    I,  jt  N.  Y  . 

C.onrll.   !••;;  Jtl       :>  \<>l|i.  Hvil.      ■•«    7h.  Inl. 

Biii'kliiKhHni,  •!.  h,     Tiavclia  In   Aiwyrlii.  MimIIu,  uiuI 

T'lslll        I,..  JlK'ltHoll        Vll  (Ml.,    IKkl       '.'V     ^<Ml 

Hurl.  N.  C      riif  I'Ur  KiimI;  IcilerM  fmiii  l.i:y|ii.  I'nI- 

■■'<(iii<'.  uikI  iitliiT  IttiiiN  of  Uif  IHIfiil.    (  iiM'iiiiiall, 

I'lHrke.  imu.     r.'iiiii.     $1.75. 
Rjrmii.     Kfiw  iimkiiiiK  Jonl<*ii  (Vnviuo*  uniiinil   ili» 

•'iiiilii  In  K'ilHii:,    K'oll.  i>r  iriixU.  ti  >    Klilm.  I  ;'.>'■ 
Citi'tcri-I.  r.  KiM'i' oiiiknnu  .Iniili'ii  iVnviik't'  arniin.l 

1 1 arUi>  In  i;iiiMl      (I'oll  nf  iritvfl..  Hi     KMm. 

CliaillV    lllMlglMN**     YIkII    to  a    llli^^i>>ll    .slliliilfl.      I«  , 

>  r  i\  K..  I».il  IJmo.  In.  (Itl 
C'<>ol«,  •!•  [l<i-f  uiiikriiiK  Jonlfii  (Voviiki'  iii'oiiikI 
till- i-artlii  III  i;im;|.  (Coll.  or  tniM'Is.  11. 1  Kliliii 
Cook,  Jhii,  .V  .loiiriiiil  i>r  a  voyiik'''  loiiml  tin' tMuM 
ill  liiH  .MaJexty'D  nlilp  Kiiilfitviir.  ill  I'liM  W.  I.,  li^l. 
-iio.  uiifl    rrfuiii'iil  I'lln.     TraiiRl.  Iiilii    Kr.  IV.   Isiil, 

II  IV,  l«T(t;«nill (liTiii    IKHI. ••!(•.-  \  |»i'.'nii,||  mh 

a^'i' touai.lH  till- .soiitli  I'oleuiiil  ni'oiiiiil  iIh'  wuiI.i. 
.Ill  i;;j-;.'i,  l..  ITTT,  av.  4to  ami  iitijiii  111  till. 
TrniiH.  Iiitu  Kr.,  I'm.  1778,  cto  ,  niiil  inlo  lifiiii  ,  l,\>/.. 
imi."),  I'lc  -  A  llhilil)  VdViiK**  to  "''■  ranllc  t  Irian, 
.  .  In  1771)  *•  1,  I7K4  a  V,  4to;  riii|iiiiil  .■.|k, 
Traii-I,  iiiiii  Kr ,  1'k,  17Wi,  4  v,.  i-ti-,,  iiml  iiiio 
(lei'iii,,  l.|i<.  I»<;.%,  (•If,  VnyiiKHV  aihl  l.if>'(il,  llv 
Yoiintf.  I,.  WlililHk.T.  IS.S1;.  IJnio  (1h  IIh-  VuV 
RL"'!(i>r.  With  all  a|>|i>'iiillx.  iriviiiK  iiii  ai'i'oiiiil  iif 
(III-  iin-Hi-iil  ronilili.iii  oT  llii>  Soiilli  Hi'ii  l»liiiiil->  1... 
Siiiiih,  IHIJ.  ■.' \  Hvo.  IWh.  II  c,  I,,  iiii'l  N,  V, 
ISM  I.  Till'  Ui'Iciil  UoHt.,  lloiiKliton,  iN-ii,  I'Jiiio. 
*l.!i(l. 
Cui'/dii,  Kolit.     VIhU  to  the  ancient  MinnHHt('rl(^ii  In 

llii   !..\aiit.     I,  .  Miirrny,  imit.     Mvo.     7»  ("I. 
UHiiiplcr,  ^i,      .N'iiivcllcvovaK'-  iiiiloni'  ilii  iii<ai<li>. 
lion.  11,  17J3. -  Hi'Ise    oiii    Vi'nlcn    (Tiiivils    loiiinl 
the  Hiirldl.     ((•■•ll.  of  Travels  .'>,)    Klilin    i;»l 
OitvU,  K.  C     KcniiniM-i'iiicH  ol   11  minhi-i'  inimil  (In- 
Will, I,     Ann    Ailior,  Mich  .  Ileal.  |n;!i,     kv  o      !*I  im, 
l>elcKo<*i-t,  KiikAiic,      Vova^'c  ilaii<   Ics  (I(MI,\  iM't-ans 
Ail,illll.|lie    (I     l'i.clM<|Mi>,     IMI    (7,     I'm.    IflH.     hvo, 
I,-,  fr 
D(>ni<*iierli,  K.       Soin-eniin   d'Oii'iv-Mer.     I's.   I><HI. 

:l.r.c  Ir, 
UurUlii,  Joliii  l>,    OhviM-vatloiiK  'n  the  KoKl,  cliicHy 
ill  Kk-vpi,  Palestine,  S\ria,aii>l  Asia  Minor.     N.  Y., 
llai|>.MM   iKi.-,      -,' V.  r.'iiio.     JI.WI. 
Diiiiioiil  (I'lrtillo.     Malcrisk  Itcisc  oinkrliiK  .lorili-ii. 
Kii  {"ipiilii'i-  "i:  lioi'tfallci  Kri'iiislilliiiK'nf  MiiC'llaiiM. 
o   >    \.     I  ipilHu'cNcsicisi'i'.     li.Mlii.'.     at'  I  Ivors  ( I'ic- 
tiires.|iic  \o\a.'c  aroiiiiil  llic  carlli.     .\  popular  ainl 
liriff  presentation  of  ilie  voyai:es  of   (Ijscovery  of 
Mairellaii.  a.  o.     I'M.   iiy  the' iraiisl.  1.     is.     Klilm. 
isi;  ,M 
field,    Henry   M.     Kroiii    Kifvpt   lo  Japan.    N.    Y., 
Serltincis,  IBil.  I.'iiio.  JvMid  _i  iii  the  |Sliiai]  ilesert, 
N,   Y  .   Scrilmers.    pis.!      svo.      $•,' ui.  — Aiiionc  the 

liolv  hills  H'lilesiinel       N.  \V.  Scrilmers,  IKM.   P.' 

Jl,."i">  -The  (ireek   Ishiinls  after  the  war.      N.   V., 

h'lMiliners,     lss,"i,      )•• ^I.'iii.     Kr.>m  ilie   l.al.es 

<>'  Killarnev  lo  the  liolMeii  Ih  rii.     N.  V,, .Scrilmers, 
|s;ii.     l-.'iiii''.     ?'.'.ii<', 
FuotprliilH  of  Travellers  In  Kiirope.  Asia,  .\frioa,  and 

\'nerieji.      I.  ,  Cassell,  1S,VI,      PCino,      Is,  11.1, 
Oei'<tiirkvr,     K.     Keiseii     iiiii    die   Welt,      I.pz,  I-tT, 
•-' e      is.-,s,   11 V,  ,svo      4Thlr,    '.'I  siir.      Kntfl,  trans,, 
N,  Y,.  llMr|.,r,     l-.'nio,     J I  .Ml, 
CItirtii.  O.  (Iraf,     lieisc  inn  ilie  Welt,  lS||-ir.     StiittK'. 

is,-,l.     K,.,      liThlr, 
Harrln,  ,I»Iim.    Navii;aiitiiiiii  titi|iie  IiiMeranlliiin  liili- 
liotheea:  or,  a  coinpleie  colleciion  of  vovii>;es  niid 
travels.     I,  ,i;in,     •.' V    fo,      II,  e..  17111, 
Hallii,  KiiK^ae.      Ilisinire   plitores/pie   den   vnyntres 
dans  les  I'iiKi  pariicH  ihi  nionile,   Ps.  IHlH.    .">  v.  Xvo. 
••fi  fr. 
B»»  kesvvortli,  ,r.     Uelation  iles  Vovaircs  par  Ilvron, 

Cmii.'v,'!.  Wallis.  and  Cook,     I's   1771, 
Hendrlv,  K.  K.     Aroiind  the  Worll.  Nasliville,  Teiin,. 

ls7S      Him.., 
Hoffdetter,  ,1.  li.     fJalerie  .I.'M  voynpes  jilttoresipiert 
dans  r.Asie,  r  Afriqii.'.  IWineriiinc,  el  les  Icrrex  .lus- 
tra les      I's,  ism,     svo     r,  fr. 
HomiiiHire  de   Hell,   ,tliiie.      A   trarem  le  iiiim.le. 
I.a  vie  orienlale.     Iji   vie  cn'-oie.     l*s.  Ih70,     r.iiiio. 
.1  ,V)  fr. 
Bobner,  .lim.  .\Iez.  T.    Thrnii(»li  the  Ilrlti»h  eini>ire. 
L.    MMrittv.    ISNI.     '.'v.  Hvo.     ■J4s.  -  1'roiiieiia.le  nii- 
toiir  .III    iiioii.le.     I's.    IS7.'l.    'i  v..  Hvo.     (ier.  trans. 
I.pz.  1?<74.     II.  e.,  lSHtl-,s-,'.    EiiK.  trniis.  Iiv  Ijidy  Iler- 
tiert.      I.    1S7I.      n.e.  1»<7S      Kvo.     lis. 
Joanne,  .%d.     Vnvatre  illiisire  dans  leK  cin(|S  purliea 
du  niuiule,  IMft^U.    Fa.  IHSU,    Fo,    10  fr. 


KlnKKlet,   liilv.,    Il|i.     Il.iiin.l   the  world     C'incin- 

nall.   NIetli    Ilk    (  Ml,.    .  |M>s      '.' \   .   Pi $ltMI. 

KhiK»l(>n,   \V,   H.  U.     .\    \.,vaKe   roiiinl    ihu    winld, 

.S     ^  ..   Uolllle.iKe,      Hvo       JV  ,'MI 

Kiit/(*liiMv  Ny  KeiMc  0111  ,l..iileii  (Ne«  \oyii^'i-  aroim.l 
il arlh.     Trail"   In   K   .sclial.leiiiose  '  Khhn    |s|ii 

Krelliier.     I,jiiiki   I  >  ist      llelseHkildriiiKer  tia  In 

diaii,  Kiiia  .la|uiii.  Iliiliel,  an. I  llirinii  il-ar  lo- 
»ai.lsllie  I'.asi.   Ira>el„  111     -     1      Kldiii    Isw','. 

I.iiiiiiiriliie,  .\l|>li,    TruMls  In  the  llasi,     I,.,  Cliam- 

s.    |S.„1        IJ  V,.    p,'||,.,        .•„. 

ljtiiK»dorll,  <l.  ,1,     II.' ikiiiiKcn  aiif  einer  Keine  niii 

.11.'  W.'ll,     liaiiUr,  IKI'J. 
l.uriM-ii,  N.  A.     I'liii.lniik'er  fiii  en  Iteise  riiiidt  .h.r 

.li'ii    .  Ueiiiinisi  eiiei's   from   u   vo.taKe    around    the 

eiii  ilii      I'hia    |s;  I, 
I.HVidK^e,    «  h.      \..>ak'e    en     Cliliie,    T.'ii/'rllTe,    Iti.i 

.laiiiii..,  I,.'  Cap,  II.-  lloiirli..ii,   Mala.-ca,  Slnuiiliore, 

Maiiilliv  ^la.■a.l.  Caiil'.n,  I'.irlscliiiiois,  C.H'hinciiitie. 

.Ia\a      I's    1H.V.',     H\o      11  ti 
I.islaiixky,  >l.     X'.itap.  round  the  norl.l.  IH(i.'l  il,     I., 

|s|l 

l.onic,  >liiri|iil«  of,    Ti'lji  to  the  tio|ilcs  nii.l  lioine 

lliioiij,'li   \iii.riia,     l„.  lliirst  A  II..  1h;7.     h»o,     !,'«. 

I.iillle.     \  .oa_'<' aii|..iii  di' la  iiile,     I's,  ISI.'i. 

,>liicullllt'i'iiy,  \V.     Tun. 'Is  aii.l  researt'lies  of  .\,  von 

lliiiiil.il.il       N,  Y.  |s:!s.     I'.'nio, 
l>liiriiilei',  Xat  tvr.     IiiiUliinaii  Nil      Tyrol.  II.. nu'i'le. 

l'i..\  iiic.'s   daiiiil.jeiiiics.   S>  rie.   I'alesliiie.   fti:.\  pte. 

I's.   IHlii      a  v.,  l','iiio.     7   fr  — liniiiessloiis  It  s.mve- 

nil's  dun  vovaijeiir  chrf'iien.    IV.  |h;.j.    h»o.    i..)ii 

fr. 
Mniiy  l.iiiiiU  mill  .^laiiy  IVople,    Kkeichis  of  travel 

III  all   pi.ils  of  Ihi'   u..r|.|.     .\.  Y.,  I.ippii.coll.  is;,'), 

S\i.       ^'J  .'.0, 
Merewciillicr,   Hen,   A,     lly  Hca  ami    hy   laml.     A 

liip    all    roiiml    the    woilil.      I,,    .Macniillan,    l.'^il. 

H\..       Ss    li.l, 
:>llsiiloiiHr.v  s<'eii«*H,     I.  ,  TresliMer.  I"!!:!,     IHiiio      Is. 
AloiilKoiiiery,  .1,     ,l.miiialof  V.iya^'cs  anil  Triivcls  hy 

K.'v.  |i    I >.'i  III  III  ami  C,  lleiinet.     I,   IKIl, 
reeps  III  t'orelKO  ('oiiiitries.     I. ,  lluldy,  IH77,    Hvo. 

ITelllcr,    IiIm.     iloiind   the   worl.l.     I,,,   .NelHon.   IHiM. 

I'.'lll..       '.'s. 

I'Ickeii,  A.     TniM'ls  ami  leviarclies  of  einiiienl  Knif- 

lisll   loi-si..||,il|.->         1.     IS.SI. 

ritiiiHii,  I').  It,,  >lr<(,     Ceiiiral  Al'.ica.,lapaii.  iiiiil  I'iji. 

I,  .   r.llU'kie.   |SS',',      Sv.i.      .'is. 

I'olo,  >likri'(>.  Kiii|.-il.inis  an. I  iiiiir\els  of  the  Kast. 
Traiislale.l  li.\  C.il,  Yiil.',     I.  .  Tliimni.  in;,'.,    •.'v,sv.., 

.Is,— Keise  iL'.ieiiii.'iii   en    sl.n'    I I  af    .\"i.'ii.   Tar 

lariet  .1^  I  isiiii.lien  \e.l  t-^'r.li  iTiavel  Ihri'iiKli  a 
laru'e  part  of  .\sia.  Tariarv.  and  I'.msi  lii.lia.  ali.ml 
I'.'i.'.ii,     1C..II,  .if  travels.  .'1  )'  Klilin,  Kill, 

rrliiie,  I'.,  I>.  (•■  Aroiinil  the  world.  N.  Y,.  Carter, 
IS7-.',      s,,,       i;). 

rniiipellv.  It,  .\cross  Anicrica  an. I  .\sia.  I,.  >V:  N. 
\  .  i.'.w.  isc.i     .■:  >■  .  |s;i'     sv.i.    J'J.'h.. 

IteUe    (Irr    flillf     Weltllletle,       llildlilll'|.'ll,     l.'<.'.7  .'.H. 

I  V  .  Hvo,     111  Tlilr,  •,",'  SL-r, 
Ito^er.     HeiHe  ainkriiifr   \  er.lcii  t\'..ya^e  ai'.iiind  III.' 

»..|ldl.       Ciiniiiirii.     lii'Ise.       lYoiilk'c  1       iCnll,     'if 

tr.iv.'U.  .'.1.     Kl.hii    Kill, 

KlISHcll-KilloilKll*  le  t'dlllte.  Seize  lllille  li.'Ues  a 
liavi'ls     lAsle     el      !(  liealll.'         Sil.irii'.     Ili'sert     .le 

(iaiil,  IVkiiii;,  I'li'iive  .Sni.'iir,  ,lap..n,  .\iisliiilie, 
Noiivelle  /.'lan.le,  lii.le,  llinialaya,  I's,  IHill,  :.'  v. 
I','ino.     '1  fr, 

Sacliot.  OclHve.  I'aysd'e.vlreine  ( irient.  Sin  in.  I  ml'  >• 
Cliihe  ceiiiral.'.  Chine.  Cor*''.  ,  Voya^'es.  liisloiie, 
trc'/rapliie,  iii.i'iirs.  I'ess.mrces  na' uiell.'s,  I's. 
1S71      sv.,      '.' fr 

Scenes  iiiid  Incidents  or  I'lirel^ii  Travel,     T.,.  '  'rr, 

|s|.-,  Il,      ','  \,  S\..        Ills, 

Scenes  and   Incidents  of  l\1iHsioiiai',v   l.iilior.     I.,. 

Se.'lev,   |s.V,l;    11.  .■  .  |s|l','      Svo,      :1s    Ilil! 
Soeii4(s  III  Foreiicn   I.hikIs,  fr.mi  the  rortfollo  ..f  a 

TiMi.'lli'r      I„.  (iriflilh  ,V;  I'' .  1H:iII,     I'^'nio.     ;s   ll.l 
Sliii|is(>ii,  W.     .Meeiini.'  till'  sun:  a  J iiev  all  ...iiii'l 

till'    worlil      I,.    I..mi.'iiiaiis,    is;  1      sv,,     '.'is      Pie- 

tliresl|lle  People  of   III.'  W..rlil.  MIIll  ilescripl  ive  l.'l- 

t.-r-piess.     I,   |.V  N.  V  I.  Tli.mips.in,  is;.',      lo.    .'.is. 
Sniiles,    K.     li.iv's    l..iir    around    the    worli'..    X.   Y., 

Ilirper.      p.'llio       fl..'.!) 

Snillli,  .1,  Keiser  of  lieiriveiilie.ler  iTnivels  ami 
.■veiilsi.     iColl.  of  iravcl.s,  ,'1  1     Klihii    K'.M, 

Snillli,  s.  I'".  Kanihl.'s  in  iiiissi.marv  (Icl.ls,  IS.'sI,. 
C..rlli.'ll,  |HS1.     Iiinio.     Jl.'jr.. 

Slorlen  of  I'drelcn  CountrlcN,     I'liila.,  Pcrkiiipin.'. 

mill...   .iiic 

SlroiiK,  ,1.    I>.    Child   life    111   many  lands.    Doston, 

Ijitlir..p.  lS7it.     -Jliiio      JI.Dii 
Tavlor,    ItHvnrd,     Central    Africa.     Life    niid    land- 
'senile  Iro'iii  Cairo  to  the   While  Nile,     N.  Y.  Pill- 

i;nni.  |H,M;ii  e.,  isilli,    p.'mo.  Jl..'.ii.    Norlh.'rii  Travel. 

I'lilnam.    IH.'i'*.- f'eiitral  Asia      S  Y..  Scrilmer.  IHTI. 

I'Jiiio     $l..-iii.--K>.'vpt   anil  Icelaii.l   In   1H:4      N.   Y., 

futuaui,   lt«75,    Vimo.    il.SU,— Ureece  and  Kub>>i», 


TRAVELS,  OENBRAL 


570 


TRAVELS,  OENBRAL 


with  mi  •■XRiirKlmi  til  Cri'ti-.  I'lilnniii.  IMIO.  rjnin. 
tl.'Mi  Itiillii.  chliiu.  mill  .ln|iiiii  N.  Y.,  riiiiiiiiii, 
IKVi:  II.  i<  .  |Ni)ii.  iviii'i.  tl..'iii.  ,lii|iiiii  III  iiiir  iliiv. 
N  Y.  SiiIIpiut.  1«T1;  m.  >■..  \»U  r.'iih..  $|  .'ki 
jjiki'  ii'itliMiM  nf  Ci'iiiriil  Afilni.  N.  Y  .  SirilnnT. 
|k;.'i  rjiiHi  )l..'iii.  Litihl  iif  ilii>  SiiriK'cii:  or.  |i|i'' 
tiiD'i  <>r  riilHMiiiic.  Asia  .Mliiiii',  sii'lh.  anil  Spain 
N.  Y..  I'litiiani.  m:>l;  u.  ••..  IWU  I'.'iiiu  ^I.Tiii. 
Tnivi'lt  in  Aralila  N  Y,.  Sriitiiiff.  K'.';  ii.  i- , 
1h;i  I'.'iuii  9 1  Till  Travi-lH  hi  Siiiiiii  Afilni  N 
Y  ,  SfiiliiH-r.  Ih;,':  n.  f  ,  iMt.').  l-.'iiiu.  $1  Ni  IIIiih- 
Iriilixl  litiiarv  i>r  Iravi'l,  (•x|iliiiiiiii>.i.  ami  mlvi-n- 
lull'.  Ii'iiiilaliiint;  ./ofi'i'i  in  mir  iliiii,\iy  II. 'lax  liir; 
Wttit  m*-ii  (iMf/  irilil  liiitalM.  Iiy  il.  < 'iiiiiiiiliii.': 
t'rnvrts  in  .\rnf>iii.  hy  It  TinliU':  Tniri-U  in  Stutllt 
Alrii'i.  tiy  II  'I'ayliii;'  W'liiiih  in  n/  tin  Yilliiir^limi; 
liy  .1.  KlrtiaiiNiin;  l.'ikf  H'liuini  ul  ('•■nlnil  A/iiiii, 
li'y  H  'I'avlnr;  IVnlml  Uiii.  Iiv  II.  I'liyliii'.  Sinin, 
liy  (i,  H'  llarwii  I  N  Y.,  SiT|hn.T.  Ih;j  Tl.  H  v. 
Iviiii)  I'll.  $l..>ii  ('v<-lii|iii-illii  III  niiiilfrii  trnvul. 
Cinrinimil.  WiNtaili.  I-Ml'.t     Mvn.     $:1  .'.ii 

Tliiiiilit'ru,  ('.  r.  KfHii  lilt  Kiii'i>|iii.  Afrlra,  AhIa 
riraM'l  III  K  .  A  .  A  I.  i;;ii  ;'.i.     I'lmala.  i;hm.!(. 

TUitot,  v.,  I'l  .Viiitrii,  <'.  I^'.*  niiilri'M-i.  iiiyiiliTliMiiieiJ 
ii  lis  |ifii|ili><  il nils      IV   \'V*l.    Hvii.     l.')  fr. 

Tiii'iiliiill,  .1.     ICi'lii' Hill 'ill- Wi-lt      lliMJ    IHINI, 

Tyrriiiiiii,  1>..  iiikI  IIviiiii'I,  <i.  A  MinHiiinury  Vov- 
Uk.-!'  r.iiiiiil  llii'  Miirl.i.  I,.,  HiiiiH,  IKII;  .It',,  INtil. 
Hiii.    :is.  11,1. 

Tliifi-iit,  K.  II.,  ilr.  'riiniiii.'li  nn<l  tlin>iik;li  iIik 
iici|ik-«;  :iiviiiiii  iiiili'M  nf  Inivfl  In  i  ii'iNnm-a,  Aiis- 
tiiil;i>la.  an. I   Imlia.     N.  Y..  HarjiiT      I'.'iiii)     $1  ."ul. 

\  iiyiilj)' il«>  In   l'<'riiii»«' an  T  iiif  Ml- Miiiiiliv     I'm    ITUH. 

V<i\it||i>^  itiiil  Ti'iiviiiiii  >li">  niiHNlonairi'i  ili'  la  t'liiiip. 
ill  .Il  siis.  |iiiMii''>  |iiir  li"<  pi'iii's.     IV.     4  V. 

WiillU.  Ki'iv  iiinki'iiik'  Jiinli'ii  'VuvaKi'  aniutitl  llu' 
I'liiliii  In  ITIlli  H.     il'iill.  or  travi'U.  H.) 

>Yui«l,  K.  il.  Till-  ui'iMliiK  iliiv  III  all  aeos  ninl 
iiiiiiitm-i.     N.  ^   .  llarpiT.  |Hi;(l.     IJino.     81  '.'■'. 

YoiiiiK,  •!.  KiiHHi-ll.  .Monnil  tlu'  uoi'lil  Hitli  (ii-ii. 
(iniiit.     N.  Y  ,  Ami    Ni'ws  Co  ,  is;u     Wvii.     flU. 

a.    Si'KIIAI.  ('(HTNTIIIKS. 

.■(«V.s-s7.Y/.l    .l.\7>   Mini. 
AlMHHliilaii  ^Vai' I't'iiiii  nil  .MivsHinlnii  |><iliit  nf  view 

'I,  .   \V;ir.l.   1-I.S.      l-.'ll|i.        l.s. 

liiiki-r.  s.  W..  Sir.  Nlli'  irilmtarlfM  of  Alivsiilnia 
I...  Mnrinilian.  I«lir.     Illi  h.,  IKTI.     H\;r     (is. 

Ii<-li)'.  <',  •!.  Iti'lilHli  I'liiilives  in  AlivsKiiila.  I...  Lniit,'- 
niiiiis.  I-m;."p.     n.  I'  .  svi.      IWXi.     r.'s, 

llliiiirlii.  4i.     Alia  li-rnidpUlalla      Milan.  I-<'<l     fviv 

llliiiK',  Hi-iirv.  A  Miiinitivti  of  rapiivitv  in  .Miys. 
^Inia.  l,..Siiillli  anil  Killer.  l-'tlH  Tin- sloiy  nf  (In- 
raptivi-s  III!  AliyKsiiiiaj.     I,.,  I.niitfnians.  imiw 

Byi".  .M'i'ika.  Slavi-liaiiili'li'ii  mr  Havi.l  l,i\  iiikrHlniii' 
I  Vfiii'il.  iIh!  slave  trade,  anil    |i.   I,.i      Stavunt'ir, 

<'liaii<ll<<r,    II.     AlivsHlnln.   mvlliiral  and   liislurli'al 

I,  .  Ski-cl.  IWH.     Hvd.     'Js. 
I>e  <'<i<iH<iii,  K,   A.     Till-  i-radli-  of  the  Hliie  Niliv     A 

visit  to  llii- eniii-l  nf  Kill);  .lolin  nf  .MivsKlnia      L., 

Muiray.  IH".    -Jv.svn.    -.'Is 
Dye,   \V.   ,MrK.     .MnNleiii  Kttvpt  and  ClirlHtian  .MiyH- 

siiiia.     N.  Y.,  Atkiii.  l""«i  '  i^vn.     }:liNi 
KKV|ilt     NiiIiIh,     »II<I      KllllopiH     lllllHtl'HtCll.     I,., 

'Sinitli  .V  K...  I"!)-.'.     4In     i.:N. 
Find.  K,  .M.     Nntes  frmii  jniinmls.     U,  Nisl«'t,  1M.')«. 

I-Jllin,       -.v.   lid 

Fluil.    il,    .M,      H'alaslieg  (JewH)    of   AhyssiDia,      L., 

.Maiiiilnsli.  IW.i.     limn      Ik.  tkl. 
(iity,  .1.     I,es  .Miyssiiiienni'S  el  les  feinines  dii  Rniidnn 

'nrleiiial.  d'apies  lex   ri'lalioiis  de    Hniee,  Hrovvne. 

C'liilliaml.  ilnliiit,  li'Kiiny.  I<eji'aii.  linker,  etc.,  snivi 

il'iiiie   pnslface  ellinolnk'iipie.     Turin,  IHTU.     lliinn. 

ri  fr. 
Gobitt,  Up.  S.     Tliree  years'  residence  in  Aliyssiida. 

I...  Se-ley.  ls:i4.     «d  e.,  IWT.     Mvn.     Ts.  Cd.     N.  Y., 

is,-,ii.     I-Jnio. 
lliirriN,  W.</'.     lllKldandsiif  Ktlilopia.     Tj..  Ixm^'iimn. 

|sn.     .)  V.  hvi)      r.'s.     Illiistiatinii.snr  Kllii.ipia.     I,., 

Iiii-kinsnii,  IW).     4t().     Ws. 
liiii'tiiiiiiiii,  U.    Alivssinien  iind  die  Uliriireii  (leblete 

del- 1  istkilsle  Afrikas.    Pra(? .  Teiii|isky.  IHA).    Svo. 

I  Mk 
llaiiHSiiiuiiii,  ('.  F.     HeriL'ht  Uher  die  neiie»ten  Vor- 

t'iinjre  ill  .MieHsiiiien.     Basel.  \XM. 
II<-ii|[llii,  .M.  T.  von.     Heise   iiiu'li   Aliyssiiileii,   eti;. 

.li-im,   1MIJH      Mvo 
llottfii,  .1.  O.     [Kil.|   Abyssinia  and  its  people.     L.. 

Ilntlen.  lS«r      Hvn.     Ts.  ChI 
lliilcliliiHoii,  T.  fl.    Tell  vears'  waiiderini;"  anions 

llie  Kililnpians.     I,..  HiirsI  A  II..  INd.    Mvo.     Us. 
Iseiibei'K,  C.   W.     Aliessinien   nnd  ille    ICvaiiKi'liscdie 

Mission.     Hniin.  ISII.     •,' v.  l-.'nin      1  Tli.  !.'>  Sirr. 
lHeiili«rK>   C.   YV.,   and   Krapf.    I.    V.     Missionary 

Journals  in  Abyssinia  ilsW-Jij.    L.,  Seeli-y,  184:J. 

8VO.     Us. 


•Iiihniton,   riiaa.     Travels   In  Southern  Ali*«aliila. 

I,  ,  llnlin,  |s|t.     II.  e,  INl'.i  .1      •,'  V    s\n.  Its    ml. 

I.«iIki,  •■,  (ila-Hiilti.     Vo\a){e  dAU'ssInn*.  Aiiiki    tt'JH, 

X' vols.     Kiitt  liaiml.  liy  Hainiiel.loliiisnii.  X'liiKeto 

Abtssinia     I,    i;:n      n   e  ,  I  aHnfll.  Ihn7.  INn'io     8d. 

Miitti'iK'i'l,  r.     In  .\blsslna.     .Milan.  |nmo.  Nvo. 

.>ll>i>liiii  III  AlienKliilcii,     llasel.  I«;il 

I'litwiltiii,   \\ .  IS.     Iiaveis   III   .MiyHsinia.  Kdltml   hr 

III-  lilnlllir.       I,..   I,nll|:llllllis.    |H(!h        Svn.       ISs. 

ilalTray,  A.     .Vfnipie  (iiieiilale,   .\b\s>inie.     I's.  IHTii. 

|Sin,,      I  fr  — 1.1's  eKiiHi-H  iiiniinlillie  de  |ii  viile  >l« 

Ijiiiliela  I  >!iysNiidei.     I'h.  Imnj      Kn.    .ki  fr. 
Kasaaiii,  lloriiiiiiil,      l<rltlnli  iiiisHinn   to  Tlieodnre, 

Kiiiit  lit  Alp\s,|nni.     I, ,  Miin.iy.  IMiill      J  v  Hvn.   •JHs. 
ItlVil.tre,    l(.    llv.      Mer    ronxe    il     AlivsHlllie       rails, 

iwi      l-.'ino.    .l.vilr. 
l(oliir>,  <•«■'.     Ini    Aiiflriik'i'  si'lner   MaJ     des   KniiluK 

inn  I'li'iissen  mil  dem  iMi^dlsclieii  Kx|iediliMi|..eorpi4 

ill    .\b.sslii|en.      Ilreinen.    IstHI.     a,|   e..    1»M.'.     Mmi. 

I'Vi  .Mk.      .Mi'iiii'    MisMnii   iiinli   AbyHshiien.     I,pl. 

I^s.)     svo.     iv  Mk. 
Itllppel,    I':,      l(eiH><   i    Abyiuiinii'ii    (Travel    In  Abvs- 

siiiiai       Trniisl.    by    K.    hebaldeiiiom-.      Ili.     Kbiin. 

I  sill, 

KllKNel,  >l.     lllMtnrv  nf  Niibia  and  AbysHlnia.     N.  \'., 

Iliiipers.  IWI.     Iwiiiii     T.'s' 
Itiinseli',  s,  4  on  ill,     I 'lie  niisHinii  ell  .MiyHsinie  lit  ilaiia 

|e  IIIIT  InllK'i'       I'lins.   |s.s|.      sui.      :i.."('i  tr. 

.Sail,  II.     Neiie  l!ei>e  iiiiili  AI>)HHinieii.     Weiiiiar,  IHI.V 
Miiiilxy,    II,    M.     rnnniassie  and    .Ma^dala.     N.    Y., 

|s;i.    Ml,,     i.i.vi. 
Tlilxrx'li,  Sarali  Itl.  S,     .Mivssiniii.    Triii|.>.  by  Hui'iiU 

M.  S.   I'elelia        1...   Nisl.i-I.   lis.").      I'.'nio        Is    Ikl. 

views  III  <,'«iilial  .\b\iisliila,  niili  de.si'riplions  by  H. 

I'.   Veilill.      I,  .   II.MIill.   |.Si;n        III,       IJs 

Vluiionl,  I*.     .Miissiiiia      Miliiii.  |snl      Hvo 
Wiildiiielttr,    I'll.     Krlebnisse  in    Aliessinien    IKV)  88, 

llasel.     IHilll.     Svo.        Traiisl.    inin    IjikI.       AiiIoIiI- 

oL'ni|.liy  of  T.  \\  .       1,  .  rnrtndtte.   IN«r       Svo.     .'is. 
IVIiistaiili'V,  W.     Visit  III  Ali.\ssiiiia:  travel  in  iiiod- 

iTii  i;ili|.ipia.     I,.,  Iliir-I.  |wi.     ■.'v.Svn.     '.'Is. 
/.wfl  .Si'lirelbi  II, /.Il  liuiiibia  in  Ktliinpm  nnd  /u  (ioA 

III  liidieii  verfussl,  etc.     .Ui^sb.  l&il. 


A  ;••/•'(,■  ll.t  .VISTA  X,    IIH  I.I  ion  I  I.ST  A  .V,    A  M> 
Tl.'HKHSTAX. 

All,  Shall.     History  of  the  SIklis  and  Afghans.     L., 

.Miiri'in.  IKlil.    <<vo.     K's.  -  Misiorv  nf  llahawalpur, 

I'lr.     I.  .  Madden.  I>its      Svo.     Ills"  i;.l 
.\tkliisoii.  Jiin.     I'.xpedliioii  into  .MTKhanisian.  |Kt1. 

1.  .  .Mlin,  IHlJ     svn      Ills  till  -  Skeirbes  in  AITnlian. 

i~lan      1...  iliaves,  IHlJ.     •.' v    fn      •,'  liis 
lli-lleii.  II.  \V.     The  Kaees  nf  Artfliaiiistan.    Calenltu 

and  I,  .  Th.iekei,  ISHii.     Mm.     |rs.(Hl.|     Afjjhanislaii 

and  i|,i- .\t'i;littiis.     I, .  l.ow,  IsT'.l.     Hvo.    Us. 
Iliiniaby,  I  riiil.    A  ride  to  Khiva.     N.  Y.  IHTO.     I'.'nio. 

J',' I  HI. 
liiirsleiii,  Kollo,     ree|i  into  Tisirkistlmn.     L.,  Rlfh- 

Mliisnlis,   1S|(1       Svn,      Hs    lid. 

(;itiiiplii-ll.  ,1.     I.nsi  aiiiniii;  llie  AfTk'hans.     I.,..  Sinitli 

A   i;.     II.  e  .  istll      Svn     Ss      I'ersnnal  iiarralive  of 

tliit'leen  years' serx  iee  aiimiiK  ^vild  tribiiH  of  Klioii- 

ilitttan      I, .  Iliii'st  A'  II..  isiil     svn.     lis. 
CaHtren,  A.    Iteise  lleriehl id  llriefe,  1SI.^  49.     I,p/. 

1S.M)      Svn.      ;>  Tlilr  — Ueisi-.Knni.ernntffii.    !*)»  44. 

I.pz   IS.-,;),     Svn     -JThlr. 
Forsyth,  T.  I>,    Itepnri  nf  a  iiiissinn  tn  Ynrknnd  in 

IsT'l;  Cali'iilla.  |s;7.     4|n     Her.  trans,     list  ■I'lirkes- 

lan    mill   .las  Paiiiir-I'lalean.     lintha.  IH7T.     4lo. 
FriiHer,  ,1,  II.    Travels  in  Knordislan,  Mesnpolaiiiia, 

ele.     I,.,  Ill  nlley.  |H|(1.     -J  v.  Hvo.     IHs 
<ileii,  •laa,    .Iniiriial  of  a  tniir  from   Astrakan.  etc. 

Kdinb.  IH-.'.'). 
Harlan,  ■!.     Memoir  nf  Indlu  and  AfKlianistaii.    !<,, 

Ilaldwln.  IHI'.'.     1','mo     Us. 
lliiKhpN.    A.   YV.    Ilnlneliistnn.    With   map.  etc.     L., 

Hell  A  S..  1HTT.     Hvo,      I'.'s. 
Kay,  ,I.\V.     Ilisinrv  nf  llie  war  in  AfKlinnistan.     L., 

l{en(l,'\,     *J  V,  Svo.     II.  e,,  I'.'nin,  ;)  V.     I.'is, 
Ker,  l>.     (  Ml  the  road  to  Kliivu.     L.,  KiiiK.  \Kt.    Svo. 

U's. 
Khiva  aiKl  Tiirkpstan.    Traim.  from  the  Itiissian.  by 

('apt    ll.,SpaldiiiK      I,..  Chapman.  IH7I.     Svo.     '.l8. 
LudwlK.  K.      .KfLdianistnli  iind   seiii    Kiiilr  Shir  Alt. 

Ni-«     Ullll.   |1H7S|        Hvo 

Mall«siiii,  a.  H.     Ilistnrv  of  AfKlmnistan  to  the  war 

of  isrs  I...  Allen.  tHTli.  (Isl  and '.'(1  e.)  Hv..,  IHs. 
^laHsoii,4'.  Iteisen  in  Iteliidsehislan.  ete.  Stiitt^-,  |Ht4. 
Mezliov.  V.    I,     Heeiieil   ilii  Turkestan  Central.     St. 

I'elersli.   l.STH.      Svo. 

Nash,  CliiiH,     Ilistnrv  of  the  war  in  AfKhanistaii.     L., 

Ilrookes.  IHIM      Svl),      I-.'s. 
Persia     and     .\rKhiiiiistaii,    Analvtical     NarrallvA 

upon.     1,.,  Hidnwav.  IH'lil.     Hvn.     hs.  Hd. 
Uaverty,  II.  U.     Notes  on  AfKhnDistau  and  part  of 

Kuliiuhistan.    L.  I18T01.    Fu. 


TRAVELS,  OEKZniAL 


580 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


KHttrny,  J.     AfL'linniitAn  <-<Mtiimc«  nml  »I."«h     I, . 

Ilernni;,  IMm      JIi"*. 
K<M-ri>,  O.     KK'urlKlri  vlai;t;ial('iu'briiilr<-  Tiirki-Ktiiii. 

T'lriii...  I'xl      :)  V.  Mx,, 
hair,  l.«ii]r.    .Imiriialor  ili<-'liiuiMt4?n<  In  AITtclmiiiKtnii, 

l'>ll  •,'      Tfirit.  i>.  ••      I  .  I»l.).-ii.  •• .  liy  lil-iK.     Miir- 

my.  iMii.     r^iiiio     -in. 
SatiilnTitkl,4'.     Ui-lM-  ii.irh  M<»iil  iiii'l  ilindi  Kiinlis' 

Inn     iiiiili     I'niiiii.'t.    ini     Aiifir.i;;i-    il' r     •  I'liiircli 

Mi-iH. S.K-.,  "  l^.iiili.ii.    siiiiii:   i^Ci;     >*>■•. 4  v.    :iTIi. 

Savllr,  It,  \V      Hon  liKliii  wifi   will.  Willi   ii  rha|>l<T 

on   vr^'haiii'-lnii      I.     II<-I'I>t.  I>>*I      <*\n.     Tm 
ScliiirlhiK,  (J.  K.     Ih- n>-<.tiirijiiii.kri 'lirisiih' ill  KiinliH- 

l.iii^  l>jcTu'*'i:ii**  'Id*-  N'-^l'-rlHii    (  liriHiiuiiH    in    ilm 

iii'Miilaliis  of  Klll'<l('>laii  >■     K|rn    I**! 
H<-liii>lt<r,  I-;.     Iiirk.-«luii      N    V    l-^'i      -.'v.  "vii     »:..ilil 
»••  \  11  l''iii>4'li<-.     I>>i>i'ri|><ioiiorot;iu|i|iii|iif  ijiiTiii'ki'- 

>uiii  (  liiiioi..     Iv.  I><HI.     ^vo. 
TiKirbiirii,  K.  ^.    lUiiiiiii:  ur,  our  AfKlmii  rroiillpr.    I... 

I  liiiiioT  !«;>;    H\o     ih«. 

I  jrMl\y,<  .  K.  voti.    K«|><«liiioii  wii-iiitn>|iicrr«ii;ai«' 

'i.lli-.  !•■  ruiKi'-l.ili       !••    iH^i      "-xii 
VjM*.  ii,   W,     S4Mitli*-rii  At,'iwiiii«titii  aiiit   tip*  hoi'Mi- 

u.vi  lii.iitnr      I.    f"1       -i.. 
WituiMT,  M.    ICriM'iinrli  i'>'i!>i«-iiiiii<l  Kiinli-laii      I.|'/.. 

IV.J      •.'  < .  "K>.     Ic)  Mk 
Wiilkir,    I',    y,     Aftrliniiiklaii  :    iip<   hixlory   nn<l   our 

•  hiillriL--  "  lUl  il        I.  .  "ilirtllli.   I-*-!        l.'lilo       Jh    t«l. 
Wlii-rler,  •!.  T.     Sliorl  liiMorr  of  ju.liiiiii.il  AftrliunlH' 

lun.  .\i|>al  aixl  Kiiriiia.     I. ,  Maciiiillaii,  l'v«).    Hvo. 

Wolir,  •Ion.     Narralir<>  of  n  iiii'-toii  !•>  lUiklinrn.     I... 

lllaik'»o.MU.    !»('.        II       .■  .     1M|«         Hio        UN.      }U' 

wan  li>-«  uikI   MiH^ioiiarv   l^lmr^.     I...  Ni>lK'l,  liOO. 

»»o.     i.s.    'Ira«i'|siui<l  AiU>-Diiir>-'.     1...  SauiHlent, 

1H«I.     ■,'  V.  H\<>      !».      II   1-  .  I  »       Wis. 
Tato,  C.    K.    Nontx'iu  Af^liaui'ttaii.     L.  lIMtt.      Nvo 

IMh. 

AFIUfl.   /V   UK\EKAL. 

Afrira  iiiiil  itii  K>|ilnr«r».      Ilanronl.  Conn.,  Col. 

Ilk.  Co      "I.'      i-l   " 
African  4»rplii>n   lloy.     N.    Y  ,  Am    Tr    Sx- .  1H5S. 

^t'.'iMo     :iii  olM 
Afrlruiivr:    or,    MlMionary  Trial*.     I'liil.i ,    I'r«^. 

l;.|      I'liio     iv- 
Aii<lt'r*Miii,  ('.  J.     Noi.'M-f  iriiM-l  ill  .\frioa.     N.  V  , 

riitiiaiii,  ]''■>      r.'iiio      ;'.'<>i. 
ItiiriMi, .%.     Vi>tat.'fsi-n  Arri<|ii<-il<<  I^vaillaiit.     Ijiiio- 

k-.-.  !*:«.    liiii.. 

Ili'llniuic.  (flotaiinl.      II  I  iiiiiir  lliHiiro  •■  I    l><  iika 

■  Afiai      Viroiia.  Ivl      ">o 

Kli'krrKtftli.  K.  II.      Tli*-  ic<><m1  iii-wh  Id  Africa.     L. 

IHfvl        Mill 

ilaiiwirlt.  J.     Africa      I. .  I.<>w.  IM87.     H*o.     Ik. 
Il<irlici-k,    A.   ('.      Knl>-    Ib-M-lin-lliiiiiK   vmi   Africa. 

liaiikf.  l?.il.    «>o 
llolHlcr.  T,     Afrii-a  aiHl    Aralaa.     I. ,    llfiitlry,    1K». 

■-•  V    ^Vll.     .■«>. 
Iliiiiriie,  4',  K.    TIk-  li>-r<'-i>  of  African  dlncoTery.     i 

|•I^<         I,     |1W.']        Hvo        :)•    l«l 

llrlltHii,  II.  4>.,  >IUi>.    Safir-uiiil  iiiriili'iiiHor  I'vcry- 

■  iay  lifv  ill   xfrN-n       N    Y.  IXW      l-'liio      Jl  00 
llriiri-,  1'.     KiMinil  .Vfiua:  |i«-<>|il>->i  uii<l  placfK  of  (he 

liark  CoiiliiM'iil.     I...  Ca'>Np||.  iwy.     ,h»o      •.•«  til. 
ItlilllM'k,  T.    A.      Willi    .\filra  :     till-  iM-lllk-lllnl   I'ollli- 

iiviii  of  loilnv.     I...  ilt'.k»i>nl.  IMHO.     Nvo     .Ik.  (Ill 
I'auirruii,  V.  L»\<>4t.    AcniM  Afnca.    N.  Y,  liarpcr, 

1H7T      Kvo      $.•>"• 
I'aiKit,   4;a|it.       AilvrntiirfN    of    an    .\frican  ulnvi*- 

t  iiilt-r      I. .  Koiiil.'.li.-.v  is.'i4      |-,'iiio.    Is  i«l  — It.-»i0- 

aiioiiH  of  fill   .\fri*-an '«U«f  IriiiliT.     I> ,  Itoiilhil^**, 

l-vM.     f.'iiio      ■-•«   i«l 
('•pcllii,  II.,  anil  !*•■»•,  K,     From  Ib-ninii-la  lo  ih>< 

lfiriIor>  of  Van  a      1.  .!.<>«.  !*«!      ■-• »    '<»o.     4-.'>i. 
Carn*-*,  J.  A.     Slav-' irailc   oiili   .\fiicu.     I,,   L/jw, 

l^V,'      Pvo.     T».  ikl 
4'ai>wall,  II.     I'roKitiut  of  ilif  I'oiikiw  MiMtioii.  fOH-.V 

I.    1NM  i>l.      Iltllio. 

('•<>hcil,   A.     Iti'Inxinnc   hitoriio  nlli-   iilllnn-  vlci-inlx 

■  li-lla  KiHiliiioiic  lialiniic  ill   Africa.     INiiaiu.  \nh-i 

Charitirlanl.  If^  rt-iiiilailtMi  klmrl<^  <*l  !•■«  triliiiH 
lioiiin<l<i<<liiHali«ra  Miiiitr>-al.  I<.)  -tvo  1  fr  '£■<■ 
KIikIch  •■!  voiitffiiro  <l  .\fri<|iM-  I  D'AIkt  i^ 
/jiiizlluir      I'ariH.  Ixw-J.    I.'ino      1  fr 

('lia«uiini«,^l.  .\frikaiiii  l.ii'lilc  iiinu-ri'iiTaifi-.  WIcii. 
I-<1.     M..      3  Mk 

4  txilvy.  \V.  I>.    liiiiiT  .VfrIca  lai-loiM-n.     I...  L.oiiKii>aii, 

iK>u.   ">o    :» 

Cooper,  flu*.      The  l<x>t  ivintlm-nt  :   or.  Hla- cry  and 

the  Klavc  Irnilc  In  ,\rHi-a      I, .  I^miniiaii".  IHT5.     n». 

-Tiirkcv  ami  K»t)|>l   in  rrlalion   to    Africa.      K.. 

Hnrrl«.  iiCn     xvo      ikl 
Cruy»«*ii,   A.  4'.   tan  flrr.     .^frika.  inur  tie  bfoti* 

lironncii.     Kortrijk.  KT.    Hvu. 


Iliiy,   f>.    T.     .\friran    ailrrntiire    aivl    a<lTeiitar>rs. 

l;o.,r..n.  l.olliri.|i Kl      "n..     Jl  .Vi 
Kilcii,  4'.  II.     .vfrica.  it.>   •cfii  iliruuich  ita  ripiurvra. 

1.  .  S    I'    C.  K  .  I»wt       H,,,       -m 
KiirlM'N,  A.  4i.     .\frii*a  :  tfpvvriiiihiral  cxpUfrationaiHl 

<  iiii^li.iii  <'iilcr|>ri>c.     I.,  fyiM.  |n:i      >>«o.     ;.  u. 
Iliirliiiiiiili.  IC.     Iiic  Volkcr   xfrikao       l^•^  .  l-CV 
llciiiiliiK,  Mr*.     MiHlory  of  .\fti<-Bii  iiii^^ioii.     NT, 

M1111I..1.I  aii'i  ^noriN.  IViii      |-,1iM>      T:«-iii. 
llroNc,  •!.     Morir.nroih  fTirlXfrika      ILi«^l    :•> 
llUtorif'ill  okelrli  of  the  Arririiii  Mt—fim.  nl  thr 

I'lol.  I  1..  1  h    ..I  11,.    I      >       N     \       .-1 
liUliirlcal  ^kflch  of  Ihr  Ml»litn<>  of  llie  Imcri- 

ran  lloani  ill  .vliica      ll<,si     1  ,,u^    lull.  Cti.,  |w; 

I.*mi».     Ik.*. 
Iloiiic    i.irc    III    Africa.     ItiMl..   A.   Williatiia.  ]•«« 

liiiiio     $1  ml 
lllitcliliiiMiii.   K.     Tlic  lost  oMiliiiroi  :  or.  Afrira  an-1 

I  he  cliiircli   MlKHioiiarv   S*x*iciy       j..    |*T'^      <.t,,    ^ 

\icioii»  NyanZA  :  n  flchl  for  mi-<iofiarv  ctitrrf-r-v- 

I.  .  Viiriay.  I«;i'i      "m.      •.•-   •«!.    The  -tare  tra-lc  of 

K.11.1  Africa.     I.  .  I.<i».  INTI.     -«o      fc.   1^ 
■Inriillliit.  I..     I.'.\fr"|uciiiyst#ricii«.-.     !••   IHTT.     ||., 

*  fr. 

.loliiKloii.   Krilh.     Africa       I...   Staiiford.  IS7?.     VI 

•  li>    I      I.     1!  !»•  li-l>-ili.  IxKI       •«...      ■.•!». 
•loncit.  4  .  II.      Ml  i.MM  hixKiry  of   ••ii|.|oraiiaa   fnim 

III  ro.lolii.  lo  l.itiiiK.ioii.-      N.  Y  .  i'<'.ri      Kvo     t:i  S> 

Jiiiikfir,  Will..  Ilr.    Trnf'U  in  \frica      Traii«l    fntn 

111-  liii  man  liy   I'rof.   K>-anc.     I.  .  chaimian.  I^jil. 

^Ml.    i.'l« 

Klitrrk,   4>.     llc«yn<lcr1iK>-    .\rnniiir>-».  •oin  liate   ill 

ilrai;-!  mi;  mcil  ham   i»aT  III  Coii^ianline  itg  (m^ 

aiiilrc  SIcilcr  i   .Xfrici    Sirantf  a.lieniijr*-*  whk-h 

Iia|i|i4*n'-il  to  ilic  aiitiior  n*-ur  c.  aint  oifi«T  i4acr>«  in 

A  1.     Khlin    1:47. 

Kriiiif,  •!.    I..     Afiika   von  .sn<l   nach    UV.t    nixl  von 

\\  cHl  iiAi  i.  I  ut  itiirchkrciixi,  <Mlcr  r**i.#>r>*Hxunir  *]>-r 

iiil»Mon>ici>cii      .     i|i-<i    l>r.    Ijiinr^iooc.     Ba«-1. 

lS-,7.      Mvo.       »<l  I'f 

■.cililrrhoiu-,  K.  K.     lialla  Hflchlcin.     iia»«l.  IW; 
.MiiDlonalil,  It,     .\fricana  :   hmllien  .\fn,'a.    L.  l*ti 

■J  V    -»•■. 
.Miirioti-llrAollliiF.      Notice   mir   la  S<»-iei^  d«s  Mo- 

M'liiM  .Vfriraiiiex.     I'*   K^.     Hio.     -i  fr, 
Mrroke;    or.  MiKrionar)  life  m  Afrira.     i'l.ila  .  .Vm. 

s.  s..  iKV.i.n     |imo.    i/ic. 
.MoNIrr,  W.     .Vfrii'a.  i>a»t  a»x|  irtvupiit.     X    Y  .  .Vm. 

Tr   Sii-  .  I"-Ni      :j $1  ut 

Miirniy,  llfiiry     anil   olhrra',     Iii>ct  rrry  aixl   <<l- 

viniiiii-.  ill   \fiiia      N.  V  .  l(:.r|- r.  101      •.'«• 
Net  llle,  W.  I.,     .loiirnal  of  a  i>->ii|,-ii»-  a|  Failatuna. 

aiiiliif  two  voyaKenoii  ilie  |{ii   roniriu.c4c.     I.,.  1».V». 
IIBIcer,  M.     .Vfricaii  llihie  |ii<'iiire.     Sfnp4ur«- «-meM 

ami    ■■iiHtomt    in    Africa,     i'lnla..  Irfjtn     l'u>>.  <<• 

IKV.liti.     IHmo.    :i.V. 
rartx,    I*'.,      I.I-X   Kx|i|oratriirii  franfalf  en   .vfnquc. 

LiiiHurcs     iMTu  ;    "vo. 
I'uiill,   ,1.      iMc   cvnn|(>'li«clieii    Hi»aii>D<«   ic   .Ktnk*. 

i;rliiiiKi-n.  l-MiK  il     Hm      -.'"t'    Ik. 
I'aiilllxclike,  P.     |ii<-<iei>trra|'lii>clH-  r>fonictiuii4r'l<!« 

Afniani^i'licii  ('lintiiirntn.     Wien.-.'.  e.  i"**     -t  , 

I'.  Mk 
I'liitu,    A.   ila<   .H.      How    I  rro»<"l   Africa.      Ptula.. 

I.l|.|iinioll.  1— '1.     '.'v    >'»o      $T  ••! 
Iliilueuay,  ,l<ihu.     .\fri<-u.  a  tniiMonary  poeoi.     U, 

fiiiii-liaril    IM-.'     l-.'nio     A.  r,\ 
Kokert,  V,      Afrika   nU    MandrlirelMrl.      Wirn.   !<«« 

-vo.     ■,  Mk 
Kaililfx,  4ierli.      Neiie  Iteiirittrexur  l-lal,lrckiinir.  etc. 

Afrikas      Kn-<wl.  l-wi      l.iiii-1  no-l  Virik  in  Afnka. 

Ilcm  hlc   ails    lien   jMlinii    IMI&-ru.      lin-iii  .  t.  *., 

IHNi      m.i      4  Mk 
ItoH  Iry,    II.      Africa   unveiled       N     Y.,   1*011.      •to. 

J'.'  i»i     'I  he  UcliKioii  of  ilie  Afnc4n>      I. .  ■>anlBrr, 

i-;r     i-.'iiio    .N  ti.1 

H<'liia|mrrlll,    I«     .■'iiliii  circiininaviKaziooe  licil' Af- 
rica,     'lorllio.    ISNI        xvo 

Hcotl,  .\iiiiit  M,.  Mn.     Iiay  dawn  in  .\rnra.    5.  T. 

!••.•.«      l-.'iiio.     liliiii|.>i4-«  of   life  in   Africa.     X    T. 

.\ni.  Tr    .>ii«  .  I^'.T.     I"«im>      #»• 
HoutliHortli,  A.  H,     Four  l>MMi«aDd  mil*!*  of  Afri<-aii 

irawl      ,\  iK-rooiial  rifiinl  of  a  j<.iimevu|>tlk- Nil'. 

thioiit'h  ihe  ^Mll|llall.  to  Ihe  o.nttnei,  of  1  Vtitral  Af 

rica,  an  exiiiiiinnlion  of  itieHlair-irade.etc.     .\    Y 

iV  I.    I«;i..     ^^o.     lh« 
.S|i>ti'kiiiaiiii,  tl.     I  He  Hemianii-liiirifrr  Mi— Inetn  Af- 

Ilka      llirmannoliiiii;.  I"TH      ""vo      rtWNk. 
Ta.v  lor,    llHyaril.     .V   jouniev  to  t  vntral    ,\fr4a    -ir 

life  anil  lai'.iix'aiien  from  l^rypt  lo  tin-  Nejfro  KuiX- 

■  loin,   of   the  Nile      N     Y.   A    1^.  I'M      »l  e  .  \-(^. 

»\o.     Jl  .Vl 
ThiiiiltrrK,  K.  I*.     I(ri-<en  in  Avienuml  Afrika.    Bni 

i;ii.' 

Trpiitlein,  I'.     Hie  lliin-lH|i(eninicen  Afrikiw.     Berlie. 

i>>«l       Km.       ."KI  I'f 

Tucker,   4  tl*.,  Mra,     Wanderer  In   Africa      .H.    V. 

Carter.     Ixiiio.     Tjii,-. 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL  "iSl 


TRAVELS,  QENERAIi 


m 


WoiiiA.  F«ril.    Afncnii  wiiiidiTiin;').    Triins  hy  Jobn- 

st'li         1,. .    I.tlllUMialJ.    IH.'>J        I'.'IIKI.      '.'h    )hI 

WllllituiK,  C     Narriilivi's  iiml   a<lti'iiiiiri-s  of  trafel- 

I.  ih  111  Atiuii      N    V  .  l'..M.r      l.'MiH      Jl  i') 
W<>n>ni>'s   U'urk  in  liiillit  uiitl   .Vfricu.    I'aisley, 


rh:.\ri:Ai.  .iav.'Cm 

ActHltliki'i'  til   HfNyii,  etc.,  Iliskup  SilinMiili-r  iC. 

Air.  I.     SliiviiiitiT.  l.i'.i'. 
Afi'li'iiii  ■<ri-ii<-i'>  from  /.Hii/.lliiir  In  llio  Virtiirlii 

Nmiii/ji,  f^ki-iriii'i.i.r.    1,.,  ell.  miks,  s.ii- .  iH;h.    a... 

N   ii.l 

Ai'iint,  !•'.  s.  (iiiriMiu»ii/.i';  >ir,  si'vcii  yi'iirs'  ijiiiiiiM-r 
iiiioM'ihiii  s  WMik  ill  rihtiiil  Afi'ii'il.  N.  V.  nml 
I  lih- .  It.v.'ll.  ihn:i  hvo  i\  •■!:,,  I'l'iiiii  Niital  III  ilif 
I  |i|Mi-  /iiiiii.i-i.  iilii-n.  I'^l. 

Itukt-r,  !«.  \V.,  Nir.  IhiiuiiIiii.  ex  |  nil  it  ion  In  Ontnil 
Afiu-ii  1.  .  .Mii.iiiillaii,  !•-;  I  -.M  .' .  I»T'<.  Mi>  lis. 
-  AII"TI  NvHii/,a  1.  ,  Mariiiillaii.  I""^;  ;;v.  •*i...  .M 
•'..  l"*?!.     Ill  111"'  li'Mil  ><(  Al'iii'ii  irMiiiliMisaiiuii  i.f 

aliiiM'.aii'l  Nili'iniiiilai'ifKl.    N.  V   liiiik.  I-^I    1.' 

$1  INI  AIIkiI  Nyaii/.a.  Nili<  MMirtM'H.  U,  .Mai-- 
liiillaii.  !'«;'<.  '.'  V  II  <•„  IHil.  8vo.  Oh.— OiTiii. 
Iriiiis     .Ifiia.  ]>*> 

llni'ih,  ily.  TriiM-h  ami  ills<'<iri-rifH  in  N'ortli  nml 
I'l'iiital    .\rii>'a       I.,    ii'>iit;iiiaiis.      InI  ami  M   •■  , 

I".",;    .■.,«,      .')    V.    Nvn.      Il).'ps 

llfllritiiK-  (iloviiiiiil'.  IM  Mil  villi;;-!!!  -.iil  Kiiiiii>< 
lliaiir..  iirll    .Mil. -11  I  •.■iilnil.-.  liMl.ia     ViT..na.  l-xil 

••\..      Ilhiiiiiii'  Hiai I  I  ••'Ilka.     .Mi'iimiH'    Viiniiii, 

ISM.     »v..      |>|i    I.M 

lliinri-n,  i'.  •!.  rtiitial  .vrrii'ii  Ailvi-niiin-M  nml  niis- 
HioiiMiy  laiM.p.  Ill  M'M'iiil  rMiinirli's  in  llif  iiilnicir 
iif  Ariira.  ISKI  .'i<:.  riiarli-Ktiiii,  S.  C,  K<i.  Ilnp.  I'lili. 
S.K'.  IH.-,;      ijiiiii.     Jl.im. 

Ilriio-,  •hiN.  'I'lavrls  In  illsrovi—  lln>  wiiirci" of  ilu- 
Nilf  III  111.-  >.ai»  i;!!"*  r.l.  K.llnb.  UiK).  H  voN. 
III!     Hit.  Iiaii-    I.p/.   K'.rJ 

Itiii'tiiii,  l(.  F.  I'll.'  laki'  ii'|.'|.iii  i.r  ('■■iilrni  Arririi. 
I.  .  I.iiiik'iiiiiiis.  liiKi.     .'  v    "i,,     :k;, 

C'HVnx/li  <!•  A.,  <■  AliiiiiHiKliiil.  Istorirn  ili-scri 
/.loiH*.  .'I.'.  M.tl.ik'iia,  li^s;.  lirr.  trans.  iliMtonsrhn 
Ih'M'lii.'iliiitik'  ton  (oiipi,  .Miilanilin,  iiii.l  .ViiKola. 
>-\r.     Miim'lii-ii.  lH'.il. 

Cliiilll^'-I u-     S<->'  l.oiiL'  I'oi    I'liaill.'- 

CIiiiiiiIiIIas,  .1.   K.     I.i\  iiii:si..iii'  ami  his  .Vfrii-an  >>x- 

ii|..ia i>      I  liila..    Iliililmiil.    \<:<     Hvi.     ?l,ilil 

l.ivi'-an.l  liiiM'I'.iil'  l,ivini.'>ioiifiiml  Slanlfy.  I'oviT- 
iii^  thfir  fiitiri*  .-ai'i'iT  in  Soiitln'i'ii  and  tViitral 
Afiii-a      riiila  .  I'rawfoiil.  IhHI.     h\,,.     j'J  .VI. 

(  liii|iiiiiiii.  I.  Tinvi'l.i  in  tlicintt^iiiiror  Soiiili  Africa. 
l-Mi".    hvu.    :ii'i> 

('liitviiiiiii',  •!.  Dii'  iiiitlli-iv  ll.ilif  .\frika\  Wii-ii, 
li>"I.     -I.,      1  Mk    -^i  pf 

CliipiitTliiti,  II.  Joiii'inl  III'  a  Hi'.'oml  ivximmIiiIoii  int.> 
till-  iiii>-iioi-  .if  .\frii'a  Miiiiny.  l^'Jii  Ito  i-.'s 
I  iff.  ■Iians  .  .Ii'iitt.  l*^.".!. 

<  •illlitril   I'l    A|i|iia.     1^1   inisKioii  an  /.aiiili>Vf     I's. 

l^NI         S\,,         .Vlfllll. 

i>i'iiiiiiiii>ii<l,    11.     Tnipiciil  .Vfi'li'a.     I.,  liii.lilir,  nml 

.N     Y    .  Si-lil.ll.T.    IHHH        KVo       Us 

ItillM-ii,  <i.  W,  v<iii.     Koi'nkiiliiKai'iui  I  Ci'iilral  .Vfiik.-i. 

Si..tkli.iliii.  Ih;^     n\., 

UiiIhiIh,  I..  I.I'  poll-  I'l  I'l'ipinli'iir  I.'.\fii<|ii.'  r.  ii- 
null';  lirsfft.  Somlaii.  ii'^ion  .i.-s  la.*-..  I.'  Nil  ft  sfS 
w.iri'i's.  nici".  I't  laiik'iK'H.  I,v..ii.  Ml.'  .'il  fit., 
]"',:.     ]-4 •-'  li. 

I>ii  (i.'uillii,  r.  II.  Kxplorali.iiiHincijiiai..nal  Afrii-n. 
N,  V  .  llaipiT.  iwil.  Mm.  *."inl.  (...^.I  III  til.-  jiiii- 
t;|..  N  Y  .  IIiiipiT.  isrn  p,'iiio.  «!  .V)  .1.1111  n.-v  t.) 
A-liani;..  lan.l  N.  V  ,  llaipi-r,  INiT.  mv...  J.-.wt  - 
(•..iinli>    of    till-   llAaifs        .S'.    Y..     Ilar|n-r,    \Ki. 

I'.'nio      ?l  .Ml      My  .Vpliici  kiiik-.l \i  illi  lif>-  in  lli<> 

lin-iil  Niliaia  N  Y.  Ilnipi-r.  INTI.  p.'iii.i.  «I..M.— 
.>it.>ilt-s  of  IliH  uoiilla  i-oiinliy  N.  Y  ,  llnilKT, 
IMi''.  r.'iiio.  JI.Vi— Wil.l  liti-  iiii.li'i-  ilii>  >.<piat.ir. 
N    Y..  lliirriT.  IHii'.i.     i-.>iii,i.    J I  .',11, 

KItiMi.  •!.  r.  TraMlsaii.l  ii's<-arrli<-!>  ani.ii.L' llii' lakfs 
ami  iii'>iiiilaiii-..>l  iji><lt-i'ii  nml  C.-iiIritl  Afrii-a.  K.l. 
I'\  II    II.  foiii-iill.     I...  Miiira.\.  ih;'."      >*>..     ■:t* 

I'',  li.  i  raiM-.-s.-..  Kiiriiaiio  l'i*i-\i-  i.-jaiion  .It-lla  niis-ii.iii 
all  r.-(fiia  .l.'l  Cnn-.i      'I'li-nt...  |ii."iii 

Ki'Hiirit,  .1.  il.  I.i'«  JiiiiH.||i-<  Afiii-aiii.-M.  on  .l.-si-ripli.iii 
.-xarl.-  .Ill  .-I'lilr.-  .|i'  rsfiiiiiii-  ITiaii^.  from  tin- 
Itiiliiiii  I     I'liii-'.  'Hx|      \!\,i} .',  fi. 

4;i-il<lli>.  .1.  I.aki.  i.-ifl.iiis  of  (•.•iitial  Afiica.  .N.  Y., 
N.I IKMI       1-,' Jl  ,Vi. 

<>i'iiiiil)-iiiiiiiii,  II.  I>i>*  Ki'i-i'lilli-KHiinir  iniifr  AfriliiM. 
l.(lli-r-.|.  ix;^. 

liiiiiiiliittlon  lip.  l.aht  JoiinialH.  I...  S<-<-li-y.  ItKM. 
N\o      .!<   «.l 

lilll.lit-o.  II.  Col.ilifl  (lor.|..ii  ill  (ViitrHl  Afrk-u.  I,., 
|i.- In  Itii.-.  l*"*!      Mvo      -,'!!..     -.'.I  .-..  |HS|. 

Ilorr,  A,  II.,  Mi'M.  'I'.i  l.aki-  raiiKaiiyika  iu  a  balli 
I'liaii-.     I.  ,  l.o».  IKxt'i      "vo     :iT«  ikl. 


Half,  11.     Dli' Krsflilii'ssniiK  Ci'iilral  .Vfrika'H.     IIuhcI, 

1H--I.     ••,,,      p|,  .vj      1  Mk. 
lliili'liiiiMiii,  K.     I  III-   Vnaoria  Nyan/.a:   a   lli'lil   for 

niissioiiary    i-nlfi'priiu-.      I...    .Mm rat.    |s7(i,     Hvu, 

-.'•.  iM 
ilnrmi.     I,iniiu"'onf  in  Afrl.a.     *l  •.'.' 
KiillioliHi-lif  Mlxsioii  ill  Iniii-r  .\fiiliit.     Iniislirnrk, 

1  •>.:'.. 
Kriiiix.  >l.     Naliir  iiii'l  kiiltiirl..|H-ii  .l.-i- /iilii-«.     Wit-s* 

1...1I.-11,  I-";;".    ■•V,,    :)  Mk 

l.iK'i-nlit  •■  .\liiiviilii,  I-',  il.    .loiirni.y  to  ('a/.i'iiilit<  ill 

].'J-.     I.,.  ICuil  il.-..k'.  ."^'X' .  It;.!.     Nvo 
l.iiiKlrr,  K.  .1.     Itri-.)-  ill  .\frika  /iir  Li'lorsi'liiinit  ili-H 

Nit'.'i'h  01s /u  si-itii-i'  .>tilmliini:.     I.p/.  IM^k'l.     .VdviMi* 

liii.-s  on    III..    Nn,'.  T.      I...   'Ii-K«,  IKVi.     .S  V.  IMiiio. 

I.'.s.     11.  ■-..  -4  V.     '•>. 
Ijliinyx,  !■■.     1.1-  NlKir  i-l  I1-*  rxploialLiim  du  l'Afri(|llo 

I '.I. Hal.-.  .  I.'      I'n    l>%>      rJiii.i.     .'!  fi    ."iiK-. 
l.ii\ii>MHi«)r«-.  I*.     \'.i\ai;»'s  ilans  I  inl.'-i'i.-iir  .li-  r.Vfri. 

.pit-      iCi-l'iti..n>  .III  ( 'apt.  Man.liiil,  iianfra;:.'-  .lan.H  Ih 

ranal  .1.'  .M.. /.anil. i.p..-.     I.liiioi.'.'.-.  .'t.|  i-.,  l-^'.i.     Hvo. 

|j«vi-l<'yi>,  I-;.  <li>.    I.  .Vfii.pi.- ( 'i-iiiiali-i-l  lal'iinfi'iviirx 

k'.-"Liii|ilii.pi>-.l''  lliii.x.-ll'"-.    raii«.  1^;^,     -to.     a  fi-. 
l.ivliiKMloiic,   llu\lil.     (aitilii'i.li;.-   l.-rtiii'i-s      K.l.  by 

W     .M.nik.     I.,    I1.-II      -'.1   i-.l..    INilii.     "vo      lis  iki. — 

ills  hi.-,  a.lvMiitni'i's,  ami  laliois.     Ilv  .\.laiiis.     U, 

llonM.iii.    ]K,,.      .svo.     .'.s.      1...  Ili-ll  .If   l(.     -.M  i.., 

PC.s.    s\.i     iIs.IbI.     Last  j.'miials  III  t'.ntnil  .\frlea. 

I.  .. Murray.  IS.S11.    sx...    ]:„.    S    \'.  Issii.    sy.i.   $','.."ii). 

(St-.- also  .Mil. -a.  South  an. 1  Ihou-rapliii-s.  1 
LoiiK,  I  <>l.  I  linillfi.    (Viiiral  .\fii.'a:  iiaki-d  initliMof 

link. -.1  I pi.-.     I.  nml  .S.  Y.,  Low,  lH7ii.    Mvo.     ISs, 

!?'.'..MI. 
Mnriliiiiiild.  II.     Afri.-aiia:  li.-arl  of  hi-aijii-n  Afrli-n, 

I.  .  .•siiiipkili.  ISKl      -J  \    sv...     :iN. 
.>lii(-Oiii-*-ii,  tl.    tit'.t|;rapliii-al  and  (-'onimi't-rinl  vii'vv  of 

.N..rtlii-rn  ali.lCi-nlral  Atrn-n,     |j.,  C  tili-ll,  |K|1.    Svu. 

|os  i»l 
MiirwIMIitiii.  'I.     Mi-diral  history  of  Ilii' NiKi-r  cxih*- 

. Ill  I.. II      I. .  riiiii'.'liill.  ls|:i     stii.     Ills. 
.Mrr/,.l.  Kill  n.-ir.'rl  i.lililf.- nil  Missionswi-rk    Hi-cmi'll. 

|S       .       St.. 

^llnHlon  of  Mil-  .\iiif<ri<-iiii  llouril  In  \V<-Ht  (°<-iilriil 

.\frj.-a.     It..-i  .  I  oiii:.  I'lil.   I '..  .  |ss.>.     IJmo.    ik-. 
MIshImiki  till  ■•Miriil  Ari'ini.     I,    |sii.vr.T. 
-Miilir.    K.      To  tin-    Vi.-i.aia    lulls    of   tin-    /.nmlifsl. 

Trail-   li-.m   ilii-   lii-rman    liy  I)'.\iivi-i-m.      1..,  lAitf, 

im;i;.    s,,,    ..i|, 

OllviiMi,    .Viiii^'.     |)i-  rAtlaiitii|iii>   nil    NIkt   l>ar   In 

Koniali  |)j.ili..ii      faini-ldt'ViiyaKe.     1'h.  IHMa.     Mvo. 

V  Ir 
I'lii'k,  .MiiiiKi).    Travi-ls  In  lliH  itilfrior  of  Aft'irn.     },., 

many   i-.l..   >•  n     i,.iiik'iiiaiis.    INII.      KImo      ;1h.    ttd. 

.S'limi-roiis    triinsl      (i.-rni..    <•  |{.      Ih-ri.    ITtlU.    elo. 

.\l«.i  ii.'iii-li  traiisl  .  I'll-. 
r<-l<-riiiiiiiii.  .\.     pi..|,'ri'ss  .if  till- i-.iiiH'.litl.in  loO-ll- 

ii.il   \fii.a      I,  .  siai.f.inl.  l*.'!!.     ho.     -tos 
rctlifrii'k,  .>lr.uiiil  .Miit,    'Iravi-ls  in  1 '••iitral  Africa. 

I,  .  |si;'.i     J  \      sv.i     -j.-,s. 
I'iliiiaii,   1:.   It,.   .Mrs.    tViiiriil   Afrii-a.  Jnimn,  niid 

l-iji:   ims-ioiiirt  .iiii-rprisi'.  tiial.  I'Ic.     I.,,  II.Hldi'r, 

ISX-.I         Mv,,        .-,-. 

Itlna^  iiikI  rr<iur<-sii  of  IIh>  Work   oil   the  Coligu 

liit.r      I.    is«l 
Itlil<-r.  I  .     fjii  lllii'k  lii.las   Nil  Vu.-llaml.     Il.-rl.  IHII. 

Kv.. 
lto»l«-y,  II.    'i'tvi'iitt   v. -Ills  III  (Vnlral  .\frlra:  slorv 

ol  tin-  I'liivi-r-lti.'s'  niission.     I,..  (Jaidm-r,  IHHI.    M 

!■    |ss.-,    sv.i.    .'Is  i;.i 

Srliaiii'iibiii-Kt  K.  ■{••is.-n  in  t'l-ntral  Afrika,  von  M. 
I'aik   Ills  II     llaitli    nml   I '.  Voui-I.     i.alir,  IKVt  ill. 

St..    ;.-.  IT 

Si-liilii.  J.  I.,  and  4'i-oullirr.     .lonriiHl  of  the  i'\p>-- 

.lii ip  111.-  Nifi-r  ill  |s||      I,  .  Iliili-li:ir.i,  is|.'.    lis. 

,S<-lin<-iiiriirl1i,  <•.      Till-  li.'iiil  of  Afrii'ii      V    Y  .  Iliii'- 

p.r.   |s:i.      -Jt.sv,,       Js.lNI.      -.'d  I-..  1...  Ih.s.      1,'is 

Klivi-i-.  <>.  \V.,  A  V.ti.  Il;iiiilli...  k  to  S.iiitii  Afrira.  ili- 
I'lii.li'ii;  III.- 1  lip.-  ( 'oLiiiy.  Natal,  the  .!iaiiniiiil  lli'IdH, 
III"  Transvaal.  I  Haiitfi-  Kl'i-i'  Slati-.  •■ti-  I,..  Silvt-r, 
ls;<i     Sv,,.    .■„ 

Skcrtflily.  ,1.  .\,  Ii.ilioiii.-t  as  it  Is:  ,-ii;lii  in.,iillis' 
r.-si,|..|,i-.-,  I.  ,rh  ipniaii.  Is;  I.  Hvo  -Jls.  — M.-ln..lii 
tilt-  .-alMM-,',-r;  or.  sjmrts  in  Asliaiiti.  1...  fliap. 
man.  |s;.",     svo.     Ss 

.S|M-k<-,  •!.  II.  .loiirnnl  of  tin- iliHi-oviMV  of  ihi'soniira 
of  III,-  Nil.-.  I,.,  Hlai'ktv.i.iils.  IHftil.  Hvo.  -.Ms.— 
\\  li.ii  lisl  t.i  till-  ,iis,-,,t..iv  of  th.>  soiiroi-  of  the 
Nil>-      I. .  lllai-ktt.K,.ls.  IHiii.    Svo.     tlH 

,Slaiili-y,  II.  .11.  Ilott  I  foiiiid  Uviii|.'stoiii'.  N  V  , 
.s.ril.m-rs.  |s;:j  hv.,.  -,'.1  i..,  |ss;.  f^  !Vi  My 
Kalntii.  priiiri'.  kiiiir,  an. I  sl/iv*'.  N.  Y..  Si-rilitn-ri, 
IKl  II  I- ,  IsTi  l-.'iii.,  fjim— Throiiiflithi.  .larlt 
contiiii-nt.  N  Y.  Ilarpi'r.  |s;s.  '.'v.Hti,.  Jiiiiio.  _ 
Iti  .Inrk.'si  \fii.-a  Tln'  .jiii-sl,  r.-si-iii'.  ami  r.-ln-al 
of  Kniiii.    I„.  I,..tt  ami  N  Y..  S<-rilim-rs,  mn).    tfvolg. 

?|IM«I 

Hte%t)iisoii,  -1.  I  ivili/iition  of  S.nitlii'asti-rn  Afrli'a. 
Note*  till  till-  roiiiiti)  lii<in>-i-ii  Kiltva  aiidTuiiKan- 


I 


It 
II 


TRAVELS,  OENERAIj 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


vikrt  (iliiivow,  Mai'liOioHi',  I«T7.  3<Ic(!.,1STT.  9vo. 
.'-  I.I 
T**>iiir,  ItavHnl.  Ijiff  and  laiiilscap^s  rmiii  Kk?y|it  In 
'!»•  Si-k-i'o  kiiik'tliaiiHiir  ihi'  VVIilli-  Nili-  I..  iiimI  N. 
y  l>in.  IV.I  -.'.I  .•..  IS.M.  Kv(.  ;•*  CI.  Uikf  ri'- 
tL..ii«   i.f   (iiiiial   Afrlra.     N.    Y.,   ScriliiitTs,    IHT.'). 

II    •-      l>l^l.       IJiilii.      «l..'ill. 

TliiMiiaaMi,  •lU't.  'I'd  iIi>'  t'eiilml  Afi'ii'nii  laki's  ami 
iMi-  I.  I.  l.ii«.  I>s|  •,•  V  Kvi).  JIm.  — 'IlirouK'li 
<lM»al  llfl.l       I.  ,   !...«.   I    'If       INS-,.     8v.i.     •.•Is 

Thi-<-<-    Ifiiix   la   ('xiiti'iil    Al'i'li'ii.     I..    Ili'll   iV.    l>, 

l-t^l       h>i..      In    M. 

Ttllloii.     I(i-i-   aiMJ    |<ri>t;ri-ss  <<f   iiilK-.|i>ii   lil<-   uri   lh>' 

<  '"llk'cl  ItlHT.      I^Cm'.I 

Vlrliiriu   NyiiiiKH   ^lU^loii.     ,\  1irii-l'  arriaiiil  of  lli<- 

4  tiiiM-h   NlisHioiMir.N    S'ii-ii<t\  N   iiii^^hiii    III    Ci'itiial 

.\trna.    wiili    riijiiciii'.   I'.vliailN   I  mm    lln'    IlllK-iiuli' 

an.-   l.-il.is.     I,    isrs.     |i,i ill, 

VliK'O,  A.     Kiisflifiic'lil  finer  Hi'iw  in  lii-n  ((••hit-lcii 

ilt'i    iiTst'li     A*'i|iiaiiMi'<<'lii-  siiiiiiinc  am    Wcihwii 

Hii»'--'NiliM.     Wi.'ii.  !<.:! 
WrriiiT*,    I'prd.      I\.\|miiIiiiiiii    In    llif    Hoiiif't*    of    llit* 

W  hill-  Sill'.     1...  Il.-nil<'.v.  I><l'.l.     'JvKMi      JN. 
I'oiiHK,  K*  II.     .\\a.ssa      A  Jniinial  iif  aitvfiitiii'*  whiNt 

.-lal.li-hin;;  l.iMh^-liiiiia.     I,    Its;.     H\,,.     ;,i;.| 
Ywiiiii;,  s.  .\.     >li>-i<>iiai'\    nariMliiiii  nl'  ilii'  iriiiniiilis 

i.t   ^-lari'  as  s.en  in  ilii'  ininii -mue  nf  Kaliis,  Ifnl- 

l.iii'ii-.  Kin;;<H'.  ami  nila-i  nailvi-s  iil  S.  .VIrua.     I^, 

Ma-.n.  I«:..".       in I-.  !l.| 

Ziirliflll.  A    >lfrklY.     MisMniis  iinil  IteiM*  ll<-!<rliri-i- 

liiini.' liaili  I ''iiu'ii       I'laiiUf    III.'i. 
Zwrird.  .l.,)-t  .>l.  .tloiislii  i:     l^vju'iii i  r.  A    Vi-r 

iiiiiit-k.     \'u)a^i*  au.v  huuiL-i-s  <lu  .Ni^cr.     .>lai'si'illi-s. 

iv«i.    Hvo.     Ill  fr. 


Ai met  ii:.tsrKi:.\). 


ntirmUv^iif  a  rp«i<l>-nr<'  In  Mii7jiinliii|iii-.     L  ,  IlnrHt 

A  II ,  l-^x     •-•  »    "•»■>.     '."Is 
Mrrrn^kjr,  \.    Kniini-niiit.'<-n  ails  lU-iii  .MisKiiinsliOifii 

iiiSii<l"siiifrik.> .  Iraiisvuui;,  inAU  IMw,'.     liii-li'r.  IM.>ts 

»»..      7  Mk 
»Ip«  Naiuirnirn.     Tr    1>«.|      I-.'nm.     :»  fr.  .Vk'.     Dnnisli 

fr»iis      .\|iiii- iiiifiri*-ii      Slalni    iss^; 
Molir.  K.     V..i..rj»   falls  nf   Hit-  /.ainlnsi,    frnin   liif 

•  ■•riiinn    ..f    l>  .\liV>Ts       1.,     |>i«,     ls;ii       Mvii       Jls. 
>liin«inKrr.   W  .      < 'siafrikaiiiM'lic  Sliiilifn.      IIiikiiI, 

•.'    .•  .  IS-.1      s, ..      I,  Mk. 
NfW,  <'liarlr«.     l-if«*   \taiii|frlni;H.  anil  lalmrs  in  I-jist 

\i      .1        I.      ll'«lil.T.   ]«;i       SV.i       Ills    liil. 
I'MiiliKsrhkr.    I".     In.-    (.•••••fraiilii.sL-lif    Krfiirsi'liiini.' 

il-r  o.i.tl-l.aifl'T  ill   IM   Afiikn.      laix.  |hH|.     tjvii. 

I  Mk 
I'rlnelf.  >I.  .\.    Tiinanlsihi'inniintninsnf  llio  Slmni. 

.|.-iirii>-k    III    t'jkti    Arrii'ti.       I...    Illarkwixnls,    IMI. 

s...      |>,  f.l. 
KcTiill.  <•.     1^  VmIIiV  iIii  liHrriir.     Vnyaifi-  all  |i«.vh 

il.s    Sniimlis,    .\lri<|iii-     oiii'hialc    .   .   .     I's      Ifoij. 

-!■.    1.'.  fr 
ICirklln.     Mi'siiai  Cniliiiliiiiii-ilii/.anifiji'liar.     I'm   |KS«i 
ICiililrl.  .%.     A  r.-i.l\  |i.   ■Till-  llliiiilvii-  .Missli,niir|,.s   ' 

K..ir..  1-.I      |.|.    1-1 
■(•Mlgrr,  K.    Tlx- si.ity  <if  lilant\ri>      Mlssimi  lili'  In 

h.i«i    VlM'-a      I.^i|mI    I«»I      "\ii      ii|i    ir. 
itrlini-liirr,    <•.     I>i>-   kalliolisiliH  Mismihi  in  Xaiik'iii-' 

luir         TiialL-krii     iiml    lirisi-n     ilt's     I'.     llnriM'r 

K.-.-^-nO..  I»;T      kk.      I  Mk. 
Si-hiilllirli>«.      I'M-  ll<-«<ilitirr  ili-r  (islkllsli-    SliilAf- 

Ilka-       lirl    IVil.      h>ii        I  Sl'I'. 
Sticrc,   Kilwanl.     Sualiili  lali's,  nn  tnjil  liy  tialivi'M 

.r  /  ii./itsir       I.  .  lU-ll  .V   It.  IM'.'.l.     Smi       ^s.  I„|. 
Wakciirlil.T.   Ki".i|>riiit- in  Kasi.Mii  .Vfiii-a      I,.  IMtiii. 
Vulmi.  W.     Iinili.;  Morirs  i>r  imlit'i- lilc  in  Kiisit  Afrlra. 

L.  iw:.   ^»".    In. 


Italiips,  r.       Thf   i;.i!i|    ri'irinns  i.f  Smilli  iMlsli-ni    .\f- 

rii  a:  »iili  a  liiiik'i'a|iliii'al  sl<i'tr|i  i>l  lln-  anilmr.     I. , 

Manf.'lil.   |s;s       -1,,,      Ki^.  (kI. 
n»r)'  <l»   >l,  Vliiri-iit.     .1    II    M.  Ij  ,  Viiyakfi-  to  anil 

I'la^i-ls  llH'iiUkfli  Oil*  four  prini'i|iiil   l-iiiiuls  of  thi* 

AfniMii    >i'as.      Kiiu'     liaiiM.     Lomli'ii.    INCi.     licr. 

trails  .  WiMiiiar.  I*"!'."). 
n<i>'|p,  <'.  tl.     I  arattiiy  ski'trlii's  nf  sn-niTy  ami  «<> 

■  ii-ty    in    Man:  inns,'     I,,   (.'liapiiian     X     II  ,    IMiT. 

»% .1      %* 
Iliirliiitiiiii,  •!.     Kast  Afiii'iin  li-lli'is.     Ivliii.  niiil  I..011' 

.1 IS-ll        Hvii,       p|.      |S 

llurkliiirilt'it  MIsHliiiis-lllltllolhi'kJI  ;i:  l>if>  Kvaii 
;:i-n-i-lf  ^li-sii»n  ant  ili-iii  I  i*-ilaii<li-  nini  ilfii  Im-imii 
vi.ti  1  i-laliika      l!irl.-li-l. I.  :-■,-,       XV...     I.iin  .Mk. 

Iliirlon,  It.  !••.  In-I  |...ilslips  in  !•;.  Afri.a  I.. 
I,..ii;.'niali-,  l«.'.ii.     Nv..       I-^-. 

ClilriisUh-.  .\.  TliK  llliiiilM'i-  inisNiiinarii-s.  1...  1^M). 
s,,,      pp   ;;i 

Chriolic,  il.  Clioli'ia  ■•piiliinieM  In  h^ist  Afrirn  an 
aris.ni.i  ..f  lln'  si'vi-n-  illlTiisintis  i.f  ilic  ili-i-i4<.  in 
llial  roniiii  v  IK'.M   '.'.':   »iili  an  oiillini'  i.f   IIk'  i.'>'oi;' 

rapli.N.   *Mhni.|i.|;y,   iiinl    trail nr.'ciii.ns  ..f   tit** 

r*-;.'i..im  tlir.iiik'li  wliirti  tlii*  rpiili'intr.s  pa-.si'.|.     I., 
M.i.iiullan.  ix-.ij.     hm,.     1.-,- 

UeiilM-lie    KxiiKilitloii    In     Ost  Arrlkii,      IHIII-';. 

liiillia.    IHIll 

K.    II         y.       K.iii    Skllilrihi;  af  <lsl  Afiikas   fnlk  ■•i: 

liiM.lt-''   (.-ilii.rt  I's-jiy  tin  thr  pfitplf   ami   ri.nnlricH 

•  ■f  r.a-l    Mriiai.     I. '.'.  I.     Sl..|tn.  I";.' 
KnitlitixI'i' I-'-  Atrli'uii   |i<illry,  iiiiil   lii-r  rflnlloii« 

t.. /..in/il.ar       I.  .  Siiiipkili,  I-*;.'.,     sx,,       |-ik| 
Kt'lkiii,  K.  W.,  .mil  \MI «'.   I'.     l\-aii.la  aii.l  Hi- 

t-4.'\  piiaii  Si.mlan    an  iii'i'i.iiiil  ..!  iiaM-liii   l-jiMifrn 

aii.l  r.<|iial<irial   \lrira  .  .  .  I.  .  I.nw.  IHkv!.     hm.    'J^s. 
Krerr,  Itnrllf.     hjisit-i  11  Afrira  as  a  lii'lil  fur  iniwioli- 

iir>  Inl.i.r      I,..  Miirriiv.  I»;i     Sv.i     ••« 
(Mirilitii.  (l.-r  llilil  am  Kliarlnm.     I'lankf.  iw.'..    N»i>. 

>.  Mk. 
Iliiriifr.    Viiya>;«'A  la  coli'orii  iilal"'irAfrli|iii'.    PnrlM, 

>;  .V     IViii"      :i  fr      I  ii'r.  Iraiis  .  Ili'i.'i*iisliiir»».  K-'t. 
Juntfaiix.  Kiiilltt.    'r«o  >iars  in  K.asl   .\frir.i.      .\il- 

M-niiir>s  III   .M>y-siiiia  anil   Niiliia.  willi  jonrnHy  in 

lln-    sniirriK  nf   lla-   Nili'.      N.     Y.,    Nflsoii.    IsT.'i. 

l-.'inn      $1  •-•••i. 
Krrsta'ii.      Vamii-r  ;iliH-ki'ii"H    Hi'lscn   In  OslAfrikn. 

1,1  v.     IH<«. 

KoIiii«-illii.  (lalla  iH'li  KvaiiKi'linm  Kn  inissinnM 
-tii'iii'    (Till'  liallas  ami   tlir   kohiu'I.      A  xtiiily  in 

inissinni*'.      SInlni     tXH.'» 

Kraiif,  .1.  ■<.     |{i'isi'n  in  list  Afrlkn.     Mnrntlial.ls.VH. 

•.'V   Kvn     a  Til.  '"l>i  Sirr     Trau'lH  ami  inissimi    in 

Kjisiriii   Afrlra.      Kil     liy   K.  J.    Itavfiisdi'ii.      I... 

Trillin.-r,  imm.    t>vn,     '.'is 
I.i*iiiK»l <>■■•*,  I>H>lil  itiiil  Cliiirii'M.      Kxpi'illlinn  to 

III.-  Z«inli.si.     L.Miiiiiiv.   IHIm.     Km      Jls.-  N.   Y'. 

i>«n;     SM,     $Miii 
M»<-L«o<l,  l.yoim.     Trav.lH  in   KiiKii'm  .\fri<'a,  and 


AFKK'A  (SOUTH'  l\  (iK\/:i,\lL 


Sw  i»l«<>  KiTTiM.  Triiioli.  .Mt'ifrs.  M..rnrcn.  aial  Tunis. 
Ilrkr.  «  .  .1.    \Vlin.lis<'..\.-ri-il  tin-  sninri-sof  llic  M|i.-. 

1     .   WllllallisA    N    .    1-M        Hvn.       Is. 

Ili'li.  >.  K.  K.     Ht-r.»snf  N    Afriran   iliscnv.-ry.     I,. 

AN    \    .  ?«r,t(i,.-r  A  W      '.'.I  .•  ,  P-ni).     Hvn      !l'i  :.(). 
Ilrllriti»«.  <>l»tHiiiil.     II   .St'nnaari'  In  SrIaiiuallali. 

V.-r.na.  I";'.i.  n-p   l>*>i. 
Itninitlli.  .\.  .ViK<-ria,'rmiisiu.  i-rripnlitanla.     Milan. 

I-»I 
<'iMilcy,  \V.   11.     N>-|rrnUn.I   nf  ihi.   Aialis  •'Xplaim'il. 

I..  .\ri".* -iiirtli.  l**4i.     svti.     Ss  I'lil. 
llauMiii**     K..     «-l     i  liMiirrl,       l,i>     trraiiil     ili>-i>rt, 

.•-aluira      I"-    }<*'•      i.|  iil  .  |si;|      f.'nin      J  fr. 
Urn  hit  III*  II.     Narrniiv*'  of  travi'ls  ami  ili-i'itM>ri**s  In 

N-.nli«-ri»  Aii.l   f.-iiiral    .\fri.-n   in    I^-.^'  •,.!.    Jli.st.iti, 

.Ma— .  I-J*;      i^lsjt;      nil  .-.I   .-iilartcnl,  IH.II.    .|  vuls. 

li.'riiiaii  irii.-      W.-iniar.  Is-.'T, 
il'Hwa.inir  ilr  Ijtultin-.     M.'inolri.  stir   Ic  Son. Ian. 

I'lirts.    K-'i     «»<>      ■.'    fr.    .'<!.•.     |)ii.    Afrikanisi'lii- 

Wli-i.-.     1.1.1     1S.V%      sy..     »  .Mk. 
illilirr,    i  .     <';ii'|iiant.-    Jiairs    uii   I)i.»iTt.     I'h.    K.T 

-\..  fr 

Kiitiiiliiir  <lrMrt|>li<>ii  <>r  Ilia.   Iniitl,  |ii'o|ilr,  etc.. 

nf   ».-»|.l.   I'-tl. 

Frninriiliii,   K.     Ciir  anm'f  ilatis  li-  Saln-l.      I'aii-. 

!«■.■>      •",,,      ^  fr      n  f.    I'll  I'ti'.  ilaiiH  If  Sahara. 

p-    |s;i     •%..     ;  fr.  Ttk- 
(tfuliuni.  A.«nnit  Aiilili«*«*.  II,  S.    TraM-ls  in  'rnnisia. 

I.     |...l,l  III    iss;      hvtt      'i'w*. 
Ilf-iislin.  T.     IC>'i-*-ii  in  Nnnlostnfrika.     Uiitlin,  IMV. 

»»•■      !ViMk 
ilornriiiann.  I.      Tiflim-h  w'iiifr  |{i'Ik«  von  Cairn 

iirt.-n  \|iiT/ii«-k      W.'iinar.  IMI-,*. 
lMrtc»n.    V.     !>•   Sahara   nljt.'i  i.n.     I.mm   iIi'MitIs  iIi- 

I'Kr-..'      f.   ]«;i;.  al  .•  .  iw.'     l-.-mn.     I  fr. 
I.C4-lrrrq.  •■      l>^  Mnfuilnr  a  Ki-krii;  Mariiorl  Alk'i'^l'ii' 

I'uris.  I^«l      lAiH.      'Ifr.Vii.. 
Markrnati..  II.     M.saliiiK   Ha-  Sahara,  opening  I'.'ii 

Ir.il     \fn.-a   In    .s.nini.Ti'e.      I...    I.nu-,    |s;7,      h\ii, 

!■•-  r.i 
.Mi-lly.   tirai.      KIwrl.Miin   ami   tin-   lllin-    ami    Whili' 

Nil.-      I.    I'.llMirii.  IKM      ■:  V   h\„.     •.'!-. 
N'lirlitlKal.l*.     SahJtrri  nml  Siiilan      KrK'*hiiNiii'  sri'tis 

jaliriifiT  U<-i-«-n      llerl   PWI.    '.' irMvo.    W  .Mk. 
IVaraa*.     Mi-*i..ii  i.»  Ih**  K«hvle«      I*. 
rtMM-,  I_     liin/'i-ain-  ile  I'.VIiri'Tlf,   ilr  Tiliila  I't  ilii 

laNCT     I""   K'J>      l"mn      p.'fr. 
Kitlilf*.  <irrh.     I(i-i«>-   vnii  TrlimilH  nach    ilnr   (laK.. 

Kiiira       l^.»     1*1.     Hv...      lA    Mk   -   Vnii    TripnIiK 

im<-li  \l-xan.lh«-n.     I.pt    1X71. '.'c,  lNH-.>.     a  v  Hvo. 

in  'ill  'Mk 
Kurkrrl.  K.   Th.      Niirli    Xnnl   Afrlkn       \Vilr7.l111r1,' 

|ss|      .,..      •,  Mk 
Kii«<«ll.  M.    llM'-ry  nf  ih..  Uttiliaiy  StttteB,    N.  Y„ 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


rm 


TRAVELS,  OENERAI. 


Se»le«.     Hi«i.   .Iiu-<il>itdnini  «M|  ruptonim.     I.iltx'ck, 
%~i«ia«i.   U.      Viii^Kii)  (III    TriiMili    ill    ItHrliarhi    iilli- 

AFHK'A   coHTIh 

Albertl.  ('.   I~     I»'«'-ri|iliiin.  |ilivsi(|iif>  I't  )ii~liiiri- ili's 

<■««<•-».     Am-    l-iM 
AnilrrMin,  A.  .1      T»<-iit.v  llvi-  yiirs  ill  a  Hii»f;.''i»  in 

Uh-  fl'l  it-fKni-  <pf  Alricii      1,.,  ('liH|iiiiiiit.  Ikm;.     -j 

»       il  •-..  I'f .     1  V   Km      lis 
Aii«lrr««4>n,  ('.  .1.     N'ntfH  iif  ti'iivnt  in  Suritii  Afrii'n. 

».l   >.}  I.   \J-\.\      I...  Iliii^l   A    It,.  ]s;i;,     vvi.      '.',s. 

^;•■•    Nimiii      K'TRkiiih^ar    imIi    ii|i|ii;t>'Uicr  (Tim 

LJtk'- INratiii       S(iiiln~  hikI    imi.^i       1    .'      Slnliii. 

I'OC      si<'>n  Nuiiiiii      I    Ik'l.     'I'li>-  l.'il<i'  Nirnini      Isi, 

fmn.    Fmiii  III*- KiikI>'<Ii  i>y  <•   I ii"!'-''''   sioim  ikVi. 
U.  r.     Illii-liiili<>if>   iir   iIk'   Kafllrs.     |...   M<i- 

funli  l«lii     f.i      l.UKi 
ArtM>n>M-i.   T.      Kx|il«iniiMr\    imir   in   Smilli    Africn 

Tf.nJ   i.vltiMtti,      L,  lli»lm|i.  Ik:,:      1-,'rni..      |,.i„l. 
Ajlvanl,  A.     1  iif  Tniii^mal  iif  In-lav:  w.ir,  wihh 

•T»fi  «(».Ti«  aiKl  siniili  ill  Stiiilli  Afi'icu.     h  ,  Ulucii- 

•  IB. I.       K«.  ►».!  I'lS. 

Kallanltnr,    It.    >l,     MX    lliiililils  lit    llli*   ('ll|li>.     I,,, 

Harhrr.  Ijifljr  Mm.  V.  N  Ilr<ioni<-j.  A  yrnr's 
fHMi*«-k<->i-f*iiit;  III  S<iiitli  Africa  L..  Mai.'iiiillaii,  anil 
llii^ .  :<'     II    r.  l«rH.    XV,,.    $1  im.    |U.i.|    :i<l  i-. 

VwniilUli.  lIlllH       llllll'i       H-lM-'t. 
Barrow.  J.    .\*nm»iiiii  nr  (i-iivi'Ih  iiit,,  (Im*  iii(i*rinrof  S,, 
\Utm    III    IT'f.  !^       I,..   ra,l.'ll,    IHH  (M.      -Jv.     .|i,,. 
ii-T    lr»ii«      l,|i/..  Is,i| 

lu-n.  >■.  It.  y..    ii.-i,Hs  ,,f  s.,iiiii  .\rrii-aii  (ii*'«iv«Mv. 

I.   mil  V.  Y.  VV.i'l.  !>>;•<.     .',1  .•  .  I'-'xi     hi,i      :i<.iK| 
Itlv^k.   \\.    II.  .1.     Iln-r  ai-<',,iiiil    .if   Itii^liiiiaii   r„)k 

t-1^  aii'l  "iht-r  I'-xis.     CaiM-lnwii.  l«T.'i.     |L,  Tilili- 

i.-r        ^■•.     J-   'Vl 
Kirrwtn.   K.     .\ii>,>mi;  iIi>-  (mlinx:    or,  Hlnrii'S    nliniit 

'^•^■rrm   l^-<»it**  an'l   ilH  iiiiH.siiiiis.      I..,  A.   (Iriiiiiliit. 

•  »,;      .,■..      !s, 

liiink.  <  .  f..  -^f  H    Mop 

Kri>»<lb«*Dt«  ^.     liitricliif'tiiin  nf  (*liii<>(iaiiii\'  ainon;^ 

th^  lliii..l.>ii|i      I. .  |Si,|. 
Hnxtk*.  H.     N^inl:  a  In-l'iry  iiikI  i|,'si'ri|ili,>ii  nf  llii' 

o,,  •!,«    ii„  lii-tmi;  ii>«  iiafiiral  fi-atiircs,  itioiliM-tiiiiiH, 

•-•■       I.     li.-*.-    "'-.i;      M-.,      Jl- 
HourliraiUiIrr,   K.   villi.     i:<'i/,'  in  ili-  lliiitii'iilanili'ii 

«  «', /..111   Mnkn      Aiii^l    1^1'.      '^vi, 
lliif  bU'in.    1>M>.    Mill   ili'ii    IliiiU-iil'iili'ti   mill    (ii'iii't; 

~- ii  t,„lt      I'lii.-iiii   Ki'.       I'ii Ill  S„'r 

Iturrhrll,  \V.  .1.    1  invi-l-  in  the  iiili'i  inrnf  Sci.  Afiira. 

1.     I><4i..tiif«ii.  !■<{.■ '.'I      »v.     4l>i.     islhi.     (iiT.  trans, 

\\.-iMi4r    ;**.;,• 
Bur<'lthanirs    'U.    K. i   Kl<-ln>>  Mi«si<ini-llililiotlii-l< 

Ifal    ll       \fhkn      III.-   Kvaiiifi-lisi'liii    Mi«»i..ii    iiiitfr 

dm  Viilk>THiii:iiiiifn    Sililulrika.s.     Ilii-l,'ri-lil,   ln77. 

««..      TVk 
f'allawajr.  II.,  t'aiMiii.     NiirM-rv  iiili-^.  Iraililioim,  nnil 

iti»i<>!»-»   ••<   til'-   /.iilii»       I,.   'I'riiliiifr.    f^iH.     Hvo. 

:<i.      I' ^i-iiii..'i  »  till.'      1. .  I^ill 
f'amplM-ll,  J«hii.     V,,v,ii.'i'  In  aii'l  rniin  llii'('a|H>  nf 

I..--I  ll'i"       I.  .  ICi'i   Tr  .s,i,- .  lK.i:i      isinii.     Is  (Vl. 

—  1jI»-  «i»'i  niWHitmarv  iMitrrpri-sf  in  s.,,iili  .\|r'ii'a. 

I.  .>»••■»    l^ll.    •%,.      Ills     ,I,,iirn.>\  ii,  l..illakiHi  ill 

HiMiil,  Afni-n.     I.  .  K.-I  Tr  .S,«- .  I-M.'i     I.' Ih.  Ikl. 

Caaipl^rll.  •!■  A.  K.    Smiii- AfriiM:  ils  ililll.'iiliivM  aiul 

i«»-,eiii  »i.'.i.-    I..  wiImiii  |"<;;     n. 

OmijIc,  4.  K.     SkiiiIi   Afriia  anil  lis  iiii'<'.i,iii  lli-Ms. 

I.   \i.i.-t.  i«:»    v»,,    .'>s 

t'a>ali»,  K.  Tli-  lla-Milii«;  or  «{  vit.  in  S,iiith  Afrli-a. 
I.  .  .Ni-t«i.  l-o.i.  sv,,.  fe.  Kri'iiih  i,ri«  l.<-s  lias. 
Moulw  I'ari-.  *>••.  KV.i  ftlihlis  -ur  l;i  laiiiriii' 
Sr«-tii'»fia  |irt'i-,'i|,'i',»    iriini'    iiilr',i,lii,-ri,in    siir 

r««nifHi*-H  1.**  |in,|M*s  ,|i*  la  iiii^^siiiii  ,-li,'/,  |,>m  IIiim- 
-i:.~      V'    l«ll      sw), 

ChalBipr*,  J.  %.  Ti\<i  Siiira.  n  pii|^-i>r  Knutli  African 
iii,.„..t,  «..rk      I.  ami  K.lln.,  IIikIiI.t.     -Jil  .•.,  1K7H. 

*».i        lis 

f'harrli  In  lh<>  <'<iloiil««,  Nn.  ■£}  (South  Africa).     I..., 

!V.'. 
Clark.  <i.  It.    Th>' Ti-ansranl  ami  lli'i'liiiaiiaiaii'l      !>., 

Jma.  !>«»     <»»<>.     Is 
Coir.  A.  W.     Tlici'ii|H>  nii'l   llic  KaMr^:  ,ii'.  imti't  of 

Ai**  y»-«rs.  n*si<lcn,i,   in   So    .\fin-ii       I..    Itctillcy. 

:<•:     »>•■     ii«>  <'«l     (iiT.  trails.     I.p/..  Is.vj 
CulauMi,  J.  W.     Ten  ni'i-ks  in   Natal      .Iniinial  of  a 

ttrsi   t-Mir  ,.f   %is)ifitl'iii   aiiiiiiu:   ili»*   ctilmiisis  anil 

'/m'.u    Kafllrs    <,f    .\alal       I 'ainliruli;!'.    Maciiilllan, 

J"«i     I*iii,-     .'is.     Kiisl  Klfps  of  ilic/iilii  iiilssion. 

I.     Va,'i,iilliui.  |M)iil. 
f'altrrlli.    II.      Ttirts-    months    viHitallnii.       I..    \xr<n. 

J-xmaJ  of  a  Msituli'Hi  In  iiialiaiii-lnHii.     I.    Isfts. 

J'Mimal  of  iIh*  II|i   ,if  itialiaiiisl.mii  in  a  visitalion 

(••  K^ffrai-iaii  Missimis      I.    |s4i;). 
Cnaimiac,  K.  11.     Ki>c  v>-nin    ailti'iiliiii'i  in    Smilli 

.\trKm.    .N.  V.  in:ii.    -,<  v.  |«iiio.    |<1.<M. 


f'lmynchiiinf,  .\.  Tli.,  sir.  My  coiiimaml  In  Sniilh 
.\tiii,i.  |s-.  1  s      I,,  Miiiniillan'.  IHV.i      m,,      1^'s   Vui. 

ItuiMliorKtir,  C.  T.  I.amli'iisi'  in  ,Iiim  Iniicrc  sun  H. 
Afiikii.  cli-  l.|i/  .,  isiii.  Kinj  trails.  TiavclM 
lliniin.'li  llic  intciior  of  Africa.     I...  IX"! 

Kuiiulilnrs  aif  lli«  KliiK  of  Kiillr  l.jtiiil.     I'aiHicy, 

|ss| 

I>i>ti.  tl.  It.    LcclnivMiml  aiiilii'.sM'S  IS.  Aliini).    Kiiiu 

\\  ins    Toufi,  |Hnr, 
nriikciialclii.    Sci  iicH  (Ic  la  Vic  an   Sii,|   ir.\frii|iii<. 

I's     Is.ii       (.S«.f  Sintrilim/.  I 

lOliiicr,  •!.  I..     Ili'is.-  nacli  Sililafrika  iinil  liaisit- lliin)f 

nil' r  «.ilii,iiil  H  .liiliiiMi  iliiscllist  Ills  Missininiir 

I'liici  ,lcn  lloilcntiitlcn  t;ciiiiirliicii  I'.rtalininxcn. 
Iti'ii    is;'.i     Sv,,. 

ICilwiirds,  •loliii.  UcMiiniscciiit-H  of  carlv  lifn  nnd 
iiii«sc,,n  laliiiiiis;  .'ill  vcirs'  iiiissi,,n  w,iii(  in  Soiitli 
Ariica,     I,  .  V.'n.ilincn.  r-Mi     sv.i.     Js.  i;,l 

Fills,  .i.  li.     S ii  .Miicin  sketches.     1...  Cliapiiiafl, 

1NS7,       Sm,        lis. 

Klfiiilni:,  Kr.  (Jc,,i;ni|ihy  ami  natural  liisii.rv  of 
Soiitli  Atrica  I,  .Mali,  IKW.  Hvo,  .Is  —  K.ilTiarin 
ami    lis    inlialiiiaiits.      I..,   Siiiipkiii.      .M    c  ,    Is.'^t. 

"•v. I.       -.'S.   li.l. 

Foiifilaiii  KlfHif.  Tli« :  or.  niissjonarv  life  in  Soiiih 

.\rnc.i      I'liila  ,  I'rcsliy.  |i,|    piili.     lilnio.     Sl.'iO 
Oitriliiicr,  A.  I'.     Narniincnla  ji.iirncv  to  llic /ckiIii 

ciiiiniiy,  |s:i.-,.     I, .  Ci-,,!!,.  |s.li;      svo.     -.'lis 
<i«li«-l,  <•.   I>.     I''.iiiii;c  Scnilsi'liicilii'ii  alls  SIM  .Sfrikii 

nil  iliMi   liiscliot'  Ni-amicr  in  Itiiliii.     Ilanilii.'    I**!!). 

l-.'nio      ;i.jSrr 
<i>'si'liiclil<>  ilcr  Aiislirclliiiii;  ilt-s  ('lirislt'litliiiiim 

niilci    ,l,-ii    liciili-n\i.ll.i-ni   S,   .\liikas.     I;,il.   IKW. 

sv.i.     l.'i  Sijr 
<illliiiiir<'.  riirk«r.    The  i;rcal    tliii'st    laiiil   |Nai.  .]. 

I,     las-ill,   I  -J  e.  is;s,     Hv.i.     -.Ms.     n    c.  Vk   tkl.— 

Ii.ns  ami  nlnliis  liy  lie  ilcsert  [.Soiilh  .Xfricuj.    It., 

KiL'.i.i  I'li.il.  Isss     Mil,,     Ills,  i;,l, 
(iiluiivlll**,    h'..     Aiiioiiir  tile  Cape    Kalllrs.     T,,,   Son. 

mnsiliciii,    Isss,      Svo       Is      Soiiiii    African    (;oi<l 

liclils.       I...  Snlinells,  hiin.    IHSS.       Svo.       Is. 

(IoH|i«l  aiiioiiK  tlic  llorliiiiiiiiiH  mill  •illi<>r  TrllM-a 

•  ir.Soiiilii'rn  Africa.     I'hila  .  Am.  S  S.  |l>*|ii]      mmo. 

(i<is|ii'l  HiiioiiK  lli»  4  itlTrcs;  storv  of  lir   MnlTalt  anil 
111,    iiii-~i    11,11  V    liili.irs.     liosl,,  Am.  Tr.  Soc.  Jl  (HI. 
<fraliaiiistowii,  Itp.  ,if.  sc*  ( 'olicri'l. 
<triiv,   U.     .loiirnal  of   a   vi.iiatioii   to  the  ilioi'es,.  of 

.Niiial  in  Isiil.     I..  Hell  ,H:   n,  l><';i.     I'Jiiio,     Is,  i),l,  ^ 

Visiiilion  of  I',    portion  of  ('a|M  town,     I,,,,  Hell  ,V 

Ii  .  IXiii;      f.'nio     Is 
Ort-nwi-ll,  \V.    I  iiir  Hoiitli  African  cinpirc,     I,,  Cliap- 

iniin.  iss,-,.     -.1  V      Svo.     'Js, 
(iiilllri,  K.  r.    Afiiqiie:  cxuiirHion  ilanN  la  colonic  (hi 

c.ip     I's  |s.;« 
(iiiiiili-rl,  II,     Vn-r  .lahre  111  Asnnti*.    Taifehllchcr  (ler 

Miss,  Itiiinsevir  1111,1  Kliiiiie  alls  ilcr  Zcil   ilin-n  (ic- 

fanu'cn.i-l.afl ,      Itas.l,   Is*,,', 
Hull,  II.     SoiilhiM'ii  Afina.  imlmlinit  the  ('a|»' Coloiiv, 

Nital.  anil   the    lunch  Kepiililics.     I...  Spmi.   INTIi. 

Svo.      .'Is    I'hI- 

llalllici'k,  II.  r.     Nanaliv,'  of  a  visit  to  llie  new  iiiiK- 

sjoiiart  s>'lll,'iii,'ril  of  the  rnlleil  liictliri'ii 

S.iMlh    Sfrica.      ■Iniiis   l,v  C.  .1.  ! jiir..l.e.      I,  ,  is.ii. 

Hvo    Us. 
lilstiiry  nf  <'lvlllx»tliiii  iinil  ('liristliiiilxntliiii  of 

Si.iiili   Mrica       riiil.  Ih:',')      mm, 
lloliirk,  I''.    Sil.lAliika     |ieiiii,,|.!. 'Mcver.  isni.     |  Mk. 
Ilolili'ii,  W.  <  .    Ilisi,,!  v  of  Mctliiiilisni  ami  its  iiiissloiiH 

III   .soiiili    Africa.     I,.   Wesl,  i  ■inr   i  HT..   IHm      hvo. 

Ills.  i;.l     The  past  ami  fiiiiii f   the   Kallr  raciiM. 

I.  .  .|rilis,,n.  IW'ii;.     K\ii.      IDs 
liiiliili,  Kiiill.     Seven  veai-s  in  Hoiitli  Africa      ITranii. 

fl-olll    Hie    llellnllll,|      llosi,,    lioiit'lll.ili,    |HH|       •,•    v. 

Hi,,,     Jpim'      Kiiie  fiiltniski/./.c  lies  Manisie  Maiii- 

Immla  Ketches  In  SllilCeiitral  Afrika      Wlcii,  IH7II. 

Kvo      .1  Mk. 
lio|>,  II.  lor  rallicr  ('.  F,  llrink)      XoiivhIIh  ileH<Tl|i- 

iioii  ilii  Cap  lie  Honiii'  Ks|iC'ranre.     AiiihI,  ITTH.    it 

1,1s.      Svi, 

Illiiilwsclilfldcn,     K.ihiopien.    Stmlien  llher  WchI- 

.Mill.ii      llanili  iri;.  IHTll      Hvo.     In  Mk, 
Irnlaiiil.    \V.      ili^loricai   skeichcH  of   lint  /iihl   luitl 

loi II  inissioiis      lllii.  |Hil.->. 

JUlllcke,    K.       llie    Itellincr     .Missions    Slat'iHI    /onr- 

.\iiialiensielii  in  Cap  I.iimic     Iterl   |H,"i7.   Hvo    fiHKr. 
•loiikliiHiiii,  Th.   It.    .\iiiaienlii:  the  /.iiliis.  thcir,paHt 

liisiMi'v.    iiiantiers,    customs,    ami    laii((tiaKe.      h., 

Allen,  I-*--.!,     Svo      (Is, 
•loiiu,  «'.  <1«>.     Keisin  naeh  ilem  Vorifeliirfe  iler  Kiit«*n 

lli.iriiiiiii;.  cl,  .      Ilaiiili    Is'i.l     ••'   (lis      Hvo.     (Troiil 

ihe  liiilcli.  Ilaiirlciii.  IHil.i  :|      :iptH.> 
Kity,  Nti'iilicii.     The  Kalllrs  case.     I,     Travrla  ami 

V,'s,'ari'li,'s  ill  CnlTrarIa      I.   |H!l.'t      I'.'ino      IlH. 
Kfrnioilf,  W.    Naial:  its  early  history,  risi".  pronrfliui, 

ami  liiinre  pri,s|HM'tii  oh  a  llelil  for  eiiii>;iatloii.     L., 

Trilliiier.  IHH-.'.     Hvo.     .Ss.  (kl 
K«rr,    \V.    M.     The   far   iiileriiir:   froii,   the   CapH  <if 

leioii  Hope  to  llie  lake  re|;ionH  of  (Vniial  Afriua. 

I..,  Low,  I  MM.     Ii  V.  bvu.     iU: 


■liti 


:| 


TRAVELS,  OENERAL 


584. 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Kttriifr,  K.    SIM   Afiikn.     N:iliir-   nii.l   KiiltiirliiMtr. 

I.p/  .  -M  I'.,  lN;tl.    ^vl^     li  Mk 
Kr»|il',  .1.  I..     Afiikii  vnii  Sllil  Mill-It  Wi'Kt.     t.iiilwii;s- 

l.iiik'.  IViT.     Svo.     ft  S>;r. 
I.iilrolir,  <:.  tl.     Visit  ;.p  Smttit  Afr;;;^      So"  Ilnlltiwk. 
I^-ll<-r<.  ri'oiii  Soiitfi  Afrinii,     I'liisU'v.  Iw>i 
l«  \  iiilliiiil ,  I'.     \  ..\iii;i'  iliiii'<  I'iiitfi  ifitnli-  I'.  ,fric|iii> 

|Mi-   li-  I  a|>  'ii'  li.Mitii'    Kspi'iaitif.     i;s(I-n:i      I'arii, 

t;'.*!,    'jMil..    Hv.i.    KtiK  li'iiii'<.    TniM'lsiiitoili.' in- 

Ifttnr  iHiiis  <ir  Alriia.     I..  IT'.HI.     •Jmi-i      s\,, 
Ij|uii-l'a<^liet,  F.     Tivii  Sii;;a,  i1h  I'.i'isli-  KafTf  r  Zi'iiilel- 

itii;.   >  I'lai.K.  of  ('lialiiifr>.  aliiiviM    Atiisi.  is><s.     ''vo. 

Ils.j.     Wdiiflsltjd  ili'f  'riiiiisvulfis.      Aiii>l.   ISM. 

Kvo.     ^s.  0»i. 
LItllc,  .1.  S.    South  Afi'ii'U.     I..    1^!<I.     2  V.  »\n.    -M 

.'..  issr.   -.'Is. 

LIviiiK-'l""''.  '•.  SlissiDtiaiv  travi'Is  ami  n-si'arrlit-H 
III  ScMilii  Alfira  I..  .Miit'iav.  IS'iT.  >vn.  Jls. 
l.ai.f  !■■!  .   i.s.     Ki'pf.    N.    Y  .    IliitpiT,    1K")».      Svo. 

ji.iKi.    riiiia.  i-<;ii,    i-.'tii.p.    SI.;:.. 

I.l»\ili  K.  I'.,  Mv»,  Si'fil  atiil  Hltcavi's:  (')iristiaii 
«'iik  iti /ithilmiil.     N.  v..  1«W.     l-.'ttio.    id  e.,  l.«i;o. 

Irfiriiiivr.    Woiiiatt's  work  itt  South  Affico.    Puislev. 

Ix>v<'iliil«.    Tast  ntnl  |)fi's<Mit  (S.  Africa).     Ixivedalf. 

iv'r 

Ma<'k«<iiiie,  il.  Ti'it  .vi-ars  tioitlti'f  <  nam.''' Itivcr  iS. 
Alriiai  K.lilili.  ls;i  .Nn..  ;s.  llil.  Ilay.lawii  ill 
ilark  i>lart>s:  uatiiliM'iii^  iiitil  \y>>vk  itt  iVi'hiiiitia- 
latt.i  I,  att'l  N.  V  .  fassi'll.  Ihni.  Kvii.  .'Is  6<I.— 
Aii-li'al  Alt'ica  [l!i*<-ltiiaiialaiicl  utiil  ('a|H'  I'olony). 
I,  .  l,<i\v.  Inh;.     •,'  V   Sv.i.     ;i-.'s. 

Mackiiiiioii,  .1.  Soittli  African  IraelM.  K<liiih.,Sim|>- 
km.  I'v'T.     Hvo.     7>.  Ikl. 

MaK>i«r,  I..  K>-i-.i'ii  itt  Silil  Afrika.  miO-ST.  Aiik  tl. 
I  iii;.     l',-st.     1  ll.l.     1SV.I.     .tiltal.'r. 

Malaii.    Mis.siiMt  l'iati<;aiM-  ilti  Sml  iltt  r.\friiiiie.     IV 

Blnlitii,  <'.  H.     liiilt'H  itt  lltf  ittissioti  HcMh  nf  Sitith 

.Xfrii'a.     1...    MiMKatt,    l>r.l.     I.'niu      Is    i'mI-S" tilth 

African  tnissiuiK.     I.  .  Nisliit,  is;il      t-.'tttn     S-s  M 

— Stiiillt  .\frtca.  a  liiititllioiik.     I,  ,  Silver.  '.M  «>.,  ISTll. 

hVM.      Ills.  > 

Uarliii,  It.   >l.     Ilisiory  of  South  Africa.     I,.  'M  e., 

•.M;1.     !-.'iii.i      •Is  m. 
Maiioii,  <i.  II.     /.iiliilaiiil:  aiiilsxioii  lour  itt  So  Africa. 

I.    INV*.     Kvo.     lis. 
HatllirWK,  J.  W.     Iticwndi  Yaiiii;  or.  twciilv  yt-ars 

III  ShuiIi  Africa      I.  .  I...w  ,  IHSH.     Mvo      lis" 
MriillniiPi'.  II.     I>ic  Silil  tifiikntiisclie  C'oloitieii  En^- 

laiuls.     Kratikf.  IMll.     Kvo.     'Jl  irr. 
Hort'iinkv.      Ilciti'ii^'c    7.iir    KciiiiitiisM   SIM    Afrikas. 

licrl.  |sT.-, 
Mt*rriiiiaii,    N.   .1.      Knllr.    Ilotli'iiiot.    ami    frotiticr 

fanner:   jiassa^^es  I'f   itiis!si«jnui>'    life.     I>-,  U4*II  X 

|i.,  1S.M      sv..      Ss  Ikl. 
MInsIoiihIii  SiMitli  Afi'lra.     tliilil   IH:N. 
nii<.Hl<>iis-llllil<<r.   Snitnsl  Afrika.    Heft  IS.  1874.     8vo. 

:.•.  I'f      Kailaiiil      Hell  II.  IMT.i      Hvi.      7.-,  I'f. 
MIksIoii  VuiiiIoIsi-  an  Siidtlv  IMIrlqiir,    I.jiii.sannf, 

i~;.' 

Miiroril,  II.     Tliron^-h  llic  /.itlii   i iilrv:   its  liattle- 

tiel.ls  anil  i's  venple      I,.,  ratil.  IKSI.     «v.i.     lis 

Hotlat,  lloh«rt.  A  life's  laliiir  in  S  Africa  I... 
Stinvv.  isll.  Hvo.  ;is.  (i<l.-  Missionary  scenes  tiitil 
laliois  III  Soiiili  Africa.  I.,  ami  N.  V..  Snow.  IH|-,> 
fivo.  .Ss.  Citicinnati  Wilslaih  1H.M1.  rjim*  Jl.iKI 
-  Scenes  and  advent  tires  :ti  Africa.  I'ltiia.,  I'rvs. 
Itil  I'lili    I!*itio.    a'lc- Stories  ahoiii  Africa.   Plilla.. 

rres.   |)d.   I'lili.      ISIIIO.      .'I-'k'. 

Napier,  K.  K-\ctirsions  in  Soiitltern  .Xfrii'n  I., 
Slflierl,  ISIll.  •,'  V.  Hvo.  ;.'ls.  The  h..ok  of  the 
Ciipe.     Kd.  hv  Mrs.  Ward      I,  .  Ni-wliv.  |h.m      s».,. 

I0~.  li.l 

Nlt'intp   .\llKeiii.-l<eHrlirl,|vlnu;   van   <le    Kap  ile 

li le  ii.n.p.    Mil. I   I'.;; 

Molilc,  tliiliii,     S.mili  .Mii'a.  past   and  present.     |,., 

LciiiKiiiatis.  |s;;.    .-iv...    :s.  ii.l  — i  illl.ial   li.'iiidliixik 

III   llie   I'ape  mill    Soiilli    Africa.      1...    I.iin^Mii.ins. 

i-^>     r.'iiiii.    .Is,  (id 
Oati'M,  Tr.     Mataln'le  Ij\tid  and  llie  VIctori.i  Kails.     A 

naiiiriilisl's   waliderinirs   in   the   inierior  of  South 

.\fnca      Kd.  Iiv  (.'.  tl.  iiales.     I..,  Ke);an  rani.  IS"*!. 

Sv.i.     Mis. 
Opri-ttfili*  <ltiiiiike  afrlfcaiisk**  K»iiipni;n|pii  IIU- 

torie  (llistoi-vof  till*  Iiaiiisli  .Vt'rican  i''iiiip.inv  es- 

lalilivhed  under  I'ledi'i  irk  the  I'ifllii.     Kl>lin.  1><1k 
OiniiKe  Free  s|itt<>  anil  lliiHiitii  Mission.     I...  IMV4 
I'alteriiiin,  \V.     rra\els  in  the  land  of  Hie  llutleulots 

and  t'alTies,     l,i;i«i     hvo.     lierlians.     Iterl.  17'Jil. 
I'hillp.  Il.ibl.     The  KlijaltiifSoiilh  .\frica.     I..,  Snow, 

!•■■•■.'.     i^vo.     Is 
I'rInKi**.  II-     Narniliveiif  arenldence  In  South  Africa. 

I,.  ISSii.    Ide.  mm.  t<vo.  '.■>i.ll<l.    (jer.traiis.   StiitlK. 

IS'tti 
Piiaiix,  Frank.     I-es  llnRRoiiloH.     Vn«  niliwino  fnui- 

yaiM- an  Slid  de  l'Afi'ii|iie.    I'ltriM,  18M.    Hvu.     I  fr. 


Keli-lirlt.      (i— ichicnie  der   llnider  Missions  Slalion 

Sdn  in  Sfxl  Afrikn      liimdnii.  P^H. 
KlrhariU.  .1.  D.     TIte  (alholio  I'htin-h  ami  lite  Knllr 

I.    IV*' 
Kialsclalr.    s.-»-ivi-.  mid  iKlventnrfs  in  Ureal  Nuinaiiiia 

land    s    \frK-n.i.     I-  IW« 
Ri«pr«  of  n  al«>r  In  a  Hry  I'lare  |Mr  MofTai's  mis- 
sionary  UlK.ursj.     L..   Krl.   Tr    Soc  ,    IH«;j.     u.   e. 

Is:-,      »,,.      :t,. 
Rf>lM-rtM>ii.  H.,  Mr».    M.ssion  laml  aiiinni.'  the  Ztilii 

Kaftlrs.    U.  Beniix><«-.  IfVi    v'd  e  ,  l"-:.*!      «\ii     .'is  iki 
Ko<-bp.  II.  A..  .Mr».    tin  trek  in  the  Tninsvaal:  or, 

mer  la-rv  iinii  veHi  lu  Soiith  Africa.     I...  1,.ih,  I-| 

e  .   !»:s       «\.i.      I.K.  ful. 

Srhrpuilt-r.   Bp.      Breve    til    Mis.sioiis  Comiteen    iS 

Afric;%        I  hnst.-!.  1>CI. 
.Schrumpr.     (Iirislian.       Slid  nfriknitisi'lie     lt>-ise- 

Kilder      N.,11.  » .  l-iS'.*.     p.hiio      T.-i  I'f.     Siid   Afiikait- 

ts,|ie   Mivsivxis  Itikler.  fur  June  ntnl   .Ml.    Siiass- 

litirir.  iv<>      |-.:nMi.    OSct. 
Shaw,  Wiu.     N.iriaii\e  <.f  inissionary  laUirx  in  South 

.Xfrica.     I»    l"**!     "vo.     I'ri.     siiirv  of   iiiv    tnis-iou 

atiK-ni;  tin-  i:iiu>li  »«-tilers  in  .s.iiitlt  Africa     I..  IK-,'. 
Slbr»M',  J.    So<ith  .Xfrica:  tMuniry  and  t'ltrisliait  inis- 

si"ns.     I.   Iv><l.     <\o     Gs. 
South    Afrira.    I*«»rtrv   of.     YA.  A.    Wilinot.     faiie 

Tiinn.  ISV".     ->o       <i<  ) 
Sparruian,  A.     V.-va^'e  an  I'ap  de  linime  l-;speratic««. 

I'-    !>: 
S|HM<rlin,  Marcurritr,  >llle.  nrakeiistcin.  Scenes 

lie  la  >ieaiiS-i<l  lelvtrKpie      I's  Is;i;      l-Jmo.     i  fr. 
Slatr  anal  Fruoprrtaof  the  Itiitceiie  i>f  C'api-toun, 

I..  I  v.". 
.>>tav<irinus,  J.  S.     Kei-4-  nach  dem  VnrKeliirne  dcr 

tiiiteti  llolTiiuntr.  etc      Ilerl    I'.'M. 
Slvvt-n«an.  J.    CivilizaiiMn  in  .s.  K.  .\frjcn.    (Jlasiroiv. 

Nl  t.>  '.I  .si.  Isr7     «vo      -Js.  til. 
Tauim  <•.     I»N-   IV>itii|{iesiM.-he   Ih-silziiliK^n    iu  S.  W. 

Afnka      Manil>   IM.V 
Taylor,   W.     Clinstuin  advpnttin-s  in   .Soiiih    .\frica. 

1.  ;tiid  N    Y  .  Jaek<s<u  \   W  .  1»*«7      »vo.     lis.  Ikl. 

I'hnsiian  adventures  in  South  Africa.     1..,  .lacksun 

.t  \v  .  !>«>     »>o    tr*  r.l 
Thval,  G.   Mr<\     K-isnio  land   rwiinls.     t'ni>eTo»ii. 

IfiKJ.     :<  vois—Kallr  folk  hire.    Tnnhlional  lalesof 

l"a|ii-l"'>k«iy      U.Sinnpnwhein.  I **<-.•.     >»i>     Is.Od. 

— I 'oinivii-tinm  of  S.  .\fncati  liist>>rv  and  yeoirra- 

i>hy.     I>>v.sUIe.  I-tTT.     *l  e,  ]s:>t.    Mvo.     IOk  Ikl  — 

lUsiorv  of  iIm-  lfc»Ts  in  South  .\frica.     I. ,  Soiinen- 

soheiti.  Ivs7      s^„,     i.Vs 
Thomas,   Th.    M.      Kk-ven    vears  in    IVnlral   Soiiih 

Afn.  a      l_.  Sn..».  \<X     Svo      7s.  I'al. 
Trollupr.  .%.    SiMiih   .\frica.     I...  I'haptnan.    lilt   e.. 

IsTs       ■.'  V     -ivo.      »S 

VIelorin.  J.  K.     liesii  i  Kaplandet.     Slut    IK'ifi. 
WanK'uianu.  II.  Th,     |iie  lu-iliner  Mission  iin  /nhi 

Ijn.t.-.  r«-rl    l<r..     I  Ml,      Hie  Ik-rliner  Missimi  iiii 

KafferLande     lu-rl   !-;  t     svo     I  Mk.     lite  Herliner 

MisMoii  nil  K--raiii.a  l.aiide     Ilerl   is7:t.    Svo    :t  Mk. 

—  I>ie  RiTiiiier  Mtssji.n  nil  Kap  l-ande.     Perl    l'*7.'i. 

Svo     3  Mk  -  l.>-l>.nshildei  alls  .su,t  Alrika.     Ilerl. 

fcle.  PCfi     --J.-aiMk 
\Valerui<-.ter.     1  V-sMlezin^fn  nverde  Kaap  delloede 

ll.».|v     faiiel.  I>.%s 
Walers.  H.  *T.     .V  lihef  jonnial  of  a  tnissiuiiarv  Iniir 

III  th.-  Iia.s|ir-e  lUver  IiHle|ieiideiicy.  KatTiaria.  Jan 

iiaiv    :<■>      I.   !"\.a 
Wrnillanvl.     IMIkinien  in  Nanialand      Herl.  isH.^ 
M  ilkinson,  Mr^    lifeaml  travels  in  /iiliihiinl  illirini; 

tViei»a»o"s  rvign.     L,   Hayes.    IWU.      '.JU  e..    IhNi. 

!<«i>     5«i. 
Valen,    II.   «i.   B.     .\d»eniiir>-s    in  Siaiiheni    .\frica 

K.hiili .  W  <>li|.)uini.  IM:<.t     l-vo.     Is  lid. 
YoiiDK.  ^ant'l.    Stories  relatiOi;  ii>  Kalii  land.     Diilil. 

|s,%l.     Narratives  «•(    the  triitiiiplis  of  j:race   iSo. 

.\fri.-:«»      l_.  Mason.  I»«i».     I^tno      N   '.id 
/leKlfr.  f'arl.  Kiintt-ttenehn-hleder  ll»-rliiier  Misstnns 

I i,-s«-l|sa'lka(l   m'lKl   ihrer    Stationeu    ill  S     .' frika 

Kikari»l»nr»,  1S%7     Svo     li  Sur. 
Zulu  lutca,  lliai  is.  proverlis:  <ir  out  of  llie  way  sny- 

in»rs  of  tlie  /iiliis:  ts.llei-t»sl.  trnnslatisl.  ami  inter- 
preted hv  a  /tilii  niis-sionary.     Hiirluin.   Issi.     svn. 

•J*.  61 
Zulum  and  .HUsionary  Work  anionK  Iheiii.  lil.'isf;. 

Abrahaui  iimd  M-iu<*  Trommel  iVV.  Arrical.    Ilasi-I, 

is:  1 

.\rrlra  Rrileenic-d,  illiisir.ivteit  by  lite  Kmvvlh  and 
pni-ii»^ts«>l  IjisTia     I. .  N'isU-t.  1S.M     IL'iiio.  :is.li>l. 

Allen.  \V.  IV-iuieMpie  views  of  ihe  S'iifer.  I..,  Miir- 
rav .  ;si<i     41,1      :^is 

Au<ler*soB,  t*.  J.  I.ake  Niranii.  p.vplnrniions  ami 
disisivrrwv  durmir  four  yearn"  nanderin^'S  ill  the 
KiUtt  trf  Smithwi^lern  ".Kfrica  S.  Y..  Ilariifr 
l^ii".  $1  7V  <  >kaiaiitri  Kiver:  narrative  of  navel, 
fxidonuioa.  and  advpuiure.     N.  Y.,  I(ar|ier.    8vo, 


m 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


888 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


AU4  <l>-n    llri<-rrn    riiir>   MiMioti*    Kniifiiiuiin's 

.«iit   l^r  i."Ul  Ku-t<-      Ui^-I.  I*"-.'. 
Baulxiry.  U.   A.    I_     Sjfira    l^'<<iii-:    <<r.   the   uliitf 

riiiiii  ■»rfT.%*f.     I*  .  SiniiifiiM.'hfUi.  IHH^.   hv«>.     1<)h.  ti^). 
Uwutlrl.    l»-x'linjviii),' \aii  il>-ii  A/oriM'lK-n  Kilaiidi'ii. 

Aiiiw    T^^' 
BetThaiii,    John.      Mii'inimry    »<iik    in      WcKtiTii 

Afn-M       1..    ISU'.  — Art"<'Uiit   of   Ashniitif  iiinl   tlic 

liriille).  W.  H.    Liff  i>ii  llif  Coil).'".     It)'  (i.  Urenffll. 

L  .  in   Tr.  >•>.•  .  I>-;      I-.'m.i      Is  til. 
Ucntmcar-^'mtnil,  L.  J.  II.     Ia—   ixmiiiIiI'Ii-s  de  In 

>.-n.'-^.»tiit»i»v      lli«.t<'ire.   cihiio^iMithit',   luiHiirs    i*t 

*Ntiii iiiii*-^,  I'-u'^n.l**^.     I*s.  I**;'.*.     '»\ii. 
Ila-aiicli  in  Ht-rrrit  Ijtnil.     Ikirni>'ii.  1V4). 
HIjrilHii,    Kalnal.    W.      LiIhtiiiN  <itT<Tiii)».     X.    Y.   ij) 

l^t.;  —Kftiii  WV- 1  Afrii-a  to  I'alrsiiiif.     Fret-  Town, 

Ilort  <■••  ^1.  Vinreul.     llcM-lirriliiiiis  mid  (ii'sohicht'* 

iftT  t 'at'.irifii  Iniirlu.     Wcitiiar.  ]Si)4. 
Urewin,   K.    Aiiioct.'  Hi*-  |mIiiis:   Sifirn   Lh'iiim  ami 

It-*  tiiix«).>ri!i      L   1^^^      1- 
lliifhhol<.  It.     I^ii'l  (lud  Li-iitf  in  Wi^iiirrikn.    lieii. 

I-..',      «v)      I  Mk 
ltuttiki>fer.     M.^I•^I••I  m-.T  I,ilNTi:i.     Aiiist    lSf>|. 
Uulil.    C.     I>ir    Itasler    Mi&Muii    uiif   dt-r    <i<>ldkilste. 

IU'«-I.  i>r:. 

Uuriloe.  A.  Thf  Nis;pr  aiitl  tlif  lt<-tiiifli,  fmm  the 
KrviK'li  hv  Mrs.  (i.  .siurxr.  L  .  Ilriilli')',  II**'.  nvo. 
1  i*.  •■.!. 

Biirlitiartlt'<'K.a.vMi«ii..n  IlihliMthrk.  ltd.  II.  Die 
'•vaii.r»'liM:lM'  Mi!*.%H*ii  unit- r  ti»-ii  lM'fr»*iien  iind  fnMcn 
NV.'-m  III  vVr-i  Afrika.    lti^(.-fi-ld.  ItTT.  hvi>.    •,' Mk. 

Biirtuii,    K.   I'*.     Wi;   and   »i»>l<>iii    fnuii    NV.   .Kfrioii. 
I...   TiiisKv.   I"*'^-     ^»>>      )-■«    '"1.     .Vl>«-iikiitu  and 
til.- t'«iinT'«>ii<  Mountain*.     !• ,  Tiii^li-.v,  l"*);).     ■' \ 
!*v.>      iVi.  — Mv  wai|.l>Tiin:«  in  \V.  .\fiifa.     L.,  Tins- 

Uurton,  K.  I'.,  and  t'nmfron.  V.  L.    To  the  liold 

('■••.-I  r-r  K'>VI    a  |•r^^>•Il«l  iiari'alive.     t..,  C'liatto, 

l»«ia     ••Til     aiii. 
C'hnrlfMWiirth,    .M.   L.,    Mli>».      Afrioa's    inoiintain 

vailev:    tin-  i'liur\-li  in  K>-K»*nl's  Town.  W.   .\frica. 

I...  s-^1hv.    ih.-«>.     Sill  l.omi,   IHC),     liiii.i.     .is.  (id. 

(tfr.  tran.*.     Hainli.  !•<*;. 
t'rowlher,  •^.     Kx|irtliii<>n  up  the  Ni;;er  and  Tshndda 

riv.T*.     I. .  S..»-I^v.  IVril      I'.'nio.     :1s.  («1 
Cr<>wth«r,  S.,  ami  Tayltir,  .1.  ('.     The  ti'i^liel  «n  the 

ii.iiik* '.f  III.- Vn:-r      I,  .  S.-.-l.-.\ .  l-vV.i.     si.i.     ;■*. 
Criiikvhiiiik,    llriHl.      Kicitteen    \eai-<4  nn   the  itoUt 

r.i~'      I.  .  lliirnt  .S  II .  ivjj     -.''v   svii.    •.'!<. 
Ita>iilii.  •Iiihn   II.     Km   U-lM-n-bild  ans  \V.   .\rriea. 

H.i«»-I    I-'.-"      •r.i.     |i.  Sir. 
UavitHt.  K.    The  KUhopiif  Afri-.-a.  Win.  Tay|.>r,  Ii.li.; 

nith  .111  a..«'«Hint  "f  tile  C.ini;.!  i*..iiiiif'v  aii.l  niissii.ti. 

lt-.«diiii:.  M.A»*  .  H..lini.»«Bk  ••onr  .  l><s.-i.  Jjiim.  ;.V. 
Ueiiiietl.  K.  K.    Sev.-n  years  anion);  the  KJiirt.     !«., 

I. m     :*»:.     SI..      7s  •-! 
I><-|irli-hiii.  B.,  rl  f°r<M>nvnl>rrKli«.    Trojs  aDs.lniis 

.Vtrvjii.- ,».|str.«le      llriixell.--.  I»M 
DesriUes,   tl.     I..>ank-i|.'  mii    liali'.iiiev.  el  i\  hi  I'l'ite 

.|-s.-~la>e«.     I's    is;;     s»,,     ;  fr. 
Diini-iin.  .lohn.    Trsvrl-  in  Wesieni  .\friea  in  I'fcJl. 

.\    j.nni"-v   Ihr..iii;li   llahoniey,   eto.     I.,    It.'iiMfV. 

!'l.".       I.'IIHI.       .'Is 

Eaxt.   I>.  J.     West    .vfrit'a  ami  the  lta|itist  mission. 

I. ,  I  Mfil  .V  Ives,  isii      i-ni...     1-.  M. 
Bin  (•eMncslhal   AfrikMs.   (Hli-r   <ll«*  Klnlii'   in 

Ke..-.i:i»i..«ii.  W.  Afnka      llaiiili   In;.'. 
Bills.   A.   H.     Wi-i    Arn.an   islan.ls.     I..   <  liaptiian, 

Iss*..  S4.»  )  1^  Tile  Tshl-.>|s'.lkin;;  IH'.i). I. 'S  ..11  T  Ii.- 
li.>ld  t'.«-I  ..f  W«-it  Afnra.  I.  .  <lia|miaii.  IsT, 
sv..      |.>..i-.l 

Fllrkln(er,  U.  K.  Ethi..|.ia;  i.r.  twenty  years  ..f 
iiii^^i-.iuirv  life  111  \V,-Merii  .\fni-a  Iiavt.tii.  <».  V. 
H    l-iil.  «■■.  .  Is;;.     :j.i  e  .  1-<SV     V.'iii.i     '.HV-. 

FurlM-s,  v.  K.  Inah.iiiiev  an.l  the  liiih.iineniis.  I,., 
l..>n.rtiian  ls."i;.  Missi..iis|..  |iah..iiiey,  l^W-.'ill.  I... 
I..>!i.riiiaii*      -  V   sTo.    'ils. 

Fo\,  Win.  Iii»l.>rv  ..f  Wesh-van  missions  in  West 
Afr..-a  I..  Ayhitt.  IT.l.  '  Svo.  Ms.  (■«!.- Slave 
tni.le  n  the  oestern  (Mart  nf  Afrira.  I...  .\yl..lt, 
IV.I.     s,,,      -i,   (il 

Freeman.  T.  H.  .I.iiinial  ..f  visits  |.>  Akn.  .\shnnll, 
an  I  lMh..iiiev.  I. .  >la^..ll.  ls||.  r.'in.i.  :is.  T.'iir 
III  •~.iith  Afr.a      1..  Sn.m.  I-v".?.     rjrii.i      7s. 

(iolillM-rr.v.  M.  X.     I  ruriiieii-  .run  vi.ynire  en  .\fri.|ne 

.  Ks  l|.-llta|e.       I"s     l-f." 

liiiiiiiiess,  11.  (irallHii.    The  first  rlirislinn  niis^i.in 

..I,  '!..- >'..nif.>.     I.    lss.1      llhe..  |ss-.'      Sv,,, 
Hay.  J.  D..  Mir.     Asttanlee  and  the  Ij.ihl  Coast.     L., 

Stanfi.nl.  |sT1     «v.>     -Js.  i«l 
Hm-k.  J.   ;^hn  Jahrvai  f.lerii.d.I  Kllsle     llasel.  1^-,!). 
HerqnanI,  H.     Kmse  an  .ler  Kiiste  iin.l  ui   las  Innere 

T.in  West  Afhka      l.|./.  IvM     sv,,.    M,;.iMk. 
Ilcosc,  J.    IVr  .V<>aiit<>  KiieE  iiii.l  .lie  Mnwioii  aiif  iler 

•  f..|.|  Kfisie.     K-t-d.  is;  I 
lIoflTmann.  W.     Alieoknta      Kerlii,  1S.*,9. 
Iial>l>r-«a'hlel<|<>n.     Kthi.<|iien.    Stii.lien  (llier  W.-st- 

Afni-a-     Hanibiire.  |s7i».    svo.    10  .Mk. 


Iltintrr.  R.    History  of  lubwt  «<i  of  Kre^"  Chun-h  of 
s...ilafi.t  In   lii.iia  and  Afiwa.    L,  Ne!»ins,  1S73. 

sw.        .1,    1,1 

lliipiietiltaurr,  \V.    V on  ig(r bi  tiach  Kuinast*.   iiawl, 
I  — 

lliilehinsun,  T.  .1.    Narratne.-f  the  Nijrer.  Tsc-ha.Ma. 

aij.l  lliniii  ex|»-.iit.'-ii.     I..  U-fi.-niai.s,  INV)      Kim... 

•Js  •>>.     Ini|.r>-s^i..ns  ..f  \\t— <  Atri.-a  aii.l  itscliniuie. 

I.-.  I.on/iiiaii'-.  ls.'.s      St.,     s,  »,| 
IrniiiiKfr.  I'.     klniitlr!n>n-r  fra  K>><en  tiiiinea  .Keool- 

i.s-it<>ii«  ..f  the  iskLL^i  ..I  f  itiitiea..     Kliiin   ls»;s. 
Ist-rt,   I*.  K.     Keise  til  <iiiiin-a  i^r  .!«•  f-aril«'i.sk«  <  >er 

i.l.ini'i.ev  to  <i.  an.l  llie  Cariblieau  Islands*.     iColl. 

.  f  iraiel...  .".. .     Kbhn.  I7;<1. 
Jiiriillliit.  L.     V..viii;es  aiix  ri%«*s  .In  Ni^r.  le  Di'iiin, 

le  l;..i_'..ii     l's.'is;s     I-,,,.,     .j.5,»fr 
•liiliiixin.  II.    .V  jiHiruer  up  the  Nijwr  in  1*77.    L. 

is;»|     i-.'ii,,. 
tlolinatoM,  11.  II.    Tile  river  ('<«i^v  from  its  inoulh 

I..  H..1..U..     K.  L,.i«.  ]sis|     sr„     •,•!»_ 
Joiii-s,   Wni.      Kxiniet    of   >4imal.    etc..    in    Sierra 

l...ne       1..   iss,-, 

l.alNte,  l'.\l>l>4.    !.»•  ^sivs  .Irs  n.'-jrres  et  la  oiite  des 

.^.■)a\."..     "I.-nr^.  Is.i,.     s^,, 
l.«-ii/,  «».     Sku/en  au>  We>tafr>ka.     Iterl.  l!>79.     !*vo. 

>.  .Mk. 
Vux,  A.  H.    Von  Ixan.la  tiarh  Kimlinudii.     Krireb- 

iiiss»-  .It-r  r..r«-hiin,:<iisrvi>r  mi  ifjiulorialen  West- 

.\trikrt.  ls;>-7ii      Wirn.  IsTv.     svo.     7  .Mk. 
MrKee,  W.    Ilist.r^-  ..f  Miertm.  Mission.  West  Afrii-a. 

|iaM..ii.  (>..  r    It   I'm.  f...     I6«n.'.     7V. 
MaltiMii,  H.     I'rei  Jahrtr  ini  Nonlwesten  von  Afrika. 

].]>/..  l-stl 
.Mission  iiii  .InriilM  ijiml.     ItaM.  1S57. 
.Miosiitiiitrjr   Ki-ritr<|s :    Wml    .\frK-a.      L..    Rel.    Tr. 

>.H-  ,  l»i:.     i-ni.>      Is  I.I. 
Miimiuns-llililrr.    Heft*.    Sierra  I>s4>eiin.l  Vorulia. 

tal>\     |s»;'j.     s,.,.    ;:,  |f._Hrft  ;•     West   Afrika. 

<ai«   jsro    s».,    :.i  i>f. 

Moisli-r.  Will.     M.'m-<rials  of  misNonarv  lalMiiirs  in 

Wf^t    Afiicii  and   Wfsi  ludHTs.    L,   Mumju.    IsiO. 

l.'m...     l» 
Moiirail.  II.  K.     Ilhlrae  til  en  Skil.irinir  af  liiiiiiea 

Ky»ien  f.if  .leiis   Indivv^^vrv-   . t'.*ntnbiili..us  t..  a 

.lr^-ri|iti->ii  ..f  tile  ^s4Ls|  oi  tviiitiea  and  its  inliabi- 

lanis       Kl.hn.  Is-Ji 
3liiri;aii,  .lnhn.     Keiiiiiii*«-*-ni>-s  ..f  thr  f..ut>Uii))r  .if  a 

i:ii»i..ii  .ill  the  liain'.ui  Kivrr.     I..  1S.M. 
Milliter,   I'.     Keile   l.ri  .l.-r   Kirin.-ihiiiii;  von  1  uach 

tinin«*a  iH-stuniiit»-ii  Mis^ionafvii.    Ciui.  !»<?*. 
NiissMii,    K.    H.     lialxsm  .in.!    t'oriM-'.    Missi.>n    iln 
Ili-Il      >k.-toh»-s     ..f     l*r<-sliv  trnan      Missions  ">. 

riol  .  rresi.y.  Ibl   l-nli.  IH.1 
Nassau,    II.    K.    t'T'.iiiMsl    in    [«lin    laii.l;    story  of 

.xrri.an   niis...i<ia    life.     Itiila .   l.i|.|.incott.      r^'iiio. 

5  !.;•.. 

Norton,  I'.  WL  <».     Res*len«-e  in  Sierra  !<-<.iie.     E»|  by 

<Ir..  N..ri..n      I. .  Murray.  l«r.<      ISni.i.    lis 
Olliier.  .%.     lie  l'AllantH|iie  an   Nic>-r      I'aris.  l*s-J 

^\  •  i 
lllpp.    T.     KrI-hnisse    ini    llinterian.le    von    An).Ta- 

ra.|ii*'t<a       ILirnieii. 'Al  ••  .  Iss^t     s^,,      1  "nl  Mk. 
I'e(5«  1111)1  Oilier,   K.     Tlie    K.^rtimate   l-les.  or  the 

M-.hil»-ln.'..  ..f  ih-l"aii.-in«.     I,   isji 
I'otJKe.  Ilr.     liii  Ken-he  .les  Miiata  .lainn.i.    Tagehiu-h 

iiiei    Kei-e    in  di»-   I..uii'Ia  SiKilen.     Iter!     Isso 

s\..    ■;  Mk. 
rrestoti.  Mm.  I.  fl.    lialoon  «ti-rie«     N.  Y..  .Vtn.  Tr. 

s.H-      ;»:j.     I..HI.1.    S.V. 
llalleii.l.  .1.     |{ei>^  III  S,-iie;raniliira     Stiitli:.  I^lli. 
Itiiiiis*-\t-r   uiiil  Kiihnr.     I  .-iir  venrs   in    .\slianttv 

\    S'     1    ir;-r.  ;•<."       Jili  .-.>;;      lini..      $1  ;•. 
ltiiHk.,1.     Kn  k..rt  ••/  ^iii.lt.irliii  R.^i-«-ls-«krivel«e  til 

.._■  fniliiiiiiea.     riir  me-.  I'.rt-taleaf  liisk-.p  Naiini- 

st;i.|  .  .\  ..h.irt  an.l  initiiful  .h-^-n|.!i.'ii  «■!  a  j..uriiey 

I..  III. I  fr<.iii  li      K.l.  with  prefaer  by  |lisli..ii  S. .. 

Tr'M.liheiii.  17.'>l. 
Keiiili .  W.     W,-st^rti  Afrioa      N    Y.    HarinTs.     I'S'M 

SI    ■       «|.». 

Rise  ami    rrucmw  of  the  Work  at  Iha  <'iiii|{o 
lin-r.      I.  .  I'sl).!.  Mi-s    >-.-..  :sst. 

Itobeit,  Al>l>«.    iHi ilwueinl  ail  Ni<vr.    IS.  1»79.    fro. 

1  .-Hi  Ir 
Roe,  II.     F-rianlo  IN.  Missioo.     I..  1«>*J.     Svo. 
Itiiiiier,  (lirn.     Kani>-r<in:  Ijin-I.  beiit.-.  iiii.l  Misslnn- 

i.r.ii    W.  .\fri<-a.      Ifct^l.  ixss. 
RAiiier,  I..  V.    Tilf.irla.lelne  Kfterrvtinini;  ..in  Kyslen 

i.tiiiL-a  '  Keltai.h*  inf(innaii4iii  atmit   the  o.sist  .<f 

i;  I      Kl.hn.  i:it> 
SrIiJiii,  J.   F.     T«.-el.u.|i   V.M-.  einer  Heise  ini   Siifer 

Sir.. m  in  W.-st  Afrika  (■•  M   Ma2'  ■      |ta«el.  1*C 
NeliutI,  O.  II.     Kriseti  iiii  SO-l«  est  lichen  |l>><'ken  .les 

I'.inifo       Xach    dei:    Ta«Erba>-hem    iin.l    Anlx.-icli- 

niiiiiren  iler  Kelsrn.|«,n  »>ear<ieitet   v. .ii  Taiil   IJn- 

.hnls-rjr.     Iterlin.  l"*»i.    s,,.     6Mk 
Srott.  Anna  M..  Mn.    t>av  lUwn  in  West  Africa. 

et.-.     \.  V  .  .Viii  Tr  Siir  ,  |S.V>     Glimt'S>*i  ..f  life  in 

Afri.-a      X.  Y  .  .\iii   Tr  S.s- .  5«7      IXni..     -JV- 
Srililiill,  H.     Misaionarr  ht<«-.rr  of  Siprra  I>mne.     L. 

Hutoiiani*.  i<l.    -M  e  .  i<\    1  jm-     3»  6>l 


II 


TRAVELS,  QENERAIi 


.V«J 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Mnillh,  <'.    I>ni;l'<'t;  l''«  ••"  Kt-iM-  til  f.>njt.i  i  Africa 

<  Iniiry  >>(  a  join  >i>-\  t<i  ('nHk-i'  iii  Aftna.    ('lira.  I«'.V 
Staiil«*>«  ll<  .^1*    'llif  I'oii^'ii  ami  '.li**  foiiutiiiiK  uf  11)4 

I'n-i'  Siiiir.     I.  Kill!  N.  Y..  U>i»     :v%i.     1.  .  J  \    "vi, 

l-.s.     N.  V,.  j^liiim. 
Mleliii'r,  I'.     .Mi,sM.iiir»Kfi!<«>t>il<l«-r  ill  W.  Afrika.    Bawl, 

IHv.'      Kill  .Mi^Muiin  Neisucli  aul  >Jtrr   tiolJ    Kii^lr. 

il^isi'l.  1,■<^T 
Slurkwcll,  <i.  S.     Hcpiiliiii-  if  ljh>-iia.  ii«  f^vrapliy, 

•"i.il.   iliiimti',   liiHimy.   <-tc.      N.    \  .   iidiui"-.    l'^>"«. 

l-,'iii.i.     J  I. •,'.',. 
Triicv,  tl.     Slate  of  society  in  Wnlrrn  A(ri<;a.    iitii 

Tui-kvi',  t',,  MInd  [ii'im  ili  itlimir  A.  I..  <•.  K.'.     Al>- 

I liiilii:  oiik'Hi  iiii'l  |>r<>t:ti-^»<i(  iIm-  \uruua  Mikrkiii. 

1,.,  Nisliit.  If  "i.     r.'iii.'     Ix.  f.l. 
WuilHlrJkiii,  <  ,  il.     All  i-xNivoUioloiiiaiiicMi  in  Afiu-n 
pai  iiriiiiirly  \V   Atrii'a.  iiu*ltidii<t;  Mfrnt  IjttJiitr  uutl 

It.iiilaiiiii'.  "l.    i;'.H  :'."i.     Kr.  traii-i.     I'«   I'.'j". 
Wllitoll,  S.  J.    liliiii|i-4-xiif  \\i->l  Africa,  mill  xkrlclit^ 

of  iiii-.-,ioimry  lai>..r.    Iti.M  .  Am.  Tr.  S.v    It.in.i    >>■«• 
Wllooii,  .1.    I..     Wfslerii    Africa;   liMory.   «-omliiM.ii, 

hihI  |irii«|HMt>.     N.  Y.,  Ilar|«-r.  !<■:      V.'iiii'      SI  .'m. 
Wllniiii.  I'.     Wot  Afiika  Kr<>gra|ibiM;li  uiii!  ln.MoriM.b 

llfscliililcil.     I.n/.  IMi."!. 
Wiiitt'i'lHitliiiii,    I'h.      Nacliriclilen   ><>n  •It  Sierra 

1 Ml-  Kil-li'  mill  ilir>Mi  ll>-»i>liiHTIi      W.-iiiiar.  l"*n.">. 

YiilcH,    H.    s.    H.     Ail>ciitiires    in    Wt-»irm    Africa. 

I'.illlili..  <  lii|>l,aiit.  I>:'.i.     .■<«<>.      I>    (al. 
/.ut'ift'l,  j..  Mill!  .MiniHticr,  M.     Voyage  aiix  sourcMi 

ill' .\ij;cr,     MaiM'illes,  lx!«i.    Svi>.     10 fr. 

ALASKA    A.Mi   .\OKtll   Ifil.AK  KK<iln.\S 

Aliiskii:  sUetcli  I'f  tliccuiiiiiry  aii.l  |»-i.|ile.   N   \'.  1"<!3. 
Hack,  (apt.     Nariatixc  if  the  An'IK-  lan'l  i-xiieililimi 

III  the  iiiiiiitli  iif    tircal    Ki-ili   Kiver,   |Kti-.'U.     I,, 

.^llll^ay.  I?*-Mi     "vn     .Jii!*. 
Ilaiicriin,  HiilM-rt  liuur.    Ilistorr  of  Alaska.  ir:)i<- 

1M.N.-,  I  Works.  V.  *)!.     Sun  Kr..  C«i..  Itam-rofl.  l>>Ni. 

NVii.     il  .Vi. 
Hi'iM'lii'y,  r.  \V.    Narralivcof  a  \ovajrc  lollie  Pacific 

Mill  lli-iiii^sStrail      riiil  .  t'arcv  A  I. .  ivf.     h\„, 
Ilfll,  \V.  II.     iVniililities  of  an  AU-tkau  tri|i.    I'liil.. 

I.ipiiiiii'iiit.    Iii>     $:i..'iii. 
Uall,  \V.  II.     .Ma^ka  ami  it.s  rviiwuivrs.     tkiyl..  Lcc  £ 

s  ,  i>;ii.    xvii.    s;.."i»i. 

ItcSiiict.     I  iii't'iMi 'K.  I'  1  iiii>-M.in<.     IMT 
laiioll,    H.    \V.      iiiir    .Vivlic  iiroviiic-.    .Kla^ka  ami 
llnSi'.il  UlaiiiN.    N.  Y  .  S«riliiier>..  Iv*.    >\o.     $1  .'i"l. 
.\  iiii!ia|i|i  iif  tlic  l'ril>>|ii\  t;ri>u|>.     \Va>biliK' 

loll,  luiii  I'l'ii^iis,  Mt'ii.iii  IX.    i'^^:.    4ii>. 

rilari'l.     llisionja  liii^^  .  cic     T«cImtiiik 
I'niiikliii,  «l.     Narrative  of  ili*.  .^.«*t»iiil  r-xiMNlition  to 

iIiinIioiooI  III,- I'lilarSca.     linl  .  i  arv\  a  I, .  Im*. 

*>\  o. 

Hair  lliiiirs  In  the  I'ar  North.     N    Y  .  iKxkl.  1MT5. 

liino.     *l  .■>ii. 
llolinlierK,  II.  ,1.     Kiliiii'i:r:i|>lii^'lie  >ki//>-n  QIkt  die 

\  ilki'l    ill".    Kils.siNclieil    .Vllirllka       l.|il.  1S>4.     «\u. 

1  -.'o  MK. 
iliicknoii,  Slielihin.     l{e|Mirt  on  p^liicalinn  in  .\)aska. 

Uiishii.   ivni      .\la..ka   ami  iiii«»i<>n>  on  111.-  N..rlli 

I'aiilli a»l.     N    Y  .  I>.«|.l.  1««>.     I.Iim..     JK.'m. 

Kane.  K.  K.     Areiic  e\|>|..mlionK  1V>S  .">.     I'liil  .  Cnl. 

Ilk    (11  ,  K.I,      HVll,     Jl  .'*. 
Karr,    II.    W.    «>eloii.     Sli>.re<  ail<l   Blp>  of  Alaska. 

rliirat'o.  Mit'iML-.  I-xT     »t...    <.(..•<• 
Mt'Coiiiiick.     Kx)ieviiiion    n|i    Welliiiirtoii    I'liaiiiiel. 

I,   IVil 
MlerlHi'liin);,  >l.    .loiirnal.  etc  .  sur  vovatre  an  I'oli- 

Nmil.      (ielleie    IS'iT. 

.Miiilue,  :X.  .4.,     Kiir-ciail  ail\ .-mures  in  .\U>ka.     X  Y., 

rKiiiiii-.,  i>"<(i.   i.'iiio.   «i  •£, 

I'lirry,  \V.  I-;.  TiikhIiihIi  eiiit-r  Enldeckunir'  l{ei>e 
liiicli  N.  I'olar  liet-eiitleii.  Hanili.  IMU  Traifl. 
fiiiiii  Kiiir.  i-il  I..  I^IK.— Tliree  \,,»ag«i  for  llieili»- 
coverv  of  a  N*.  \V  ims^u^e  fnan  tiie  .\l>aiiii«-  to  ilie 
I'lieillc,  N  Y..  IIar|»-r.  -.'v  lioi..  Si  ^i.-Jonrnalof 
iiNeroiiil  voMnfe  tortli»'tli*coven"e*a  N  \V-|ia>«ij;e 
ivjl  :),     X.  Y.  IH-,'I.     II.-riii  tran'il.     IK>inti.  I*<.'l. 

ScliHiitkii,  I".  Ali'iikt  .Manka's  icreat  nver  N  Y.. 
Cassi-ll.  iv*.-i     Mvo.     J-l.im. 

St'lilinore,  K..  Mli».  Kiiliainah.  .\Uska:  itix^Hiiliern 
I'oMst  ami  tlie.sitknn  .\relii|<ela;;i>  |i<.>.i  .  >'.«>tlirii|i, 
l-^."..     r." $!.!)0      n.  e .  I-iVJ.     Suv 

Wanliiiaii,  <i.  .\  lri|i  to  .\la>ka:  a  narrative  of  wliat. 
vva-*  -iei-ii  ami  ln-anl  iliirinir  a  ••inini.-r  crui>e  in 
\la-ka  «ater».    Ho«l  .  l>-e.v  S  .  IHhi.     l-Jini'.    Jc) -js. 

>Vli\iii|>er,  K.  Tran-1  ami  adventurv  in  the  Teiiiiorv 
of  Ala.-ka.  I...  Mnrrav.  !•*».  ^to.  10?..  Kr.  traiisl. 
l'<    i>Oiii.     sm      1  ."lO  fr 

Wlllanl,  K.  H.,  >ln>.  Life  in  Alaska.  Iliila..  I'res. 
Ill     I'lllil  .  l>vSI.      llililo      fl.-JS 

Wraiiijell.  Slalistisi  he  inul  Filmoeraiihiarhe  Xacli- 
rlrli  I'll  illM-r  Riissisclie  He«iiiiiti|ten  an  iler  S.  \V. 
Kll-.!,'  von  Anienka.     St.  I'lii;.  1<ci9 

Wrlsht.  J.  M.,  Mn>  AniiHif;  th-  Ala.i>kaii>.  Phila., 
I'res    till.  I'lili..  ll«i..     ICnio.     $1  -^S. 


.l/.(.7A'/.'.S. 

Arilolii  dii  .Mn/et,  V.  K.     Ktinles  ulKerieiiiiei*    1  Al 
H^rie     |Hilitii|iie    t'l     i'i-oiiiiiiiii|iie       .\     iiaier^     m 

Iiniviiire  iI'Draii      l.i'tirt-H  hiir  riiisiirn-ctioii  ilaD» 
e  Mill  lliaiiaiN      IN.  Iff','.     Km.     li  Ir. 
Ilarrlay,    K.     .Miiiiiiiaiii   life  in   .Vlt;enu.     I. .   Ketraii 

I'aill,   l>KI        hvo.      His. 

l>Hriirh,>l.     Le  |ia\  sill's  Kroniiiirti.     Al»,'er.  lr>l.     i>To. 

1  ."m  Ir. 
llHtiinll,  •!•     I.etires  ilii  I{.  1*    ~,  inisxionaire  afioK 

tolii|iie  i\  .Vl;.'i<r     rlialiins  s.  !<.,  jsMi.    m,, 
UriiluiiiHii,  F.  .%.     Winters  ill  AlKeiia.     N    Y  .  Ilan>- 

I'l-.  |ssi|.     Nm.     5'.'  .-Ml 
llilkhiii'hev,  I".     Ksiianne,   .Mirerle.  et  Tunisie.     r» 

|ssii      sv,,.     tiiriii.  nans.     I.|i/..  lv«J 
Cluiiiaueraii,  •lean    •!,     l,'AI;:eiie:    nnpres^ion*  de 

vo.va»;e,  snivu-s  ilniii-    r-iinle   siir   li-s    iiis|iiiiii,.i,k 

Kaiivli-set  lacoliiiiisalioii.    I's   IKSl.     l-,"!!!.,      :t..Ni  fr. 
Diirr,  T.  <l.     Vii-i    Monate   in    .M^erieii.     SlraMlmii.'. 

,      ls|,-,      l.' .'iSur. 

Klat  ueluel  de  l'.\l|.'<^rie.     Aluer.  l-'TQ.     "(vo. 
KlalterN,  I'.  1.  ,\.     I iinenlH  ri-laiif>  a  la  inissnin 

ilnli;.-i- an  siiil  ill- I  Alp-lie      I's    |s.s|      ii,, 
J'lower,  r.  K.     Alj;i'riaii  liints  lor  liinri.-.ls.     I..,  Stan- 

foul.    ISSJI,      Svii.      -Js. 

liull'arel,    raiil.     l.'.Mc.'rie.      Ilisioire,   conquete   et 

I'oloijiviiiiiiii.     I's.  IsM'J,     liii.     :XI  fr 
(iH>kell,  tieo.     .Mireria  as  It  is      I,    |st3.     Hvo.     16«. 
(olstll.    F.  .Iim.      I.e  pi-lllile  .Mm'-riell.      I'h    lf>KJ.     S»«. 

•.'.'ill  Ir. 
lleiiKlin.   T.      Iti-isen   in   Nunl   <  ist    Afrika.    '>.'ti,a, 

is.-,;.     sv,i,     i..-,i)Mk. 
Joiirdaii,   <'.      (loiinis   .Mnerieiis.      I's     lv<«'      I'Jino. 

:l  tr 
Knox,    .\.    .\.     New   iilaycronml:  or.  «anil.-rintrs  in 

Alui-na.     I...  Kejjan  I'aiil,  IsM.     itinio.     :.>.  »«!.    -.M 

e  .  I  •*<,'.    11.1. 
Liiiiiherl,  Kd,     .\  Havers  I, Mc^'iie.     Ilisioire.  imi-ui?« 

.1   li-L-i'llili'S  lies  Aialies.      I's.    |SV|.      l-,> 

Lelii,  I'aill.  Kn  Al^'erie,  siiiiveiiiis  d  nii  coUm  I's. 
IssL     rjiiii:     .■l.-(i|r. 

.Merrier,  Friient.  l,'Ali.'erle  et  les  qiii-stioii«  altre- 
rii'iines  I'liiili-  liistiirii|iie.  slalisii<|ni'.  el  iVono- 
liiii|iii'.  I's,  IsKj  MvK.  .'i  fr.-  I.e  ciiii|iianl*-iiaire 
il  iiiii'  ciiliinie:  r.Mp'iie  en  INKU.  I's.  Immi  "to. 
.'i  fr 

Ma|>heK.>  ii  (iahor.  'Iii(lay!<aiiiiiiii,'tlie  .\ral>s:  ailtent. 
nils  III  .'Vlpi  ia.     riiilii..  l.ip|iiiicotl.  ix,".  a.  v   I>TI. 

i-jiiio.    <i  ;ri. 

NuiMlHl,    Vineeiit.      I,  Ali;i'rii'    en     IW-,'.      |'s.    INK. 

svo.     ?'.'.. "ill  fr. 
l»le»»e,  Louis.     I,es  iiioiiiiiiiiiiis  >iistorii|ii<~<  de  I'.M 

^I'lie.      I's.     |H^;.      Svo.      I  ■.',■,    Ir       I,.,    niillle.        |h-ii 
Xlillle    I'lnile       I.e    Itiillliil     alvlli''i-lok'li|ll<-  lie    I  .VI 

(Iirie.     I's.  ]«;».     Kvo.     I  -J.-!  Ir. 
I'iiiii,    I..      .Malaliiinl    a   Klmiian:    eliiile    sur   ILslain 

Allli'lie.     Altrii-r.  iss|.     |s ].•,  f,-. 

I'la.ifair,  It,  I..,  sir.     Scinnu'e  nf  ('liti>temlom:  an- 

iiat-.  of  llrilaiti's  relations  vv  itli  .VlL'ii-r^      l„.  Smiili 

A    K..    Iss).      svi,       Us.     .Miirra.v  s    liamlliook    for 

Slt'iiia  ami   Tunis,  etc.     I..  ,   .Murray.  M  e.,  I>»T. 

l-.'imi.     Ills 
Hei'liis,  <tii(Vsliiie,    Kraiii-e.  .\lj;erle.  et  colonii's.    IS. 

IS.M1      l-.'iiio.     .-■..-.(I  fr. 
Sequin,  I..  <i.     \\  iilks  in  AlKiers  ami  its  siirroundiniM. 

I.  .  Cliatlo.  issii.     Jil  i...  i-v-s      Kvo.     Us. 
Vernea  ir.\rliiiideH, 'ill.     Kn  .Mci'iie,  ik  travels  I'K*- 

iiau'iii' I'l  le  MaiiM'      I's.  issl.     K'liio     .'irofr 
WmIiI.  Maiiriee,     I.Aliii'rie.     I'kIjvsj.     svo.     .^  f r 
AVrii:le\,    M.      Al).'iers.    illnslialeil       L..    Low.   |<449. 

4tii.     i.'is. 

AMKKICA. 

N<irlh  :  see  c.vnaih:  Ixni.vxs;  ^Iexico. 
<  enti'iil  :  sei-  I'kmii  vi.  .\mkiiii  a. 
South:  Mi'SinTii  .VviKiiiiA. 
Aniiaui:  seeCmiiiN  China. 

AliAIUA. 

Arab,  The,  and   III*  C'uunlrv.     I'liila  .   .\in.  S.  S. 

Soi'       1S1I..1.     Tillc 

llaelieli't,  T  l.i's  .\ralies.  iiri|{iiie.  iiiirurs.  relifrinn. 
i-om|iii'.ti-s.      I's    IH--,'      s,,,. 

Iteke,  <'hiis.,  Mrs.  .\  narrative  ol  ilie  late  Ilr  Ib-ke's 
iliscovi-rv  iif  Mount  .Sinai  in  .\i-uliia.  ami  of  .Miuiau. 
I,.,  'rrllliiier,  1H>.    Hvii.    :««. 

Kliinl,  .\.  I.  W.,  I.ikIv.  a  iiilKriniat;e  In  Nejd.  L.. 
Miiin.v,  |ssl.     -.'.I  e..  •-' V.  Hvo.     '.'is 

Uiirloii.  |{.  F.  I'llL'tiiiiatre  to  Kl  Medina  ami  Mecca. 
1...  I.oiii;inans,  |s.-,.',-4i  3  v  Hvo  -Jd  e  .  1V>7  -.'Is - 
Tlie  land  nf  Miilian  revisili'd  1.  .  I'aiil.  18:^.  3v 
Kvi  .  .l-.'s  — liolil  iiiiiii-s  ami  ruined  cities  of  .Midian. 
I.  .  I'aill.  Ist  ami  'Jd  e  .  ISTs,     Svo      Il>«. 

Glark,  K.  I..  The  Arahs  and  Turks.  Their  cnk'ni 
anil  histoiy.  Ilieir  religion,  their  iin;>erial  irrealne-s 
in  the  pMst  and  tlieir  conilition  at  tnej>r.-sent  tinn- 
lioHt.,  Clint.'.  I'llh.  Soc.  1m:«.     I'.'ino.     #1.75. 


•   '  I 


TRAVELS,  OENBRAIi 


587 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Crioliloii,  Aiiilr.  IliMory  of  Aral>i>i.  am-init  and 
iiiixlcrii.  I,  .  N<-iMiii.  IKV,'  a  V.  rjiiio.  ,'w.  X.  Y., 
Iluip.'i-      ■.•  V    l^iii..      ?l.riii 

Cundiiiio  mill  MaiiiKTit  of  llmliiin  Arub*.  I'liilit., 
Am   S   S.  SiHv     IS .'<V. 

Ulditir,  C.     Si'j.iur  cUei  le  tiiuiid  L'lierif  Jf  In  Mckka, 

IS.  iK.-ir. 

Uiigitli  til     IliHiuire  ilex  |>hil<iiM)|>li<>s  ft   iIi-h  MiimiI- 

iiiitiis.     S<••^llH^  lit-  la  vie  ri'il>;i<'U.s«'  rn  Ori<-iit.     I's. 

isrx     Hvii.    T.-it)  fr. 
FuKic,    \V.    r«rr.v.      I^iiul    of    tli>-    Ariiliiaii    iiiKlils: 

irivcis    iliniiii;li    Kk'.vpl,    Aniliiu.    iiinl     lVi'>.iii    In 

Unit'liiil.     S    Y.,  SciiUinT*.  IST.'i   II.  I-..  !•**.'.     l-.'iiii.. 

?-,'ili». 
Kreeiiiiin,  K.  A.     Hislnry  ntnl  f<>»<|ii>->is(if  ilii-.Karn- 

I'i'iis.      i)\r<inl,    KiC.  ':kl  c.     I..    .Mariinllaii,    K.7, 

Svo     :is  ii.1. 
<li'itiiilprA,  I..  I>0.    Viiynci'  ilnii*  I'liiili-  et  nil  ItcHKnlH 

iMi  !;.•<;•  ft ;  rim.    I'.uls,  iwi.    j  v.    m.i.    (Iit.  ti-aim. 

Ili'l'lill.  IHIII.      Hv„ 

(Ireeii,  s.  Til"  lift-  of  Malioiiict.  .  .  with  noiii'i-»  of 
III"  liisioi'v  of  Islaiiiisiii  mill  of  .\raliiii.  N.  Y.  ItlTO. 
IMPIIO      «|  ■.'■,, 

Iluiitfr.  K.  >I.  Uriiisli  -i'til"iii<>tit  of  .\ilrii  ill  .\raliia. 
I.  .  TiiHimM-.  isr;.     s\o.     ;h   i>| 

Ki'aiii*.  'I'.  l-\     Six  III  ttillis  III  M -all;  an  aivoiint  of 

thi>  M'lhaniiiiHtlaii  iitUridia;;**  ii»  >l*vi*ali  aci-oni- 
|ilii|i"<i  liv  an  Kn.'lisliiii.iii  |ii'ofi».>iii;;  MoliainiiKMl 
niiisin  I.  .  Tiii>l"V.  l**l.  Svo  l.K  i-.l.  >1\  ji.iir 
iiHV  I"    M<-<liiiJkli  ilist;iiiv.l   its  a    .Maliomclaii.     1... 

'I'linlfV.    lHt|.      H\i>.      Iits.  Ii.1. 

I.iiui'irliiif,  .\luli.     Voviiiri' all  Orient  i.Vniliia  I.    (Ci. 

l^lil.i       I'lalWl.      I,  .   Itelllley.   l?<liJ.      .1  V.  Hvo.      I.V. 

MiiiiiciiiiM,    Wia.   V.     The   .\I|M  of    .Vrnliia.    KL'y|>t, 

Sinai.  .•!.■      I.  .  Kiiii;.  I'Tt.     n.  <•..  IHTC.     >vo.     .".s. 
Moriiiiiiil,  F.     1,1  VI.-  AraiM'      IS.  IS.V.      l.'nio      I  fr 
Miiiiiil  siiiiii,  IVIrii,  »ii<l  tlie  llenrrr.     I...  NelstMis, 

l^;:!     sv.,.    -.s 
Mililei-,    M.   •!.     Hi'itiiiiTi'  ziir    (iewliiclite  iler  «.'-it- 

liili.ii  Ar.ilMT      Miliii'li.Mi.  !•<:«.     Nvo      -.'v.     li.Mk. 
MrlMilir.   «'.     It  ise    fra    Klilin     til    .\rnlii>Mi    I'H    III- 

i^iviMiiUeii'le  Iwiiule  i.fotiniey  from  ro|»eiiliaLren  to 

-Vraliii  anil    in'iKlilioiini;   riiiiiuriesl,    rn.' '■'i.     (In 

coll.  of  tmvi'U.  vol   ■,' )     Klilin    IMt  — Besi-lireibiiinf 

von     .Vraliien       ('|>ii.     IT;.*    -Voyaire     in     Arabia. 

Traiisl.  from  ili"  Uerin      K"liiil>.  it*.'. 
Osliorii,  It.  I>.     ■"lam   nniler  tlie  .Vraba.     L.,  IjunK- 

Tiians.  isiii     Sv.,.     |-.'< 
ralKnivi',    \V.    <i.      Journ.-y    tlirtiii|;li    Central    nii.l 

Kasi.Tii    Ai  il.ia.     I...    .Macniillaii,    is<i."i.    'i  v.   hvo. 

•,'Ss,     n   .-..  isiil).     (is. 
I>aliiier,  K.  II.     l).'seri  ..f  III-  Kx.xI'K.     I...  Itell  .*  IV. 

isri      J    V.      Svo.     -,••<<.     N.    Y..    1S71.     1    vol      sv... 

$1,110.    derm.  Iraiisl.    ii..iiiii.  l"-:!..    Sv...     IJ  Mk. 
l*liilli|iM,  il,  Scfitt.     Pajwr  ..II  .Iiscov.'ri.'s  i'..neeriiiii>? 

les.'ltl.'iinMii  .if  llies 1  of  .M.raliam  in  Svria  iiii.i 

Annua      (liii'airo.  \\  iN..n.  ls;.i      IJiii..      I.V'. 
riiiyriiir.  K.  L.    WesI  ..f  Arabia  Keli«.    IkiiiilKiy.  isv.t. 
IlHV.     V.ivajje  ilaim  le  Koiiran  et  la  iiier  r.'ime.     I's. 

'is-.i-s. 
itirliai'il,  <'h.     S.'l^nes  et  nui'iim  .Xmlien.      I's.  IN'^i, 

:i.l  .■..  is;.;,    isru,,. 
Samuel,   ilaeiili.      Missj.iiinrv   tour  tliroiiirb   .\rabiu 

I..  llai.-.|a.l      I,..  Siiii|ikin.  Ii^U.     r.'iiio.     ^~  t'.l 
SAilillot.   I..  \.     Ili-i.iiie  K'enerale  .l.'s   .\ial»-s.  leiir 

empir.'.  leiir  eiviii^atL.ti.    leiirs  .V.-les   |.)iil..s..(ihi 

(|ii.'s.  s.'ieniill(|ii>-s.  el  lill.'raiivs.      IV    IsM,  .M  e., 

isni     ••  V.  Hvo.     I.-)  fr. 
Siiiltli,    l(.    li.     M.ibamni.il    ami    )loliainiiie<lanism. 

1,  ,  Smilli.  1S7I.  :*l  f.  issu.     Svo.     ?s  ii.1. 
Tiivlor,   lliiyiiril   leil  i.      Travi-is   in    .Vrabia.     N.  Y., 

'.s,.iilin.'rs.  ISTJ.  II.  e.  I8SI.     l-.'m...     |l..'«i. 
I'litiin,  It.  I>.     Iileaiiin»;s  froiii  (be  ilesert  of  Arabia. 

I,  .  K.-Kiin  I'.iiil.  !Hsl.     Hvo.     I.is  CI. 
Vitiiib^rt,  II.     I>er  Islam  iiii  !'.*    .lalirliiiiiilert.     I.pz. 

isrti    Sv...   mik. 

Waril,  <•.  V.     Th-fc-iilf  ..f  Aleii  I'ilot.     I..  KWV.     Hvo. 
WelNleil,  .1.  It.     Travels  in  .Vrabia.  Mt.  Siiini.  ele. 

I,,  Mnrniv.  is:i;.     -.'  v.  Si.i      -Jis      Travels   to  the 

.•iiv  .if  tli>'eali|itis.     I..,  Itolin.  IHM)     v!  v.  sv.i      l-.s. 
WriKlit,   TIkih.     Kurly   Clirisiiaiii'.v   in   Arabia.      I.., 

Willianis  .li  N  .  1S.V.      11.  e.lVitt.     Hvo.     4s.  tVl. 
ZitclKikkt*,  II.     Uelini.'is*.  sm-iale  iiii.l  hiiiisli.'lie  Ver- 

bitllnisse    iles    Drieiils    iinter    deiii    KintliiSM-    .les 

Isliini.     Wieii.  IHTil.     Svn.     l.-Jil  .Mk. 

. I /,'(; KXTISK  KKPl  H I. IC. 
Alberil),  •!,    11.     ha   Uepiiblica   .Viventinn.     lliienos 

Ain-s.  issi.     Svo 
lieek-Keriinril,    Miline.     I.e  Itio   Parana    iBiipnos 

.\vr.'s».     I's    isi'l.     l-.'nio.     :l  fr. 
Il«<'li-ll«rniir<l,  riiurle*.     \m  Kepiibliiiue  Arcenline. 

Paris,  isil'i.     linio.    .1  fr. 
IIohhI,  II.    Voy.  plll.iresi-.i  |iar  les  Uios  rarana.  I'ain- 

truay.  ete.     I's.  isii.1. 
CleinniH,   E.   .1.    M.     Ij«   I'latn  i-oiiiilrii-s  of    S..111I1 

Amrilea.     I'hila..  Uppiii.-oit.  I!Wi     I.'iiio     Sl.Vi. 
CortMiH.  «.  M.    Storla  Artteiitiiia.     Koine.  .sHI.    Svo. 


Domini:iie«,  I..  I..     (list.   ArKenllne  Repnblie      Vol 

I..  ir.'.'-lsiiT.    Transl.  by  J.  \V.  Williains.     linen. is 

.Vyi.'«.  IS.,-,.     II... 
iloriinn,  W,  L.     The  .Vri^'iitin.'  Uepiiblie.  a.leseriptive 

aihl   liisi.iricul  skeleli.      Kiliiib..    I...iiKiiiaiis,    ls;s. 

sv.i      N. 
I.Hl(lnM,  K.    Tlie  .VrKeiitine  Kepnblie  as  a  tielil  for 

.Mni.;i-aii..ii.     Itneiios  .Vires,  IHS-i.     Hi., 
L«>  I.011K.  .1.     |..'s  piiniiMisile  la  Iti'-pilblii|iie  .Viv'iillne, 

r».  |s;s.     s>,,. 

.Millliall,     M.,     Mrs.      I).'tu'..en     tlie     Aniaz.m     ami 
Vii.lfs.     fell  years  of  a  la.lv's  travels.     1..,  Stan- 

f.il.l.   issl.      hv...      l-.'s.  (i.1. 

OlaseoiiKu,  >l..l.     l.ai'iiii.|iiel.'ile  la  piiinpa.     llni-ii.>8 

A.r.-.   |ss|.      Si,, 
I'elleselil,  (i.     K.iulil  liionlbs  on  t'.i.' (Il  all  CliiU'.iof  lUe 

Alu.'lllin.' Ilel.llblu'.      I,    I.SSIi.     S\o.      Ss.  0,1. 
Koch.  •!.   A.      I.a    e..n<piista   ilel  ilesieit...      Buenos 

AilTs.  iss)      ■..  V    Hv.i. 
Titriiileiilo,  l>.  F.     Life  in  llie  Ari;entilie  Uepiibliu, 

I.,  an. I  .N    v..  lsi;s.     sv...     Ss.  («l. 
Willie,  K.  \V.    Cameos  from  lb. -Silver  Ijin.l:  ..r,  lliii 

>\|"-iien<-i-s  of  a  voiiiiir  natiinili-i  in  ilie  Vixeiiiine 

Kepnblie.   L.,  J.  Van  V..oist,  ls-|  sj.   -,' v,   s^,,.   .nis. 

.I/.M//;.V/.I,    ETC. 
.\yilal,    .loliii,      IIi>i..rv    of     Armenia.      Transl.    by 

I  .illier  .M Cbariii-li.     Cal.-    Isj;      -,' v 
llailKer,   ^i.    I'.      N-«ionaiis    aiul   tlii-ir    rinml.      I... 

>l.i-lels    is.v.'.     •,"  V    S\,.      M-.. 
liuileiisleilt,   F.     Kii.filbiniiu'  iles  Clirisl.-nilinir,     in 

Arni.iiien.     l!.-rl    Is.'o.     ^^,l.     CO  I'f. 
i'ulleetlun    (I'llistiii-lxn*    Ariii^iiii-IIN.      j.iuliiilH 

pur    .M     Ili-ossel.    St.    I'lriibK.    II.pzJ    1-TU.     »vo. 

[s.siiMiii 
('re»Kli,   >l.      .Vrmeiiians,    K.ior.ls.    an.l    Turks.      I.., 

Tii.-ley,  Isso.     '.'v. Si..,     -Jls.     o\ ,  r  tin-  b.i'.lers  ..f 

Cliris-..'n.|.'iii    an.l    Kslainiali.      1..,    Tinslev.    Isr.V 

-,'  V.  sio     •.',•,», 
<'ur»iii,  Koli.     .Vrnii-nia.  a  y.-ar  at  Kiver... .m.  anil  on 

Ilie  In.iniers  ..f  Unssia.  Tin  kev,  an.l  I'ersia.     N.  V., 

Harp.rs      I-.'iii...     Jl..'.'i. 
Kp|>ler,    <'.    F.      (ies.biclite  di-r  (irilii.liiiii;  d.r   Ar- 

ni.'tiiseb  l'!vninrelis.-h.-n  iiem.-inile.     Kas.-I.  |s;:i 
Fuimliiii  von    Ity/iin/..     Hi.-  lii-scliiclit.'  .Viineni.'iis. 

.Viis    il.-ni   .Vrim-ii.    iiber.setzt  .  .  .  von    .M.    Uiuer. 

K.'.lii.  isi'.t.      Sv..     i  .Mk. 
(iiitleyrlMs,  il.  A.    I.'.Vrinenieet  les  Aniu'nieiis.     I's. 

Iss-.',        IV 1   f|. 

(iraiit,  .\siiliel.    Tin-  Neslorians.  or  Ilie  I. .si  trilH-x. 

.  .  .  Skeiclies  of  iiavi-l  III  A«»\iia.  .Vnii.'iiia.  .  .  . 

I..   Murray.      .N.-w    V..ik.    Harpers.   ls||.    ,sv,,.     I,. 

ii.e,|s,Vi      1-,'ino.    .'Is.    Tnuisl.  iiii.i  li.'ini.     Ilusel, 

IslH     «l  im 
iHHUVi-ril«-iis,  •!,     .Vrmeitia  an.l  lli<-  .Vrinenians.  beliii; 

a   skeli'b   .if   lis  t-.-oL-i-apliv.    lii»ioi-\ .  eliiireli,   ami 

lii.-i-aiiir.'      \  .-Ml. .-.  l«:i,     -.'  V 
KHiikasisi-lie  l.iiiiil«-r   iiiiil  .Vriiieiiii-*  ,  eti*.     I.pz. 

|S.Vl. 

I.ii|'-ii<lr.  runl  lie.    .Vini.'iiisi-li.' Stm  . -n,   (l.'iliin>,-eii, 

is;:.     II...    s.Mk. 
Liiiirie,   Tlios.      lir.   (inini   iiikI   tin-  iii..iiiiluin   Nes- 

torians      I,.  <ii il.riili;e.  ls.Vi.     It..st..n.  (i.iiil.l  .t 

I...  |s,-,i-.      r.'in..,     ?l  •.'.'.. 
NoriiiHii,   C*.    II,      .VriiK-iiia.      1..  an.l   N.    V,.   Coss.-lt, 

|s;s.     sv...     ^iiii, 
I'linni-li-e,  ^losi-s  I'li^  son,     Life  se.-nes  in  tin-nioiin* 

laiiis  ..f   Ar.iial.      llosi.,   .Mass.,   S.   S.   S.k-..    ISOH. 

11.111...     Jl. --'.•.. 
Selivi  el«4*r-l.ei<-iH-iiri-ld,     .1.     v.      .Vinn-ni.-n,      Kin 

Hitil  s*-iii.>i'  Natiii    iiii't  seiii.-r  lte\v.-li),i-i-.     Im    An- 

liai'i::    .Vna(..|i>eli.*    l-'i:ii;iiieiile.     J.-iia.    |s;s.    Svo. 

l.'UlMk. 
Siiiltli.  Kll.  Hiiil  ItulKkt.     Ueseaix'lies  in  .Vinieniu. 

N    V    IS.I.-1     -,'  \,  r.'mu. 
SoiilliKiite,  llor.,  lip.    T.-iir  tliroimli  Armenia,  Knr. 

.li~Taii    .1.-     I'hila. .  Ap|.li-I. .11.  isin,    •Jx.sv...     fl.Mi. 
Tu/.er,    li.    I'.     Tiirkisli    .Vniienia  and    Ka-lern   Asia 

Miii..r      I.  .  I.oiinmans.  Issi,     Hvo.     liis 
Went.  .Mni-lit   .\.     liomaiie.'  ..f  missions:  or,  Insl.lo 

\i.'»   of    life   ami    lab.'iir  in    Ilie  Ian. I    of   Ararat. 

N.  v.,   Kaii.l..|pli.   IHT.-..      l«nio      $-J.iili.     I.  ,  XislH-t, 

ls;i;.    Sv..,     Ts.  «.l. 
Wlierler,  <',  H.     Ten  yi-ars  ..n  111.-  Kii|.lirates.     Host. 

isi.s.      11,111...      *l  -.'."..     I.i-itei-s    from    K.I. 11.      li..«l. 

Is.;s      iii.M...     Si -.'.">.- I,ittlei-liildn-a  in  Kden.     I'urt- 

laii.l.  isr-i.     IHino.     7.V-, 
Wheeler,  S,  A..  .Mrs.    Hanirlilen  .if  Arnieiiin.    N.  Y., 

Am.  Traot  .>iiK-.,  IsTT.     Him...    IKk-. 

.I.S7.4,    /V  OKSKRAL. 
.\liel,  f..    die  mis. i. Ill  relivieiisei'ii  1  ii  lent  aniw-izii''mo 

~i.'-.-l.-  .      ,  trad    A   .lAvril.     I's.  |s(lti.     svu.    a  fr. 
Ailunibiirh,  l'a~  Clinsi|i.-lie.  iles  .M.irKeDlan.les.    (ii'it- 

iinjeii.  |s.vi      SMI.     -.M  s^;r 
.\lKer,  W.  It.     I'.N-ii  V  of  ilie  Krii'iif.     RoKt.,  Wliitle- 

inore.  isjii.    .Mb. si.     Koberl*,  18'Sl.     IBino.     S\M. 
Itartlifiua,  s.-e  VHrlheiiia. 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


5.<<.«< 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


ChtiMlickr  MiMlonvn  III  Norilen-Aateii.    Ilascl. 

Calt*.  K.  I-    <'lin«iiaii<i  iiinlcr  llu-  crcNoeiit  In  Asin. 

I.    S_  P.  r   K..  KT      Hvir     I\h. 
KaMrra  MauiifKi  and  CiihIiiiiih.     N.  Y.,  I.otlirnp. 

t«Tr    1-1..-.    •"«• 

Haa«rr.    I.    L..    Mm       1li>'   inii-nl    ninl    Its   piMiple. 

Nitmaml,*--.  MniiM-r   I''Tt>      Iv! jl.^5. 

Ilawliloii,  K»«»  C.     Woiiii'ii  i>(  lliH  nrli'iil:  lu'i'miiit 

•>* 'b>-  ortiiliiiiai  iif  WMiiifii  ill  .laimii,  t'liiim.  Iiuliii, 

Kjr]r|4.  Siria.  jiiiil  Tiirki-y.     C'lneiiiiiall,  llilrlu->H.-k, 

K*.     l*ni..      f-JiW 
Jr—|i.   H.    Ilarrin.      ( 'lillilifii   iif  llii'    Kiist.      Ni'W 

Y''»«.  I'.'.M.  1«M.     Villi. 1,     T.MV 
JmrnMlofa  l>r|iutMlioii  m-iil  In  the  l':iiHt  friini 

JUhac.li.x»~      I...  XisIkI.  is:,(  :,.    -.'v.  ^'vl..     l-.'s. 
Ka«<,  T.   W.    <iv»t1hiiiI   iIii>>iii;Ii    Asm.      Unrlfunl, 

Aa«.   I"«t>    r.i     M.I     $.1  .Ml  -  HiU'ksliwsli ;    ,,r.   IiTh 

aaJ  a>l<«^'un-s  m   iIih  iiiii'iii.     llaitr.'nl,  Wiirtli- 

■ncloa.  '•'^'v     '>  '      ?li«i 
Lyall.  A.V.     A'UiK-  sill. Ill's.  iv|{t;ions  ami  siirlal.     L., 

Murra*.  >*.•.  J.l  .•  .  1H.SI.  "iy,,,  )js. 
Mtialaai  KilHrr  :  tolrii.  lain.  IXTIi 
liaalraad,  Masliurilr.     Mi.-^sii.n  ilii  Ij'vaiit.  il'Asie, 

»«  ,l»  <  Intl.-      I's   1>'»6.    Nn.      1  fr. 
M}rr»,  r.  V.  N.     Kfiimlns  i.f  Inst  i'iii|iir('s:  skftrliffi 

ti#ruiii«"f  I'.ilniyra.  Niih'vhIi.  Itiiliyl.ni.aiiil  IVrs4»|>- 

olt.>:  «iiiin<>it*^  ..II  lii.lia  ami  t)i.' CiisliimTJan  llirii* 

alaTa*     N   V  .  HniiM-i-     1, ,  Low,  l^r..    svn.    $:|,.'itl. 
Xraauio.  J.  i*.     Kn .iii  liuii   t.i   lleershi'lia:    land  of 

,,,.,..,>,_.    s  Y.  isci.   sv...    ^\;:, 

Orirai.  Thr.     !;..»!.  .\m   Tr  S.ic.     IMrii...     |i)c. 

Ori»-alal  I'irUirr  <iMll<-r>  ;  i.r.  illiisli'ali.>ns  friini 
lr.r.911.  I  lllTKI   xi..l.lapHii     ll..st  .  Iliiiil.v  II.    Illl.  .Ml'. 

Pkilao.  Triniljt.    liim-raiiiiiii  iiiii'iitali-.    hiiuil.  I'il'.). 

Ka«lia«on.  4«r4».  Ki%'t*  ^ri'at  in.niarclili.s.  L..  Miir- 
rav.  itm  «:.  4  vt.ls..  -Jil  ihI..  isrn.  ami  N.  Y..  1><mI,I, 
«♦!.  Jr.  ^«...  fl.iOi).— Sixth  Oiii'iilal  in. inarrliy. 
I—  Muiraj-.  l-rJ.  ami  X.  Y  .  Ii.nl.l.  ?iliiii  — Scvfiiili 
"tiraial  nx>ii«ivliv.     I,  .  Murray,  isril,  ami  S.  Y., 

I».«*i.  :•«;    jv  >vo.   $(i(m. 

Rl««.   A.      >li«>i..ns    Ir   plus    cr'li'liivs,    Asle,   Clilne, 

Ja|>.>«i.  .\riii.-m<-.  <-t('      I's.  I.K.'iil     '.i."k'. 
Sclilacialwrll-HHkiiiiliiiiski,  IlKriii.  v.     It.'isi'ii  in 

lB.I«rain><l  H.'.'tiasi.'ii.     Km.'  Iiarstclliiiik'  .liT  l.aml- 

•rban.  ^irr  (.'iiltiir  iiii.l  Sitli'ii  .I.m'  ll.'U.ilim-i'.  .  .  . 

V,J  Xo^i  Tiiikistuii  iin.l  riiik't'liiiiitfi-n.    .Ii-na,  Isso. 

vi«»     i:  Mk. 
4      TaWliaia.  I.  <li.  Travt'N  uf  In  Syria,    Ariiblit, 

IVtsaa.  Imlia.  Hit'.,  ill  ihi' Sixli'i'iilli  Vi'iilii.y.     t  iritf. 

IB   lialun      K.'nif.  l.'iIO.     Kii»;.   nans.     l..'Hakliiyt 

S.*.-.    !••«     -1... 
WlM^lcT.  C    H.     Tfii  years  ..n  the  Euphrates:  or. 

|«iiui)ii>-  iiiissi. .narv  p. ilii'V  illiislnite.l,  uilli  iiitr.i- 

darlKW  i.v   N.U.  Clark      !l.isl  .  .\iii.  Tr.  S.k' .  istw. 

ttuma.    ?l.^i  — I><-Iters  fri>iii    I'.il.'ii      Ui'iiiiiiisoeiiee"! 

oC »Ma««<ti»rv  life  ill  the  Kast.     Host  .  Am.  Tr.  S..0  . 

I***       l«IIKi        $1. •.'.-,. 

Wll»«a.  H.  H.  .Vriaiia  aiili.|iia:  antiquities  of 
Affchaoislaii      I,  .  Williains  ,V  N.,  ISIl.     Ilo.     I'.>s. 

a    r-  .  l-".!        -.Vs.  ti.1. 

Wi»«l«-.  .l<lail|>li  V.  Keise  In  llaihainaut,  etc.  lOnt. 
A»j«.     Itiaiins.  1ST;).     l%;i.    Hvo. 

ASIA  iCKXTKAL). 
Akdoal-Kfriiii.     Histoire  dc   I'Asle  ceiitrale.    1710- 

i»>       ^'■\\•■   i»-rsan        I's     ix;i).     (to.     l.-i   rr      ]M 

mi-mr'     Tr.H.liieIi..ii  fnim.ais.'  .  .  .  par  I'll.  Sehefer 

IV.  i»:<;.    «i..     i-.'ir. 
llallvr.  V.    CLiiiils  in  the  I'.ast ;   (ravels  an. I   a.lven- 

i«ii»— .  -Ti  ilie  Pel's.  .Turk.. man  frontier.     I...  (Iiatto, 

««  ao.i  -.'.I  e  .  is;f..     "iv...     INs. 
BHI.  J.  M.    .I.'iiriial  ..f  a  resi.leiiet'  in  Ciroassia  iltir- 

■or  il>-  ..-ars  is'iT.  |sis.  ami  \XV.>.      ]..  Ixit     •.'  v. .Is. 

rT»TH-li  1  r.iii-  .  I'nii^  is(|.    Iiaiii^h trans  .  Kl.hii.  Is|l. 
Baraabjr.  •■".     -V  Ki.le  to  Khiva:    travels  ami  a.lveii- 

liwjv-s  m  <Vnii«l  Asia.    !>.,  ISTO.  C'assell,  lithe, l^^^. 

*v«,     liK.  <hI 
riarlie.  K.  f.  H.    SlatWlins  ami  ireoirraphy  of  Rus- 
sian Tin  ke,.tan.     I...  Harrison.  ISTII.     Ko 
Daacdly.  <'•  M.     Arahia  ileserta.    C'amlirulKe.  I!*!<i. 

^1      *\ ... 
Ca»Joa.  T.  H.    Vfluiir.  the  r.vif  of  the  worl.l.  heini;  a 

■arialiv.-  ..f  ;,  j..iiniey  ..ver   ilie  hi^'li   plateau   of 

TBK4  l*»  tIh-  liu«tsian  fr.uitier  an. I  the  ( >xiis  sourei'S 

ia  f^iTiir.     K.liiil. .  K.liii..iistoti.  IS-^IJ.     Mvo.     .'Us  tkl. 
Ja««t.  W.     .Vus.lapHii  iiaeli  Heiitselilaml  diireh  Silx*- 

rtrn.     K.'.ln.  ls«'.'.     Sv..      S.-jiMk 
Kaiiwf  Ikin.  A.  N.     KasliKaria:  historienl  ami  (.""o- 

(taphira)    sket«rh    of     the    eoiinlrv:     its    military 

ali»  1lth .  in.tiisirifs.  and  trade.    1'i'aiisl.  from  the 

Baoian  )iv  Walter  K.  (iowan.    Caleiiita.  I'M.',  sv... 

!HI«  M 
Kaai*4rll.  ^I.   Kiissian  (Vntral  .Vsia.  Kiildjn.  Bokhara. 

Kr.va.  ,-K       I,  .!,..«■.  1SS.-..     J  v.  .'ivo.     4','s 
■a<icahaa.  J.  A.    I'aiiipaiKninK  i'.i  the  Oxiis  and  thf 

fmli  or  Kliira.    L.,  Low,  1HT4,  -i  Tol».     tth  e.,  1!«76,  1 

v«4.    *To.    7».  6d. 


Markham.  C  K.  TCanwotir* rtf  ih«>  niiasitiii  nf  Cmrfifl 
It-'icle  to  cbir  T^akaa  Ljuaa.  an.|  ..f  the  joiir.iev  ..f 
Tii.ina*  NaanaHC  iM-Uiaiia  With  uotni  .  .  .  fires 
of  Mr.  tkigie  amtt  ]|r.  Maminc.  .  .  .  L.  IMTti.  svo. 
■.'I- 

Mar%tn,  C.  »»rr.  <t^f  ^ninfi  of  tlie  vv..rl.|.  nn.l  Ihe 
>('..iir',c>-  .>f  ttw  ■—  Hialwic  Tiinsitiians.  With  an 
e\|Hnitiiia  o<  ikr  KkataMaa  qiirMMjij.  L..  Allen, 
!ss|      »».>.     W»v 

MvlKnan.  V.  Ut  hrfs  A  IVUa  par  tenv.  Ph.  1s;u, 
I«iii...     Ifr, 

Mnllrr.  I'anl.  I'aan-  TaapH*^  iin.l  Jakiileii.  Kr- 
leLiii-uie  iiml  Kn. I liaiiiia  <»«-r  u)t-nek  KxiNilltion. 
I.p/   iswi    .^vh    *  mt. 

«t'l><>n»waa.  E.  Ttt  3»»rt  <ia«i«:  travels  aii.l  adveii. 
Hires  ei».st  .>!  ikjf  ^latfuan.  J^7II-•.I.     1...  Smith  ,\.  K., 

I-s-.'       ■•  ».  ««Mv.     H*^ 

I*rrjr»ai<k5.  3t.  FinMai  Kalja.  anxnM  the  Tian  Shan. 
|.>  Loiiuor.  Tamti»mr4  *»'  E  Ii  M-.r^'aii.  Inelii.l- 
inir  ti<>ti>->^  of  ikr  latiin  «tf  ivntral  Asia.  .  .  .  I. . 
Low.  I.»7'».  *n<<.  n«.—H««ir"lia.  the  TaiiL'iit  o. .1111- 
tiT.  ami  (ka  mt^mAr*  •f  X.iniimi  Thilx-i  A  nar. 
TMixie  of  (krnip  ;«ian''  oavH  ia  EaKtriti  ilik-h  Asia. 
Troat  (lur  BaaiMi  tf  E.  I«  Murran.    I...  !.,<.».  ls;i;. 

■.'  V    s»,  V        tOfc. 

Schirfarr.  F.  A.  IMwUii  lak-<  .leririsl  fn.m  In.lian 
!UHirv.'>.^.  TViiiiiiBiil  DTMni  llir  Tilx-tan  of  the  Kali- 
liyiir.  Tr.uit».  at*  Dae.  treaa  Uk-  (term.  Ily  \V. 
K.  S.  RaliM..a     L,  TMMcr.  IMS.    sto.     Ms. 

Schuil.  V[.  timm  mti  Kankitai.  Kin  lteitra»;  /nr 
( ieschickia Um>  iiB4  tHHsaMrns.  Uerl.  li:';ii.  it.i. 
I  Mk 

Srhrenk.  Lavfk  «.  SnttwD  uii.)  F.  >rM'hunt;eii  im 
.Vmii.--t.iin.lr.     :SH-Tit.      St      IVtcrsb.     Iss|.      Sv.i. 

WUB**  .'f  a  j..uniey  in  Uus. 
Hukhaia.  and   Kul.lja. 
Sa-.    «S»>. 

i»^  sT<-p|ies.  episr.les  i\fl 
Ar*  Kalniouiks  et  <les  Kir- 

C.  K.  ftp.     Kx|Kslition 

r.  Ml  Siiterie  et  ilaiis 

n     lir    Pyr-Daria.    le  Z.-raf- 


Schii>  Wr,  B.    T' 

sioji  Turiie-uraoi. 

I...  I..>w.  l*7>f.     «■ 

Serena.  <'arlik 

Ml.. I,  \<>vjtt^  m 
ithu      IN.  fWl 
I'Jftalt}'  •!»  Mrri 
scieiiriri'iue  .'"■tn.^t 
le    ■tiiik>-sr  in      " 


ehiine    I,-  r.  iiv»    :>~»  «rf «  Ririei^es  el  la  Siberie  ocoi- 

•leiir.ii,-.     i ..  >ri(    «»,,.    isfr 
Vaiiib^rjr.  A.   Ti-aaifto  im  0«.iral  Asia.    I..  Nliirray, 

isi'.i     •»...    ir-K    Haiaaii  tnuis  .  S1..I111.  is<>;, 
Villrrol.  B.  Ap      A  ■*%>  llavnxrli  (  vutral  .Vsia.    {'a\- 

eiitta.  t^T*.     '*«.n       », 
Well,     lot  TmintniKBiM-  -M  le»  Tourkmenes.     I's.  ISiW. 

sv.>      !  fr 
WiMMl.  H.    TW ikiiwim «<  Lalw  Aral.    L  .Smith  J^  E., 

IsTU,    »».j     laa 

A^IJ  JIJXOR. 

AlaAwmrtk.    W.    F.     TraT>-i«    in    Asia    Minor.      L., 

I'arker  A  *  o.  ^Mi      i«    -to      i4s 
Kurraw>..f.  O.     •. '<■  it>  •rHMiaek  in  i'jipiia.l.X'ia.    Bopt., 

r..ii^    I'liiy  •'.'      ?"  Si 
llrigiitiuMN  Frimtrmm    Af.     .^sie-Mineure  et  Syrle; 

s..ii»rnirs  .li»m..»ii(..-»     I's  IrGiS.    ;!de.,  1M'.t.     linio. 

1  fr. 
BIIm.    laiaar  G     T»»flnt  Arc  V4«rs  In  the  I>>rant, 

V.  Y  .  A  111.  MMW.  S.  ir .  I-SS. 
Bnraahy.  FnH4.    «•!,  ^...•sw.tiack  thiviuirh  Asia  Min.ir 

L  .  I.,  .w.  !s7r       tr      irL*- ..]»"*      M-...      Ills    (id. 
Cass**!.    F.     V.  Ill:  Vii  einii  1*aiij;e9.      lierl.   issii.     syo. 

1;  Ml. 
C'lH'hrun.   W.    f^m  and  prucil  in  Asia   Min..r.      L. 

[.,.«,  i»H7    >,,„    -a*. 

Crpu»]i.  •:..  "Ji.    Tbp  Miawi  rt  the  <")ttonian  Turks. 
Ii'ai-ls7»      L.  BmaliT.  WM-S6.  SvoU.    fvo.    .Mh  e., 

I  SKI.    I   »..L      •^.■.       «<s 

ItiUioa.    H.     taniiiitiiUnr  aa»  Klein   Aaien.      Dreiii 

Davis.  C- <^ Kn.    Ufeia  il«iaiio Turkey:  ajoiirn.il 

..f  rra«>'t  at  •tUmia.  Iwaiia.  an.i  p:irls  of  Lyeaonia 

aii.l  t'i»|iBia6>«iia.     I.  .Staiif.ini.  ls;».    syo.    '.Ms. 
Dunn,  .%.^.    Tlieiwv  aud  <)eriar  of  the  rule  of  Islam. 

I.  .  Tlm.6«T.  t<C:      *»•>.     TSs. 
Du  Triupkr.  E.    Btt  IteiNiiiM-  d'Asie.     Notes  ile  rov- 

.1.-- -.1   Vn.w««e.    f<R.  l»iS     Jimo.    .3.'j(ifr 
t°«ll»Hi<.    <  ka*w      Esmasii. Ills    in    .\sia    Minor.      L.. 

Miit-r..       -  '.       -.    <    ,  Kii.     Sy...     ;*.;. 
Oaary.  •-  AxiaiK-  Turkey:    narrative  of  a 

joiirt:.-.         1.     J.  .11. liar  1^.  tlie  Iti'ispliortis.     L.  and 

X    Y  .  r..-'v    i.-O      sn. I     iNs. 
Ilnbirk.   J.      W*iii-'V«r«ticeu    auf    detn    CJel.iete    .ler 

I„iii.|-r      ir.'    V;  |:>^  Kunde.      IS.    Hn.lrheti.     Vor- 

.ler:»«i.-r.      [,..■...,:    :STf.      "vo.      l.'iOMk. 

Junqai^rr.    %.  •!«  Iji      Histoire de  I'empire  ottoman 

.lepuis  ^s      i":r-  •,.^   7U*iqU'BU  tTalte  ilc  Ili-rllii.      Ps. 
ISC!.     ;;i,,.        i  ■■■ 
•lowrll.r.  rjrwi.iki  Tvs4^anii»'s  intheMeilitermneau. 
L.   f«at     *"y     5(»>  -<Tiri«tian  reoearrhes  in  Syria 
ami  thv-  ll..<l.r  LiBu4     L  l'<e^     srn.    lOs. 


TRAVELS,  QENERAL 


.-)H0 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Kfiiii.  A.  II.  .Villi  Kil,  liv  Sir  liicli.l.  T.'iiipl.-.  I„, 
Si.iiiliii.l.  I""",'     v!il  •■  .  I^-Mj      Nv.i      JN. 

I.iiiiicl<>l».  Vlr»or.  Viiyok't'  iliin-  hi  rjliclt-  n  ilaiis 
i'->  iiioiikik'Iii-s  cIii  'raiii'ii^<,  l-*"!,'  :|,  I's.  lllil.  Nvn. 
r.Tr. 

I.t'iiki-,  \V.  M.    .Iniirtml  of  ii  tmu-  iii  A^iii  Miiiur.     I,. 

I».'«.      •'VO.      l".. 

Miiriiiy,  •!.  SoiiumiIm  ilc  In  Tiininli- d'Asle.  Kimli's 
<)f  iiiii'iirs  uriciiliilHs,     l.yiiii.  l**!!!.     ^\n. 

Mltr<iril,  i;.  I..  A  IiiikI  iiiaiili  trmn  KiiKlainl  in 
1  .1  |..n.     I,..  Alli-li.  1>>'I.     -J  \.  »\...     Jls. 

Miiri'iiy'4    lliillill U  liir  TiilVflli'in   in   Tiiikry 

III  A-iii    ...   I..  .Miimiy.  I-<;x.     IJiihi.     \:,-. 

Nen  ton,  C.  T.    Tnivi'lsiirulilisriivcrifsiii  ilii'  l.i-\iinl 

I, ,  ii.iv.  i"<;r.    •,'  V.  Mvii.   4-:^. 

<»iiiiin-lli'y,   V.    A.     I.i's    IiiiaiiiN  i-t    li-s    ili-i'vivlicH. 

rr.llli|l|i-.  SII|i.TslitiMll!..  II    Illil'lll'S  lIl'K  TlllVS.      I'H. 

I--I.     !■,• :tlr. 

IVrrtit,  «i,    SiiiiMMiiis  il'iiii  VDViiK'i'  111  A^ii'Miiii'ini'. 

I'l   l«>;i.    ""v.i.     '.  ..Vj  I'r. 
Priiiit*.  K.  I>.  <i.    Korty  yi-ari  in  llii>  Tiiikl'li  iMiipIn-; 

iir.  lai'iii'iirs  nf  lli««  Itev.  \V.  liuinlell.     N.  V.  is;u. 

Ka'>rhkiiitrliiiy,  II.     Aim  Kli-iM'A'<i>'ii.     Ski/xiMi  aiis 

.l.r    iifk.'.'iiHail    mill    ViTnuiitfi'iilii'il.      1,1)/..   in;;. 

-v..  I  Mk. 
Mi'liwiirx,     II.      Alls    ilfiii    i>>t<'ii.      UiMsfliili'li'    aim 

rii.'.irii.  .  .  ,  Tili'kfi.   mill   Kli'iiia.iit'ii.    rlii'iiinii/. 

\*:<.  :iMk, 
Sl<'\<-ii-><iii,  ■».,  Mr-.,    iiiir  riili-  iliriiimMi  .Vsia  Jliimr. 

1.  ,   I    ll.lClll.lll.    1'<--I,       NH).       ISs. 

Tiiylor,    liayiiril,      l,aiiil  uf  tin-  .Sarai'i'iis       N.    V., 

I'liiii.iin.  InM.     JNi  >•  .  Is<i:i      I-.' #l.,'iil. 

Te\liT.  Cliiii,     .\»ii'  :\Iiiii-iii'i*,  i|t'M'ri|iii<iii  ^'i^ianiplii- 

■  |ii".   Iii-i"rii|iii-,    ct    arc'lii'iilo^'ii|iii'.  .  .  .  I'h.    lsii.l. 

"v...     »lr. 
To/«T,  II,  K,    Turki-li  Ariin'iiia  ami  Asia  Mliiiir.     L., 

I,.>:i;:illilln.  l^l.     .Svii.      Ills. 
r»itliii{,  tl,  L.    Km  I.UIeasifii  I  I'.iiaiiifl      Kliliii.  l-sj. 

Van  l.eiiiif|t,  II,  ,f.  Tiaids  in  .\sia  Miimr.  .N.  Y. 
aiil  I,   l-T'.t.    -.'v. 

.irsTli'.tl.lA. 

AnKU«>  <•.  K.    Snva>.'i'  llf.'  ami  ^I't-iii's  in  Aiistialia  ami 

Nf  «•  Zfalaiiil.     I.  .Siiiiili  \  K.  ISjti.    '.'v.  Svi,.    -.'is. 

-  Illu-i rations nl'Sinilli  .Viislralin.  \j  .Maclean,  IHjr. 

K..      VllK. 
Auxtnillit   IHrpi-tory,     VmI.  i.     I,.,  iKItl.     No  Minn- 

pull    .Mi.iili' T  III.  iiyj.  IlfiiilwoiHl  ami  ('.  It.  Villi',  I,. 

I'.vi  ivi.    .:  v,ii>. 
lleaiivoir.    .\ii>tialia.     Vuvajii-  all    Imir  ili-    iiiomlo. 

!•<.  !~.'.i 
Beiiiiftt,  .1.  V.    lli>torinil  ami  ili'vri|ilivi'  arrnnnt  of 

S.iutli  Aiisiialia,     1,  .  .Siinlli  .V  K  .  INI'l      ^vii.     v's 
B^mi|{i<-r,   'I'.     I,a    m.iiM'lli'   Niii>ii'.     Ilisiniit*  il'mi 

i'..l..iii.- lliiH-ilictiiu- ilaiis  .\iistralii'.     I's,  |sVJ.    f*vii, 

••  ff. 
Ilii'kfitril,  J.    t'lirlstiaii  work  in  .\iistralia     L.  il8>.) 

>HI. 

IIooIk,  a.  Travels  over  .  .  .  llie  H"M  llelils  nf  Aus- 
tralia       1,    !|HS»1      SVci 

lioiinrlvk,  Jan.  Tlie  lasl  nf  llie  TaMiiaiiians  I,, 
l,..«.  l-u/.i  M,i.  Kis—liaily  lili'  ami  orii.'iii  of  the 
Ta>inaiiiaiis.  I..  I,ii».  |s;ii  Sv...  p.'s.  liil.  — I'iist 
tiieiilv  leaisi.f  .Viisir.ilia.     I,..  I.mv.  Ins-.'     svn.   .',s 

llriiiiii,  i".  II,     llivlorv  of  Neil   S..11II1  Wales  to  ISII. 

I...   ILllllev.   ls|li.      ■.'  V.  Nv,,       -.'Is. 
Itllrtoil.    \V,    \V,     Slale  ol    lelit'loll   all'l  eilili'.'itioli   ill 

Neil  Sc. mil  Wales.     I,  .  Cn.-^.  |s|ii.    sv.i.     1-,'s. 
('Iie<|ii<-re<l  t'liret-r,  .\  ;  nr.  lii'ifeii  vears  in  .Viistinlia 

aii.l  N.-ii  /..'.■il.iti.l      I,.,  li.-iilley.  lss|.     Sv,,.     ids.  i«l. 
C'hrisliiiiiiiii,    F.     .Viistraiieii.     (tesrhii-lite    ,ler   Kiil- 

•  |.-i-kiiiii.'iimlColi,iiisatioii.   I.p/,  issii.  Sv,,.  r.iiii.Mk. 
Clarke,  .M,     Tie- rmiire  .Misliiiiiaii  iMee      :Mellioiirne. 

In;t      sv,i    -llistiiiy  .,!'  the  njiiliiii-iit  of  .\iistralia. 

Mi-llioiiriie.  IS77      sv,,. 
('riitvfiir)!,  .1,  <'.     I!ei--illei-ti.iiis  of  travel  In  New  Zen- 

liii..|  aii.l  Aiisiraliii      I,..  Trill -.  Issti.    sv,,.     iSs 

Criitt  well,  Ae,     Sketehesof  Australia     Kroiiie  [1S-<1]. 

SI  ,  , 

C'lirr,   K,  M,     The  .Viistrallaii   raee.  iiriu'in,  oilstouis, 

.-le      I.  .  I'riihiier.  Inss.     svn      |-.'s. 
UnwHiiii,  .1,     Australian  aliorit'iiies.   hiiiK'iinire,  anil 

iii-il<>iii»  of  tiilies      .  .  ill  W.  Victoria.     Mellioliriie. 

K'oiM-risoii.  lNs|.     11,,,     lOs  I'.il. 
Itelaviiiiil.  I.,     I.Aii-tialie.     I's.  ISM-,*.     ISiiio.     1  fr. 
UiiiK'iiii.  H.  lie,     .Vicoiint    nf  the  colony  of  South 

.\l|slr:llia.      I,  .   Honlle.  l-i.'ll.      Svo.      .'s. 

ElM-iiFivr.  Denksleiiieiiierl'ilnf-  mul/ivanzit'jiiliriuen 
>li"ic.iis  I'hatiiikeii:  .\iistralieii.     Iterl.  isii-j. 

Ellen,  Cli,  H,  The  llfih  coiitiiieiit.  with  the  adjacent 
ishimls:  lieim;  an  account  of  .Viistralia.  Tasniaiiln, 
ami  Neiv  (.iiiiiiea.   .  ,  .  L,,  S.  V,  ('.  K..  1H;T. 

Kilen,  <'.  H.     Australia's  heroes.     I,.  lsS.3     Si-o. 

£y,  I.  .M.  U.  Mittlieilmmen  ilher  die  AiiHwandenin); 
der  nreiissisi-licn  l.iitherauer  uucli  SUd  AuHtralieii. 
Adelaide.  \-i<iO.     Svo. 


I'lir-iiir,  .\<ii:i  mill  .\iistriiliii  Ili-.rrilx-U  In  Clill- 
•ireii,     illy  Mis    K  I,.  MoitiniHr  J      I,  .   Ilulclmnl, 

l"-'i.'.  II    i-  ,    P-l^ll       l.'llio       l«    l«l 

l''ll/.«iei'iilil,   .1.    K,    V,      AiiHlrnlia.     I,.,    l,i,\v.    I.Ssj 

IJ .'Is    l,d 

Korri-st,.!,  Kxploratimis  in  Aiisiraliii.  wilhiippeiidi.v 
on  till-  cmliii f  Western  Aimtralia      I,,  l...w, 

I'.;".   SI,,,    :ii,. 

I'orresl,  .\,     Western  .\ii-.traliii.     I'erili.  Isi-i      |.-,, 
I'riiiiklMi,    II,    M.      A   K'laiice  at   Australia   in    issd. 

MehiMliili,-,    |ss|        s,,. 

(iiiKliiirill,  F,     I,  Aiislr.ili.i.     I'ireii/e.  Issi.     svo. 
<iiei;i.ry,  .\,  <',  itiiil  F.  T,     .Iniiriialii  of   Aiiklialiail 

.•\|i|.,i,iii..i,s.     Ill  i-haii,-.  lss|.     svc, 
Orlldile.  .1.  II,    i.liii,p„.s  1.1   al...rlt.-inal  life   In  Alls- 

tnilia      I,,,  .^loiv-iiii  ,V  N,  |s;i.     »\i,        \.  V.     ;ili-.) 
llitri'iiK,  W.    s.niili  Australia:  its  hist,.rv.  resources, 

mil    pr...lii,  ii,,i,s.      ,\delai,|e.   (ox.   aiiil    I,.    I.oiv, 

i»;i;    'I'..   -.'Is. 

lliiKlieH,  II,  M.     K.xperieni-e  i.f  fiirlv  vears  In  Tas- 

iiiaiiia      I, .  I  ii-iier.v  M  .  HVi     l-.'nu.. '  -js 
ImkIIn.  .1.    I  Mir  Aiisirahan  cousins.     I,..  .Macniillan. 

I^sil       sv,,        Us. 

ilolisoii,  I',  ,1,  .\iistrali!i.  uilh  Holes  liv  Ihe  Mav  011 
ll'M'i      I...  1st  aii.l -.',1  ,•  .  isi;-,i     Nv.i.     :ls.  i;,l.     " 

.Itiiiriiet,  I',     1,'Aiisii-alie.     I's.  1  IS.'.,    sm,.     IJfr. 

.liiiiK,  f.  K.  Iier  Welileil  Anslralien.  I,p«  |ssa. 
Ni.i.     1  Mk. 

Keiiiieily,  l>Hvl<l.  Cnliinial  travel:  a  narrative  of 
loiir  y.-ais  tuiir  tliri,ii);li  .\iistralia.  New  Zealand, 
et,-       K'linli    |s;ii,     sv,,       -IS, 

I.ilhillU-re,  F.  I'.     Km  Iv  liisimy  of  il l.,iiv  of  Vic- 

iMiia  from  its  ,1  lery  1,,  its  e>uiliii>|iiii',>m  ax  a 
silfniiv.-riiinir  I  no-of  the  llriiish  empire.     1,, 

I.oH.|N;s.       My  -.-Is. 

Lalnl,  !■;,  K,  llmni.ies  i.f  a  ■•nlolM-irotier"  in  Aii!»- 
iiahiMa.     I.  ,  (hiipimiii.  in;.*,     -.'v.fii.i.    :)-,'k. 

Lanu,  ,1,    lliiiiiiioi-e,     (^iieen^land.    Aiisiralin.      I,., 

Siaiili.r.l.  |si;i,  n.  ,...  |s,-;j     sv,,      i-.-s.     .\ ami  ..f 

I'll  ik-laid.  Australia  1..  bmirmans.  ls|;,  t-.'mo. 
;«.  I'l.  lli»i,,ncal  and  sUiiisiieil  accmit  of  .New 
Soiitli  Wales.  I...  I..n;jiiia'is,  ls.)l,  -J  lul.s  ,  l-.'mo. 
Mil  i-.l.  |n;  I.      ■,'  i,,|s  .  SM,.      ,'ls 

l.ce.   Siirali,    >lr»,      .Vdvenmres    in    ,\iislralia.      I,., 

lirilllth  .V    r.    1-M      lih    e..    |n;;i.     i-.> ;)«.   Oil, 

Hepi  iiml.-r  iimm-  >lr-.  Ii.  Ije  and  till--.  .Mislraliiui 
\V.imleii-t~      I'hila  .  |s.-,t.     N    V  .  ls(,.-.     «i|..',il, 

,Miirlii  l.a  .^lesU-e,  F,  I.Aii-lruhe  iimiielle.  V». 
iss:!.     ;■.•,,„,      I  r,- 

.'Vlarliii,  :«l,     lliNt    ly  of  .viistrahisia.     I,.  is:ja. 

Mei-etlitli,  l.iMii-.a  A.  i»,>r  the  straits.  A  visit  to 
Viiioria.  I  .  Chapman  \  II  .  Isixi  Svn.  lis.— 5Iy 
limn--  in  Tasmania.  I..  Miiriav.  1N.V,'  :)  i!  v.  8vi>, 
Iss  -  li.si, line-  ill  New  .Soiiih  \Vales.  I,..  Mmrav, 
1s.!:l  11.  .- .  Isi;i.  Nvo.  -.'s— Slime  of  iiiv  hush 
fi  ieiids  in  Ta-iiiiaiiia.     I. .  liay.  IW.t.     Ito.     i.'s, 

.Mlllett,  1;,,  Mvs.  .\ii  .Viistralian  jiarsniiaKe:  or.  the 
setiler  and  the  savaite.  I,.  .Stanford.  ISTI,  '.'d  e., 
in;:.'      N(,,       PJs. 

;>lni>re,  Ii,  F,  hiary  nf  an  early  setil>-r  in  Western 
,\ii-inilia      I..  l«s(.     sv,i. 

IMortiiiier,   >irs,  F.  I..     S.-e  I"ar-,'1T. 

Native  'IrllH-s  of  sniitli  .Viiitlrallit,     Inlnvliietniy 

ciiaiiier   l,\    .1.    I)     W 1.      Adelaide.    Wiir>r.    ls;9. 

I.  .  I,.,H.     Ni,,      p-.s. 

Meols,    .\,      Wil,l   lite   in   the   Australian   liiish.     I,, 

l:,'l,l|.'\  ,    l«Nr       ■,'  V.  Nv.i.      -.'Is. 

(Iileriilieiiner,  F.     has  Fesiland  .\iislialiin.     Wiesb. 

l^ill. 
Oxeiiiiiitl  4iiit<l<>  li>  Travellers,  India,  Anstriillu, 

et.-      I,  ,  \\ar,l  ,\  l...ik.  |V|.     sv,,     -,.s 
I'liillips,  .\.     I!,. I.,,  iiai'h  l^ilaiiv  Hay      llanili    i;<.il. 
Fiioiiiiidie   >li^sii»ii  di-si-ril>ed  In    a   Letter  Irnin 

ilii-  l.,,i-,l  lii~li..p  ..f  Adflaide  ,A   Short  I      I,.  IN.V). 
Itowi-.  «i.     ('ol"i:ial  empire  i,f  lit.  Ilritain:  Australian 

L'i.Mi|,      I.  .  s   1"  I'   K.  1st;.-,     i-,'iii,,.     -,'s. 
■{iistlen,  <;,  W.     Ili^torv  of  .Viistralia.     I...  (hapiiian, 

l-^.'i.     :i  V .  -I'-      .-Kis. 
Si-liiieidi-r,  II.  ti.    ^lissi  >iisarheit  ,ler  ItriiderL'i-meinde 

ill  .\ii~tnilieii      Una, hill.  iss-,'.     sv.i      1  .Mk 
.SeelliorsI,  <i,     .\iistralien  in  seineii  Weliaiisstelliini;s- 

jaiiii-ii.  )s;'.i-N|     .Xiit-slinrir,  1N,n-.'     nvi>      rm.    .Mi  |if, 
silver,  s,  W.     Ilamllio.ik  for  Anslralia.     I,.,  Silver, 

ls:i.      Sv.i        .',s 

Sketi'iieH  of  Anntrnliiin  Life  anil  Sepiiery.    I)y  a 

n -iihnt  for  iimre  than  lliirlv  vearn.     I,..  Low,  11*70, 
Sv.i.     lis. 
Sinyth,    It,    l>.      The  aliorii;ines   i,f    Victoria      Willi 
notes  relaiim;  to  the  lialiits  .if  the  iialivi-s  of  .ither 
puns  nf   .\iisiraha  and   Tasmania       I...   Triihiier, 

|s;s    -J  v.  Nv.i,    lis. 
Striiilliy,  Laurence.      liiish    life    In   Aiistrnlia.     I.., 

I..iiii.'iiiaiis.  INiW.     IJnio.    .'is.  till. 
Sntherlaiiil,  A.  anil  (i.    The  liistorv  of  .Xustialia, 

Ihiki-is-i;.     \|,.ii,.,iiinH.  IN". 
TaiiKve,   K,     iicmiiiiscences  of  travel   in   AiistrRlia, 

elc.      I.  ,  l.oiv.  |N«.-|      N»i.      Bs. 

Tiii>lin,  ti,,  Uev.    The  follc-lore,  uiauuere,  and  Ian- 


}l 


^' 


ri 


I 


TRAVELS,  aSNERAL 


.100 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Kiin»(i'  of    Die  Soiilli   AiiHlrnllnn  nlioHkrlnos.      Ist       lllnril,  KmiifnU.     T>fMix  ann^'i'w  i>n  llri<Nll.     \'»  l<m-> 
kitIi'M.     AiU'liildi',  IHTIt  Hid.     ..IP  fr. 

Trollopi*,    .\iitlioiiy.     AiiNtrallit  nml    Ni'W  /I'liliiiiil.       liliirkroiil.  A,  I,.    Ski'lcli  «{  Hnixil  MiiHHiiiiix.     N.  Y. 


I,  .  Clminimii.   |H;;).     'Jv,     '.M  .■  ,  is;;,     hvh.     Tm   i1,I. 
AiiniiHliii  iiimI  VV    Aiislriiliit.     i...  ('Iiii|>iiiiiii.  |h;.'i 

I'.'inii     ■tH.  -Virtoria  niicl  TiiHMiniiln.     I. ,  <'liii|iiiiai>, 

is;i      IJiiiii     :lH. 
Tu4i|i<>iiiiy,  U.    K.  N.    'I'liwii   lir<>   In   AiiHlriilia.     I., 

S k.  I'<SI.     Svd,     .V, 

WiillittK-,    A.    It.      AiiHlrnliisia.      I..,    Sliiiit'.inl,   INTt). 

Hv...       -.'Is 

Wllkliin.  W.     AiislrahiMla      AiHlraliaii  aii.l  Ncn /.I'n- 

liui.l  .■i.l.irii.'!.:      I,,.  Illai'kl...  IMsr,     svo.     '.•».  inI. 
U'lt<  illi>  I I  NiikuskltlU  CliiMlirli  tMiiili-      llnscl. 

l-->-,        lliMI.. 

\\  lllii'liiil,  (',     MaMii..i>.  ami  <'ii>l(iiiis  i>(   Au»li'allnii 

iiaiix.'..,     Mrlli    IXIIJ. 
Wotxl,   .1.      Ni-alli   Siiiillii'rii   skirs.     ('a.<lli'    |iiiii;;las, 

YiMiiiK,  Uolil,     'I'lic  Siiiilli.'i'ii  iMii'liI:  W.'sli'vaii  ili'iHi' 

laiinii  t.i  Aii^liulia     I,  ,  llaiiiiliMM.  |H.M     Svi,   lis  ilil. 

YiiIh,  r.  It.,  <'u|it.     Till-  Aiisiiiiliiin  .liii'i'lDiy.    Vul.  I 


1  •<;'.! 

Ilriicll  Kiiiiilr^  III    till-  I  iilvfritui    Kxliilillliili   <if 

l^iiMii  l'liila<li'l|iliia      lii.'ili'.l    |s7i). 

Iliirloii,  K, 

ImW, 


llik-lilanilMil'ihi'  Hi'iuIIn.     I, ,  TIiihIi')-, 

.His, 


t'nriii.|ilfr,   !•'.    II.  Y.     Kminil  aliiail    Ki...    ClilcatC'i, 

.laiiHiii,  |Hs|      !■,' J,. im 

('iii'i'<.>,  Kiiilli-,     LAiiia/iiMi'.     ]'».,   n.  iv,   1n;:)     4  v. 

I-.'llhi.      .'.  Il- 

C'oiil.v,  l.iiiiN,     l.'i'KclavaKf  ail  lln'.Hil.     IN.  IHxl.    Hvo. 

■,'  11- 
(.'i-Hwriii'tl,   II,     ArrciHH  llii<  l'aiii|iaH  ami  lli.'   Ainli'*. 

I,      I ^'I>IM||>.   IKNI       H\.i       :h    li.l 

■  •'AhsIim'.  .\<I<>I|iIii'.     I.i.  Ill  i'sII  i'i>iii<.|ii|i.. lain      Har... 

I Ill  •-.  iii^liliil N.  |ia>  Hfiy.'.     r>    I*>i'm,     hv.,      liii'. 

Ufiilsi'hrii     lioloiiicii,     ill).,     ili.|'     rriivliix     Itlii 

ilraii'li. . I. .Sill      lu.i'l    l>N|      It...     1  >lk 
KtvlMiiik.   T.     I. Ill-  ill    llra/.ll.     N.    Y..    lliii'|H.r.    \K<i\. 
.*:|.i«i. 


S.iiitli   anil  IviKI  riia^l.  Hans  Snail,  aii.l    riisinaiiin.       K«|illl.v,  Cliiia.     I.i's  rcniiiD's  il  li's  iiiu'ins  .|ii  llii'sil. 


I,.,  Till  ...  \<,n 


Km 


Ts  li.l.     CI    .ViiHlialia,  alii.ve. 


/«>/./ 17  I 
llollvlit.  I.A,  ft    lf<  (iilll  i-ii    IH7I».     I'H    ISTil.    Hvn. 

I  Ir. 
Ilri.««nii,    .VikIi'^.    Si-|.t   aniit'.'S  iri..v|. I. nation  ilanx 

I  .\iii.'ii.|iii.  nii«iiali.      I'l    IKS.-,      III..    ■,>ii  fr. 
Cliiiri  II,  (>.  K.     Till'   null.'    I..  Ili.lhia  via    ilii*   .\nia- 

/.'.ii.     .\  i'i'|...rt  I.  till'  ll.i\i.|'niiii'iilM  i.f  lli.livia  ami 

llia/il      I,  .  \Vai.Tl..iv.  |K;r.     Svii. 

('•ii'io,  ,iiis<v  II.    ii.iiivia.    I'M  l«:^. 

Krii'uk,  <i.  K.     I)as  l..ina  I  MiiK'iiis  ill  lli.livia.    I'raiikr. 

|K1>. 

Oliitriio,  lliiliiiloa,  el  Arrniiiuyo,  I.a  IIuHvIh,  si'M 
lii'lii's-.'s.  Ii.|ii' i.xii|..itat|..n      I'M.  |s.-i;.     Hvn.     Iff. 

T«'Ntf*t-i''«*ri-v,  A.  1.1'  rilr.>iiiavi>:  r..nli.  niaiitiini*  iIm 
la    K.iliM.'  a    liiri'.an   allaiirii|iii>.      I's     |HH|.     Hvn. 

;.".  i-iiii 
AYi.ilil«-l,  II,  .\,     VnvaiTM  ilaiis  li-  noril  il(.  la  lii.livi..  I'l 

ilaii^  l.'s  pai'tii'H  voisiin's  ilii  I'i'tlii.     Tm.  IH.VI.     hvh. 

Ill  Ir. 
>VI«'iU'r,  CliiiH,     IV'iiin  rt    lli.livli':    iiVit   ili"  viiyap'. 

I'H.  l*'^.    Hvn.     'J.-.  Ir. 

«()/.'.V /•.•<> 
lii'Miiiiir,   I>,      Vi.'ws  ill   ilif   Kasli'in    .Vrclilpi'lnuo, 

II.. 1 SaniH.-ik.  .'ir.     I...  Mrl.>'an,  ISi;.     Iin.     r.'s. 

Hoi'k,   <'.     Ili'a.l  liiiiit..|'H  ..f  ll.ir t...    Low,    IHHI. 

-v...     .■Ilk     Swi'ilish  liaiisl      Chra.  |hh:i. 
Jliiv  |4>,  !■',     .\.l\.'iitii''i's  atiinii^  Mil'  lixakHof  Itonii'n. 

'l...  Ililr-^l  .t  II  ,  |HlM.     Hn,.      I.-,s, 
Itriioki',  l(ii,)iili.     Nariaiivi' i.r  I'vi'iits  in  lli>nii-i>.     I.., 

Miiiin.   I-I""      i  v    Hvn.     :|Js,  -  Ti'ii  vi'iii'H   in  Sara- 
wak     I...  Miiriav.  |Hi;ii.     ',' V.  Hvn.     -i-is. 
Iliii'lililu;!',  I'',  \Y,     ilaiili'iiH  nt'  ilii' snii:  ll<ini).n  anil 

til.- Siiln   \irliipflai-n.     I. .  Miiira.v.  mH(l.     Hvn.    lis. 
Uciiisoii,   N.     Till'  l.aml  Hvaks  i.r   r|i|i<'i'  tiamwak. 

Sill;,'ai...|i',  ]••'.'.'       Iln. 
Ki'Iki'.     Kill  Ili'Muli   ill   lliiriii'i).     llaniii'n,  ItWl.    Hvo. 

Ill  I'f. 
Iliitlon,  ,1.     NinvlVylnn:  Krilisli  Nnilli  Iloriii'ii.     I,, 

('li.lj.iii.iii.  IHH-J.     Hvn.     .'is. 
Helms,   I.,  V.     I'ii.iiri'riii^'  in  tlii'  tar  K.ast  illoriit'iii, 

I'll'.      1. .  Trill ■.  |H.H-.>.     Hvo.      IHs 

I.inv,  II.     Sarawak      I,  .  Ui-iilli'V.  |h|S.     Hvn.     Us. 
Mi'llniiKail,   II.,  .Mi's.     1,1'iti'i's  In. Ill   Sarawak.     1... 

liiiniili  ,V.  s.  |H.-,i,     iiiino.     :is.  iiil.    Ski'li'lii'snf  onr 

III'.'  ai  Saianak.     I,..  S.  1'.  (\  K..  IS,S'J.     Hvn.     ','s.  (kl. 
I't'i't'lui'i',  .M,  T,  II,     lloriii'o  van  /iiiil  iiuar  Noonl. 

Kolli'lilalll.  I^Hl.      ',.  V.  Hvn. 
I'oiteH  11/.  riii'oilort'.     IloriD'n:  Kntili'rkiliiKS  Ui'lscn 

iiii.l  Till,  r-ii.liiiiiu.'ii.     It.'il.  IHh;).     i.-iMk. 
St.  ,loliii,  sp«  iisei',     I, ill'  III  lilt'  lori'sis  of  tlii'  far 

Kast   lllnni.'ol      I,.,  Siiiilh  it   K.,  IHii-.'.     '.'v.     '.Me., 

I'-lil.        N»,,         .'l-.'s. 

Tfiiiiilni',  ,1,  r.  I'rivati'  li'tti-rsiif  Sir,Iniiii'»  Hrookr. 
Hnr I, .  Iliiill.y,  ls.->:).     ;l  v.  Hvn.     ills.  il.l. 


I'h   iHii'.'      f.'iii.i     :|  Ir. 
KIt'li'lii'r  I   Klililci',     llra/il.     I'liila.   Ih.-.T.     '.iiIi   .- 

I1...I       ISNI  -\.,         -.Illll. 

(iflM'llirllll'll     lll'l'    rilll|lllllls,     fit'.,     mill     lll'i'll'llt 

v.'ii  ili'iit  .Xiiia/oiirii  Siiniii  niiil  liiiiatia      U'lrn.  1 1',".!. 

ili'iitlf'r,  liiilirli'l.     Kiiiili'  snr  !<•  saiiviiK<'  iln    IliVKil. 

I'-    I^KI       II. i      ■.  Ir. 
Hills.  Kiii(.     Ill  an  ail  lli-.'sil      l's|HH|.     Hvo,     l.-.'.-ifr 
l.iilli'iiiaiii.  I(.  (',  It.  .\.     Ki'iM' iliiri'h  .N'nnI  llrasiliiMi. 

I.p/     1-MI.      HMi.      I  '.'11  Mk. 

K<ti't.  .Iran  ilc.     Ilisinir.'  il'iin  vi.vaui'  fall  kii  la  ti'iri. 

ilii  lli.'sil      l.a  H.'.lii'lli',  l.-i'.s.    HVO.     I's,  II  I'..  IHU). 

•-•v.     li'i Ill  fr. 

ItliiV)',  ,1.     liiisir  III  ili't  liiilri'iif  lliasillcn.    Cpn   isp.i. 
N<'iy.  I',  ,1.  <l.  H,-.\.     1,1'  pavs  ill's  .\iiiaz. .Ill's:  IKIil.i- 

rail..;  I.-.  I.'iri'sn Irli..ii.'     I'l   Ihh4      Hi.i,     liifr. 

NowiiknnskI,    A.    vim,    iiiiil    Fli'i'liner,    II.     llrit- 

silli'ii  Illll. ■!■  Ihini  I'.-ilrii  II      \\  ii'ii.  \K'i.     Hvo. 
Olivclrii  >liirtliis.,|.  |>.     iillia/.il.    I.islina.  Ihsi.   Hvn 
Oi'loii,  ,las.      Till'  Aii.li's  Mii.l  llii' .\iiiazoii:  nr.  nriosH 

ill.'  I'.iiiiiiii'iii  111  Siiiiili  Aiiii'i'ira.     N.  \,,   llarpt-rx, 

ih;ii,    ;1i|  I'll,  iH;r,,    hv...    "ISihi. 
I'olil.     lii'isi'ii  ill!  Iiiiii'iii  von  llrasilii'n.     W  li'ii,  ISVJ. 
.SI.   Illliili')'.  Auk,  lit',     \'i.yai.'i'  aiix  snini'i's  .In  Itm 

ill'  San-l-'raiifisrii  i-t   ilans  la   iin.vinri'  ili-  i;...mi/. 

I'l.  |H|;  s      '.' V    Hvn.     I.',  fr.     Vi.ya,{i'  ilans  Irs  pin- 

viiiii's  ill' Saint  I'aiil  i'l  lii' Si    Calliaiini*,     I's.  l.s.".I. 

•J  V    Svn      I.-,  fr 
.Scliiiilil,  K,     I'i'Imt  llaii'li'l  nml  Wamli'l  in  ItraKllii-ii. 

llin.laili'ili..   |HH|.      Hvo. 

.Selllii,  A,  \V.     lias  Kaisi'i'i'i'Icli  lii'a/.llicii.     I'.i'il.  It^MS. 

sv.,      1  Mk. 
MclvH-l.oiiKi'liamps,  W.  il«'.     Notes  il'iin  vovajti-  nil 

IliV'sil.     I's.  |s;.-,     Hvo,    '.'.'■lOfr. 
SitIh,  II,  l„     ,\  iiavi'i'H  Ics  pi'ovint'i's  ilii  llrr'sil.     |'s. 

)KS|,     Sv,.      ,s.-,  I'ini. 
Smllh    II.  II.     Ilia/.il  :   tin-  Aina/oiis  anil  llif  roast. 

N.  V     S.'nl.iii'is.  ISTII.     Hvo.     $.'..(«l. 
lH|ilji    mill    .tliirlliiN.     Ki'isi*  ill    llrasilii'ii.     Mlinrln'ii. 

I  H.I  I. 

Toiissiiliii,   .\il^li>.     I'lii'   rarisit'iini'   an  lln'sil.     I'm. 

|h.h;i,     I-.. :i.-iiifr, 

\Yallari',  A,  K.     Travf  Is  mi  tlii'  Amazon  an. I  IIih  HIo 

Ni'uni.     I,..  Iti'i'vi'.  IH.-;).    Hvo.     IHs      I'alni  tri'i's  1.11 

till'  .\iiia/on  ami  llnir  uses.     I,..  Van  Voorst.  is.*i.'l. 

Hvo       IDs    II.I. 
Wi'lli's,  .1.  \V,     'riii'i'i'  tlioiisaiiil  mill's  lliniiit,'li  liia/il 

riiila  .  I.lppinrnll.  IHHIl,      •.' v    .'<vi..      JsiHI. 
WIfil-Ni-ii  Wii'il.     Iti'isi' niu'li  llrasilii'ii.     l-'raiikfiirt. 

IH.M, 

/onlliir,  II.     Ilil'  lii'iitsrliin  iiii  llra/.ilisclieii  Irwalil. 
lii'll.  IHS:l.     !.'  V.  Hvn. 

IIVUIAHH.   sKliVIA.    KTC. 
Ilarklnv,   II,  4',     lleiueeii  tin' Haiinlu' iiml  llie  lllai'k 

S.'ii.'  I...   Miirvav.   l-^'il.     Vil  I'.     Ih;;.     Hvn.     Ills.  ilil. 

llnlliaria  Helnii'  llie  War.     I,.,  .Hurray.  1'<;t.     hv... 

Ills.  li.l. 
Itatli,  .Miii'I|iiIn  of,    'illiservalinii  on  Iliil|;ari»ti  nfTairs 

I,  .  Mai'iiiillan.  |hsii      hv...     3s  litl. 


AKitHsiz,    L..    itiitl    .Mi'K.    K.    <',    ,loiirni'y   in    Kra/.il.       ('/.IiImins,  li.     liie  Sii.liiiiK'ai'ist'lieii  lliilf,'uri'ii.     Wini. 

IHsi.     Hvo      Mill  >lk- 
Kiirli'v,  ,1,    I..      Ni'w    llnl;.'aria.     I,.,    NeHiiian,   ].s.hO. 

Sv.'i.      -.'s    III  I. 

Fni'lM's,  A,  Till'  llnssiii.ns  ami  the  Unlirarians  |in 
Cii,,ri,t  I<isiiissi,iiiM.  Iiv  K.  I,.  Itiirlincaiiiel.  N. 
V  .  I'nliiams.  1h;>'.    Hvn."    Vol.1.     ?1  .'hi. 

<ii>p<'<'vlr,  s,  |ii.'  I  rsarlii'ii  iler  sorliisi'liliiilt-arisi'lii'ii 
Krliiliiin>;.  Wiin.  IH'H  hvo— hie  Tiliken  nml 
line  Kn-iiiiile  iiiiil  ill"  lisailii'ii  ili  r  BerliiselilinlMa 
risi'lii'ii  Krlii'lmii.'.     Wien.  is;h.    Hvn. 

Jlri'ei'k,  «,  .1.  Hi'  lleeistnisse  vmi  Itelnrinl  Iiinli 
(■oiistaniiiinpel  mill  ilie  lliilkanpUsse.  I'lair.  IhTT 
Hvn-lUe  llamli'lsti'assi'n  nml  Uercuerke  vnii  Ser- 
liieii.     I'rat;.  IHT; .     Jm 


I1..SI    .  ll<;.'un.l.    ISr.H        Smi,       $.11*1, 

Aiiiiiii'il,  litist.     Moll  ileniii'i*  viivaife.     l.e  Itri'sil  noil 

v.'.lll       I'x    IS..-,       |-..|,„,.     ;)  fr.  ■ 
Alvi's  ili<  l.liiia,  ,1.  4',     1,1'rtiii-i' on  Kra7.iI.     Svr.ii'iise. 

N.  v..  |h;'..     Hvo. 
Aiiili-evVH,    C.    4'.      lirnzil.     .N.    \.,    Appletuii,    IHST. 

l-,>lllo.      «l  .Ml. 
AiiKiiHtii,    ItraHllclrit,    Miik-,     1m  Ur('M\.     Ph.  IHTI. 

.'i'Jm.i     .'tilrtni. 
A\e-I,alli'iiiiiiil.     IlaiisStaili'ii  von  HninlierR  bei  ileii 

Hiasiliaiiisrlien  Wililen.     Ilaiiili.  IHVl. 
Ilai'll,  V.  I..     I,'i'iii|iireiliilln-'sil.    I's.  1,'*IL',    Hvo.    10  ft'. 
Itali's,    H.    \V,      Nainrallst    nn    the    river    Amazon. 

N.  Y.,  Kilzifeialil,  IHSll.     i  v.  Itu.    ;iOc. 


TRAVELS,  OBNBRAL 


Ml 


TRAVELS,  OBNERAL 


Kniilt/,  I'Alls.    \M  liiiliriii'liMliiMiliiciiiiffi  li'llalkniK 

I'liiili'K  ill'  viiyiiK*'.     I'o    I*""!      '"'I      'J'l  fr 
I.iiiiliiy,    II.      A    li'iivi>n<    III    llillifiirii-:    mmim-iiIix    iI<' 

i:in'rii' fl  ill-  VMViiif.'      I'l    IHx;,     Htn     a.'iiPIr      Km 

IliilL'niii' (ixtr  iH),  ..ii',     I's.  IHKI      r.'iiii)     il'itifr 
Mi'llithitii,  •!.  A.    'i'l|l'kl^•ll  iitrm-ilivH  III  lliilKiirIn      I.. 

MiiKlliiii  \    l«;r,     Nvii     Ih 
Miiirhlii,  •(.  O.     Hiilk'iit'lii  xiiii'f  ilii-  mil'.     I..  Kivmi 

I'Hiil,  is^ii.     I'Jiii.i     :l»  M. 
Ilitilli'.    K.    ton.      I>li-    Vi'rrii'<'<iiiitr    'I'T    nrlliiHlox 

si'iiii.i'lii'ii   riiiilriilai'-Kiirlicii.     rriiir.   IHMi.    kvo. 

I  Mk 
Sithcri'i'.  K.     Iliiili'r  iiii'<  ili'iii  scrliUclifii  Vci|k«-    iiml 

KmiiiiIm'IiIi'Ih-ii      NimhiiU.  Imn-.'      nv,,.     '.MiiMk 

KIllKIT,    II.       III.'    VlTlliUl'     llllt     Sfllll.'ll.       Wll'll.     ISM'.'. 

-v.i.     ',•  111  Mk 

Tli.vi .1.  A.     Iliilfiiiiiiii  nlTiiii'*.     I.    IVMI     »vo 

iViii'ill,     II.      Si'i'lili'ii     I Iiii'ii     iiiiliilsi'lii'ii    llt-itlH. 

liiiiit.'1'ii  iii»lii"<i.iMli'i'<'  /ii  ltii'<sliiMil.     1. 11/..  Is;T      ""vm. 
Wi'IkIiI.  '^.    .S'lvi'iiiiiri'H  III  Si'i'vln.     I..,  Hiitiiii-iiHolifiii. 

l"l.       -VM.       lii.s.  till. 

HriiMAII. 

Atii1er'>nii,.l.  WesliTii  Yiiiiiin  viii  Ulmiiin.  r'lilriittn. 
in;  I      Miihiliihiv  III  M.iiii'.iii.  iHii  i'X|»'illtliiii'<  111  \\, 

ciiiiiM     I, .  Miiriiiiiiiiii.  i'«;i;.    "v,,     ','1,. 

Ilullll)'.  .loliii.     Klvi'i'M  III  ilii'  |i I'l:   III',  till-  k'n-iit 

iinak Ilk-  ill  lliii'iiiiili      I,..  Si'i'li'v.  K'iM.     Itli  l.(iiii), 

1«1.|.        NV...        .-.S, 

lliialillll,   A.      Ili'isi'll  III  llil'lllllll       lli'll    INlli      Nrii. 

ItlulllKlal.  r.  I'lli'  liri-  or  ji'L'i'll.l  ot  liillhiillilil.  till- 
llihlliii  ■■(  ihf  Kiiriiii'si'.  V  nil  iiiiiiiiliii loll''  Till'  nii\K 
111  Ni'ililiiiii  mill  mil  Iri' nil  I  III'  riiiiiik.'vi>"<iir  lliiriiii".!' 
III. inks      KiiiiL'ii'.ii.  I""*).    >iv.i.    :).l  I'll     1, .  Ti  (i r. 

IKSll.       '.1  V         "v.i.       '.'N 

lllril,  Iniilxillii  I.,  liiiiilfii  ('lii'rxiiiiHMi' mill  the  ivnv 
iliiili.'i'.     I,,   mill    S.    V.    rniimiii.  IHM.    hv,,.     lis, 

llUii'vi  Olive  .1.     Mv   clill.l  lir.'   Ill    IliM'iiiiili      lliiKi  . 

i'..iiliri'll.  INMii.     ir.iiiii     l.-M' 
lli'iiilli'.v,  il.     .\  iiai'i'iiilM-  i.r  iriiM'l  mill  s|iiii't  In  lliir 

niiili.  Siiirii,  III.. I  till'  Miilav  I'l'iiinsiilii.     I,..  'I'lnslev. 

|s;ii    sv.i,    i-.'s 

lliiriiiitli,  tli«  Koi'fiiiiiitt  <'oiilili'.v.     I.  ,  .Mli'ii.  1MHI 

sVi.         '.'s 

lliiiiiiiiii   sliivt'   (ili'l.      N.    Y,   Am.   Tr    S.ic.,    IKM. 

|sni..      :i'ii'. 
('iit'liciiti'i',    r.    II.     Self  Hii|i|i.>rl    IIJiiMtniti'il   in    Dio 
hi^i.iiv  111  III.'  Ilassi',11  Kii.fii  Mission.     lliiKt..  Hiiliil. 

l«s|       Mv.i,      -11  .-.Il 

C'<ili|iili<iiiii.  A.  K.  .\rr(iss  Clirysi'  iiai'iallvi'  of  n 
ii.iiin-'i'  .if  (•.x|i|.>i'iiti.iii  ilir. .ii'.:li  tin'  S.ititli  Cliliin 
li..i'.|i'i'  Ian. Is.  fi'oni  ('iinii.n  t..  M  inliilav.  I.  .  I.nu', 
|ss|  '.'v  s»,i.  4',><,  lliiniia  iiii'l  III.' Hiirnii'si'.  I,. 
I'l.'l'l  ,\    T  .  IHK.-i.     I'.'ni.i      Is. 

Kliiio.  Ni'.i'.  Illsiiirviif  till'  .Slums  In  TpiMT  llnriiiali 
mil  Wi'^t  Yniinaii.     Cali'iiiia.  |s;ii, 

l-'iilli.  II.  I':.  WiiitiT  tiiiir  llii'iiiiuli  Inilla.  Iliirinnli. 
.111.1  Hi.' Siniits      1, .  I,..iii,'iiiaiis.  IHW),     Nv.i.     'Js   llil 

Ki>i'li)*s,  <'.  .1.  I''.  H„  Cnpt.  Ili'itisli  Kiiiniali  an.l  lis 
|ii'.i|.l..  Ii"in;;  ski'trlii's  ..!'  iiativ.'  nninni'i's,  rust. .ins. 
Mii.l  ii'liL'iiin.     I.  ,  Miirniv,  |s;n     hvh.    Ills  i;.l 

Fvt'Ii'',     \.     lininia.    past    ainl    pfisi'iit.     I,.,    Ki'iiaii 

I'Mlll.     I-:S         ',1  V.   SV...       .'ills. 

CJciirv.  «i.     Iliiiiiia  afliT  till' I'.inipii'Sl.     I...  Low.  fisti, 

s\'..,    ;<  iM. 
(iiiiiKi-i',   \V.    T«()  vnrs'  lnipi'is.<iiiiii>iit  in  Hiirninli 

I..    Nlnif.iy.  IHim.    '.'il  f..  iHill      Kv.i      lis. 
<iiii'iliiii,  4.   A.     (iiir  trip  to  lliiiiniili.     I..   Ilnillii't'i'. 

is;i;    s\i..    '.'Is. 
Ilollivalil.  r.  V.     Ilinti-rlnilisi'lii-  I.iiinl-i'  iiinl  V.'.lkiT 

Hi'isi'  in  .li'M  I'"liiss,;i'liii'ii'n    li's  liawa.lilv  inul  .Mi'- 

k..iii;.  .  .   .   I.p/   is;i).     Si,,      Ii  Mk 
InuHlls,  >l.  II..  Ml*,   iii'1'misk.'t.li.'s..r  lifi. In  lliinii.i. 

I'liil.i.,  .\iii    llapi.  I'll!..  .S..1'    |s,v.i,v,       |s,i„,      ;iK', 
liiiK's,  I'iiiilly.     ('lit'rs..ni'si'.  Willi  till' Kil.liiii,' olT      I.. 

lii'iilL-y.  |s«.-,,     'J  V.  Mil,     ','ls 
iliifst,  \V^     Kill  Iti'siH'li  iH'iiii  Ki'inik'i"  von  llinna     K.ilii. 

iss.'.      Sio       Sil  pf 
tliiilsiiii,  .Ann  llii/i'ltliM'.     .\ri'..iint  of  lliii  .Vinei'iriin 

Miipii-i    Mi~.i..ii  1..  till'  Kiirinan  I'lnpiriv     I.,  is.'.'i. 

I'.'lno      ,'.s    I..I, 
l.iiiiriK,  W.  I''.  II.     .\sli.'  ryi'i'.  till'  siipi'iiiir  ('oiintry; 

or,  lilt'  iiit'at  attrarliiiiis  of  Hiiiina  to  lliitisli  fiiti-r- 

pilsi's  anil  roiiinii'iTi'.     I...  .Mli-n,  iss'j     Svo.    .'is. 

Hill'  lliii'iiii'SH  Mill's  ami  I'Hiatiiiiis  iviili  lliirnia.     I... 

All.'ll.  ISSil.      Svo       Ills 

l.iilhi'i',   !>li's.   ^^,    V.     ;°1.»   Vint. ins  an.l   llie  Karens 

.a  Mil. 'I      Host  .  Coitli.'ll.  issi,     mill...     $1 
Aiiif'^laliuii.     Karons   i.f   tlii'  <  jol.li'ii  ( 'lii'rotiesi'.     1,., 

Han  IS.. 11,  |s;i;      s,,,      |(i« 
IMiili<^ilf  III  lliiiii'iliiiiiiiilH,  A.     Uii  frnn(;nls  en  Kir 

iiiiii.il'.     I's  . '.'il  1' .  Issi,     i-.'iiio.    ',' f r. 
Miili'oiii.    11       Tiavi'ls   in   tin-    lliiMiiiiii   rniplre.     I.. 

Cliaiiiiu'rs.  isiii.     Hvii.     Is.  liil. 
Miimhull,  \V.  II.     Koiir  years  in  liiiriiia.    L.,  8ki»,'(, 

ItHil).    ','  V.  hvii.    -Jls. 


Ma»«ii,  r.     Iliiriniili      I,  .  Trlilni.'r,  IWI'J     •i>\  >■     P<«8, 

SWI  .'IIIn         IIiIIIIIU,     its      (H-liplH      (111. I      |iriHll|l'l|iill«, 

llirlfiilil.  IKH.'-l.      '.'  v.  Mil 

Mh»<>ii,  Mr>.  CiviliiilnL'  iiionntalii  iiihii;  ur.  Hki'trhen 
I.r  niisHion  iMirk  ainoiii;  the  Kiiretis,  N  \.  anil  1.. 
NlsLel    1.1  mi. I  'Vil  e  ,  Isii'.'       IViim      *is. 

Mlssloiiiiri   KrroKlit  iif  4'hltiii,  lliiriiiii.  Ceyliiiit 

•'to      K.Uel   Tr   >i.<',.  Is,'.;.     l«iti...     I.  ihI 
riiiiyr«<,  A.  r.     Ilisior,!'  iif    llnrin.ih.  Itii'hiilliik;   Hnr. 
mall  proper.  IVitii   'lainik'ii.  Teiiasseilm.  anil  Ara 
kail      Kriitii  the  earliest  times  to  tin*  etnl  of  the  tlml 
»ar   iiith    Ihllish    India.     I,.    Trilhliei,   INK).     Mo. 

lis 

KiH-ltpr,  A.     iMs  Ken  h  iler  lliniuiiien      llerl    IS'.M. 
M'lill.  •!.  I>.     Hnrina  iis  it  was.  as  it   is   mnl  ii>  it  nlll 

I.'-      I.     Ke.hiai     jssi;     >,,,      ■...   r.j 
NiiipalMii.  I).  .>l.     I'll''  I'.ial  Kiireiisi.f  lliirtnnh.     I.., 

K'-k'nn  I'aiil.  Issi;      hi..!     |.   i'mI 
NiiiiId-Iiiiii,   iI.    i„      |ji    ilirioaiilit*  et    li*.s    lllriiinns. 

>|o|iIpelllel      |l...'lltll,    |SS|         mil 

Til ill,   .1.    II.      I'.'isiiiial    reei.||i'<'tliiti«  of   Kritinh 

llioiiiiili  Mi.il  lis  I'linii'Ii  iiiissloii  ivork  in  |s;h  ;o, 
I.     iim.liii'1    ls«4i      Sill.    ','M   imI 

Wlierlcr,  il.  T.  Voyai^e  up  the  Iriawnilily  Han 
K'o'.n  |s:i  s,i,  .'Is  11,1  llistniy  of  lii'Iia  milt 
Afithaiiiatan.   Mpal,  ami   Ihiiinali.  '  I. ,  .tlainiillati, 

1«MI       SIO,       I,', 

WiUiMi,  II.  II,     Niirniiive  of  the  llnnnese  iiar.     L,, 

\ll.n,  |s-,-.i     s,,,     t). 
Wvlle.  »l..  Mrs.     rhi'  si..n  of  the  L'ospel  III  llnrnmh. 

I  .il.  una  m.il  I,  ,  |i.ill..|i.  IN.-.1I.     ;|.|  l.nim,  Is.'iU.     I'.'lno. 

.'.s,     N    V.  isi.ii. 
Yell  «liwat.     Tl..'  Iliiniinn,   his  life  nti.l  iiotloliH,     I, 

illl'l  N     V  ,  >1;ii'I.>h1mii.  Jss'.i       ',i  v    s^,,      'i. 
YnllllKllllililllliI,  <i.  .1.      Kl.'liteen  Inlliilreil   miles  In  a 

II esi-  lal        I.  .   .Mli'll.   |SKS       s,,,.      ,',H. 

Yule,  if.     N.inatlie  of  the  niissi..n  ,      .   in  thpcniirt 

of  Ava  in  |sv>      I,  .  Sniiih  ,V  K  .  is>.     (in      ,V."s  tlil. 

/Hue  iiimilir  lllriiiaiiisilieii  .>linsltiii.     Ila.sel.  Is.'itt, 

(  .1  v.i/i  I    /;/■( 

AiitiHles  Ki'llitleiisen   el    IINtni'liiiieN  lie    Ih    Pm* 

roissi' .1.'  >aii.t  ,liii-.pi.'s-le  ^Iaj•'llr,  viil^'o  ile  I'.Vrlil. 
ifaii,  iliis't'se.le  .Miiiilreal.  i;;'.'  isf.'.    I'H  I!*7H.    litiio. 
:l  .'Ki  fr 
Aiis|ta<'li,  I..  .\.    Ilistori  iif  NVMrniimllaiiil.   I...  .slier- 

IIoikI.    isjll,      ,sn,.       l-..>, 

Arttgiie,  ,1,  il*.     siv  years  in   the  Caiinilinn  north 

Mist  TolOlito      ISVJ        M.. 

Ilalliiiilyiie,  It.  M.     Iliiils.'ii  s  I'.ny:  nr.  evervilny  llfo 

In  the  w  i1. Is  lit   No   .Viiii'Mi'ii  ,liirli.|r  si.\  years' resi. 

.1.  nil'  l„.  .Nilsi.ii,  Isir.  :iu  I'  ,  is.'is     svu    -Is  liil. 

Iliiii<n>ri.    II.      Iliiiish    ('..liiiiilna,     Klr.'-lSsT      San 

Iran.-    |ss;      kmi,     t|  Till. 
lii'Miivols,  K.     I.es  lolniiies  till  ^larklniiil  et  ile  I'Kscn- 

iilan.l       Nalli'V.  ISIT.     sm, 
lleiiieii.  .1.     Visit  to  Iniliaii  niissioiis  In  I'pper  Can- 

all      I,     lliirns    |s|it.     i-j,,,,,      |, 
lliiiii|iiis,    ll|>,      |ii se    i.r    Mai'keii/ie    Hiver.      L, 

>    !•   r    K  ,  isss      I. 'Ill,,,     '.'. 
Iliiisaeiir  ilr  lliMirlMiiirit.  K.  I  liiirlm,     llisti.ire  iIp 

t 'ana. la.  ilr  .on  .-^ilisi' et  ses  iii|.si..iis.    riaiiey.  Is.'.'.;. 

'.'I        s,,.      -  II- 
llilllsli  <  oliiiiilila,  (liiirrh  of  KiiL'lanil  iiiissi.ns  in, 

ii'P'.ri  i.T  is;i;     1,   is;;. 
Ilrft\vii,   IC.  ('.     KlatMissan   anil  otlier  retiiiiiisi'eiu'es 

<  f  nii.^i'.iiiirv  life  ill  Mtitish  Colninliia      I...  S.  H,  C'. 

K  .    |sT  I,      '.'lie  .   |s;i',       I'.'ii,,,       ','s, 

llryee.  4i.     Maiiitolin:  Its  Infani'y.  Krnwlh,  ami  pre«- 

'.'lll  .'..li.lltl..|l.      1.  .   I.OM.  1«K^',      hl.i,      "s.  l.'il 

lliiller,  \\.  K.    The  wll.l  ii..rtl    Intnl.  story  of  n  win- 

I. 'I-  j..iiri  ev  ai'ioss  .N.iiiherii   No   .Vinerna.     I'hila., 

I'oiter.  |s;:i      sii,      «|  :•, 
CiiiiiiiIh,  I.e.  i iiis,  iliverses  rni'eK.  lanirnes.  nsai;es. 

I'll-      I's   is;-,     s,i,, 
f'Hmiyoii.  .'\  iiKHstt*.     I'leiniere  niissinti  lies  .lesiiiteii 

an    I  airi.la        Kittles   el    ilorllinellts    llieilits.       I's. 

isr.i     SV,,     p,i  f,. 
<'liii|ipell,    K.     Narrative  of  a   loynire  to   Minlson'A 

liav        I..    Maiitiwin.   IsK      Svo,      I'.'s      Vi)ia«(e  lo 

Neufoiin.llnii.l       I,..    Maiitnmi.    Ism.       >iio.        lU. 

Trans   Into  ti.'rtii.     Jena,  isiil, 
t'lietiilier.  Ileiii'.v  K.     I.a  lliironne;  Koi^nefl  de  la  Tie 

i'mia.li."iii.'      I's    isiii.     l.'eno      :t  fr, 
Cliiirelilll,  ('.     Mlssi..iiHi'y   lite   in   Nnvn  Sootla.    h„ 

llaiiiiiii.il.  IKI".      I'.'lno.    :is. 
Cfiuliliiii,  l.awi'eiiee.     .Vcroiint  of  the  work  of  fiod 

III  \.-u  K..iiii,ii.-in.i,    I.  i::ii 

roliiiiihiii  >llssl(tii;  oi'i'asioiial  pa|M'r.     1.,  Isi'iO, 
Dniiiil,  A.     Ill  iln-  lanil  of  the  tiioi.se.  iH-nr.  etc.     L.. 

Neis..ns,   IS,SJ        svo.       Is.  flil. 

Itawsiiii,      i;.     .Mrlt.     The    northwest     territorien. 

I  ittaHil.  |ss|       M,, 
Kllis.  II.     \'..\aue  a  la  h.ive  lie  ftmlson      I.evile.  IT.'iO. 
Kv<'i|iie<leOii*l>ec.    ftlal  pn'seiil  ilel'.'t'lis.'     I's  UM. 
KmIIIoii,  r.ibliA.     illstoire  ile   la  I'lilniiio  traui;aii)« 

en  (.'aiiaila.     I's.  INkVlitl.    3  v.  Svo.    30  fr 


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1.25 


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TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


603 


TRAVSLS,  GENERAL 


t'eriiaiiil-.lllcliel.    Dixlmit  mis  clii'Z  li'S  sniivn(;.'s: 

vciyaf^'Hs    ct    iiiissiuiis    dans    1  I'XUviiK-    iiunl    ili> 

rAnnThiiif    liritaiinicinf,    il'iiprrs    les    iliiciiiiii'iits 

i\i;  M:.'r.    Hi'iiiy   KiuuuJ.      I's.   IbiiO.      id    e.,    l^'i'K 

l>'i)in.     -J  fr 
£  ulforil,  v.,  Bp,    Joiinial  of  (i  Xorthwestern  Anieii- 

L'lm  iiMssi.Mi.    L.,  Seeley,  1S45.    Al  e.,  1S49.     Umo. 

Is.  lid. 
Gai'iiciiii,    F.   X.      IIistnlr«    dii    f'anada.    Montreal. 

IM.'i   l-^.    1  vols.   Hvo.   tilled.,  iss-.':!.     4  v.  Svn.    :|ii  I'r. 
Of.*S4'lii(>lLte  (Irr  ICeis4*ii  sv\t  (.'ook  iiii  drr  N.-W. 

mid  N.I).  K'iisii' von  .\MhTii;a.  inc.     iiiMl.  ]','.i-i. 
Iliill,  i:.  II.     hands  c,r  plenty :   Hi-iiivli  North   \iiieriiM 

I'nrlieallli.  sport. and  pnilit.    1...  .Mien,  is;;i.  sv(i,  lis. 
UawUiiis,  Ki-ii.     .\nnals  of   tin-  dioecse  of  Toronto. 

1...  .'^.  1'.  C.  K..    l-ifi.     l-.'nio.     .'is.  sd.--Mis>ions   ,d' 

till'  (.'Imrc'li  of   Kii;;laiid    in    tlie   N'ortli    .Xnierican 

colonies,     h..  Vellowes.  LSI.").     Svo.     lis. 
Ilo.inns  s,     .\  jonrni-v  fioin  I'riiiee  of  Wales'  Korr  in 

ilndson  liav  to  the  Nortliern  « Iceilii.     L.  179.").     -Ito. 

Danisli  trans.     Klilni.  ISO.'. 
mil,  .\.  S.     I'nnn  home  to  lioine:  aiituiini  waiider- 

iiiiTs  in  the  Northwest.     L..  I,o\v.  18S.").    Hvo.     -Jls. 
llou'ley,  .^l.  F.    Kcclesii.sticul  history  of  Xewfonnd- 

laiid.     liost.  ISSS.     $'>.K. 
Jnuicsiiii,  .>lr.s.     SUetclies  in  Canada  and   rainliles 

anions  the   red  men,     L.,  Longmans,  \K)'i.     l'.imo. 

■,'s.  (id. 
Jefferys.    The  natural  and  civil  history  of  the  Flench 

doniinioiis  in  North  and  .South  .Snieiica.     L.  IVUO, 

ipts. 

Laiigflier,  .T,  C.     Ktndes  siir  le  territoire  dii  iiord- 

onest  dii  Canada.     P.s.  1S;'4.     Hvo.     'J  fr. 
La  .Sail)'  lies  .Mart.vi's  ilu  Sciniiiaire  des  Missiiiii!* 

etranirei'es.     Ps.  ISO.'i.     :i..")0  fr. 
Lome,  .'\r,iriiiiis  of.     Canadian   life.      L,,  Kel.   Tr. 

So,'.,  l.ssii.     ismo.     (id. 
Mackenzie,  A.     Heiseii   von   Jlontreal  dili'ch   N.  ^V. 

AnieriUa  iiaeh  dem  Eismccr  in  del-  Slid  See.    Berl. 

ISi'i. 
Maciiiiu,  J.    Manitoba  and  tlie  great  Northwest.    L., 

Jack.  l.S."<:J.     Svo.     I-Js. 
niarsilen,  •losliiia.    Narrative  of  a  mission  to  Nova 

Scotia.  New  IJrnnswicU.  etc.     L.  iSiT, 
iVIartiii,  II.  .>1,    History,  statistics,  and  geojjraiihy  of 

Upper  an  1  Lower  Canada,  etc.    L.,   Allen.   1S3S. 

Svo.     l-.'s. 
3Iaiirault,     Uistoired'Abenakisdepuis  1C0.-|.    yiieliec, 

ISIill. 
3I£iii(ih'e  siir  los  bieiisili^s  JCsiiites  en  Canada, 

par  nn  Jesnite.     Ps.  IS74.     ISnio.     :■!  f r. 
A16inoires  vt   U<»<>uiiioMts   relatifs   iV   rilistoire 

dn  Canada  (Societo  historii|iie  de  .Montreal.     .Mon- 
treal. ISYI  Oil.     4  V.  Kvo.    SO  fr. 
Metlakahtla,  die  christliche  Indianer-colonie  in  Brit- 

isch  Koliimhia.    Basel.  187S.    Svo.    '.J.5  n(?r. 
3Ioore,  .1.  (;.     Fifteen  months  ronnd  ahont  Manitoba 

and  the  North  West.     L.  ISS'i.     IJmo.     Od. 
3Ioreaii,  t't'lestiii.    Histoire  de   I'.Vcadie   frani;aise 

de  I.VIS  a  ir.Vi.     Ps.  ISr.'i      Svo.     S  fr. 
Mountain,    <;.    S.,    Itp,      .lonrnal    of    a    Northwest 

.Vmerieiin  mission.     L..  Seeley,  ist:i.     l','mo.     Is.  I'ul. 
Miiiiro,  W,  F.     The  backwoods  of   Otdario  ami  the 

iirairies    of    the    Northwest.      L.,    Simpkin,    ISSl. 

8vo.     Is. 
Naeiirichten,  Neueste,  von  den  Ueiit.><ch-L,titlier- 

isclien   Colonien   iiii  Sa;;inaw  Tliale.    Niirdlinnen, 

ISV.'.     Hvo.     ■,>  Sum-. 
Poole,  F.    Queen  Charlotte  Islamls:  Narrative  of  di.?- 

coverv  and  aiventnre.    ,J.  W.  Lyndon.    L.,  Hurst 

and  li..  1S7I.     Svo.     l."is. 
Itae,  W.  F.    Newfoundland  to  Manitoba.    L.,  Low, 

ISSl.     list  and '-'d  e. I.     Hvo.     lis. 
Hobert.soii,  J.     History  (.if  the  niissio.is  of  the  Seces- 
sion  church   in   Nova   Scotia  anil   Pi-ince  iCdward 

Islaii'l.     F.diiib..  liroomhrid^'e.  lS4r.     limo.    :!s.  lid. 
Kiissell,  W.  11.     Hesperoiheii:  notes  from  the  United 

States.  Canada,  and  the  far  V.'e.st.    L.,  Low,  1S8'.'. 

•J  v.  Svo.     -Jis. 
S.  K.  .Metlakahtla  fBritLsli  Coliiinbi.i],  and  the  North 

Pacille  :Mission.     L.  ISSl. 
!>ai;ard-Tlieodat,  (Jabrlcl.     Histoire  dn  Canada  ct 

voyages  (|ue  les    Fn'^res  niinenn    rC'Collects  j-  ont 

faicts  pour  la  conversion  des  infldfUes.    Ps.  18ii.j. 

4  V.   Svo.    4S  fr. — Le  gnind   voyage  du    pays  <lea 

Hiirons,  eu  Anifri(|Uo.    Ps.  18—.    n.  e.,  ISC").    8vo. 

■.M  fr. 
Srtla,  O.  A.    America  revisited.    L.,  Vizetelly,  1882. 

■,'  V.  Hvo,     •■3i)s. 
Stangl,  C.     SpazierganK  nacli   Nordamerika.     Frei- 
burg ini  Br,  1880.    Svo.    i.riOMk. 
Sutter,  A.    American   notes,  1S81.    L.,   Blackwoods, 

188i.     8vo.     Is.  Od. 
TncliA,  A.    Vingt  annCes  de  missions  dans  le  N.  E. 

de  PAmi^rinue.     Ps.  186«.    0  fr. 
Tooque,  P.     Newfoundland  as  it  was,  and  as  it  is  in 

|8T7.     L..  Low,  1878,    8vo.     10s.  Cd. 
Trow,  J.     Manitoba  and  Northwest  territories.     Ot- 
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Tucker,  Charlotte.    Hainbow  in  the  North  |Clinrcli 

.Mission  Soi'ielv's  lirst  work  in  Knpert's  Laiidi,     L,, 

Nisbel.  is,-,|,     1-,'mo,    is.  lid, 
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Volga.  Caspienne.  Cancase.     Ps.  Issi.     p.'nio.    :i  f r. 
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L.  1S7-.'.     Svo.     14s. 
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CESTRAL  AMERICA. 

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L..  Stanford,  1S7S.     M  e.,  188','.    Hvo.    ais. 
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ipic  centralc.     Ps.  Isiiil,    Hvo,     Eilctni. 
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8vo.    %:-,.w. 
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imblics  of  America.     L.,  Parker.  ISIlil.     Hvo.    7s.  lid. 

Transl.  into  (ierm.     Dies.  lH.'ii.— Wild  life  in  the  in- 
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7  pts.  Hvo  and  4to.  (Governnient  publication.) 


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Uistoi'ia  de  Uuate- 
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41  o.     .-,(1  fi-. 
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lilmed  portion  of  British  iloiiduras.    Helize,  1S?J. 

><vo. 
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I,.,  lii'lllley,  lS."i!l.     8vo.      18s. 
Fiieiites  >'  Oii/.inriii,  F.  .V.  ile. 

mala.  '  IMadrid,  1S8-J.    Svo. 
GiltliN,  A,  11.    liritisli  Honduras. 

Vs.  Cd. 
IlaNsitiirt'k,  F.  Foiiryearsauioii(;S]iaiiisli  Americans. 

.N'.  Y.  Hiinl  &   iloiiKditon,  180S,     :Jd  e.,  Ciiit'iiiiiati, 

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taiio.  issr.    8vo.    $e.OO. 
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dc't'nba  el  le  Yaeatan.     I's.  1857.    -.3  V.  8vo.     18  fr. 

(ii'iiii.  traiisl.     Jena,  1872. 
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18-.     2.1  e..  18i:j.    8v,i.     I6s. 
O.  s,  P.    otTdiity.    Tim  High  Nicaragua.    L.  1870.   Svo. 
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the   liaeUwoiids  of  ."Me.vico  and   Central   America. 

I'hiia..  I.ippinoill.  1^X0.     8vo.    S;iiK). 
Oviedo  V  Vald^H,  <«.  F.  <le.    llistoiie  de  Nicaragua. 

I's.  isio.     Svo.     !)  Ir. 
PiTiilla,    M.    M.  <Ii'.      CostaUioa  en   el   siglo   XVI. 

."iladrid,    !«■<•■}.      Mvo.— Nicaragua  y    Panama  en   el 

siglo   .\VI.      Madrid,    1883.      8vo,— Kl   Uio    de   San 

Juan  de  .Niciragiia.    Madrid,  l.'*8','.    8vo. 
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-■Mayasaiid  ijiiiehes.    Iii-ooklyn.  I'longeon.  18%.    Svo. 

8'i.M.— Here  and  there  in  Y'ucatan.    N.  Y.,  lioiiton, 

1887.     ICino.     :?l.i^). 
Solterii.  Mitria.     .V  lady"s  ride  across  Siianish  Hon- 
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§1.00.— Honduras.     L.  1870.    Svo.    3s.  Gd.— Notes  on 

the   States  of  t'enlral   America.    N.    Y.,   Harper, 

1S.-,S.     Hvo.     .Sl.OII. 
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.Vineriea.  Chiapas,  and  Y'ucatan,    N.  Y.,   Harper. 

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notes  de  voyage.     Ts.  ISIil.     I'Jiiio.    3  fr. 
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f.'ld.   Is.-iS-O-J.     4  vols.  sv,i.     :.M  ,.  ,  i,s7ii-Sl.     4  vols. 

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Leitcli,  .Maiy  and  Miii'saret.  Seven  years  ill 
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Missionary  Kevords :  Ceylon,  L.,  He!.  Tr.  Soc, 
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(Tierra  di'l  Fiiegia  and  the  Fiiegians).    Klilin.  ISSU. 
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36  Mk. 
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Harper.  1844-45.     a  v.  ISmo.     $l.5il. 
Days  of  ItlessiiiK  in  Inland  (  Iiiiia  :  nn  account  of 

meetings  lielil  ill  the  iHoviiicc  of  Shaii-Si.     L.,  Jlcr. 

gaii  &  S..  1,887.     Svo.     Is.  Uil. 
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N.  Y.  IS.V.t.    Svo,     $1,110, 
Deniiys,  N.  IJ.     'I'he  t'nlk-lore  nf  t'hiiia.  and  its  nflliii- 

ties  with  that  uf  Ihe  Aryan  and  Semitic  races.     1... 

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iss;,     svi,     .-s.     N.  Y..  Ymini:.  is,sa.     laiiin.     $1. .->(>. 
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TRAVELS,  0£NERAL 


595 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


4lli  c, 
N.   Y., 


N.   Y., 


FrieSi  S.  V.    Abrias  der  Gtschlch'e  C'lmius.    Hotig- 

Kong.  1HS4.    8vi>. 
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riiine.     I's   ISH.i.    liiino.    Triclin. 

Ouinct,  Alib£.  Ktudf  sur  la  Cliiiu'.  Abn'-gi'  de  son 
histuiiv.  son  T'tiit  pieseiit  ft  sou  aveiiir.  fiesnnyou, 
18H-.'.    X\i>.    4  rr. 

Goiilil  and  iiilisuii.  (.'Idncsi'  IliKldanclcr  and  ihe 
t;..s|i.'l.     Kdiiit).  ISS-,'. 

Oem'liit'litc  (liT  t'liiii«sig<'li«ii  MiHsiou  unter 
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<;ile-(,  H.  A.  Cliinesc  slcctches.  L.,  TrUI)n(:'i',  is;.'), 
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Gill,  W.  Tile  rivi'r  of  golden  sand,  Narraiive  of  a 
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Giliiionr,  .J.  .\inoiig  tiie  Mongols.  L,  And  N,  V., 
Tr.  Soe.,  ISK:j,     ad  e,,  1XS,S.    Nvo,    as.  (id,     $l..->0. 

<ilrar<l,  <>.  Franee  et  Chine.  Vie  |>nl>li<|iie  et  pri- 
vee  lies  Chiiiiiis  anciens  et  modernes:  .  .  .  institu- 
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Gourdiii,  Pen*.  N'oynges  et  missions  du  I*.  .V,  <le 
Kliodes  en  la  Chine  et  mitres  royaumes  de  TOrient, 
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nie.     I's.  ISSI.    Hv.i,     i  fr. 

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:Jd  e..  Ward,  ln|n,  Hvo,  as,  A  skeleli  of  Chinese 
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,tll  4s.— (ies''hi','lite  des  ehinesis'.'lien  Keielies  von 
den  iiltesten  Zeilen  hisauf  den  Kri.'den  von  Nanking, 
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Cassel.  1S,W.  Kvo,  Die  Mission  in  China,  lierlin, 
1H.VI.  Svo,  I, an  Mk,  — lierieht  seiner  Keise  von 
China  naeh  England,  Cassel.  1M,5I.  Svo,  7J^  Sgr. 
—  .\nsfiihrlifher  Herit.-ht  von  seiiiem  dreijiUirigeii 
Anfenthalt  in  Siaiu  iind  seiner  Keise  liiiigs  der 
Kilste  von  China  his  naeh  Maiiehii-Tartarei,  Elher- 
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GuiiiiiHNs,  GeraliliiK!.  The  far  East:  China  ilhis- 
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Svo. 
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het.  isi;7.     lamo.     3s,  (id.     Alir.  ed.     ISmii.     Is, 
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Ja.iK). — l.ingNann:  interior  viiM  si  if  Southern  Cliinn. 

I...  Partridge,  Issti.    Svo.    lis, 
Hesse,  >J.     Inter  den  Mongolen.     Rnsel,  18S.%. 
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Hiiipixley,    A.     K.      China,     .V    geographical,    etc., 

sketch".    Shanghai.  is;r,    4\n. 
Historia  <Mltns  SinenHiiiiii.     Colas,  ITOO. 
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I  .Ml  Mk. 
Iliiskiier,  O.  V.  v.     Rejse  i  China.     Khhn.  1880.    Svo, 
HowiM'lh.  II.  II,     History  of  the  Mongols.     1,.,  Loiig- 

iiians,  IS7i!-Sil,     a  V.  Svo.    70s, 
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a..Wfr. 


i 


II 


■i|l 


ll'v 


TRAVELS,  aSNERAL 


59(i 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Mnrtiii.  W.  A.I'.  Kssiiy  nn  the  int.'lltHMiial  lifi' .if 
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ls|l. 

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Truth  about  Oplnin  •Sniokini;^  L.,  Ilodder,  18—. 
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Tscliin.    Der  ariiie  Cliine,spn  Kiiahe,    Basi'l,  IRIO. 

V'igneroii,  Liieien,  Ahh*'.  Deiix  nns  au  Se-Tcliouan 
(Chine  centrale).     Ps.  IK-^l.     12ino.     .'1  ."iO  f r. 

Voyages    «t   Missions   du    P6re    Alexandre   de 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


rm 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


l!lii>ilfs,  I'lc,  Hii    C'liiiii-   i-t    aiitivs   roj-aiimcs  (l,> 

|i  hi. Mil.    I'<.  is.M.     I  fi-. 
VoyiiK'''*  <'••  Hnixflli-H  en  >l<>ii|;<ili«  ct    truviiiix 

ili'^  iHis>iiHi;iii("<  ill'  III  I'liiinriV''"!''"  lit*  Sclii'UtvelJ- 

li-/.-liriix.'ll.'S.     I's.  1S7:^-TT.     •,' V   f*vo.    r.  fr. 
Wiillevillc,   l(.  V.     Met  Kvuntfli'"  i"  Cliiiiii.    Atiist. 

isit.     CliiMii  mill  ilns  Kvanijeliuiii.    Ciiiisriilie,  I.HIS. 

Kvo.      .Ml  I'f. 
'Wi-iKit,  lOiiiil.     Missioiiar  (iiltzlnlT  iiai'h  ileii  Kilsten- 

P'j.'1-ihli  II    ill's    (.'liiiiesisc'lii'ii    Ki'iclis.      Lpz.    IHlt*. 

ll'.llln       I  Ml  .^||;. 
AVhati'ly.  >IisH.     Missi'oim  to  the  womi'ii  of  China. 

1,,,  Nislii'l.  IMDU.     I'Jiiiii.     ',>s, 
Whei'Icr,  I..  N.    Tlit-  f'irfi;,'iier  in  China.    Chicago, 

iiril.'i;s.  I'^Nl.     Svii.     Sl.r.d, 
AVIittrlii'iul,  s,    cliiiia  ami  it»  missions.    Au  uililiess. 

I,..  I..iiii.'li'y  llHr-l.    fv.i. 
Wili'y,  I.  W,    'I'lii'  iiiissiiiiiary  cemettry  of  Kuh  C'baii, 

Cliiiiii      N.  Y.  1S.-|S, 
AVili'y.  .J.  I>.    Cliiiia  ami  Japan:  rcenni  of  obsi'i'va- 

tiiiiis  liiirin':  ri'siili'iict*  ainl  a  tour  in  Imtli  coiinli'ip.s, 

INTr  s.     N.  v..  Hiti'luv.ck  ,Sj  \V..  IK?.!.     1-Jino.     S:..V). 
WilliiiiiiH,  ».   Wells.     Thi'  nii'lillt'  kiimilniii.     N.  Y., 

Si'i-iliiii'is,  ls|,s.     '.'v.     .'itli.'..  lev..  lNs;i,     rtvo.     SI'.lH). 
AVilliaiiisoii.  A,    .Iiiiinii'vs  in  N'l nth  China.  Mongolia, 

I'll'.     I,,.  Siniih  .V  K.,  IMTil.     -J  v.  svo.     )iU. 
AVilliaiiiHoii,  I.,  .Mrs.     i  iM  highways  in  China.     L., 

Ki'l.   li.  Sill'.,  IHSI.     Svii.     .-.s, 
Wilson,  .1.    H.,  (ieii.     China;  travi-ls  and  investiRa- 

tiiins   ill    III!'   iiiiihlle   kiiigilinii.     N.   Y'.,   Ap|iletiiii, 

issr.     l',i|ii,,.     .Sl.l-i. 
Wolselt'y,  «i.  I.     .N'aiiativi'  of  the  war  with  China  in 

ISlk).  Willi  a  i|.'«.'ii|itiiin  of  thf  country  ami   tho 

peopli'i.     I...  Liiiininan,  istw.    Mvo.     10s.  (kl.   Danish 

trans.     Khliii.  Imm. 
Wood,  W.  W.    Sketches  of  China.     Phil.,  Carey  ,t  L., 

is.ii)     r,'iiiii.    liDc. 
WriKlit,  G.  N.    Chinese  empire  illustrated.     L.,    L. 

I'ul)   (.'. I..  1X7.).     ',' V.  4to.     .'ills. 
Wiittke,    Ailoir,      China's    reliKiose.    sittliche    nnd 

t.'esellsrll:irilii-lie/,llstiimle.      Uerl.  IXV).     Hvo.    .51)  I'f . 

Yiiii  Phou  l,e«.     When  1  was  a  Imv  in  China.    N.  Y'. 

ami  Host  ,  1st  anil  :i.l  e  ,  iss;.     1','ino.    Cfle. 

Yule,  II.  C.  ».,  <<>l.  Cathav  and  the  way  thither. 
L.,  Ilakhiyt  S.i.'..  I.S(i6.    'J  v.' Hvo.     •.>ls. 

Yvaji,  Melcliiii.  De  Kranceen  Chine.  Ps.  1X5.1.  8vo. 
(Eng.  Ii'ans.  of  latter  half  iimler  title  si.v  inniiths 
amiiiig  the  .Malays,  ami  a  year  in  China.  1..,  Hlack- 
wood,  1*54.  l'.>iiio.  3s.  ('id. i— Inside  Canton.  L., 
Vizetelly,  1H58.     1','ino.     Is.  Ixl. 

CoCniX-ClllXA,  ASXA.\r,  AXU  TOXQCIX. 

Harrow,  John.     .\  voyafre  to  Cochin  China.  lT9'i-3. 

.  .  .  L..    Cailell.    isiiii.     4ti).     Kr.    transl.     Ps.    1S07. 

Svo.      1','  V. 
Ili/.eiiKMit,  Henri  L.  O.  <le.     L'Indo-Cliiiie  frani;aise: 

liasse  Coehinchine,  Annani,  Tonx-Kinx.    Ps.   l!W.'i. 

ISino.     1  fr. 
Ituiilnais,  .V.    L'lndoCliine franvaisecontemporaine. 

Ciiehini'hiiie.     I's..  IMR).    'Jd  e..  1HK5.    Hvo.     l-.;.."i()  fr. 

—  Le  11  vaiiini' dii  Camhodge.    Ps.  18.'<4.   svo.   '^..50  fr. 

—  I.e  iiivaiiiiie  d'Aiinam.     Ps.  1KX5.     ^vo.     u'..50  fr. 
Iloiirrii,  li.     l.i'Tiinkin.     Paris.  IHs).     Svo.     1  fr. 
Itrown,  Kilwaril.     Seaman's  narrative  of  his  adven- 

tiiri'-  in  I'lii'liin  China.     L.,  U'esterton,  Iblil.    hvo. 

ss.  i;,i. 
Colf|ulioiiii,  A.  K.    The  truth  about  Tomiuln.    L., 

Kield  X  T  .  iss|.     iDmii.     is. 
Cotteiiu,    KdnioiMl.      Ln    iniirist.-    dans    Pextreme 

Orient:   .lapii:i.  Cliiiie.  liido-Chine  et  Tonkin.     Ps. 

IfSl.     iJiii,..     (  fr. 
I)«y,  r,.  n.    C.ii'liin.     I.,  isft). 
Fiivre,  <ieoi'B;«s.     Lu  Coehiuchine  en  1S81.     Ps.  18F>1. 

I'.'iiiii.     T'ii'iiii 
Gamier,    I'lanels.     Voyace  d'e.viiloration  en    Indo- 

Chiiie.     I's.  ISMI.     Svo.     1,5  fr.     Kill.'.  Irans.     French 

in    liiilii-i 'liliifi;   tiarnier's  e.\'pli>rati<ins   in    Coeliin 

Cliiim,  .\iniam.  e'l:      I...  Nelsmis,  issl.     l-Jmo.     :•■;. 
Laiinny,    .\<lv..    .\l>li/'.      Ilisiniie  .  .  .  de   I'Aiiiiaiii, 

ToMK' Kiiif.  1 1  CiM'iiiiiL'hine.    Ps.  1Sn4.     Svo.     T.Mlfi'. 
Norman,  <'.  II.    Tuiikin;  or,  Krance  in  the  far  Kast. 

L..  Chapnian,  issii.     svo.     lis. 
Postel,     K.      La    Cnehimhine    franijais.     Ps.     I8S.3. 

l-'ino.       I     I'r— I/extreme    i  irient.    Cm'hin    Chine. 

Annam.  Toiit'-Kin.     Ps.  iss;).     1','mii.     >' iO  fr.—Sur 

les  hordsdii  M,'Klii5ii(;.     Ps.is.x4.     I'-'mo.     I  fr. 
Teixxler,  Francois.     Vuvat'e  en  Cochinihine,  ou  les 

hiirosdii  Haeh  liia.     Ps.  I.sX4.     «vo      l.'ii)  fr. 
Thiirean,  Henri.     .N"<ilre  I'lilmiie  le  Tonkin.     Ps.  ISSl. 

I'.'nii).    '-'  fr.— r.e  Ton  Kin,  cnlonie  franrjaise.    Ps. 

ixm.     Hvo.     i  fr. 
Travaneore  anil  Cneliin  .'VliHRinn.     L.  188fi. 
Tucker,  Chnrlotte.     In  tile  far  Kast.     K.xplorations 

and  adventures  in  Cochin  China.     L.,  Nelsons.  1879. 

1','ino.     ','s. 
Veiilllnt,  K.    Le  Tonkin  et  la  Cochinchine:  le  pays, 

Ihistoire,  et  les  missions.    Ps.  1SS4.    l','mo.    3..50fr. 


COliEA. 

Allen,  II,  N.  Korean  tales,  with  iiitroiliielnry  chap- 
ters descriptive  of  Korea.  N.  Y'.,  Piiluanis,  ISSi). 
l-.'iiiii.     .*l.-.'.'i. 

liandens,  <.aston.    I,aCoree.     Ps.  1884.    Svo.     1..5()fr. 

Carles,  W.  K.  Life  in  Corea.  L„  JIacmillan,  1888. 
Hmi.      I'.'s.  Oil. 

Dullet,  I'll.  Ilistoire  de  I'l'-Klise  de  la  Coree.  Ps. 
isn.     -.'v.  Svo.     1','fr. 

Kilen,  *'.  II.  China,  historical  anil  descriptive,  also 
Coreii.     L.  WanI,  Iss;.     •,'•!  e.,  18Sii.     Hvo.    3s.  Gd. 

GrittlN,  W.  K.  Ci.rea,  the  heiiiiit  nation.  .\.  Y., 
Scrihiiers,  l.HH'2.  :iil  e..  isss.  nvo.  !i;-.'..5il.— Corea 
without  and  within.  Phila.  Ihhi.  -Jd  e.,  1hh.5,  iDnio. 
gl.1.5. 

Hall,  liasil.  Voyage  of  liiacoverv  tn  Corea  and  the 
island  of  Loo  Clioo.  L.,  -Murray,  1H18.  n.  e.,  18',U 
svii.     7s.  lid. 

Koei-Lini;,  ainliassadeiir  .  .  .  de  la  Chine  pres  la 
ciiiir  lie  Ciiree  istiti.  Journal  d'line  inissiou  en 
Ciiri'i'.  Tradiiit  ilii  Chiuois  par  K.  Scherzer.  Ps. 
|s77.     Hvi).     5  fr. 

Lenfant,  ('.  Missionil'e.xtremeOiient  (Chine,  Cochin- 
chine,  et  Col'eei.      Ps.  IH(15. 

Lowell,  ruielval.    Cliiisini.  the  land  of  the  mornini; 

eahii.     A   sketch  of  Korea.    Host.,  Ticknor,    1885. 

■,'.l  e.,  1SS7.     svu.     |:l.(l().       • 
Mi'l.eod,  .lolin.     Narrative  of  a  voyage  in  H.  M.  S. 

.VIceste    to    the   Y'ellow   Sea.   along   the    coast   of 

Ciirea.     1.1.  1817.    Hvo.    ys.  (id. 
Oppert,  K.     \  forliiddeii  land.     Voyages  to  the  Corea. 

L.  and  .S'.  Y.,  Lmv,  IMHii.     Hvo.     :.'|s. 
KoHH,  .loliii.     Curia,  its   historv.  inanners,  anil  cus- 
toms.    Paisley  and   Lomloii,  Houlston,  1880.     8vo. 

1-,'s,  lid. 
Three     Heverall     TeHllnionles    I'lincernhiK    the 

mighty  kingdom  of  Coiay.  .  .  .  L.,  Hakluyt  Col- 

leetiiill.  lliOO. 
Tournaroril,  I'ltul.    LoCorC-e.   Ps.  I8S5.    IHiiio.     1  f r. 

EGYfT,   XLHIA.  AXP   THE  soUDAX  (XOT 

AUCllAOilJJUlCAl,). 

Alinev,  W,  de  W.    Tliehes  and  its  greater  temples. 

1...  Low.  lH7ii.     ito.    ii:js. 
Adams.  (J.  .>!,,  :>Irs.    Three  months  in  f^gypt.    N.  Y., 

Il.iyt.  |h;7.     Hliiio.     *l.-r). 
Adams,  W.  II.  \i.    Land  of  the  Nile;  or.  Egypt  past 

ami    present.      L.    Nelson,    1871.      Hvo.      '.'s.   ('d.— 

Valley  of  the  Nile.     Its  toinhs.  temples,  etc.     L., 

Nelson,  n.  e.,  1871.     l;;mo.     X's.  (id. 

Ampdro,  ,T.  J.     Voyage  en  Egvpte  et  en  Nlibie.     Ps., 

IHiiS.     'Jile.,  1881.     U'mo.     3..')ii  fr. 
Appleton,  T.    ().    .\  Nile  journal.    liosr.,  Roberts, 

I81li,     8vii.     S!.'i5. 
Arnold,  •!.  T.  li.     Palms  and  temples;  four  months' 

vi.yagemion  the  Nile.     L..  Tinsley,  188','.     Svo.     Vis. 
naedeker,  K.     Lower  Egypt.    Lpz.  and  L.  1878.    ad 

e.,  IHs-,.     llimii.     His. 
liarker,  .John,    (Ed.)    Syria  and  Egypt    under  tho 

last   live  sultans  of  Turkey,   exiiei'ieiices  of  (Ifty 

years  as  consul  general.     L..   Tiiisiey,   1S7().    i  v. 

Hvo.     ;.'.Hs. 
Bell,  <'.  M.     From  Pharaoh  to  Fellah.    Phila.,  Lippin- 

eott.  1887.     4lii.     $5,110. 
miilioKniphy    of    Kgypt.     The  literntiire  of  Egypt 

and  I  lie  Soudan  frmii  earliest  times  to  the  year  188.5 

inclusive  (w.  app.  In  Iss').     Hv  11.  11.  Priiice  Ibra- 

hiiii-llilmy.     London,  Trilhner.    Ixsii-,XH.    ;;  v.    sq. 

4to,     t'i.'js. 
Itlane,  Cli.     Vo.yage  de  la  Ilaute-E'.'ypte.    Ohserva- 

tiiiiis  siir   les  arts  egvptieiis  et  aralies.     P.s.  18T6, 

SVii.       l','fl'. 

Iloaz,  T.     Description  of  Egypt,    L.,  Snow,  18.50.    -Jd 

e.,  ISIJO.      VI is.  (ill. 

Holt,  ,1.   van   W.     Heisberimieiingeii    uit    Italie  en 

.Ti'Vpte.     liotlerd.  IIHH'J].     Hvn. 
Itroiidley,  A.  -H.     How  we  defemled  .Aralii  and  llis 

frieiiiis;  story   of  Egypt    and   the  Egyptians.     L., 

Chapman.     N.   Y'..   Kcribner  ,&   W,.    18x3,    yd    ed., 

1881.     Hvo.      J;i..50. 
Itruce,  J.    Travels  to  discover  the  source  of  the  Nile 

Il7(i8-177','i.     Ellin..    17110.     5   y.    Ito.     4tli  ed.,    181.5. 

7  V.  Hvo,      L..  Longman,     tii  (is. 
Ilni'hta,  Uicli.     Die  ohereii  Nil  Liinder.    Volkstypen 

nnd  Lanilschaften.     lierl.  ISHl.     410.     2..5()  .Mk. 
Hurt,    N.    C.     The  far  East.      Letters  from    Egypt, 

Palestine   etc.     Host.,  Clarke.  18(ill.     K'mo.     fL75. 
Itutler,  .\.  .1.    The  ancient  Coptic  churches  of  Egypt. 

1...  I  ixf.  Wareh.,  1884.    -i  v.  8vo.    3ils. 
Cliarnies,  Ciabr.    Five  months  in  Cairo  and  Lower 

Egypt.     L..  Heni ley,  1883.    Svo.    73.  lid. 
C'l-esney,   ,1.   I».     The    land    of   tlie   pyramids.    L., 

Cassell,  1881.     Hvo.     ;.'s.  «d. 
Child  Mfe  In  Kgypt.    Phila.,  Am.  8.  S.    1806.    18mo, 

Si.  10. 
Curtis,  O.    AV.    Nile   notes   of  a   howadii.    N.  Y., 
Horper,  1850.    12mo.    $1.50. 


'ila      I 

I 


,i 


TRAVELS,  OENBRAL 


rm 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


MrE.     Moslfin  Knypt  iiiiii  Cliristiaii  Alivs- 

N.  Y.,  Alkill,  IHMl).     Kvd.     ?;j(Kl. 


Fo. 

8v(). 

1-, 

8vo. 


Dall,  C.  II.,  MrM.  KKjpt'a  place  In  Mstorv.  Bost., 
!,(■(•  &s.    Mv.i.    Jl.:)0. 

lie  Leon,  E.  Tlie  klii-ilive's  KRVpt.  L.  niul  N.  Y.. 
I.ciw,  ISTT.  ■llli  e..  IHTU.  ttvo.  Hs.  tkl.—Ki,')pt  under 
iis  kliiMlivi'H.     I>.,  how,  l»t  anil  i'd  !•.,  iwa.    Mvo,    4s. 

Deiioii,  V.     VovnKt'  ilniis  la  bussc  t-t  lu  haute  KkvI'I"'. 

I'Hus,  IKiW,    -i  V,    *1  f.,  iH-J7.    Kn(?.  transl.    Ti'avfis 

in    I'lipcr  Hiul    l.inviT  K^ypt.     L.,  IsWi.    ;i  v.  Hvo. 

DhiiIsIi  li-ans.     Kl>lin.  1K()4. 
Di'iiliiii,  W,    Aiioli'iit  chuivli  In  Egypt.     U,  Uivlnt?- 

Iiius,  IM.":).     Hvo.     lid. 
I)yf,  W.  M<E. 

Kiiiia. 
Ellen,  Ki-«'<lerle.    Tlie  Nile  williuut  a  dniKoinan.     1,., 

Kiiit-'.  |s;i,     Svn.     Ts.  lid. 
EdwiiiilM,  A.    II..   :>liit».     A  tliiiiisand  miles  up  <l>e 

.Nile.     L.,  1 Kiiiuii.'-,    IWO.    Svo.     iits.    M  e..  188». 

Ts.  lid. 
(iaiieval,  L.     l/Knypte.     Lyon.  ISSi.    Svo.     1  fr. 
Moriloii,   l>ull',  Ludy.      Leiiers    fnmi    K>fvpt.      I.., 

Maeiiiillaii,  l-3e..  IHUIi.     bvo.    Hs.  lid.— Lasl  letters. 

L..  Maendllan,  Ihi.'j.     Hvo.     9s. 
Hale,  E.  E.,  antl  S.     Kainlly  HiKlit  over  K^ypl  and 

•Svria.     Host..  I.oihrop.  1«S'.'.     Hvo.     i<-i.M. 
UeiiKliii,  M.Th.  V.     Ueise  in  NmilosI Mrika.     Sclill- 

deriiiiKen   aus  deiu   (ieliiete   der   Bei]i    Anier  und 

lla'dO.     Brannselivv.  ISTU.    :J  v.  .svo.     lli.KiMk. 
Hiiliirk,    F.      Die    Nillliiider.      iJelniold,    IHTIi.      8vo. 

i.r,o  .\lk. 
!I(in'iiianii,  C.    Ein  Sehlosser  in  E^'ypten.     Herl.  1HT9. 

Hvo. 

Iliippiii,  A.     On  the  Nile.     Host..  Usuoud,  1H7-1. 

jllllKI. 

Hoskiier,  V.     Et  Besil;:  i  .1-Xvpten.     Klilm.  IHTII. 
James,   F.  L,.    The   wild   trd)es  n(   ihe  Soudan. 

Miiriav,  and  N.  Y'.,  Dodd,  18Sj.    3U  e.,  1887. 

•,'ls.     8.^1.00. 
Kayser,  F.    .EKypten   einst  und  jetzt.    Frelb.  1884. 

svo.    .">  Mk. 
KlunziiiKei',   C.  U,    Upper  Et;ypt.    L.  and   N.   Y'., 

liiaekie.  lH7r.     Hvo.     14.s. 
Lane,  E.   \V.     Manners  and  eiistonis  of  the  nioilern 

Ktjvptians.    L.,   Murray,   183B.    rJ  v.    Blh  e..    18.S;', 

Hvo.     I-.'s. 
LaiiaiiiK.  Julian.   Ktryjit's  princes:  a  narrntivi- of  mis- 
sionary lalioiir.     N.  Y..  Carters.  lKii."i.    I'.'mo.    $1.W. 
Lepie,  Luilovlc,  4'onite.     La  dernlere  Eyvpte.     I's. 

INS!.     Kvo.     Ill  Ir. 
Liehielii,  J.  D.  C.    Ae;;yptol  jgiske  .Studier.     Christ- 
ie.ni:i.  IHTO.     Hvo. 
'^  oflie,  W.  J.    Hide  in  E(,'vpt.  Sioot  to  Ln.\or,  in  1879. 

1...  Maemillaii.  IHT'.I.     Hvo.     Ills.  (id. 
Loriiit;,    W.    W.     A    Coiirederate    soldier  in    I'.Vypt. 

N.  v..  IL.dd.  IHSl.     Hv,..     S:l.Mt. 
Loft,  Eninieliiie.     Ilarein  lil'e  in  Kt,'vpt  and  Constan- 
tinople.     L..  lientlev,  IStJIi.     W'de.lHIi;.     Kvo.     (is.— 

The  KiikHsIi  Inverness  in  K>.'yi>l.     L  .  Hentley.  IHIl."), 

;;  V.  Hvo.     -Jls.     The   );rand    pai'ha's  cruise  on  the 

Nile,     L..  Newliy.  isiill.     -J  v.  Kvo.     -JIs. 
Maeltrair,  K.  >!.'   Missionary  travels  in  Etrypt.  .  .  . 

1,..  Siinpkiii.  isili.     Kvo.     lis. 
MrCoaii.  .1.  C,     KhVpl  as  if  is.    L.  and  N.  Y'.,  Casaell, 

IHir.     Hvo.     -Jls 
Me«irei{or.  J.     Tl Uoh  Roy"  on  the  Nile,  etc.     L., 

-Murray.  IH74.     Hvo.     7s.  Gd. 
Madden.    K.   K.      Ktfvpl   and    Mohammed    All.     L , 

llaiiiilton.  1H*I.     ■.'de.,lS)l.     Hvo.     lis. 
MaiinhiKi  J^-    The  land  of  Ihe  Pharaohs:  E(;ypt  and 

Sinai,  L..  Rel.  Tr,  Soi'..  1K7K,  Kvo.  Hs. 
MorKeiiliil't  aus  AeKvpteji.  Hnsel.  IK(i.5 
Murray,  J.     Ilandl k  of  Efyiit.     L  .  .Murray,  1880. 

l.'vs      iHv.T.  U.  Wilkinson.  1). V.I 
Xordeii,  F.  L,     Heskiivelse  over  .KRyplen  ojj  Nubien 

ilieseriplion  of  Knypt  and  Nuhin  )      Klihn.  17.">.5. 
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middle  Nile.     L,,  Hlackwoods,  IHK-J,     Kvo.     ids.  (!<1. 
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L.^S   I'.  C.  K..  IKKI.     l-.'mo.     -Js.  8(1. 
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I'liaraohs,     L  ,  Trilhner.  18K4.    8vo.    7s.  «d. 
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1SII-4H.     :lv.  IHrno     4s.  (kl. 
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IHKi.      Kvo.     .'is. 
Fofile,  Stanley  Lane.    Egypt.     L.,  Low.  1881.     lamo. 

.3s.  (id.— Social  life  in  Egypt.    L.,  Virtue,  1884.    4to. 

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Potter,  H.  C.    Gates  of  the  East;  a  winter  in  Egypt 

and  Sviia.    N.  Y'.,  Dutton.  lK7(i.     18mo.    gl.a.O. 
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Hari)er,  1857.    K>mo.    S-'.OO. 
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1H8^>.     Svo.     . 
JBhun6,  A.     L'Egyple  iV  petites  journf-HS.    KtiideH  et 

souvenirs.    Le    Kaire   et  sea    environs.    Ps.    1877. 

Svo.     l.')  fr. 
Schurer,  Juun  Maria.    Keiaon  ini  obereiu  Nilgebiet. 

Uotha,  1883.    4to.    4.40  Mk. 


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lH7(i.    ~'  V.  l;.'iiio.     Ills. 
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Paris.    1799.    3  v.  Kvo.      Eng.    Iransl.      Travels  ill 

I'pper  and  Ixjwer  Egypt.     L.  1'99,     3  v.  Kvo.     3de., 

IHiit.    (ier.  transl.     Leipzig,  IKlKi. 
Staiiuen,  V.    vEgyiiten.     Lpz.  IKH:.'.    Kvo.     1  Mk. 
Stephena,  J.  L.     Notes  of  navel  in  Egypt  and  .Nuhia. 

.N.  Y  ,  Harper,  1K)7.    J  v.     P.'ino.    Jl.7j.    Keprinl 

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i;gvpl.     N.  Y..  Appleton.  IK81.     Itiino.     Wie. 
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Hvo.     31s.  (id. 
Vaii.lHiiy,  II.  tie.     Description  de  I'Egypte.     Le  Calre 

et  sesi'uvirona.    Charaetc^res,  niienrs.  coul  nines  lie.s 

Egypiieiis  modernea.     Ps.  1KH3.     1','iuo.    4  fr. 
WariKT,  <'.  I>iiilley.     My  winter  on  the  Nile  among 

the  miiiiiinies  and  Moslems.     N.  Y'.,  .Viii.  I'lih.  Co  , 

lH7li.     Hvo.     !»','..Mi. 
Warren,  W.  W.     Life  on  the  Nile  in  a  dahabeeh.  and 

excursions  on  shore  between  Cairo  and  A.ssouan. 

1...  Triibner.  IHKl     lUino.     .'is, 
Wliatelv,    Mary   L.,  Mlsa.     Ragged  life  in   Egv(it. 

1.,.  Seelev.  l.HliJ.     .3d  e..  18(i3.     More  about    ragged 

lif.-   in    Kgvpl.     lHi;3.     :.'d   e..  Isiil.     Both    in    1  vol. 

1h;o.     I'.'nio.    3s.  lid.— Peaaanl  life  on  lhi>  Nile.     L, 

Rel  Tr.  .Soc,  1HH8.     I'Jmo.    Is.— Letters  fr Egvpt. 

L.,  Seeley.  1K79.    Kvo.     3s.  (Id.— iSlorv  of  a  diamond. 

1,.,  Hel.   Tr  Soc,   18117.     Svo.     .'Is.  lld.~.\moiig  Ihe 

huts  in  Egypt.    L.. Seeley.  1st  to3d  e,  1H71.   Kvo.    .'js 
Wilkinson,  .1.  <i.     Modern    Eg\  pt   and    Thebes.     L., 

Murray.  IKII.     '.'  v.     Kvo.     Vis.     'Jd  ed,    under  tiile 

llandi'iook  for  Iravellera  in  Egypt.    Utii  ed.,  ISHU. 

l.-,s, 
ZIncke,  F.  H.    Egvi>t   of  the  Pharaohs  and  of  the 

kheclive.   L.,  Kniilhi  E.,  1H71.    x'de.lHoi.   Svo.    10s. 

FIJI  ISLAM)S. 

AnilerHon,  J.  W.     Kiji  and    New  Caledonia.    Notes 

of  iravel,  etc.     L..  Kllis>-en,  IHHO.     K\o.     Ills.  lid. 
liritteii,  H.     Fiji  in  1K70.     L..  .Macmiilan,  1st  and  Jd 

e..  1K71.     Svo.    lis,  (id. 
liritton,  II.     Loloma:  or,  two  years  in  cannibal  lainl. 

L  .  Mullen.  IKKl.     Svo.     4s,  (id. 
Cooper,   H.  S.    Our  new  cohiny.  Fiji.    L..  Morlgnge 

Ageiicv  Co.  of  Australasia,  1882.     Svo.  — Coral  lauds 

of  Ihe  Pai'Kic.     L..  Bentley,  1882.     Hvo.     7s.  (id. 
L'uniiiiing,  V.  F.  G.     At   hi)me   in   Fiji.     L.,    Black- 
wood. 1st  and  Wd  e.,  1K81.     'J  v.  Svo.     2.")S. 
Forbea,  L.    Two  veals  in  Fiji.     L.,  Longmans,  1875. 

Svo.     Ss  (id. 
Geschiclite  (Ier  ('hristlielieii  Miaaioneii  aiif  den 

Fidschi  Inseln.     Bremen.  IKIiil     Hvo.     3Mk. 
Home,  J.     .\  year  in  Fiji.     L  .  SUndonl.  IsKl.     Hvo. 
lalaiKl  of  Naltamlia,  in  tile  Fiji  (iruiip.     L    1S77. 

4t.i. 
Liiwry,  AV.     Alissious  in  Tonga  and  Feejee.     L.  IK.'iil  2. 

2   v.    1','nio.     ell.   e.     'Js.     Bepr*.     Cincinnati.    !\letli. 

Bk   Cone.  IK.VJ    li.'mo      $1..MI.— Fiieiidlv  and  Feejee 

Islands;    first   visit   1847.     L..   Mason,   ls.-,il,     ijino. 

4s.  lid.    Ch.  ed.    Is.     Second  missionary  visit  to  Ihe 

Friendlv  and    Feejee  Islands  in  IHjO.      L.,   .Mason, 

isw.     I'.'mo.     3s.  (id.     Cheap  ed..  Is. 
Life  in  Feejee  ;  or.  live  years  among  cannibals.     By 

a  la  ly.     Bosl.,  Heath.  1K,-)1.     r,'mo.     Jl  IMI. 
I^itman,   E.    It.      .Africa  .  .  .  and    F'iji;    missionary 

eiilerpriseand  trials,  eic.    I,.,  lloiider.  IHK-.'.   Kvo.  .'js. 
Itoue,   (i.  Stringer,     yiissionarv  among  cannibals. 

Lile  of  .John  Hunt.     N.  Y.,  .Melh.  Bk.  Cone,  ISGO. 

121  no.     $1.00. 
Hclioles,  S.   E.    Fiji  and  the  Friendly   Islands.     L., 

Woolmer.  1HH2.     Kimo.     Is. 
.Seeiiianii.  H.     Viii:  a  mission  to  the  Vitian  or  Fijian 

groups.  ISWMil.     Cambridge,  Macmiilan.  IHUi.     Svo. 

lis. 
Snivtlie,  Mrs.    Ten  months  in  the  Fiji  Islands.    L., 

Parker.  lHli4.     Kvo.     15s. 
Waterlioiise,  Jos,     King  and   people  of   Fiji.     L., 

.lobson.  lK()(i.     Svo.    .'is. 
WilltaniH,   Thomas.     Fiji  and  the   Fijians.     Vol.   I. 

The   Islanils  and   their   Inhabitants.      iBv  T.    W.) 

Vol.   II.      Mission   His'ory.      (By  .J.   Calvel't.)     L., 

Heylin,  18.58.     .3d  e.,  1870.     Svo.     (is. 

FORTUXATK.  OK  CAXAKY  ISLANDS. 
Uello  y  Eapinosa,  1).     Uii  jardin  Canario.    Santa 

Cruz  deTenerife,  1880.    Svo. 
Berthelot,  S.     Antiquity's  canarlennes.  annotations 

sur  I'origine  des  iieuples  (|iii  i;cciipi''rerit   les  Ilea 

Fortunees.     Ps.  1S79.     4to.     25  fr. 
lietheneoiirt,   Jean  de.     I..e  Canarien.  livre  de  la 

conquete  et  conversions  des  Canaries.     Ps.   1874. 

Svo. 
Ellis,  A.  II.    V.'est  African  islands.    L.,  Chapman, 

1HK5.     Svo.     14s. 
Leclereq,  J.     Voyages  aux  iles  Forlunfes:  le  Pic  de 

Tfiif-riffe  et  les  Canariea.     Pa.  1880.    laiiio.    3  fr. 


TRAVELS,  QENBRAL 


509 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Mlllnrepi,  A.    Historia  de  las  Canarias.    Las  I'almas, 

IHNI.     Svd. 

re((<>l-<>Kl<'>'<   KiiK'"'"'.      Kiirlunnto  Isliiiids:    arclil- 
(ifhiK'ii  iif  (111,'  Ciiimi-ies.     L..  BeuUey,  ISTl.    Sv.  Svo. 


FI;Ih:\l>IA'  ISLAM'S. 
See  ToNUA. 

aU.UKRT  ISI.A.WS. 

Sl'l'  M.MISIIAI.I.  Isi.ANDH. 


About,    K.liiiiiiiil.      1,11  (IriV'i"    i.'oiiteiii|>oiuine.     Ps. 

IN.I.    -iih  1-,,  is-i.-).     i-jiiiu,    4  fr. 
Aiiili'i'soii,     K.      i'l'loponiii'siis    ami    (ireek    ImIuiiUh. 

Must..  I'roikiM-.  is:)i).     i-jnio.    $1.(1(1. 
Iiii<l<-U<'i',  K.    (irii'L'lii'iilaiiil.    I.|«.  lSS:i.    Kvo.    "riO  Mk. 
Uairil,  H.  .>l.     Miicli'iii  (iiiTcr:   ii  iiiiriaiivi'  of  ivsl- 

ili'iiiu   anil    Uiivils.     N.    Y.,    lliicpec,    1S5C.     lauio. 

$  I.  rill. 

Bitliliviii,    Mur.v    llri«r<>.     Mission    lift;    in    Uceeue. 

Sfi'  I'nMA.v.  K.  K..  M(is. 
ItcilU-,     Henri.     Iniis   uiiiircs    en    (ii'iVe.     I's.    1^SS1. 

I'.' I  I'r 

Iti'liriiiiinn.ded.  i;i,i  Miiienfiiliit  diiroli  lirieulienlund. 

IliiiiiliuiV.  l^*'"'-     ^vci.     I  -ill  Mk. 
Itowtiii,  <1.  !•'.,  Sir.  I  111  1x1 1 II  lul;  t'lHtciivellers  in  Gceeci". 

1...  .Iiilin  Mncni.V.  I^VJiji  Tidi  v.,  IHMI.     Hvn. 
Ciiltrol,  K.     Viiva^'i'i'ii  (ici''i'i"<lH»\ii.     Motes  et  iiiipres- 

sions,     I's.  IS'.NI.     Ko.     :lil  fr. 
Cliirol.  M.  V.      Twi.M  (ireiU  an. I  Turk:  tiin.'  Tlies- 

salv,  iMr,,iii  ISMi.  1,.,  Ulacliwiiu.l.s.  1S^'I.  Svn.    ICs.  (iil. 
Fiirrer,    U.    IC.      'I'niir    in    (iri-eee,    IHSil.      L.,    lilark- 

Wuu.ls,    l-IS-J.       Svn.      JH. 

FJelil,  II.  M.     (iiiik  islniiils,  ami  Turkey  after   the 

war,     N.  Y,,  SerilitiiTs.  |ss,-|.     svo.     .*l.."iO. 
CirleelieiiliiiKl,  Klii   >Viiiti'r    ill.      Lpz     ISSl.     8vu. 

■JMk. 
UuiiNoii,  C.  II.     Tlie  lanil  of  tlieeee.     X.  \'.,  Nelsons, 

ISSll,     Svo.      S4.(K1. 
UoskiiiT,    V.    O.    von.     Kt    Hesdi;     i    (Ira'kelilanil, 

.K;,'ypii'n  o;;  Tyrliisi.     Kiilin.  IHV'.I.     Hvo. 
lIiiKonnet,  I.?'iin.     La  (irei-e  iioiivelle;  rilelli'iiisnie, 

Miiii'voliiiioii  etsonaveiiir.    I's.  )MS:i.    I'Jiiio.     ^.'.."jiM'r. 
Jcl>l>,  l{.  ('.     Modern  (Jreeee,  two  lectures.     I,.,  .Miic- 

iiiilliin.  IS1I).     Hvo.     .'is. 
:t[('ta\iis.    C.      .Meniiirie    slurielie    snila    i  ivolii/.iom; 

Klleiii,-n.     I.iicra.  IMSJ.     Svo. 
Missioniiry  Letters  reliitiiiK  to  llie  Greeks  anil 

AriiiiMiians.     i'liila..  .Mil.   S.   S.   Soo.     IS-.     l.Snio. 

Moreno  tie  la  Ti'.jeni,  A'.  Hiario  ile  nn  viaje  il 
( Irieiiie.     .Mailrin  |  iSmi|      Mmi. 

Mnri'iiy's  IIaii>ll>ook  lor  <ii<'eee.    See  HowEN.  t>.  V, 

Orient,  Der.  ilitiipiiMiiteii  dnrch  Grieelienlanil. 
I.pz.  ivsi--.'      ■,'  V.  Svo. 

I*ervaiio.;lii,  .1.  I'liltiirliilder  ans  Grieclienlunil. 
Lpz,  issii.     Hvo.    4  Mk. 

I'itin.iii,  K.  II.,  Mrs,  Mary  liriscoe  lialdwin's  mis- 
sion lilH  in  (iieecu  and  i'alesline.     L..  C'assell,  ISMI. 

Svo.       .'is. 

ItiiiiKali^'',  A.  K.     Greeen;    licr  proKie.ss  and  present 

po-iiH.n.     N.  Y..  I'litnaiii,  18(17.     f-'iiio.     T.'icis. 
.Satiuis,  C.  N,     DoennieiKs  iiiiMlKs  relatifs  it  lliistoiie 

lie  la  (ireee  ail  nioveii  iit^e.     [Venire],  1,S80-N1.     (i  v. 

l-,'il  fr. 
.ScliWi'luer-I.ereluriifelil.     (iriei'liei.land   tin  Wohi'I's 

Heiseliililiollieki.  Wiirzliiut;,  IS'.KI.     Itiiiio.  r>  Mk. 
SerKeant,  I.,     (ireiee.     1...  l.oiv,  IKSO.     I'Jiiio.     as.  (id. 
Siiiitli,  .\|;neH.     (iliinpses  of  (ireek  life  and  sceiierv. 

1...  Hurst.  |SS4.    Hvo.     l.-is. 
Siihler,  IJ.  .1.     Walk  in  Ilellas  on  foot  tliroiii;li  cities, 

villages,  and  rural  districts,     liost.,  Koeslein.  IKS:). 

Hvo.     S.'t.lKI. 
Stanley,  .\,  I'.,  Deiiii.    Historvof  the  Kasterncliureli. 

I...  Miiiniy.  INiil.  v'd  e..  |N(i-J.     Hvo.     His. 
.Stepliens,   ,j.    L,      Travels   in    (iieece,   etc.     N.    Y'., 

llariier.  IH-lil.    ;;  v.  l-jmo.     $:).IH). 
Thomas,  J.    L.    Under^'radiiaie's  trip  to  Italy  and 

.■\t(iea.  1H«(I  HI.     I..,  .'^iinpliin.  IHHl.     Hvo.    .'is. 
TiiekeriiiHii,   <'.   K.     I'lie   (ireeks  of  to-day.     N.  Y'., 

I'lilnani.  1H7'.'.     I'Jnio.     $l..'i(l. 
UshIiik,  •).  I..     Fra  Hellas  ok  liileasien.     Klihn.  IHR'l. 

Hvo. 
Villi  I.eniifp,  H.J.  Ten  days  amon(;(  ireek  liriKamls. 

Host.,  Coni;.  I'uh.  Co.     lHt4.     Kiino.     Jl.'ri. 
%Vilson,     Joliii.     Imle])endent     Eastern     churches. 

Kilinh.  )H4'>.     Hvo.     4s. 
■\Vil8oii,  S.  s.     (ireek  mission;  or.  sixteen  years  in 

Malta  and  Greece.     L.,  Snow,  IRI!!.     Hvo.     l-.>s. 
WonlHwortli,  Clir.    Greece.    L.,   .Murray,   1844.    ad 

e.,  1868.    8vo.    •■Xs. 


aHELWr.AM)   AMI    I.  A  UK  A  Don. 

(Not  intended  tu  include  selentitlc  explorations  to  the 

North  I'ole.) 

AlulerMeii.     Krierreln.  om  Island  o|;  oiii  (in'inland  o|; 

St  nil  Havisilnrorination  aliont  Iceland,  (iieenland, 

and  llavis  Siraii.  i     Klilin.  i;  IS. 
Ile»i,M.ii,  K.     I  iri^ini's  el  rondation  dii  dioci'se  ile 

Kiiialis  I'll  (Ji nlaiid.     I's.  IslH.     Hvo.     ^'.I.'i  fr. 

IleseH,  ,1.      llri'jiiliiniU   ltesl>riveise   iiied   et    Korl    m* 

i'liii'iiiidriin.'  af  .\.  .\seliliinii  i  Desci  iiilion  of  (ireeii- 

liiiid,  w  Mil  a  map  and  preface).     Klilin.,  is     ,  -Jil  e  , 

IKW. 
IlelireiiH,  W.     Ktlinok'iaflsk  lieskrivelse  over  Nonl- 

i.'1'iiiilaiiii '  Ktlino^'rapliii'  notes  on  North  Gieeiiiand). 

Klilin.  isilll. 
lletiinikniiiKoni  ileii  (iriinliinilske  IlaiKlt;!.     (Fra 

I'linioppidan's  MiiK'n/in  for  nliiieiinyitiKe  liidraK  til 

K II  111  Iskali  out  I  lid  ret  Hinder  OK  FiirfatniiiKer  i  ti-  KkI. 

daiiske  Mater.  1.  liel  )  (I  iliservalions  on  the  ( in  en- 
land  irndi'.     I-'roiii  I'.'y  inaKO'^inc  for  useful  kiiowl. 

eilKe  ahoui  Iliinisli  alTairs.  l.i     Kliiin.  ITll'J. 
Ul'oillierk.   J.     rnter-.iiciiniiKsfahrt    iiacli    tier  <!)st- 

kiisiH   (iriinlaiiils.      Nieskv,     Mission    llepartiiieut 

der  Hrli.ler  (ienn-'iide.  ISH-j.     Hvo. 
Cartens<-ii,  A.  K.    Two  siimmers  in  Greenland.     L., 

Cliapiiian.  I'hil-...  I.ippiiieott,  ISUU.    Hm.     1  :s.    ?-.'.rii). 
t'riin/,,  l>.      Tl'.i'  liistory  of  Greenland,  .  .  its  inlialii- 

taiits    and    (lie    mission  ...   of    llie   I'nilas    Fra- 

truiii.     (Knmi  Hie  liei  iiiaii.^     I..  ITUT.     'J  v,  Hvo.     ii. 

e..  IHJd.  with  coiiliiiiialion    to   IS'-KI,  and  a  sketch 

of  the  mission  in  Lalirador. 
DalaBer.   Griiiilandske  Keialione    .Jleinoirs  unGieen- 

lainl).     Khlm.  ir.VJ. 
De  111  Itot'lie  (lialllelion,  I-'.  C     Seiiilsi'lii'i'ihcn.  etc., 

lii'lii'lTeiid  die  Wii'di'ilindiiiiK  des  .Vlteii  Griinlauds. 

cpii.  i:s;. 

lionie.^tle  Sri-nes  in  <rreeiiliiii(l  and  Ireland.    I.  . 

KeliK.  Tract  Soc,   IHll.     M  ed.,  Van   Voorst.  1H.-,1. 
IHnio.     '.'s. 
I'^fterrelniiiKer  oni  Kiulera  eller  I.«viiliif;i'r  afile 

Kaillle  .Niiriiiiiu'llils  OK  Islii'iideres  ISyKiiliiKci  I'aa 
(irilnlamls  Vestcr  Side  iNotes  on  linUi'ia  or  the 
architi'i-tiirai  ri'iiiains  of  tin*  old  Noi'senii'ii  and 
Irelandi'siin  (iri'i'iilaml's  West  coast  i.    Kliiiii   ITTU. 

Kgeile,  Hans.  A  di'scription  of  Gri'i'iiland.  [Fnini 
the  l)aili-il.]  I,,  in."..  Hvo.  .'ill  e.,  I,,,  Alllnaii.  ISl.-i. 
Svo.  l.'s.— KcLselie-krivi'lse  til  ( IslKi'i.nlands  <  Ipila- 
Kel>.i' I  iii'seripn.iti  111"  tli.'  discovery  of  I'^ust  (irfen- 
lan.li.  lisd  ;.     Kl.hn.  Ksii. 

K(;e<le,  l».  Ktt.'ii'.'liiinKi'r  oni  (Iri.nlanil,  iiddraKiieaf 
I'M  .journal,  holili'ii  Ira  IT'.'I  Kss  i  Inlorinatioii  con 
cerninK  'iri't'i.jaii.i,  .'Xiracted  froiii  a  journal  kept 
fmiii  IT-.'I  t..  i;hsi.     Khllll.      KHH      Svo. 

I'U/el,  .\.  von.  (iriiiilaiid  KeoKi'aphiseh  iiiiil  stalistiscli 
lii'si'hiii'lii'ii.     SiuttK    IHiiU.     Svn.     .■)  Tlialer,  l.'iKi'- 

FastiiiK-  Si'iiiit'lirev  til  alle  ( ;riitihen.iere  i  Nordeu 
(I  ipi'ii  letter  to  all  Un'oiilandi'isl.     Klilin.  iSlH. 

Fencer,  II.  M.  HidriiK  Iil  Hans  KK.'de's  or  den 
(irriiilandske  Mi.ssions  llistiirie.     Klilin.  IHTO.     Svo. 

Ii'iineli.  .1.  <).  V.  Syv  .\ar  i  NiinlKi'iinland  (Seven 
years  in  .Vorlii  (ireeiilan.li.     Vilioi'K.  IHIil. 

Glii'lin,  .MinnerliiiiiiKer  til  de  Ire  lirste  liiiKer  of  Hr. 
|i.  t'ranlz'  Histnrie  oin  (iriinlan.i  (  N'olesoii  the  three 
(list  hooks  of  Mr.  D.  t'.'s  "  llistorv  of  Greenland.'') 

Khllll  irri. 

Graali,  V.  .\.  Heise  til  (iriinland  (Journey  to  (ireen- 
laii.li.  IH'js^.'ii.     Klihn.  is;)-,'. 

Greenlanil  .Missions.     Duhl.  isai.    (See  K.ii.niNO.) 

GriiiiliiiKls  liistorlske  Mlnilesniti-i'ki'r,  iidf;.  af 
del  KkI-  n.iiil.  I  il.iskrifts  Si'l<Kali  (Hi^tllri(■al  iiioiiu- 
nieiits  of  (irei'iiland.  Kd.  hv  the  Koval  Northern 
Aiili.piarian  S.ic.i.     l-:i.     Khiin.  lH.i8-4.-i. 

(iriinlaiidske  <'lir<iiiica,I)eii  (The  Greenland  Chron- 
icle..    Khllll.  llillH. 

Hayes,  I.  I.    The  Ijind  of  desolation  :  iiprrative  of 
'adventure   in  Greenland.     N.  Y'.,  Harpei,  L.,  Low, 
1H7I.     Hvo.     $!.;.■).     lis. 

Hind,  H.  Y.  K.xpionitions  in  interior  of  Lalirador 
I'eiiinsula.     I,..  I.onKUians.  lH(i7.     ',' v.  Svo.     .'Ws. 

Holm.  Konehaads  F.xpeditioneii  til  Griinlands  Ost- 
kyst  (The  K.  expedition  to  Hie  F.asleru  coast  of 
Gn'eiilanil,  IHH^S-.^i.)     (From  (leoKr,  .Miik-I 

Jacobsen,  K.  Et  .Var  i  Griinland  (tJne  year  in  Green- 
landi.     Khllll,  1S(«. 

KUlbliiK.  K.  W.  Mission  der  KvaiiKeliselien  lirilder 
Gemi'inde  ill  Gninlaiiil  iiiid  Lalirador.  Giiadaii,  Is31. 
a  v.  Svo.  '.'Is  Thaler.  F.iiK-  Trans.,  Greenland 
.Missions.  Diiliiin.  1H;1I.  Kep  .Mi-sionary  Records 
riiila.  Mil.  I'ulil  .  IRM  iM     IKnio.     7.^'. 

Kort  lieskrivelse  over  (iriinland  (Short  description 
iif  Greenland. I     Viliei'K.  Ii7.^. 

I.mid's  Iniir'.M'elnt.iK,  INltoK  af  V.  .  .  .  aiigaa. 
elide  lie  l(i. -J  OK  H"')  .  .  .  fonmslaltede  SiltoKe  til 
(Jrfinland,  .  .  ,  Med  noKle  Aiiin.  OK  Hokiiiiienter 
veil  Erichsi-n  (Extracts  from  C.  Lund's  report  .  .  . 
on  the  contemplated  expeditions  to  Greenland  in 


TRAVELS,  OENERAL 


rm 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


IC.W  nrid   If.M.  .  .  .  Also  snme  onnotatlons  niul 

dulMIMII'MlS  l).V  K.I.      Kllllll.   IT-T. 

Liiiiilt.  .1.  II.  .N.iK'li-  fiifiiskc  (i|ilvsnliiBi>r  I  Aul.  nf 
I'liiiii'ii  111  lljerKvii'ilisili-in  1  Itir.hlaiul  i.Soiiii'  fads 
III  tliiow  lijjlit  on  tliu  piiiposeU  Miiiiiiij;  ill  Ciivi  li- 
lanili.     Kliliri. 

iMiiiili.v,  <i.  W.  Journal  of  ii  Vovngi-  to  fireonlaiiil  in 
IWI.  Ii.,  ISi'l.  4to.  Sill'..  in^':i  (iiT.  tnms.  Li«. 
lN-,':i. 

Matlilesi'ti,  <i.  Den  Oiiinlaiidskc  Ilamlel  iTIio  (iri'Hn- 
liiiiil  inidi'i.     Kllllll.  |H|ii._(iiriiiiaiid,  dels  imllpyn- 

t,'IMl',    I'l'liillll'tlT   OK'    llaildl'l    Kilri-llhlTKl.   ils    jlllllilli- 

laiils.  priiiliu'K.  and  li'aili-i,     Kl'lin.  1S.V,'. 
nieililcloloci'  v«Mlk.      KoisluiidiT.sU,   i   X.-Ui'iiuland. 

ili.dihaali,  I^DJ. 
MlHsiiiiiiiry    Kimoi'iIh:     NcirlliiTii  Coiintrips  ((iri-iMi- 

land  and  l,aliiador|.     I'liMa.,   I'ri'S.  Ud.  I'uld.,  IS.^. 

ISnio.     ;."«•.     iSi'f  Krii.iiiNii.) 
MIhsIoid-ii,  Ulr,  dfi-  KvMinilisclicn  Ilrllder  in  tin'iri- 

laiid  mid  l.aliradoi'.     (Sim'  Ki'ii.iii.vci.i 
iMlHsloiieriif  i  >oi«l  I'oliirlaiiilfii)'.     Klilin.  180'J. 
niiHsliiiiH  jViililiii;))  ill  Laliriiilor.     iJasid,  IH.'JT, 
Mlssiuiis  ill  I.abniilor.    1,.,  liiiioinlindj!!',  18 — .    18mo. 

;is,     (.St'*'  ivi'ii.nrNo.  I 
Miiraviiiiis  in  (iieciilaiiil.    L  .  liaiiiillon,  1S.')4.    18mo. 

■Js.  (id.    iSd'  Kr.i.m.Nd.) 
nidriivlaiis  III  l.ahrailor.     1...  lianiiiloii.  18,54.    ISiiio. 

'.'s.  lid.     N.  Y.     ."ilk'.     iSi'i' Kr'LiiiNo.i 
niiiliU-,     mil  I'jiiani'ipatiuiifn  a(   i'H'iiici'nc  fin  (iniii- 

laiid  (I  Ml  llii'i'iiiHiK'ipatiun  of  tln'  l''an"ie  Islands  and 

(ii'i'i-niandi.    Klilin.  lK;i.'i.— Onilii'iPiiiii'iidenii'i  Almiit 

tiifliivi-iilaiidcis).     With  two  npp.    (Kl)lin.i  IHS'J  4. 

— (.)ni  liiiinliLMidiTiie.  lieiVH  Ki'rinliil  or  dc  III  di'i'fs 

Hedstt'sijjtciidi'  l'oiniisialtiiiiii;i'i-(.\lioiii  llicliri'i'ii- 

laiiders,  tlii'ir  fiiliiii'  and  means  to  tlieir  improve- 

menti.     Ivlilin    l.s.'^-J. 
NanMun,    !•".     I'lie    liist   crosiiii;  of  tiieenlaiid  (From 

tlie  Norwegian).     I,,   and  N.  V.,    LoiiKinaiiH,  181)1. 

..    ','  V.    8v(i.   ails.    Siii-'ii'. 

Ost,  N.  C.  Sainliin.'er  Id  Knndskali  oni  (iWinlAnd 
(I'ollectioim  relating  to  (irceidandi.  1-','.  Kiiliii. 
1830. 

Payer,  J.  Oesterr  UuKurisehi'  Nordpolisclie  Expedi- 
tion. Wien,  ISTli.  Hvo.  l.Ji^j  tinldeii.  Eni;.  trans. 
New  Lands  williiii  llie  Arctic  I'irule.   L.,  Maoiuiilaii, 

iwru.   .svo.   a  V.    s-.'s. 

Helatioii  <lu  (•riiiilaiiil,     I's.  Ili47. 

Kink,  II,  (ii'iiiiland.  Kro^r.  o^!:  slat,  liesljr.  ((ireeii- 
land,  Keoiriapliieally  and  slatisiieally.)  1-i.  Kliliii. 
lH."i'J-7.- I  tin  (iriiidaiids  I  Ipdatttdse  o;;  Colniiizalion 
(Sii-rtsyk)  (On  the  discovery  and  cnloiiizatinn  of 
(Jieeiiiand).  (Separate  prinr.l-.Sandint;  af  Iteiieii- 
kiiiii);er  or  Forslag  vedk.  ilen  Kj?l.  tin'inlandske 
Handel  (C'cilleclion  of  ohservatioiis  and  proposals 
in  re;rard  lolliHtireeidaiid  Iraiiei.  k'lilni.  IS.")!).— ( im 
Aarsa^eii  til  (iniidu'iideriies  'ik  liiJiieiide  af  jiint 
leveiide  Natiniiers  niaterielle  Killiai;ei.'aii(,'  ved 
HesiiriiiKen  med  lliiropieerne  ((In  tlie  I'aiise  of  the 
deterioralinii  nf  the  (freenianders  and  other  imtioiis 
liviiiK  liy  tlie  I'hase.)  (Klilin.  I8(W.  i— lianisli  (ireeii- 
laiid.  its  people  and  products.  L.,  Kiiisr.  1877.  8vo. 
Ills.  lid.  Tales  and  Iradiliuiis  of  the  Kskiiiio.  L., 
HIaekwoiids.  187."i.    Hvo.     Ids.  (Id. 

Kink,  .S.  I  iiii  de  iii'idv.  ForaiistaliiiinKer  til  at  bevare 
liii'udaiid  soiii  el  daiisk  Hiiandiiin  the  iieeHSsary 
means  for  the  preservatinii  of  lireenlaiid  as  a 
Danish  eulonvi.  Khhii.— (iri'iidiLMidere  ((ireeii- 
hindersl.     ('lira.  188i;. 

KosH,  J,  Vtiya^e  of  discovery  for  tlie  jiiirpose  of  ex- 
ploring Hallln's  Hay.  1...  r,niiuinaiis.  isii).  J  V.  Svo. 
i.'ls.  lianisli  trans.  Kbliii.  IS-.'O. — Hesiiieiice  in  the 
Arctic  rettiiiiis.  18-,".I-.'W.  L.,  Wciister,  183.').  :.'  v.  4to. 
!;•.■)  l-'s. 

'SHabye.  Hriidstykker  af  en  DaprhOK  i  Orlinland 
(rragni'nts  of  a  diary  in  Greenland,  1770-78.) 
lldellse.  iSIC. 

.SclioleH,  S.  K.  Pee|is  into  the  far  North.  Iceland, 
I.aplaiid.  lii-eeniaiid.  I...  Wesl.  Coiif.  nIT.,  187J. 
lliiiio.     Is. 

StiMinis,  W.  A.  Labrador.  Dost.,  Whidden,  188,5. 
■Jd  e..  1SS7.     I'Jnio.     .*1.7.'). 

TorfauiiH,  T,    (iroeidaiidin  .\nlif;iia.     Ilawn.  1708. 

Ulricl,  !•:.  Die  .Vnsiediiiiig  dcr  Normanen  in  On'in- 
l.iiid.     18711.     8vo. 

Vallii,  V.  liii'iiilaiid.  skildret  (Greenland  depicted.) 
Iladorslev,  18i;i. 

Zeilan.  Fo.xexperiitionen  i  .\aret  1860  over  Fa'niprni', 
Island  Of  (in'lnlnnd  iTIie  Fox  exneditioii  in  the  year 
ISDii  to  the  Faroe  Isl.,  Iceland,  and  (ireenlandi. 
Klihii.  18(11. 

Zoi'K<lra|;«r  Itl<>i,)eii<1e  OpkniUHt  <1i>r  Alonde  en 
HedendiiB.  (iroenl.  Visschery.     Aiiist.  17-J8. 


Gl'IAXA. 

Beaumont,  J,     New  slavery  in  British  Qiiiana.    L. 
1H71.    Svo.    as. 


IlriinitH,  I».  iT.  Voyage  it  Surinam,  descriplion  des 
pos>essiiiiiS  iieerlaiiilaisea  dans  la  Uii)ane.  I's. 
Is.-,-,     iio.     -,'11  fr. 

Ileriiiiii,  T.  II.  Missionary  labour  aiiion».'  Indians  of 
Ilriiisli  liniana.     L., , I.  F.  Shaw,  1817.     8vo.    7s 

Itlood,  \V,  Mission  loilieIndiaiiHO(Urlalla[(iuiaiia|. 
L..  I'ailridKe,  Is.'i'i.     laiiio.     .Is. 

lioiiver,  l''r6<l.  LaGiiyane  frangalse.  I'm.  18(17.  4tii. 
■Ji'i  fr. 

Iliaiiilhof,  N,  ran  lion,  De  toekixiist  der  Kolonlo 
Siiriiiame.     liraveiihiiKe.  1878,     Kvo, 

liriill,  \y.  II.  Indian  missions  in  (iiilnna.  L  ,  liell  & 
D.  is.'d.  8vo.  .'is.  -  Indian  Iriliesof  (iiiiaiia.  .N.  Y., 
Carter,  is.','.'.  Kinio.  7.'ic.  :Jd  e..  L..  Hell  ,V  I)..  18(18. 
8VI1.  ISs.-  Leiieiids  and  iiiyllisof  the  aliiiritdiial  In- 
dians of  llniish  (iiiiaim.  I,.,  (iai'dner,  issii.  Svo. 
l','s.  (Id.-  .Mission  wurk  aiiioiii;  tlie  Iiiillaii  trilies  in 
the  foieslsof  (iiiiaiia.    I,..  S,  P.  ('.  K.  M S81  ] .   8vo.  Ils. 

Itl'oiikliiU'st,  11.  V.  1".  Thecoliiiiy  of  itrillsh  Guyana 
and  tile  laliorlnK  impulation.  L.,  Woolnier,  1883. 
8vo.     pis.  lid. 

t'arre.v,  Diiiile,     Les  aventiires  de  Uoliiii  Jonet  ilaiis 

la  I  iiiyain'  fraiii;aise.    Tours,  18(11,  'Jd  ed.,  18s:).    8vo. 

.'i  fr.    (ier.   Tians.  by  J.  HanniKaiten.    StrultRart, 

is;  7. 
Caiiliiii  .\.     llistoria   coro);rapliiea   y   de   Cuinnna 

(iiiyaiia  y  Nert"  del  Kio  ( irinoco.     .Madr.  1771). 
Ueiils.     (iiivaiia.      Kntdeckunx     iind     C'olouisiruiif?, 

LpZ.   18','IP. 

<iilii,  I'll.  Salv.    Nachriclit  vom  Lande  Guiana  (S.  A.). 

(Fi 1  the  Italian.)    Ilainb.     1785.    Svo.    1  Thaler, 

4i'  . 
Hiirs,    .1.    I>.      Leprosy    in     Ilritisli    Giiiaua.      L., 

'  linrchill,  1881.    Hvo.    ills.  lid. 
Jii'e  elaliiu,  .Vrinaiid.     In  di'iiorte  A  Cayenne,  sou- 
venirs de  lu  Ouyaiie.     I's.  18(13.     1','nii.      3  f r. 
Kappler,   A.    nolliiiidischGuiaiia.     StuttRait,   1881. 

8VO.    Ii  Mk. 
Leilderiiose,   C   1'".      Die   Mission   unter  den  freieu 

HiischiieK'crn  in  Surinam,     iieidelliei'i;.  IS.'i'J.     ad  ed. 

l.s.')4.    Hvo.    75  I'f.— Die  Mission  unter  den  Arawak- 

ken  i(iinaiia~>.     Basel,  18.57. 
laifluit;,  J.  F.    Nencte  Nachrichten  von  Surinam. 

.leiia.  178U.     aded      ,71)8.     8vo.     18  gr. 
iMiirratt,   .1.     In   the  tmiiics;   or,  scenes  ...  of   \V. 

Indian  life.     L.,  Wesl.  Coiif.  OIT.,  1870.    2d  e.,  1881. 

Hvo.     Is.  (Id. 
Medel.slieiiii,   C.   <Ie.      La  Gnyane.    Civilisation    et 

bai'barie.  coutmiies  et  paysaKcs.    Ps.  1851.     lanio. 

.'i  .'ill  fr. 
RIelsHiier.     Ilericlit   von  deiii   Eiitstelien  der  Ilrllder 

.Mission  imterdeii  Buschnep'rii/.u  BamheyiGuiaiia), 

elc.     7t;r.     Sehreilierscliau.  18.50. 
M011I67.1M1,    .V.   <U'.     .Missimi    de    Cayenne  et  de    la 

•  liiyane  fi'aiic;aise.     I's.  18.57.     Svo.     3.75  fr. 
Nlbaiit.  K.   (riiyaiiefraiiyaise.    I's.  18,8a.    lamo.    I.'J5fr. 
I'alKravi',   W.'<i.      Dutcli  Uuiana.      L.,    Macmillaii, 

is;(l.    Hvo.    ils. 
I'oliiloro,  r.     Les  mines  d'or  de  I'Awa  (GiiJ'ane  fraii- 

i;aisei.     I's.  isiid.     3amo.     75  c. 
Keise    iiacli   Oiiiaiia   mill   4'ayeiiiie,  iiebst  eiiier 

rebei'siclit   der  altern   ilahiii    t,'emachteii   Ueiseii. 

llaiuli.  17110. 
Kikii,  A..I.     (liisRijkSiiriiiiiiiie.    Rollerd.  1HH3.     Hvo. 
SelioiiibiirK,  K.     Heiseii  in  Uuiana  uiid  am  Oiinoko. 

l.pz.  1S41.     Hvo.     (l^'liider. 
Stediiiaii,  C.     Nacliriehieii    von     Surinam    iiiid    vou 

seiner   I'^xpeiiitiuii  iri'«;eii  die   Uelieilisclieii   Ne^er. 

From  llie  l':iii,'.     Ilamli.     17117.    Hvo.    a  Thaler.  ia«i"' 
Teciistra,  -M.  I*.     lii.)di'a>;e  lot  de  ware  iJescliouwiii^;, 

etc..  ill  de  Ki'loiiie  Siiriiiame.     Amst.  isi4. 
Teriiaiix-Coiiiiiaiis,     II.      Notice    historiipie    siir    la 

(iiiyane  fraiivaise.     I's.  lHt3.     Hvo.     3.."iU  fr. 
Tliiinii,  1:.  F.  iiii.     Aiuoiit,'  tlie  Indians  |cif  Guiana]. 

1...  Paul.  lH8:t.     sv...     iss. 
Veiiess,  w.  T.      Kl  Dorado;  or,  British  Guiana  n-i  a 

Meld  for  colonization,   L.,  Cassell,  ls(;7.   Hvo.    pis.  (Id. 

—Ten    yenis    of    mission    life  in    Britisli  Giivana: 

heint;  a  memoir  of  T.  Youd.     L.,  S.  I'.  C.  K.  [1875). 

laiiin      Is, 
Viilal  IK.  I,.'.')    Vovaire  d'exploratiou  dans  le  haiit- 

Maroid.    Septeuilire  .\  Novembre.    18(il.     I's.    IHIl'J. 

sv.i.     L.'iOfr. 
Wlietliani,  .1.  W.  II.    Uoraima  and  British  Guiaua. 

L..  ilursr,  1H71I.     Hvfi.     15s. 
Voud,  T.     See  Vene.ss. 

HAWAHAX  IStLlXnS. 

Andei'.soii.  Mary  K.  Scenes  in  tlie  Hawaiian  Islands 
and  Califoriiin,  Bost.,  Am.  Tr.  Soc.  [1805].  Kimo. 
Si.  15. 

Ardi-rsuii,  R.  The  Hawaiian  Islands.  linst.,  Gould 
\-  L..  18(14.  3d  e.,  18t)5.  lamo.  S'.'.'a,5.— Sandwich 
Islands  Mission.  Bost.,  Couj?.  I'uh.  Co.,  1870,  ISnio. 
Si. .50. 

Anrep-Elint,  K.  Die  Sandwich  Inseln.  Lpz.  1885. 
Hvo.    H  Mk. 


TRAVELS,  OENERAL 


001 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


,  18fl. 


1  liilancis 
.    lUiiio. 


.pz.  1885. 


IliirllftI,  •!.  <'.     Ilisiorli'al  Hki'leli  of  inlsslons  af  A. 

II.  C,   !'.  M.  Ill  SiinilHicli   |h,       Hdst.  isrii.       IJiiiM, 

H  .'Is.  !  -1. 
Itii>tliiii,  A.     /Ill'  Ki'iiiitniHS  llinviills,  Niu'lili'iik'i- mimI 

|-'.l'k'iiM/llll^*'1l     /ll    ill  M      IllHt'll^l-lippfll     111    <  >('l-ltlllt'n 

llill.  INK).     Hvii,      I  Aik. 
llllxM',  <i.  K.     Iliiwuil  iii.'il  Its  cliiinli.     |j ,  ItivliiKtons, 

isi;:,.    svo      Is. 
Iliiiuliuin,    lllniiii,     'I'Im*   Saiiilwich   Islands,     Hart- 

r.inl,  |sir.     :j,|  ,.  .  Caiuiiiilainua.  N.  V..  IH.V. 
Illnl,     I.     1...     .>liHH     I  now     Mi'N.     I(InIi<i|i|.      Tim 

lliiwaiiaii  itri'liiiii'la^o:  st.\  iiiniiitis  anion,;  ilit*  .  ,  . 

Saiiilwirli  Islanils.    I,.,  Mnirav.  and  N.  V.,  I'litiiiun, 

is'."i.     nil  I'll..  ISNI.     Mvo.     r».(i(l      S'J.riO. 
IlliNs,  W.  It.     I'aiaillsi'  In  tint  ."arlllo.    N.  Y.,  Khfliloii. 

Im;:).     Iliiiici.     $1. ■,'.'). 
Iltiusi'i',  <i.    'I'lii'  llawailaii  ldMi;ilnni,  stntistlual  nnil 

roiiinu'i'i'ial  iliii'cloi-v  anil  tmn-isls'  ynlili'.  IWO-    ! 

San  Kiiinr.  issi.     kvu.     •■■l'ir<.     |iris.l 
CJIiiiiii'Vi  (1.  ■'.    Alnliiil  a  Hawaiian  saiiilaliiin.    Host, 

issn.     I,' Jl..-|ii 

Clim'Vi'i'.  II.  T.     I, ill- III  Ilii'Saiiihvii-li  Islands.    N.  Y., 

Uanii's,  is.'.l.     liiiKi      !<1.M). 
Conn,  T.     I. iff  in  Hawaii:    antiiliioKnipliir  ski'tcli  of 

niissicin    lit'''  and    lulioiii's.     N.  Y.,  Kundulpli,  IHH?;. 

l-.'iii  I.    ji.r.-). 
Ciiniiiiiiii;.   ('•    ■'.   <•.     Kii'i'  fnnntainH:    l<ini;<l<>in  of 

Hawaii.     I,.,  Illackw Is,  IKHJ,     ^' v.  Hvo.     *'is. 

I>llilili',  S.     Sandwicli  Islands  Mlssliiii.     N.  Y.,  Dwkl, 

|s);i,     i-jino.     V.'icts. 
Ooiiiii-,    M.    A.     Sandwicli   Islands  and   people.     I,., 

isilli,     -Jd  e.,  INTl). 
KUls,    W.     Tour  tliroiik'li  <  iwliyl T,.,  Kislier,  IH-.'O. 

4Ili  e..  IS-JT.     Hvo.     lis.— Tlie   Aniei-luiin   .lllssion  in 

Hie    .Sandwicli   Islamist.     L.,  Jackson    &   W.,  ISIiU. 

Kvo.     Us.  lid. 
Fiii'liHiili'i',  A.    Origin  and  niit^nlions  of  Hie  Toly- 

nesiaii  !*acc    .  .  .  .\iicieiii   hist. M  vol'  ilie  Hawai.-m 

people  to  Hie  time  of  KanielianiefiM  I.     I...  Triilmer, 

issii,     •jv.Kvo.     Vol.1,     Ts,  i'.d.     V.il.  II.     Ids,  i;d. 
(ifsrliii'lite   <lei'  (liristHi'lii'ii    MisHioii   iiiif   <l<'n 

Siiiidwieli  liiseln.     Uasi-1.  IH?,'.     Hvo.     1,-Jii.Mk. 
Iliiwiiiliui  (liiirch    MIhsIoii,     h  ,  KivliiKtons,  1KU~>. 

Svo.      lid. 

Ilisliii'v  of  Mil'  Saiiilnlrli   IslitiiilM.     N.  \'.,  Am.  Tr. 

Soe,"     lls.'iT  ■:].     IKiMo      D.'ie, 

IIo|ikiiiM,  .Miiiili'v.  Hawaii.  Hie  )mst.  present,  and 
t'liliii-i'.  I,,  and  N.  Y.,  l.oiiK'inan,  IHOiJ.  Al  e.,  IHOti. 
Svo.     Ills.  Cd. 

lliiiiiii'Wi'n,  •!.  .loiirnal  of  tile  voyage  "f  the  "Mis. 
sionarv  I'acket"  to  Hoiioiiilii,  IKJIi.  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  IRst).     Jto. 

Iliiiiiiewi'U,  J.  I''.,  mill  olliers.  HihllosJiaphy  of 
the  Hawaiian  Islands.     HosiisiI!). 

Jiirves,  .1.  .1,  llistoiv  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Host., 
.Miinroe  .V"  Co  ,  and  L.,  liohii.  ISi:l.  l-Jiiio.  .«J.'.'.') 
and  :!s.  Gd.  Scenes  and  scenery  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands.  Host  .  Miinroe  &  Co.,  and  L.,  Mo.von,  ISU. 
I'-'ino.     Sl.','."uind  Ss. 

Jiiilil,  I..  I''.  Honolulu;  sketches  of  life,  Koi'ial.  polit- 
ical, and  religions,  in  the  Huwaiian  Islands  from 
IS-,'S    to    iHlil.  .  .  .  N.    v.,    liandolph.    IS8I.     I'.'nio. 

$i..^n. 

Kiilakiiiiii,  KiiiK,  and  niiuKelt,  U.  M,     Mvths  and 

iiiois  of   the    liawaiiiiii    Islands.     N.  Y.,  Wehstcr, 

issi).    Svo.     $:i.iX). 
KiiiKiloiii  mill  (;iiiii'i;li  of  lliitvali  freprlnled  from 

Col.  ell.  Cur.,  a  periodical.  I     1...  Isim. 
Klri'lioll',  Tliilr.     Kiiie  Heise  nacli  Hawaii.     .Mtona, 

isiiii.     Svo.     t..")il  Mk. 
MIssloiiiii'v    Ki'C'orils:    Sandwich   Islands.     L,,   Hel. 

Tr.  Soc.'.  is.-ir.     ISiiio.     Is.  lid. 
Nirliolsoii,  II.     Kroin  sword  to  share;  or.  a  fortune 

ill  live  M-arsat  Iliiwjiii.    I,.,  Allen.  ISSl.    Svo,    I'Js,li(l. 
OriiH-,  \V.     Di'leni'e  of  the  missions  in  the  South  Sea 

and  Sandwich    Islands.     L,,  (.lackson  &  W.'],  I.S'^'T. 

r.'iiio.     (.'is,  ri 
I'l'iibmly,    A.    r.      Hawaiian    Islands  developed    by 

iiiissi.iiiary  labors.     Host.  IHii.'i.    Hvo. 
.Samlwlcli     isliiiiil     Notes;     by    a    Hiiole.      N.    Y'., 

Harper.  ls.-,|     p.'nio,     Sl..">i>. 
Sliiley,  lip.  I  lloiioliilii  I,     Five  years'  cliiircli  work 

In  H.'iwaii,     1,..  Uiviiij,'loiis.  ISIiS.     Hvo.    ."is. 
TIu'iiiii'h    Hiiuitiiaii   Aliiiiiiiai'.     I.Vnniial.)     Ilo'io- 

llllll.      ."lOc. 

TuiU'iiafoiiil,  I'.  Haval,  lilstoire  de  retahlisspiiient 
dii  Calliolioii^iiie  dans  eel  archlpel.  I's.  1877.  I'Jiiio. 
a  f  r. 

II.IYTI  AXD  SAX  DOMrXOO. 

Ariloiilii,  H.     fttiide  snr  rhistoire  d'llaiti.    I's.  185;t- 

lil.     11  V.  Svo.     Ill)  fr. 
Koisnioiiil-Toiiiiere.    M<''moires  pour  servlr  iM'hls- 

toireilllaiti.     I's.  18,51.    l',>mo.    a  f  r. 
liuiineHii,  .Alex.    Haiti,  ses  proKrt^s,  son  avenlr.    Pa. 

lH6'i,     Kvo,     S  fr. 
Corchin,  K.,  Ari'libp.    Los  resto.s  de  Cristobal  Colon 

en  la  catedral  de  Sjaiito  Domingo. 


IHrliliii'Jiil.''.    Milimel  di's  Imbltniis  de  8.  UoiiiinKiio. 

I's     I  so,', 

Kliliii.  I',     Hatll.    Tiailoime.  IS7U.     l-,>iiio.     l.iufr. 
IliiiiiiH,  \V,    Notes  of  a  visit  1(1  partH  of  Haytl.     h., 

s..,'|.-v.  is;)i;.     I'.'nio.    .«.  lid. 
Ilerlvi'l,   •!.    \V.     Hayll   and  tlie  liospel.     I,.,  StrH'k, 

|s;il.     I'Jnio.    '.^s.  lid'. 
Ilitziii'il,  S.     Sanio  lioiiiiiiKo,  past  ami  present,  with 

Haytl.     With    bihlioirrapliy.     1,,,   Low,    is;;),    Svo. 

|Ss. 
•Iiiiivicr,  I..  .1.     I„'i  repiibllipie  d'Hatti  et  ki'h  vIslteiirH 

ils|ll  s-,>,;   iiiipellplen..lr,   ,   ,  ,   I'.s,  18H'J,    8vo.    7..'>ilfr. 
Kliiiliiill,  K,  It.     Life  ill  San  DoiiiliiKo,    N,  Y.,  Carli)' 

Ion,  is;;l.     I-Jiiio.     SI  .■)(), 
I.Hi'ovlii',    l.^-oii,      Haiti,  une    page   d'hlHtoIre,     1'h. 

iss,-,.     Hvo,     7fi'. 
I.ii  ShIvi-,  K.     I,e  |iavs  dfs  iiefres:  voyace  il  Haiti. 

I's,  ISSI,     i-.'ii,o,     4  fr. 
I.OH  Ki'stos  lie  Colon.     Madrid,  ISTil,     «vo, 
.^lai'keii/le,  C.     Noics  on    llavli  aiel  Sun  Hoiiiinco, 

1,.,  I'lill.iirii,  ls:iii,    '.'v,  Svo,    'Jls, 
rai'iiii-iilliT,   .1.   anil    It.      lieserijitlon   de  I'tsle  do 

SaincI     llolllllli;oen  I.V.'ll,      I'llhlle   par   Cll.  Si'llefer. 

I's.  iss:l,     Svo,     Hi  fr 
St.  .lolin,  SpeiiHiT,  .Sir.     Ilavll;  or,  tlie  black  re 

public,    I,.,  Sinlih  A  K.,  N,  Y,,  Sunbiier,  IHHI.   .'id  ed., 

ISIIII.     Svo,     7s,  till,  and  S-.'..MI. 
Saliil-M<*ry,    .>liir«itii    ilx.      l>escri|itloii  .  .  .  de  la 

panic  frani;Hise  de  rile  .Saiiil  lioininum-,     I'm,  17!)7- 

H!)S,    a  V,     Ho,    '.'lied,    isl,-i-;i;  ipiib,  by  the  editor). 

'J  \", 
.Si'Iiii'IiIkt,    Vlrliir.     Colonies  clranL'cri's  et   Ilai'tl, 

ivsiillats  de    rciiianeipation    aiif^laise.      Ps.    Isl.'i, 

•-'  v.  Hvo,     U  fr. 
Tli<!v«l,   .\.      I.e  grand   liisiilaire.     1,'isle    de  Haity. 

u.  e.     I'H.  1H,8:1.    Hvo. 

IKiXnrUAS. 
See  Ckntrai,  Amkiii(;.\. 

IXDIA-HISTOKY. 

AilaiiiH,  W.  II.  1).     Kpisodes  of  .Xngln-Iiidlan  histoiT, 

I,,,  .MailboroiiKh.  Is7!),  -M  ed.,  Is'.M.     ins.  lid. 
Allen,    I).   <>.     India,   ancient   and   modern.      liost., 

.lewett.  IH,'-,I1.     -M  ed,,  1S,-.S,      Svo.     $-.MKI, 
Andrew,  W.  I'.     India  and  lierneiKlihours,   L.,  Allen, 

1877.     Svo,     I.^s. 
AberlBh-Mai'krtv,  S.  It.    Tlie  times  of  India,     Hand- 
book of  Himliislan,     I,,,  Trilliner.  IH7li,   Svo.     7s.  (kl. 
Iliili'i'lein,  K.  R.     The  land  of  the  Taiiiiilians  and  it.s 

inisslons.      Trans,    from    the  Ircriii.    by  ,1,    U.    B. 

Ilribble.     Madras.  ls7li.     i See  iie.xt  .sect iViii,) 
IteveriiiKU,  II.     History  of  India.     I.,  IHii'-'.     3  v.    038. 

-Tlilrtv   years'   residence  in   India.     L.,  Kicburd- 

sons.  IS:i!l,     'J  V.  Hvo.    'Jls. 
Curios,  i;.  S.    Short  history  of  Britisli   India.    Cam- 

bridge  Warehouse,  IHltil.     VJiiio,     7s.  Od, 
Clii'istlieb,  T.    The  liido  lirilish  opium  trade  and  its 

elTect.s.     Kng,  tians,     I.,,  Nisbei.  is;!),     •,>,!  c  ,  |,SH1. 

lUiiio,      '-'s.      tier,   orig,     Ijiitersluh,    1H7S,     Krencli 

trans.    I'aris.  IS7!I, 
Cox,  <«.  W.,  Nil'.     History  of  tlie  eslablislinieiit   of 

Hrilish  rule  in  India.     L  .  Longmans,  ISHI.     l-Jmo. 

"Js. 
Ciiiiiiinf;liai»,  H.  S.     Ib'ilish  Inilia  and  its  rulers.   L., 

Allen.  ISSI.     Svo.     Ms,  lid, 
De  la   Cro/.e.     lilstoire  dii  Cliristiuiiisme  des  ludes. 

lla.vc,  17'J1. 
I»ntt,  It.  <'.    .V  history  of  civilization  in  aiieieiit  India, 

based  on  Sanscrit  lilerature.     L.,  Trilbner,  IHSiMK). 

:i  v     Svo.    ;;is, 
Ilntt,  Til.     .\nciciit  ballads  and  legends  of  Ilimliistan. 

1,,,  I'alll,  Iss,',      1-JiMo.     ,'-|S. 
KiLstniek.    i;.    H.     llandliook   of  the   liengul  I'resl- 

deiicv.  Willi  an  account  of  Calcutta  city.     L,,  Miir- 

ray.'iss'J      IJnio,     'Jiis. 
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Ward    ls;ii,     Svo.     Us,  lid, 
Klllot,  II.  M.    History  of  India,  told  by  Its  own  his- 

lori.ins,     L.  Trilhiier.  lHii7-77.     H  v.  8vo.     21h.  ea. 

Se.piel  hv  K,  C,  Havlev,     L.  is.sn. 
KIpliiiiHtoiie,  M.     Il'istorv  of   India.    L.   1811.    2  T. 

alh  •■.  by  Cowell.     Murray.  IHI,I1,     I  v.  Svo.     IHs.— 

Til     rise  of  the  Hritish  power  In  the  Last.     Kd.  by 

Sir  K.  Colebrooke,   liart,     L.,   Murray,  1887.    Bvo. 

His. 
Feiiilite,  Fannie  It.,  Mrs.    History  of  India,    li  .ston, 

I.othrop,  IHSI,     I'Jmo      Sl.fiO. 
Grant,  .las.      ('.issidl's  illustrated  historv  of  India. 

L,  Cassell,lS7ii  77,     -Jv,   4to,    18s,    .3,ie,,  1SH7.     Hvo. 
Hector,,!.     Parker  ami  I'ayii.    Stntistii'al  tables  of 

Protestant  missions  in  India.  Ceylon,  and  Uunnnh. 

L,.  Thacker.  Iss3.     Hvo,     .'is. 
HUloIre  lie   rKlablUseinent   ilii   ChrlHtiaiilume 

dans  les  Iiides  i  Irleniale.     I's.  18ii:i, 
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L„  Smith  &  E.,  18:a,    Hvo.    78. 


I 


f 


i 


TRAVELS,  OBNBRAL 


609 


TRAVELS,  OENERAL 


IIoiIkoooi  ".  II.    Almrii-iiics  of  fiidln.     L.,  WIlUniiiK, 

\  N.,   IHlill.     HvM.     Ds. 
IliiMtur,  \V.  W.,   sir.     Tlie  nmml.cif  riinil  li<'ii»;al. 
I...  'I'lllliiier,  ISHN  t:i.    :t  v.    f*!,,,     lis— Tli.'  Imlluii 
Miisalriiiiiw.  ail' llii'v  liiiimd  In   ciiiisfii'iicc  to  ifbrl 

iiKiiiiiH'   till-  yiifiMi ?    I,,  'ri-iihiii'i-,  im;i,    .'m  <•., 

lft;«.  Sv.i.  10s.  tkl— AstaliKll™lHi'(Miiiit(ir  Itfiipil. 
I'llb.  In-  (-'iiiiiiiiaiiil  of  the  kovc  iriiiiiMil  of  linlia.  I,., 
Trillin. T.  isru.  ^11 V,  Hvo.  liKiH.— ■riH'liniMTiiilKiiz.'t- 
tei'rof  liiilia.  I..,  Ti'lUnicr,  IKNI.  ilv.  'Jil  c,  II  v. 
Hvo.  IMS,-),  tills. -KiiKliimrH  work  In  Iinlia.  I„, 
Siiillh  \-  E.,  issi.  Kvo.  Is.— Till-  Iiiillaii  cmiiiri'. 
I,., 'I'lilliiuT,  ISS','.  ',',1  e.,  ISHI).  Hvo.  ^Ms— A  brief 
hlslorv  of  ilu'  IiLillaii  iH'oplf,  J..,  TrllliniM',  IhS','. 
sv.i.     :|s.  I'nl. 

IikIIii:  |picioriiU,  ilesurliitlve,  ami  historical.  ^., 
lloliii.  IM.M.     1).  8vo.     .Is. 

Irwin.  II.  <'.  TIm'  nanliTi  of  Iiidln:  or,  clmptfrs  on 
Dii.lli  liistiirv.     I,  .  .Mli'ii.  |ss().     Hvo.     l'.>s, 

Jiiiiu'H.  W.  .>i.  Tlir  llrillsli  in  India.  K.I.  Iiy  Ids 
daiiKlii'T.  M,  J.  S.  Seliivali.'.  I,.,  Jlacniillttii.  IHM',', 
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Kayo  mill  .>IiiIIi'simi.  History  .if  tli.' Imlian  Mutiny 
of  ls,M-.s.     1,.,  .Mli'ii.  IKS,S-!M).    G  V.     Kvo.     Wis. 

Kfenf,  II.  (>.  The  full  of  tlit>  IMukIiiU  enipir.':  nn 
historical  I'ssav.  I..,  Ali.'n,  lb7(i.  Svn.  Ids.  lid,  - 
TliH  'I'Mrks  in  India,  (riliciil  .'liaptiM's  on  iIi.mkI- 
niinistraiion  of  ihat  .•oinilrv.  Hv  tin'  ChiiK'tal 
miliar  and  liis  dcs.'cndants.  L.,  Allen,  l.^;'.).  bvo. 
I'Js.  lid. 

Laci'iilx  <1«  IMiii'li^s,  iT.  Ili-^t.iiri- pfMi^'mli- .1.' I'lnile 
an.'i.'iine  .'l  niod.M'ii.'.     I's.  1IS','K.     «  v.     8vo, 

Lffiiiiinii.  S.  (it's.'lnchtt-  .Ics  ulli'ii  Iiidieiis.  Beliiu, 
is'.to.     Hvo.    -MMk. 

LetlihridK)'.  It.  A  short  inannal  of  lli«  history  of 
Iii.lia,  Willi  an  lu'.'iiiiiit  of  India  us  it  is,  .  ,  .  L., 
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Miirrnrliiii^.  ('.  History  of  Drilisli  In.lia.  I. ,  Uoiil- 
li'du'i',  l.^W.    -V.   l-,'iiio.   .Sd  I'.    IHSI.    1  V,  Hvo.   .-t.s.  11.1. 

Mii.dciiii,  T.  :>l.  (liii.l.>  to  Ikiiiibav,  historical,  etc. 
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Mall'eiis,  J.  1*.  Ilistoriariim  Imlicaruiii  Libri.  Co- 
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Muli'olin,  J,  Memoir  of  Central  In.lia,  InchiiliiiK' 
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£1  Hs.  .'M  c.  Thackers,  IMI.  Svo.  2  v.  Us.— 
I'olitical  History  of  In.lia,  ITlLVlHi:!  L.,  Murray, 
IH'.'  .     -i  V.     Hvo.     £1  1-,'s. 

MnUesoii,  (i.  II.  History  of  til.' French  In  India,  IIITI 
17111.  Ij..  I,ont;iiiaiis,  ISdS.  Hvo,  lOs,— Ks.says  an.l 
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states  of  In.lia.  L.,  Longmans,  1H7,5.  Hvo.  l.'is,— 
Final  French  struftK'es  i"  Iiiilia  an.l  lu.lian  Seas. 
L.,  Alien,  1S7H.  Hvo.  10s.  (id.  •■id  e.,  IHHt.  Hvo. 
Os.— The  In.lian  mutiny  of  ls.'i7-."i!i.  I,.,  Allen.  1H7H~ 
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Allen,  IHB3.  Svo.  IHs.  ii.le.,  IHHH.  Hvo.  7s.  Ii.!.— 
The  founders  of  the  In.lian  Kiupire:  Clive,  Hastings, 
Wellesley.  L.,  Ali.'n,  IH8'J.  Hvo.  •,Ms,— The  rulers 
of  In.lia.  .Vkbar,  Dupleix.  L.  and  N.  Y.,  Maoiuil- 
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niiiiiniiiK,  Mrs.  Anci.'iit  ami  m.'dianal  India.  L., 
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MiirHliniiiii,  .I.e.  Hi.story  of  India.  L.,  Blackwood, 
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Martlneaii,  H.  Sketch  of  TrilLsh  rule  in  India.  L., 
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Mitchell,  J.  M.  Hln.lnisin.  pasi  and  pn'.sent,  L,, 
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Murruy,  II.,  and  others.  Historical  ond  descriptive 
account  of  British  In.lia,  L.,  Nelson,  1H1-,  !2il  e. 
]a57.  1-Jnio.  Gs.  Bd.  N.  Y.,  Hariicr,  l&t-.  3  v.  IHmo. 
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Noer,  F.  A.  v.  Kaiser  Akhar  (India  in  the  16th  cent.). 
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Norwood,  S.  Onr  Indian  ein|)ire.  The  wonderful 
rise  of  British  supremacy  in  Hindustan,  L.,  Tins- 
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Oldlield,  H.  A.  Sketches  from  Nipnl,  historical  and 
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Pofie,  <t.  V.  Text-bo.ik  of  Indian  history.  L.,  Qlatl- 
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Roiisselet,  I..  India  and  its  native  princes,  L.. 
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l.'is. 

fiachot,  O.  La  France  et  Teiiipire  de.s  Indes,  Les 
fon.lateiirs  de  la  domination  fran9alse  dans  la 
peninsuleindienne.  Ps,,  1875,  2d  e.,  1877.  18mo.  8fr, 


HMvllf,  H.  W,  How  Iii.llH  '.van  w.m  by  th.'  English 
nmier  Ciiv.i  an.l  llusliiiKs.     1..,  Ho.lil.'r,  IS-^I.    sv,,. 

.■"is. 

KliiiMKooKy   Mhiioii,    I'.     A   history  of  Travaii.'oie 

fi-oiiilhi'i'iirliest  liiii.'s    Ma.lras.  1878.  Hvo.  ills  ll.l 

Hinltli.  \  .  \.  A  liriet  ai'counl  of  th.'  hist.irv,  etc.,  of 
til.'  Ilaiiiiriinr  .lislrii'l.     Allahabad,  Ihhii.  '  Hvo. 

St<!rn<li>l<-i  ll.  A.  Si'on.'ei  or,  camp  lit'.'  on  tli,' 
Salpiira  rani.'.':  a  brief  .  .  .  hislorl.'al  ai'.'oniit  of 
til.' liislri.'t  of  Sciiih'.'.     I.,,,  Low,  1H>.     Hvo.     '.'Is. 

Taylor,  .^I.,  Col.  History  of  In.liu.  1,.,  l.onKinans, 
ls;0.     .ill  e  ,  1H;7.      Hvo.      7s.  6.1. 

Trnltor,  I..  ,1.  Ilist.iry  of  In.li/i  from  I'arliesI  times. 
I„,  S.  C.  I'.  K..  1871.  •,'ile,,ls.,)0.  Hvo.  ils.^  Ilisl.iry 
of  In.liu  uiidi'i'  Vii.'.'ji  Vi.'toria,  IKlti-lhSii.  L.,  Alleii, 
1HS7.     ■.'  V,  Hvo.     ;|0s. 

Wheeli-r.  ,1.  T.  HIstorv  of  Inilla.  I..,  Trllbner,  18(17- 
Hl  1  V.  sv,,.  H:!s.— liistorv  of  th.'  rise  of  tin-  Brit- 
isli  einpir.' in  India.  I,.,  Trllbliers,  1h;h.  Hvo.  l.'is, 
—Short  history  of  In.lia,  Af^dianlslan,  Nipal,  and 
liurina.  I, .  .Mai'inillan.  1880.  Hvo.  I'.'s.-  linlia 
under  British  nil.'.  I.,  niid  N,  Y.,  Mai'iiillliin.  ISHii. 
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5s.  6d. 
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I,  ,  Ni'lsoii.  1HH7.     Fo.     10s.  (i.l. 
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N.  Y.,  Scribiier  .t  W.,  1878.     Hvo.     1,'is,  and  ?7.fiO. 
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l.'<37.     3  v.  p.  Svo.     •27s. 
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TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


01)4 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Ian.  isrs.    •,'  V.  ill  1,    H\o. 
L.  iiiul  N  Y.,  Maoiiiilliiii, 

iijiit's  sill"  riiiih'.   I's.  iTriit. 


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Ki'iiineruiiKen  hum  dein   l.eben    eiiu'H    OHtindls- 

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of    the    rarsei's.       L..  Smith  Ji  Elder,  1858.      Svo. 

10s 
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or  a  study  of   the    lite    ot    liaboo  Harrischander. 

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(1st    Indien.      Halle,    1770-1818.      8  v.    Svo.     3i   Th. 

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(iO") 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


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llaiKlniann,  It.  tCvanu'eliselie  Liiilieriselie  Missiou 
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dam.  177'.t-s.i.     -j  D,.|i»ii.     svo. 
Holilenl>eri;,  -M.  H.     l>e  i  >ri;:inibns  ct  I'"alis  Kcclesia? 

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IS7,'.     Pimo     --'s. 
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tons.  Issi.     Svo.     Is 
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Klilin     t-~0.     svo. 
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on  the  slate  of  ciiristianiiv  in  India.     1.   is.'t.     Svo. 

.5s.  — History  <.f  Christianity  in  India  t'rom  ilieeoni- 

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Svo.     5f<s.  dd. 
HoUKh,    Win.     British    India.     I..,    Allen,    IS.V.V     'J  v. 

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litiiri:i.-s.     I...  Parker.  1SG4.     Svo.     Ills, 
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Iliiiiter,  it.  The  history  of  India,  from  the  earliest 
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,'(  llldi.-l.      1...  .\llcll.   18.i7.      ,s'vo,      I.-.s 

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Vj-. 

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i 


I 


TRAVSLS,  GENERAL 


006 


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CUT 


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8vo. 


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I,..  UivinKinn,  lH4ti.     svo.     :is.  Ud. 
UcriiHiuiial  I'lijiers  on  Iiiillx.    [Church  Missionary 

Socii't.i'.)     Ij.  l«S-tlll.     NoM.  1-n.    Hvo. 
Cell-,  C     Die  Kasti-  in  (isiindicn  nnd  dii- GHscliiclite 

d'Mst'ltx'ri  in  der  alien  Ijiliieriselien  Mission.     Ko.s- 

li"'li.  IMiO.    ^\Q.    S  ^SKr.- NoIlii.'eiirnii);ene  Knl);et;- 

nun;;.  et(,'. ,  der  ernenerten  .\ni<Iii^en.     lieiidslmr;:. 

I.-i.iJ.- Zi'iiKnisse   znr    Cisiindis.'lien   Kasirn-I'ivit'c. 

HivmI.  !Sii-,' 
Olipliant,  l.aiii'ence,    Jonrmy  to  Nepani.    1^.,  Alur- 

r.'iv.  Is.VJ.     rjnio.     -Js,  lid. 
Olivier,  ii.  A.     liiise  diircli  das  Indiselie  Reicll.  etc. 

I.pz.  isns. 
Oman,  ('.  ]>,     rastuards:  realities  ot  Indian  life.     L., 

Mniplvin.  |sii4.     Svo,     :)s.  tlil. 
Oman,    ,1.    i'aiiipliell.     Indiai]    life,   religions   nnd 

s.u'ial.     I'iiila..  (ieliliie,  I.SK'.I.    Hvo.     Sl.T.'i. 
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l-'^l.        1-JOIO. 

Ost-lndisrlieii  Kii.sten  Frjige,  .Stellnn^  der  evangel- 
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Neuliv.  1S|1.      :i  V.  Svo.      .'jls.  (id. 

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Mi>,-i.iiiiiiv  .Society.     L..  Seeley,  Is.M.     1-Jmo.     I'.'s. 
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I'aiker,  IMt;;..     Mvo.    ^s.  Cil. 
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scriptive.    1,.  .  W     i  V.  I'Jino. 
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Kiillis  nin  Nen.jaln- is;s,     Herlin.  lt>;ii.    ,svo.     .•)  Mk. 

—  Niirilindi^clie  .Missionseindriicke.     lierl.  ISTli.    'Al 

e..   ISiSl.     Hvo.     ;i(i   I'f.     Kine  Reise    nach   Indieu. 

lii'ri.  ISKO.    Hvo.    I'.'ii  Mk. 
Poona  and  KnniNhill,  wurk  anioUK  the  women  of. 

raisley.  issi. 
I'rinsep,  Viil,  ('.    Imperial   India:   an  artist's  jom-- 

iials.     1...  Cliapman.  Isl  and  ^d  e..  1ST9.     Hvo.     lils. 
Proi'linow,  .1.    H,    .\clilzehn    .Jiihre    in    Ostindien. 

lierl.  is.v.l.    Sv...    :i.S(.'r. 
I'ro.ii'Cleil  Tradi-  Koiite  round  the  World.    [See 

Iiidi  v.  Hmne  .Mission  to  the  Santlials.j 
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l.viiiis.  IHHi. 
lialny,  C.    Visit  to  our  Indian  ndssion  field.    Taisley, 

issr.    .'Is.  (id. 
Knni   Krislinii  I'lint,   the  liov  of  liensral.     Pliiia., 

I'resliy.  Hd..  islid.     Hvo.     T.'ic. 
Kaniahai    SarnHvali,    PiiniUtH,     The    high  caste 

lliddn  woman.     Intriidiieiiori  hv  Rachel  1...  liodlev. 

riida.    Is.HT.     l-'iiio.    .*1.^,^).    n.   e.    I,.,    Hell    i:    S., 

Is'.Hi.     1-Jino.     1s. 
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l-.'ni... 
Itaniinoliiin   lioy,   Kiisrlish  works  of      N.  collected 

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Diinisch-Sachsischen  evaiitjeliscti-iutherischen  Mis- 
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.\uisl.  l.s.-,4. 
Iteeil,  KHz-a  A.     Hindu  literature.    Chieapo,  firings, 

IWil.     l;;nio.     ?u'UO. 
Hi'KiiltH  uf  Alisslonary  I.ulxir  in  Indlii.     T>.  IH.'i'^. 

Svii. 

Hire,  II.  Native  life  iii  So((lli  India:  social  and  relig- 
iiius.     L.,  Rel.  Tr.  Soc.  IHH'.I.     Hvo.    5!s.  6d. 

ICieliar<|g,  ,F.  .\(ldress  delivered  to  the  nr.idnates, 
etc,  of  the  University  of  Miidras.     Madras.  IHO."). 

KobbiuH,  W.  K.  Haiidliook  of  India  and  Hrillsh 
liurmah.    Clnciniiall.  Walden.  1H.s;i.    Klino.    ?\.0U. 

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stall.  L.,  Allen.  1H:W.  •,'  v.  Hvo.  IHs.  — Kast  India 
voyager.  L..  Madden.  lH:iil.  8vo.  .Is.—  Hindonstan: 
its  landscapes,  |>alaces,  etc.  L.,  Jackson,  1845-47, 
8v.  4to.    368. 


Kolierls,  Joseph.    Caste  in   its  civil  and  religions 

cliaracter.     I,.,  Longman.  1H4T.    8vo.    3s. 
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svo.     Is.  (id. 
IColiie,  .leiiu,    rragment  d'lm  vovage  dans  I'Inde  et 

aCevlnn.     lirnxelles.  Parent,  lHs;i    4to. 
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l-.'mo.     rL.IO. 
KodriKiie/,    10,   A,    Hindoo  castes.    Nos.   1-34     L., 

.\ckermaiui.  IH-Ki.     4to.     Kaeli  7s, 
KoNs,   It.    'liie  land  of  the  (he   rivers,   and  Siiidli: 

skeiches.  idsioricid  luid  descriptive.    L.,  Chapman, 

!ss3.     Hvo.     1-Js. 
Koiisselet,   L.    Indi.v   and    its   native   princes.      L., 

llickers.  1H7.V     ;;d  e..  1H77.    4to.    4-.'s.— The  serpent- 
charmer.     Tra;'sl.     I,..  Low.  187!).    8vo.     Ts.  tid. 
Rowe,  .\,  I),    Kvei  voav  life  in  India.    N.  Y.,  Am.  Tr. 

Sue.  IS^-l.      1-,'n:o.     SI. .'.(I. 
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|i-^  llliles  I  li  iiMil.ile-.  etc.     Ps.  ]'-(>4. 
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Iiiilia.     I...  I.iiugiiian.  Is.V,'     '.J  v.  Hvo.    u'Is.— History 

and  stale  I  if  the  1  111 liau  luclupelago.    L.,  Longman, 

ls.-i:i.    -,'  V.  Hvo.    '..'is. 
Siiniiielson,  ,1.     Imlia,  past  ami  present;   lili^torical, 

Micir.l.  iuiil  ii'ililical.     1,.,  Triiliuer.  ISH'J.     Hvo.    •-'Is. 
SHiider>iiii,    Daiil.      Hatha    Saiigraha.      Kangalore, 

isii.i.     ■laiuiiiii  llliiirala  ipiieiii.i    llniignlore.  IH.V,'. 
Sassetti,     l.etiresi.pra.  etc..  iielli-  luilie.    Reggio.  1H44. 
.ScliiillliT,  r.  P.    llisiiiiredeia  Missioudu  Tiunfvelly. 

ilasrl,  isii.    Svo.     l.-iSgr. 
SebanHi's  in  'riiine\-eli,     Basel.  1H87. 
Seliiiiidt,  H,»'.    (Jii  lenieilles  for  the  evils  ot  caste. 

Madras.  lss:j. 
,SelMeil)er,  .\.     Hie  Kirclie  mid  die  Mission  in  Nieder- 

liiuiliscll-llldiell.      L.'iilcli,  1SS.3. 

Seott,  A.  N.  Skeiches  in  India;  one  hundred  photo- 
grajililc  pictures.     L..  Heeve.  IHil'J.     Ko.    Cos. 

Scott,  T.  J,  Missionary  life  among  the  villages  of 
India.    Cincinnati,   .Meth.   l!k.   Cone,  187B.    p.;ino. 

i\r.r,. 

.Selenlta,  Knill.    Eiii  Slreifziig  durcli  Indieu.    Wies- 

liaileii.  is'.iii.     Hvo.    -JMk. 
SeramiMire    :>lissioii,   periodical    accounts    of    tlie. 

Keriiitip.  Is-i; 
Seranipore  .'MiHsions,  siipiilemeiit  to  the  periodical 

aceiiiinls  of.    Si'raiiip.  ls-,'7-:il. 
Slierer,  .1.  W,     ;\f  home  and  in  India:  a  volume  ot 

miscellanies.     1...  Allen.  Is,s:i,    Hvo,    .'is. 
Sherer,  .^laj.    Sketches  in  India.    L.,  Longman,  1815. 

Hvo.      Sis. 

Slierriiig,  M.  A,  The  Indian  church  during  the  great 
reliellioii  L.  NIsliet.  IH.W.  P,'mo,  .'is.— The  sacred 
city  of  ilie  Mindiios  (lieiiares.)  L..  Triiliner,  IHiiH. 
8vo.  i-'ls.  -lliiidiio  pi  -lims.  L.,  Triihner.  1H78. 
8vo.  fis.— Hindiio  tidies  nod  I'/istes.  Calcutta, 
IHHll. — Hislorv  of  I'niteslant  missiuns  In  India, 
17iHi-1871.  I..'.  Triihner,  lH7."i.  '.Me.  liy  E.  Storrnw, 
1H,S4.     Hvo     lis. 

Sieg  <les  r.vaii);eliiMiis  in  eineni  Ititilniuinen, 
liasel.  I\s:i. 

.Slceniuii,  W.  II.  Thugs,  or  Pliansigars  of  India. 
I'hil.,  Carey  .V  Hart.  Is.).-;,    i  v.  llli $1  00. 

Siuitli.  (ii'o.  'Ihe  simli-iit's  geography  of  British 
l.ilia,  political  and  physical,  wiili  maps  idetailing 
the  jirincipal  niisslnn  stations  of  4ii  Churches  and 
societies,  and  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  Churches 
thiM-ei.     1...  Murray.  1H-.    7s.  (id. 

.^oMvyii,  A.  Tlie  Hindus:  a  picluresi|iie  delineation 
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17S4 

.Siiiitli  Indian  Missionary  Sketthes.  Pt.  1.  Madras; 
pi.  •,'.  TiniicM-Uv.  L..  Nisliet,  1H13.  a  v.  1','mo. 
7s,  (id. 

Speir,  J,  It.,  Mrs,  Life  in  ancient  India.  L.,  Smith 
cV  K.  Is.Mi.  Hvo.  l.'is —l.mr  last  years  in  l:..lia.  1^., 
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.Spencer,  <;.  T.  Visitation  of  the  provinces  of  Tra- 
vancore.  etc.  L..  Rivington.  IHIi.  Ecaii  (is.  lid. — 
Visitaliiin  of  the  western  portiiui  of  ills  diocest*. 
L..  Itivingtmi.  IHl.'i.  Kcap.  (is  lid.-  Hrief  account 
of  the  Ciiiirch  Missionary  Society's  Mission  in  the 
district  of  Kisliiiagiir.     L.,  Rivington,  1846. 

St:iiiliope.     llritisji  India.    3s.  6d. 

siaiigliton,  \V.  Itaptist  Mission  in  India.  Phil.  IStl, 
ICnio. 

Stevt'oson,  ,F,  Water  hlghw.ays  in  the  interior  of 
India.     Glasgow,  1HH3. 

8tol/,,  C,  I,aiid  nnd  Lenteauf  der  West  Kilstelndiens. 
Hasel.  ISHJ.— Hie  liaslcr  Mission  in  Iiidien.  Basel, 
IHSl.     Hvo.     50  I'f. 

Stone,  J,  A.  Illustrated  India:  its  princes  and  peo- 
ple.    Hartford.  Am.  I'nhl.  Sue..  18.7.     Hvo.     J3  r.(). 

Stories  of  India  in  Connexion  witli  C:lirlstiail 
missions.    Diibl  .Grooinhridge,  1845.  U'nio.    as.  fid. 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


fi08 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Storrow,  K.    liuliannd  Cliristinn  missions.    I..,  Snow, 

IH'ilt.     l','nio.    'Js  till.— Inilia  (pt'ople  aud  missions.] 

I, .  Snow,  iss.).    •,!  pris     Is. 
StriK'hvv.  •lolin,  .sir.    Iniliii.    L.,  Ket;nn  riiul,  1S,S,S. 

svo      l,-is. 
Sti'li'klaiKl,    M'.    .Jesuit    in    Iiuliii.     I..,   limns,  l,s.V.>. 

isnio.     -.'s. 
Strii'klaiKl,  \V.,  iiiid  T.  W.  M.  :>larshall.    Cailioliu 

missions  in  Sonlln-rn  Inilia  to  ISIi.'i.     h..  I.oii^'nniiis, 

l.Sli.")       Svo.      .'>s. 

8uil-.Maliriiltit|   Ki'isu    Aelu't'ii  vom    Jlissionl'i'M    in. 

I'.asi'l.  IM.:i. 
Sullivan,   Kil»aril.     Iiim).'alo\v  niiil  llie  ti-nt :   Uii'i>o 

montlis  in  Ce.vion.     I.,   Ili'ntl'',v,  IWI.    Hvo.    Ts,  lid, 

—  Li'itcrs    on    India.      L.,    SamjiU-f;i   &    O.,    IKW. 

Svo.     7s. 
Sutton.  .\iiit)s.    Xari'ative  of  the  i»iission  to  Orlssa. 

linsinn.  .\in   S  S.  I'nion,  is:i;i.     }•*:»,>.    •,'>.— Of issiv 

and    its   I'Minu't'li/.ation.    Caluntta  .  atni  Host., 

\V    lloaili.  ls.-,il.     l-.'ino.     Sl.Dil. 
Suiitliiv-S4'liool    ^llssliMiarv    roikvcrf    Kxrrt'ise: 

In.iiii      llo^i.,  .V.  H.  C.  !•'.  .^i..  ISs-,'.     sv,,.     ic. 
.Sviiie,     .>IU>htiel.      .\i*i*onnt   of    an    omhassv   to   tlu! 

linnldoni  ..f  .\va  in  1711."..  .  .  .  L  ,  llnlmur.  l.SiMI.     4to. 

i\.  f  .  t'onstai)l-'s   Jlisn'llany,  Vols.  0  and   H,  IS'JO. 

1-Jino.     ca.  :is.  tid. 
Tali-s  of  Inilia  :  convrrsion  and  mi.ssioiiai'y  tour  of  a 

l!rilis|i  ollii'.-r.     I...  .NisliiM,  isri.     .'k'nio.     Is. 
Tassv,  .1.   II,  <i.  (le.     Histoiiv  do  la  litti'iatmv   Hiii- 

dont'.     I's.  IS.W  -ir.    -Jv.     Jd  o.    18;u-Tl.     a  v.     t<vo. 

.■ill  fr. 
Taveinler,  J,  It.    Tiavids  in  India.    Translated  ffom 

ilie  od.   of   l(i;i).     1,.  and  N.   Y.,  Jlacndllan,  18S'J. 

•,'v.  S\o.     1-,'s.     Sl-J.iKl. 
Tajler,     \V,      Tliiil.v  eit'lit    years    in    Inilia :    from 

.lnt;anatli   to    Himalaya.      L.,    Allen,    ishl  •,'.     'J  v. 

Svo.     .'.lis. 
Ta.vlor,  W.    Four  .years'  eainpai^n   in  linlia.     N.  Y., 

I'liiliips.    Is;t,.— Ten    vears  of    .self-snpporlinn  mis- 
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Temple,  H.,   Sir,     Inilia  m    isso.     i,..    Mnnay,    ISSI. 

•Jil  e.      Svo.      Ills.— .lomnals    kept    in    Hyderabad, 

Kaslnnir.  ete.     L.,  .\llen.  IS.ST.     ■,'  v.  Svo.    :i-,'s. 
Tliobnni,  ,J.    >I,     Mv    mi^sionarv  apprentieesliip  (•.'.'> 

vears  in  (     lia),    N'.  V..  I'liiliips,  ISSt.     I'.'mo.    Si..'* 
Tilt,  K,  J.     .lealili  in  linl  a  for  Hriiish  women.     L., 

I'Innvliill.  IHV-.     Jill  e    isr.-..     Svo.     .'•>s. 
Tinlint;.   .1.    F.    H.     Kvaimelist's   tour   round    India. 

I,..    .Maeiniosli.    istis.     r.'nio.    vis.    lid.— Eiirly  H.   ('. 

missions  to  India.    L.,  I'artridKe,  isn.    Svo."    Is.  6d, 
Tlunevelly,  revival  in.     I..  lsi;o. 
Toil,  .las.     Travels  in  We-itern  India.     L.,  Allen,  1839, 

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Townley,    II.      Answer    to    the  Abbe   dii  Hois.     L., 

\\'e-.tli'y.  IS-.M.     Svo.     Is.  lid. 
Trani|iieliar,  several  letters  ivlatint,'  totlie  I'rotestant 

Danish  Mission  at.     1,.  K'.'o. 
Treveiyaii,    C.     Kdiii'aiion   of  people  of  India.     L., 

l.ontrnian.  ls:is.     t<y,,,     Os. 
Tribes  on  .>ly  Kronlier.     Hv  K   It.  A.     L,  Thacker, 

ISSI.      nil  e.    IS'.KI.     Svo.     Ss.  tid. 
Tniinpp.  K.   The  .Vdi  liraiuh,  translated,  L.,  Triibner, 

is;;,    ito.    .vjs  lid. 

Tselianilraii,"  I'Jiilip    mid    sein    Vaterlians.      Hasel, 

ISIili.      Svo 

Tiieker,  Cliarlotte,  Miss,     South  India  missionary 

sketelies.     I,  .  Nisbi't.  ISIS.     |-,'nio.     lis. 
Turner,  <i.     First    iinpri'ssions;   or.  a  day   in    India. 

VarMionih.  1S||.     Svo. 
I'ruent  ClainiH  ol'  Inilia  for  initr     Clii-ist  iaii  .>lis- 

sions      li\- a  l.tvman  in  India.     1.,  IS.'tj.     Smi, 
I'rtlieil    iler   Knt;-lFseh-0-,tiiiiliselieii    ICet;iernn^ 

fill"  ilie  l';\an^'«'iisrlien  Mission.     Hasel,  ls;4. 
I'rulek,  W,     Inih:ii;  pieinres.      L.,  Kel.  Tr.  Soc,  and 

N.  v..  Nelson,  iss|,     Svo.    Ss. 
VaiiKlian,  ,1.      Triilenl,  ereseent,  and  eross.     View  of 

tlie  relii,'ii.ns  bisi'irv  of  India.    L.,  l.onf;mans,  ISTC, 

Svo.    '.is.  lid. 
Vi'teli.iJ.  .\.    The  tioni;;  or.  reminisoences  of  India. 

1...  ( Jrt'ombi'idjre.  IS.')',',     I'iiiio.     Is. 
'Wallaee,  K.     India  in  ls;r.      L.,  Simpkin,  1S8S.     Svo. 

■-'Is. 
AVallaee,  It,  (1.     Fifteen  vears  in  India;  or.  sketches 

of  a  soldier's  life.     I,..  Omlerwooil.  IS-,'-J,    Svo.    Ts.— 

IMenioirs  of  India:  a  In-ief  [,'eot'rapliieal  aeeoiinl  of 

the   Ka-I    Indies;  a  sneeinet  hislorv  of  Ilindostan. 
.  .  \...  Loiiirnnin.  1S-J(.    Svo.     lis.' 
AValsli,  .1.  .1,     Fiilteb;.'nrli  Mission  and  her  martyrs. 

I...  Nisl.iM.  1s-,-,>.     Svo.      10s.  tid. 
AVaril,  I',  lie  \V,     India  and  the  Hindoos,  ,  ,  ,  ReoR- 

raphv,  history.  reli>;lon.  and  missions.     L,,  Collins, 

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«I.'J.-.. 
Ward,   Win.    Farewell  letters  to  a  few  friends  in 

Hritain  and   .Vmeriea,  on   retnriuni;  to   Hentral  in 

18'Jl,    on    Hindoo    worship   and  superstition,     1,., 


Allen;  N.  v..  Bliss  i  While.  IMI.    13mo.    Cs.,7,')C.— 

Kelinimi,  manners,  ete.,  of  the  Hindoos.    Seram- 

pore.  Isll.     4  vols.     '.M  e.     I..,  AUeu.     3  vols.    Svo. 

tl.  His.     .-.Ilie.  Madras.  ISIi:j. 
M'urr«n.  ilos,     .\  (;lanee  liaikward  at  fifteen  years  of 

missiniiarv  life  in  North  India,     I'hila..  I'resby.  l!d., 

ls.Mi,     i-.'nio.     sue, 
WatHon,  il,  K,  and  Kave,  J.  W.     Kaees  and  frilies 

of  lliniloiistan.     I,.,  Allen,  ISliS-Vll.    -1  v.  llo.    Kaeh 

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Weill>reilil.  .1,  .1.  Meine  Ileimreise  von  Ostindieii 
iiaeli  lii-niseldand.  StiittK'.  ISI.'i.  Svo.  l.'i  S;;r  - 
.^leiiie  Itiii'kreise  von  lientsehland  naeh  <  islindii'ii. 
Stiilli;.  ISIii.  S\o,  l.'i  S^r.-Uie  I'roteslanliseheii 
Missionen  in  Indien.  init  besonderer  Hiieksielit  ant 
Heiinaleii,  in  einer  lieihe  von  Vortrii>;en.  Heidel- 
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."is, —The     christian     \Minian's     niinisir,v    to     her 

heathen    sisters  in  India.     1.., ,   is;  I.    .'J'Jnio. — 

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Wliyniper,  lO,  F.veryday  life  in  Southern  India;  or, 
I  be  slorv  of  Ciiii|ioiiswamey  an  anlobio^'iaphy. 
N.  v..  Iti  veil.  IS'.ll.     1-Jmo,     «1,IK1. 

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Wilder,  i(,  (i.  Mission  sehoolsof  the  A.  H.  C.  F.  M.  in 
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Wilkinson,  !\l,  Sketehes  of  Christianity  in  North 
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WlllianiN,  iMi'iiier.  Indian  wisdom,  1...  Allen,  IST.'), 
;!ile,  IsTli.  Svo.  l.'is.  ;\loilerii  India  and  the  Indians. 
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AVillis.  K.  K,  A  plea  for  a  missionary  brotherhood  in 
India.     (,).\ford.  I'arker  ( :•!.  is;ii. 

Wilson,  , A,  The  abode  of  smiw:  observations  of  a 
tour  frniii  t'hinese  Tibet  to  the  valleys  of  the 
Iliinalava.  1...  Hlaekwoods.  and  N.  V.,  I'litnam, 
1st  and  --'d  e.,  ISV.'-i.    Svo.     Ills.  lid.     S^.'.-J.'i. 

AVilsoii,  F.  II.  Hambles  in  North  India.  L.,  Low, 
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Wilson,  H,  II.  History  of  British  India,  1„,  Madden, 
1SII-,S.     a  V.  Svo.     4'-'s. 

Wilson,  .lolin.  KvaiiKelization  of  India.  Kdinh.  and 
l...  Hlaekwoods.  ISl'.l.  ad  e,.  I.on>:maii  ro.  lS.s,5, 
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iiitr  to  the  llindns.  I,..  Hlaekwoods  I';),  IHT.'i.  Svo, 
—  s.  -  Indian  easte.  liombav.  IST7.  •,' v.  L.,  Hlack- 
w.'ods.  1S7S.     'Jv.inl.    Svo.     .'lis  lid. 

Wiiiilt,  H.fle,    ,V  ride  to  India.    I., .  !.S!)1.   Svo.  — s. 

A\'iiislo%v.  .>liron.  Hintson  missions  to  India.  N.  Y'., 
Dodd.  IS.'iii.     I'Jnio.    Jl.no. 

AVooil.  M'.  .■>l.  Thiiiffs  of  India  made  plain.  ,loiir- 
iiallslie  ivliospeet,     I,,,  Stock,  1S,S|.     4iii.     ;j8.  (id. 

Wooiltliorpe.  K,  G.  The  l.nshai  e.xiiedition,  IS71-2. 
I...  11  III  si.  )S7:!.     Svo.     l.'is. 

Worrlein,  ■liilin.  Tietten  Aar  i  Indien  iTIiirteen 
ve.irs  111  India  i  llerinannsbiirt'.  IStil.  Herm.  trans, 
Ilermannsli.  ISSI.    Svo.     I  Mk. 

Wrifjiitson,  It.  liittoiliiclor\-  treatise  on  Sanscrit 
llaKioirrapiia.     iMibl,.  Wbit'taker.  IS.'i'.l. 

Wylie,  ,'»liii'I,  iieiitral  as  a  llidd  for  missions.  I.,. 
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prospeeis  of  India.  1,..  Uallon,  lS,''i7.  Svo.  as.— 
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Wylie.i    I,,.  Dallon.  IS.'iS.     Svo. "  as. 

Zwantjlose  lieisenotizeli  aus  UsI  Indien  (H.  C). 
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Ailair,  .las.  History  of  the  American  Indians,  L. 
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Indians  of  No.  America,    I'rovidenoe,  ISfO.    Svo. 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


609 


TRAVELS,  OENERAIr 


AkmhII,  F.  W.    XHcliiicliti'ii   (Ibi'r  (lie  fiUhfrfn  Kin- 

wiiliMcr   von    Ndiil   Aiiierikii.     lleitlfll).    IH'Jt.     t>H). 

■'  'I'lialiT  lu  t;r. 
IlitiK'i'iil'l,    II.    II.    Till'  imtivi'  raoi's  nf  tlu'   I'licilic 

Siiiirs  of  Ncpiili  AiiK'dfU.     N.  Y.,  Appleli-iii,  1,'<TJ-;(J. 

r.  V  svo.    Ea.  Sri,:>ii. 
Kiii'ixT,    Mu.,    i»Il>s.      I'ivt*  Vfars'    aiiioMK'    luiliaiis. 

rinla  .  Hairlay.  Isr.'iV)     '<v().     i")!'. 
Iliiri'ow.s,  \V.    Tlie  Indians'  siilf  of  (In*  Indiun  qut's- 

II. m.     Hnvt  ,  I,,ii|||-(,|i,  1SM8.     1-J.nci.     $1.1K). 
Ititi'llt'tt.  S.  f.     Missions. if  the  A.  H.  C.  K.  .M.  ninon« 

tho  No    Am.  Indians,     iiostun,  A.  li.  C.  F.  .M.,  ISO. 

Mnio.     I'.c 
lit-iii'li,  W.  \V.    Indian  miscellaiiv.    Albany,  Jliinsell, 

;s;;.    svo.   ji.nn. 

IliKiit,  IVmt.  Helation,  etc.,  ilans  la  mission  Aljna- 
.|m>.>.     I's.  is.-.s. 

Itollvr,  II.  .V.  Amoiit,'  tin-  Indians:  iM;;lit  vrars  in 
ilic  f.-ir  W.'sl.     I'liil., /.idl,  isiw.     i-.>mo.     ^J.iNi, 

liciiiiliit'l,  Kl.  J.  SoMvi-nir  dinii'  mission  indii-Hnn: 
Nul<ain  I't  son  Ills  NiK'al>iniionk'.  on  IVnfanl  iicicln. 
'I'onrnai,  is,')."),— 'ralilt'uu  coniparalif  entr>'  la  ooiidi* 
tion  nioiale  di's  liihus  indii'nni's  di'  I'Klat  di'  Wis- 
consin, ffnisidt'-rt'-e  sons  rinthi'Mici'  dii  pai^atdsnie.  rt 
(•file  dt'  lone  rtat  ai'ini'l  eiivisau'V  sons  i'inllneuue 
dn  Cdli'ilirisini'.     'I'onrnai  ('•  I.  IS.Vi.     ftvo. 

ItoiKiiK't,  II.  Hi'i.uions  liistorii|ni's  do  I't'.x-pedilion 
i-ontLc  Irs  Indicns  do  Vi  iliio.     .Vnisl.  ITU!). 

Hoiii'kf,  .1.  ('.  Snakf  daiico  of  tlio  Moipiis  of  Ari- 
zona, •  ■lo.      I,.,  l.ow.  IsSI.      Kvo.     '.'Is. 

Ki'iiiton,   I),  «.     .'Mvtlis  if   tlio   new    world.     N.    Y., 

Holt.  IMW.    M  >■'..   KMTi;.     I'J S',',."iO.— A rioan 

linro   nivtlis,     I'liila,,    Walts.    ISS-.'.      Svo.      Jl.t.").— 

Ma.va  clii iidos.    I'liilii .  lirinlon,  issj.   «vo.  ,*.'i..'"itl. 

—  .\l)ori;.'inal  .\inf rifaii  antliors  and  tlifir  produc- 
tions.    I'liila..    Uriiiton,    IHs:!,      Svo,      fl.lM. 

lirodks,  10.  ,s.  Till'  siorv  of  tlin  Aniorioaii  Indinii. 
Host,.  I.othrop.  iss;.    Kvo.     $■.'..•)(). 

CanipWi'lli  ('liarlt's.  Historical  sketch  of  early 
Ciiiislian  missions  amoii),'  the  Indians  of  ^larvlaiid. 
Hall.  |sl(l.     Svo. 

CarlUM't  A.  Histoire  dii  peiipU*  anii'ricain  et  de  ses 
raiiporis  a\ec  les  Indieiis  depiiis  la  fondalion  des 
coioniesantrlaises jiis.|ii'i'i  1771).    I's,  IS.;:).   ,s\o.    l-Jfi-, 

CurviT,  •lonathiin.  Tliivi-  years'  travels  throiiKh  the 
interior  parts  of  N.  America.     L.  17iH.     Svo.     I'liila. 

i;'.iii.   svo. 

Calliii,  <;.  Jlanners,  customs,  and  conditions  of  tlm 
No  American  Indians.  L.  Holm,  is(i.  :.'v.  I'llhe., 
lS7ii.  Svo.  ():is —North  .Vniericaii  Indian  I'oit- 
fojio.  I,.,  Holm.  IKII,  fill,  lo.-)s.  Lireamoiitr  the  In- 
dians, I,,,  Low.  ISI'd.  3il  e,,  1S7I.  l'.;ino,  Hs,  I'ld.— 
t)-kee-pa,  .V  reli>;ions  ceremony  .  .  .  ■  f  the  Man- 
daris.  L..  Triihiier.  lHli7.  Kvo.  Us.— Last  ramhles 
amongst  Indians.  Kockv  Mountains,  and  Andes. 
L,,  Low.  ISI17.    Kvo.     .'is." 

C^nerly.  IS.  H.  lli-lorv  of  the  Indian  wars  of  New 
iMi^'iaiid.     Host,,  Kaile.  l.ss'j.     |-,'nio.     J-.'.IK). 

Cox.  Koss.  .Xdveiilni'eson  theColnmhia  Uiver.  N.\'., 
Harper.  l,s.)-,'.     Svo. 

Customs  of  tli«  .Miciiiac  Iiiillaiis  (British  North 
Ameiicai.     L,  17SS, 

Ualrv  (le  Tlileivsant,  I'.  De  lorit'lne  des  Indieiis  do 
Nonveaii  Monde.     I's.  IKS,').     Kvo, 

Uixli;!-,  K.  tl.  I'liins  of  the  Kieat  Wi^st,  and  their 
iiiliahilanls.  N.  Y,.  rntnani.  is;7,  svo,  ?I1K).— Our 
wdd    Indians.      N.    Y.,    Worthint,'lon.    1K.K','.      Kvo. 

Doiiieneeli,  K.  Missioiiarv  adventures  in  Te.xas  and 
.Mexico.  (From  the  French.)  L..  Lonjiiiian.  Ks.'iK. 
Kvo.  K)s.  till,— Seven  years'  residence  in  the  j;reat 
deserts  of  North  .Vinerica.  'From  the  French,  i 
L..  Lon.'.'nian,  isik).     -J  v,  Svo,     Wis. 

Iliirniaii,  K.  M.  i  Mi).'iii  of  primitive  siipei'stitions  and 
the  wiiisldp  of  spirits  ainoiiir  the  aboriudnes  of 
Ameiii-a,     I'hilii,,  Lippincolt.  issi.    Svo.     ,<:i,iHl. 

Drake,  ,s.  ^i.  Hook  of  the  Indians  of  North  .\merica. 
Host,  Miissev.  is;):),  nth  e.  IS.'il.  n.  e,.  with  addi- 
tions. Iiy  , I,  W.  <  )'Neill,  I'liila,.  Desilver.  IS-.  (Later 
edd.  under  title,  UioK'rapliy  and  history  of  the  In- 
dians of  Noriii  America  1  Svo.  !?!. oil, -Indian 
C'lplivities.  Hoston,  Miissev,  l,s.')!l,  :)il  ed  .  .Vnhiirn, 
N.  \',.  l.s,-)l.  I'.'ino.  il'iider  title.  Trat:edies  of  llie 
wilderness.  Hoston,  Mussey.  |s||.  '.'d  ed,  ISIIl. 
1','mo.  fl.W, )-  llistorv  of  the  French  and  Indian 
war,     Alhaiiv.  N.  Y..  ■iMimsell.  Is7".     Kvo.     #4,1X1. 

Diitiot  (le.tlofras.  Ks|)loralion  de  l'nre;;oii.  I's.  1K4I. 
:i  V.  Kvo.    KO  fi-, 

Kastiiiaii,  >l,  II.,  Mi's,  Iiahcolah:  or.  life  and 
le>;eiids  of  the  Sionx.  N,  Y,,  Wilev,  1K49.  l','mo. 
?l,i"i. 

Ki'Ils.  ■\lyroii.  Ilistoi'v  of  Indian  missions  on  thrt 
I'a.nlic  coast.  I'liila,.  Am.  S.  S.  V.,  iss-j.  p,>mo. 
S 1 ,'.'.").- Ten  vears'  inissionarv  work  ainoiii;  the 
Iiiilians  at  Sliokomish.  Host.,  Com.',  Pub.  Co.,  ISStl. 
I'.'mo,     $],','.•). 

KKulestoii,  K.  See  EoQLESTON.  Ci.  C'AUY.  Fainoua 
.Vmerican  Indians, 


KgBlr«toii,  fi.  Gary.  an<1  otherH.  Famous  Ameri- 
can   Indians.     N.    Y,.    Ilodd.    ls7S-So,     .-,    y.    i-.'ino. 

Ka  jl,'-',").    |i,e,.Tecnmseh  and  the  Shawnee  propliei. 

Hy  F.  Kwlestoii  and  .Mrs   L.  K.  Seidye,     H.'d  Kiltie, 

by  (i,C,  F.KUleston,     Poi'idiontas.  bv  F,   F;.'K'li'stoii 

and  Mis.  L.  K.  Seelye,     Hraiil  and  lied  Jacket,  by 

the  same.     .'\liiiiti'/.iiiiia,  b.\'  the  sam»*,l 
Kliot,  .loliii.     Hiii'f  mii'iative  of  the  progress  of  tha 

(jospel   amoiij;   the    Indians  in   New    KiiKland,     L. 

11)71.    -Ito,    II.   e.     Hoston  lonly    170    copies).    IKIiK. 

4lo.  — .\    fiirlher    account    of    the  |iriii;iess  of   the 

gospel  in  .New  Kn^land.  .  .  .  L.  IiiliO,     i  In  collections 

of  .Mass,  Hist,  Soc..:)ilseries,V<il    I.Hosi,  1,S'.'.-|.   Kvo.) 
Kill*,   (i.    K.      Ited    man    and    white   man    in   North 

.\iiieriia  froiii  its  discovery  to  the  iire.-eni.     Host., 

Liiile  ,v  Hr.  ISs:;.     Kvo.     ii:i.r,{\. 
Kiiiersou,  I-:.  K.     Indian  myths;  or.  le;;ends.  etc..  of 

the  alioriKiiies  of   .Vinerica.     Host.,   Osgood.  1KH4. 

svo,     J.",. I/O, 
Kverliaril.  1'.     History  of  Indian  Haptist  missions  ill 

Noiih  .MiK'rica.     Host.  I,s:)l.     '.Mmo. 
Kyiiia,  L.  X.     Les   I'eau.x   Koiiges.     I's.    is.')|.     I'.'mo. 

:i  fr.  ."ill  c, 
Fales,  IC.   I..     Songs  and    song  legends  of  HahkotaU 

land,     St,  Paul.  .Minn,.  Highland.  IsS'J,     p.'mo,     •■i:.c. 
I'araiiil,   II v.     Hix-huit    ans  chez  les  suuvages,  etc., 

dans   Hrit,    N.   Aineriqiie.      I's.   IStiG.     M  e.,    1K70. 

Kvo,     7,.'io  fr. 
rinley,  J.   H.     Lifi-  among  the  Iudi:iiis.     Cincin.  [M. 

F.  I!k   Coiici  is:)7,     ade.lsDs,     p.-n,,,,     iJi.:.- —i^is- 

torv  of  [M.    E.]  Wvandolt  Mission   at  l'|iper  San. 

diiskv,  Ohio,     rincinnati,    [M.  K.  Hk.  Cone. J    1S40. 

I'.'iii.i.     7.-.C. 
Force,   .M.  T.     Some  early  notices  of  the  Inilians  of 

Ohio.  Ilie  nionud-builders,  etc.     Cine  ,  Clarl       lh73. 

Kvo,     .'•nic. 
iiarrott,   J.    H.     [Kd,]    Ili.storical  sketches  ot      lis- 

sioiis  among  the  North  American  Indians.    I   .ilu, 

l.ssi, 
Oodaril-I.aiiRe.     La   congri'igation.   on   line  mission 

clie/    des    Iroquois,   poeine   asceliipic.      Ps.    iy4.*>, 

I'Jillo  (  ■.•  I.     '.«ic. 
Guoile.    \V.    II.     Outposts  of  Zion   nuissions   to  the 

Iiidiansi.     Cincin.,  .Metli.   Bk.   Cone.    IKC'i.     I'Jino. 

Sl.o"), 

Hale,  K.  K.  Origin  and  early  ])rogress  of  Indian 
missions  ill  New  Knglaiid.  (In  .\ni.  .\ntii|,  Soc, 
I'r  iceediiigs.)     Wore.. ster,  Mass.  1K7.'J.     kv..,     $1,00. 

Ilatliaway,  II.  The  li'iigne  of  the  lro(|iiois,  ami  other 
legends  fioin  the  Indian  mnse.  Chicago,  Uriggs, 
Iss-,',     Kvo,     Sl.."iii. 

Ilawley,  C  Karlv  chapters  in  Cavuga  history: 
,Ie-.nit  mi-sions  in  (loi-o-goueii.  Ii'i.")ii-SI:  also  Sns- 
Iiitiaii  Mission  among  Ciivngas  about  t^iiinte  Hay, 
lliiis.     Aiiliiirii.  N    Y',.  Ivisi'iii.  is;;i.    «vo.     ,«;|,iiO. 

Ileckewelder,  .1.  <•.  K.  History,  manners,  etc.,  of 
the  liiilian  n;itioiis  ...  of  I'l'iiiLsylvania.  etc.  I'liila., 
IKIS.  sv.i.  rt.v.  ed..  I.iiipincoti,  is;i',.  svo,  $:i.:M. 
th.r.  trans.  (ii'itlingen,  Is-Ji,  Svo.  — ^lission  of 
I'liiied  llretlii-eii  among  the  Indians.     I'liila,.  IH'jy. 

Ilellelier);.  lleskr.  ofver  N,  Am.  Tristati'rnes  Indi- 
ancr  (Descriiilion   of   the   linlians  of    the    I'.    S, ). 

(Joteborg.   1K|S. 

nines,  <j.  \.  History  of  the  Oregon  Mission.  Hiif- 
falo,  N.  Y,.  Deiliy,  IS.-id.     I'Jino     fl'.'.'i. 

Hopkins,  .S.  \V.  Life  amonL' the  I'intes:  their  wrongs 
and  claims.     Host.  Ciipples.  IsS:).     pJino,     ?I,(K), 

llopley,  <'.  C     Stories  of  red  men.     L.,  Hel.  I'r.  Soc, 

|SS(1.       Svo.       Is. 

llorniiiH,  <i.     lie  originibiis  Anirrieanis.     Hagii".  1C53. 

Svo,      ■.'ili'il.      Hclllipoli.   llilill,      1-.'lllo, 

Hunter,  .lolin  U.  Manners  and  customs  of  several 
Indian  iiib.'S  located  west  of  the  :\lississippi.  To 
which  is  predxed  the  history  of  the  anlhors  lifo 
during  a  residence  of  several  \>'ars  among  tiiein. 
I'liila..  Marshidl.  IK-.':|,  Kvo.  — Memoirs  of  a  c.iplivity 
among  the  Indians  of  No.  .,\nierica.  from  childhood 
to  the  age  of  iiin..teen,  .  .  .  L.,  Longman.  IB'A'J. 
Svo.     :),!  e..  IK-,'I,     1-,'s. 

Indians  of  North  .Vinerica  Described.  L,.  Hel. 
Tr,  Soc  .  1S|:),     n,  e,.  is,-i:j      lOnio,     ,')s 

Iiiforiiial  ion  respecting;  the  .VboriKines  (Hrit. 
N.  .\.i      1,.  lS:iS. 

Irving,  tl.  Treat.  Indian  sketches  during  a  l'.  S. 
expe.lilion  .  .  ,  with  the  I'awiiee  anu  other  Indians 
...  in  is;i;).     N,  Y,.  I'litiniins.  I.SSK.     p.'mo,     $1,51). 

Irviiif;.  Waxliii.     T '  mi  the  prairies,     1...  Murray, 

is;.,-).  11.  |.  ,  is,-,!l.  Kvo,  Is.  i«l,—.\stiiria:  or.  enter- 
prise lieyoiiil  the  Kocky  Monntains.  I'liila.  I.SHIi, 
•,'  V.  Svo.'— Ailvi.|itures  of  Captain  Bonneville;  or, 
scenes  bevond  the  Kocky  .Mountains  of  the  Far 
West.     I'liila.  is:)7.     Kvo. 

Jackson,  II.  H.,  Mrs.  .\  century  of  dishonor:  a 
skelcli  of  the  r.  S.  (ioveriinieiil's  ili'aling  with 
some  .if  tie-  Indian  Irilii.s.  N,  Y.,  Harper,  IKKl. 
n   e,.  Host,.  Huberts,  bss..-,.     pJnio.     SI.,'iO. 

Jones.  I'eter.  History  of  the  Ojebway  Indians.  L., 
HeuiiHtt,  1K<;1.    Kvo.     Ss. 


ill 


III 

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.f, . 


TRAVELS,  aSNERAIi 


610 


TRAV£!LS,  QENISRAL 


Joiirniil   <Ie  la  Ft'iiiiiK-   d'lin   MUHluiinlre  <l»n8 

Ifs  ))raii  ies  arix  l^ruts  L'nts.     Gcui've.  IKJT. 
KiiiK',  Trtiil.    Tlic  wuucleriiiKs  (if  an  iirtiHl  anions  the 

IiKliiiiis  (if   N'lirlh  Aiiifi'icit  fruiii  Canada  to  Vau- 

('Oliver's  Island  anil  UreKou.    L.,  Lunxnian,  I85U. 

hvi>,     CIS. 
Kl|>.  W.  I.     Kiirlv  .Ii'siiit  iiilsslinis  In  Nurili  Aineilca. 

N.  v..   Wiley.   |sir.     .Mh  e..  AlliMii.v.  Miiris.-ll,   1*7:). 

I  JniM.     Sl,.'>ii.— lli«tiirical  scenes  Inmi  llie  old  , Jesuit 

inKsiciiis.     N.  v..  l;aii.|id|ili.  is;.",      I'.'iiKi.     ^\.',:i. 
Kiioi'l/,    (;.      M.vihiilciKie    iiijil  Civilisiiiiun  del'  Niml- 

aiiicnluinischeii  liiillaiier,     l.|iz.  Iss'J.    svu.   I.,MiMk. 
I.aniiiaii,  i'.     Adventi.fes  in  (lie  wilds  iif  N.  America. 

I.  .  I."rii,'!iian.  |s.-,|.      |i; -Js.  Cd. 

I.a|>liaiii,  I.  A.     (In   llie    Indians  nf  Wi.-r'diisin.     Mil- 

uaiiliee.  ls;n. 
I.v  Mean,  *'.     .Vvantiires  dii  Sr.  C.  Lc  Dean,  (in  vnyai;f 

cinieii.x  el  laiiueaii  |iariiii  les  SaiivaKe.s  de  rAiiii'i 

ii|iie  Seplentridiiale.     Ainsterdaiii,  1738.    ^!J)t.  Svd. 

(ier.  trans.     Krtiirt.  H  inc-i. 
Ilii-lniii!,  <'.  •;.     .\l;.'niii|iiin  leijends  of  New  England. 

I...    l.dH.  ISM.      Sv.i.      ss. 

l^(ili**«  tVillicliii.     llie  HeideM  Missl'in  In  N(ir(i  Aiiier- 

il>a.     Niirnl.ei-L',  IsUi.     Svc..     i:i  IT. 
lAtltti*   ^*    II*      Aeeiitiiit    (d'    an    ex|iedili(in   friilll   I'jlts^ 

liiiiV  t.i  llie  llc.eiiv    Miinnliiiiis.     I'liil.,  Cai-fv.  lS'j:i. 

■.'V.  svo.     ?l..'iil  ~Kx|iediiiiiiHii  sipiiree  •>{  Si.  I'eler's 

liver,     rhiia..  Carey,  is-.'l.     J  v.  Hvci.     .e:iliii. 
31.  1*;.  tl.     Iia>'  sjirin;^  in  the  far  West:  inissidii  wnrk 

m  .V.irlli  .\nieriea,     1-..  Seelev.  Is;.'..     IDnm.     Is.  (id. 
M.  r.  V.     llistc.ire  de  la  irilie  des(  isa;;es.     ]'s.  IS','7, 
Ma4:tiuliiy.  •!.  (ire\  Hawk:  lite  andadveiiiiiresniiicin^ 

lie-  red  liiiliaiis.'     I'liila..  Liii|pinenl(.  iss^.     Ji.-,ii. 
McCov,     I.      llisiiirv    (if     Hapiist     Indian     niis.^idiis. 

Waslin..  ji.  ('..  MdiTisdii,  isia.     ,Svd. 
McKimie.\',  'I'lids,  I.,     IMenidirs.  dtllcial  and  {iei>dnal, 

Willi  slietelies  dl  tra\tds  atiidhi.'  tile  Niirtlierii  aini 

Sdiiiliern  Indians.     N.  V.,  Cady  >V  H.,  ISt(J.     :.'%.  Hvu. 

$:!.iiii. 
Miinvix'iinv.  «i.  W.    iiiir  Indian  wards.     Ciiici  iimti, 

Chirke,  issii.     sid.     S:i.lW. 
3Iatli<'\vs.  <'.    l'"iieli;inted  nniceasinsand  other  Ujrends 

(d    (he   .\iiieiiean    Indians.     .\.    Y..    1'iitnain.    1S77. 

^vd.     :«l.."i(l.     Iliawatlia   and   dllier  le^reiids  nf  the 

Hi;,'wains.     I,..  Sininensi'lieiii.  Iss-,'.     Svd.     .Is. 
Maiiraiill.  .1.  A.     llistdire  des  Alieimkes  depiiis  lI'ilV) 

.iiisi|iia  iids.idurs.     I's.  IWili.     8vd.     I.'j  fr. 
Mic'haiix,  I'.  A.     Vdva>.'e  a  liiuest   des   Monts   Alle- 

Uiianis.      I's.  ISlll.     •Jde.,lM)K.     S\ci. 
Miller,  U'.    Notes  ediu/ernini;  I  he  Waiiiiianiiaj;  Irilie  of 

Indians,  with  aeediinl  id'  a  rdek  pieiiire.  Ml.  Ihipe 

Hay.  I!. I.   I'rcivideiiee.  HI..  Rider,  IS,sil.   l-Jmo.  SliKI. 
l>lissi(iiiarv  Keein-ds:  Norlh  Aineriea.     L.,  .\iii.  Tr. 

Si.e.,  Isid,      is Is.  i;d. 

Missioiis-llilder,     Ilfl.  4.     Nordaineriea'iiselie  Indi- 

.■iner.     Calw   isr,ii.    Hvn.    7U,  irr. 
niiillliaiisfii.  It,    \\'aiidernn(.'("n  diireli  den  Prairien  u. 

W'iisleii  des  weslliehen  .Ndi'dainerika  V  in  Mississippi 

iiaeli  die  Kiisieii  lies  Siidsee.     Leipzig    IS'iS.     :.M  e., 

iscil.     svd.     1-,' Mk. 
IVIiiiiei'iefl',   It.   II,     Men  of  the  backwoods;   Jndians 

and  Indi.iii  lighters.    N'.V.,  Iniltdn,  Issii.   .Svo.  <?■.'.:.;. 
Moililot.  .\.      Ilistoire  des  Indielis  des  KlalS-Ullis.    I's. 

ls:,s.    svo.     .■,  fr 
Oi'IkIo  and  History  of  tile  New  KiiKlanil  Coiii- 

lianv  for   the  conversnin   df   the  N.   Am.  Indians. 

I,.  I  SSI. 
Otis.    K,    S.    The  Indian  (iiiestioii.     N.  Y.,  Sheldon, 

is;s.    ivJuid.    $l..Mi. 
I'lirker,  S.     |.\.  II.  ('.  F.  M  1.     Exploring  tour  hevond 

I  he   Kdckv  Mountains  in   lH:),')-:)7.     llhaca,   Derbv, 

is:is.     Svo,     4l.'.'.-|. 
I'ui'kiiiaii,    K.    The  i  irepiii   trail.      N.   Y.    I'litnaiii. 

ist.i,     Svo.    IManyeds.l     .*I.i"i.- History  of  the  Cdii- 

spiracy  of    ronliae.  and  (he  war  of   the  No.  .\Mi. 

trilies  against  the  Eiit;!    eiildiiies,     Hust.,   Little  \" 

I!r.  is.-t.     svd,     S-.'.MI.     1  Later  edd.) 
l**'iTot,  N,     IVK'inoire  siir  les  nnenrs.  eontnmes  et  re- 

liirioii  des  salivates  de  r.\nieri(iiie  seplentrionnle. 

I's    isiii,     bvo.     II  fr. 
I'ike,  '/..  M.     .\ccdiiiit  nf  an  e.vpeilition  to  the  sources 

of  ih"  Mississippi,  etc.     I'hil.  ISIO. 
I'aiole.  U,  <'.     .\indnt,' the  .Siiuix  nf  Makota;  eiijhteen 

iiioiiths'    experience  as   an    lndi;iii   agent.     N.    Y., 

Van  Ndsirand,  i:ssi.     l-Jnid,     Si. •,'.-,. 
Porllork,  A.     Vnvage  nrdiind  the  wurld:  particularly 

to  the  X.  \V.  coast  of  America.     1,.  17si). 
Powers,  8,     Tribes  of  California.     Washington  [U.  S. 

(ieiigraph.  Survey.  ete.|,  1S77.     ltd. 
Iti|?H^s,  .S.  II,     Tahkoo  Wakkaii:  or.  the  gospel  among 

the   Dakotahs.      Host..  Cdllg.  I'llli.  Co.,  IWirt.     ir.lllo. 

fl.. Ml.  -Mary  and   I:    forty   years  witii  the  Sioux. 

Chicago.  Holmes,  is.so.     I'-Jnio.     .<l..'i(). 
SaK*'»  <ler  N.-Aiii<>rikHiiii«'lieii  Iiidiaiier,    Alteu- 

liiirg.  1H.S7.     Svo.     ■■ill  gr. 
SHiilxtrn,  J.  W,     Legends,  etistoms,  etc.,  of  the  Sen- 
eca Indians  of  Western  New  York,     N.  Y.,  Horton, 

1878.    8vo,    aOc. 


Sclioolcrart,  H,  K,  Indian  tales  and  legends:  or. 
.  .  .  ii  'iiiries  into  the  mental  characteristics  df 
the  N. 'mh  .iidians  N,  Y,,  Ilar|iers,  lh,n.  #1  •J.'i. 
— Uneunta;  dr.  characteristics  dt  the  it'{\   race  of 

A rica.     .\.  Y..  Wiley,     IWI.      Kvo.      $I..S(I.-Tlie 

Indian  in  Ids  wigwam.  HiilTalo.  iJewilt,  l.siH.  Hvo, 
,^0c.  rersonal  iiieinoirs  of  a  residence  (if  thirty 
years  with  the  Indian  tribes  (ill  the  frdnliers.  ispj- 
■I-,'.  I'hila..  Lippincoti,  is.'il.  hvo.  .-«:). IHI,  Noteson 
the   IriKinnis.     Albany.   Tease,   Is.M.     Nvd      5:3.(111,— 

Jlvthdt  Hiawatha.     I'liila.  I.ippi tt.  Is.Mi.     .svd. 

Si'.'.'.'i.- Ilistdrv ,  condiiioji,  and  prdspeels  of  Ha; 
Indian  iiilies.  U,  S.  A.  I'liila,,  l.ippincdK,  IS.M  I',. 
(i  v,  ltd.     ,*:.(i.ii(i. 

Seelye,  I..  K,.  .M  r».  See  Kcaii.KSTdN,  (i.  Cvuy,  I'n- 
liidiis  .Xiiirriean  Indians. 

.Shea.  fl.  <t,  liJsior\-  of  Catlidlie  missions  amniig 
Indian  irilies  .if  r.  S.,  15!):.'-1S,11,  N,  V,,  Strung, 
ls,-,7.     l-.'iiio.     .*I..MI. 

.Short,  .1,  T.  The  North  Aiiierlcans  of  nnti(]nlty. 
N.  Y.,  Harpers,  Issil.     8vo.     ?:I.IKI. 

Sliiioiilii.  I..  Cue  excnrsidii  clie/,  les  I'eaiix  liimges, 
I's,  I'.r'.s.  ,Svo.  1  fr,  •,'■1  c.  L'hoinme  American. 
Notes  siir  Ics  liidieiis  des  Ktais  I'nis, 

Siiiel,  I'aiil  ,1,  de.  I. el  lets  and  skiMches.  with  a  nar- 
iati\  e  of  a  \ ear's  resilience  aiiidiig  the  Indian  tribes 
df    the    Koekv    Moiintaiiis.     I'liila  .    I  illiian.    lsj:i. 

I'.'iiio.     $ .-Ilisloiv  of  (H   C  1  Wisiern  iiiissidiis. 

N.Y,.  Strong.  PJiiid.  J-.',iKi  Ne»  Indian  sketches, 
N.  Y.,  Sadlier.  Hiiiio,  Udc.  .Missions  de  I'liregon, 
etc.     I's,  isis. 

Siiiilli,  •!,     (e'lieral  history  of  Virginia.     L.  1IK7, 

Soiideriiiaiin,  .1,  S,  I>ie  IMissidii  der  kireldichen 
.■Missioiisgesellsi  laft  ill  England  iiiiter  den  lieid- 
nischeii  Iiiilianern  des  N.  \V.  Amerikas.  Niiridierg, 
tsi;.     svo      l,i;u?Ik. 

.SIroiiK,  W.  T.  .Xppeal  to  the  Christian  coiniminity 
on  the  conditions  and  prosiiccLs  of  the  New  York 
Indians.     N.  V    ISJl. 

Tanner.  .1  oil  11,  Narrative  iif  the  oaplivily  and  adven- 
tures of,  during  .'in  years'  residence  aiiioiig  the 
Indians.     N,  Y,.  <(.  ,'w-  C.  Carvill.  ls:iii.     Svn.     $].M. 

Tliiilelier,  11.  Iliissey,  liingraphy  of  Niirlli  .\iiier- 
ican  Indians.  N.  Y..  Harper.  IS'!.'.  11.  e.  I^l','.  - — 
Indian  trails:  manners,  cnstdins,  etc.,  (if  the  North 
.Vnierican  iiati\'es.  N.  Y,,  Harper,  18:15.  '-iv.  ISiiio. 
7ii«-ts. 

TihhleM,  T.  If.  Hidden  power.  (History  of  Indian 
rising!    .\.  Y.,  C.arletoii.  ISSl.     U'mo.    '$l..''.0. 

Toi-rey.  K.  S.  Sketches  df  the  old  Santa  liarbara 
mission,  where  are  g.iihered  the  Kraiieiscaii  friars, 
Tro.y.  N.  V  .  Ninis  ,V  K..  Isss.     svo,     .*l,i)ii. 

Two  Alleiiipts  toward  Hie  C'lii  isl iaiii/atioii  of 
s  -11  le  I nd  1:111  n:il  Ions  in  .No rib  .America.     L.  Ism;, 

AVeuri*  tioltes,  die.  iiiiier  liiMi  Indiaiierii.     Ilasid.  Is-'ili. 

"W'iisiHi,  I-;.  I-'.  Missionary  woili  among  IheOjibwiiv 
Indians.     L.S    I'.  C.  K.,  ISsil.     s\.i.     &.  lid.  ' 

/ylyir.  il'seiid  j  The  l'oiic;i  chiefs.  .\ii  Indian's 
aKeinpt  to  a|i|ieal  from  the  tdinahawklo  ihecdiiris. 
Host.,  Ldokwuod  it  Ur.,  l.sso.     IGiiki.    60e. 

JAMAICA    AM)   Hh'lTlSIl    WEST  IXUIE.-I. 

Acroiiiit  or.laiiiaiea  and  its  Iiiliahitaiils.    L. , 

ISilS.     SVd  I  -ri.     —     s, 

Itaeot,  Siirgi'oii.  Tl c  liahaiiias:  a  sketch,  L..  Long- 
mans. |si;;i.     cd  e..  is;i.     s\d      Is.  lid. 

HigeloH  ,  ,1,  ,l.iiiiaiea  ill  ls.-||i:  ur,  the  elTects  nf  li; 
Ncars  freedom  on  a  slave  colon\'.  N.  Y..  Tiitnani. 
IS.M,      l-.'lllo.      Sl.iKI. 

Ilridges,  <;,  W.  .\tinals  of  Jamaica,  1,.,  JlnriMV. 
Is'.'s,    ■,>  V,  Svo.    .'ids. 

Itiicliiiei'.  .1.  II.  History  of  the  mission  of  the  I'liited 
Ihcthren  to  the  negroes  in  .laniaica.  17,">4-l''.'il, 
Ileihlehem.  I'a.,  Clander,  and  L,,  Longman,  Ittl. 
■J  lino.     .'lOc.     Svo.     ;is.  lid. 

CaplahrH  Story:  or,  .laniaica.  with  an  account  of  the 
eiii.incipalion.     L.,     {elig.  Tract  Soc,  1S8:1     Illnio, 

Carlile,  \V.  Thirtyciglil  years'  mission  life  in  ,):i- 
iiiaica.     L.  Nisbet.  ISS4.     svo.     :!s.  lid. 

Clink.  .1..  Oeiidy,  U'.,  and  I'liillips,  J.  :>!.  Tie' 
Vdice  of  .jiiliilee  :  a  narrative  of  the  liaptisl 
Mission  in  .laniaica  from  its  cdinniciicenieiit,  with 
bidgraphical  notices  (if  its  fathers  and  founders. 
L,,  Siidw.  I.si'm.     Svd.     (is. 

Cofiiford,  I'.  II.  Alissidiiary  reminiscences;  .Jamaica. 
L.,  Honlston.  18,'ir,.     I'Jiiio.    is, 

Dallas.  Uolit.  C.  Tlie  history  of  the  :Marooiis  from 
their  origin  to  the  establislinient  of  their  chief  tribe 
at  Sierra  Leone;  the  expedition  to  Cuba;  and  the 
state  of  ,  ,  .  Jamaica  for  the  last  ten  .\  ears,  w  illi  :i 
history  of  the  island  previdiis  to  that  period.  L. 
- — ,  l'so:j.    s;  V.  Svo, 

DuiiCHii,  1',  Narrative  of  the  Wesleyan  Mission  to 
.lainaiea.     L,,  Tartridge,  l.s49.     8vo.     7s.  Od. 

FoHtur,  II.  II.  Wesleyan  Methodism  in  Jamaica.  L. 
,  I8SI.    8yo. 


::^ENERAL 


(I  lt%'Hinls;  or. 
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■s,  |h.)4.  !»l.'J."i. 
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I.      JI.MI.-Tlif 

litt,  1S|S.      Hvii. 

■iiri-  iif  lliirly 
Iripiilieis.  l"<l'j- 

•■1.0(1,      NcilfSdll 

Kvd      *3.(iii  — 

nit.  )>-,-,(i.  hv.i. 
iSJlfCtS     lif      till! 

:>illC(ilI.    IWI   C. 

(J.  Carv.     I'n- 

issioiis  aninii^ 
S.     v.,   Micii;;, 

n{     llllli(|IMty. 

I'cimx  l{cin).'t'H, 
iiit>  AiiirTiciiii. 

n's.  wiih  a  iiar- 
>••  lii'liaii  trihfs 
ruliiaii.  \'<n. 
stern  niissJoiiH. 
icliuii  skrli'llfS. 
IS  (le  I'l  ift'Huii, 

I.,  iiur. 
t*r    kiiTtilicIii'ii 
iitfi"  Ht'ii  lit'iil- 
ti.s,     Niifiiht'f^', 

nil  L'liiiiiiiiiiiity 
tile  Js'i-'W  Yui'k 

it.v  ami  ailveii- 
cv  aiiKint,'  the 

I.  fSvd.     $i.M. 

'   Noi-tli  .\iiici-- 

II.  I'.  IM','.    

'.,  of  llie  Nol-tli 
Sia.     a  V.  IMllo. 

loi'v  of  Itiiliaii 

■.   'Si.r.o. 
iaiiia    Hai-liani 
iii'isftiii  friai>. 
.*l  .00. 

iini/atioii  of 
.■a.     I-.  1^01). 
.     lia>cl.  l>."ji;. 
:;  till'  Oiiiiwiiv 

-,  r„l. 

.\ii    lii'Iian's 

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50c. 

mils.    1j. . 

oil.     L..  I.uin.'- 

eflects  of  li; 
'•.  Y.,  I'utliaiii. 

L.,  Miin'ay. 

iif  tlie  ruilc'.l 
ii'a.  lo)4-ISM. 
iiiuiiiau,    ISjt. 

nceoiiiil  of  til'- 
,   INS.'l      lliilio 

'II  lift'  in  ,):i- 
I. 

■  ,  J.  M.     ThH 
till'     Haplist 

It't'llll'llt.   u  itll 

aiiil  foiiiiili'r.s. 

L'cs;  Janiaioa, 

Mafooii.-i  from 
ifir chief  Irilie 
.'iilia;  anil  tin' 
I  vi'ars.  Willi  :i 
ai  pi'rioil.     I,. 

an   Mis.siou  to 

1.  ad. 
1  Jamaica.    L. 


TRA VEILS,  GENERAL 


Oil 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


FiiiiIkH,  Theod.     Eighteen  months  In  Jamaica.     F-., 

Wliittaki'r.     IK—.     1-,'nio     3s. 
(iiii'iliK'i',  \V.  il.     History  of  Jumuica  and  nairalivi- 

of  till' laouress  o(  reli;;ioii.     1,. l>r3.     (<vo. 

<ioil«t,  T.  1...     Herniiiilr.;  its  liistory,  etc.    L.,  Smith 

,V    !•:.,   1M«I.      S\o.      lis 

•lainnicii  iix  it  hh»,  u»  it  i.>;,  ami  as  it  may  lie.    L., 

lliirsi,  l.>i.").     l-,'iiio.     .')s. 
iluiiiiiicu,  >'iislaM"l  anil  fire.    1,  . ,  ami  Cincinnati. 

.Mi'lli.  lik.  I'oiiLv,  IMi;.     lOiiio.     r.*!!'. 
Jiiiiiaii'ii,  its  slate  ami  iirospeits:  with  an  exposure  of 

I  he  I'reeiliiiaii's  .\ii|  Sonetv  aiiil  the  liaptist  .Mis- 

sii'iiarv  Soi'ii'iv.     I..  |sIn.     I'.'nio. 
I.DiiK,  K.     History  of  .laiiiaiea.     1,177).     ,3  v.  Ito. 
Missioiis-llililer.     IIM.  7.     .laiiiaica  iiliil  ilie  lioehon- 

iias.     ( "alw.  |si;7.     sv.,, 
Niii'iittive    of    ICereiit    Kveiits    ciinii<-ete<l    with 

tlie  Itaptist  Mission.  .  .  .  ei'iiiprisii  k'  niso  a  skeleli  of 

the  iiiission  from  lHHto  Is.jl.     Kingston,  Jamaica. 

Is:j:i.     svo. 
IMiilipp",'!.  M.   .lamaicn.  L  .  Snow.  ISI3.  Hvo.  Hs.  (iil. 
IKiiiiipiiii,  <'..!.  <;,i     Letters  finiii  .I.iiiiaicH.  the  laml 

of   streams  ami   wooils.     Eiliiil'..  IMiiionston.  |s7.'). 

|-,'iiio.     Is.  i;,l. 
U«tros|H-ct  of  till'  liistory  of  the  iiiisHion  <if  the 

llrel  tireii's  i  'liiiteh  iii.lamaicu  fur  the  past  htiinlreii 

.M'ars.     1,.  Is.M.     svo. 
K«He,  Ci.     ''010111111  i'iii(iire  1'!' Great  Ih'ilaiii:  .\tlanlie 

^.'I'.iip.     I,.,  S.  r  C.  K.,  isi;.-i.     isriio.     ^'s 
Suiiiiiel,  ret.      Weslevan  missions  in  Jamaica  ami 

H lii'.is.     1...  raririilL'e.  Is.'iO.     svo.     10s. 

SarKeiiiit,  Itielnl.     I,etie;s  from  .laniaica  on  stihjeets 

iiistorieal.  naiioiial.  ami  relii^ioiis.     h, 
Scott.  sll>l>tilil  l>.    Jamaica  and  hack.     L,  Chapman, 

ls;ii.     Svo.     Ills.  till. 
.'>iiiiiiiH,  W.     Class  liiiok  of  the  (reo^jraphy  ami  history 

of  .laniaica.     Kink'sO'ii.  Jamaica.  lss;i     svo. 
SiiK'lair,  A.  C,  mid  K.^fe,  I..  It.     The  Ilaiulliook  of 

Jamaica.      I.,    staiitor.l,    l^sj    s,[ij.     (Issued    aii- 

niiall.v  I    Svo.     Ms. 
Slomie,    llaiis,    Sir.     History  of  Jamaica.     L.  17.")1. 

Svo      Freiicli  trans.  In-  Kaliliii.     Ij.  17.'J1.     'J  pt. 
Sti'Hiiit.   .1.     \ieiv   of  the  Island  of  Jamaica.      L  , 

W'liittakiT.  isj.l.     >ivo.     111,.  i;,l, 
Tour  ill  .laiiiaii'ii.     I...  Hurst.  !■•— .     Nvo.     1-,'s. 
AVillimiiH,  <'.  K.     .\   tour  through  Jamaica  iu   183:1. 

h. .  bimp.'.in,  ISiC.     Svo.     15s. 


JAPAN. 

Adams,  F.  «).  History  of  Japan  from  earliest  times 
to  the  present.     L..  Kinj^.  1874      ^v.  8\o.     -lis. 

Alcoclt,  K.,  sir.  The  capital  of  ilie  Tyco"ii:  a  iiar- 
ralive  of  three  years'  residence  in  Japan.  1.., 
Longmans.  ISil:!.  •>'  v.  hvo.  4'.is.— Art  and  art  itidns- 
tries  in  Japan.  L.,  Virtue,  and  N.  'V.,  Scrihner  iV: 
\V..  |s7S.     Svo.     15s.     *U.0U. 

Aniiules  lies  einpereiirs  de  JajMiii.  L.,  Oriental 
Trail,  l-'iiml.  n.  d,     4tii.     :jOs. 

Aiidoiiiii,  L^oii.  .\peri;ii  siir  I'histoirede  la  medicine 
an  .lapi'ii.     I's.  Iss4.     ^v.).     ;;  fr. 

Ar\(>ii',  <iiib.  \'ataiidoii<i.  on  lesjireniiers  Chretiens 
an  .lapoii.     I's.  IsT.'i.     TJiito.     1  fr.  .*iO  c. 

Aiidsley,  «i.  .V.  The  oriiaiiieiital  arts  of  Japan.  L., 
l."\v.  iss:jsi|.|.     4  prls      Ka.  7:is.  (i.l. 

Ayrloi;,  M.  C.  Child  life  in  Jajiaii  and  Japanese 
sic.ries.     1...  (irimth.  ls;!(.     J.I  e..  Isss.     Svo.     Gs. 

liacoii,  Alice  .M.  Japa'  'se  Ciirls  and  Women,  llos- 
toil.  Il.'iitrhlon.  ls;i|      l-.-m.,.     Sl.-r>. 

Itiieifstroiii.  Kit  hesi'.k  i  Jaiian  o;;  Kiiia.  jeinte  hilder 
frail  (i.'.lo  lliippsiiddeii.  bonrlioii.  N.  Kaled.,  Mar- 
seille. I 'I'll  l\"cliiiikiiia  <.\  visit  to  .lapan  and  China, 
t"[^et her  with  pictures  f rem.  .  .  .   i    Stolm.  ]s7i. 

Iliciierstatre,  It.,  Mrs.  .\raki  the  Daimeo.  a  Japan- 
ese sioiy.     1,..  .Iicks"ii  ,v  U"..  isi;.-,,     Svo.     ."is. 

liiril.  I.  I,.,  .MisH  mow  .^Irs.  Itisliopi.  I'lilieaten 
tracks  ill  .lapan.  I,.  Miirrav.  ami  .N.  Y.,  I'utmini, 
isso.  'J  V.  sv.i.  4tli  e..  Issi.' 21s.  J.'iOO.  1  V.  abr. 
IsK.-,.     Svo.     7s.  Cil,     J.'.'iO. 

Ularit,  J.  K.  YouiiE  .lapan.  Y'okoliama,  and  Yedo 
during' ','1  vears.  Yokoliania.  lH,s<l.  2  v.  L.,  Triil)- 
iier,    issi.'  Svo.    4Js. 

Iluiilx,  li,  Histoiie  lie  viii^'t  six  martyrs  du  ,rapon, 
cruellies  .  .  .  Kev.  .'i.  I.')li7.  avei*  mi  aperi;u  historioiie 
sur  les  Chretiens  du  Japoii  .  .  .  jiisiprii  jours.  I's. 
1««2.    «vo.    :,  fr. 

Itoiisqiiet,  li.  l.e  Japon  de  nos  jours  et  les  echelles 
lie  lexlreme  1  Mient.     I's.  1S77.     'J  v.  svo.     15  fr. 

Kniiins,  C.  \V.  K.  Japnnische  Maiclieli.  (resammelt 
II.  iler  Kimlerwelt  erziihlt.   lilo^'au.  Issil.   Hvo.    :iMk. 

Hiiriioiif,  K.     I.a  iiivtlioloi.'ie  des  Japonaise.    Tradiiite 

Itiisic,  W..  Mrs.    See  .Manners. 

siir  le  tejtte  .laponaise.     Ps.  I''7.'i.     Hvo.     1  fr. ','5  c. 

t'addeli,  C'elia  M.  History  of  R.  C.  missions  in  Japan 
and  Paraguay.  L..  Hnrhs,  and  N.  \'.,  Sadiier,  IMU. 
I'-inio.     *Js.  (id.     7.')  cts. 

Cai'rotlierH,  J.  i>..  Mm.    Sunrise  kingdom:  life  and 


scenes  In  Japan  and  Homan'swork  for  woman  there. 

I'liila..    I'res.    Hd.  I'lili  .    |s;!l.     I'Jmo      ?;.'.oii  -  Kesa 

ami  Suijiro;  or.  lights  ami  shades  of  life  in  Japan. 

N.  Y.,  .Viii.  Tr.  Sue,  iss.s.     i;>iiio.    :*l.,'.i). 
Cni'steiiseii,  \V,     Japans  Hovedsiad  og  Japaiieserne. 

Km  riissisk  Ueiseskitze  vcd  W.  Carsleiiseii  i  The  cai>- 

ilal  of  , lapan  ami  the  .lapaiies".     A  Kiiasiaii  sketcll 

I'f  iriivel  I'v  W.  V.I.     Klihn,  iso.j 
Clianilierlalii,    li.    II,     Tl lassical   poetry  of  the 

.lai'.iii.'se.     l,..Triiliner,  |s,so.     Svo.    7s.  (id.— Thing's 

.lapaiiese:    heint'   notes    on    various  suhiects  coii- 

iiei-ieil  Willi  Japan.    L..  I'aiil.  IS— .  Sd ud.,  is'.il,  svo. 

7s.  0,1. 
Cliapin,  .1.  II.    .lapan  to  (iraiiada.    N.  Y'.,  I'litmim, 

iss'.i,     icn,,,.    j;i..vi. 
L'iiarlevoiz,  I'.  K.  X.  de.    Histoiie  de  I'cttthlissement. 

■  les  pii't;!-.'-.  et  lie  la  decadence  ilii  Christiaiiisme 

dans  rijiiiiire  clii  .lap"!!.     lioucii.  Kl.").     svo. 
Clainirede,  A.  de.     .\u  Japoii.    Ucneva,  ISilo.     I'Jino. 

I  Ir. 
Clarii,  K.  W.     Life  and  adventure  in  .lapnn,    X.  Y'., 

.\iii.  Tr.  Soc  ,  1S7.S.     lOnio.    $1.«     I,.,  Js'isbet,  1H7H. 

I'.'iiio.     .',s. 
Coiiveiitloii  ol' .'Missionaries  of  Japan.    'I'okio.  1S78. 

-AI  I  isaka,     Yolinliaiiia.  |ss;:. 
Cooli,  >1,  it.     Japan:    a   sail.'i's   visit    to   the   Island 

Kiiipne.     N.  v..  .\ldeii.  |s!il.     1-,'ni,,.     .Mlc. 
Cooper.     Lectin  eon  the  iiiaiiiicrs  and  customs  of  the 

.lapaiiese.    and    pl'oKress    of    Christian    missions. 

.N.  V.  |ssO. 
Coriiwallis.  K.    Two  jonrnevs  to  Japan,  lH,50-.''>7.    L., 

Newii.v.  iK.y.i.    •,'  v.  Svo.     -Jls. 
Cotteiiii,  !■:.     lie  Paris  ail  Japon  i\  travel's  la  SibC'rie. 

I's.  iss:),     ij 1  fr. 

Crowe,  A.  II.     IIi^'li\va,\-s  and  liywavs  in  .lajiaii.     L., 

Low.  IsH.),     Svo.     Ss.  (i'l. 
Cutler,  T,  W.     llraiiiuiai  of  Japanese  ornamenl  and 

ile.i;,'ii.    N.  v.,  Liiideiiia IS71P.    ',' pis.  Ilo.    JS.Ud. 

Dai  mas,  li.  de.     Le  Japoiuiis.  lenrpavs.  leiir  iiiu."urs 

I's.  Iss.-,.     pjnio.     .",  fr. 
Dalloii.  U'.     Will   .\iiams.   the  llrst   KiiKlishiiian  ill 

.lapan.     L..  .1.  lilackw 1.  1M7.').     1','mo.     .'Is.  (,,]. 

De   l''oiiblaiii|iie,  !!•;.   It,     Niphon  and    Pe-che-li:  or, 

t\M'  \' ears  ill  .lapan  and  North  China.    L..  Saunders, 

isi;;.    svi>.    -jK. 
Deppiui;,  (J.     Le.lapon.     Ps  IHNI.     IJmo.     3  fr. 
Dieliiiis,  I'.  V.     llyak   nin  is  'shin;  or.  stanzas  of  a 

cei!iiir>"  of  poets.  I'l'iiiu'  .lapaiiest  lyrical  odes  trans* 

latcil    iiiio    l-ai^hsh.   with   explanatory   notes.     L., 

Smiili  ,v  K..  I'^Wi.    sv".     Ills.  Oil.    Chiiishimriira;  or, 

the  loval  leai;iie.     A  Japanese  romance  translated. 

N.  Y.,  I'liliiam.  IS7(1.    4io.     «3.no.— Fiigakn  Iliyakii- 

Kei;  or.  a  liiimlrcd  views  of  I'liji.  with  .  .  .  prefaces, 

aihl  Iiaii-laiioiis.     L..  I'.atsfad.  ISs|. 
Dieiison,  Waller,     .lapan:  li'im.' a  sketch  of  the  his- 

torv.  tri'veriiiiieiii.  ami  oniccrsof  tlie  army.    Kilinb., 

llla'clivi Is.  isiiil.     Svo.     l.-is. 

Uielisiiii,  W.  <;.     (Jli'iinin;,'s  from  Japan.     I,.,  Hlack- 

WO.'lls.    IsSI).       Svo.       lOS. 

Dixon,  \V,  (>.     Land  of  the  inornini.':  Japan  and  its 

I pie.     K.linli.,  Uenmiell.  I.'SU'J.    3d  e.,  1!<S','.     Svo. 

;s.  i;a. 

Doeiiltx.  ^lartiia.     .\us  fremder  Welt.    Japanische 

Kiziililimtfeii.     lierlin.  l.fs'J.     Hvo.     J.Mk. 
Dresser,   «'.     .lapan:    its  architecture,   art.   and   art 

manufactures.    1...  Longmans.  N.Y..  Scrihne!*.  ]HH'.J. 

4to.    .'ils  Oil.     jlO.iKI. 
DiibanI,  .M.     Le  , lapnn  pit t 'i'esqiie.    Ps.  1H7H.     Pimo. 

I  Ir.     Kii;,'.  trans.     Japan  life.  love.  etc.     1...  Ward. 

IS'-O.     SMp.     Is.  (id.— La  vie  en  Chine  et  an  Japon. 

I's    IHsi.    4  fr. 
Du    I'iii.     Le  .lapnn,  mietirs.  contumes,  description. 

(reo;.'raphii'.  rapports  avec  les  Kuropeens.     Ps.  1H68. 

sv".     :i  fr.  .'■'0  c, 
Duraiid-Kai'di'l,    Laura.    Miliiie.      T>e  Marseille  A, 

Shanghai  et    S'edo:   recits  d'niio  Parisienne.     Ps. 

IST'.i.     I-Jnio.     .'i  fr.  .')0c. 
Kdeii,  C.  H.     The  empire  of  Japan:  brief  sketch  of 

the  KeoKraphy.   hislorv.  ami  constimiion,     I'hila. 

isTll.      Svo.— .lapan.       Historical    and    descri|itive. 

L..  Ward.  IH77.     Hvo.     .'Is.  fid. 
Kdiieatioii    in   Japan:    letters  by  prominent  Amer- 
icans  to  A.   Mori.      N.  Y.,  Appleton,   1H7.').     l:.'mo. 

J1..M). 
Kgjjermoiit.  I.    Le  Japon,  histoire  et   religion.    Ps. 

lsH."i.     1','mii.     '.' fr. 
Kxpi'ditioii  of  tile  I'.  S.  Navv  III  lK.-j3-."i4.     Wash- 

iiiKton.  IH.")ti  S.     Vols.  I.  11.  11'.     Ilo.     (Not  priced.) 
Expedition,  d.  preiiss.  iiai'ii  Ost-ANien,    .Ansli'hien 

alls  J.ipan.  China,  iiiiil  .Siaiii.    lierlin.  IH7'..'-73.   7','.Mk. 
Kaiiliis,  N.     Nine  years  in  Nipoii.     L.,  Gardner,  1HS4. 

','.1  e  .  IHsr.     Hvo!     :)s.  lid. 
Field.  II.  M.     From  Fgvpt  to  Japan.    N.  Y..  Scribner, 

|s7:      Svo.     J'.' (HI. 
Foiitpertiils,   Ad.   F.   de.      Le  Japon  civilisC'.    Ps. 

lss:i.    lOmu.    7.')  ctm. 
Fortune,  U.     Yedo  and  Peking:  narrative  of  a  jour- 
ney.   L.,  Murray.  1863.    8vo.     16s. 


II 


ill 


TRAVELS,  OENERAIi 


01  •, 


TRAVELS,  OENERAX. 


FoH  lor.  K.  N.    Visit  to  .Tnpan,  China,  and  Imlia.    L  , 

l.'uv,  is;r.    Svu.    Ids.  lid. 
Frul»slii«'t,  I'M.     Lc  .lii|ii>ii:   liisloire  et  (Ifscriplicui, 

iiiii'iirs,  ,  .  .  flc.    I's   IN"j7.     ij.  t'.,  IStiJ.    J  V.  U'liio, 

li  Ir, 
l'iir«l.  I'.     ManiiHl  (If  pliilosophie  Jnponnise.    Trans. 

I'icirii   Ilie  .lapiint-sc   liy    1'.    Kiim.     I's.   IK,H.     nmi. 

1  fi".  'J-'m'.  — I.cttrt's  a  M.  l.t*'on  df  Kosn.v  siir  ran'liiju'l 

.laponai.s  ft  lu  TaiHUI'lt-  (irii'iilulf.     i's.  18(i(l,     r.'ino, 

«lr. 
Oeii,|i  >l«ni>Bafiirl,  tlie  most  (•••li'l)iateil  of  tlii'  rlassi- 

CMI  .lapaiii'si'  i-i'iiiuiiri's.     Traiisl.  Iiv  Sii\t'iiiuti!  Kin- 

I'lii.i  1.     I,  ,   I'riiliner.  l,sK-,i.     Sxi.     Is.  (id. 
Ciiiiisto  OkiiiuloiHi,  Kr'<'i)|ii-iM/   vnn   .laiian,  odfr  iIIh 

LT'isst'  \'iMsHriiriilHriK  vtai  'riifi.lngt'ii  alU'i-  Uelii^ions- 

|iaii'-n*ii  /Ml   Knix'iit'i'iiiiiK  dt's  walirt-n  <jilanl)eiis. 

Lpz.  1-<.M.    ,svo.    :),■,(!  Mk. 
(ioili't.  li,     1,1'S  .l.ipciiiais  olitv.  cii.v,     fitiide  hyt;iiiia'. 

I's.   |SS|.      SVd.      ■,'  fl'.  Mc. 

Giilowiiiii  IGohniilnl,  V,  >!.,  C'apt.  Narrative  of 
iiiv  caplivily  ill  .lapaii,  l.s||-i:).  KuK-  trans,  fr.  the 
Kiissiaii.  I,.,  ('■■liiii.ii,  isi.s.  ;j  v.  Svd.  :ils.  IhI. - 
Ht-c'iilliM'lioiisiit  .lapaii.  Kn;;  trans.  L.,  ('(ill)iM  ii  i 'i, 
:sni.  Svn  -  licp  liiMilifit  ill  di'r  (id'aiinfiisuliaft  lioi 
ilrii  .lapani'iii.     l.pz.  ISITIS. 

Ooiicloii,  .liili'H.  li'i'iiipiri'  dii  .lapdii  oiivert  an  Cliris- 
liaiiisinr  I'l  il  la  c'i\  ilisatii)ii  iMiriipr'i'iuU".     Ps.  18i3. 

S\(» 

Goiiilart'iiii,  O.    Exoiirsioii  au  Japmi.     I's.  IKiil.    4to. 

T  Ir. 
Clre«.v,  !•;.    The   loval  Hoiiiiis.    N.  Y..  I'litnaiii,   IKW. 

II.  .-,.  ISSt.     Mvii.     ${.'•'>.   -Wonderful  eil.v  of  Tiikio, 

ad  vent  II  res  of  the  .lewett  I'aiiiiiy  and  their  friend  Oto 

Naiiilio.    Host.,  LeeX  S..  l'<s-,>.     Svn.    $l,5ii  — Yoiint; 

Aiiierieaiis   in  ,Iapaii.     Host.,  Lee  4  S..  IS^'J     Mvo. 

$^'.f)0.  — TheKoUleii  II II us  and  other  Ie(;ends  of  Japan. 

Host.,  Lee  iV  S.,  ISS.'i.     1','in.i.     Si. .'ill.-  Hear  worship- 
pers of  Yezo.  mill  llie  Island  Karafnio:   adventures 

of  tlie. lewett   faniil\  and  their  frienii  ( >Io  Namho. 

Host.,  Lee  iS;  S.,  1^*S4.  Svo.  Sl.i."i.- HaUin's  .Inpaiieso 

roinanee;  a  capt've  of  love.     Host.,  Lee  Lii;  S..  KS8G. 

4tli  e..  ISsr.     1-v'nio.     $1  .Ml. 
OrlttlH.  \V.  K.    The  mikado  s  empire.     N.  Y.,  Harper, 

l.srii.      ,Mh   e.,    ismi.      Svii.     S4.(Ki.     .lapanese    fairy 

world.     Weheiieeiadv.  N.  Y.,  Harlivte.  l-SSd.     fl..'iO. 

I,.    IS!K).     Kimo.     as    (id.     Honda    the    Saiiiiirai:    a 

storv  of  modern  .Japan.     Host.,  t'oiiK.    S.   S.  and 

I'llli.  S..e.,  IWK).     1-Jlno.     81. .'lO. 
Giiliiii'l.  K.     rromeii.iiles  japonaises.— TokioiNikko. 

1'^.  1SM1.    -It...     ■.'.-)  fr. 
Hiiliersliaiii,    A.    W.    My   last  eiiiise:  visits  to  the 

Malay  and    Lno-choo  Islands.     I'hila.,  Lippineott, 

IS-.     Hvo.      $-i.M. 
Halloniii.   il.    I..     Visits    to    ,7apan,    Loo-elioo,   and 

I'lirtoo.     L..   Lontrniaii.  \Ku.     Svo.     'Is.  tid. 
Hiiiiilv  <«iii(le  Hnok    to    the  tlHpiiiiest^   IslandH. 

I,  ,'Low.  is;ki.     hvo.    (is.  (id. 
Iliiwks,   I''.   I...     F.-vpeiliiiiiii   under  .  .  .  I'errv  to  .  .  . 

.lapan.     N.  Y..  .\p|ilelon,  IS.Ml.     Svo.     $."i.iK1. 
Ht.'iiie.  \\\     (Jraphie  seeiies  in  the  J  ipan  expedition. 

X.  v.,  I'lilnaiii.  IS.M;.   Hvo.    «I1.(K).— lapan.    Dresden, 

is;:i-sii.     -,  .\l)ili.    Svo     u'.-iMk. 
Ilentlsrhel,    T.     lielalion    von    der    Freiidenieiehen 

Hekehrunt;  des  KiiniKrei  dis  Vo.\ii   in  .lapon.      In- 

t'ollsiaill.  lliir. 
Illlilretli.  K.     .Japan  as  it  was  and  is.     Host.  Philliiis, 

S.  ,V  Co.,  1S"m.     Md  e  ,  IS.V,.      l-,'iii,i.     ?l. •,'.-.. 
IliKlorieal  sketeh  of  tlie  rlapun  >iissloii  ikf  tlii^ 

Prot.  Kpise.  (;li.  of  the  U   S      N.  Y.  I.^Ki 
Iloilifsoii.  (;.  I*.    Hesiileiieeai  Nagasaki  and  Hakodate 

in  IS.V.i-(i(l      L  .  Hentley.  ISCl.     Svo.     ids.  lid. 
Holtliaiii,  K.  <i.     KiKlit   years   in  Japan.     L.,  Paul, 

lKs:i    Svo.    Us. 
Hoiielte,  A.     Chine  et  Japiin:  notes  politiqiies,  com- 

niereiales,  iiiaritimes,  et  iiiilitaires.     Ps.  18K1.     Hvo. 

:i  fr. 
House,    K.    H,     .Japanese  episfides.     Bost.,   Osprood. 

l.sHl,     -Jlmo.     i«l.iHl. 
Hiiiiilierl,  A.    .Japan  and  the  .lapane.se.     Trans,  from 

the    Kr.  hv  Mrs.  I'asliel    lloev.     L..  Hentlev,  N.  V. 

.\ppleton,  IS'S.     -Jd  e..  |h;i;.     it,,,     -Jis.     $i-,>dO, 
l!iH|;aki,  M.    Japan  and  the  Paeilio.     L.,  Uinvin.  18!ld, 

Hvo.     Vis.  (id, 
In<le.   Chine,  et    .Tapon,  on    noiivean  talilettti  anec- 

dotiipie  lie  la  rehi^ion,  lies  mipiirs.  nsajres  et  eoii- 

I limes  ill's  peiifiles  et  des  contiY'es  lointaiues.    Ps. 

Is.M.     l-.'ino.     .-)  fr. 
(lapan.    Nach  den  hesten  Qnellen  Kesoliildert.    Cnrlsr. 

IsiiO. 
Japan  in  ilavs  of  yore,     [.\  oolleetion  of  tales  tr.  by 

H.  H.  Cliamlierhiin  and  others.)     L..  Uriffltli.  F.  & 

Co.,    ISSr.      Svo.       11)  pis.      Ss. 

•lapan  opened.  L.,  Heliir.  Tr.  Soe  ,  1S."R.  PJino.  .3s. 
•lapon.  I.e.  arlisiiipieet  litieraire.  Ps  IsTfJ.  IHuio.  'Jfr, 
Jii|iaiiese  Hey,  A.     Hv  Himself  [.sihiukielii  ShiKeini], 

.\.  v..  Holt,  ISIIil.     1-,'ino.     $1.00. 
JarvPK,  lias.  J,    (ilimpse  at  the  art  of  Japan.    Bost., 

Hiiril  &  11.,  1875.     Svo.     $-i.M\ 


JainlTiiehiilliol.     "  llemni'i."  eiiie  .MihandluiiK  KeKcn 

den  Clirisleiik'laiiliin.     l.pz.  ISiii.     hv,,. 
.lephsiMi.  I{.  .>!.,  uiiil   Kliiihiml.  K.  V.     One  life  in 

.Japan.     L  ,  I 'liajiiiiaii,  Jsii'.i.     svo.     IS^. 
ifiiust,     W.       .\iis    Japan     nach    Iieiilsehland    diircll 

iSiliiiieii.     Kiiln.  1SS.1      Vile,  iss;,     Hio.     4..'i(l  Jlk. 
•IiiIiiihIkii,  Jus.  l>,     (  hiiia  luiil  .lapan  :  eriiise  of  llie 

1'.  s   fri^atu  I'ouhaian,  ls."i7-tiO,  uiid  account  of  the 

.Japani'si'   eiiilni^sv  to   the  V.  S.     PInla.,  Itesilver. 

IS—,     l-.'ino.     SI  .'■ill 
Kiiinpfer,   K.     Ili„iiiiie.  etc..  de  rempire  dii  Japon. 

Aiiist.  I7;W.    tDanisli  traiisl.  Chlin.  I71il.i 
Keiiii^eli,  s,  H.    I  In- Japanese  empire.    L.,  PartridKe, 

jsiid,     sv.i.    :i-.  lid 
Ivinit,  V.  W .,  and   l.a.v,  <•.  T.    The  elaiins  of  Jajiaii 

and  .Mahiysia  ii|ion  cnn-.l Imp.  ••xhiliiled  in  noles 

of  voyages  made  in   is:i;   from  I'aiiton,  in  tlir  ship 

Morrison   and   lirit;  lliminaleh,  under  direction  u( 

the    ovMiers.     N.  V..  French,  and   L.,  Wlh-y,    1S39. 

','  V.  l','mo.    $■-'  lid.     1  Is. 
Kleist,    II.    llildcr  aus  Japan.     LeIpziK,  1890.     Svo. 

II  Mk. 
KiiollvN.H,   Sketchesof  lite  ill  Japan.    L.,  Cliapmnn. 

i-^;.    Svo.    i-.'s. 

Kiidriallsky,  ]•:.  V.    Japan.  'Wieii,  IsTI.     Hvo.     r>:Mk. 
I.ad>'-,  A,  visit   to  Manilla  and  Japan.     L.,  Hurst, 

ISIi.i.       SMI.       lis. 

I.ithroiie,  i:.     Li, lapon.     Ps.  ISSl.     Hvo.     1..MI  fr. 
I.aniliel,  Le  C'onite  lie,  Clirisiiaiiisiiie  au  Japon.  Ps. 

|si;s.    Svo.    •J..')d  fr. 
Laninan,  C.    Japanese  in  Aineriea.    N.  Y.,  University 

Pull.    Co.,    Ih7-.'.      IJiiio.      $l.,'d.— Lettdiii){   nii'li    of 

, lapan.     Host.,  Loiliroii.  is,s:).     p.'mo.     Ja.dd. 
Lapiyrere.    I'.   <le.     Le  ,lap lilitalre.     Ps.    1HH3. 

I'.'ino      :l  fr.     Souvenirs  et  episodes:  C'liilu*.  Japon, 

fttiils-rnis.     Ps.  iss.',.     |','mo.     3  f r. 
I.awlaee,  \V,  iM.     The  Japanese   wedding:   a  repre- 

sentalioii   of  the  weildiiit;  ceremony  in  Japanese 

lii^'h  life.     |.\Man(.'ed   for  pantomime  e.xliiliilions.J 

X.  v.,  Harold  Hoorliaeli.  iss:i.     l-Jiiio.     'ricls. 
lif  Geiidre.  iivn.     Proj,'ressive  .Japan:  a  study  of  the 

poliiieal    and   social   needs  of    llii'    empire.      San 

Fi-Hiiciseo,  Hanerotl.  ISid.     Svo.     $:e.(KI. 
I.itdischer,  <■.  Japan's  land  wirthschaf  1 1,  il.  all^'eniein- 

wirlhseliafll   Verhiiltiiisse.    Jeiia,  IStW.    Hvo.    .'>  .Mk. 
I.indaii,    11.      Voyage  auloiir  dii    Jupon.      Ps.    isiii, 

I'-'ino.     :)fr.  .^Oo, 
Lowell,  I'.    Xoto.  an   unexplored   corner  of  .Japan. 

Huston,  llonuhtou,  IHiM,     llinio.     $l.'J,-i. 
Lynden,  <'oiiite  ile.   Souvenir  de  Japon.  vnes  d'apres 

nature  avec  lexte.     I's   lsii.'-li3.     Fol.  li  pis.     Kacli 

3J  fr 
M.    I>.    I,.   C.    HIstoire    dii  Chri^'tiauisme   au    Japuii 

d'apies  Charlevoix.     Ps.  l.^IJIi. 
niacFarlaiK',  Clias.    An  aeeonnt  of  .lajian,  (reojrraph- 

ii'al  and  hislorieal.  to  ihe  present  time.    N.  Y..  Put- 

mim,  Iss:;.     u'mo.    $1.',',5. 
niiiclay,   A.   C.     .\   InidKet    of    letters    from  Japan. 

N.  Y..  Armslroiit;.  ISsil.     '.'d   e..  ISS'.i.     laiim,     $•,'«!. 

-:Mito  Yashiki,    N.  Y.,  Putnam,  ISS'J,    '.'d  e,,  IH'.fd. 

I'.'ino.     Si.. "id. 
McLean,   M.     Kclioes  from  Jajian.      L.,    Passmore, 

ISsil      Svo.     '.'s    rd. 
Manners  anil  <'iislfinis   f>f  tlie  .liipaneKe  in    the 

I'.Mh  century;  from  recent  Inurli  visiiors  of  .lapan, 

and  thelierman  of  Hr.  P.  I'',  vmii  Sieliold.     iKdili'd 

hv   .Mrs.  \V.  Husk.]     L..  Murray.  IHII.     -Jd  e  .  |s.-|-,'. 

Svo.     (is.     X.  Y..  Harpers.  1811.     IHiiio.     o"icts. 
Mason,    Clara    Arthur,    Mrs,     KtchiiiKs   from   two 

lands   l.ilaine  and  Japan),     Bust.,    Lotlirop,   ISSO. 

I'-'lllo.      Sl.dil. 
^leuiorials  of  the  Empire  of  Japan  in  the  XVI. 

and  .WU.  eeiuuries.     Kd.  Iiy  T.  Hundall.     L.,  Hak- 

liiyl  Sne  ,  IS.MI.     Hmi.     I XoI  priced.) 
Mel<'liiiikolV,  L,     L'empiie  Japonais.     Le   pays,   le 

peiiple,    histoire.    actlialites.      (ieneva,    1878.     Sliq. 

I'.'  parts  al  per  pit.     -J..".!!  fr. 
Missions  of  the  .\.  H.  ('.  V.  M.  in  Japan.     Bost., 

Cnn^.    Pull.   (.'o..    ISSIl.       IDlllO.      lie. 

:>lltfoi(I.  \.  U.  Tales  of  old  .lapan.  L.  and  X.  V., 
.Marmillan,  1S7I.   '.'v.   x;de.,ls71.    1  v.  Svo.   (is.    SIT.".. 

Montblane,  V.  ile.  Japon  tel  qu'il  est.  Ps.  lsii7. 
Svo.     -Jfr, 

Morse,  K.  W.  S.  Traces  of  an  early  race  in  Japan. 
X.  Y..  .Applelon,  1879.  Hvo.— .Japanese  homes. 
Host,,  Tieknor,  ]HK>.    '^'d  e..  1887.     Svo.     83.011. 

Mossinan,  S.  Japan.  L.,  Low,  1S81,  I'.'inu.  3s.  lid, 
-  Xew  Japan,  llie  land  of  the  settiii);  sun,  L, 
.■Muriav.  1871.    Svo.     l.'is. 

Moiinsey,  A.  H.  The  Satsuina  rebellion:  an  episode 
of  modern  .Japanese  history.  L.,  Jliirray,  187!l. 
Svo.     Ills.  fid. 

3Iur<loek.  Helicioiis  Tract  Society  in  Japan,  lllas- 
txo\y .  IsS'i.    s\o, 

Murray's  llandliook  for  Travelli'.  .  Ill  Central 
and  X..iih,.rn  Japan,  Iiy  E.  Jl,  Satow  and  Lieut, 
A.  (i,  S.  Hawes.  Yokoliama,  1881,  2d  e.,  L.,  Mur- 
ray, IHHl.     l-.Jnio.    ais. 


■I 


Bost., 


(ilas- 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


oi:< 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Mvltii,   <'.    vim.      I'a|ii>'i' Si'liiiii'tterliiJK'.'  aos  .lapuii. 

i.pz.  i-isr.    Ill),    ;:,  Mk. 

>>'i|i|i<iii  Kaliier,  (xk-i'dusniuder  eiitschlossciu' Jupuii. 

I.p/.    1-1. 1, 
NiiriiiMii.  lliMii'v.    The  ri'iil  Japnii:  sIiuHhh  (ir  oiii' 

iiiii|i''iarv  .liipiiin'si-  iiitiiiiiiM's.  innruls.  iuliniiii>^lra- 

linii.  iinil  |ioliiii's      L..  I'lnMii,  IH:i|.     hvii. 
Ullpliitiil,  l.iiui'i'iit')-.      Klifin's  MisHioii  III  I'liiiia  ami 

.lapan.    1-.h-.MI,     I,.,   lilackwniiils,   IWV.',      ^'  v,   Mvo. 

■.'N. 
OHiiiii'iie,  Slii'i'iiril.    JapaiiHsi'  ri'a;.'iii>'nts,     I,,.  Ilrail- 

hurv.  l-ii-,     IDiriii,     Js,— yunlBh:  fiiiise  in  .lapiiii- 

I'si'  walrrs.     Kil,,  lllai'kwuiMls.  l-li.'i.     fivo.     Ts,  M. 
I*aBi>'<,  I.61111.    Iiililio|!i'apliir  .lapiinaise.  ,  .  .  ciiivni^'CH 

piil)lir's   ili']iiii,s  If  XV'  .HiiV'l...     I's.  IWi).     Iti).     (i  t'r. 

—  IIi.->tiiiie  ill*  la  ri'liKiiiii  cliivtii-nni'  an  Japuii.  l.'ili"*- 

1051,       I'.S,    IHIill.        -J    V.    HVII,       IJ    fr,-l,a     IKTSl'-Clllinll 

ill's  Cliivlirns  ail  .lapim  el  ranil>as.>iaile  Japniiais  imi 
Kiiiiiiuv     I's.  ist:1,     Hvo. 
I'ciii'siiii,  *1.  C     Ilik'liiK  IiisIiIk  ami  imtsMc  I'arailJM' 
IJapaii,  Italy,  aijil  Turkey].    N.  Y.,  I'litiiaiiis,  ISMU. 

i-.'iMo    #i.-r., 

I'l'iiy.  M.  «'.  Kxp'"!!'ii)ii  to  thy  China  Hi':;:-,  and 
.lii|i.'in      Si"'  Hawks,  I'",  h, 

l'll/,iiiai«*r,  Aii({.  I'ii*  Kinki'hr  in  iler  Strnsst-  vmi 
Kan/.aUi  Wi.'ii,  l-;i;.  Hvo.  1,'JO  Mk.-I)as  Hans 
piiii's  Stallliallcis  vim  I'ari  IMa,  Wicii,  I^TH.  Kvo, 
l,;iil  !\Ik,  — Di'i-  Ni'lii'l  iliT  Kla«r.  Kin  japanisi'lies 
Zfkliilil,  Wii'n.  l-ls.  Ill,  1  Mk,-  l»i.>  (ii's- 
oliirlitt- eiilrr  Sffli-iiwaiiili'i'iiiii;  in  .lapan.  Wicii, 
isrw,  Ito,  (i..')0  .Mk.- I)ii' iilicrcn  Ki'i^i'ii  iiai'li  ili'in 
Oslen  .lapaiis.  W'ii'ii.  l>-il.  Ilu.  I  Mk.  — Dii' 
japanisLiii'n  Workf  aiis  lii'ii  Saniiiilinmi'ii  ili'r 
IlUnstT.  Willi.  l.KKi,  .110.  1  Jlk,— Zwi'i  Hi-iscii 
iiai'li  ili'iii  Wesli'n  .lapaiis  in  ilen  .Jaliri'ii  1.3ii'.l-i:i"<ll. 
Wien,  IHSl.  4tii.  1.80  .Mk.— Wi'ikc  ans  ilcii  Zi'ilen 
iliT  Zwi'itlii'iliint;  Japans.  Wieii,  ISS'J,  ^vl). 
l.-Jii  Mk. 

IToiiiiili's,  C,  Till' .Japanese  people.  L.  lt)Sl.  (I'am- 
plilel.l 

riper, . I.     Missions  in  .Japan.    L.  1887. 

I'liiyii,  M..  Mm.  (irainlniainnia's  letters  from  Japan. 
Host..  K.aile.  ISTU.     lliiiui.    Jl.OO. 

Keeil,  K,  •!,  .Japan,  il.s  history,  traililions.  and  re- 
lik'i"iis,     I, „  Murray,  issd.     ;.' v.  Hvo,     ^'Ss, 

I<e|ii>i't  of  the  Tiveiity-lirtli  Observmicii  of  the 
wi'ek  iif  prayer  in  Vokuliaina.     Ynkuh.  l-^Sl. 

lii'hi,  .1,  J.  Japan,  nai'li  Heisen  iinil  Sliiilieii  ilaiw- 
.sti'lll.  Lpz,  1NS1-H(i.  -Jv.  8vo.  IllMk.  Kin;,  trans. 
Vol,  I.  Japan,  travels  and  researehes,  L,,  Hodder, 
N,  Y,,  .Xrinslriinn,  l^Kl,  -Jd  e.,  1NS4.  Svo.  iis, 
$7..50.  Vul  11.  The  indiistHes  of  Japan.  L..  Hod- 
der, N.Y.,  Arnistruntf.  tWSI.    Hvo.     .3ns.    $Ul,iW, 

UeyiiiililH,  ^:.  J.,  Sir.  Japan:  its  history.  1  radii  ions, 
and  religion.  L,,  Murray,  1st  and  'Jd  e.,  1»80.  si  v. 
HV(.,     -JHs, 

Kitter,  I'.  Drei.ssiR  Jahre  protestantischer  Mission  in 
Japan.    Derliii,  IW'JO.    Hvo     'J  Mk. 

Kosiiy,  li.  lie.  La  religion  des  .laponais:  mielipn's 
renseiK'neineiits  siir  le  Sainlaii'i'sine.  Ps.  l-Sl, 
Hvo.  ■-'  fr,-  l,a  eivilisation  japmiai.se,  I's.  ISOl. 
Hvo,     :;  fr,     -^'de..  1HH;J.     Itiino.     ."j  f r. 

Kuiissiii,  .V.  Une  cainpaiine  siir  les  coles  du  Jai)0U. 
I's,  ISiM,     I'Jiiio.     3  tr.  ."jOe. 

Itnnilall,  T.     Wee  JIk.mohiai.s.  etc. 

KiiMsell,    Japan  iSiinday-seliiiol  exercise),     Bost,  ISH'.'. 

Sclieiilje.  I(,  Die  Aiuos.  Yokohama,  1S83.  [Lpz. 
4111,    ■-',.MiMk,l 

Sliiiikielil  SlilKeiiii.     See  Jai-anesp;  Hov. 

Slcliiilil,  II.  V.  KtliniiloKi-ehe  Stuilieii  illier  die  Ainos 
aiil'ilei- lusel  Vesso.     Heil.  IXHI,     ,Svo.    4  .Mk. 

Sieliulil,  I»li.  K.  V.     See  Ma.nnkh.s,  etc. 

Silver,  ,1.  M,  W,  Sketches  of  .hipanese  manners  and 
ciistoins.     L.,  I)av.  \-<in.     Svo.     4-'s, 

Sinitli,  (ii'o.,  ftp-     Visit  to  l.oo.CI I,,,  Hatchard. 

IK.')'.;,  l','iii'».  :;s,  till,— Ten  weeks  in  Japan,  L.. 
Lon^inaii,  IMil,    Svo,     lis, 

Sniilli,  11.  A.  History  of  Japan  in  words  of  one 
syllahle,     N,  Y.,  Koiitledne,  isnr,     Hvo.     $1.00. 

Spaliliiii;,  J.  W,  Japan  and  around  the  world.  N.Y'., 
Ue.ltield.  IS.-).'),     p.'iiio,     $1, •,'.■■,. 

Sti'iliiiii'tz,  A.  History  of  .lapan  and  her  people.  L,. 
|{onIli'.li;e.  IH.'iH,     Hvo,     .'is. 

Stern,  N.  .\.  Jottiiids  of  travel  in  China  and  Jaiian. 
I'hila,.  Porter  .If:  Coates,  IKSS,    p.'mo.    S1,'A"). 

Stork,  K.  .Japan  and  the. Japan  mission  of  the  Church 
Missionary  Society.  J.,,,  Ch.  JI,  Soc,  1S,S0.  Hvo. 
Is,  i;,l. 

Strohi'l,  Vf.  Japan,  Land  un'l  Leute.  Glariis,  18H7. 
Svo.    SO  pf. 

Taylor,  B.  Japan  of  oiir  day.  N.  Y..  Scrihner,  1871. 
3de.  ISHI.     Hvo,     $1  -^r,. 

Thorpe,  f.  History  of  Japan  L.,  White,  1885.  Svo. 
3s.  lid. 

Tbiinlieri;,  C  P.  Ueher  die  Japanisolie  Nation. 
Alls  d.  .Schwed.     Lpa.  Ki).'!     Hvo.     4  pr. 

Tonii'M,   It.     .Americans  in  Japan.    N,  Y.,  ,  18.5!), 

181IIO,     $l..")0. 


Tiiselovvskl,   I''.     I'line  Iteise  inn  die  Kide  mil    zwel- 

.liiliiiL-i'ii  ,\iiri'nllialt    in    Japan,     Uerl.    IHiU.    Hvu, 

Mill  ,Mk 
T'liiiiiK  I'liit.     ,\riliivi's  noiir  servlr  ii  lelnde  de  I'lils- 

loire,  lies  laiiL'iii's.  lie  la  i.'eot,'ra|jliie  el   de   retliim- 

(fraphie  lie  l'.\sie  orieiilale  |('iiine,  Japoii,  CoriV, 

Ind'it  liine,    .Vsie    cenlrale   el  .Malaisie|,      Li'Iden, 

V,  1,     Svo.     :Jli  .Mk, 
TriKiiiiliiiH,  .     Ilisturia  ('hrlsllan.    Jap     illistory 

III  the  estahlishmeiit  of  the  K,  C.  (.'lunch  in  Japan, 

In  Latin,) 
\iiliil.  .s.     lie  Niitrata  a  Vi'.lo,     Toiili.nse,  ls;il,     Hvo. 
Villiiri'l,  K.  lie.     HaiNippon,     I's.  I  "Ml,    svo,    7ri,.'iilc. 
\  illi'l'nini'lie,  ,1.  .■>!.     Les  marlyrsilii  Japiiii;  hisioire 

dis  viii);i  ~ix  iiiarlvis.  .  .  .  I'.s,  IHiw,    isnio.    ,'iOctlii. 
Vtlli'taril,  K,     l.eJapoii.     I'm.  1H71I.    ;!d  e,,    18M.    Hvo. 

■.'  fr, 
^'litltN  til  .lii|iaii  ill  1H(I5  till.     L,,  Dean,  1H09.     lUino. 

•Js.  11.1, 
visits  III  .lapan,  1M<:.->~(!(I,     L..    -  ,  isii!)     Hvo 
^\'i'snli'ld,  T.  <■,     The  .lapanese;    their   manners  ninl 

ens IS.     L,,  I'lioio   News  of,,  l-i;-,'.     110.     ^s.  IkI. 

Weriiii'li,  A.     l  el.er  ,\iisl.ieitiiiiK  iiiid  Kedentiiii)!  iler 

neiii'ii   1  nlliirliestrel.iin^M'n   in  .Japan,     Ueil,    lsr7, 

Svo.    sill 'I, 
Wllln'rl'iirie,  It.  ,\.     Missii.nari.s  in  Jajian  beatified 

iiy  Pins  l,\.     hMin,,  I'iiilp,.  Isii;),     ismo,    -Js 
Wiley,  I.  I>.     Cliina  and  Japan.  I'esideiice  and  tour, 

lHVr-;.s.    Cincinnali.  Hitchcock  A:  W.,  IMIU.     Uu\o. 

$].M. 
Woiiil,  W.  ,M.     r.inkwei;    111',  the   "San  .Ittcliito"  In 

tliM  seas  of  India,  China,  and  Japan,    N.  Y.,  Har- 
pers. IH,-.!),     Hvo,     Jl,.'..!, 
Vel,|l''<>    Oil",     riie    iiiilnslrial    transition   in   Japan. 

Bait.,  Murphy,  IH'JO.    Hvo.    §1.00. 

./.4r.i, 

liahiit  ilii    MarAs,   Jules,     Keli.v    lialel,  oil  I:i  Hoi- 

laiiili'  i\  .lava.     I's,  ISMI.     ^' v,  Hvo,     I:J,.')(I  fr, 
Itartliolo,     Het   Iiilainlscli  Silioi.Kv.'/.i'ii.  en  de  Kvan- 

Celisati  en  .N'eederlaiuh.sch  Indie.     'S  (ji'avenhage, 

|Hii:j,    Hvo, 
Ileiiiiviilr,   |j.   lie.     Vovape  (.lava.   Slain,  etc).    Ps. 

lHi;!i-7i',    .3  vols,     I'.'ino,    .'ill  e,    lH7ii,     Knif.   trans. 

A  v.iyatri' roiin.i  the  world,     L.. .  |s7(l-r-,',     Hvo, 

lIcrK,  W.   I*,  van  ileii.     De  Handel  van  .lava  Redii- 

reiide 'li.  I:ialst<' acht  j:iren,     Hatavia.  IHH:),     nvu, 
Crawforil,  .1.     lie    Indische    .\rcliipel   iinil    lii/onder 

.lava     Haarlem.  |s-.',i, 
UaKverliaal  trelion.leii  ii|)  eene  reize  iiaar  .lava,  aan 

111  lord  van  Zr,  ,Ms,  sehip  Nassau,  door  den  Heer, 

elc.     MiddleliiirK,  IHlii,     Svo, 
D'Aliiielila,  V  .   II.     Life  in  Java.     L,.  Hurst  ^t  B., 

lSi;4,     -J  V,  Svo,     '.'Is. 
De  Waiiorili'lijklieileii  in  <le  •TavaHclie  Vorsten- 

lanileii,     'S  Uravenh.  lH7t),     'J  pts.    Hvu. 
Eliert,  J.  J.    Hi'selireilinnKntid  (iesehichleiler  Haupt- 

sladt    ill   dem    Holland.   Ust-Iniliiii,    liatavia,  etc. 

Lpz,  KS,-,. 
Kerste  Zeiiilini;  C'oiifereiitie   te    Hatiivia  en   t« 

Depok,     'S  (Iraveiih,  IHSi). 
Kill  In  lef  lilt  Java.     Amsterd,  IW'iO,     Hvo. 
Kinfiihrniii;,     Die,    lies    Christemhums  (luf    Java. 

Aiiisl,  IS,^.     Hvo.     4r)0Mk, 
tJeliler,  W.  van.    Beschrijving  v,in  het  eiland  Java. 

Hatavia,  1SS1-H'>.     Kinio. 
Griithe.  .1.  A.     .\reliii'f  voor  ile  Geschichte  der  Oude 

llolhind,     Zi'iiilini;,     rtr.'cht,  ISSii, 
IIIkkIiisoii.  S.  .1.     .Java,  the  pearl  of  the  Kast.     Bost., 

lloiiirlitoii,  isiiil,     ICni...     7,'.i', 
Intlnie  blikkeii  in    liet   l>liiiii'iilaiiil.scli-be,stuur 

van  .lava,  .  ,  .  rtreeht.  IHIil,     Svo, 
I.ceiiians,  C.     Driro-lioiidonr  dans  Tile  de  Java.     Ps, 

is;  I,    ■-' v.  Svo.    ssnir, 
Miirliii,  K.     Die  Tertiiiiscliichten  aiif  Java.     Leiden, 

1-7',!,  ''te.     Kill, 
Miilileleii    ler    HerestiKnuK.    etc.,    van    Christeln 

le.ilsili.'iisi  in  N l.'rl,  liiilieii,     Haarlem.  17!>0. 

Millies,  H,  (;.    (Ipiiierkuii«en,  etc.,  van  Nederl   Oost 

Indie,     .\nist,  ISO'.', 
Moiiev,  .1.  \\.  li.     .lava;  or,  how  to  inanaKe  a  colony, 

1.,,  Hurst  .V  H,.  isill,     -J  V,  Hvo.     'Jls, 
3Iiiiiiiicli,   il,    OpleidiiiK   van   .Javaas   lievolkin^  tot 

Chrisiel,  HeschaviiiL'.     firecht.  ls||, 
Neilerlanilsi'he    Oeilailiten    '.J    Ueer.    lHU:t :    De 

V',vani;i  1,  Zi'iidinj;  en  Oust  .lava, 
Nellie,   lirievenaan  Mineile.  '.Sliravenlia'.'e,  1,S,S4.  Hvo. 
ItatticK,  V.  S.     History  of  .lava.     L..  Allen.  1817.    2d 

e..  Murray.  IS.'iO,     svo,    'JSs, 
Kainlili's    til    .lava    anil    tlie    .Straits,   185ii.    L., 

Siinpkiii,  lS,',.'i.     Svo,     '.'Is, 
liesa  till  tiava,  ieiiiti'  lieskrifiiinK  iifver  des  Kiiltur- 

oeli     Kliniatforhiillendeu,     af    en    uiik     Tourist. 

Stckhin,  Isii-,',     liimo, 
Koy,  •!.  •!.  K.    (jiiinze  ans  de  sC'jour  ii  Java  et  dans 

les  princiiiales  iles  de  la  Sonde.  .  .  .  Ps.  1861.    Svo. 

3fr. 


i'li: 


II 


TKAVBLS,  OENERAL. 


(tl4 


TRAVELS,  QENSRAL 


Scliiili,  Ili'iijiiiiilii,     Hit'  ^Ii^^<ii>n  lint'  ilci'  Iiim'I  Java 

Sinisslpv'.  isiii).     f.'iriu.    wi  I'f. 
Tliorii.  Mii,|<>r.     Mi'iiiuir  nf  ilif  ciiiimifsl  of  Java.     Iv., 

K^MiMiiii,  IS-.    III).   >y.u. 

Trill'    Ki'piii'l    nf    llii>    i{iihii>riill  .  .  ,  VoyiiKi'    ti> 

Jiiv  a  liv  a  ili'f  ii>  iif  i'ii;lii  >lii|is  uf  .\iii»li'r<raiii,  .  .  . 

l.vis,  |.|,v     I,..  llalihi.M  S(.i\,  ixii'.i.     111). 
VerHliiK   von  il«   siiiiit,   rlr..  Int   lii-viii'ili'iiiit;  'I'T 

Kvaii;;,  Vrilir.  in  iliMi  NimIitI.  Ht'/.ittln;;i'ii.     Alii>I. 

1\V,. 
Vooi'limii'vc.     Kvant'ilisKi'    ZiMulinu    up  Oost  Java. 

■.•<  inavi-nliaj.'!',  IMil. 
^Viilliiiiiiii,  ('.  I'.    Ili>t<irii'  ilfi'  (1st  liiil.  Insel  Java, 

fir.    i,|p/..  \;:,,, 
WoMx-i'H,  .1.    (irsi'lilfilni's  van  Java.    Utifclit,    ISU'J. 

:J  V.  svo. 


L.lliKMiiiU. 


See  Qreenland. 


I.-IVLASIK 

Acerbl,    .1.     Ui'ise    cluivli    Schwwli'n    uiul    Finland. 

ll.-rl.  l.N':). 
Alvli'llii,  (iiilili't   il',  Ciiiiiti',    Saliani  ft    Lapcmii'. 

.  .  .   Ill  Vf.ya;.'i'nii  CapNiinl.     I's.  is;:).     1-,'iiiij.   4  fr. 
Itri't' ti'iiii  l.ii|i|>lHiid,  IM7I.     SKii'kli.  IHTl.     Svn. 
lii'iMiki',   A.  ill-  t'.     \\  iiiiiM-  in  l.aplaiiil  aihl  .Swi'ili'ii. 

I^..    .Mnria.v,    IS','7.     Iiu,    itSs.  -  Wiim-i-    ski'iclics  In 

Laiiland;  la-.  illnsnaiicnis  ul'  a  JMnnii'V  from  .Mtiai 

.  .   .  to  ■I'cinii'a.     I.  ,  HoiUvi'll.  1SJ7.     Ji'o.     ;!Is.  D.l. 
Cajiiiiiis,  A.     Vara  N'oiimilcr  (Our  iininuilsl.     Stulni. 

is;ii. 
l)e  iiorske  l'iiil»|i|ii-i's  lii>«ki'lvi'lsi'  (r)|..sfriptlon  of 

the  Nia'wcK'ian  Kiiin.'M.     Klilin.  174(1. 
Diibi'ii,  «iii>(,   \V.  V.     iiin  Lapplaml  oili  I,npp«ni(>, 

foriMriiilfsvis    ill'    Sviii^Ua    idn    Laplanil   anil  X\m 

Lapps.  iliL'Swfilisli  in  iiartiriilan.   Slolin.  1^7:1.   Svo. 
Uii  t'liiiillii,  l>.     Laiiil  of  ihi' iiiiilniK'lit  snii.     I...  Miir- 

rav.    N.    Y.    Ilarpfr,    issl.     a  v.    Svo.     3(is.     $7..'iO. 

Fr.  trans.     I's.   ISS-,'-.).     -J  v.  Svo.     :i()  f r. 
^ckiT,  .V.    I.npplaiiil  ninl  ilii-  happliiniler.     Krcib.  i. 

li.,  1S7S.    4to.     1.00  .Ml;. 
Kiiiiiilt,  L,    Uii  aiiiDiir  I'll  Laponii-.     I's.  l,s(ll.     l','ini>. 

■i  Ir. 
KiiKntrliiii.    Ui'sa  K''ninn   Xorrlainl  ocli   l.nppl.  is;i4. 

iTravi'lstliri.n(;li  Xorrlainl  and  I..applainl,  is:il.    1-'.'.) 

Stolin.  I.s.il. 
Felliiiiiiiii,   J.     Anti'i'kniiicar    umlfr  inin    vistelse    i 

L.-ippniarUi'ii  iNoU's  inadii  during;  my  stay  in  the 

l.appmarki      lIort;a.  ISll. 
FrfiK'-.  rierri",     Vovap'  an  Cap  Noril  I't  en  Lnpunic, 

par  III  I'iiiland.     I's.  1SS.-|.    svo.     -J  !PU  I'r. 
FriiH,  .1.  A.     Kn   Soinincr  (A  suiniin'r    in   the  Kinn- 

iiiark,  Hnssian  I.applanil,  and  Nordkari'lfiii.   C'liia. 

is;  I.     n.  1'..  1SS().     Svo. 
Hell,  I*.    Ki'isi' iiaL'h  Wai'dii,  hei  Lnpplaiid.   Wieii,  183.). 

Svii.      ^V)  K'f. 
IleliiiH,  II.     Lapplaiid  wild  die  Lappliiudcr.    Lpz.  IStW. 

Svo.     1.-.  irr. 
UliKsti'iiiii,  I".     Heskr.  over  de  under  Sveiii^tes  Krone 

li>,';;i'nile     Lapnuirker     lUesi'iiiilion    of    the    Lap- 
marks.  H-liicli    hclont;   iindi'r   ilii-  Swedisli  crown). 

Stoliii  171').    (Ji-r  transl.     Klihii.  und  l,eip/.ii:,  174S. 
Ki'tlliiiii,  H.  >I,     Hi'ise  1  ( )st  otr  Vi'slMiiniarken  saint 

til  lieri'ii  ICiland  '>K  .Spil/.l)i'ri.'i'n  i.V  Iravi'l  in  Kastern 

and  Wnsli'm  Kiniiiiiark  and  to    Ijcivn  Island  and 

SpitzliorKi'ii),  lS-,'7-','S.     ('lira.  lS:il. 
Kiiiiri'liiK.    (ienoin      Lappl..     .Skaiie     neh     Seeland 

iThroiifjh  Ijipphind,  Skane,  and  Zealand).     Stolni. 

1S74. 
Kiei'hIiii-.Si'liwart/,  A.    Un  toiiriste  en  Lapnine:  le 

soli'il  lie  ininnit.  Karasjok,  les  Lapons,  le  Field.    l'.s. 

\mi.     I'.'nio     :)  .V)  fr. 
Kui't7.<>  Kesi'lii'eiliiiiiK   iler    Lii|i|>lHiiiler    Sitteii 

Keki'iiiii'hi'ii  Hie  ancli  Kriej,'siil)iiiiiji'U.  .  .  .  Strulil- 

snnd.  irao.     4to. 
LieHtiiiliii!!,    V.     Journal    fi'ir    ffirsta    aret    af    hans 

tjenstiKiiriiiK'   sasoin    niissionaire    i    Lappinarki'n 

(Journal  of  the  first  years'  labors  as  inissiunary 

in  the  Lapi)inarki.     -Jd  e,    Stolni.  lK:i(i. 
I.nplitiiil  mill  its  KeliKleer.    L.,  Harvey,  1835.    Side., 

1S4(). .  I81110.     is. 
Lieeiii,    K.     Naoliriohten   von    den    Lappen    in   Finii- 

nmrken.    .Vns  d.  Diin.    Leip/ie.  1771.    Hvo.     1-4  sr. 
Liiiilholiii,   V.  A.      Hos    I.apphrmder.    Skildrinxar, 

siit;iiar  och  sat^ar  fran  sddia  Lappl.  (By  Lapp  peas- 
ant.    Skftelies,   tales,  and  stories  from  Southern 

Laiiland.l    Stolin.  ISHt. 
Maiirer,    C.  O.    L.      HekehriinB   des    Norwetjiseheu 

Stanimes  zinn    Christenthuine.    MUncheu,    1855-6. 

•J  V.  Svo.    Si.SO  Mk. 
Meyliiii,  A.    Histoire  de  I'evangelisation  des  Lapons 

suivie  de  I'gvangile  au  Labrador.    Ps.  1853.     liino. 

L'-'Sfr. 
Morrlee,    F.   I,.   H.     The  nightless  North:    a  walk 

across  Lapland.     L.,  Kent,  1881.    8vo.    68. 


Oiii   Nweiiskii    I.iipiiniiirken   iieli    ilemt  InwHIinrn 

(.Mioiii  the  Swi'dish  Lai)pinark  and  its  inliabitaiitsi. 

Il 'ill I.  of  pajiersfor  real MiiKii  lor  the  peoplr  1    Slohii, 
Kiie,  K.     Whili'  .'^111   pi'iiinsnla:    loiiriiev   in    Unssiiin 

Lapland  and  Karelia      I...  Mii  ray,  ls.'<'.'     Svii.     1.'.-. 
Ui'Ise   iiiii'li    .Niirili'ii,    worlnneii   die  Sitlen,  l.ebens- 

ai'l    niid    .Mii'i'„danbeii  deri'r  .  .  .  Ijippliiniler  ,  ,  . 

lieM'lini'lien  wi'ideii.     Leip/.ii;?  I;(I3. 
Uriili'i'iliilil,  II.     .Misk'ariiis.  oili'i' der  .'VnfaneHpiinkl 
dcr  Chi  isii'iihi'll  in. Si'liwedcn.    Ili'rI.  ls;i;-.    Svo,  ','.'1  >{r. 
ICi'Ktiiii'il,    .1.    K.      VoyuKe   ile    Ijiponio.     I's.    187.\ 

liliiio     :i.-i(lfr 
Kiilii'li'li,  II,    LiiLapnnleetM.M.  Mathsdiilli'r.     Lans. 

isi;.-.. 
Si'liell'er,  ,1.     Waiaijtik'e.  etc.,  Histoire  van  Lappland. 

,\ni»l    lliS'J. 
.Scott.  «i.     'I'l'llstriini,    Fiirsli'  Svmska  Jlissloimreii   i 

l.appiiiai  ki'ii.     (ielle,    18U'. -Ti'llstriim  and    Lapp- 

liiiiil.     L.  isds, 
Sti'lleiis.     I'lbir  die  l.appen  iiiid  Stockltelh's  Wirk- 

sainki'ii.     Ilerl.  l-l',' 
Storktletli,  N.  V,     Iiauboir  over  mine  Misslonsrelser 

i    I'lniniiiki'ii   iHiai'i   of   my  missionary  travels  in 

till-  l''iiiiiniark.i    Clira.  isiill. 
Tiiylor,  II.     Noilhi'rn  travel  (Swi'den,  Denmark,  and 

Lapliiiiil).     N.    Y..  rmnain,   1858,  11.  e.  ISU'J.    $l.,Ml. 

(ilT.  Ir..  I.pz.  I.s."i8. 
Viilil,  .1.      I.apperne    and   den   lapska   Mission   Ci'be 

Lapps  iinil  llie  inissii'ii  to  ihf  Liippsi.     Kblin.  ISIiH. 
Vliici'iit,  I''.     Norsk.  Lapp,  and  Finn.    Travel  traiinj;* 

rroni  till'  far  N'oilh  of  Kiiropi',    L.,  Low,  N.  Y.,  I'lit- 

nam.  1SS1.     svo.     I'.'s.    JL.'jii. 
|\Vlieel\vi'i(;lit,  H.  W.)     .\  spring  and  summer  in 

l.apl.iiiil.     1,.,  Warne,  isill.   ■,'di.,,  1871.     Svo.    7s.  (id. 
/etlersli'ilt,  ,1.  W.     Hi'iiilleKc  oin  en  natnihlsl.  le^ii 

Heiiiim  iiairra  I'rovinsi'r  nf  niudliitare  Skainliiiavii'ii 

oeh  siirdclt's  Jt'intland  ( hesnipiiun  of  a  seii'iitilic 

trip  lhroiit:h   some  of  tlie  provinees  of  Northern 

Siiiniliniivia,    Jemtland    in    partienlar),    in     1840. 

lllnstr. 

LOYALTY  ISr.AMiS. 
(iill,  W.      Gems  from   the  Coral  Islands  (New  Ileli- 

rides,   Lovaltv,  and    New  Caledonia  ^I'nnpsi.     L., 

Sioi'k,  IS.-),'),  ii.e  ,  1871.    8V0.    is.  Ud.    I'liila.  I'res.  Hd. 

|S.-|."|.     'J  V.  8vo.     i$'.'.3o. 
Miicfiu'liiiie,  S.    Story  of  the  Lifn  Mission.     L.  1873. 

8vo.    Os. 

J/.4A).l(V.I,SC'.4yi'. 
All  Anrleiit  Areouiit  of  .'flMiliiKiiHeiir,  A.I>.  HiUU. 

From   the  (Jerm.  of    Hieronynins  ."Metriserns.     Aii- 

taiianarivo.  l-'riends  For.  !Miss.  Soc.  [187T] 
Aiiilebi'i't.    ,1.       :Madai;askar    nnd     das     llovareich. 

lierl.  1SS3.     Svo.     l.iOMk. 
lliir/.iiv,   <>.   lie.     La  iiiieslion    de  Madagascar.     I's. 

is.-,(l.     Svo.     -J  fr.  50  e. 
lioriii^e,    Li.     Hiirliie    ilii.     ^lada^tisear,    possession 

fi'ani;iiise  depiiis  Kit','.     Ps.  Is.Mi.     7  fr. 
Uiiet,  Cli,     Mailanasear.  la  reine  des  iles  afriealiies; 

histoire.  mieiirs,  religion,  etc.     I's.  188;j.     8vo.     11  fr. 
Si.x  muis  A  MaihiKilscar,     I's.  Is84.     I'Jmo.     3  f r. 
Cariiyoii,  L.     Histoire  de  I'etahlisseinent  fian(;ais  de 

.^lailatrasear.    I's.  181().    Hvo.   5  fr.— I'reels  liisloriiiue 

siirU'i pie  Ova.     Ps.  1840.    Svo.     1..50  fr. 

Ciilliis,  L.  Ch.,  I't  I'.  Colllu.     Llle  de  Madagascar  et 

h'  roi  Itailama.     I's.  ISCrJ.     8vii.     1  fr. 
Cr£iiiiizv,   Liiiirent.      Notes  snr    MadaRascar.      I's. 

18S:i-85.     .'i  V.  Svo.     (L.^id  fr. 
Christen  VerfiilgniiK  iiiif  iler  liisel  MililaKasciir. 

Hasel.  IS.'iii. 
Ualile,  I..oiiis,    Dr.      Madanaskar    on    dels    Heboi-re 

(Maila^'isear  and  itsinhabitantsi.     1-','.     ('bra   1876. 

-   Specimen  of  Jhilagasy  folk  lore.     Antananarivo, 

1877. 
Ui'lai'oiiilM',  H.  F,  1.1,    Voyage  il  Madafiascar.    I's. 

is)i).    iv.  8vo.    ','1  fr. 
Desrartes,  M,   Histoire  et  geographie  de  Madagascar. 

I's.  1816.    Svo.    8fr. 
Ui'sl'ossi's,    II.   C'astoniiet.     Madagascar.    I's.    1881. 

181110      ]  fr. 
IJriiry,  H.    Madagascar:  .journal  of  15  years' captivity. 

Kditi'd  by  Caiit.  Oliver.     L.,  Unwiii.     Svo.    .')S. 
I)iilir6,  ('apt.     frois  iiiois  de  si^Jonr  i\  Jladiigascar. 

Ps.  Isii:!.     1-,'nio.    3fr.  .50  c. 
ISUis,    Sarali   S.   Mrs.     Madagascar,   its  social  and 

religions  progress.     L.,  Nisbet,  186:).     I'Jiiio.     ;)s.  (id. 
Kills,  W.     History  of  Madagascar.  .  .  .  progress  of 

the  Christian   mission.     L.,  Tallis,  1838.    a  v.  8vo. 

25s.— Tliree  visits  to  JIadagascar.    L..  Jlnrray.  1858. 

5th  1,(XX).   1860.    Svo.     16s.— Madogascnr  revisited. 

L.,  Murray,  1867.    Svo.     16s.— The  martyr  church. 

L..  Snow,  186n.    2d  e.,  1870.    Svo.    3s.  6d. 
Uscainps,  Henri  d'.    Histoire  et  geographie  de  Mad 

agascar.    Ps.  1884.    Svo.     6  fr. 
Freeman,  J.  J.,  anil  Johns,  D.    Narrative  of  the 

persecutions  of  the  Christians  in  Madagascar.    L., 

Snow,  1840.     l'.2mo.    6s. 


TRAVELS,  OENBRAL 


618 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


L.   1S73. 


Frcv.   A.  E.    MiiilimnHkiir:   pln«  MIsnlonsklrcliH  ilcr 

NiMIZcll.      AlI'MllllHII.    I'll..   llrolHt.  ISHr.      IDlllcl.     .I'l  0. 

0<>i'iiiiilii,  A.     .MailaK'UHi'iii' (oi'iluDi'lunlitli'i.     1'h.  IHU.'). 

Svo,     :  ir. 
(triiiiilUllKi',  A.     IliHtoIri-  |iIi,vnI(|iii>.  iiatiiiclli',  el  pnll- 

lii|Ui'  ill'  .Miidiipisi'ar.     I'l'ii  Ipi'  i'i>ni|p|i'lfil  iii  aliiiiM 

■."<\ci|-.]     I's.  INrt;  w|i|.      Ito.     Ka.  |.',,-iii  rr. 
Giillliihi,  r,     DiiciiiiaMiiM  Hill'  riii'^tdiri',  i'Il-  .  ili-  .Mailii- 

ua-^i'iir.     I's    iHi;,.    n\,>.    II  fr. 
Oiillliilii,  i.'hiix.    Dni'iinii'MiN  sill'  I'lilMtoIrt*,  t>tu.,  iU> 

.Mailak'iiM'ar.     IN   lsi.-i.     Hvn,    II  (r. 
lIVHNt',  •!.    /.Hi'l  ;;i"Hsi' TiiKi' rill' MailHKiwkni'.     Duwl. 

I"N|,     Hvu       III  I'r. 
UUtory  III'  MikIiikkx'iii',  I'liiliiai'lni,'  tin'  |inii,M'esN  nf 

till'  riii'istiiin  iiiisnIiiiis.  anil  an  ai'i'oiiiil  uf  tin'  ]m'|'- 

si't'iill.iii  III'  till'  native  C'lii'i!<tians,     I'liihi  ,  .Viii.  S. 

S.   v.,   IN.I'.I.       iMIIil.      Mill'. 

lltiiililiT,  •!.   A.     .Niirtli   Kast   MailaK'am'ai':  iiariatlvi' 

.if  a  ini-siiiiiai'y  tuiir.  liniii  tin'  i'ii|iitiil.  etc.     .Vntaii- 

aiiat'ivii,  l.iiiivl.  >liss.  Sue.  I'r.,  IM^T. 
IIiiK,  I'xriiMiKl.     1.11  I'riiiH'i'  .'t  r.ViiKli'Ii'i'i't<  i1  Maila- 

k'asi'Mi'.     I's,  IHN").     l'Jiiii>.     .'t.'ii  I'r. 
Juki's,   C,    (niiiiti'y  woik    In    WailaK'ascar.    L.    IMTO. 

IDinu. 
Liii'iillli',  I..,  I>i'.    Coiinnlssata' '  ill- MailiiKasrar.     I'm. 

I  si;,'!,    svii.    :i  I'r. 
I.ariizt-,  11.     ViiviiKi'  iV  Mailiik'a'icni',  lilstoiri*.  iionnla- 

tiipii,    nni'iir's.    I'lo,     I's.     18SI.     Svo.      I    fr.— L'IsIh 

Hoiii'l I'llc  lie   Fmiioe,  .'iIiiilaKasoar.     I's.  issi. 

SVII.      I'.  I'l'. 

T.alllut,  K.    r..(i  Frnni'c  orlt'iitale:  I'llHili'MailiiKnsear, 

sa    sitnatiiin,  ,  .  .  nuL-iii's,    etc.     I's.    IMSI.     l^inm. 

:)  .•ill  I'l' 
I. II  Viilsslfire,  rAi'o  lie.     Hist  lii'f  ili'  MailaKnsiar.  -ii'S 

lialiilanis  rt  si's  nii^siiinaires.     I's.  is^l.    '.'  v.  Hvo. 

1','  Ir. 
Lavi'i'ihiiit,  !>.<■.    Ciiliinlsa'.ion  lie  Mailat?asi'ar.    I's. 

is||.    sm,      :i  fr. 
I.ero.v.    I.ouis.     I.i-s    ••'.aiii.'ais  i\  Mailatrasoar,   I'linln 

.  .  .  Iiistiirii)in'rti'ii|iiiiiali'.    I's  is.s:i.    rjino.   ^..^iOfr. 
Little,  II.  \V.     .Maila^'asi'iir:  its  liistm'y  uml  pi'upli*. 

I...  Hlin'kwooils,  1HH4.     ■Ivo.     10s.  liil. 
^Iiii'<|iiiii'ir,  J.  1..    ViiyaKi'  i  JliulaKasoar.     I's.  18,S3. 

I'Jiiiii.     I  fr. 
Mii<liii;iisi'iii'  iiikI   Its   Miirtvrii.      1'     la.<   I'l'us.   ltd. 

I'llli.,   IS-.      IS .'•jdi.', 

MiKliiKHst'iir    iliii'ini;    IH.-i.'t,     18.*>4,    IS.'iO.     N. '\'., 

llarpi'i's,  I,s.')!rr    8vii.    «','. .')(). 
.MiiiltiKiisriir,    past  anil  pi'i'seiit.     Uy  a  ri'.siili'iit.     L., 

lii'iitli'y,  IS4r.     Hvii.    (Is. 
Mrtrr**,  .\.     f.'iiiiiiiiL;i'alioii  nialai'-' '  ilaiis  ;\lailntjasi'ar 

a-Ii'lli'  prt'-i'i'ili'' on  siii\i  rinti'iiilurtin'i  ili'  rhiiiilmi' 

isMii'  il.'iiis  .lava'r    Soliitioii  it'xii'ulut;iipie  ilc  cutlo 

ipii'stimi.     I's.  I.SS.5.    Hvii.     1  fr. 
Miii'tvi'N  III'  .'tliulKKascur.     N.  Y.,  Am.  Tr.  Sou.,  1853. 

ISlllll.        H."H'. 

."»Iiittliinvs,  T.  T.     Null's  of  mission  unik   in  Voni- 

zuiiKii.  Nortliwi'sl  .MailiiKascar.     h.  1S81.     ,Svii. 
3tHii|>iiiiit,  .Mri'.     Mailiiiiasoar  I't  si's  ili'iix  premiers 

I'veiiiies.     I's.  IS-.     :jil  e  ,  l.siil.    'J  v.  I'.'iiio.     I  fr. 
.'Clears,   .1.  W.     Stiirv  of   ;Mailai,'aseai'.     Pliila.,  Pies. 

liil.  I'lili.  is;;),    iiinio.    8 1 '-'■'''■ 
.'Missliins-liiltU'i'.    lift.  10.    MailiiKa.skar.     t'nlw.  1871. 

svii     rr,  I'f. 
.'\Iiilleiis,    .1,      Twelve    ninnllis    ill    JIaila(jascnr.     L., 

Nislief,  ami  N.  Y.,  Carter.    Isl  ami  '.'il  e.,  IST.'i.    8vo. 

Ts.  Oil.    Sl.T.'i. 
Olivei',  .s,  I*.,  LiiMit.    JIailatrasi'ar  ami  the  Malagasy. 

L,,  Hay.  18ii«.    svo.     I'Js.-  Mailiii;asear  ami  its  for- 
mer ilepenileiicies.     L.,  Mauinillun,  1S8U.     ^  v.  8vo, 

.•"I'-'s.  liil. 
J'aiiliitt.  I.oiiis.    Jlailatrascar.     I's.  IStl.    8vo.    3  f r, 
I'feld'er,   I,,  Mrs.     Keise   iiacli   .Mailat,'aseai'.     Wieii, 

isiil.    ;iv.8vo.   '.'Mk.    Hiin.  trans.    Last  navels.    L., 

Kiintleili;e.  .v.  Y.,  Harpers,  ISOl.     Hvo.     'Js.     81. .'iO. 
II£kiiiiii,  II)'|ii'v  <le.     Malagascar  et  le  rui  Kiulema 

II.     I's.  l.sia.     ,Svo.     efr. 
Ilevli'W  of   tlu"    Work   of  the   Krieiids    Foreign 

Missionary   .Vssoeiatioii    in   Madagascar.      .Viitaii* 

anarivo.  1S.S0, 
UlcIiuriUnii,  J.    IJulits  and  shadows;  or,  clieiiuered 

experiences  anions  some  of  the  heathen  Irilies  of 

Madagascar,     Jlariviilanitra,  Loud.  Miss.  Soc.  I'r., 

1878. 
Itlelieniont,  P.  iIp.    Documents  sur  la  compagnie  do 

MadaKiiscar.     Ps.  IHIW.     Hvo.     7  fr. 
Koclioii,  Al.     Voyage  il  Madaga.scar  et  aiix  Indes  orl- 

entales.     Ps.,  .Ml.  X.  [ISO'.'J.     :)  v.  8vo. 
.Siialiiil,    Oetavf.     Madagascar    et    les    Madecasses. 

lli^t  lire.  innMirs,  etc.     Ps.  1804.     12nio.     ■.>  fr. 
SiiilleiiH,  U,     Nos  droits  siir  Jliylagascnr  et  nos  griefs 

e  .Mire  les  Ilovas,  etc.     Ps.  IS8i>.    Svo.     ^  f r. 
Sliiiw,  <i.  .V.     Jlailai/oscar  and   Frniice.     !>.,  P.el.  Tr. 

Soi'..  N.  Y..  Am.  Tr.Soc.,1885.     18ino.    68.     81.50.— 

M.idiii;iisear   of   to-day.     L.,    Kel.    Tr.  Soc,  1888. 

ISiiu.     lid. 
Slbi'fc,  ,1.     JIailagasoar  and  its  people.     L..  Rel.  Tr. 

Soc.,  1870.     8vi).     lis.  Dd. -South  F.'ist    Madagasear. 


Aniaiianurlvii,    1S77.      Hvo.—TIih  ureal  African  Ih- 

liiml.     I...  I'l  llliiier,  IM7II.     svn.     U'h. 
Sliiioiilii,  I..    I,espays|..lntalns.    I's.  1'<(17.    )sino.  :!rr. 
Tail  Yi  iirs  iif  .>IIshIoii  Work  III  t'oiiiieolliiii  ullli 

the  1,1.11. loll  Missi'.iiary  S.Miety,  |s;uNl.     .Mil.inan. 

iiriv...  IS..!!, 
Tii|i|),  I'.     .Mii.lagaskar.     Krankf.  Is8:i.     Hvo.     .'si  I'f. 
Vliliil,  K,     Mailagascur,   sltiiatiuM   uctuellc.     I's,  IM.!. 

1  Ir 
ViiiKoii,  A,     AraneldeH  lies  iIeK  ile  la  rAiiiilun.  MaiiriCH 

el   .Madagascar.     I's,  IHiiU.    Nvo,    ',11  fr.     VoMige  a 

Madagasear  an  ciuiruliuemeiit  tie  Kuduiim  lil.     I'h. 

IMI.".,     8vo.     l.'i  fr. 

MM. AY   I'K.MSsri.A   ASH  .tKCIIlPKLAOO, 
MALACCA,    ETC. 

Illt'kiiiorv,  .A,  s.    Travels  in  the  Kast  Itiiliatl  archi- 
pelago,    I...  Miirrav,  Isiis.    Hvo.    ','!«. 
Illril,   I.  I,.,  MInn    in.iw  .Mrs.  Hislmpi.      The    golden 

(■|n'rs..m'se.      I,,,  Murray.  |ss:i.     ,svo.     Us, 
C'liiiiei'oii,  •!.     I  Mil'  tr.ipical  p.is^es'^ions  in  Malavufi 

Iiiilia,     I,,,  Siiiiih  iV  K  ,  isil.i.     svo.     His. 
Ci'iin  riii'il,  .loliii,     liescriplive  dietioiiaiy  of  the  In- 
dian Islands  ami  adjaeeiit  countries,     li.,  iiradl.iiry, 

Is.Mi.     Hvo.     His. 
Ueiaii'i',  .V,     D'lihock  an  T..ngkin  ii  I  ravers  Malacca. 

I's    ISS'J.     Hvo. 
l>oW(l ('.    Ii.     The    .^lalay    peiiiiigiila.      I,.,    KIT. 

\VlK..n.  |ss^'.    ,Svo.     pp.  '.'11. 
I'alk,  11.  !■;.     .X  winter  tour  throngli  .  .  .  the  Straits. 

1.,.  Longmans,  IHMil.     Hvo.    '.'s.  I'kI. 
Frieilericli,  K.     .\u   aeeoiiiit   of   the  Island  of   liali. 

I't,  I.     1...  Trilliner,  lH;ii.    Hvo.    ','s.  ii.1. 
Ilariiy,  K.  T.    Siir  l.'s  races  saiivages  de  la  peiilnsnle 

Malai.se  el  en  parilciilier  siir  les  .lakiiiiH. 
Ilollaiiiler,  .l.^.l.  tie.     Ilainlleiding  lol  dekeiinisder 

Malei^ehe  st.ial.     I'lieclil.  H  e.  !>*:).    Hvo.     111. 
Klin,  «'.  .M,     llistoire  des  deconverleM  dans  l'.\rchi|iel 

Ilidl.'li.      Lei  len,  IsK),     Hvo.     .•.III'. 
KeiiiiH,  .\.    II.     Itelaiioiis  of  the   Indo-Cliinese   and 

Inter  I  ii'eaiiic  races.     L. 'I'l'liliiier.  IHSO.     mvo.     lis. 
I.ikhiii'e,    lliiroii.     I.ivs   Imles    orientales.      L'lle    des 

('.'■lelies,     Hriixelles.  ISHii.     Svo.     0  rr. 
Leiitliiolli',  Vteile,     Helalion  dim  voyage  aii.x  ileg 

lie  la  .bolide  oil  les  coloiii.'S  Neerlandaises  des  Imles 

orientales,     Hotierdani.  1S77.     Hvo.     1  fr. 
LIns,  II.  de  St.  l*ol.     I'erak  et   les  OrangsSak^ys. 

Vovage  dans  1  iiiterieur  de  la  presipi'ile  .'\Iiilaise. 

I's,'  l,s,s.'!.     K'mo.    4  fr. 
Itliirtiii,  K.  M.     History  of  IJritish  possessions  ill  the 

lii.luiM  ami  .\tlaiitic  Oceans.     L.,  Holin,  1837.    n.  e., 

isi;,     :is.  lid, 
Medliiirst,  W.  II.    Account  of  the  Malayan  arclii- 

p.'lag..,     I.  .  Snow.  lH.->0,     Hvo.     :is,  t«l. 
Mcver.    A.   n.     Die    Mindhasse  aiif    Celehes.      lierl. 

isril.     Hvo.      1.40   Mk.-liilderschriften    des    Ostin- 

diseheii  .Xi'ehipels  iiinl  derSiiilsee.     Lpz.  IHHl.     Hvo. 
.tloiitiiiio,  •!.,  I»r.     Vovage  anx  I'hilipliiiies  et  en  Ma-. 

laisie,     I'.s.  IHS.-).     1','mo.    4  fr. 
Moor,     .Notices  of  the  Indian  ai'chiiielago.    Singapore. 

1H.17. 
Neiirileiilierg,      Gescbiedenis     tesenover     Kritiek. 

IMaiii,  IHS|. 
Newliolil,  T.  .1,    British  settlements  in  Malacca.     L., 

Murray.     'J  v,  Svo,     'Jlls. 
ONliorii,  s..  C,i|>t.    Journal  ill  Malayan  watens.     L., 

Loin,'maM.  is.'h.     11.  e,,  IHiKi.    Hvo.     ."is. 
<»st-liiiliscliK  Insel-Weit,     Ljiz.  18t><. 
I'liia,  A,  lie.     Deux  ai.s  dans  le  pays  des  epicea  (Ilea 

lie  la  Sondei.     I's.  issii,     I'.'ino, 
Keport  of  the  lleiievoleiit  I  list  It  lit  ions  ami  o  tiler 

Clirisiiaii  elTorts  of  liernian  and  Dutch  mi.sitiuns  at 

Malacca.     Madras,  1H|0. 
St.  .lolin,  II.    The  Indian  archipclaRO,  18.W.    L..  Long- 
man. is.'.,i.     ','  v  Hvo.     '.'Is. 
Vaclier,  II.    Twelve  years  in  India  and  Malaya.     A 

memoir    of    H.   V.    by  F.  Vaclier.     L.    iprivately 

printeili.  l.SSil.     Hvo. 
Vaugliiiii,  .1.  U.    The  manners  and  ciiatonis  of  the 

Chinese  of  (he  St  raits  settlenieiits.    Singapore,  ISbl. 

Hvo.     7s.  (ill. 
Wailiice,  A.  K,    The  Malay  archipelago:  ,  .  .  a  nar- 
rative   of    travel.    IH.i4-il'.'.     L.,    .Macmillan,    1872. 

n.  e.,  1H,S(1.     Hvo.     7s.  lid, 
AViikeii,  O.  A.     Over  de   venvantschan  en  liet  liii- 

welijksen  erfrecht  liij  de  volken  van  net  -Maleischo 

vas.    Amst.  1883.    Svo. 

MARQL'ES.IS  KZ,.4.VO.S. 
Ciavel,  C'li.,  Dr.    Les  Marfinesiens.    Ps.  1885.    Svo. 

a..')!!  I'r 
l>es  Vergr'ies,  P.  K.  Eyriauil.     L'archiiiel  des  lies 

Maripiises.     I's.  1877.     Hvo.    -,'.50  fr. 
Gracioii.  MalhiaH.     I.ettres  sur  les  lies  Marquises. 

Ps.  1843.    8vo.    4  fr. 
lies  Marquises.    Climat,  productions,  moBurs,   etc 

I's.  1843.    lamo.    1  i:r. 


4' 


^H 


TRAVELS.  OBNBRAL 


616 


TRAVELS,   GENERAL 


LollU,    l''l.       l)l'KI'l'i|>tiull    lIlN    i||.>    .Mllll|ljiM'H.      I>H     ISC). 

I'jiiii).   no  ('till. 

IjVIIi'Un  Kill'  h'K  ilfn  MitrqiiNvH,  mi  iiii''iniiiri'H  |>ciiir 

M'i'vir   II  I'riiicif   ii'li^iriiM',  iiinriilc,  I'll'.     I'K.   IM|:|. 

Hv..      I  fr 
IliiillKiKtl,   M.  It.     l.i'H  ili'riiiiM's  Hiiiiva^'i'M.  NiinvcnirH 

ih-  1  ui'i-iipaliiiii  rniii(;iiisi'  mix  iIcK  .MarqiilNi'H,  IM'J- 

Ml.     I's.  iwll,     II.  .•.,  IMHI.     r.'iiKi.     1  fr. 
Iti'yiiiiiiil,  I.oiiIh,     1,11  I'lilyiii'tAli-  I't  Ii'h  i'Ii'h  MiirqiilHiM. 

I'l.  IKI.I,     ,svo.     ;  .Ml  (i: 
VliK't'iiiliiii-Oiiliioiillii,  <'.  A.,  «t  l><>NK>°ii/i  C     ilrs 

.NIiiMiulst-s.      Ilit^lwiri',  .  .  .  tiiii-iir.s,   rtc.     Th.    lH|:t. 

K\"     ','  Ir. 
W  iri<'ii,  .liiiic  S„  Ml*.    Miiiiiiiii;  Slur:  lil»l(iiy  cif  tin' 

I'liilili  i-ii's  iiiJh.MJuiiiir.v   vrssfl,  anil    tin*   .Miii<|iif.saii 

and   .Mii'i'oiii'.slaii   iiiissimis.      Itnsl.,   ,\iii.  '1  r.   Sur, 

lH,M)y    IHiiiip,    i;iic. 

■i/.i/.'s// u./,  .i\;i  liii.iiF.irr  isi,.\si>s. 

IIiiKiT.  4  .  |iii'  Mai^liiill  IhM'lii  .Mil  I'liifiii  .\iiliaiiK. 
iJif  liillii-rl  liiM'iii.     I.|i/..  l>Ml,     .'<\i)     :)  .Mk, 

Ml' X in  I 
Alviiriiilo   T<'/o/<iiiiii«',  I'.  <lv.     Cniiiii'a    Mexiraiiii. 

.M.'\ii-.i.    l->   N|  II... 

Aiilii-i  till.  .1.  •!.     .V  lliKlil  111  Mrxifii.     I,.  I'luil.  iss.i. 

>MI.       1~.   ll.l 

lliiiK'iort,    II.    II.     Ali'xii'ii.      Sim    I'laiu'..    Iliiiii'ri.fi. 

ISH.)  >,     i;  i.hMi      |.;a.  #4  .M) -Niirlli  :\lexic.iii  Siali's 

Miiri'ivvaH.     Iiii,  l^sl,    ^v(l.    J I  .Ml,     I'dpiilar  hisKnv 

iif  ihr  Mexican  iieiipii'.     |)ii.  is,s».     Mvii.     $1  .'il. 
IIiiikIi'IIi'I',    II.    II.      Mexico.     llii»I..    Ciippli's.    lr<M.^. 

II. 1,     J,"iilil. 
Il«rilirl,  .V.    (^iiatre  uimaii  .Mexii|Uf.     I's.  IHM,-).    t4v«. 

•-'  I  r. 
Illitrl.  I.iK'li'ii.    I  ■.  tiTi-n  chaiuli';  sci^mi'S  iIp  iiiiriirs 

.Mi'XJraiiifH.      I's     IHtl','.      ii.   c,    INTil.     p.'inii.     ;)   Ir. 

— liiiK-  trans.  Ailvfiitnres  iif  a  yiiiint;  iialiiralisl. 

L.,  Low,  y.  Y.,    lIurptT,  1«70,     M  c,  IHTl.     K'iiki. 

Ts.  (ill.     Jl  . 
liislinii.  W.  r.     Ol.l  Mi'.xici)  and  lirr  lost  prcniiicr-s. 

N.  \  .  II.    pi'r.  ISH:!.     -.Mi-,,  l'.>r.     1'Jiiki.     #J  IKI. 
Itliikc,  .Miiry  KHz,,  .'Mrs.,  iinil  Siilliviiii,  MiirK.  V., 

.Mis.       Mf.xin.      picliiri'.s(|ii(>,     pulilii'al.    iiiul    pm- 

H.i,'s,sivi'      Hosi.in    l,ef&  S,.  IKNi.     I'Jinn,     Jl.i'i. 
Illy.  N"Ilit>  Ips,     ;    I'lr  I'liik  Kliznlielli  (.laiie;i  Ccicli- 

nil    ].     Six  iiioi  lis  in  .'\Icxico.    N.  Y.,  Lowell,  ItiKU. 

Hvu.     ■.>()  c. 
ItriisHriir  <1«'  Kixi,  iiiiurR.     Ulstnlri'  drs  iiiitidiis  livi- 

IJM.i's  ill- Mi'xi.j   I       I's.  I  S.V.I,     hvii.     L.MIIr. 
Itroi'klehiii'Ht,  T.   »V.     .Mexico  to-ilav.     L..  Murray, 

iss:!,     svo.     -Jls. 
Ilrowii,   A.     LilleiM  on  llie  work  of  llie  cliiircli  in 

Mi'Xii'o.      L.  l.'Wl.     Hvo 
lliilloek.   \V.   II.     A ss   :M(xico    in    1H(U  ,'..     N.    Y  , 

Miii'iiiillaii.  I^i'il.     .svi.      #-.'.,Mi. 
JIuNsKtre.  I.e  Vicoiiile  tie.     I, 'empire  Mexicnin:  liis- 

toire  de  Tiilteiines.  des  C'liicliiiiieipies.  des  .\ste(iiies, 

et  de  la  ci>ni|iii"'le  espauiiole.     I's.  IHia.     Hvo.     u  fr. 
Clieviilier,    M,      Mexico,   uii.'ieiit   and   niodern.      L., 

AilW.Vell.    ISIil.      •-'  V.  SVO.      :Ks. 

CoiiklliiK.  -V.  K.    Ajipleton's  imide  lo  Mexico,  iiicliiil- 

iiiK  liiial.'iiiala.     N.  Y.,  Applet 18S1.     ad  e.,  ISHU. 

I-Jiii.i,     *-.',ili>. 

ConklhiK,  llowiml.  Mexico  and  the  Mexicans. 
N.  V  .  Tainlor.  ISS:t.     l-!iii.>.     fl,.VI. 

Uonieiiecli,  Al>li^.  .Imiriial  dim  niissioiiair«  an 
'I'exils  el  Mexiijiie.     I's.  l.s.',;.     ,Svo      C.  f r. 

KvHiis,  \,  S.  I  Hirsisler  repiililic.  Mexico  Hartford, 
Colin..  Coliiiiili.  Rk.  Co.,  INTI.     Hvo      j;:i.(HI 

l''i»ll>,  K.  Has  Land  d.T  Iiica.  Ljiz.  lS,s:i  Hvo. 
is:\lk. 

l-'aiieher  <le  St.  ^laiiriee.  Deiix  fln:i  nil  Mexinne. 
I's.  ISM],     1-jiiio.     ■<  fr. 

Ferry,  tiiilir.  Sci>nes  de  In  vie  salivate  an  Mexiipie. 
I's.  1S.M'..  P.'ino.  :i..''.o  fr.  Kn^'.  trans..  ViiK'nlioiiil 
life  in  :Mexico.  L.,  .1.  I'lackwood.  N.  Y.,  Harper. 
1st  and  vide..  Is.Mi.  l-,'iii.  .';s.  .?I..MI.  — Voya^'es  el 
aventiires  an  ^Texiipie.     I's.  IKili.     l:iino.     :i.Mi  f  r. 

Fli|ipiii,  .1.  II.  Skeli'lies  rroin  llie  moiinlaiiis  of 
Mexico,     ('ill..  Standard  I'lili.  Co.     I-.'iiio.     JI..M). 

I'rtist,  .1.  Mexico  and  its  wars  [liisloryl.  New  Or- 
leans, t.ss-,'.     Hvo.     .«(i.()0 

CriiKc.  Tlios.  Tile  Kii^lisli  American,  liis  travail  by 
sea  and  land:  or.  a  new  survey  of  the  West  Itidias, 
eoiitniiiiiit;  a  journal  I  of  •'I.:{IX>|  idles  within  the  maiii- 
laiiil  of  America.  L.  HilH.  I'o.  -'d  e..  eiil..  I,., 
SweeiiiiK.  Iti,''!.').  Ko.  4tlie.,lTll.  Mvo.  l''r.  traiisl. 
I's.  li)i;r-7(l.     I  pts. 

Gaum,  .v.  I..  SaKifio  dell  astrommiia,  etc.,  deuli 
Aiili-hi  :\li-ssicani.     Roma.  IROl 

Oont'h.  Faiiiiv  <'.  Face  to  fai'e  with  the  Mexicans. 
N.  Y.,  Fonis.  H.  X  H..  IHHH.     Hvo.     S4..W. 

Oruy,  A.  Z.  Mexico  as  it  is.  N.  Y.,  Diitton,  IHTT. 
Kiiiio.    81.00. 

OrilHii,  S.  B.  Mexico  of  to-day.  N.  Y.,  Harpers, 
IHW).    ISino.    $1.50. 


Hull-,  v..  K.     A  ranillv  MiL-lil  lliro'  Mexi'   i.     llostoii, 

Lothiop.  IHK^,     svo.     #J.MI. 
Il»l<',  s.    Story  of  .Mexico.    N,  Y„  I'litiiaiii.  1!«HU.    liiiiio. 

j<l  .Ml, 
lliivi'ii,  (i.    Our  next  door  iieijilihor,  Mexico.     N.  Y., 

Harper,  1h;,-i      Hvo,     y:!  .Mi 
llesHt'.  .1.     Has  KvaiiKelliini  in  Mexico.     Ilasel.  IHHO. 
(Iiinvlui,  T.  ,\.    'llie  Mexii  an  itnide,     N.  Y,,  Sciihiiem, 

iHsi;     :iii  e..  iMm,    iiiino,    *•-'  mi. 
iliiliiiHiiii,  llHiiKitli  Mill')'.     iMoiil  Mexico,  past  and 

preselil.     I'hil.l,.  i'lesll    Hd.  I'llii,  |HH7 ,     llillio.    Jl.,10. 

I,iilii<'>,  It,    CateciHiiio  lie  lilstoiiii  lie  Itli'Jicu.    Vera- 

Clll/.,  i;i|i  e  .  IHS','.      Piino. 
I.a-sler.   <:.    K,     'llie   Mexican   repnhllc.     N.   Y.,   Am. 

.News  Co  ,  |H;h,      Hvo,     HUc. 
I.i|ipiii'il.  U.     Legends  of   .'Uexicn,     I'liiia  ,  I'elfl'Holi. 

Hvo.     .Mie 
lMi'4'iirty,  .1.  II.    'J.IHIO  Miiles  throiiKli    the   heart   of 

.Mi'xiio.     N.  Y  ,  I'hillips,  IHHO.     IJnio.     f  I  IHI. 
Miiliii'tiu,   <;.    V.     Mexicanisclie  Skizzen.     Lp/..  IHtfJ, 

H\,. 

Mexieiiiio  itl  Home  In  the  IlitiTlor,     L,  Cliapnian, 

Iss.-.,     Si,,      ;s    ml. 
Noll,  .\.   II.     .\   sill!    Ins  orv   of  Mexico.     Chicago, 

■Mel  Inrt'.  IH'.in,     li''i;,.      fl.iKl. 
OI>er     V.  \.     Ymnin  i.  Iks' hlstorv  of  Mexico.     Host., 

I'isies.    |s,s:i,     li'iino,     jfl.. Ml,— Silver   city:    slorv  of 

lldvelltllle   hi    Mexico.      Host,,    l.olhrop,    IKS:),     Hvo. 

JI.Mi,  -'I  ravels  ill  Mexico  and  llie  unions  the  Mexl- 

inns       Host,.   Ksles.  IHHI.     'Jd  e.,  ISSS.     Hvo,      J.'l.l.'i. 
4ts»iil<l,  I'.  I..     Snnimerlaiid  sketches;  raiiililes  in  the 

liiickwiioilsiif  Mexico  and  Ceiilriil  .\merica.     I'liila.. 

I.ippiiicoil.  |ss(i.     svo.     #:),(l(l. 
rresrolt,    \\.    II.     History  of  colupiest    of    Mexico. 

i'liila,.  l.i|.|.iiii'ott  iiiiany  eddl 
ItHiikiii.  .^leliiiilit,  .>llss,'    'I'wiiity  years  iiinoii),'  the 

.Mexicjins:   a  iianntiveof    iiii^sioiiar\    lalior,     Ciii- 

clll..  Cell,   Ilk.  Ciaic,  IHT,").     -'d   e.,  si.   l.oiiis,    IHSl. 

I'.'iiio,     Jl. •,'.'■. 
K^vllle,  .\.      The  iialivereliirloiisof  Mexico  and  I'ern 

1..   Uilliams  ,>t     N.    N.    Y..   Sciilnier.    IHHI.     Hmi 

10s,  (111.     JIMI.     Ill  French,  Hell|.'ioiis  dil    Mexiipie, 

.\nier.  Cciiirale,     I's.  IHH.'i.     Hvo.    ;..M1  fr. 
I{ol»>rtsoii.  \V.  I*.     Yisit  lo  Mexico  and  Yucatan.     1,,. 

Siinpkiii,  IH.-.:).    ■,'  V.  Hvo,    L'ls. 
Kiixloii,  4i.  |.',    Adventures  in  Mexico  and  Kockv  Mt~. 

N.  Y,,  llarji.'r,  IHll,     I'.'ino.     $1,.MI, 
.'<iil>»Kiiii,  Ii.  de.     Histiiire  (.'eiierale  des  cleises  de  la 

Noiivi.lle  KspaKiii'.     I's.  I'Hil.     Hvo.     ■>:,  fr. 
8111III1,    I''.   II.     .\    while  iiiiilirella  in   Alexico,     llosl.. 

H.'iiKhloii.  I^H'.i.     !■,■ Jl.Mi. 

Steele,  . I.  \\,     'I  o    Mexico   liy  palace-car.     C'liicaK'o. 

.lailsell,  1SH(.      ','41110.      '-.'.")  c. 

Tiiyloi'.  H.  I'Milonido;  iir,  adventures  ill  the  path  of 
enipire  Olexii'o  and  Califoriiial.  N.  Y'.,  I'ntiiani, 
IH.-1II.     rJnio    (later  edd.i.     Sl.."iO. 

Tylor,  K.  Anahiiai':  or,  !Mexico  and  the  Mexicans 
I..,  Lon^'iiiaii.  IHi'il.     Hvo.     I'Js. 

Vl){iie,  ii.  T,  Travels  in  Mexico  and  So.  America 
1..,  Allen,  Wa.     'J  V.  Hvo,      'Jls. 

'Wilson,  It.  A.  Mexico  and  its  religions,  or  iuciileiits 
of  Havel  in  thai  coiiiiliy  dining  ISM-.'.!.  N.  Y., 
llai[ier.  IH.V).  Svo.  $1  .Ml.  New  history  of  the 
conipiest  of  .Mexico,  i'liila.,  Clialleii,  1H59.  Svo. 
fU.OO. 

MOI.rCVA    ISI.ASDS. 

Arneiisola.  Histoire  de  la  Coinpiele  des  Molinpies 
par  les  Kspa^iies,  I'ortiii;.,  el  llollandais.  .\inst, 
i;oi;. 

lileeker.  1'.  lieis  door  de  !Minaliassa  iiiid  dell  Mo- 
liiUsi-lien  Aicliipel,     lialavia.  is.'iii, 

KriiiiKiiiil.  il.  I'.  <;.  l-'raKineiit  niiiii-r  Keixe  door  de 
Moliilikos.  Ma.ljaii,  eic.     lialavia,  IS.W. 

l-'oi-ri'Ht,  Thos.  ,\  \ii.\ai.'e  lo  New  (iiiiiiea  and  the 
Moluccas,  from  iialaiiiliaii^an:  iiu-lndiiiK  an  account 
of  IMaijiiiilaiio.  Siioloo,  and  other  islands:  .  .  .  per- 
fornied  .  .  .  1^71  Wl.  L.  I77!i.  4to.  l-'r.  Hans.  i's. 
17H0. 

Moutirco. 

Aiiiiels.  I-:.  <le,  Le  Maioc.  il'rom  the  Ilulian  into 
Freiicli.  I's.  ISHI,  .'in  fr.'i;  and  into  l':iit,'lislii  Mo- 
rocco.    L.,  Cassell,  l,s;!l.     4to.     ^Is. 

Iteaiielerk.  (i.  .\  joninev  to  Marocco  ill  IH'.'O.  L., 
l-Mwiirds,  1S-,'H.     Hvo.     ^>is. 

Itoiielli,  K.  Kl  imperio  de  Jlurriiecos.  .  .  .  Madrid, 
|H,s-,i.     Hvo. 

I'olville.  H.  I-',.  A  ride  in  petticoats  and  slippers. 
1,.,  Lo«.  l,s,so.     .Hvo.     I'Js. 

Coiiriii);,  .A.  v.  Marocco,  das  Ijind  tind  die  Letite. 
llerl,  l.SMi.    '.'d  e.,  IHH).    Hvo,     ."i  ,Mk. 

C'otle,  MariisHe.  Le  Maroc  contemporaiii.  I's.  1800. 
K'mo.    :i..Mi  fr. 

C'owuii,  G.  ]>.,  mill  Johnston,  It.  1...  N.  iMoorish 
lotos  leaves:  Southern  Marocco.  L,,  Tinsley,  1883. 
Svo.     10s.  6d. 


OENBRAL 


TRAVELS,  OBNERAL 


U17 


TRAVELS,   GENERAL 


II 


St   lif    Mexico. 


and  Uorky  Mt-. 


Itlillfi,  rliitH.     riuiiii'iiii'li' nil  Mai'KC.     I'x.  16H|.    8vo 

;  Ir 
llrrkiiiiitiii,  iliih'M,    1,1'  Mari'O    iiinili-riii'     I'^*.   t*>^^ 

■•\o      ;  Ir, 
(iiM'iiril,  .liilt'M.     !,•' Mai'uc      I'x.  1-4i;ii.     r.'iiiii.    :<  .Ml  fr. 
txiihii'il,    l.^oii,    .\l>h^.     li.'Hi'riiitiiiii   I't   lilHtiiU'i'  ilil 

Mail..'      V*   l^ili.     ■-'  V.  '<v.i,     I,.  tr. 
Uiiii/iilr/.    I.htnii.    >l.i   iiikI    l{i>ilrl||itni'Z.    T.      |;| 

iici|pi'ihMli.  MairiiMi-ns.     Miiiliiil.  I'-iii.     >\'k 
lliiri'l",  W.  II.     I.aiiil  Mfaii  .Mi'ii'an  Siilnin:  irnvcN  in 

M..ir I,  .  I."W.  I^'.KI.     xvu.     Ills,  ilil, 

lliiv.  -I,  Di'iiiii.     ^liMiiociianilllii'  MutiiH.     L..  Miii'ra\ . 

'i»ll.     n  !■ ,  IHill.     rJiiiii.    •,'■!. 
IIihIkUIm,  T,    .Iiiiinicy  to  >;ui'iicfo.     L  ,  N>«liy.  liuti. 

HiHiUcr,  J.  I>..  mill  Hull,  .1.    'I'oiir  In  MiiniLVn  ami 

111.' LTiviil  Alius.     I,,.  Mannlllaii.  INrn      .vip.     -.'Is. 
Iloiiiullz,  V.  .1.     Mainkkn      I.iiz.  INm:.    Hill.     I  .Mk. 
Il«l»t,  a,      Kl'icii-rlniiik'i'i I    ilariikiix    n).'    \'f<  'In- 

I'.iriiialinii  aliiiiil  IMcH'ih'Ch  and  Kc/,i.  ITtKi  liH.     Klilin. 

]'':'.!.     Ilil.    (iiT,  iniiiH.     Nat'liiit'litt'ii  von  Man'ikus 

mid  h'l's      Kliliii     K"!.     Ito. 
I. II i'lliil<«i'i',  II.  M.  I>.  I..  Jlnrnocn.   L.,  Wliitlaki'i'. 

isyi.    SMI.    iiH. 
I.iiva,vH'<l''i'r,   r.     Slatloiis  d.ins  I'l'iniilri'  dii   Mai'iio. 

l,iiiiiiK'''-<,  l>i;ii,     rjnio. 
I.i'iirt'il,  A.     .\  visit  to  tile  ooiift  iif  INIarocm.     I,..  Low, 

|s;'.i.    svo.    ,'.s. 
l,iM'li>ir<|,>l.     IiH  Moiiadoi'iMliskia.    Marof  rt  .Mki'tIh. 

I's.  issi.     1','riio.    .■),.'Hi  I'r. 
Loll,    P.     Into    .■Moni.'co.     N.    Y..    Welsli,     li«s9.     Hvo. 

?.■«'.     il.oii  is  iisi'iid.  fill' .lull's  Viand. I 
>Iiii'<'<'t,  .V.    I,i' .\taroi' ;  vovac'd  iiiii' nilssliinil  lucniii' 

ilii  siilhin      I's.  IMS.',,     l-.'iiio.     4  fr. 
.^Iiii'i'iiv.  K.,  >lrH.     Slxti'i'ii  years  In  Miii'iiooo.  Spniii. 

I'll'.'    1...  Ilni-st  A-  H.  IS.V.I.     'Jv.  Svii.     Diis. 
I'cllow,  Tliiis.,  •>(  l*i>iii'vii,  The  adventures  of.     ],. 

i;iii.    n   e.  Iiv  Dr.  Kolie.l  Hi'oivn.    I,.,  Uii»  ill,  X.  V.. 

Ilaeinillan.  islll,     Svo.     .V.     Sl.TnV 
|-<-i'i'l«i',  .\.     Winter  In  Moroct'n.     I,.,  Klcit;.  I'^t'i.    Al 

e  .  is;.-,.    Svii     'Is.  i;d. 
IMi'tHi'li.  I..     Maiokko.    llr|.  fe  .  .  .  iiaeli  Kez  lin  Frill- 

.iaiir.  |srr.     ].]•/.    ISTH.    Svn.     T  IIU. 
I'm  Iniiins,  Pr.,  IVre.     Kii  Tiliilsii' et  ail  Maroe.     I's 

|ss.-,      Sv.i.     I. .Ml  I'r. 
Kolilfs,  (i.     Moriieeo.  and  Juiirneys  tliriiiit.'li  the  o.'ises 

iif  Draa  and  Tallel.     Knini  tln'deriii.     lUreiii.  lh(i',l, 

tth  e  .  IsHli.     I,  ,  Low,  isri.     Hvii.     1','s. 
Kiilef,     I'.      Uelseliriefe     nils    Spaiiien     ii.    Moroireo. 

I'jiisledeln,  etc,     Biisel  (!■),  1st  uiid  Uil  e,  18S7.    Svo, 

sil  I«f. 
Trotter,  I',  I),     (Mir  iiilsslmi  to  the  ooiirt  of  Moi'iicio 

ill  issii.     Kilinli.  Issi,     Svii.     'Jls. 
I'ri|iiliart,    l>.       I'illais    of    Iliii'iiles :    iiarrai  !•.•••  of 

travels  ill  Spain  and  Mnrocen  ill  isi.s.     I,.,  lli'inlev, 

N,  Y..  Ilai-iier.  isi;i.     I'.'inn.    -'v.    '.'ss.    $.i.iiii. 
Veriies  ir.\i'iaii<les,  T.     V.n  .Mtreiie  a  travels  I'Ks 

piiu'iie  el  le  :\Iaroe.     I's.  l.ssi.     1','niii.     H..',0  fr. 
Wiiri'i-ii,    I'',    I*,    (llliraltnr  niid   Moiucfo.    A   letter. 

I,.  [ISS'J],      Svo. 

Wiitsiiii,  K.  is,  A  visit  to  \Vazaii,  the  sai'ied  citv  of 
Miiioei'o.  I,,  imd  N.  Y.,  Maoiiiillan,  ISSil.  Svo. 
Ills.  r.il.    Jil.iHV 

WIikIIiiiiii,  \V.  Ii.  Notes  In  N.  Africa.  I,.,  Waiu  ,C 
I..,  IS-;  n.  c,  1»C','.    Svo.    5s. 

.V.H7(/.I7i'/i'.S-    ISI.AXns. 


.v/'.'ir  iii:ir.\i.\. 

Kills,  «;.  A.     Narrative  of  a  Joiiriiev  to  New  Britain. 

I.  .  Siiiiiikiii.  IS—.     Svo.     lis. 
l*->vv«!ll.  Willi  I'll.     \Vaiiileriiij.'s  ill  a  wild  eoiintry:  or. 

tliri'C  vears  .'iiiiiim,'si  tlie  eaiinilials  of  New  Uritaiii. 

1,..  Low,  iss:|.     -.'lie.   ISM.     svo,     .-,s. 
^  iTliiiiiilliiiiKHii  <I<M' (ii'Si'INcliHft  lilr  Krilkiniile 

zii  I'.eil.,  H'l.  X,  Nr.  .")  mid  (I.     Uerl.  l.s.V).     1  Mk. 

.VKir  rALHimxiA. 

Aiiilersoii,  .1,  W.     Ki.|i  and  New  (.'aledonia:  notes  of 

travel.     L.,  Klilssen,  1S.S|I.     Svo.     Ins.  Dd. 
Iliirret.    V.      Noumea.     Aller    et    retonr.      I's.    IHSd. 

IJIIIO.       iff. 

Illlii,  (li.  Not.'s  lie  voyatje.  La  Nonvelle-C'alednnie. 
ill'  I 'aiii|iliell,  Noiivelle-Zi'laiide.  Tail:.  Missions 
Oce  iiiieiines,  etc.  I.e  Mans.  1S77.  Svo.— A'oyane 
en  ilceanie  (Noiivelle-Caledoliie.  TaTli.  Noiivelle- 
Zelaiide,  .Viislralie.  ete.i.     Le  JIans.  ISSI.     1-,'nii). 

Itiaiiiiif,  «Ii.     La  Notivelle-Calidiinie.     I's.  lS.'i4. 

Cliiirlier,  II.  I.«.  La  Noiivilie-Caledoiiie  et  les  Noii- 
vi'lles-lleliriiles.     i's.  ISSI.     l-Jinii.     -J -ri  fr. 

Coloiiifs  KraiivalseN,  Les.     See  New  Hkhuiuks. 

t'ordell,  1*.  Orinines  et  prncrr's  de  la  Noiivelle-t'nle- 
donie      I's.  |ss-,      1','nio.     4  fr. 

Kiiiire-HI|;ii«t,  I',  (ieovrnpliia  de  la  Nouvelle-Calii- 
iloiiie.     I's.  ls;ii.     I'.'iiu,.    ;.' tr. 


niiniler,  Jiili'ii.    I.n    Noiivelle. Cnli'donle,     I's.    HTl, 

IViiiii.     1  fr 
l.i'iiilie    <  .    La  colonlsatiiiti  rriiiii;aise  en   Nouvt>lli> 

Calediinli'    et     ilepelldalM'es.      Nolllllen    (I's.i.    \t'H. 

Ilil     '.11  fr      Viivak'e  i1  pied  en  NoiividleCaleiionlH 

el  deseriptlon    des    Noinelli'sHi'lirides.     I's.    Ihs4. 

sv...     ;  Ml  fr. 
Klvi^i'i'.  II.  I,.    Souvenirs  di*  111  Niilivt>llt>-l'al<''ilnnle, 

I's.  issii      p.'iiio.    .'L.Mi  fr. 
Itorliiin,  V.  lie,  Or,     La   Nniivelle-Culeiloiile  et   Hi'8 

liaiiiianis.     I's,  |K<I'.<.     U' ;i  tr. 

HcliifliD'i',  Alfr.     La  Niiiaelle.Caledoiile  deptilM  na 

di'i'Miniiie  I  ImIi  Jiisi|irrtiii.s  Jours.    I'm.  Iks'.'.    liimo, 

I  11 
Tlileri'i'llii.  I'l',     ('lie;t   les  antliropoplmires,     Avetl- 

imi's  .  .  .  ilia  Noiivelle-e'alidoiiie.    I's.  isfj.    I'.'iuo, 

■J  fr. 

.vAir  of/.vA'.i. 

All,  I',  ,1.  II.  ('.  |{.  vim   ill'!'.     Ki'l/i'ti   naar  Neder 

l.llidsi'li  .MellW'lilliliea.     (iiavenlaiKe,  ls;i».      Hvii. 
Ililltlii,   K,     Miii'veiinillie  anf   New  liiiinea    IMillliei- 

liiiik'eiiaiisdeiii  l.i'lieii  des  Missloiiurs  J.  U.  (ieisslerj. 

Kai.M'i'sM.  ls;'.i.     Svo      l.sii  Mk 
lli'Viiii,  T,  y.     Toil,  travel,  and   dlseovery  111    Uritlsb 

New  liiniiea.     1...  rani.  IsiKI.     Sv,,.     ;s,  ChI 
Cliiilini'rH,  <l.,  mill  4>lll,  W.  \V,     Work  and  adven- 

lilies   111    .Sen    i.ninea,   ISi',  s.-,.     L.,  Uel.  Tr.   Sue, 

ISS',.      Svo.      lis. 

CliiiliiierH,  •!.    .Vdveiiliires  In  New  (iiilnea.     L  .  Hel. 

Tr.    Sill'.,    IsHi;.      ismo.     (Jd.     I'loi rliirf  In   New 

liiiiiiea.     L  ,  liel.  Tr.  Sue.,  issr.     SVII.     His. 

D'AlliiTtN,  I,.  .M.  La  Noiivelle  (iiiiii.'e  I's.  1SM.S. 
1-,'ino.  I  fr.  Tiaiisl..  New  uiiinea:  wli  it  I  did  and 
saw  L.,  Low,  Uo8t.,  lioiiKhtiiii,  1:^0.  ;iv,tJvu.  4i.'ii. 
.•in.iio. 

D'Kslrey,  Uley tiers,  Or.     La  I'aponasle.  on  Noiivelle 

lillilli'r  .ii'l.'l'lelil.iie        I'S.    l.SSl.      SVO.       7  fr. 
<illl,   \\.    W.      Llle  in   the  Snlllllein    Isles;    or,  scenes 

and  incidents  in  the  South  I'aeillc  ainl  New  liiiiiiea. 

L,  Uelit'.Tr.  Sue.  N.  Y.,  Nelson,  |srn.     -Jil  ,'..  Issr. 

svi  .     ."is.  tld.     si-J  ;.')  — Mvths  and    song's    rrmii   the 

Southern  I'aeillc,     L.    km;;.    ls;ri,     Svo.     lis      His- 
iiie.il  sketches  of  savat'e  life  in  rolvnesia;  with 

illnstraiive  clan  snub's.     \Velliiik.'li.ii,  Ni'W  /.ealaiid, 

(I.  Didsliiirv,  ISSII.    Svo.— .lull lilt's  from  llie  I'aeillc. 

L.  H.'liK.  'Ir.  Sue,  iss,-,.     Svo.     .',s. 
Glriii'il,  ,1,     La  Nonvelle-diiinre,  histoire  de  la  decuii- 

verte.  ilesciiplion   p''o»,'raphiipie.  la   race   iiapuiie, 

n.ieiirs  et   conliinies  des  indiKiilies.  .  ,  ,  I's.   ISSiJ. 

Svo. 

Oiitlleiiiai'il,  K.  II.  II.     I'riilse  to  ,  ,  .  New  (liiliiea. 

1...  .Murray.  Iss7,     ■,'  v.  Hvo.     4-.'s. 
Ilii|;ei',  V.     kaiser  Willu'lm's  Land  iN'ew  (iiiineai  iind 

der  liisiiiarck  .\ri'liip.'laKii.     Lpz.  Issii.     svu.     ',' Mk. 
Keyser,  .\.     i  iiir  cruise  to  New  (inineii.     L  .  iiid^'way, 

|ss.-,.     |smi..     Is. 
I.iiU'soii,  ,1.  A.     Wandei'lnirs  In  the  Interior  of   New 

liniiiea.     1...  fhapman,  1S70,    Svo.     lOs.  tld.     N.  V., 

Sciiliiii-r.    $•'!  mi. 
IJiiilt,  .1.  AV.     riilnresqiie  New  Guinea.     L.  and  N. 

v..  I.iiiiirnians.  Iss;.     pu.     l-.'s.     gl.-,,ilii. 
I.yiie.C.     Ni'Wiluiiiea.    I.  .  Low,  Iss.-,.   -Jv.Svo.    Ids. (id. 
Macfarlaiie,  s,,  Kev.,  I'l.,0.,  etc,     Aiiioni,' the  can- 

nilialsiif  Ni'wlimiiea;  ilie  ?     iry  of  the  New  (.iiiinea 

iiiissiMii  of  the  L.  M.  S.    L.,  biidw,  isss,  I'hihi.,  I'res. 

Dd..  Iss'i     Svo.     .-IS.     fl.iKI. 
Moresliy,  ,1.     .New  (liiincu  and  Polynesia  discoveries. 

I,  .  M'liirav.  Is7i;.     svo.     l.'is, 
Jliirriiy,  A,  W,     l-'oily  years'  mission  work  ill  I'oly- 

iiesi'i  and    New    (ii'iiiiea.    IK:i",  ;.•,.     L..  Nisliet.  and 

N.  v..  I'.irier.  is;i;.    svo.     ;s.  lid.     $■.' .M). 
Kall'ray,  A.    Viaje  a  Niievii  I  iiiiiiea.    Madrid.  18S1,     I'o. 
ICoiiilliv,  II.  II.    Kriiiii  my  veranda  in  New  liiiiiiea. 

I...  Nnii.  |ss:i.    Svo     7s.  lid. 
Siicliol,  Ocliive.     Ne^'res  el   Papons;  I'.Vfrlipie  ("'(pia- 

i.iriali'i'i  la  Niiiivi'lle  (iiiiiii'i'.    I's.  IsV.i.    I-Jiiio.     •.' fr. 
Scriilcliley,   I'.,  Sir.     .Mistralian  defences  and   New 

l.niiiea!      1.  and  .N.  ^'.,  .Macniillaii.  Iss7      Svo.     14s. 

.*l.|iii, 
Soniierat.     Voya^'e  a  la    Noiivelle  (iiiliiee  (en    17711. 

I's.  ir.i;.     4to.     10  fr.     derm,  traiisl.     Lpz.  1777. 
Stone,   <).    (;.     A    few   niontlis   in    New   (iiiinea.     L., 

Low.  N.  Y.,  Harpers.  Is;i.i.     Svn.     p.'s.     inc. 
Stracliaii.  J.     K.xploratioiis  and  adventures  in  New 

liimiea.     L..  l.i'W.  ISSS     Svo.     I-,'s. 
Ti-f'saiicB.  I,,     .\ilveiitiircs  In  .New  (Jiiiiiea.  .  .  .  Nine 

vears  in  captivitv  ill  the  interior  of  New  Uiiinea. 

'L..  Low,  is;ii.     n".  e.,  1SS8.     lUiiio.     Ss. 

.\i:\\-  iikhhidks  am>  saxta  rni'Z. 

Ili-eiicliley,  J.  L.  Cruise  of  H.  M.  S.  Ciiraijna  anions 
the  Sniiili  Sea  Islands,  in  1S«.5.  L.,  Lon^'iiians.  1S73. 
Svo.     I'.'s. 

t'aiiipliell,  *'.  A.    A  yenr  in  the  New  Hebrides.    L., 

Nlshet.  1874.    Svo.    ta. 


Ill 


Ik 


* 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


G18 


TRAVELS,  OENERAL 


1  i 


Coloiiifs  FrnnfiilHi's,  Li's.  (Ed.  L.  Henrique.)  Vol, 
IV.  roci'iin  I'mittuiie.  iNVw  Hel>riile»  iinj  New 
eiile<lMiiia.'     I's.  ISJO.     l-Jimi.     4  fr. 

Cootv,  W.  \VmnieiiiiKS  Soiilli  ami  East.  L.,  Low, 
If*.'.    ?vo.     -Jls. 

Gill,  W.  UfiMs  fnini  tlie  I'unil  Islniuls:  ai'c'onnt  of 
icrfiit  iiiissii>iiar\  suoci-ss  in  llie  NfW  Hebriiles, 
I'll'.  I, ,  Waiil.  ISVV.-i(i  'J  V.  mil  l.iHHI,  l.-^ri.  1  V. 
>vo.     -.'s.  I'.il.     riilla.  INVl.     -J  V.  l-Jiiio.     Sl.Sii. 

IiikIN,  •!.  Ill  till'  Ni'H  lli'liiiilcs  llliiily-lliiei'  years' 
missionary    wnik].     L.,   NVismi-...    ISsti.     Svo.     ,"»s. 

Bililf  illuslial s   I'lMiii    the  .Nmv    Ilfbiiilrs,  «  itli 

iimioi's  (if  till-  piMyirss  of  tlio  mission.     L.,  Nelson, 

Is'.KI.      !>Vii.      .')S. 

Iiiiliaiis.   K.   N.     Les  Nouvelles-IIi'biitlea.     I's.   WM. 

li  ri-, 

Kay.'loliii,     iKU.i     The  slave  tratle  in  the  New  Hel>- 

ri»les;  liein;;  papers  read  at  the  annual  nieetiiijr  of 

llie   New    llelniiles   >Iission,  liekl  at  Aniwa,  ,lulv, 

isn.     Kiliii.  isr-,'.     tivo. 
Li'Uiii'e,  Clisi-.     Vi>ya;;e  a  pieil  en  Noiivelle-(_'aleiliinie 

el    iieseiiplioii   des   Noiivelles-IIehridea.     I's.    18S1. 

s\o.     7.M  fr. 
M»rk)iaiii,  .V.  H.    (.'riiisi'  of  tin'  Kosario  amniiKst  the 

New  llehriiles  and  Sania  ('niz  Islands.     L.,  Low, 

isrt.     '<vo.     1i;s. 
I'uloii,  J.  <i.    Missionary  !o  liie   New   Ilehriih'ti:    a'l 

aiUciliio(;iapliv.     L.,  Ilodiler,    N.   V.,   t'arier  (now 

Kevell  .    ls,s;i-'.Hi.      •,'  parts,   Svo.    Each,  (is.    $l.,V). 

(Several  '.ater  edd.i 
Steele.  I(,     Tlie  New  llelirides  and  Christian  missions. 

L.,  Nisbol,  l>'^(i,     !-vo.     .-^s.  (Id. 

.\Fn-  xKAi.Ayp. 

Aliraliiiin,  <'.  .F.,  Up.  .lonriial  of  a  wall;,  etc.,  from 
.\nel;land  lo  Taranaki      I...  .  )>^M. 

.V■l^lls,  (;.  I'.  lllii~iraiioiisof  N.  .Zealand.  L..  IMaclean. 
is):.     K..I.     tld  Ills. 

Aiiiiitis  of  the  (  oluiiial  Cliiireli  of  New  /.ealaiul. 

1.,  isir. 

Aiislralieii,  skildradt  iif  en  Missiona'r.  jemte  npiilys- 
iii.iirar  oni  .NyaZeelaiid  (.\iistraiia  pietnred  liv  a 
missionary.  toi;eIlier  \i  itii  in  formal  ion  on  Ni'w  Zea- 
land'.    Transl.  liy  (i.  S\ederiis.     Sloliii.  IsUT. 

Itui'ker,  LhiIv.  Station  life  in  New  Zealand.  I,,  and 
N.  Y..  Maeiiiillan.  '.s;0.  :i(l  e  ,  lss:l,  S\o.  Ss.  (id. 
S I. -.'"i,  -st.it ion  iimn-onieiit  ;  in  N>'w  Zealand.  L., 
Hunt.  I-;:.!,     .'id  e.,  is;.-i.     IVllio.     .'isli.!. 

Kai'low.  I'.  \\.  Kaipaia:  or,  e.vperieiii'es  in  No. 
New  Zealand.     1...  Low.  1st  and -.'d  e  .  IssS,     ."Jvo.    (is. 

italli^ate.  ■!.     Nov,  Zealand:  its  icsonrees  and  pros- 

I  e,ts.      I..,  Clianiljeis,   l^Nl       Svo,      Is.  i;d, 

Kihlioi^rapliv  .  The  liiei-ainre  relating  to  New  Zea- 
liiil.     I..    S'.  Z.  (iovt.  I'ldi.  (iir.  1.'-— .     Svo,     -Js.  (hI. 

Itradshaw,  .1.  Ne»  Zeahmd  as  it  is.  L,.  Low,  lSS:i. 
s\o.     l-.'s.  i;,l.— New  Zealand  of  to-day.  ISSI-ST.     L., 

L-'W.  IsSS.      fvo.      Us. 

llrowii,  T.  K.     New  Zealand  and  its  ahoriKines.     L., 

SlM..h  ,'w  I"...  ISI.-,,  Svo.  Ss. 
Kiiller.  .F.     Kiirlv  years'  in  New  Zealand:  a  personal 

nirrauve  and  an  aeeoimt  of  Maoridoin  and  of  the 

(  hi  isiiimization  of  llie  e.inniry.     L.  IIodd.>r.  is^s. 

s\o      lOs.  i!d,—New  Zealand,  past  and  preseni.     L., 

Ilo.lder,  jssd.  Svo.  :)s,  (1.1. 
Itiitler, ..Miss,    (ilinip.ses  of  Maori  land.    L, , 

1  sss       ,",s. 

<'liaiiierov/.i»w,  I...   .\.     New  Zealand:   right    of  thu 

aliori.,-iiies.     L.,  Newhv.  1S|S.     Svo.     Ids,  (id. 
Clia|>niaii,  II.  S.     New  Zealand  portfolio.     L.,  Smith 

.v.  K  .  l-^i:!      Svo.     Is. 
<'lie<nier»'<l  <'ar*'er,  .\.  :  or.  fifteen  vearsin  .Vnstrali.'i 

and  New  Zealand.     1...  lleiitley.  ISSI.     Svo.     Ills.  nd. 
<'layd<'ii,  A.     I'opiilar  handh;ioi<  to  New  Z-aland.    L,, 

Wyniaii.  iss:,,     -,',1  e,,  issc,     K'mo.     -Js,  i:d. 
Coat4's,    I>.      New    Z'-aliinders  and   their   lands.     L., 

Ilatehard.  isll.      Svo.      Is 
Cuoper-  "VS.     New  Zealand  year-hook,  issc,  sr.     L., 

Low.  l»s(l.     Svo      r.-i  i;.|. 
Cowie,  W.  .1.,   Ili>.    <  'nr  last  vear  in  .New  Zealand, 

I,.,  I'anl,  ISSS  Svo.  Ts,  lid. 
''o\.  A.     Men  of  mark  in  New  Zealand.     L.,  Simpkin. 

Issi-,.     Svo.     l-.'s.  lid, 
Crawriinl,  ,1 .  «'.     Recolleetions  of  travel  iu  New  Zea- 

l:ind  and  Australia.     I.  .  Trilhiier.  IHSii     Svo      |Ss. 
Cr*>/.i*t.     Nonvean  voyaire  A  la  Mer  du  Sod.     I's,  ]',Ki. 

Svo.     Kny.  trans  .  Tasmania.  New  Zeal  (nd.and  the 

Ladroiu'  Islaiiils  t  iid  the  I'hilippines  in  the  years 

KTl-;-.'.     1...  Ti  nelove.V  Shiilev,  IS'.M.     Svo. 
Cruise,  U.  .\.     .loiirnal  of   ten  months'  residi'nee  in 

New  Zeahind.     1.,,  1 irman.  |s-.'|,     Svo.     Ids.  (id. 

l>niiefiiirt.  .\.  S.  fie.     (ieoi'L:es    I'.eirand.   on  dix  aii.s 

ik  la  Nonvelle-Zelande      Ps.  isrt      Svo     '.'..Vl  fr. -I,e 

jietit    Mis  d'Emal,  on  la  .N'tnivelle-Zelande  A  notre 

epoone.      I's,  tSTS,     Svo. 
Firtli,  J.  t'.    Nation-iiiakiii^:  a  story  of  New  Zealand. 

L.,  LoiiBinansi,  ISIKI,    Hvo.    «s. 


Fittnii,  E.  n.  New  Zealand:  eoiulilion,  prospects, 
ete.     L  .  Stanford.  Is-Vi,     I'.'ino,     4s, 

GlHhiiriie,  \V.     New   Zealand    rulers  and   stati'sineii 
IS4d-S.-i,     1,,.    Low.    IS.s.'i,     Svo,     7s,   (ill,-  C'oloiiy   of 
Ni'w-   Zealand  :    Us  historv.    vicissitudes,   etc."   L., 
I'etheriek,  1<SS.     svo,     Ts,  (id. 

OorHl.  .1.  K.  Maori  kliin:  cair  qnaiTtd  with  New  Zea- 
land.    L,.  .Macinillaii.  isiil.     svo.     Ids  (id. 

(Jreeii,  \V.  s.  Th.'  iiitih  Alps  of  New  Zealand.  L.  and 
N.  Y  ,  Macinillan.  I,s.s,j,     I'.'ino      Ts  dd.     J-.'.-.'.'). 

tirey,  «i.     Polynesia yifolo^cv  and  aiieient    tradi- 

lioiial  history  of  llie  New  Zer.l.ino  race.  I,  .  Miirrav, 
l.s.Vi.  -Jd  e.,  N.  Z.  (iovt.  Pill).  (HT..  IS-.  Svo.  ,-)s '_ 
Proveihial  snyii  i.'s  of  the  iineestors  of  the  New 
Zealand  1  ace.      L.,  Triil.ner.  IS.'>S     sm      :;?    (id, 

llai'veii,  I'liiile  <le.  La  Nuuvelle  Zelaude:  histoire, 
etc.      Pi,  ISSI.     Svo.      ■)  fr. 

Hay,  W.  I>.  l!ii>;hler  liriiaiii;  or.  settler  and  Maori 
in  Nortln'ru  New  Zealand.  L  ,  Kent  ley,  ISSJ.  -.'v. 
Svo.     -.'Is. 

Heet«ir,  .los.  Handbook  of  New  Zealand  (ofllcial 
pnbheatioii  .     I...  Stanford.  lss:<-4,     Svo.     'Js. 

UoeliKtetter,  K.  v.  New  Zealand,  ils  physii-al  neo);- 
rapliy.ete.  1-foni  thelierinan  liy  K.  SaiKer.  Sliitli;. 
l.siir.     Svo,     (-.'."is,] 

lliiiltler,  K.  Mi'inories  of  New  Zealand  life  L,, 
.laeKson  .V  W,.  isti-j.     -.'(l  e,.  ISIl:).     I-Jmo.     3s.  (id. 

liiKlis,  J.     Our  New  Zealand  cinisins.     ],.,  Low.  ISST. 

Svo         lis. 

Jaeolis,  II,  New  Zealand:  dioceses  of  .Via-kland, 
('hiistchiireh.  etc      L  .  S.  P.  ('  K.,  1SS!1,     p.'mo,     .',s. 

Kennedy.  \.  N.  w  Zealand.  L..  Loiijjmans.  ls;.'i. 
•.'d  e  .  1S7I      Svo,     (Is.  (ill. 

^IiOorilianks,  .\.  Travels  in  New  Zealand.  L  .  Siiiilh 
.V  K  .  isri,     1-,'mo.     Is.  (1,1. 

^laori  :>1enient<i<'H  :  adiiresses  by  the  niilives  of  New 
Ze.iland.     1...  Willis.  |s.-,7.     svo.     Is.  (Id. 

rtlai'sliall.  \\.  H.  I'wo  visits  to  New  Zealand,  L, 
Nisliet,  ls:i(;      I'Jmo,     7s.  (id 

:«Ioiii'a<l.  I>.  «;.  liamh-  Nv-Zeelaiid  (did  New  Zea- 
land i.     Kd.  by    — .     Kiilin.  IS7(I. 

.tliiore,  .1.  M.  New  Zeabind  for  theeiiiiu:rant.  invalid, 
and  loinisl.     L..  l.ow,  IS'.lil.     Svo.     i)S. 

Neil  Seelaniler.     I.pz    1S."1I 

New  /eiiland  llaiKlliook.  1,..  Stanl'oril,  is  ,  mh 
e.,  isii;.      I'.'ino.     Is. 

N'ii'liiilas,  .1.  I..  Viivace  to  New  Zealand  with  the 
Kev  Samuel  Miirsdeii.  ISII  l.-|,  1...  lil,-ick,  Isl7. 
'.' V   svo.     -.'Is.     (leriii.  trans.     Weimar.  ISI'.I. 

Nieliolls,  J.  H.  K.  The  kinj;  coiiniry ;  or.  c.v|ilora- 
tioiis  ill  .N.u  Zeal.in  I.  I,.,  l.ow.  and  .N,  Y.,  Serib- 
ller.V.   \V  ,  Isl  and  -.'d  e,,  |sS(.     Svo,     -.'Is,      $1  .Ml. 

Old  New  Zealand,  nai  ui' eii-ioms.  etc.  liv  a  I'akelia 
Maori      L.Sm.ib,^  lv.lsi;:i.     Svo.     .^s. 

I'ayloii,  K.  \\  ,  Koniid  aboni  New  Zealand:  .'!  visirs 
in  the  aniipoiles.     L,,  Chapniiin,  Isss,     s\o,     i-.'s, 

IMiilosoplier  Dick  :  .\  Iveiiimis.  etc..  of  a  New  Zea- 
land-beplierd,     1.  ,  I'nwin,  IsiHI,     ■,' V    sv,i      .jis, 

l*oi'nainii :  sketches  of  I  lieearh'  tiaxsof  New  Zealand, 
I,  ,  Widiams  .V  N',.  ISSl.     Sv.i.     lis, 

ri>la<'k,  .1.  s.  Manners  and  cnstoms  of  the  New  Zea- 
l;iiiilers.  L.  Madden.  |S|d.  -Jv-Svo,  ills.— Travels 
in    N.-w  Zealand.   Is.il-:J7.     L.,  Pi'iit  ev,  l.s.is.     -J   v. 

Svo.      pis. 

Tope,  .1.  II.  The  Stale:  rndiinentarv  New  Zciiland 
soi-ioloirv.    1.,.  N.  Z.  (iovi.  I'nb   IMV.IS    .    Svo,     Is, 

Hiisden.  «;.  W.  History  of  New  Zealand.  L  .  Cliap- 
maii.  Iss:i.     :-{  v.  svo,     .",ds, 

Sall'elil,  K.  Naehrichlen  ans  der  lleidcnuell  (No, 
1.  Nell  Se.landi      Hainb,  Isiil.     Svo,     P.  Pf, 

SliortlaiKl,  Kd.     Sonibern  di-trids  of   New  Zealand 

(ls|::-li>.     L.,  I K'lnaii,  IS.M.     Svo.     Ids  liil.— Irii 

(hiiotis  and  superstitions  of  the  New  Zeiilandeis. 
L.,  Loinrnnin.  is.")!,  '.'d  e..  IS."i7.  Svo.  Ts.  (id.— 
Miioii  ridii,'ion  and  iiivtholo;;v.  L.,  Longmans, 
lss-,>.     Svo.     :is. 

Silv<>r*s  Handbook  of  .Viistraliit  ikiid  New  /4MI- 
liind.      1.  .  Silver.  1S7I.     Svo.     fis. 

.Simmons,  .%.     ( ild    ICii^land  and    New  Zealand:    the 
tiovernmeni,  laws,  ,  ,  .  resources  of  New  Zealand, 
.  .  and  hisiorieal  sketch  of  the  Maori  race.     L., 
Stanford    issd.     Svo.     '.'s 

Suiter,  .\.  Per  Mare,  per  Terras;  isil  loNew  Zealand 
by  Ad^iiaha,  etc.     L  .  I'liwin.  .SST.     Svo.     :)s.  (M. 

Taylor,  It.  New  Zealand  and  ils  inhabitants.  L., 
Werilieiiii.  IS.V).  -.'d  e.,  is;(l,  Svo.  ^".s  Past  an. I 
pri'seiii  of  New  Zi'aland.  L..  Macintosh,  l.siis,  Svo. 
Ids  (id.  -Te  Ika  a  >lani:  or.  New  Zealand  and  in- 
l.abitants.    L..  Macintosh,  Iv-;  n  e..  ISTd,    Svo.    •,','». 

Thomson,  A.  S.  New  Zealand.  .  .  .  saviicp  and  civi- 
li/ed.      I,  ,  Mnrniy.  IS.V.t.    '.'v.     *l  e.,  l.SCd.     Svo     '.'Is, 

Travel's,  \V.  T.  I..  New  Zealand  :  Mnaphie  and  de- 
scriptive.    L..  Low.  ISiT.     Ko.     I('..ss. 

TroUope.  A.  .Vnsiralia  and  New  Zealand.  L.,  Clinp- 
man.  1S7.1.  J  v.  Jil  e  ,  IS7.'').  Svo.  Ts.  6d.  3d  e., 
ISSI,     Is. 

Tueker.  t'liailotte,  .Miss  ["A.  I,.  <).  K."].  The 
Soulliern  cross  and  the  Huutheru  crown;  or,  the 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


610 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


KivsiH-l  ill  N«-w  Zealai'il.     !<.,  Nisbt't.  IS  ;  ii.p,,  18,18. 

IJiii.i     3s  0.1. 
Verne.  J.     VoyiiKe  nuiinl   tlic  worUI.     L.  nnii  N.  Y., 

K'liitleiljre.  is;<u;!(.     :)  v   l-,'iii(i,    ^Vol.  3.    Xt-w  Zfii 

laii.l,  I>^>     3s.  t«l.     Sl.riO.i 
WnkcHchl,  E.    New  Zfalnml  nftrr  llflv  veins.    L.  niul 

N   Y  .  Cas.^i.-ll.  l-K-l)      Sv...     7s.  i„l.     J;j'iKl. 
Wliilf.  J.   The  aiK'ieiil  liisloi  v  nf  ilif  Jlam  i.    L..  Low. 

■.^^T--*;*.     4  V.  »vii      U>< 
Williams.    W..    Hp.     I'liiisiianilv  aiiiunt;  llif  Ni'w 

Z.'alaiui.'r>      I,.. .  INi;      Jil  c,  l.sT  1.     Svn.     .'is. 

Woman's  Mi->«i<>ii  ill  Australia.     I.   isiii.     Hlnio. 
Yiilvs.  W.     All  acfiinnt  of  New  /..•nlMii.l.  iinil  nf  :li.i 

fonnati'iii  aii<l  I'I-mjiii'ss  I'f  tin' Chiiirli  Missinnary 

^Vl<•i«'lv■s  Mission  in  Ilif  NnrtluTii  l-lanii.     I...  Sfc- 

le.v,  Ist  aii.l'J'l  »' .  IM'). — Lrlttrs  I«i  aiul  ivitni  nalivi's 

of  Nfw  Zfalaiul  runvi-itiMl  ii>    riiiistiaiiily.      L  , 

Seele}- (?),  It^W.    8v<>.    lUs.  till. 

XICAHAIICA. 
S««Cestbal  Amkkk  a. 

yi(<yi.4!i  isi.,t.\ns. 

AtLiiison.  <J.  M.     Nol-'s  <rn  Nicnhaf  I^IaiiiliTS.     (Set' 

•■Journal  nf  Kilin"l.n.'iiMl  Sipci.'ty."  \  'i|.  •.'  i 
Hnsfli.  II.    .Iiiiiriial  of  a  oniisi'  aiiicnit;  tlii"  Nicoliaf 

!>iaii.ls     fali\  1M."> 
Hiiiiscl.  ,l.<;.    I.«-it«-rs.  fti- .  niulaoroiiiit  of  anntti'Mipt 

to  ooiiv.-rt  tilt-  iiativfs  of  tlif  .Niroliar  Islands.     I.. 

isi-.'. 
.Miillt-r.  N.  V.  C.    liiilrae  flier  IMljast   lil  ri-i-cloriks 

1  KTiii's eller  (it*  iiikoliaii^ki'  iVms.  Imlli.,  ricultiktrrs 

Beskr.  if.intrilmiions  to  a  ilf^ii'iiption  of  ilic  Kieil- 

erioks.  or  tli«-  Nioi'liar  Isl..  Iln-ir  iiilialiitanis,  inml- 

iieis.  ^tiM     Klilin.  V.'.'.i. 
Itos>-ii.  I>.     Krin-lrinirtT  fra  init  OplioUl  paaile  N'iko- 

li;i!  ^k*-    I  Vr    (Kf'ininisiv'ni.'cs  ol    my   stav    on   tin' 

Nir.l.arl-I.  .     Kl.lni.  isi'.l 
Kink.  II.     Iiie  Nikoi.arisi-li.- liisi.li!.     KMni.  ISir. 
I'tlilrii;:  af  ill-  |>aa  Niroliariirriif  i  Coniarcl  I  Sl(> 

aii^till-".!.-  IntitTs.'iKflseitKxliiU'tsffoin  tlir  i'X|m'i  i- 

iiifiii^  iiiailc  ill  till-  Nii'oljar  Isl.  ii   tlio  siniiij;  of 

Islii  .    Kbiiii.  isj.; 

yriiiA. 

See  Abyssish  aiul  E(iVi-T. 


See  PoLYNEStA 


UCKAMVA. 

StV  SVBIA. 

I'Airii.rAV. 

Itaillit'.  .%l«-\.  F.     ranij.'nayaii  tii'iisiiiv.  Ilii'  siMi'ch 

aii'l  III'- ilis'on-ry.     I...  .SiimiUin.  iss;.     Svo.     lis. 
ItrrtlK-l,  Kllf.     1.1-s  inissioiiaii'i's  ilti  I'araKiiay.     I's. 

|s.M      isnio.     iviftni. 
Unrloii.  It.  I".     I.«Mt.-is  from  tin'  Imtllftii'Ms  of  Tai-a- 

^-i.iv      1.  .  Tin-|.-v.  Is-,0     Svo.     iss. 
Cfllii-/.  I»f.  Mill-.     Ilistoiri-  iln  raiat;iiiiy.     I's.  ISII, 

■_*  V.  Isino.     ;.tpi'  fr. 
Cliarl<-v<ii.\.  I*.  I-".  X.  «l«'.     Tho  liisloiy  of  rainnnay 

^aiil  of  tlie  .l<-snit   missions  therfj.    Kn^'.  liaiisl. 

I..  1T>'.3.    •-•  V.  Mo.    s;s. 
C'la|>|>i<-r.    II.     Di'tails  intiines  siir  I'rtat  iles  lifii.v, 

.1.-S  lit.iniiifs  vt  lies  i-lioscs  an  rarasnav.    I's.  l."*!!',!. 

xvo.    -.'fr. 
i'lHlinan.  •!.    T<-u  iiionilis  in  liraxil.  Willi  noti>s  on  tin- 

i'arai:iiaraii  war.    N.  V.,  .Milli-r.  ISTJ.    :iil  i-.,  l.sTii. 

l-'mo     jl  .-<! 
I>(-intT>iiy,    .\.      Histoiri-  .  .  .  ili'    raiannay.   I't   ili's 

.■■ial'liss<-im-iits<li-s  .Ii'siiit.-s.     I's.  IWki  11.").    ■,'  v.  [iin- 

tini~li.-.r  f\'>      -Mfr. 
Ili>liri<lii>iri-r.    M.      .\i-i- •nnt    of    the    .^ilipoiics,    an 

•H|nfstriaii  ix-oplf  of  i'atat'iiav.     L.  IS'J','.    3  V.  Svo. 

.Ills. 
l>ii  4;riitv.  .%irr.     1.11  ri'pniiliiiiu'  iltt  I'nnii;nav.     I's. 

I  sir,'.    Vio.     -i".  fr 
UollK-in.  K.     Ii.-r  i-liristlirli-soriali"  Stmit  ili-r  .Ii'sii- 

iii'ii  in  I'arairnav.     1  .p/.c    i SS-I.     Svo.     l.;0  Mk. 
Liinilx-I.  <°>iinteilc.  I..- I'ai atnay.  I's.  1S7S    Svo.   '.'fr. 
!.«•  I.»ni;.  .1.     Ijf  ParaL'iiav.     I's.  ISiiS.     Svo.     I  fr 
Mantlii-lil.   r.   It.     Parat'iiav.     I...    Mai'iiiillaii.    IS.-iti. 

Svo      l-,'~  i«l. 
>lt-iilt-inaii«.    .*nit.      Iji    iV'pnlili(|tie   iln    l'jira>,'ii.iy ; 

•  iiiile  liis|orii|iie.     I's   iss.1     Svo. 
.^I«-\erl.  K.    Kill  Jalirzii  I'ffnii-.    Keisi-n  iti  I'liiairnav. 

WaiMlsliiirK.  I"vv-.    -.Me  ,  lSS.t.   Svo.     l.riO  .Mk  — Kii.sf- 

l>ri>'f«>  alls  I'aniiruay.    Wamlslnirt;,  ISS').   Svo.    T.'i  pf. 
.MissiitiK  in  jMimn  anil  FariiKuay.     N.  Y.,  Satllli'i'. 

|S-,        l.'lllO  »I.(>|I. 

MnlhHil.  >l.  (i.    Kiver  Pint.' n-piitilli-s.    L,  Staiifoid, 
IS4.    s»o.    (te.  — Euro|ii- to  I'arajtuay.    1...  Staiilonl. 

i.';?.   ?vo.   &». 


Miinitorl.  II  Cliristiancsimo  fi'lioe  iii'lli-  inissiom'  ni'l 
I'ara^riii.  Torino,  1713.  I'"i'i'm'h  trans..  Nonvrlli's 
ili'S  missions  (III  I'araKoay.    I's   ISIO.    l-,'mo.    l.liifr. 

I'liBi-,  T.  il.  I.a  Plata,  till'  .\r>;i'Hliiii'  oonfi'ileratioii. 
aii'l  I'ai'a^'iuiv:  nanativi'of  o.xploration  in  IS.'i3  ."ill. 
N.Y  .  Harper,  IH,VJ.     ;,'il  e.,  witli  explorations  of  l,s,')!l 

1)0,  istir. 

I'aiiki-.     Ucise  in  ilie  Mission  naeh  l'ara>;iiav.     \Vifti, 

Is-.'-.i 
I'oiii'i'l,   It.     1,1'    I'araK'iiay   moileriu'      I's    IStiT.     Svo. 

Ill  Ir, 
Oiii'iitiii,  Cii.     1,.' l'arai;iiay.     I's   ISIm.     Svo      1  fr. 
Ii<'iii;u;('r  ami  l.oiiKi'liaiiip.     Hciun  of  IM'  h'raiuiain 

l';iniK'iiay,     I..,  Ilnist.  1'-.     svo,     lis 
Kolx-rtsoii,  ,1.   I*.,  ami  W.  1'.,  Kranoia's    |{ii),'n   of 

'I'l'iror,    I,.,  Mui  ray.  IS     .     svo.    lUs.  i;,l.— Loiti-rs  on 

l';ir;i;.'-iiay.     1,  .  Miirrav,  1'^ — .     '■-'  v.  Svo      'Jls. 
Tlioiii|isoii.  <ii'o.     War  in  I'arai^nay,  with  litstorical 

skeii-h  of  tlie  coiintiv.     I,,  l.oiiKinans.  IStl'.i.     Svo. 

..'s.  il.l. 
Ti><-pp«ii,  H.     Kin  linndi'rt  Tatre  in  Parat-'iiav.     Ham 

iiiM-d,  iss,-i.    Svo.    Ii  Jlk. 
Uasiiliiirii,  C  .V.     Ilistorv  of  Paractiav.     Host.,  l.ce 

.'i  s.,  ISIII.   '.'  V.  Svo.   ir.M. 

I'ATAdliMA. 
(Now  part  of  C'liili  ami  of  the  .Vrp'iitiin'  Ucpiililic.) 

Ili'crlioliiii.tl.    \Viinileriii(;sin  I'alaKoni.i      1...  Cliatto, 

1s;s.    -,'.1  .' .   ISSl.     svo,     3s.  Ikl.     .N.  v..  Holt,   1S7'.). 

lilm.i.     ?I.IK). 
ISoiii'iii',  H.  I'.     I.ifeamont;  the  giants,  etc.  in  Pata- 
gonia.   1...  Vizeiflly,  Isl  and  'M  e..  |s.-);t.    pjnio.    ts. 

.\in    e..  under   title.  Captivi'  in  i'aiajonia.     Htist., 

Iloiild  \  1...  Is.Vi;  n,  1'.,  I.'itlirop.  is;i.    lUmo.   Jl.-,'."i. 
Coaii,  T,     .\ilvi'iitiiri's  in  Patagonia:  iiiissionarv  tour 

of  exploniiion,     N.  v..  Iioild,  issii      I-.'nn'.     $\  .-::>. 
('oppiiii;er.  K.  W.     Ci  iiisc  of  tin'  .\|er!  in  l';iia^oiiiaii 

wiiii'is.     1...  Sonin'iisoln'iii,  issa.     Svo,     '.'Is. 
Daireaiix,   I'l.     iJiii'iios  .Vvres.  la  pampa  et  la   I'.ila- 

L-onie.     I's.  is;s.     i-Jmo.    :l."Ki  fr. 
Di'sparii,  <i.  I*.     (Kill     Hope  deferred,  not   lost;   or, 

missions  to  l'ataK"iiia.     L.,  Nisliet,  IVi).     '.'de,.  |s,M. 

Svo.     ,'is. 
Dixit',   r.,  I.aiiv.     .\eross    Pata^ronia.      I..    Henllev, 

anil   .\    v..  W'ortliinijion,  isso.     Svo.     l.'is      S';".' 
i'liiUner,  'r,     .\  deserlption  of  Patai^oiiia  ami  llira,!- 

ioiiiin^-  parts  of  .Soiilli  .Vmeriea.      Ilerelord.   i;;i. 

Mo, 
(iardiiier,  A.  F.     .\  visit  to  tlie  Indians  on  llie  from 

tii'is  of  Chili,     I,  .  Si'i'ley,  isil       Sv.i.     lis.     .V  voi'e 

from  Soiiili  .\inei  lea.     I, .  .'^i  eley.  ls|7.     1-,'nio.     Is 
<iiiiiiiiaril,   A,       1  liree    ye.-irs'   slavery  ainoiin    I'aia- 

j;onians.    I'l'i'iins   from  l-'r.  oriLriiial.    I's.  Isill.    I'.'iini. 

.■!..M;:'r.|      l„,  lielitley,  IS7I.     Svo.      Ills,  lid, 
llelliH-r,  .\,     l)iis  Kliiiia  von  Westpalaronia.     Honn, 

lss|,      Sio, 

Hope  deferred.     See  Iir.sl'AHl). 

I.isia,   IS,     Villi.'   Ill  pais  d.'  los  Teliiieloln's.     linenos 

Au-.'s.  ls;;i.     Svo. 
>liii'llonali,  .loliii.     Voyatie  to  Pala>,-oiiia.     I.  ,  Iteii- 

shaw.  IS         r,'ni.i      ss, 
.Maiiiiii,  .Vllr.    I.a  Noiivi'lli' Pranoe.     p.tiide  liistoriipi.' 

.  .  .  dii  rovaumeilWran.'ani.'.    Ps.l.s7l.    PJino.    !  ir, 
MHiii'r,  <i,  II.     P.ira;,'imy  in  ls,Si).     I..  [Issil]      S\,.. 
.>loreii.>,  K.  1".     Viaje  a  lii  Palaj^onia.     Ituenos  .Vires, 

IS      .      -.'il  .'..    IS?!.      Sv... 

.Musters,  (i,  r,     .\<  lioiiie  with  the  Patai;oiiians.     1... 

Miirrav.  is;i.     -,'.1  ,'..  is;.l     Svo.     Ills. 
.>lM'rs,  Sarah  .V.,   >lrs,     ri.aie.'rs  of  Kne^-ia.     Phil., 

I'li's    l;,l,  I'lili,.  Isiii      I'.'ino.     #1  (Ki. 
Orllii -.\iitoiii.'  !..  r.ii  .I'.Xraneanie  et  d.'  Palatroiii.'. 

Son  a\  .''lie  I  lien  I  an  tion.'et  sa  oaptivite  an  i'hili.    I's. 

ISii:),     sv...     .1  fr      l.eltr.'s      I's    ISils.     Sv...    .»  .'till. 
I'eiiiiiiiit,  'I',     I  If  the  l'ai,ii.'onians.    I''..rnied  from  the 

r.'l.itioii  .if  Kiither  Kalkener,  et.'.     I.    I7SM,     It... 
Snow,  \V.  I".     Cruise  olT   fi.'ria  .lei  l'iie;;.i,  Falkland 

Islands.  I'll' 
Vaiieoii\ei'.   Cleorije,     \'o\  at:.'  ..f  ilise.iverv    t.t   th.^ 

N'.. rill. 'ill    part    ..f    tl..'  S.nnli   S.-a   and   alon^'   tin' 

West.'rii  ei.ast  of   Ain.'ri.'ii.     I..   I7!"i'.ili?'     (ierm. 

transl.  17'Jl.     'J  v.     Danish  Iransl.     Klilin.  I7!W-1S|I-,'. 

•J  V. 
Vieiillii   .MiK'ki-iiiia,    II,      1..T    Palriionia.     Saiilia;,'o, 

ISSO.     Svo. 

i'i:i.i:\v  Ki.iMis. 

IlocUlii,   .1.    I",     .\  snppl.'inent  to  llieaeeonni  of  th.' 

P.'I.'W  Isl.in.ls.     I,  .  tilllwi'r,  1SII3.    -ilo.    iSi'e  l.i'low  ) 
lieale,  Ci,     All  ii.'. t  ..f  III.'  I'elew  Islamls.     1...  (i. 

Ni.'ol,  i;ss.     It.i.     .'.til  1'.  with  snppl.'inent  liy  J.  P. 

Hoikiii.     l...li   .4-  W.  NIeol,  IS(i3.     Ito. 
Semper,  V.     Uii'  I'alaii  llisi'ln  im  .Slillea  Ooean.     Lpz. 

IS73.     Svo.     (i  Mk. 

h'KRSlA. 
Aiiilfrsiiii,  T.  S.      Mv    waiulerln.;n    in    P.rsia.     It,, 
lll.'i.'iiwoo.l,  ISStl.     Svo.     10a.  (m1.' 


r  J-; 


.1* 


'  I' 


I<  ' 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


630 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Arnolil,  Arfliiir.  Tlir'^ii^'li  IVrsia  liv  onrnran  I... 
'I'iiislfV.  N.  Y.,  IIiiriPLr,  ISTU.     ■,'  v.   »vo.     tif-s.      1  v. 

Atkhisiiii,  il.  ('iisiiiiMs  ami  iiiiiiinris  of  ilie  wiuiieii  of 
IVisia,  mill  iljcii'  iloiiii'siiu  insiiliilions.  (Tniiisl.) 
li..  ( iritMita)  Tr.  I'"iiiui.  i^J'J.     ^<\o,     r»s. 

1tnilK<T,  «i.  I'.  Nt'stciiians  and  tlu-ir  rilimls.  L., 
MasliTS,  is.v,>.     J  V.  Svo.     .HIis. 

IliikiT,  V.  ('!■  mils  ill  t lie- Kust:  travels  ami  nilventiiri's 
on  till'  IVrso-Tiirkoiiian  I'miitier.  h.,  I'liatlo,  N.Y., 
ScTiliiiHi-,  l'<;ii.     Svo,     IKs.     Stio'l. 

Ititlliiiiliiii-,  II.     MiilnlKlit  iiiaivlirs  tliiiiiiKli   IVrsia. 

i!n-.i..  I .v:s.,  .s;!i.    svo.   $-,>.r>o. 

liiiHsi'tt.  •!.     I'l'isia:  navel  ami  ivsidi-Iice,  lH71-t*5.    I,., 

lilackio.  nil  i    N.  Y.,   Soiibncr,    issii.     Svo,     7s.    M. 

81.5tl.--l''i>ia:  n  iiai'nitivc  of  ilio  foiimlin^'  ami  for- 
tunes of    ne  IJistHiii   Persian  Mission.     I'liil.,  I'les. 

Bd.,  1^.  i:.     lOiiio.     gl.ys. 
Hell,  K.,  AI:i|.     iiieOxiisandllielnc'us.    L..  Trtllim'r, 

Ihti'J.     Svo.     :)s. 
Ilt-llen',  II.  W.     Indus  to  the  Tigris.     L.,  Triiliner, 

IST.i.     Svo.     4s. 
BoiOaii>ii>.  ><•  (*•  W.    Persia  and  Ilie  Persiaiu.    Host., 

Tii'Unor  ilSMl|.    -iU).     $4  iK).     I  lie   slcn-y  ol    I'eisia. 

N.  Y'..  I'litnanis.  lS.s;.     l-Jino.     ^i.M. 
Kiiiiiiiii;,  It.  H.     Travels  in   Persia,   eti;.     I..,  Allen. 

IS.")?.     •-'  V.  Svo.     -JSs. 
Blunt,  Aniii'.  I.iulv.     liedoiiiii  Iiities  of  tlie  Knplini- 

tes.     I...    Murray,   N.    Y.,   Hiuper,   IST'J.     Svo.     'Jv. 

■,')s.      I  V.  «-J.-.il. 
Itrittlekiiiik,    W.     Persi.i   during  tlie  famine:    iiar- 

lalive  of  a  lour.     L.,  Piekeriiit;.  1ST3.     Svo      Is.  fid. 
Hryd^rs,    II.  •!.     .\n  aeroiiiit  of  tlie  tiansaelioiis  of 

his  ma  je.-t  v"s  mission  to  I  he  court  of  I'ersia.  ISuV-l  1. 

I,..  ,Ias.  Holm,  1S.)I.     -J  V.  Svo.     -.'Is, 
Cliui'din,  .lean,     .louriial   dii   vovajre  ...  en   Perse, 

ete.      Isl    pl.tall    |Mll).l.      London.  KiSC.   fol.     ."ilh   e. 

conipleled  liy  I..  l.Uli>rles.     Ps.  ISll.     II)v.S\,,      H,.p. 

ISS:).     -J  V.  IJino.     4  fr.     Eiik'.  trans.,  Iieseriplion  .if 

Persia,  etc.     L.  17'J4.     ^  \'.  Svo  lalso  in  Pinlverton's 

eolleetion  of  voyajres.     L.   ISOH.     Vol.9.     4lO),  and 

I..    IS.sli. 

Cliodzkii.  .\.  S|ieciniens  of  tile  ]io|nilar  poetry  of 
Persia.     I...  Allen.  1S4-J     Svo.     l.")s. 

CoHii.  <i.  W.     I'.isiiin  iiiissions.     N.  Y.  1ST9     Svo. 

t'roasv.  K.  S.  Hislorv  of  llie  Olloiiiaii  Turks.  I.,., 
lieiitlev.  is.-i4.  ■,'  V.  Svo.  ess.  :.'d  e.  ISTt.  N.  Y'.. 
Holt,  I'sr;,     1-Jiiio.     $•,'..'«!.     1  V.     Ts.  lid. 

Sleiiliiroy.  .lane.  Mdnie.  La  Perse,  la  Clirddee  et 
la  Siisiane.  Voya>res  elTi'diies  en  1Ss8-|Ssii,  Ps. 
issi;  4io.  .10  fr.  KiiK.  trans.,  At  Susa  .  .  .  nar- 
rative of  travel  tliroii;;li  Western  Per.sia.  lSS4-8(). 
Phil.,  lieliliie.  IS'.Kl.     4lo      «.".  0(1. 

I>i>iii'i>iirt.  .V.  S.  <le.     La  Perse.  .  .  .  Iiisloire,  niieiirs, 

•  ■le.      Ps.  IS,S.1,     4to. 

Dresserus.  M.     Statu  ecclesia-et  rellt-'ionis  in  Persieo. 

Vileb,  l.-iim. 
l>iil>eiix,  Louis.     La  Perse.     Ps.  Isll.     Svo.     fi  f r. 
Knstcrn  Persia:  journeys  of  the  IVrsi  in  Ponndary 

Coiniiiission.  tsro-7-j    L.amI  N.  Y'..  Maeiiiillan,  is;ti. 

•Jvsvo.     4-.'s     Sis.iio. 
Kastwiek,    K.    IS.      The  journal   of    a    diplomatist's 

three  years'  residenee  in  Persia.     I.  ,  .Smith  ,',.  K  , 

isn4.    I'v.Svo.     Iss.— ThetJiiiistan.     Hertford, . 

]S»iO.     'Jd  e..  ]SSO.     Svo.     Ills.  I'lil. 
Kuplirates  aiiil  Tigris.     L.  and  N.  Y,  XeNon,  1*;!) 

llliilo.     -.'s      sile. 
K«'i-rier,  .1.  i*.     raravaii  journex's  and  waiuleriiiirs  in 

I'ei-si  I       I,  .  Murray.  ls.-)S.     svo.     -Jls. 
Fleteher,  J.  I*.     Notes  from  Nineveh,  mid  travels  in 

.Mi'^opoiamia.  .\ssvria.  and  Svria.     I,  ,  Hurst  iV  H., 

is.iii.      -J    V.    Svo.  "  1S.V).      1&.      I'liila.,    I.ea.    is.'io. 

l',*nin.     T.-JO. 
ro^i;,  W.  P.     Land  of  the  Arabian  Niulits.     I...  Low, 

and  N".  Y.,  Serihner,  l"?.!.    ^.'d  e.,  ISs-.'.    Svi>.    10s.  (id. 

*  1.110, 

JTou  ler,  <;e().     Three   years   in    Persia.     L.,  Colhurn. 

ls|i.     -,;  V   Svo.     ■,'4s. ' 
Fraser,  ,1.  H.     Historieal  and  des<'riplive  aeooiint  of 

Persi.i.     1..,  Simokin,  N.  Y.,  Harper,  1847.     K'nio. 

•-'s.  iiil.     ISiiio.     7."e. 
Fni'lis,  U.     Lose  liliitter  alls  dein  Orient.     Wieii,  ISSl. 

Svo. 

<j)oliiui'au,  <'!•■.  <li'.     Noiivelles  nsintiiines.     Ps.  IHTfi. 

1 -'mo.     .1   fr.    .W  e.     KiiR.  trans..  Itoinaiiees  of  the 

Kast.      N.  Y..  .\p|.letoii,  ISrS.      IIJMlo       .tl.iK). 
4ioldHniiil,  K.  .1.     Teleiriaph  and   travel  (in  Persia]. 

t..     and     N.     Y,.     Maeniillaii,     1S74.       Svo,       Uls. 

Js.mi, 
ivraiit,  A.    The  Nestorians:  or.  tlie  lost  tribes.     N.  Y., 

Harper,  and  L..  Tbeobald,  1841.     :iil  e.,  1S,W.     12ino. 

•'is.     Jl.lHl. 
Illatorv  of  the   Persinns.    L.,   Rel.  Tr.  Soc  ,  1»1',>. 

Svo.    '.is. 
Kltto,  Jni>.    Court  and  people  of  Pereia.    L.,  Uel.  Tr. 

SoclS-W.     ISnio,     Is.  6d. 
I,:i>NKttf ,  A.     Fra  Persien      Kblin.  1881.     Svo. 
Idturlf,  T.    Ur.  A.Orautand  theinountaiu  NesloriaiiK, 


Host..  Lothrop.  IS,'):!.    4tlie.l8Tl.     lOnio.    SL.-iO.— 

Woman  and   lier  Saviour   in   Persia.     Host.,  Coiij;. 

I'lih.  Co  ,  11.  (■.,  is7r.     I-Jino.     Sl.'J,"). 
Layaril,  A.  11.,  Sir.     Nineveh  and  its  rehiains  (1S15- 

47i.     L.  Murray,  and  N.Y'.,  Putnam,  184«.   ^  v.  Svo. 

3(is.    $4.M.    N.Y.  1S.V.>.    1  V.  l-Jiiio.    75  c.~  A  popular 

aeeouiu  of  discoveries  at  Nineveh.     ,\hrid(;ed.     L., 

Miiiiay,  N.  Y'.,  Harper,  lS,"il.     svo.     .Is,     7,5c.— Dis- 

cioerii-s  in  the  ruins  of  Niiu'vch  and  liabvlon.     ad 

expedition  (|81!I-.">I i.     I^.,    Murray,   N.  Y'.,'  Harper, 

ls."i:i.     Svo.     ais.     $-,'.-.'.'i.  — Nineveh  and    its  remains 

list   e.vpeditioui       Abridged    bv   tin'  aiilhor.      I.,., 

.'Murray,  lS(i7.     Svo     7s.  lid.-  Niiieveh  and  Habvlon. 

•Jd  expedition,     Abrid^red  by  the  author.     L  , '.Mur- 
ray, 18(17,   Svo,   7s  lid, -Kariv  ailvcninn-s  in  Persia. 

Susiana,  and  Habyloida,     L,,  :Miirray,  N,  Y'.,  Loug- 

mans,  1SS7.     ■,' v,  Svo,    -Jls,     $7..10. 
Loftus,  W.   K.     Tr.ivels  and  researches  in  Chaldea, 

etc.      i^.,  Nislid.  Is.Mi,     Svo,      PJs. 
i\Ic<ialiiui,   ,J.    A.    CampaiK'iiinfc  on  tho  Oxns.  etc, 

I.,,    Low,    is;ii.    ','  V.   Svo.     l,ss.    n.  e.,  1  v.     7s.  lid 

N.  Y.,  Harper,  IS7(i.     Svo.     $^.M. 
i\lii<(;reKi>r,  f.  M.     Narrative  of  a  journey  thronyh 

till'  province  of  Khorasaii,  etc.,  in  1875.     L..  Allen. 

|s;!(,     -jv.Svo.    .'iOs. 
Malcolin,  .I.iliii,  Sir.     History  of  Persia   from  the 

earliest  iiKes  to  Hie  present  time.     L,,  ."Miirrav,  181C, 

a  V,     .'Ws,- Skeiches  of   Persia,     L.,  Murray,  1827. 

a  V.    :id  e.,  1S45.     I  V.  Svo.     Ss,  lid.     L.  and  N.  Y., 

Cassell,  ISSS.     a  y.  ISiiio.     Oil.     aOc. 
Markliiiin,  <,'.  K.    (ieneral  sketch  of  the  history  of 

i'ersia.     L.,  Longmans.  1874.    8vo.    ais. 
Marsli,  II.  YV.     Tciinessean  in  Persia.     Scenes  in  the 

life  of  Hev.  S.  A.  Hliea,     Phila.,  Pies.  Pub.  Vmi\.. 

ISCi'.l.     1-Jiiio.     Sl.75, 
Marsh,  H.  <'.     A  ride  thronirh  Islam;  bein>r  a  journey 

tliroiit:h    Persia    and  AlKhanistan    to    India.      L, 

Tinsley.  Is77.     Svo.     lis. 
Miinoil,  i)rniiali.     Hecils  de  la  mission   ann'ricaiiie 

en  I'erse.     Ps.  1874      I'Jiiio.     .3  fr. 
Miiricr,   .las.     Journeys  Ihioncb    Persia.     L.,    Loiig- 

luaii.  IS— .     av.  Ilo.     i'7  7s.-Hajji  Haba.     L,  IMiir- 

ray,  IS,'!."),     3  v,  1-,'mo.    -Jls,     Many  edil,,  e  n..  Hick, 

1S1W,    Svo,    Os.     Phila,,  J.   E.   Putter,  1880,     K'mo. 

$1.7,\ 
>'iivalkar.  G.  II.     An  inquiry  into  the  Parsi  religion, 

liomba.v.  IS7II.    Svo. 
Newman,  .1.  P.     Thionesand  palaces  of  Habylon  and 

Nineveh.     N,  Y'..  Harper,  l,s7(i.     Svo.     *5.0(i. 
Orsolle,  Krnest.     Le  (.'aiicase  et  la  Perse.     Ps.  1^85. 

IJiuo,     I  fr. 
Oiiseley,  <i.     liiot'iaphical  notices  of  Persian  lioetry. 

I...  I  If.  Tr   I'liiid.  isiil.     Svo.     His. 
I'crkliis.  .lust,     Hisidence  of  eidht   years  in  Persia 

anions'  tlie  .Nesloriaii  ('hri.sliaiis.     Andover,  Allen, 

M.   A   Co.   lS4.-i.      sv„.      $(„MI. -Alissioiiary    life   in 

Persia:  ^riiiiipses  of  a  i|iiaiter  of  a  century's  lalior 

anioiiir  ihe  Nesioriaa  ('hristiang,     Hosi..'.Ym.  Tr. 

Soc  ,  isiil      iDino.     ?I  110. 
Terslu  and  It  tuilad  >lisslon.     L.  1^8(1. 
l'i)"«;ol,   ,).     IVrsia,   ai  cieiit   and   inoderu.     L.,  H.  S. 

Kin.'.  1S7I      svo.     ins,  (ill. 
I'osI <  h.  1).     'I'be  sun  worshippers  of  Asia.     .San 

Ki-.iiu'..  Roman.  is7s.     iiinio. 
Kcdlioiise.    .1.    W.      The    Mesnevi    of    .lelalii  a-Din. 

riiMiis.i     IM.  I.     L  ,  Trilbner.  ISSl.     Svo,     '.'Is. 
ISivad<'U<-,\  ra.  .\.     \'iajeal  interior  de  Persia.    Mailrid. 

issii      :)  v,  Svo. 
ScliiiiiherK.  K.    i'.'ilmakli.inda  :  Leben  iiml  (barakter- 

llildcr  ails  liiilieii  iiiiil  Persii'ii.     I.pz   ISs-,>. 
Sc'lirecki>iista«:  in    Katliarineiifeld    iPersial.      Hnsi-I. 

issf.     Svo.     :iii  I'f. 
Schiilx-i't,  «i.  II.  V.    Heise  in  das  Morpenland.     Krlnn 

ueii.  isiii-i,    ;j  v   Svo,    v:i.iii  Mk. 
Scliiilthess,    ,1.    H.     Ueise  ins   .MorKenlaml.     SclialT- 

b.iii-eii.  1S.-||.     Svo      v'.lo  Mk. 
Serciiii,  <'iirla.  >lnii'.     Homi  les  et  clioses  de  Perse 

Ps.   iss:i.     l-.'iiio.     .'L.-iO  fr.— Moll  voyage;   souvenirs 

personnels,     Ps.  Issl.     ■,>  v.  PJiiio.     7  fr. 
Slieil.  I.iuly.    (iliiMpses  of  life  and  manners  in  Persia. 

I...  IMiinay.  Is.m;.     svo.     I','s. 
Smith,  <>ei>.     .\ss\  rian  discoviaies.  1873-4,     L..  Low. 

N.  Y  .  Scribiier.  187.').    :)d  e..  1875,    8vo,    18s.    Jl.iH). 
Soltikiin,  rriiice,     Vovap' en  Per.se.     Ps,  1S5I.     Svo. 

10  fr. 
StiK-k,  K.    Six  months  in  Persia      L..  Low,  and  N.  \'., 

Piiinaiii.  ISS-J.     •.' y.  Svo.     ais.     Jl.riii. 
Stern,  II.  A.     HawninKS  of  litiht  from  the  Kast.     1,,, 

Werlheim,  ls,"il      svo,     8s. 
Stuart,  i'ol.     iii.'irv  of  a  residenci*  in  Northern  Persia, 

etc,     I.  ,  Hentlev,  ls,''i4,     Svo,     las, 
Vaux,  W.  S.  W.     Persia.     L„  S.  P.  C.  K.,  N.  Y'.,  Pott, 

Y"   ,V  Co..  1S75.     Iliino.     as,     75c. 
Whrimt,  !>I.    Travels  in  Persia,  etc.     L.,  Hurst  &  H., 

IS.'ili.     .'iv.  Svo.     31s.  Cd. 
•  WatHon,  It.  (i.    History  of  Persia  from  the  beginnliiK 

of  the  idneteentli  oentliry  to  IMS.     L.,  Smitli  &  E. 

18(i(!.     8vo.     Lis. 


AIUmi. 

I  iff  iu 

-  lalior 

Am.  Tr. 


I  rcfsiii. 


.*I.IU). 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


\\.-hi.,  !•■.  r.    rptiifTitriis  to  ii;i-.iiiii.    I,.  is:o. 

Wflllml'fi',   K.   A.     Ui'iiiM-  .liini  ii.   Kreidi"  mis  ili'iii 

lh'|i|Hrsllirlli-ll   IVrsicMl.      WiiMI,   IMHI.      Svil.      Ml  III'. 

Whiiilirlil,  K.  II.   'I'lic  i,iiiaiti'aiiisiiri  iiiiiii' Kliayyiini. 

I'cr^liin   li-xi  witli   Kill,',  truiis.     1-.,  Triiljiii-r, 'lt<s:i. 

-■V.I.     Ills.  iH. 
Wills,  ('.  ,1.     Ill  llic  laiiil  cif  tin.  lion  ami  llic  sun  ;  or, 

iiii.iliTii    IVisia.     I.ilf   ill    I'l-i-sia,  .  ,  .  isii(i-sl.      I^. 

ami  N.  Y  .  MaiMiiiliaii.  ls~;l.     svn.    Hs.    <l.iiii.— Tfi-. 

sia  as  il  is.     L  ,  Mariiiilliiii.  l.ssi;      Svo.     Ss.  Ud. 
Xiivlrr,  lli<'f.     llisiciiia    Chi-isli   t-t  liisloiia  S.   IVtri 

I'i'i'sii'i iisi'ri|ita.     l.UK'il.  lialav.  KWJ.     Ho. 

/iiiiiiK'i'ii,  lli'h'ii.     Kpir  iif  kiiij;s:  stories  ivlold  from 

Kinliisi.    L.,  Uiiuiii,  l.ss.j.    :U  t'.,  IhHU.    bvo.    Us. 

fKh'U. 

.Vcosta.  .1.  (1h.    Till'  history  of   Uie  IiuUos.     L.,  , 

is-.i.    ■:  V.  sv,i, 
.Vdiiiiis,  W.  II.  I>.    Tin- land  of  lln'  liicas,  and  tlii'ciiy 

ofllirsiiii.      I,.,  linok  Soc,  iss:).     liiist.  1^«.     8vo. 

.is.     .*I..MI. 
.Viiia/iiiiiaii  Itepiiblic    in  Pom.    L.,   Wiley,   ISW. 

I.'iiio.    :is. 
Itallioa,  :M.('.    liistoiredePernii.    Ps.  ISIO.   8vo.    HI  fr, 
C'iirlHloii,  «i,  W,    inirarlist  in  I'erii.    N.  Y..  C'arletoii, 

|si;'.l.     -Jd  .' .  isrr.     liiiiio,  *l  liil.     I'aper.  .'lOe. 
Cei'iitic,  I".  10.     I'eni  anil  Spain;  sciziiieof  tlnU'liinra 

Islands,     I,.,  Williams  ,V  .\..  isiil.     Svo.    -Js.  (id. 
C'ie/a  lie  l.riiii.  1'.  <le.    SeKimda  parlle  de  la  eroiiica 

d.-l  I'eru.     Madrid.  !SSO.     Sv.>. 
Coif,  <i.   il.  !•'.    The  I'eruvians  at    home.     L.,  I'aiil. 

ISs)        svo.      (is. 

Diittli'lil,    A.  >i,     IVrii  in  the  irnaiio  at;e:  reeeiit  visit 

to  the  •;iiano  deposits,     h  .  lienilev.  I><r7.     Hvo     Is. 

—  i'rospeetsuf  I'ern.    i.,.,  Xewmaii,  IS,S| .   Svo.   -Js.  lid. 
FiKMitiis,  .M.  A.     I.usia:  or.  sUeleliesof  the  capital  of 

I'ei'u.     1,.,  Tiiiliiier.  I'TiT.     svo,     'Jls. 
Hull,  18.    Travels  in  Soul h  America.    I.i.,  Mo.'con,  ISIS. 

svo.     :)s,  lid. 
Iliilrliiiisoii,  T.   J.    Two  years  in  Peru.    L.,  Low, 

|s;  I,     ■•  V,  Svo.     xJSs. 
JiiiitiK'Z  <le  la  ICspada,  M.     Memorias  historiales  y 

)i..lii;eas  del  I'eri'i.     iMadrid.  ISs;;.    Svo. 
Kennedy,  A.  .1.   I.a  Plata.  Hiazil,  ami  i'araKiiay.    Ii., 

Sianloid.  isii'.l,     Svo.    .Is. 
Lope/,    W    F.     I.es  races  aryennes  dii   I'eniii :    leiir 

ianu'iie.  leiir  relitjion,  lem'  histoire.     i's.  1S7I.     Svo. 

in  tr. 
3liirkliiiiii,    C.    K.     .Toiiniev   to   Cii/eo  and    visit   to 

l.inia       I,,,    (.'hapiiuin    iV:    II.,    IViU.      Hvo.      lis.— 

Travels  In  i'erii  and  India.     I...  IMnriay.  l.sli'.V     Svo. 

His, -Pirn.    I,..  Low.  isso.    l-.'mo.    .'is,  tid.— The  v.ar 

lietweell   Peril  and  Chile.    IS^il-S-.',      ],.,   Low.   X.  Y',, 

U.  Worllinitrtnii.  iss.'i      svo,     ids  lid.     J-.' ."id. 
Mariiunitel.     I.es  Ineas.  on  la  desirnetion  de  rempire 

dn  I'.'Ton.     I's,  isrr.     Svo.     ■!  fr. 
iMastermaii,  <J.  !•'.    Seven   evemfiil  vears   in   Para- 

j-'iiay      L..  Low.  isiiii,     ■Jd  e..  ISM.     Svo.     ."s. 
I'rexott,  \V.  H.     t'omiilest  of  Pern.     N.  Y'.,  Harpers, 

1S4;-.  and  often.     Phila.,  Lippincott,  ISSii.   3  v.  I-,'nio. 

yiienlin,  M.  V,.    .\ceoiiiit  of  Parairiiay.    L,,TriUiiier, 

isiii;,     Svo.     Is, 
lieA'ille,  .\.    The  native  reliirii HIS  of  .Mexico  and  Pern, 
ilillieit  leetiires.i     L..  Williams  iV;  X.,  N.  Y'.,  S.  r''i)- 

wv.  iss|,    Svo.     Ills.  lid.    J1..5d. 
Sniilli,  -Vreli.     Peru   as  it  is  [ten   years'   re.sidtnce]. 

1...  Ili-iiiley.  IS-i;i.     'J  V.  Svo.     |Ss.  ■ 
S((uier,  v.,  (J,     Pern,  ineidi'iiis  of  iraxel  and  e.vplora* 

lion  in  the  land  of  the  Ineas.     X.  Y'..  Harper.  1S7T. 

sv.i.     *."i.llil. 
SutcliHe,  Tlios.    Uesideneea  in  Chili  and  Peru,  ISt,'- 

::'.!.     I,  .  p.  .larksiiii.  ISII,     Hvo,     'Jls. 
Teni|il)>,  K.     Iravids  in  Peru.     Phil.,  (ionld.  K.  I'd  L., 

ls;«,     -J  v.  I-Jino.     ?l.ll(l. 
Tsi'liiiili,  .1.  .1.  V.    Travel.sin  Peru  llS.'lS-«i.     [Trans,] 

L.,  liiii-'iie,    |s4r.    Svo.     1-,'s.    X    Y..   Hanies,    is.-jl. 

V.'nio.     *l,,"iil  —Peruvian    anliipilties.     [Trans.]     X. 

Y,,  Barnes.  IS.M      rjino.     .?l.."iii. 
Wli'iuT,  <'liiis.     Pi'roii  it  liolivie.     Itecit  de  voyage. 

Ps.  ISSO.     Svo.    '.J.j  fr. 

pniLimyt:  /.sx.i .vn.s". 

Itowriii'.;,   J.    Visit  to  the  Philippine   Islands.      L., 

Sniiih  ,V;  V...  IS.W.    Svo.     ISs. 
Cailiiniiiiiiie   v  , limine/,    I".      Las  Islas   Filipinas. 

Madrid.  ISSO.     svo. 
l>'.\len^(iii,  l.i'  Due.     Lncon  et  Mindanao.     Extrait 

dun  jonriial  de  voyage  dans  IVxtreme  orient.     Ps. 

I-iil'.l.     r,'mo.     :tfr. 
De  III  fiironlt'-re,   I',     .\venliires  d'liii  genlilhomme 

lireiiin  anx    iles    Philippines.  .  .  .   Ps.   IS.*i,'i.     Svo. — 

Tweiitv  vears  in  the  Philippines.     L..  Clarke,  \ffii. 

•,M  e..  is.V.I.     X.  Y..  Harper.  IS.It.    I'.'nio.     Is.     JL.'iO. 

I  Vi'.  original.     Ps    l.-'.'i;.',  > 
Ellis,  II.  T,    Tom- from  Hong  ICmg  to  .Manilla  iu  1850, 

L.,  Smith  ,t  Elder,  18.VJ.    Svo.    J-!s. 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


Kscoliiir   y    l.o/a Iiidieador  del    viajero  en    las 

Isl  IS  I'llipina-     Manila.  Iss.-i. 
Kseoaiiia,  I*,  tie  In.  .^Ielllo|'iasollre  I'ilipiiias,    Madrid, 

Is-J      sv,,. 
liill,  \V.    \V.     Historical  sketches   of   sav.'ige   life   in 

I'olviiisia,  with  illiislrative  clan  songs.    Wellington, 

X    /.  .  IssO 
•lagor,  I",     Kei.seii   in    den    Pliilippinen.     lierlin.  IsT'l. 

-Ml.    Hi  Mk.   Kng.  tinns,.  Travels  in  the  Pliilipiiines. 

L,,   Chapman.   X.   Y',,   Scrihner,    is;."),     svo.      lOs. 

?  I  ."ill. 
I.lllo  de  <iiii<ia,  M.     Filipinas,  dislrilo  de  Lepanto, 

Manila    |s;;,     Svo. 
Maciiiit'kiii);,  |{,    .Manilla  and  Philippines.    I,.,  lient- 

ley.  Is.'il.     ;!d  e.,  1S.",J.     Svo.     ."is. 
Mallat,   ,1,      I.es    I'hdippiiies;    histoire,  .  .  .  nneurs, 

idc      i's.  is4li.    -J  V.  Svo.     311  fr. 
Maves,  ,1.     Historical  sketch  of  the  Philippine  Klaiids. 

L.  ISII. 
.Moiitaiio,    .1.,    Dr.     Vo\age   anx    Philippines  et    an 

Malai-i.v      I's.  :ss,-,      i-.'rnii,      I  fr. 
:>lollllllalle,    I.e    (iiinle    <le,     I.es    lies    Philippines. 

I's.  I-.ii.     sv,,     -ir. 
Scliei(liia«;el,    M.      Las    coloiiias    Kspanolas.      Islas 

l'ili|iinas.     Madrid.  !SSo.    s\o. 
Semper,    »'.     Ijie    Pliilippinen    luid    iiire    llewohner. 

Wiir/.li.  ISIill.    Svo.     ."i  .Mk.     Keiseii  iiii  .Vrchi|iel  diT 

I'hilippin.-n.      I.pz.   isor  7:).      s  v.      -Jd  prt      Wies- 

lllilell.    |s:'.l  ,si|i|, 

Tanlief,  (lein'Kes.     L'archipel  des    Pliilip[iines.     I's. 

isr'.i.    svii. 

Vila,  I',  I*,     l-'ilipinas.     Madrid,  Issu.     Sxo. 

i-iTcAii;::  isl  ami 

Itai'i'ou',    .loliii,    sir.      Miiiiny  .      ,  .f    the    Roimtv. 

L.  .Miiirav.  IS^il.    S\  u.     n.  e.,  Tegg,  lss:i.    8vo.    lis. 

|sin...    .',s. 
Itarrutv,  •liiliii  [son  of  ahove)      A  description  of  Pit- 

cairn's  Island.     L.,  Murray  li-),  X.  Y'.,  Harper,  isij. 

1','mo, 
ni-e<  hey,  I'.  \V.,  (apt.     Vovage  to  the  Pacitlu.     L., 

Cull, urn.  is:!l.     ,' v.  4io.    .i-s.     Pliil..  Carey,  L.  i  li., 

IS.;-.',     sv,,. 
lielclier,  Diana,  Laily.    The  mutineers  of  the  Hounl  y 

and  their  desceiiila'ils  in  Piicairn  and  Xorfolk  Isl- 
ands.   L,,  Murray,  X.  Y'.,  Harper.   1S70.    Jto.     lis. 

?l,.")ii. 
Hligli,  W.     Xarrative  of   tlie  iniitiny  on    hoard    llie 

lioiintv.     L.,   (1.    Xicol,    1790.    4to.     7s.     n.   e.,    L.. 

lirillhi.  1S-,:1     Svo     ;Js.  Od. 
Kroilie,   W.     Pitcairn's   Island.     L.  Whittaker,  Ifl.'il. 

■^vo.     Is.  fid. 
Coiislant,  Hilliet  ile,  ^llle.     L'lle  de  Pitcaini.  ses 

hal,ilants  et  son  pasieur.     Ps.  1S.",(1.     Svo.    .",Oeim. 
Hanks,  S.  W.     Miilineeis   of   the  lioiiniy:    or,   inllii- 

eiices  iif  the  I'.ililc  al  I'itcaim  Island.     Host.,  Cong. 

I'lili.  Soc,  IS—      tsniii      ii."ic. 
H<>ine  of  the  .^liitiiieers  ;    or.  the  history  of  John 

Ailnms  and    the  otlier  mutineers  of   the   Bouiiiv. 

Phil..  .\ni.  S.  S.  U..  IS-.     ISmo.    S.lc. 
Meinicke,   C.    K.     Hie   Insil    Piicairn.     Prenzl.    IS.IS. 

4to.      l,-,'.'i    :Mk.-Al.so  see   Vol.   II.   of  his   llie  Inseln 

lies  sullen  I  iceaiis.     lS7ii. 
.'*lniTav,   T,    II.      I'itcaiiM:    the  island,    people,   and 

p.-isiiir.     I...   S.    P    C.    K..    ls.-,4.    llih  e..  Iss,",,     svo. 

:!s.     I'l-.  traiisi.     I's.  Is.",:),     ."jOctiii. 
Mm  Ineers  of  the  Konnt.v  ;  or,  thrilling  iiiciilents  of 

life  nil  1 1 an.     I'hila. .  .lewitl.  !s,",4,     Hlnin. 

.Sliilliheer,  ,1,  U.    11 Hi  ilon's  "  v.iyage  lo  i'ltcairn's 

Island.     L..  Whitlaker,  ISIS.    Svo.    ,Ss.  (id. 

Piir.AIi   REGhlXS. 
See  ,\i,.vsK.^.  riKF.;;.\!..'.vr<,  etc. 

PDl.YSKSlA   I IX  GEXEUAL) 

A<lniiis,  \Y.  II.  D.     Lastern  archipelago.     L.  and  X. 

Y"..  Nelson.  iss(i.    lijiiio.    $-,i,nii. 
AnKiis,  C.  F.     Polynesia.     L.,  S.  P.  C.  K.,  1S(J7.    Svo. 

4s 
llastlan,  .V.     The   heilige  Sage  der   Polvnesier.  Kos- 

iniigonie.  iind  Theo.'oiiie.     Lpz.  issi.     Svo.    tl  .Mk.— 

Insi'lgrnppen   in  Oceanien.     Ilelse-Krgelmisse   nnil 

Sindieii.     Hi-rl    ls,s:),     Svo,     ;..",h  Mk. 
Iteeeliev,  F,  W.     Vovage  to  the  I'acillc.     L..  Colhiirn, 

is:il.    -.'v.Jto,    .fs^,    Phil  ,  Carev,  L.  \  F!..  is:l-,'.    Svo. 
Il*'ssei*,  \V.  F.     Hhi-  >lissiona,r  mid  sein  Lohn.  oiler  die 

I'riichle  lies  Kvaiigeliums  in  der  Sild  See.     Halle, 

|s.'v,>,    Svo.     I  Mk, 
Hilile  Island  :  a  niission.irv  tale  from  t lie  South  Seas. 

L .  Macinio-h.  isilil.    isnio.     is, 
llingliani,    Ii.     SPn'V  of    the   Morning  Star.     Host., 

Cling.  I'nl,.  Cii..  isiiii.     Kill   e..  ISSIi.     ICiiio.     ]0c. 
UIIkIi.  W.     .V  vovage  to  the  Soul  h  Sea.     L.  (i.  Xicol, 

17U-,'.     4to.     l-.'s. 
Klin,  Clins.     Xotes  de  voyngc.  .  .  .  Missions  oceaNl. 

ennes.    Ps.   1H77.    Svo.— Voyage  en  Ocfanie.     Ps 

IWl.    I'.'mo. 


TRAVEIIiS,  OBNERAL 


C22 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


BiK'hiKT,  M.    Rt'inp  dureh  ileii  Slillen  Ocenn.    Bresl. 

isrs.    8v».     10  Mk. 
Uii/iK'iit,  A.    Mission  life  in  the  Pacific.    L.,  Snow, 

ISIili.     Kvo.     lis. 
Clir.-v.M-,  II.  T.     Island  worlil  of  tin-  rnoillc.     N.  Y., 

lliii|iHr.  IM.M.     1','niii      $I,IV1. 

i'ht'lNtiiiiiiiii,  F.,  iiii.l  Oh.'i-liin.l.-i'.  Neiist-etaiul 
iiiiii  ilii' Itisi-ln  ilei-Siiil  Si-c.     I.p/.  1S7;J.    t-vo.    :>  Ml<. 

C.Mli'iiii;tiiii,  K.  II.  TtiH  AU-ldiii'siHri  iaii^ua^es,  Uxf.. 
Dxf    VVari-li.,  l.ss.v     ,Svo.     l-ts. 

Cook,  •liiiiii->>,  (KirsI  vnyajcfi  An  ai-i'iiiiiit  of  a  \  civ- 
aKf  I'.iMiHhl  111!'  world,  in  llic  vi-ai's  ITViS  1771.  ,iii 
vol.-Jof  llawki-s\vorHi'svo.vai,'(-s,  L.  177:).)-  iSfc-ohd 
voya>ri'.i  .\  voyajjr  tuwai'ds  Ilic  Sonlli  I'olt-  and 
round  tilt' world  ,  .  .  in  llii-yi-ars  I77-'-177."i.  I,.,  \V. 
•Slrahan  and  'I'.  Cadi-ll,  1777.'  -J  v.  Ilo.  iThinl  voy- 
ajx*'. '  A  \ nvat^t-  to  tin-  I'ai'itii-  Oupan  ...  in  ihc 
year  I^li  Nl,'  I,.  I7SI.  ;i  v.  llo-iCondi-nsi-d  from 
tlu'sc  volnnit-s.i  Tin*  vo.\nm-  of  raplain  .lanios 
Cook.  .  .  .  Willi  Jin  apii(-iMli.\.  ^ri\  in^  an  arconnt  of 
till'  pri'si'iit  coridiiion  id'  tlio  South  Si-a  Islands.  I,., 
\V.  Smith,  l-^l'.'.  'J  V  :)iis.  iMaiiy  I'lls.  and  reprints. 
f.t:.,  I.,  and  N.  Y..  Ward  .V'  L.  ithf  three  vovanes  in 
full,  with  illuNtrationsi.  l.sfty.     ,><vo.     7s.  lid.     $:i(«i. 

Coo|><'''.  '••  •■'•  Coral  lands.  L.,  lientlev,  IHM).  )i  v. 
•Jd  e..  lSS-,>,     ,svo.     7s.  ii,|. 

Cool.',  W.  The  Western  I'ai-illo,  I,.,  Low,  I,«S;).  !<vo. 
■Js.  lid. 

Ciiiiiiiiine.  ('.  V.  <«.  A  ladv'scrnise  in  a  Fieneli  man- 
of-war.  L.,  lilaekwoods,  l^i^il.  :.'  v.  ^vo.  w'.^s.  -Jd 
e..  1SS7. 

DalilKr.'n,  M.  V.,  Mrs.     South  Sea  sketches.     Bnst., 

I  l>f,'ood,  ISSl.      l','nio.      Si. ,■;,!. 

Uai'win.  i'liiis.     Vova}.'e   of  a   nalnralisi    round   the 

world.     1..  l-il."..     Svo.     Hs.  fid. 
Doiiieny    <!n    Ki.'i:/.y,    G.    I.,      (lei'auio,  .  .  .  revui," 

i.'i''o(,'raplii<{iie  el   etlii<o;;raplii(;nu  de  la  Malnisie, 

elo.     I's.  ls:)(i-.Vi.     .'iv.  .svo.     l,s  fr. 
D.'lattre.     Voyages  en  Dceanie.     l.iniope.s,  1870.    8vn. 
Kil.'ii,   C  H.     t'oralie;   or,  wreek   of   the   "Syliille." 

1...  Ward,  1877.     8vo.     .''is. 
Kllis,  W.     Vlndiealion  of  the  South  Sea  mi.sslons  from 

.  .  .  nilo  von    Koi/.eline.     I,.,  Westley.  If31.     fivo. 

3s.   lid.  — rolvne^ian    researehes.     1...  Visher,   18'i9. 

Sv.  8V().     '.'Ss.     :)d  e.,  Hc'lin,  18.->l,     I-Jiiio.     ll.-s. 
Knluickviuni;  tl.r  .'vaMK.'liseliiii  .^lissioiieii  aiif 

ITisehides  Mitti'l  M.eivs,  ele,     I  ,p/.  {•:]  P'lS. 
Ki-skiii.-,  .1.   !•:..  i'lipt.     Islands  of  the  Western  ]'a- 

eilie.     1...  Murray.  IS.Vl,     Svo.     His. 
FInseli,  <).     .AnthropoloK'isehe  l".r;;elinisse  einer  H.'isp 

ill  der  Slid  See.     lierl.  1S81.     f^vo.    .^  .Mk. 
Foley,  .\.K.     Quatie  nnnees  en  Oceanie.     Ps.  IPciti  76. 

-J  V.  Svo.     7  fr. 
Fni-iia:iil<'i-,  A.     An  account  of  Ihe  I'olvnesi-in  race. 

L..  Triihner.  lS78-S.->     :t   v.   Svo.     U7s.     X'd   .■.,   Paul, 

vol.  I.  IS'.Hl.     Svo.     Ts.  Til. 
Fui-ti.'iliiiK.'r  fra  Syilliiivso.'nii'  iif  en  Ml  isionii'r 

iStories   from    Ihe   South  Sea  Islaiidsi.     1- i-om  the 

Ensriisli  hv  T.  V   ( ildeiihurK'.     Khhn.  is:!;i. 
Friini'is,    IS.     Isles  o(  Ihe    Pacilie.     I...  Cassell.  18gJ. 

svo.      -^'s.    lid. 

Ctariiler,  *liiles.     I.es  nii(rrations  liuniaines  en  Ocl"'- 

Hllie.      I's    |S(;7.      Svo.     ."i  fr. 
Gesiliii-lilli.li.'  Dai'stellunK  iler  Knliiinsegliin^; 

lllid  Klitdeelcllli;;en  ill  der  Sildsee.      l.pz.  IMO. 

Gill.  W.  Hems  from  the  Coral  Islands.  L.,  Ward, 
ls.-,.v,Mi.  ',>  v.  lull.  UX").  1871.  I  V.  8vn.  'is.  lid. 
Phil.  I'res.  Hd.  IH,5li.  -'  v  iKast  Polvnesia,  Si---')- 
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Gill,  W.  \V.  I.ilV  in  the  Soiilhern  isles:  scenes  and 
iiicideiils  in  the  South  I'aeilie  and  .N'ew  Hninea. 
1,..  Lonu'iiians.  187li.  llinio.  ,«.  lid.  .V.  Y.,  Nel- 
sons, 187S.  $','.7.5.— Jlvtlis  and  soiitrs  from  the 
South  I'aiitlc.  I..,  KiiiL'.  isrii.  Svo.  '.)s.— Historical 
sketelies  of  savage  life  ill  Polynesia.  Wellington, 
N.  /...  issil,     Svo. 

Gotl.'s  W.'i'k  aiif  lien  luselii  ilcr  Siiil  Se.'.      Hasel, 

IS.Vl. 

Ililu  k.'swoi'tli,  .1.     (ii'schichte    der    Seer-eisen   und 

|-!lltdeeKlHiL:ell  iiii  Siidmeer.  etc.     Ilerl.  1771. 
lli'ih.'rt  an.l  KiiiKsley,     See  Simtu  Ska  Hi  nui.Fs. 
Il.'rnslieiiii,  I'',     Siidsee-K.riniiernngen.     Ilerl.  11883]. 

Ilo. 

Hiitlon,  ,1.    Missionary  life  in   lae  South  Seas.    L., 

Kint;.  l-'TJ.     --'d  e.,  IS7."i.     Sv,,.     7s.  lid. 
Islaii.l  .^IIkkIoii:  histinv  of  the  Melanesinn  Mission. 

1,..  Maiiiiiosh.  18li!).     -.'d  c,  18711.     l-.;nio.     :.'s.  (id. 
Ja.'obs,  .A.     I,'i  leeanie  iioiivelle.     I's   isiil. 
Jill  olliot,  I.oiils.     Taiti.    l.eerimeile  Pitenirn.     Sou- 
venir, de  voyajres  en  dceaiiie.     I's.  1878.    l','iuo.   ','fr. 
Jenkins,  ,1.  S.     Keeeni  e.xplorint;  ex|pedition   to  the 

Pieific  and  the  South  Seas.    L..  .Nelson.  I85:i.     l','mo. 

4s.  Cd. 
Jones, .     Life  and  adventures  in  the  South  Pacific 

ilcenn.     N.  Y..  Harper,  ISIil.     l-.'iuo.     Sl.-'iO. 
J.Mian,  II,     La  I'ldynesie.     Ses  jiiddiictions.sa  fornin- 

tioii.  ses  habitants.     Caen,  18)8.     8vo, 
Juan,  II.     Lesilesdil  Piicitlqile.    1'8.  188'.'.     IHuio,    1  fr. 


June,  •*•  K-  f'''  W'eltteil  .\ustralien.  Melaiiesleii, 
Polvni-sieii,  und  Mikronesieii.  Pi-Hit.  188.3.  i  urts. 
Sy,.:     --'Mk, 

Kot/ehiie,  «>.  v.  A  voyaiie  of  dfticovei-y  into  the 
South  Se.i.ete.  Kii;;  Irans  fr.  the  Hnssian.  L., 
LoiiKinaii.  I8J1.  ;)  y.  Svo.  I."is.  lier,  Irans.  Wei- 
mar, IS'Jl.     Diiteh  trans      Ilaailem.  IS.'iil 

Kroliii,  I''rleili'i.'li.  Das  Missions  Weseii  in  der  Slid 
See.  I'",iii  HeiliaK  zur  lieschiehte  yon  Polynesieii. 
llanili.  I8;i:i.    8vo. 

I.anionl,  K.  H.  Wild  life  anions  Hie  Paciflo  Islanders. 
L..  Hurst  \-  11  .  18117.     Svo.     18s. 

LunK,  II.  Ori^'in  and  niiKialioiis  of  the  Polynesian 
natiiiii,  di-iiioiislraliii;,' tiieir  .  .  .  settlement  on  the 
eoiitineiit  of  America.  I,.,  Low,  'Jd  e.,  1877.  8vo. 
Ids.  lid, 

I, nil);.  .1.  1).  Ori);iii  and  iiiiKratioiis  of  the  Polynesian 
nation.    1,  .Coehraiic-,  18:il.    i'de.,  1S77.   Svo.    lOs.lid. 

Lesson,  I".  .A.  I.es  I'olv  ni'-siens.  enr  oriKine.  leur 
mi:; I, -It ions,  leur  lanj,'n(;e.     I's.  I.SSll.     Svo. 

l.oKiin.  It-  \V.  The  work  of  (iod  in  Mi<-ronesia,  ls,'j.3- 
s:i      Host.,  c..hf;.  I'nh.  Co..  1881.     lliino.     Cc. 

l.oiii;l'<'llo\v ,  II.  W,  I'oenis  of  jilaces.  Oceaniea. 
.Australasia.  Polynesia,  and  miscellaneous  seas  ami 
islands.     Host.,  iloiiKlil 18711.     ISiiio.     SI.ul, 

MiiiiKi-rei.  I{.  r.  Msf;r  Hataillon  et  les  missions  de 
liii-ea-.iie  I  eiiir.ile.     I's   1884.     ','v.  Svo.     ill  fr. 

.Maiizi.  <'..  iiii.l  tia.l.li,  G.     Nel  mat-  Pacidco.  Torino, 

ISS|.        Svo. 

^lar.eiiii.     Missions  Calholioiies  dans  I'Oceanie.     I's. 

isii; 
Jleiiii.'U.'.  ('.  I-l.     Die  Sildsee  Viilker  und  das  Chris- 

Iriiiliuiii.     I'leiizlaii.  ISM      Svo.     4  Jlk.- Die  Iiiseln 

des  Slillen  I  ireans,      Lpz.  187j-li.     'J  v.  Svo.      -JlMk. 
M.'lville,     II. rill.      Tvpee;     or.    Marquesas     Island. 

Polynesia  life.    L.,  Murrnv,  IS4IJ     3de.,  Iblil.    l-,"ino. 

Is. 
Mi.-lH-lis.  K.  (H.  <•.!.     Dii-  V/llker  der  Sildsee  mid  die 

liesi-hieliie  iler  I'roieslanlischen  iiinl  KatlMilisi'lieii 

.Mi^sioiirii    unter  dersel'ieii.      .^lilnster,    1SI7.     Svo. 

4.r)li:\lk. 
Itlissionitry  An.-f-.lotes :  islands  of  the  Pacific.     L, 

Si'i-h-y.  ISiilt.     I^ino.     'Js.  lid. 
Moiitroiid,  M.  (I.-.     ;\Iissiiais  en  Oceanic  ail  dix  lieu- 

vieiiie  sieeli'.     I's.  ISIill.     Svo. 
>liii-i-iiy,  .\,  \\'.     Missions  in  Western  Polynesia.     L.. 

Sill  w,   ISli-J.    Svo.     Ids.   lid.-    Forty  years'   mission 

work    in    Polynesia  ami  N  '\\   liuiiiea.  I8,'l,'>-7.').     L., 

Nisliel,  N.  Y".  Carter,  is7ii.     Svo.     7s.  lid.     S-.'.MI. 
OraiiK.',  .Iiinies.     Narr.ilive  of  (ieo.    Vasou    on   the 

Soul h  Sea  Islands.     Derliy,  ISIu.     I'-'iuo.     Cs. 
I'aliii.'i',  <;.,  Capt.     Kidiiajipi'iK  in   the  South  Seas. 

Kdiiili.  1871.     Svo.     Ills.  Gil. 
Penny.   A.    Ten   years  in   :\Ielincsia.     L.,   Gaidiier, 

iss;.    -M  e..  i.sas.    8vo.    ,^s. 
I'erkliis,  K.l,  T.     Nu   Motii;  or,  reef-rovinps  in   the 

Soiiih  Seiis.     N.  Y..  (iarrett,  1.>C)4.    Svo.     $1.00. 
r.ilyii.Hla:   missionaiy  toils  in  the  South  Seas.     L, 

Snow.  1S:)1I.     Svo.     4s.  lid. 
I'ril.'liai'.l,  <i.     Missionary's  reward:  (;os|iel    in   tlm 

Pacilie.    L..  Snow,  1S44.    I'.'ino.    4s.    ISGIi,  red.  pi  ice, 

•Js,  lid. 
I*i-ll<'liiir<l,   AV.   T.      Polynesian   reniiiiiscences      L., 

Chaianan  ,^  II..  isiic.    8yo.     His. 
yiiiiti-.-faK.-K,    A.    lie.     The    Polynesians    and    llii-ir 

migrations.      I.., ,    1807  C).      Svo   C;).      Danish 

Iransl.     Khhn.  lsii7. 
Kiiiiiilly.  II.  II.     A  true  story  of  the  Western  Pacillo 

in  is;ii-sii.     L..  Lonmuans.'lsSi.     Svo.     '-'s.  lid. 
ItoHs,  .1.  <'.     I-'.ntileckiinjrs  Iteise  iiacl'  deiii  Siid-Polar 

Meer.  is.'ill-|:i.     Lpz.  IS  17. 
KiiHueli,   .M.     History  of  Polynesia.     K'liiih..  Nelsons, 

is:iii.     nil  e,,  Whi.     I'-'nio.'  .'is.     N.  Y.    Harper,  IsSli. 

ISiiio.     7.'ie. 
SI.  .luliiiston,  A.     Camping  nmouK  ciinnihals.     L., 

M.-icmiUaii,  I88:i.     8yo.    4s.  Oil. 
Selnvii,  «;.  A.     Letters  ou  Hie  Melancsiuu  Mission, 

L,  l''."i.'>. 
S.MilIi  Sea  Itiilililes,     B.v  the  Earl  [of  I'endiroke  and 

.Mont  ,  lieo.  i;oli.  Cha's,  Herliert|  and   Ihe   Doctor 

|li.  11.  Kini-'sley].     1...  Henllev,  1st  and  ;;d  e..  l,s7-,> 

Svo.     lis.     N.  Y..  Appleton.  187'.'.     1-,'ino.     $1.50. 
Tliiei-.'.-lin,  Dr.     .loiirnal  d'un  halinier.  voyavres  en 

iici'anie.     I's   isiiii.     -J  v.  I'.'mo.     7  fr. 
Tlionias,    .liilian.      Cannilials    and    convii-ts  ...  in 

till- Wesiern  Pacilie.    L..  Cassell,  18SB.     Svo.     Ids.  (id. 
Turner,  <i.     Nineteen  years'  missionary  life  in  Poly 

ni-sia.     1...  Snow.  ISiiii.     Svo.     1&. 
Tyler.  <'.  M.    The  island  world  of  the  Pacific  t)cpaii. 

San  l-'raiie.  IS87. 
Verjjiiel.    .Alili^.      Hisioire  de  la  premiere  mission 

Catholiiine  .  .  .  ileMelaiiesie.  i's.  IS.-jt.  Svo.   -J.50fr. 
A'Inceiil,    V.     Throufrli    and    tliroiiKli    the    tropics: 

thirty  tlionsand  miles  of  travel  in  Polynesia,  Aus- 
tralasia, and  India.     L.,  Low.  1870.     Svo.     10s.  lid. 
AA'esl.  T.     llatoka.  a  missionary  tale  of  tlie  Sonih  .Sea 

Islands.     L.,  Nisliet  r;i,  1800."   Svo.     -  s.-  Ten  year- 

in  South   Central  Polynesia;    reiniuisceuces   of  a 


TRAVELS,  aCNERAL 


638 


TRAVELS,  aENERAL 


miKsioii  to  llic  Frii'iidlv  Isles  and  their  dependen- 
cies.    L..  Nisl)et,  IHtSn.     Hvo.     Vit.. 
Wlieelwr,    I>.     iteli    inns    visit    to  .  .  .  some    of    tlie 

isliiiiilsiif  ilie  I'aeilic  Ocean,  etc.    L., ,  IS.T.».   Hvo. 

Wlietliiiiii,  .».    \V.    I«.     IViiils    of    tlie    I'acifle.    h., 

IIlllsl,  isril,     Hvi).     ITis. 
Wliltiii«e,  s.  J.    The  etlinoloKy  of    the  Pneific.    L., 

Viclnria  liislilule,  1MV\      Kvi).-  Polynesia,  islands, 

races,  missions.     L.  jlS      ]     Hvo 
Wilkes,  4'.     Vovani'  Kiinid  tic  world.     Host.,  Pntnani, 

iM'.i.    svo     ^^^m. 
A^'llliiiiiis,  J.     Jlissiunary  i'nterprise  in  tlie  South  Sea 

Islaniis.      I,  ,  Snow,  and  N.  Y.,  A|ipleton,lS;jr.     UUth 

I.IKHI.     1,.  i^s:i.     Svo.     ■Js.  lid. 
AVilsoii,  William.    .\  niissionarv  vovageto  iheSonth- 

ein  I'acilliM.icean  iKlMi  USi  in  the  UntT.    L.  ITIW.   4lo. 
Wood,   <'.  I'.      YachlinK  cruise  in  the  South  Seaa. 

li.,  Kini;,  |s;.'i.     Svo.     Ts.  (id. 
Yountt.  IC.     'i'lieSiMiIhern  wiii'ld,  Wcsleyan  ilepulutinn 

to  Australia.  et<;.     L.,  liauiilton,  IM,V).     -tvo.     (is.  lid. 

.S.I.WO.I,    ()/,'    .Y.117«.I7Y)W.S  ISLAM'S. 

Itustian.   A.     Kini;;es  aus  Samoa   n.  andcru     Inselu 

dcr  Siidsee.     Herlin,  1SS9.     Svo.     l.,SI)Mli. 
Clnirchwiird,  W.  It.     My  consulate  in  Samoa      Four 

vears    in    llie   Navi>;ator's    Islarnls.      L.,    Itentley, 

IHSS.     Svo.     l.^s. 
Fliiscli.O.    Samoafalirtcn.    Leipzig'.  ISSS.   ,1vo.    MMk. 
I.iiiKlie,   «i.    .\.     Missionary   lile   in    Samoa.    ISIO  II. 

Kilinli.. .anil  N.  Y.,  I'ancrs.  ISI,'..   l\,'uio.   .'is.  M. 

OlieriiiiilliT,  .liil.   .Samoa.    Leipzij;.  issii.   ,Svo.    1  .Ml<. 
TiiriMT.  a.     Samoa   a   hundred    years  a^o  and  loiij^ 

li..|'ore.  Iiy  l",.(i.  Tyler.    I.  .Maciiiillan.  ISSI.    Svo,   iis. 
AVittsti'ln,  'I'lidr.    Vii'r  Hriefc  aus  Samoa,    Hanover, 

18S!I      Svo.     .■jil  pf. 

.s . I .V / » 1 1 7f 7/  /.s r. , i.xns. 

See  Haw.viian  Islaniis. 

SJ.Yj'.i  cnvz. 

See  New  IlEBRinKs. 


SAXT')  li()Mr.\(,n. 


See  IIayti. 


SlA^r  .I.Y/J  LAOS. 

Aiid*TS4>ii,  .1.     Kntflish  interi'oiirse  with  Siani  in  the 

irtli  ceiiiiiry.     1,..  I'aul.  is:iil.     Svo.     l,-,s. 
Ayiiioiniier.  10.    Notessiir  le  Laos.   I's.  iss.").   Rvo.   Cfr. 
Itacoii,  G.  U.     Siam.  tlie  land  of  the  white  eleplmnt, 

N.  \..  Scriliiier,  ISTH.     TJiuo.     .lOc. 
Ilock,  C".    Temples  and  elepliants  [Upper  Siam  and 

l.ai.sj.     I,..  I.ow.  1SH4.     Svo.     -.Jls. 
Kiivvrliiu;,  .Iiilin,  Sir.     Kins;doin  and  people  of  Siam. 

I.  ,  I'.irker.  IS.'.r.     -.'v.  Svo.    ajs. 
Kiii'iiiaii  VilhiK)^  ill  Siitin.    I'liila.,  Am.  ISapt.  I'lili. 

Soc  ,  IS-.     ISmo.     Kc. 
Caddv,   r.,  -■'Irs.    To  Siam  anil  Malava  in  the  Duke 

of  Sulherland's  yaclu.     1...  Hurst  A  H..  ISsS,     Svo. 

I-.'s. 
tort.    .M,    I,.,   Miss.     Siam,     X,  V.,  Kandolpli   [ISSIil, 

l-Jiiio.     S-J,i>o. 
C'oli|nlio<i<>.  -V.  K.     .Viuong  the  Slians,    L.,  Field  & 

'I'..  ISS.^.      Svo.      :.'Is. 

Crawfiml,  •liiliii.    .loii'iial  of  an  embassy  from  the 

liovernor  (ieneral  of   India  to  the  coiiris  of  Siam 

ami   Cocliin-Chilui.     L .   Colhurn,    IS'JU.     2   v.   Svo. 

.■lis.  IM. 
Daltoii,   Win,     The  white  elephant:  or,  the  hunters 

ofAva.     I,.,  firiflith  iV  F.,  IS.VJ.     I'-'mo.    .Is. 
Dripps,  ,1,  K,     See  IIisToitiCAi.  Sketchks,  etc.,  in  sec- 

lioll  V. 
l''eiidi;4>,   F.   H,,  MvH,     Eastern  side;   i^r,  missionary 

lit.'    in    Siam.     I'hila.,    Am.    liapt.  I'lih.  Soc  l.sTJ. 

lliiiio.     «l..-|i. 
Forliin,  Coiiite  de.   Yoya^e  il  Siaiu.    Ps.  18,")3.   IHino. 

I  fr.  ■-'.■>  c. 
Front  <le  roiilperlnls.  .A.    f'liine,  .lapoii.  Siam.  etc. 

I's.  IS.S'J.     IJino.     •.'..")ll  fr.     I.e  rovaume  de  Siam  |in 

his"  I.e  .lapon  Civilise"].    I's.  Iss.).     ir,iiio.     "ictm. 
Grelian,  A,     I.e  rovaume  de  Siam.     I's.  ISUT.     -Itiie., 

ISTS.     Svo.     n.M  fr. 
Giit/.lafl',   Carl,     Verslatr  van    driejari;;  verhlijf    in 

Siam.    etc.     Kdain.    ].s3.').  — Iireijiiliritien  .\ufenthalt 

im  Konifii-eiche  Siam.     liasel,  I's.Ti.     Svo,     7. .Ml  Mk. 

— Ansfilhili.lier   lieriidit  von   seinem   drei jiihriu'cn 

Aiifeiitliall  in  Siam.     Klherleld.  IH:)S.     Sv...     1  Mk. 
li4'nno\vens,  ,\.  H,,  >lrH.     IOn;;lish  ^roverness  at  tlic 

Siamese  court.     Phila.,  Coales,  isro.     l','ino.     $\.M. 
Moltke,     Sanlh.il    Kolonien    i    Assam    (The    Santlial 

colonj-  in  .\ssami.     Khim.  ISS,i. 
Monhnt,  Henri.     N'ovanedans  It-s  ro\-auines  de  Siam, 

de  Camljodue.  de  r.aos.  .  .  .  Ps.  ISIW.     pjmo,     U  fr. 
O'Farell,  K<1.     Siam  all  XX''  siecle.     I's.  isr.i.     lOiiio, 

'-'..lO  f  r. 
PalleKoix,   •!,   II,,    iVIur.      llescription  du   royaiime 

Thai,  oil  Siam.     I's.  1S.')1.     'J  v.  I'Jmo.     10  fr. 
Pinto,  K.    M.     .Mieiitlieueiliehe   lieise  dureh   t'liiim. 

Tarlarie,  Siam,  I'enu.  etc.   .Jeiia,  ]StiS.  Svo,   l.'JO.Mk. 


I'riiKrosN  of  WeHtern  Kilnratlnii  in  .Slum.     Wash- 

iiiKlon,  Itureau  of  Kd.,  ISSO,    Svo. 
llUllBeriK.  H,'.'i.     Hriefe  iilier  Hinter  Indien,     lierl. 

ISI  I, 
.Slam  aiKl  I.tinx  as  He)>ii    liy  onr  Aiix-rlraii   MIm- 

sioimrii's.     I'liila..  I'les.   lid.  |issi].       rJino.     $1.S.'). 

I,.,  W'coimer.  ISSii.     Svo.     Is.  till. 
Taylor,  II.    Siam.    N,  Y.,  .Scrilmer,  ISSI,     PJiuo.    SI. 'J.'). 
■\'inceiil,  F.     Land  of  tin-  «  liite  elepliaiit  |Siam|.  1M71- 

U.     N.  Y.,    llariier,   and    L..    Low,    IST:!,     Svo.     ISs, 

$:),50, 

STliEl^rA    .I.V/>  IxTSSl.lX  rh-(>]'I\CKS. 
Anilree.    Kirliaril.      Das    Ainnr-Uetiiet    nnd    seine 

Hedenlnnj^.     (  Malerisclie  I'^eierstunden  ,  ,  .  Asieti, 

Hand  :i,  |      Lpz    ls;i.     Svo. 
AI'uiisoii,'r.  W.     l':.\|ili. rations  in  oriental  and  west- 

e,  n  .-iiljci  ia.     I,..  Iliiist  A  H.,  N.  Y.,  Harper,  Pliila,, 

.1.    K.    I'oiler.    lS,-)7,       Hvo.      I'.'s.      $:i.riiy      S;i.7.').— 

I'pper  and   lower  .\iiioor.     L.,  HiirsI    .t    li,,  IMiO. 

Svo      lOs. 
llillliiu^s,  ,los**pli,  roiiimodore.     Kxiiedition  to  (he 

Noilli.-rn   pans  ot   Kiissia,    I's.-,  (n.     Narrated    bv 

-Alai  liil  Saner.     1...  I'adilell,  ISU'J,     llo. 
ItoMvalol,  (i.     Kn  .\sie  ciiilrale,     I's.  ISHl.     1-,'nio. 
llusli.  It.  .J.     Keiiiiieer,  ilo;^s,  and  snow-shoes;  Journal 

of  Silierian  Iravel,  lSi;.V7.    N.  Y.,  Har)ier,  ISi'l,   Svo. 

?:iilil, 
C'oliins,  Perry  Mel),     .\  voyap'  down  the   .\moor: 

Willi  a  land  joinni'y  lliniii).'li  Siheria.  and  iiuidriiial 

iiiilices  of    .Maiii'iioiiria,   Kamsclialka.  .■ind  ,lapaii. 

N.  Y.,  .\iipleion,  isiii)      I'Jmo.     '.'."ic.     Reissued   wiili 

title  lUerlaiid  ex)ilorations    in    Silieria,  Norllieru 

.Asia,  and  f,'reat  .\i •  coiintrv.     N.  \'.,  .Xppletnn. 

isr,l.     l-.i|no      .5'J.tiil. 
Cotlrell,  ('has.   II.     U dlectioiis  of  Siberia  in  tlie 

vears  isiii  II.     I,.,  I'arki-r.  1S4'.;.    Svo.     I'.'s.    Trans, 

into  (icrman.     Lpz.  Islii. 
Dosto^ffl'sky,  F.     Hiiried  ali\'e;  or,  10  years  of  penal 

servitiiiie  III  Silieria.    .S'.  Y.,  Holt,  issi!    IMiiii),    $I,.MJ, 
Gilder,  W.   H,     Ii'e  jiack  nnd  linidra:  searcli  for  the 

".leaiiiielie."     N.  Y,,  Sciibiier,  L.,  Low,  lSS;i.     Svo, 

Si. ml.       Iss. 

Ilaiisteeii,     (.',      Ri'ise.Krinnenuij,'en     aus    Silierien. 

I'l'ians.  iniii  Clerman  from  ilie  Dutch. J     Ljiz.  IS.'il. 

s,ii.     I  Mk. 
Hill,  S.  s.    Travids  in   Silieria.    1...  Lonprmun,  l.s,")4, 

■,'v.Svo,     -J  Is. 
Keiinaii,  Geni'Ke.    Tent  lifi'  in  Silieria  nnd  adventures 

ainoiik'  the  Koraks  and  otiier  tiilies  in  Kaiutclialka. 

etc.    .\.  Y..  I'liinam.  |s;ii.   ."iili  e,  IsUI,    l-.'iiiu.    SJ.OO. 
Koliii,  A,,  iind  Aiidrt'e,  K.     Silierien  uiid  das  .Viniir 

(i>-bii-t,     (iescliicliti'  iiiiil  IJiMseii.  Laudscha lien  iind 

A'illker  zwisclien    L'lal   und    lJt-rini;strasse.      Lp/., 

ISriilM.     -^'d  e.,  ISilj,     -J  V,  Hvo.     llJlk. 
Krascliniliiiiikow,    s.      HeschreiimiiK    von    Kaiiits- 

cliatka      Leiii„'ii,  KCiii. 
l.aiKlsdcll,    H,     Tlironnh    Silieria.     L,,  Low,  Uost., 

liiiiit'litiiii,  l.-iS-J.   'J  V.    ,'!0s,    II.  e.,  30s.    1  v.  Svo.    l.-is. 

?s.iHi.    $;i.iio. 
MHIIiiKeii,    Freil'k,    Miiior,     \Vilil   life   anioiig  the 

K. lords.      L.   Hurst  ,V    1!  .   IS7II.      Svo.      Lis. 

^lissionar,  Kin,  iiii  Feriien  Ncirtl  Usteii  iSIIieria, 

etc.)     Stlitlu'.  ISSI.     Svo.      .^U  I'f. 
Miiller,  i;,     Uii    fraiii;ais  en   Silierie.     Aventures  du 

('iimledi.  Moutleii.     I's.  1S7S.     Svo.     -.2  f r, 
NI<'nio,jou'skl,    Ij.     Siberian     iiiotiires.      L.,    Hurst. 

ISs.i.      •,'  V.  Svo       -JIs. 

I'allas,  P.  S,    "  .Merkwiirdi;.'keiteii"  aus  seineii  Ui'isen. 

l''iaiikf.  177:).  — Ueise  diircli  I'rovinzi-n  desUiissiselien 

lieiclis      Lpz.  I7;s      Nachrichteii  iiber  Miincolisclio 

X'TilliciNcliarten.     Lpz.  Ii7!l. 
Keiiilly.  .1.     V.iyap'  en  Criiii.'e,  etc.,  1S03,     Ps,  ISOf,. 
Sarytscliew,  G.     Aclil.jiiliriKe  Keise  diirch  die  iiurdl, 

tlieiie  Sibirii'iis,  iles  F.ismeers  u   den  iiiirdl.  Ocean, 

17H,ViW,  niis  d.   Uii.ss.     Lpz.    1805-15,     U  tlile.    Svo, 

T  Thaler. 
Saner,  M,     See  liil.l.ixos,  J. 

Weimar,  isi«. 
.Seelioliiii,  II.     Silieria  in  .\sia;  vallev  of  the  Yenesay, 

I...  Murray.  ISS'J.     Svo.     10s.  (id. 
Steller.    O.  '  W.      liesclireiliiinK'    voii    Kaiiilscliatka. 

I'raiikf.  1771, 
.Stralil.  I'll,     (iescliichte,  etc..  der  christliclien  Lelire 

iinter  den  Yiilkern  der  Kiissischeii  Keiclis.     Halle, 

ls-,>r, 
Taylor,  Itavard.     Central  Asia.     X.  \.  1S74.     I'imo. 

■Sl..-iii, 
I Jfalvv-lloiiiilon,  ni,  de.     De  Paris  it  Samnrcanil. 

I's.'lMSII.       Ihi 

Vamb^rv,  .\.  Travels  in  Central  Asif.  I.,,  Jliirrav, 
and  N.Y..  Harpers,  ISOl  Svo.  It'.s.  J:).7.'i,— Sketches 
of  I'eiitral  Asia.  L.,  .Vll-'ii,  I'liila..  Lipiiincott,  1S()7. 
Svo.     Ills.     $:i.7,'>. 

>Vre«!cli,  C.  I'.  V.  Wahrhafte  nnd  nmsliindliche  His- 
ttirie  von  den  Schwedischen  (iefaii^eiieii  in  Kuss- 
land.  etc.     Snraii,  17.'.">.     Hvo, 

Zvrlck,    Uelnrieh   An);iist<     Ueise  vou  .Sareptu  iu 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


eu 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


hi 


versclik'ileno  Knlinilckcn-JIorrlpii  dcs  Aslrnclm- 
nisrlii'ii  (iiiiivi'i'iii'iiii'iilN  iiii  .Inhr  1S'.'8,  in  Aiitfcli'- 
gfnliritcii  licr  l{iis>iM'lifii  Ililii'llit'sfllsulinfl  iirii'i'- 
iinniiiii-ii  Veil  II.  A.  Z.  mill  .1.  (i.  Si'hill.  I,|)Z.  ls-,'7. 
.•^vii.  Kii(,'l.  li-misl.  C'iiliniic  Tartiiry,  etc.  I.,.,  lliiljs- 
wcii-lli.  l,v)l.     Hvo.     Ts. 

sorii-rrv  isi.axds.  e^i'kciai.ly  taiiiti. 

Ai'lxiiiNKi't,  Til.     Taliili  i-l  li's  ilrsiiiljaciMiles,  voyuKPS 

<■'  -1.1  .111-.  IMi-,'  li."!      I's.  IMIl.      1-,' I  IT. 

IlnisHi'.v.  Liiily.     Tiiliili.     1,..  l,(nv,  1S,S-J.     Jio.     '.Ms. 
L'li^eiil,  <i.     ll.'Silp  liiSiicii'l.''.     Tilliill.     I's.  IHIiO.     Svo. 

.ir.ii  11, 
Diibv.    yi.     Ilistciiri'  di'  la  ili'slniclioii  ilfs  missions 

.■■villli.'ilcs  fl  laili  ell  1S41.     IS.  ISI.'i. 
Elli«,    W.     I'.ih  Mfsiaii   ri'si'iiiolics.     h.,    Kislii'i',    lM-,'i». 

■,'  V.  "-v.!.     nil  !•  ,  I  V.  l-Ji 14s. 

Hei'clii'iiliiK'li,    W.      I/licioiiu-    lie   TaVtI.     I's.   ISSJ. 

sv,i.     I  (v. 
Hill,  S.  S.     Tiavi'ls  in  tlic  .Saiidwieli  and  Sooiptv  Isl- 

iiimIs.     I,.,  fliiiiuiiaii  a-  II.,  is,'!!;,     .Svii.     1(Is.  Gil." 
lloD'iiiaMii,  \V,    bii'K  'li's  Kiriizi'sanf  Tahiti,     liast'l, 

1^11. 
Holt,  T.,  Alr«,     Ileiicf;  nr,  lil'i'  in  Taliili.     L.,  Sauu- 

drl-s  tV  I  I  ,   ISIil).      •>  V.  Svi>.      -JlS. 

Iiiiliiiiis,  K,    N,      Lrs  Nuuvi'llfS-Hrlirides  fl    Tahiti. 

IS.   IS'.IO.     Svii.     ij  (v. 
Jat'olliol,  Ij,    Tai'ii.  Ii"  crime  iIh  I'ili'airn;  souvenirs 

df  voyjit;i' ell  ( ii'i''anii\     I's.  ISTS.     laiiio.     ;.' fr. 
Liive.    >t,     .Niidivssi's    til    llie    jieoiili.'    of    Otalieitf. 

(iiiis;,'.  isi;ii.     iviiiic).    :^s.  (id. 
Liittei'iitli,  II,    o-TiiVii.  liisli.iriM'tciiiif|in"'tc.   Ts.  ISJ.S. 

^v...     :i.Mirr.     |.\lso  ill  (ii-iiiiaii      HitI.  l,'<4:i  ] 
Mfl<»iii<'r,  J,    Taiti,  smi  |iivsiMit,  son  jiassOe,  ft  sun 

MM-iiir      I's   iss;).     Svo.    'J  ir. 
3lls^i<>tiarv    lit'iMii'iN :   Tahiti   and   Socifty   Islands. 

I...  lii'l   Tr.  .-■II-..  l-<iil.     ISiiio.     Is.  lid. 
Otalx'itt'aii   Inlamis,  llistoiy  of  the.    Edlnh.   ISOO. 

1'.lnio. 
Sleg,  Der,  des  Krciizes  aiif  Tahiti  imd  der  Gesell- 

sehiiftsinselii.     Hasel.  ]S.V,>.     Hvo.     LSilJIk. 
.Si)iitli  Si'ii  Itiiblilfs,     Si'o  S.vMOA. 
JSniitli    M'»   IsIiiikIs:  ( iiaheite.     N.  Y.,   (iilley,  1820. 

1-,'llln. 

Sou  111  Sea  Missions.     Host..  Marvin. 

Taliili  :  c  .xpose  ilos  l'aitsi|iii  out  aeeoiiipaniii' I'agKi'es- 

siiiii  di's  I"i-ani;ais.     I's.  ISO. 
Taliili    witliDiit   tlif  <ii>.s|i<-l,      I'liila..  Am.  S.  S.  U. 

Is.)H.     isiiio.     lOe. 
Tahiti   lofivlin;  tlic  Gospt'l,    I'liila.  Am.  S.  S.  U. 

IS.',:),     isiiio,    4iic, 
Taliili   Willi   till-  (iosp.'l,    I'liila.  Am.  S,  S.  U.  1834. 

ISillo.       Ill,', 

Titliili  anil  its  :flissi(iiiai'ifs,     L.,  Nelson,  I8IU,    gd 

H.,    |S.">S,        1-JlllO,        lis, 

ViiK'fiiiloii-DoiiiiiiiiiIiii.    C.    A,,    <'t    Ui-sKi'ii/.,   C. 

Il.'s'l'aiii      I's.  is|l,     '.'v.  Svo,     l.-ifi-, 
WfjiiiH'r,  II,     (■.■si'liii'luc  del- Christ  lielii'n  Kiri'he  aiif 

d.-iii    llfs,.lls.liiiris.Aivliiiiid.     Bei-I.    IM.").     [Vol.    I. 

only]    Svo,     i;  Ml;. 
W'ilks,  M,    Tahiti,  a  review  of  the  proeeedings  of  the 

Kriiieh.     L.,  Siiow.  1814.     8vo.     Is.  (id. 

SOI.OMOX  /.sY,.■^.^7K. 

Giippy,  H,  H,    Tlie  Solonioii  Islandsnml  tlieii-natives. 
L..  Sonneiiseli.'iii.  ISS7.     Svo.     U.'is.— (Jeolinjioai  and 

tliysii'iil   eliiirai'tiTistios  of  tlie  Solomon   Islands. 
.,  Soiinenschein,  l.ss7.    .Svo.     10s.  Ud. 

.SOl'DAX. 
See  EoYiT. 

SnVTU  AMEIiICA  IX  GEXERAL. 
See  also  separate  countries.) 
Azar.l,     Reise  iiaeli  Sild  .\nierika.     Herl.  1810. 
Itates,     H,     \V,      Slaiilonls    lompendiiim— Central 

Aiiierieii,    Wi'st    Indies,    mid   South  America.    L., 

Siaiiforl.  iss-.'.    8vo.    ils. 
Itisliop,    N.    H.      I'ampas  and   Andes:    a    tlionsiind 

miles"  w:ilk  across  South  .Vmerica.     Bost.,  .'jee&  11, 

ISiill.     Svo      Itiiiio.     J;i,-J.5. 
Itorpliiinl,  II.     Hie  deiitsehe  pvant'elisehe  Pinspoia. 

I     lift.       .\iislralieii.     Siidiifrika,    SiidjiiiK-r'    -.    lin 

Ziiiiiiier's    Ilandliihliolhek   der   praktischen   Tlieo- 

lotriei.    (iotha.  l-^flii.    l.soMk. 
Brasseiirile  ISoiirbiiiii'K;,    I'opol  Viih.   Le  livre  sacr6 

et  les  nivlhes  de  runtiiiniti''  auifricaine.    I's.  Wlil. 

8\o.     •.'.-.  fr. 
llrlKiiardello,  O,  H.      Dello  vicende  dell'  America 

nieridioiiale.     (ienevn.  I.ST!).     Svo, 
Brown,  »'.  II.,  anil  l.iilstoiio,  W,     Fifteen  hundred 

miles    on  the   Amazon,    L.,  Stanford,   1877.    Svo, 

'JIs. 
Copplii,   H.    Qiiatre  rC'pnhllques  de  I'Amfrlqiie  du 

Slid,     Ts.  ISIK),     1','mo.    .S  fr.  .'iO  e. 
Cotteaux,  KdiiioiKl.     Promenade  autour  de  l'Ain£ri- 

que  du  Sud.    I's.  1878.    Svo.    3  fr. 


Crcvaii.x,  Jules,  I>r.  Voyn(r|.  duns  1  ,\mi'rii|iie  dii 
Slid,  I's.  ISS-,'.  II,,,  .Vi  fr.-  I''leiives  de  I'.Vnieiiiine 
(ill  Slid.  isi;-;:i.     l',;.  i-s.j.     i,,,.    v;.',  fi-. 

Dalilureii,  .M,  V,,  .-^Irs.     SontliSeaskelel.es.     Host,, 

is^l,      l-,'lllo       $l..'-iO. 

DliiKinaii,  II.  S.  Ten  years  in  South  .\nierica.  .lion- 
Ill-Ill.  \<,;.     Svo.     [4s. I 

I'enilleri'l,  II.  I,e  Iietroil  de  MaKelliin;  scenes.  Iiili. 
leaii.v.  i-eriis  de  rAiiieriiiiie  aiistriile.  I's.  l.-'sij. 
sv,..     i.siii'r, 

I'rc/ier,  .liii^'iK-e  I'liiiivois.  .\  vovaue  to  theSouili 
Sea  and  al. Ill-  the  coasts  , if  ('liiliiiinl  I'ein  in  17r,'- 
11.  iTraiis.  from  1  lie  Kr.  oi-i);inal.  I's.  Klli.  4to.) 
I.  Jr.  17      4to.     Also  in  Callander's  series,  vol.  ;j.     1,. 

Kiii;.    sv... 

Front    lie    Kroiitpertuls,  A.      Les    Clats    latins    de 

r.Mn.-liiine,       Is,    l.SS;!,       Svo,      ^'„'ilf|-. 

tialleiiKii,  A,       oiith   America.     I.,.,   Chapman.  Iss'O. 

•Vu        I4S, 

Ilassmirt-k,  I'  I-'oiir ye-  rs anion" the Spaiiish-Amer- 
ic.n.s      .N.  V,.  Iliinl,  ltJ8,    8vo.     il.7.'i. 

Ilelp<<r,  ;;.  i:,  iddment.,-  ^f  .iiiilean  dililoniaey  and 
oihei-  oililiiiintb.  ,,t.  Louis,  W,  ,S.  Bryan,  ls79 
l.'iiio,     '•l..-,i). 

Ilielil  .">liiry  (dinipses  of  South  America:  or.  land 
"f  the  I'aiiipas,     I, ,  Cassell.  lN,si>.     (jvo.     2s.  lid. 

Hood,  (i.  See  Hi.iToHjcAL  S.  itches,  elc,  in  Sec- 
tion V. 

Iliiiiiholilt,  .\.  Travels  in  America.  L,,  Holm,  Is.'iS. 
:1  v.  'Ml,     I's      (Niiiiieioiis    ds,| 

lliiiiiiiolilt,  A,,  mill  Itoiiplaiiil,  Heise  ill  die  Kqiia- 
loi-ialisclii'  (lc(,'rndcii  les  Nciicii  Coiiliiieiits.  Wicii, 
ls:i(l.     Iv.  S;,,,     4  Thaler 

KniKlit,  K.  I''.  Cruise  uf  the  Falcon  to  Soiiili  Amer- 
ica,    1,  ,  l.ou-,  1-s:!,     v!  v,  Svo.     -Jis, 

Leolcrc.  Clias,  Bilillotheca  americana,  Ilistoire, 
(,'.••. .(.'i-aphie.  voyinres,  iirclirol,,i;ii.  .  .  .  ,|,.s  drux 
.\iiierii|ues  et  lies  iles  I'liilippines.  I's.  1S7S.  svo 
l.-i  fr, 

niaeCiillivniy,  AV.  Vravels  and  researches  of  .-Mexr, 
v.m  Iliimiioldt,   N,  Y,.  Harpers,  is:j4.    IMiioi:-;.   4.-ic. 

Mareoy,  I'.  ,Ioiiriie.v  across  Soiiili  .Xtnerica.  N.  Y  , 
Scnhiii-r.  1S74,     •,' v.     -.'d  e..  187.-).     4to.     $l;-..ini. 

niai'sli.  ,1,  \\.  oii^'iii  and  progress  of  Sniiih  Ameri- 
can nii.-si'iiis,     1„  lss,-i. 

ninlhews,  I-;,  I).     I'p  tlie. \mazon,  etc.     L..  Low,  1871' 

Svo,       ISs, 

:«lissions-|{ililer,     lift.    (1       Die    KvaiiKelische    Mis- 

sioiieii    ill    .Alittcl-   uiid    Siidumerlka.      Calw,    ls(i7. 

Svo. 
3Ioore,    Kaeliel  Wilson,  Mrs,     ,Ionrnal  duriiif;   a 

tour  to  the  West  Indies  and  South  .\nierica.    Phila,, 

Fiieinls  Hk,  .\ssnc,,  IS-.     iJiiio.     Slim. 
Alort'iio,    K,   I'.     Kl   estndio  del   lioiiiliie  Sud-Aiiieri- 

i:iiiiti,     Buenos  ,\ii-t-s.  1S7S.     s\-o. 
Myers.  II,  .>l.,  anil  I",  V.  X,     Life  and  nature  uinler 

the  tr.ipics   of   Soiilli    America.     N.  Y.,  AiJiilcton. 

1S71,     l-.'iiio.    J-.'Oi). 
Urtoii,    ,J.      The    Andes    n.id    the    Amazon.     N,    Y., 

Ilaipcr.  1S7II.     .'Jd  e,,  187li,     8vo,     $3,liii 
I'ae/,  It.     Travels  and  adventures  in  South  and  Ci-n 

n-al  Ainerica,    Hail  1. .id,  Colin,.  Is7:j.    i-jnio.    «-,',iu. 
I'Utiires  olTiavel  In  Fiii'-iitl' Laiiils,  C'entrnl  and 

South  .America.    N.  Y.,  Nelson,  lb8GC;i.    2  v.  I'Jiiio. 

'Oich  ,*1,'J."). 
ryiie,   Alf.vr       Heniiniscelices  of    colonial   life   and 

missionary   adventures   in   both   hemi.splieres.     L, 

187.1. 
Kasiiiiisss  -11,  firovj'.     Mlandet  iiiid  Idliiiiderne  [So. 

Am.)      Cpii.  issii. 
Itoelia   rit'ii.   s.  dii.     Historia  da  America   I'ortu- 

K'Ueza.     Lishiia.  Issil.     svo. 
Scenes  aiul    Adventiirc-s   in    Foreign   Laiuls— In 

South  .Miieiica,     L..  Nelson,  isiis.     1-,'nio.     '.'s,  (id, 
Scliiiltz,   "W.      Eini>;e    ,\iicleiitiin;;en,    etc,   iiher    die 

rrliewohner    des    Ccniialen    nnd     Sild    Amerika. 

Berl     18i)."i.      Svo.— Natur-iind     ciiltiirstudien    Ulier 

Sildamerika  ll,  s.  Bewohner.     Dresden,  1808.    Svo. 

•,'.5  pf. 
Sunrez  <le   Pi-i'alta,   J.     Noticias    historicas    de    la 

Nneva  Kspaua,     Aliidrid,  fis.     Ito. 
St«veiiNiiii    iv.   15.     .\cecMint  of  Soulii  America.     L,, 

LoiDjiiian,  is_.    :j  v.  Svo.    .'His. 
Tuylor,   W.     Our  South    Anieiiean  cousins.     N.    V,, 

Nelson  M  I'..  1S7S      l-Jiiio.     $1.1111. 
Treiitler,  1'.     Fiinlzelin  Jahre  in  S'.damerika.    Lpz. 

1S8-.'.     Svo. 
Ursel,  C.  de.     Siid-,\meri(|i|p,     Sejoiirs  et  voyages  a u 

Bresil.  il  Itt  I'lata,  an  Chili,  en  liolivie,  et  an  IV'rou 

I's.  187!).      1-,'mo,     4to,      (ier,   trans,      Sildamerika 

Wilrzh,  18S--'.     1-,'mo.     •,>..'iO  Mk. 
Vei-bniKBlu',  I.,  anil  G.     Fores  vierpes.     Pa.  1880. 

1-,'nio.    3..')0  fr. 
VlolIe(-le-I>ue.  K,  M,     Cites  et  riiines  amfrlcalnes. 

Milla.  I'aleiKiii.'.  elc.     I's.  18li3.    Svo,     .MIO  fr. 
Watson,  It.  G.    Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  Amer- 
ica diirlnK  the  colonial  period.    L.,  Trllbner,  IS81 

av,  8vo.    818. 


■^^*5aBBS58C2:!rr: 


TRAVELS,  aENERAL 


TRAVELS,  GENERAL 


WiitrrliHi,  C.    \V;iii.l-i-i!ii:<  ill  South  America.   N.  Y., 

(■,lr.^■•ll.    !-^;,       lliin.l        111.', 

Wysf.  I.iulfii  N.  U.  I)f  Vulimrniso  A.  llih''iios-A}ivs, 
!\  navel's  les  Amies  et  les  I'aiii|ius.  Ps.  IST'J.  .'•vo. 
•■i  li'. 

itoeller,  II.    Pampas  imd  AnJeu.    Berlin,  1884.    Svo. 


SLM.llHA. 

Itrailii'v,  W,  Til''  wreoK  uf  tlic  "  Nisero"  niid  cnptiv- 
ii y  ill  Siiiimlni.     I...  I^ow,  1SS1.     Hinii).    T.s.  (id. 

Ili'iui  lie  Miliil-I'ol  I. ill-.  X.  Ill-  lie  Sumatra,  cliez 
ii'^  \toli.-s,     I's.  I«st.     I-,i|ii,).     1  t'r. 

i:><  li«ls-Kri>iiii,    A.      Bi'seliieiliuiiK    vuii    Siimaira 

Hill. ill.  ;>i. 

.Mstviliii,  W.     Hi.storv  of  t>.e  Nlaml  of  .•<iiimitra.     I.. 

i:-:i.     •l.le,,  l>tH.     It.i.     :ils.0il.    l-r,  traiisl.    IM.  ITss 
I'ai'iiii'iilier,  ■!.  ami  K.    Vu.vai;e  il  Sumatra  en  l..^'J. 

1'-,  ]•'■'.■).     ■*!().     ID  tr. 
Si'lu't'ilier,  .\.     Besueh  aiif  Siimatr.i.     Haniieii.  KT. 

-  Zweiler  liesueli  aiif  Sumatra.    Uaniieii,  I8S'J.   Svo. 

W  pf. 
.Scliiracli,     ('.     It.      Be.sclireilmii^'     von     Simiaiia. 

Ilamli.  i;-!. 
Seellior^t,  (i.    Aiisirali.Ti.    Neli.it   e.    .\iiliainr.     Kine 

Iti'ise   ill's  liiMHi-e  v.iM   Sumatra.     Au;.'.<li.  I'-*,'.     M 

e.,  .\  iistralit'ii  unii  Sumair.i.     I-^m;.     >vo.     ;i  .WIv. 

VlTlXM'k,    IC,    It.    >l.      liesclilijviTlL'   vail    een   ^.'I'lle.'lte 

vail   Sumatra  s  VS'estkiist.      .\iiisterclam,  l^Si  si|ci. 
s  V 1 1 , 
AViiriKM'k,  <}.    Xaclit  iinil  Morgan  anf  Sumatra,     I!ar- 
m.ii,  I'^T'.;.    ;;de..  ISeJ.    Svo.     1  Ml<. 

SVni.l.    PALESTI.XK.    ETC. 
Ilaedekcr   fliy  Sociii'.     Palestine  and  Svria.     Lpz. 

.■Hill  1,.  i"*ri;.    lomo.    -.lis. 

Iliirt,  F.     Scenes  et  tahleaiix  de  la  vie  aetiU'lle  en  Ori- 

.■iit      MoiitLihan.     Ps    l-^si.     sv.i. 
Kartlett,  s.  C.     Kroiii    Eu'.vpt    to   Palestine,  tlireiiu'li 

Sinai,    tile    wilderness,    and    the    South    t'nuntry. 

N.  Y..  llai'per.  is;'.i.     sio.     *.1.r.ii. 
Itericlit    iiIxT     I'laii    iinil    Uiit<Tiieliiiieii    Piiier 

lieut<i'lie  Missi r.M<-K'i!oiii-  in  l'ale>tina  7.11  <iriind"ii. 

Fraiikf.  isi'.i.     -vo.     -iii  I'l" 
Kcrielit  ulier  Uiakiini'>''.eii  statioiwii  in  Itelriit, 

am  l.iliaiinn.  l'>c;-.'-:J.     Kaiserswertli,  isiil. 
Itiiiiiie,    A.   .1.     His   native   land.     L.,  Ijriffltli,   l-^s). 

Svo.    -Js.  i;,i. 
IJlrd,  Isaac.     P.ilile  work  in  Bilile  laniN:  or.  events  in 

the  hi-tor'v  of  the  Syrian  Mission.     Phila..  Pres.  Bd. 

I'll!).,  I-;-.'.     I'Jmo.     $\.rji\ 
Itovid,    Fi'li.x.      Ksivpt.     Palestine,    and    I'luemoia. 

Tians.  hv   W.  H.' I.vttelton.     X.  Y..   Untton,  lss:j. 

l-Jino.     ?■■->. .'lO. 
llritish  Syrian  ScIiooIh  and  the   Kibic  Mission. 

I.,   is-j.' 

iturekliardt.  .1.   I..    Travels  in  Svria  and   tlie  Holy 

l.aml.     1.  .  .Miirrav.  is-.".'.     Ito.     4->. 
Itiirliiii,  Isaliel.     Inner  life  of  Svria.  I'alestine.  and 

till'  H'.lv  Land.     I,.  Kint;,  ls;.j.     -i  v.  xvu.    3d  e., 

Paul.  1->1.     1  v.    t;s 
liurton,  II.  T.,  and  Drake.  C.  F.  T.    Unexplored 

Syria.     L..  Tinsley.  l-7t-*.     'J  v  ^vo.     3-Js. 
Cniiipliell,   .1.    K.     Througli   Kirypt.   Palestine,  ami 

Svria.     I...  Partriilt'e.  1—1.    -v.i.     4s. 
Ciiainies,  ti.     Voyage  en  Palestine.     Ps.  lsS4.     I'.'mo. 

:j  rm  fi-. 
Chiireliill,  <".  If.     Mount  Lebanon:    ten  vears'   resi- 

lielioe,  1S4J-.V1.     I..  Is.",:!     :i  v.     'J. I  e  .  1 M)','.     4  V.  Svo. 

'J.'is.     tVol.  4  is  The  Oriizes  aii'l  .Marouiles  under  the 

Turkisli  rule.  ls|0.i-<».     pis  ^ 
C'leriiiiiiit-<iaiiiiean,  Cli.    Preinieis  rapports  sur  line 

niiss'icMi  en  Palestine  et  en  Phenicieentrepri.se  en 

issi.     Ps.  lss.'5.     Svo.     •.!.."iil  fr. 
Cornier,  C.  K.    Tent  nork  in  Palestine.     I...  Reiitley. 

1S7S.     '.'  V.     .id  e.,   isijr.     .Svo.     Uls.  Ol.  — Heth   and 

Moab:  I'Xplorntions  in  Svria  in  !s.si-'.2.     L.,Bentley, 

iss:j.     ',>,l  e,,  iss.-,.     Svo.     i-.s. 
Curt  is,  G.  W.     Mowadji  in  .Syria.    X.  Y.,  Harper,  1S.W. 

IJnio      Jl..-|0. 
Dapper,  «).    Asia.  Oder  Besclireibung  von  Syria  uiul 

Palestina.     Amst.  ]dsi, 
Dennis,  .1.  S.    Sketch  of  Syrian  missions  [Presbyt,], 

.\.  Y.  isr-j.    Svo. 
Dixon,  W.  II.    The  Holy  I^nd.    L..  Chapinau  &  H., 

ISO.").     :•  V.     :!d  e..  IstiT.     Svo.     ]0s.  CI. 
Dull',  .v.,  and   Lunisden.     Reixirt  of  a  mission  of 

enipiiry  to  Lebanon.     Kdinb.  ISTO. 
Dulles,  .1'.  W.    Itide  thromrh  Palestine.    Phila.,  Presb, 

Ud.  Publ.,  1<(S0,     l-.'nio.     J-.MiO. 
Ellis,  T.  J.     On  a  raft  and  throuph  theilesert:  jour- 
ney throupli  Syria  and  Kurdistan.    L.,  Field  i  T., 

ISSl,     -J  v,  Svo     ,V.'s.  M. 
Kuald,  F.  C.    Missionary  lalirmrs  in  .lerusaleni,  1^4'^- 

14,     L.,  Wertheim,  l'*4.'i.     I'Jmo.     4s.  M. 
Farlev,  J.  L.    Two  years'  travel  in  Syria.    L..  Saun- 


ders \- 11  . 1  s.-,s,    Svo.     I'.'s.— The  massacres  in  Syria. 

L..  Hi'adliiii'\.  is'll.     svo.     .'is. 
Farnliani,  .r.  .M.  \V.  Travels  in  the  Holy  Lanil,  China, 

India,  i;u'ypt,  etc.     Selienectady,  187:1.     limo. 
Fielil.  II.  .'>!.     .Vmoiinilii'lioly  hills.    N.  Y,,  Scribners, 

is-l.      I-.'iiio.      $l,.'ill. 

Flasali,  I',  M.    herieiiausfliig  DachPalestiua,  Wilrzb, 

1— .'I.       Il.lllo. 

Fletelier,  .1.  I'.  Notes  from  Nineveh,  and  travels  in 
Mesn|ioianiia,  Assyria,  and  Syria.  Phila.,  Lea.  1S,')0, 
l.'iiio.     ;."ie. 

(iiiKe,  W.  I,.  Palestine,  historic  and  descriptive.  L., 
Wallie.  |s,sr.     svo.     Ts   i;d. 

<;iiv, 'I'.     La  lerrii  del  Cristo.     Kiiviize.  IssI.     Svo. 

(ielkie,  C.     Tlie  Holy  Land  and  the  Uilile.     L.,  I'assell, 

I---;.   ','  V.  svo.   'jis. 

GesciiielitH     des     Syrisclien     ^ValseuiianHCs     in 

.lellisalelu.      Basel.  ISli-,', 

(iii^rin,  Vietor.  Kapport  sur  nni'  mission  en  Pales- 
tine. I's.  IsJii,  Svo.  '.;..■)()  fr.— La  terre  sainte,  sou 
histoire.   ses   souvenirs,  ses  sites,  etc.     Ps.  1S.S:J  Ii. 

'J  V.  fo.     lllllfl'. 

Halin,  lleinrli'ii.     If.ise  des  heili^'eii  Willibald  naoli 

i'aii'-lina.     l'..i  1.  l-riD.     po.     7.'.  I'f. 
Hale.   1:.  1;.,  ami  S.     Kamily  llinlil  over  K;.'vpt  and 

Syria.     Kosi.,  L'ltlirop,  issj.    •,'(|e.,lssj,   svo.    $->.;,i). 
Harper,    H.   A.     lllnstraled   lellers  to   niv   children 

fioin  Ilie  Holy  Land,     L,,  Kel.  Tr.  Soc,  I'd  e.,  ISSl. 

Iio.    .'is. 
Ileeliler,    W.     II.      The    .Terusalem    bishopric.      L., 

Triilmer.  is-:).     Svo.     ins.  lid. 
liendersiin,  .Vrehd.    Historical  KeORraphy  of  Syria. 

IMillli.  iss,-,.     svo.     '3,   i;d. 
Heilielot,  M.  d',     l!il.liolliei|nenrientale.     Ps.  V<07. 
Ilerliert.  M.  l-..,  I.ady.    Ci'adle-I.inds.  Ktrvpi.  Svria, 

ete.     L  .  lientlev,  isi;;'.     N.  V..('alh.  Pub!  Soc.'lstiT. 
Ith  e..  istjl).     Svo,    'Jls.     I'Jmo.     «■.' ilu. 
Ilill,  S.  S.    Travels  in  Kgypl  and  Syria.     L.,  Lons- 

]ii;ui-'.  P-i'm.     Hvo.     u<. 
Histiirical  sk<'l<'h  of  Iteiriit  Female  .Seminary. 

lieillll.  Is7;i, 
Holliday.  \V.  A.     IU>toi'ieal  sketch   of  missions  in 

.Syria   [I'resliytn.l.      Pliil.    IK.SI.      IJuio.      See   Hl.s- 

TouiciLSKirrciii-^s.  etc.,  in  Section  V. 
Hyndnnin,  F.  .V.    Tour  tliroiigh  .  .  .  the  Holy  Land. 

1...  Cassell. 'J,!  e.,  ISSl.      Svn.     ;is.  6<l. 
Iliiniann,  K,,  11,   I'uelifileln,  4>.     Heisen   in    Klein- 

a>ieii  u.  Nordsyrieii.     Berlin.  IslW.     Kol.     Dinik. 
Jessiip,  if.  li.     Women  cf  the  .Arabs.     N.  Y.,  llodd, 

is;:i.      I'Jnio.      S'J.Oil.      I,.,    Low,   IS74.     Svo,     IDs.— 

Syrian  iMine  life,     N.  Y.,  DoiM,  1S74.    1','ino,    Sl.r.iJ, 

—The  ;\loliaiiiiiiedan  missionary  prolileui.     Phila., 

Pres.  lid.  Pull.,  1S7!).    lUmu.    75c.— (.(iitlouk  in  Svria. 

N.  Y.  1S7'J.    Svo. 
.lowett,  W.    I'hristian  researches  in  Syria  and  the 

Holy  Land   in    fuitlierani'e  of  the  objects  of  tlie 

Cliuri'li  Jlission.'irv  Soeietv.     L.,  Seelev,  and  Bost., 

Crocker  i'l-  Hiewer.  IS'ji;,    "Svo.     lOs.     I'.'mo.     7.')  c. 
Laurie,  T,    Historical  sketch  of  the  Syria  Mission. 

N.  Y.  l-ii'J. 
Le  Camus,  E.    Notre  vovatre  au.\ pays  bibliqiies.    I's. 

is'.io.    .'i  V.  I','rno,     10  fr.  riiic. 
Lorlet,  L..    La  Syrie  d'aujourd'hui,    Ps.   18S4.    Svo, 

.'0  fr. 
Lynch,  W.  K.,  Com,     Narrative  of  the  U.  S.  explor- 

iiiL.'  e.vpe.lition  to  the  liivei-  .Jordan  and  the  Henri 

Sea.     I'liila.,  Lea  ,!,.  B.,  ISl'J.     'Jth  c.  1S53,     I'Jnio, 

Sl.oil. 
Manning,  Sanil.    Those  liolv  flehls:  Palestine  illus- 
trated.    I...  Kel,  Tr  Soc.  1871.     Svo,    8s. 
Martin,    v..  M.      .V   visit    to  Svria  [in   "Round  the 

Wi.ilil").     L..  lieniiiiKton,  lss:i.     Svo.     ijs.  «d. 
Martin,  W.  V.    The  Kast:  a  tour  in  Kgypt,  Palestine, 

eic.     1,..  Tinsley.  IS7ii.    Svo.     7s.  (id. 
Massacre  in  Syria  ;  aeeount  of  the  outraftes  snfTered 

liy  til'-  Clnistians  of  .Mt.  Lebanon.     N.  Y.,  iJe  \Vitt, 

sv.i.      ','."«'. 

Mendenhall,  .r.  W.     Echoes  from  Palestine,    N.  Y,, 

l'liillips&  IL.  IsK.'i.     Sv,,.     S.'i.iio, 
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.  ,  .  in  .  .  .  Moali.    (iilead.    and    Bashan,    1875-77, 

N.  Y.  I8S1.    -jii  e..  Scribners,  18s:i,    Svo,    $2.50. 
:»Iiller.  Ellen  K.,  Miss.    Alone  throuRli  Syria.    L., 

Paul.  Is'.n.    Svo.     (is. 
M'sHions  Itlad  fran  I'alestina.     Falun,  1885, 
Mcinastieiis   Ireiiiieus,     \on  .Jerusalem  nach  Beth- 

leheiii.     lierl.  l,s.-,l.     Svo.     L.^'DJIk. 
Neil,  .1.     I'alestine  explored.     L..  Nisbet,  and  N.  Y., 

Kaiidolph,  ls,s:,i,     Svo,    (is.     ?1..50. 
Olipliant,  L,    The  Land  of  Gilead.     L.,  Blackwoods, 

and  N.  Y  ,  Appleton,  I.ssi.     Svo.     lils.    8'.J.(X). 
Orelli,    C.   V.      Dnrch's  Heilige  Land,     Basel,  1S78. 

4the..  1S1K1.    3Mk. 'JllPf. 
Orient,  Der.    lUiiiptroiiten    diirch  Acrynten,  Paliis- 

tina.  Syrien.  (iriecheiilaiid.     Lpz.  1881-82.    2  v.  Svo. 
I'almer,  K.  II.     Heseit  of  the  exodus;  forty  years' 

wanderiiips.etc.    L.,  Bell  &  D„  1871.    gv.Svo,    'JHs, 

N.  Y.    1  v.  Svo,    $3.00. 


i 


t:  IHll 


TRAVELS,  OENERA' 


030 


TRAVELS,  QENERAL 


rirtiireHqiip    PnleHtliie,     X,.,    Virtup,    aiiJ    X.   Y., 
Applftun,  lBSl-4.     I  V.  ito.     Eu.  ais.  Oil.     Si  v.  4lo. 

?:)J.(X). 
riliniiii,   K.   It,,   Mm.    Mis!<i<>ii  life  In  Grepcp  and 

I'alHKtliic.     L.   uiul    N.  Y.,  I'uasi'll,   ISSl.     Mvo.     Ss. 

$l.."iO. 
I'di-ler,  J,  t,.     Five  vi-nrs  in   Dnniascns,   travels  to 

I'uliiiyia,  I'tc.     I,.,  iMiiiniy,  is;,:,.     •,'  v,    -M  »■..  l-To. 

Hvii.     Ts.  Ud.     IMiinaysj 'imiiillHHjk  tur  Svrla  ami 

I'ali'Stiiie.     I,.,  .'MMiTay,  ls.->s      •,'  v,     .'d  >■..  Is;.",.     1  v. 

8vi).     '.'(Is.    The  t'iai't  litii-.-,  .,i   lla-'lian  and  Svrla  s 

lidlv    places.     I,,    Nelsiiii,    lS«,-j.     i'd   e.    l^Ull."  ^vo. 

Ts.  i;d. 
roii.liiili',  K.     I,e  I.llian  el  la  Svrie.     1*«.  IH^d. 
I'riiiie,  \V.  C.     Tern   lite  ni   the  Holy  Lan.l.     N.  Y., 

Harper.  [X'n.     IJiiiii.     i'.IW. 
Ualtriiy,  lliirrlel.     t'oumry  life  in  Syria.     I.,..  !>eelev, 

ih;o.    i^iiiii,    :u.  i'„i. 

KoliiiiKiiii,  K.,  iiikI  Sinilh,  Kli.     liililieal  researelies 
ill  rale^tiiie.ele.     U(i.<l..  Ciucker.  ISJl.     I,.  Miirrav, 

IS.Mi.     ,>-vii.     \M.     .'i    v.     .'id    e  .   IsiiT.     Sv(i.     I^IIMNI.— 

I.aler   liililieal    re.sea relies.      lio»(..   I'liieki-r.    IWIi. 

■Jd   e.,    l-iur.     Svo.      jl.iiii      I'liVMeal   «e<,»;iapliy   of 

l'Ml,,stiiie.     liosl..  Ci ker.  isil.",.     >vo      j:i..",ii. 

ICiilirlelit,    K,      Ililili, ,1  lieea   (leu^'raiiliioa    rnla'sliiia' 

i.i;:l  |s;s  I     liiTliii.  isjKi.     Svo.     -H  Mk. 
lingers,   .Miirv    10.     Hoiiiestie   life   ill   Pnlesline.     I<., 

li.dl  ,v    li..'  iNii.    :)d  e.,  im;;.    Svo.    lOs   tid.    Ciii- 

I'liiiiati.  Meih    Ilk.  (line.,  isi;.").     VJmn.    ?1.T5. 
Koller,    Tlii'opliile.     he  tour  U'Orient.    IjUiisniine, 

l-'.il.     SVC.     .-.  ir. 
.Saeliiiii,  <'.  K.     Ueise  in  Svrieii   uml  Jlesupotaniieti. 

l.pz.  ISSii.     Svo.     -JO  Wi. 
Siiiiiiie',    iliieoU,      1Iissi,,!iaiv   Imir    tliroii(;li   Arabia 

1,1  l!a:,'da,l      1...  SiiiiiiUin,  is|  I.     lini,..     Ss,  r„l. 
.Sehair,  I",     ■riiroiiirli  I'.ilile  lands.     N   V,  Am    1''-  Soe., 

1...    .Msliet.    is;s.      •ill    ,. ,    cnlarp-d,    IS^s.      l-.'iiic. 

Selinle  tiiiil  Krzicliiiiigs-Aiistalt   in  Jerusalem. 

i-rs. 

.Siiiitli,  Henry,    Origin,  etc.,  of  the  Protestant  bisli- 

I'pru:  ill  .Jerusalem      T.,..  Wertlu'iiii.  IHH',.     Kvo.    .^s. 
.SiHiilev,  .\.  I',     llislorv.if  S\  ria  and  Palestine.     L., 

Murray.  |s.-,:).     Kev.  e..  ISS.-j.     Sv,.      l-.'s. 
Statiiteii  des  Syriselieii  Wiiisenliuiises  ill  Jeru- 

sal.-m.     Biisei,  isi'.'.i. 
Stewart,  K.  \V.     The  lent  aiicKllie  klnin  (wilh  iioliees 

of   iiiissioiiary  lahour).    Ediidi.    1K">T.    M  e.,  ISO','. 

Svo.      ."is,  lid. 
Sumner,  «i.,  Mrs.      Our  liolidav  in    tlie  East.     L., 

Iliirsi.  1st  iinil  -.'il  e..  ISSI.    Svo.     Cs. 
Tli(>iu|isoii,  it.,  >irs.     DaiiKliieis  of  Svria,     L.,  See- 

|.-y.  isii',1.     .id  ,...  isri.     Svo.     .Ss. 
Til sciii,  W.  M.     The  land   ami   the  hook.     X.  Y., 

Harper,  ls."ir.    ■.'  v.  I'Jnio.    ?.").iir'.     Kev.  ami  eiil.  e., 

issil-sii.     ;)  V.     .<|S.|>|.     i'h.  e.,  J'.hO. 
Toliler,  T,    Pililio(.'iaphia  I  leofrrapliiea  PaUvstina' ab 

a    cei'.s.vxiii.     Dresden,  ls;."i      1  .Alk. 
Tristram,  li.  H,     The  land  of  Israel      I, .  S.  P.  C.  K  . 

ISC,.-).      :lil   e.,    iss-j.      Svo.     Ills.   Od.— Scenes   in   I  he 

Kasl.     L.,  S.  P.  (•     K.,    ISro.     Ho.     Ts.   lid. -Narra- 
tive of   Mrs.  I).  Thompsoirs  elTorls   in  Svria.     L.. 

Seelev.    ISTI.      Svo.      ."is  — I'athwavs    of    Palestine. 

1,..  l.,ivv.  I^KJ.     2,1  series.  It,,.     Sis.' till. 
Triiiiihnll,  H.  C     Kailesh-Iiarnea.     N.  Y..  Scribners, 

.■111,1   I...  Hull, ler,  ISSI.     Sv,,.     ?.-i.lK)      -Jls. 
Van  l.eiiiiep,  11.  .1.     Hilile  lands,  their  inoilerii  cus- 

i,,iiis.  rie      N.  Y..  Haipei-.  ls;:>     svo.     ,s,-),IKI. 
AValliiee.    Alexr.     The  desert   ami    the   H,,lv   Land. 

id.i-i;  .  Siiiipkiii,  ISIJS,     u'd  •_•,.  issj.     Svo.     'Js.  (id. 
AVaiidelbniir;;,  A.  II.  fie.     Ktndes  siir  Porleiit  et  ses 

missions,     I's.  |ss:!      -J  v.  Sv,,. 
Welili-I'eploe,  ,1.  It,.  .■\lrs.     .Iiilainerk:  a  tale  nf  the 

Nesloriaiis.     I,.,  Siiiipkiii,  ISJS.     3  v,  Svo.     31s.  Ud. 

11.  e.,  l^^i'-i.     I'.'ino,     "Js. 
Weld,   A.   G.    Sailed   palm  lands,      L.,    Longmans, 

1SH1.     Svo.     Ts.  11,1. 
AVilso'!,  A.  \V.,  Mrs.     Letters  from  tlie  Orient  to  her 

daualilers  at  home.     Nashville,  Teiin..  Piili.  House 

:M.  K.  Cliiireh  South.  1S!HI.     V.'iiio.     ^1.(10. 
Wilson,   K.  I',     In  Seripiiire  lamls      N.  Y,.  Scribiier. 

1...  lielitr.  Tr.  S,ie.,  lS!li)     Svo.     $:i.M.     l.'is. 
\'i|s<iii,   .1.      I.amis  of    the   Hihle,      Kiliuli.  and  L., 

Loiiuriiiaiis.  isir.     'J  v.  Svo     .'ills. 
AVilsoii,  Will.  Hae.    Travels  in  the  Holv  Land,  Egypt, 

eie.     I,,.  Loiijrmaii,  isir.     ■,' v.  Svo.     •,'.«. 
Wiirtnliel,    ti.    M.      Svria     ami     the    Svriaus.      L., 

Maildell.  ls,-|(i,     ■:  V,  Svo      '.'Is 
Wnrtabet,    •!.      The    deiioiiilnatious    of    SjTia.      L., 

Nisbet,  hSiiO,     Svo,     ;s.  Od. 

r.injTi. 

See  Soc'iKTY  Isles. 

TASMAXU. 

See  AusTiiALiA. 


TWKT.    (See  also  f'liiN.v  and  iNniA.) 
Avnslev,  Mrs,     Our  visit    to   llliidoo.stnii.   Kashmir. 

and  Ladakh.    L  .  .Mien.  ISTO     -  Hs. 

OesKoiliiis,  rii.     LeThiliei  d'a|  'orrcspoiidaiiee 

dt'S  missioiiailes.      Ps..  'M  e..  ,  s\,,       ,  f|-. 

Diili-euil  lie  llliiiis,  •!.  I..     I,  Asi,, ,  .nirale  iThihet  el 

let'l,,|is  loilllropliesi.      I's.   IS'.HI,      41o.      lid  fr. 

Giiii/eiiiiiiiller,  K.  liliit.  Sliittniirt,  IST.S.  Svo.  :iMk, 
4iiiriiier,  I'.  He  Palis  nnlilni.  P.s,  ISS'.',  ISiiio.  4  fr, 
(ieililie,  .1.     11,  von, I  the  lllinala\as.     Travel  and  ad- 

M'liiine  in  Thihei.  L  .  Nels(,n,  Iss-J.  Svo.  .'Is,  lid. 
Gill.  \V,  The  river  of  (.■,,ldeii  siiml;  L'liina  and  East- 
ern Thiliei  to  liiiiiiiali.  1...  Minra.\',  issii,  u'v,  sv,,, 
:iiis.  The  same,  condeiised  liy  E.'ll.  Daber.  iss.). 
sv,,    ;s.  i;d. 

Hue,  lOvailsle  ItZ-uls,  Alili^-.  t'liristialiity  in  I'hiiia. 
Tnilarv,  iiml  Thiliei.  V.n\:.  ti-iiiisl.  L..' l.oinsmaii. 
ls.-i;-s  3\.Hvo.  :tls.  I„l.  ,I''r,,in  Frem-h  ,,ili.'iiial, 
Ps,  |s,-,r  ,-,s.  4  V,  Svo  )  Travels  in  Tarlary.  Thiliei, 
and  (liiiia,  limine  the  years  ISII-.'i-ll,  Kn^rl,  trans. 
I...  Longman,  IS.-,','  -J  v,  Svo,  i'ls.  il''r,,in  Kreiieh 
oMKiiml,  Ps.  ISM).  ;;  v,  Svo.i  I  •.,|i,lense,l  l,v  Mrs. 
1'.  Sinm'tt.  IS.V.',  I  V.  IDiiio.  ^^.  i;,l.  I  4.  •■  Life  ami 
travel  in  Tarliiry.  TliMiei.  and  rliina.  beiiii;  a  narra- 
tive of  Hie  .\IiIm'  line's  travels  ill  the  far  Last." 
Kd  liv  .M..1 s.     L„aiid  Ediiib.,  and  N.Y,,  Nelson. 

isi;r.    i-.'mo.    Is.   ;.-,i-. 

Hue  nnil  <iiiliel.  \\;imleriinv','ii  diircli  die  Jloncolei 
iiM-h  Thihi-I.     L|i/,  Is,V,     -.M  .■..  lMi.-|.    Svo.    1  Thaler. 

tliiliiistiiiie,  II,  I.,  The  nioiintain  kitigdoiu;  a  Ueii- 
liiri-^  in  Thihei,     L.  Low,  isss,     ,Svo.     :,n, 

Krlek,  Aldif.  Helalioii  dun  voyasje  an  Thibet  en 
|s,V,',  ,1  , I'll, I  voyai;e  eliez  les  aliorseii  IS.Vi  Siiivi,- 
d,*  ,|ii,*l,|ii,s  d,,eiiments  sur  la  iiieiiie  iiiissi,,ii,  par 
Pen, .11  el  l.alry,     I's.  IS.^il.     l-.'iii,,,     1  fr. 

niiirliliaiii,  <'.  K'.  !^lissli,ii  ,,f  l!,,;.'l,'  loTliibet  niid  of 
T   M,iiii,ini.'l,,  l,li,i-;i.     L..  Trill r.  is;i;.     svo,     -.'Is 

Mont  Ibiis.  .Mis-i,,ii  ap  Thibelaiio  seiiiphica.  .'Miinich, 
IT  III. 

Olliviei'-ISeiiureKuril,  G.  M.  En  .Vsie.  Kaclimir  el 
Tibet.     Ps.  iss:i.     sv,,,     ."1  fr. 

rre.jeviilsky,  N.  M,iin:.,li.i.  N.  Thibet.  l!y  E,  I). 
MoiWin,     L,.  !,,,«.  Isri;,     ■-' V.  Svo.     4-.'s, 

I'rslieviilski,    N.    ;  I're.ieviiUky).     Peiseii   in  Tibet, 

,IlMIII,    ISSI,      Svo. 

I'riiisep,  li.  T,     Thibet,  TarUirv.  and  Moiit;olia.     L., 

Allen,  l,s,v.'.     Svo.     ."is. 
I'roehiiow,  .1.  I>,     Himalaya  Jlission  of  the  Cli,  Miss, 

S,,e      Caie.  isir, 
rroveze,  .VbliC-,     I)e  rianee  en  Chine  et  au  Thibet, 

Ps.  |ss,-|,     -J  v,  l-.'iiio     S  fr 
Itoero,   O.     i;i.-,,r,li  dei    viaiiKl  al   I'aslieiiiire  medio 

Til„>i,    Toriii.,.  ISSI.    :i  v,  Sv,.. 
SeliliiKiiitweil,  K.     ltu,lilliisni  in   Tliibel.     L,.  Triih- 

■,  lsi;,i.     I',,.     I'.'s. 

SeiiliiKiiilu'eil-SMkiieiiliieiiski,  li.  v.     Pas  Kniser- 

reii.'ll    (Islilldien     mid    ,iie    an^rell/.emtell     lifliirus- 

liiiider.     Jena,  ISSI.     Svo.     1','her  die  SaUseeii   im 

Weslliclien  Tiln't  iiml  in  Tmkislan, 
Seliiieiiler,     En  .Missi,,iis  liild  fiaii  Westra  Hiniala,ia, 

sihhii,  is;',i. 

Tibetiiii    Tiileit    derived    rriiiii    liidinu   Sources. 

, Trims.  fiMiii  the  Ceiimin  of  I',  .\.  S,-iiiefm>r  l,v 
Halsi,,n,i     1,.,  Triilim-r,  1S,S-J,     Svo.     lis. 

Turner,  S.  (l.saiidM'liafts-Ueise  am  llof  des  Teslioo 
l.ilina.     Ilaliib.  INll, 

Wilsiiii,  .\.  The  abo,le  of  sii,,\v  T,iiir  of  Chinese 
Tihel  lo  the  vallevs  of   the  iliimilav.i.     1,..  Plack- 

w Is,  isr4.     ^'de,,  lS;.j,     Svo.    Ills.  lid.    N.  v..  I'm- 

nanis.     ISiiio.    §•,',•»'."), 

ToxoA  ASP  Fi;n:.\iiiA-  i.sljmis. 

Fiiniier.  Sariili,     Historv  of  Ton^'a  and  the  Krieiidlv 

Islamls,     L  ,  Hamillon,  IS,-,,-.     Sv,,.     .',s. 
Geschii'lile  der  t'lirisllielieii  :>lissiiiiie'.i  aiif  den 

I'"reiiinlseliafls  oiler  ToUKa   Ins,. In,     P.-eineii.  IS,")?, 

Svo.     •JOri:Mk, 
tiiwrv.  W.     ,>lissioiis  in  Toiifi;a  am!  I'eejee.     C'iiiciii- 

naii,  ■\leili.  lik,  l',,iic,,  IS- .     l-.'ino.    $l.."iii. 
Miiriiiei'.  Will.     [I'M   by  . I,  Martin,  I     Aeciiiit  of  tli,' 

natives  of  IheTonpi  Lslaiids,     L,.  Miirrav.  isn  ,  ■:,. 

^'v.  Svo,    i4s.    3de.    L.,  Wliitlaker.  l.ssr,     •.' v,  Isnio, 

Ts,     Host,,  v.  Ewer.  ]S','i1.     Svo, 
Sclioles,  s.  K,     Fiji  and  Friendly  Islands:  sketches  of 

sceiier,v  uial  people,     L..  \Vi>oliiier.  ISS'J.     ICino.    Is. 

TRWOIJ  ASr>   TVXIS. 
Aiiliebiiii,  r.  li.     LaTiinisie.    Ps,  ISSI.     Svo.     --'.Wfr, 
ItHssllaii,    M.   de,     Tunis    el    la    Tiiiiisie,     Ps,    ISS-'. 

sx,,      ■,' fr. 
Ilissiiii,  I,,   di.     La  Tripolitaine  et  la  Tnnisie.    P:<. 

Iss-j.     ijnio.    -ifr. 
Boildy,  .\,  A.    To  Kairwan  the  Holy;  scenes  in  Mu 

Inimiiwilnn  Africa.     L,.  Paul.  ISS4,     Svo.     lis, 
Urimdley,  A,  M.    The  last  Punic  war;    Tunis  past 

and   iireseiil.     L.,  lilackwoods,  1st  'iud  i'd  e.,  ISSS, 

ii  V.  Svo.    'J.'is. 


TRAVELS,  OENERAL 


827 


TRAVELS,  aBNERAL 


Itriinlaltl,  A.    AUerla  e  Trlpolitaniii.    Miluii.  1S81.  Ilxntley,  lS5t.    3d  e.,  IHTT.    8vo.    fls.    N.  Y.,  Holt, 

CliarineH,  O.    La  Tunisle  et  la  Tripolitalne.    I's.  ISSii.  Diicketl.  W.  A.    I,a  Tiirc|iili>  plttorcsnue.    HUtoIre, 

ISiiiii.     .•J.SOfr.  iiiiiMiis.  ili'sciiiitlmi.  I'ic.     IN.  IS.-),',.     Svo.     lu  fr. 

Ohlkliiivliev,  1».    Espatfiie,  Alwi'Tle  et  Tuiiisii'.    I's.  DniKlit,  II.  (i.  «).    Clirwliaiiity  rcvivcil  In  the  En'-.i 

ISSO.    Hvo.  ,   .      iirui.n^'  tin-  AniiiMiians. "  N.  Y..  Serihiit-r.  1^.1(1, 

Ciiiiiiiii-Ht  ol' TiiiiiH  mill  the  Oitlettii  by  the  Ottii-  I.'iiki.     |l{.'pr.  I,.,  Ni.slii-t.  1S.')I.  uiuler  title  C'lirist!- 

mans.    Ti'.   liy  J.  T.   C'arlelti.    L.,  Ti'Ubner,   1883.  nnilv  in  Tiiikey;    or,  the  Armenian   reformation. 

'*vi>.     -Js.  tid.  svo.     .',s,) 

D.iiiierquf,    K<l.    Cliolto  of   TiinU;    inlaml    sea    of  I>wli;ht,  II.  O.    Turkish  life  In  war  time.     I.,.,  Allen, 

North   Africa  In    ancient    times.     L..   Allen,    1884.  miiI  N.  V,  S.Tihner,  I^Wl.    8\o.     1-,'s.     $1..V). 


Kvo.     is,  0(1, 
rriiiii'k,  I,.     Tunis.    I's,  18."(!     s.o.    r,  f r. 
Urahiiiii,  .\.,  aiiil  Ashliue,  U.S.    Tunisia,  K'o^sarv. 

nmii.  liil)lioi:rapliv,     1,,.,  Dulan,  IHst.    svo.    ;ij,<, 
Ilt-HHi'-Warti*);!;,    K.    v.    Tunis.      l,an<l    uml    Ij'ule 

Rcschililert.     Wicn,  l.ssj,     Svo,    Kni;,  Iniiisl,     Tunis, 

tiie  laml  anil  people.     L,,  Ciialto.  1st  and  -Jil  c.,  ISS;'. 

Svo,     :is,  tj.i. 
]iolin-Ahi'<'st,    F.       r.a    Tripolli.iine     et     IK^ypte. 


Kicliinniiii,  F.  Oie  Uel'ornii'u  lies  I  isnianlschen 
Heielii's,  mit  liesomlerer  UerUi.'i<sichti);nnK  (leg 
Verliiiltnissi'S  der  Chrisien,  elc,  llerl.  l.siW.  8vo. 
r..->0  Mi; 

Kills,  T,  J.  <Mi  a  raft  and  thronirli  the  desert.  .loiir- 
iiiil  liiroiiifli  Svria  and  KiMdi>Ian.  L..  Field  ,V.  T,, 
.N,  v..  Sfril)ner.  |NS|,     sv,,,     -j  v.     .V.'s,  tWI.     f-.l).!*!. 

Kvaiis,  A.  J.  'I'lii'outrli  Itosnia  and  Herzegovina  on 
fnal,      1,  ,  l,otii;iiiaMs.  l-;ii,      -Jde,,  Isr;,      hVo,      Is 


iHased  on  .SchweiKer-LerclieiilVld,)    I's.  1881.    8vo.  ifariey,  •!.  L,     Mo,l,.rn  Tiiritey      L..  Ilursi,  is;j.    svo. 

-I'll'-  II-— .Neiv    B.ilnarltt.      L.,    Newiimn    &    Co.,    18H0. 

Lux,  ,1.    Trois  inols  en  Tiinlsie.     Ps.  1880.    ISmo.  Svo,    •,'-,  imI, 

nilelK'l,     l,*<iii.      Tunis,    I'Orlent    .\frieain.    .\ral>s,  Kreeiimn.   Kilward    A.     The  Turiis  in    Kuro|ie,     I,., 

Maures,    Kaliyles.   .luifs.   scenes    de    imumu's,    etc.  Mulliiii.  l-i;      svo.     liil.     N.  Y,.  Harper.  l-;7.     Svo, 

I's., 'Jd  e,  |ss,),     I'Jino.     :)  Ir.  i.-„..     oiinmun    powej-  in    Kurope      I.,   and    N,    \.. 

Portmaiis,  I''r.,  i*6re.     F.n  Tunisle  et  a\l  Maroe.     I's.  Maeuiillan,  IsTr.     Hv.i,     7-.  lid.     $JIKI— History  an. 1 

iss,-),     Svo.     L.'idfr.  ec.ii(|iiesis  of  tile  Saracens,     o.vfoni.  I'ariier,"  Is.Vj. 

Kehl,  T.  W.     The  lanil  of  the  Hey:  lieiiiK  impressions  die.     I„.  Macnnllan.  l"*;!!.     Hvo.     :)>.     $1.7.") 

of  Tunis  under  tlie   Krencii.     L..  Low,  ISSJ.     Svo,  (iarnel  I,  l.ucv  .>l.<l.     The  women  of  Turliey  and  their 

IDs.  till,  |.||<  lore.    'l...  .Null,  I -',«!.     Svo,     Ills,  lid,  ' 

Itohlfs,  <J.     Iteise  von  Tripolis  nach  der  Uase  Kiifra,  (Je.ii*,  li.     I'liroUK'h  .\siaiic  'I'urkcv.     L..  Low.  X.  Y  . 

I.ji/,.  issi.     Svo.     Iti  .Mk.  llJci  per.  ls;s.     -Jv.  Svo.     ■>>,,     1  'v.  4io.     I.'m.v 

lCoiis>«!aii,  .\..  Itaron.     History  of  tlie  conquest  of  (;rovi's,  .V.  N.    .Joniiiai  of  liis  residence  in  Ua;;dail. 

Tunis  liy  llie  (llloiiians.     L.  1,8,^3,     Kvo.  1...  M-Ih-i  .  is:i|,     svo.     Ills  ii,l. 

Ste.  .>lai-le,   K.  lie.     La  Tunisie  C'hrelleinie.     Lyon,  Guys,   Henri.     He  la  eondiilon  des  feiuincs  en  Tiir- 

is;s,     Svo.     I  f r,  ,|iiic.     I's,  isi;,->.     iSmo.     l.."mfr. 

A'iviaiii.  I>.     Via^KiodaTriM.li  di  liarharlanlle  fron-  llanilin,  Cvriis.    Aiuont;  the  Turks.     N  Y..  Carter, 


Here  Occideiii  dell  Kt:itto,  etc.     lienova,  1819. 
>Vurlei;B.     See  Hkssk.-NVahtk  ici 


See  Affghanistax.  Ck.stiiai.  .\sia,  etc. 


Aniieis,  K.  do.    Constantinople.    (Ti'ans.  l>y  Caroline 

Tiltnii.i    L..  Low.  and  X.  Y.,  Putnam,  1878,    Svo, 

Ills,  lid,     $1,7.5, 
AiidtM'son,    Knf.      Oriental   missions.      Bost,.   Cong, 

Pull,  Co,,  is;-,',     ',' V,  l-,'iii...     *:i.(VI. 
Andreass^'.      Constantinople     iind    der     Hosphoriis. 

Lp/.  is;s. 
Antloiianl,  O.,  Mine.     Les  niysleres  dii  si'rail  et  des 

iuireins  turcs.     Lois,  mienrs,  etc.     I's.  1.803.     I'.'iuo. 

3  .■.0  fr. 
Ariii^iiieiis,  Les,  en  Tiinpiie.     Ps.  18,80.     8vo.     1  fr. 
linker,  ,1.    Turkey  in  Euiopi".    L.  and  X.  Y.,  Cas-sell, 

1-7;.     Svo.     -Jls. 
Ilnrllett,  S.  C     Historical  sketch  of  missions  of  A. 

ii.  c.  K.  M.  in  Turkey.     Bust.,  Cong.  Put),  Co,,  lS8ti. 

lllllio.       111', 

IlHsnia,iian,  K.  H.    Social  and  rellK'ious  life  in  the 

Orieiji,     N.  Y..  Am.  Tr.  Sue.  IS'.KI.     PJmo.     ¥1.IX). 
lielgio.joso,    la    rriiieesse    tie.     Scenes    do    la    vie 

■i'liniiK'.     Ps,  l.s.-iS.     ,svo,     3  fr. 
Itcniiiiiiin.    s.   O.   W.    Tlie    Turk    and    the    Cireek, 

N.  v..  Hurd  ,V  II..  IsiiS.     Kinio.     JJ.iKi. 
I(iiii6,  .iiiii.    I,aTnri)iiie  d'Kiiwpe.    I's  1840,    1  v  Svo. 

•iJ  fr,    lier,  trans.     Die  KuropiiisclieTilrkei,     Wien, 

1889,     -J  v,  Svo.     H»Mk. 
Urassey,  Lady.    Snnsliine  and  storm  in   the  Kast. 

Cvprus  aiid'Coustanlini>ple.     L.,  Longmans,  N.  Y'., 

Holt.  1S7!>.     Svo.     'Jls.     J3..W.     n.  e,.  ISSl.     Vs,  (Id, 
nrauii-Wlvshaden,    K.   v.      Kine    tiirkische    Ueise. 

lierliii,  lS7ii  77.     3  V,  Svo,     l.">  .Mk. 


Kiid  L..  Low,  1877.  X.  Y.  1,'nio.  Sl.W  L.  8vo. 
le.  lid. 

Harvey.  .>Irs.  Turkish  liarems.ind  Circassian  home.s. 
1...  iliir-i  ^:  I! ,  isii.-,     v\,,.     |.-,N. 

Ileliwiilil.  I',  v.,  nod  ll<>ek,  L,  C  Die  lieiitige 
'liirU.i.     i.pz,  |s;s_;;i,     -Jv,  S\o,     '.'il  e,.  18.8-.',     ll.Mk. 

Iloriihy,  Mrs.  In  and  around  Stamhoiil.  L..  Kent- 
lev  .   l-.,".s,     ■,'  V,  Svo,     -Jls, 

lliisklier.  V.     Kl  Hes.lj;  i  Tyrkiet.     Khiin.  1S7!),     Svo. 

Howe.  Ki-her.  (Irieiilai  and  sacivd  scenes,  fnnii 
holes  oi  navel  in  (iieeee,  I'lirkey,  and  ralestine. 
N.  Y..  Ii.iiid.  IS.M.     lUino.     $1.-,'.-). 

•Iliecek,  C  J.  Die  Ileerstrasse  von  Ueiniad  nach 
('..n-laniliiopei.     PniK-  1877.     Svo.     3  Mk. 

Jowett,  W.  Clirisiiaii  I'csearelies  in  tlic  Mediterra- 
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Kesnin  ISey.  Kvil  of  tile  Kasi ;  or.  tiiitiis  alioiit  Tur- 
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Kiio.v,  T.  W.     Hak<iiee-.li;  or.  life  and  adventures  in 

liie  I  ii-ii'iil.     N.  Y..  Woiiliinnlon.  is;."i.     svo.     j>3.0(). 
Kiiliilscliek.   .liil.      Missionsreise   nach  Sarajevo  ill 

iiosiiieii      .U-i-ain.  1SS7,     svo.     ."id  Pf. 
Laveleye,  K.     Ilie  IJi.llian  peninsiiia.    Eng.  trans,  by 

Tiioi|«'      1.,,  Unwin    l-sT,     svo,     IBs. 
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(ireeee,  Tiiikev.  Egvpl.  Xnliia.  and  the  llolv  Ijind. 

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.\sia.     1...  Cliapinan.  1871).     ',' v   Sv.,.     'J|s. 
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Mui-i-,-n.  I'iiila.  i.ea,  |s,MI,     'J  v,  Sv.i.   '^jSs.     .<'Ji,^ 
Maekeii/.le,  «i,  .■»!.,  iiiiil  Irby,  A.  I'.     The  Slnvo.  ic 

pi-ovinee'j  of 'I'lirkev  ill  Kui''i|.e.     L.,  Daldv.  Island 

■,'.i  e,.  is;7.     -1  V.  sv.i.     ','ls. 
Madden,  K.   K.    Turkish   empire    Chrlstianit.v  and 

ei\  ili/a'i'in.     L..  Newliy.  Isii','.     •,' v.  Svo.     30si 
Mahoiiinied.    'I'iie  Saiacens  and  tlie  Turks:  rise,  elc  . 

orilieijitniiianempire.     L..  (irillln.  I8ii'>.    Svo.     .is. 
Mason,  ,1.     Tliiee  years  in  Turkey;  inediial  mission 

to  tlie  Jews.     L."  Snow-.  l.stHI.     Svo.     lis.  lid. 


Itriiyii,  <'.     Ueizen  door  Deeleii  van   Klein  Asia,  de  Meii/.ies.  S.     Turkey,  old   and   new:   historical,  geo- 

i'';yianden,  etc.     Delft.  IC'.IS.  .graphical,  and  statistical.     L.,  Allen,  18sn.    J  v.  Svo. 

Itusc'h,    .^l.     Die    Tiirkei.     Reise    Haiidliiich.     Triest,  'l-.'s. 

IK"i7,     3d  e,.  1881,     Svo.     4  Mk.  Jliliier,  T.     Tlie  Turkish  emiiire:  tlie  sultan,  the  ter- 
Caiiieroii,    V.    I,.     Among    the  Turks.     L.,   Xelsons,  lilniy.  and  tlie  people.     I,  ,  Hel.  Tr  Soc  .  and  N.  Y., 

ISSS.      Svo      'Js.  Nel>.in.  !s;il.     .'id  e..  1S77.      Svo.     .'Is.     SI..MI. 

Cainphell,  Dudley.     Turks  and  Greeks:  notes  on  a  Missions  llel'te,  etc.,  des  llerliner  Ui-t-,  Vereiiis: 

recent  excursion.     L.  and  X.  Y'.,  Macniillan,  1877.  die  Tiirkei.     Heri.  Is.'-jS.    Kvo.     .-W  Pf, 

I'.'IUO,    3s,  lid.    #1,00.  Miirra.\,.l.     Ilaiidiiook of  Turkey,     L.,  Murray.    Svo. 
Cliarikles.     Tiirkische    Skizzen   in  Briefen  an  eiiie  l."is. 

I'reuiidin.     Berlin.  1877.    Svo.     1  :\lk.  Nei'jjarariaii,  (i.    Brief  history  (if  mission  work  in 
Clark,   Kdsoii    I,.     Aralis  and  Turks.     Bost..  Cong.  Nicomedia.     Wayneslioi-o'   Pa..  1885. 

I'lii)     Co.,    1871).    fl.."!!).— Tlie    races   of    European  N'liyes,  .1.  V.    Rouniania.     X.  \.  1S,-)T.     I.'mo,    $!..Si». 

Turkey      X    Y'..  Dodd.  1878.     Svo.     $3.00,— Turkey.  Niiredlii   Aga.     Tiirkische  Interna,      Dresden,   1884. 

X.  Y.."Dodd.  l.s.s:i    Svo.     ?-.'.nO.  Svo.     3.,-)il  Mk, 

Cox,  S.  S.    The  diversions  of  a  diplomat  in  Turkey.  Oaiiniii-l»ey.      Les    femmes    en    Tiirijiiie,     Ps,    1^78. 

X,  Y,,  Webster.  1887,     Svo.     S3.73.  _  K'ino.     3., Ml   fr,     (ierm,  trans.    Die  Frauen    in  dep 

Creaifh.  •!.     Armenians.    Koords,    and    Turks. 


Tinslev.  18,SU.     i  v,  Svo,     L>4s. 
Creasy,  K.  S.    History  of  the  Ottoman  Turks,    L,. 


PHriiieiitier.  K.    Vovage  dans  la  Trrqnie  d"Europe. 
Ps.  18'JO.     l','ino.     3  fr. 


TRAVI3LS,  OBNJQRAL 


TRAVtiLB,  aSMSRAIi 


INtopIo  iiT  Turkey,  twi-nty  yi-nrs'  roslchmco  Itv  a 
rdii^iil's  il:iii|{liii'r  mill  wll'c.  I,.  Miiniiv,  I^T"*. 
■:  V    >»vci      -.'N,      \    Y.      I  V.   It. I.     ir.r. 

I'ooIp,  S.  I.iiiir:  (illib,   K.  .1.  W.:  aiitl  (Hliniin,  A. 

'I'll.'  >lni'v  iif  'I'liilii'v.     \i.,  I'liwiii,  N.  Y  ,  I'litiiiiins, 

!>»■<.     •'vi).     ■«.     Sl.V). 
I'niijuili-.     Cliri'lit'iis  I'l   Tilivn,     I's.  1H0T. 
Itiinkc,  I..  V.     liisiorv  of  Uii>  Oitoiiiiiii  niul  Rpiiilsli 

iMii|.in-s.      I„.    Uciutlfilm",    riiila.,    l<ea.    IN')!,     svo. 

HAulii,  I'ltiil  il«,  1,11  TNn|iil»>  iitlli'ii'lli'  ('niiKliiiill' 
n.ij.l.'.  Mill  ^foinct'iM'iiifhl,  SI'S  inlmliilanr'*.  miii  pi'i"'- 
Mill,  iM  Mill  iiVfiilr.     I'n.  1>«1I0.     I'Jiii.i,     .')  fr.  .'lUi'. 

Ki'iKiiiiinl,  A.  Ciii'/  It's  Tiiivs,  en  1S.S1.  Vh.  ISH). 
I.' :!  Ir 

S<iiitlii;iil«>,  II.,  lip.  Tumi' In  TiirkfV.  IVi'slii.i'tc.  N. 
Y..    A|iiiliMiiii.   isicl.      -J  V.     Jl.. Ml.— Visit    111  Syrian 

I'llllll'll     nl'     MHSopilllllllill.      'I'll!'     pfi'si'lll     slllii'     of 

rliiist limit V   III   Tiirki-y.      S     Y.,    Applcloii,    lf<ll. 

P.'lllil.      SI, nil. 

SleplK'iit,  ,1.  It.  Travi'ls  In  (livt'cu.  Tiiiki-v.  Uii.ssiii, 
ami  I'liliiii.l.     N,  v.,  lliii'pcr.  istil.   •.>  v.  p.'iiiu.     S:l.tHI. 

Tozi'f,  II.  I'",  lii'si'iii-i'lii's  ill  till'  lil^;liliiuils  uf  Tiirkcy. 
I,  .  Miii-niv.  IW.i.     ■.'  V.  '^vn,     '.'N. 

Tiiriiei-,  W.  M.  I'.l  Kiiinls.  Ilir  li.ily;  nr.  K'llnipscs  ,i( 
III.' I  n-ii'iit.     I'liilu  .  CliiilliMi,  isiil!     l,><iiiii.     .-«•.' C."i 

Wiirliiirloii,  i;.  11.  U.  Till'  I'l'i'.soi'iil  iiml  tin-  cniss. 
I,,,  IIiii-Mt  ,V  11.,  1^11.  '-'v.  Kltlic,  iw;u.  1  V.  II.  e., 
issr.  Svii,  lis.  U.'iif.  N.  Y'.,  Piitmiiii,  I'liila.,  Ullss, 
anil  I'l'Ulili'iii'B.  Wliitni'y.  ls.-|,l,     p.'m.i.     -i;!. ■,'.". 

AVii'styne,  Iviiiiilo.  Vnviiu'i' an  pays  iIp-i  liiii'Mlinn- 
ziiiii'ks.  Nnti'8  snr  la  Tiinpiii'  (raiijuiii'iriiui.  I'n, 
isro.    3..W  fi'. 

UXITKI)  NTATKS  OF  CnUiMlllA. 
Uiii'linei',    Fi'z.     Ui'isc  .Sliizzi'ii    nils    ('oliiiiiliii>n    nml 

Vcni'/ntlii.     ^lilnclii'ii.  isss.     Svii.     :.' Jlk. 
Ccichi'iiiio,   <'luir]i's,    Jiiiii'tiiil    lit*   11    ri'sjili'iii'i'    anil 

tiiivi'ls  in  ('ulniiiliia  diirin^c  the  yi'iirs  l.S'.'.!--,'t.     I,.. 

Ciillniru,  lS-,'5.    ^v.Svo.    'Mn.  ((I"'™!,  traiisl.    .Ii'iia, 

ls-,'.-i,i 
lliiniilton,   J.    I*.    Travi'ls  tliron^'li   the  interinr  of 

Culiiiiiliia      I,.,  Miiii-uy.  1H.'7.    :jv.Svo.   '.'Is.    tierni. 

trans.,  Weiniiir,  Ih-JS. 
llett  iier,  Alf.    lU'iseii  in  ileii  Columbianlsohen  Anlin. 

I.i'ip/.i;.',  l-^ss.     Kvii.     H  Mk, 
.>Ii>llieii,  M.  <i.     Travels  in  Iho  repuhlic  of  Colninliia. 

I.,,  Kiii;.'lit,  18-,'4.     4111.     -.'."is. 
I'ei't'lrii,  K.  S.     Les  Klats-Unis  ile  ('olmiiliie,  pri''i'is 

d'liistoire  et  de  (,'i'oKiiipliie.     I's.  lS8a.    Hvo.     10  tf. 

UliUarAY. 
ItriKiinrili'lIo,  G.  11.     Dilla  vloende  dell'   .Vineiiea 

nieridioiiaU',   e   specialint'iito  di    ^Iiintevideo   iii'll' 

UriiK'iiay. 
UeliK'oiir,    Adolplie.     I.e  Kin  de  la  Plata,  Buenos 

Ayri'S,  :Moiili'vi,l.',i,     I's.  ISI,',.     ;■  fr, 
Fuiitiiii  o  llia.s,  C  ««.    I'i'opiedad  y  tesoro  de  In  re- 

puliliea  oriental   del   UruKiiay.     jlonleviduo,  ISS^J. 

SVil. 

3loussy,  A'.  M.  (le.  Dr.  IMi^nuiire  historiipie  siir  le 
(leeatleiiee  et  la  niiiie  lies  iiiissiuns  iles  jesiiites  dans 
le  hassiii  lie  la  Plata.     Ps.  ISIi.'i.     Hvii.     ."i  Ir. 

Murray,.!.  H.  Travels  in  L'riiKiiny.  L.,  LonKiiians, 
isri.     .'<vii.     8s.  (ill. 

llbpiililie  "lUriiBnay.  South  America.  L.,  Slanfonl, 
1st  and  -M  e.,  18S:i.  '  8vii.     tjs. 

r/cvK/fK/:,.!. 

Appuii,  Carl  F.     Uiiter  den  Trojien:    Wanilernnifen 

diireli  Venezuela,  llrinoeo.  diireli   liritiscli  (liiviina, 

.  .  .  l^l'.MS.    .lena.  Isri.    Kvii.     1.-,  Mk. 
Itiirry,  W.     Venezuela:    yolil  mines   iit'  liiivann  and 

the  Uiver  Uriinie.i  diirint,'  18811.     L.,  .Marshall,  1887. 

■ivii.     6s. 
lilaneo,  K.    Vene/iiela  hi^ioiea.    CarAoas,  18si.    8vo. 
Itrowii,    C,      Expedition    to    Venezuela,     1817.      L„ 

Hiiiith  [181il.|     8vo.     7s.  (1(1. 
Itiichiier,    Vrz.     KeiseSkizzen    aus    Coluiuhien   und 

Venezuela.     Milnehen.  1^88.     Hvo.     Si  31k. 
(Jliall'anjoii,  J.     I.'Orenoque  et  le  Caura.    lielalioii 

lie  voyage  e.xCoutfs  en  188U  et  IS87.     Ps.  18911.     1-,'iini. 

I  fr. 
DaiK't',  Chas.  U.     Recolleetions  of  four  years  in  Vene- 
zuela.    L.,  King,  1870.     Hvo.     7s.  (id. 
KiiHtwIi'k,    K.    11.      Venezuela:    ur,   life  in   a  South 

Aiuericun  republic.     L., Chapman  iV;  H.,  18(18.    Svo. 

Ms. 
(iiiziiiaii,    A.    L.     Cuestion    eeeleslAstioa.    CarCicas, 

\'<7n.    4iii. 
lllppesley,  G.    Expedition  to  Venezuela,  1817.     L., 

Miirrav.  1818.     8vii,     lis. 
Ic  Moyiie,  A.    Vovages  et  sCjours  dans  rAm6rli]ue 

ilii  Slid.     Ps.  1880.    t-v.  l:2mo.    Bfr. 
Oiitrey,  E.     Le  V6ni'!zu()la,    Ps.  1880.     Ito.    1  fr. 
ICeeliis,    K.     Voyage  A  la  Sierra-Nevada  de  Sainte- 

Marthe;  paysages  de  la  nature  troplcale,     Ps.,  ■■id 

e.,  18«1.    ISmo.    4  fr. 


Keciillertliinit  of  n  Sorvlri-  iif  Tliri-e  Vi'iim  .  .  . 

Ill  \i'iiMZiiela.     I...  Hunt.  l8-,'8.     •Jv.hvo.     Ids. 
ilo|ii.„     I'  iiidiiis  Indigenos  I  Venezuela  I     (.'arAeas,  IS7H. 

.Sli'v«r-,  \V.     Vt ziiela,    lliiiiilinig,  I88s.   8vii    IdMk. 

Tullttiiiiv,  •leiiny  de.     Sniivenii.s  de  Venezuela,  notes 

de  voyage.     1  s.  1884.     1-,'niii.    4  fr. 

wKsr  i\iiii:s.  /.v  <ifxi:ii,\i.. 

Arimtii,  il.  de  |,l<>>tiilt |.  The  natural  and  moral  his- 
li  rv  of   the    West    Indies.     I,.,  Ilakhiyl  Sue,  1880. 

•.'  >■!  8vo, 

Alexamler,  ()eiiri;e  W.     Letters  on  the  slavetrade, 

slaverv.  and  eiiianeipalion,  etc.     L.,  Uenuett,  181.'. 

1-Ji ■  -.'s.  lid. 

lialril,  K.     Iiiipressiiins  and  experiences  In  Iho  West 

Indies  nil  '  Ninth  America  In  ISI'.I.    I'liila,,  Lea,  W*). 

I'.'mo.     ,1      Kdiiili.  and  L',  lilnckwooUs,  1850,    '-iv. 

,    Hvii,      -.'Is 
Hales.    II.   W.    Central   Aun'riea,   West   Indies,  etc. 

I.  .  SlaiitMiil,  is;s,     'Jd  e  ,  IHs-J,     Hvo.     'JlH. 
Iterkele.N,  T,   II.   II       I'lie    Leeward    Isles,   past   and 

IHi'M'liI,      1...  Silvi'i  A  Co.,  |SM|.     8vo.     ','8  pp. 

lleski-iv  else  over  Kyliiiidet  St.l'roix  i  Aiiierika 
I  Vi'sIiimHi'Ii  ilieseripiiiiii  111'  llie  Islaiiil  Si.  Cmiz  in 
.Vnn'iiea  in  tin'  West  Indiesi,     Khliii   i;."i8, 

lllel>.\',  II.  heath  struggles  iif  slavery  ;  lieing  a  niirra- 
ti\i'  111'  I'aets  ,  ,  ,  in  a  lirllisli  eolon.v  |.laniaioa| 
ilnring  the  two  years  imiiieiliatel,\'  preceiling  negro 
emani'ipatiiin.  L.  Ilaiiiiltoii.  IS.V),  I'.'nm,  Is. — 
Seems  in  the  Carililiean  Sea,  L.,  Hainillou.  IS,')), 
18IIIO.  'Js.  Keigii  of  terror  I W.  Iiiilies|,  I,..  Wesl. 
Cmif.  Oltlee  r;),  IMls.-Uoniiini'e  wilhonl  (letioii; 
or,  sUetelii'sfriiiii  the  purtfolin  of  an  old  niissiunnrv. 
N,  Y..  Melh.  Ilk.  (.'line.  |h:i.  1-,'iiio.  S1,7.").'~ 
l'"emale   liei'iiism,  and  tales  nt'  llie  western  world. 

L..   Wesl,   C.llf,   (lllll-e  ||S81|.      lllllio. 

lirassey,   l.iidy.     In  the  trades,  the  Iropies,  and  the 

riiariiiL,'   follies      L.,    Longmans.  188.'j.     n,  e,,   1880. 

svii,     is.  lid.     Pop.  e.,  (Id. 
Itulkley,  O.  T.     Lesser  .Vntiles:  guide  for  settlers  in 

Ih-ili-h  West  Indies.     L.,  Low.  18811,     8vii.     sis.  lid. 
Coke,  T.     History  of  the  Wesl    Imlies  ,  .  .  with  an 

a lint  of  the  missions.     Liverpool,  1808-11,     ;i  v. 

svi..     -.'Is. 
CiileriilKe,  II.  N,     Si.v  months  in  the  West  Indies  in 

IS.'.-,,     L  ,  Tegg,  1848.     181IIO.     8s.  lid. 
Davies,     Ilislorv  of  the  Carililiian  Islands,     L., , 

isllli,     8viil?l. 
Day.  Cliiis.  Win.    Five  years'  residence  in  the  Wesl 

liiili.'s.     I,.,  Collinrn.  I8.V.'.     'J  v.  8vo.     Mis. 
Delilseli.    O.      Westiiidieii    ii.    d.    SUilpolarLilmler. 

Leipzig,  is;i.     8vo.     .'(Mk.  (iOI'f. 
Dessalles,  Adr.     Ilistoire  geiierale  des  Anillles.     Ps, 

■     IS  111- 18.     Ii  V.  Svo.     4.-)  fr. 
Deivitz,  A.  V.     In  liiiniseh-Westindien.     Himdert  und 

fihifzig  .liilire  der  llriidermission   in  SI.  Tliomas, 

etc.     .Vieskv,  18H-J.     8vo.     I..'i0.'\lk. 
£<|pii,  C.  II.    The  West  Indies.     L,,  Low,  1880.     l','mo, 

:ts.  (Id. 
Kdwards.  Itryiiii.     History,  civil  and   ecelesiasticnl, 

of  the  liritish  colonies  in  the  West  Indies.    L.  nu.'i- 

ISOI.     .'1  V.     .5lli  e.,  18I!l.     ;)  V.  Svo.     7.1s. 
Evi's,  C.  W.     Wesl  Indies,     L.,  Low,  188!l.    M  e.,  ISlll. 

Sv.  1.     7s.  (ill. 
Iliiwtayiie.    See  We.st  Indian  Y.vuns 
llceiiiskerk.    A,      Keisiiulrukken     iiit    Vt'est     liulii'. 

Ainst.  1187'J].     Svo. 
Hiist,  <J.     Efierretninger  oiii  Oeii  St.  Thomas  og  dens 

(iiiiiverni'lrer  (Notes  mi  the  Island  of  St.  Thomas  and 

its  governorsi,     Khhii    nill. 
FriMule,  J.  A,    The  1  iiglish  in  Hie  West  Indies.    L., 

Lnngnniiis.  Isl  111  ;i.l  e  .  I8SS.     Svo.     ^.'s. 
Uingsley,   C.      .\i    hist:    a   chiistnms    in    the  West 

Imlies.     L.  and  N.  Y'..  Jlaeinillan,  1S7I.     :.' v,     :kl  e., 

1881).     1  V.  Svo.     lis.     f-J.iHI. 
Kniix,    ,1.    I*.     Historieal    lu'eoiint    of    St.    Thomas. 

N.  Y..  Serihner.  IS.V,'.     l-.'nio.     $1.(1(1. 
I.abat.  ileaii  H.     Nonveaii  voyage  au.x  iles  de  I'Amo- 

rii|iii'.     I's.  17-,'-,'.     (i  V.  /Jiiio. 
l.ayaril,   «■.,   .'»Irs.     Through  the  West  Indies.    L„ 

Low.  1S87,     svo.     ','s.  (111. 
Lewis.    M.   G,      Jonrnal  of  a  residence  among  the 

negroes  of    the    Wesl    Indies.     L,,   -Murray,    1811. 

II.  e..  isill.     l-,'iiiii.     u's. 

.Marralt,  ,1.     In  Hie  tropics;  or,  scenes  and  incidents 

of  West    Indian  life.     L.,  Wesl.  Cuiif.  Ofllce,   18;u. 

•,'il  e.,  1S81,     Svo,     Is.  (id. 
^lartiii,    K.      Westindische    Skizzen.      Leiden,    1887. 

Sv,,.     l.-i  Mk. 
Miirlln,    K.   .M.      History  of  the  West  Indies.     L, 

lioliii.  IsKi.     -i  V.  l-.'mo.     7s, 
.'Meignaii,  Vii'tor.   Aux  Antilles,   Ps.  1878,    I'.'mo.   4rr 
Missiitiiary    Uecfirds :    West   Indies.      L..   Rel.  Tr. 

Sue..  1811,     ismo.     Is.  Gd. 
M<iist«r.  W.     Memorials  of  missionary  labour  in  the 

West  Indies  and  Western  Africa.     L,.  Mason.  18.''iO. 

isiiiio.     4s. — West  Indies,   enslaved  and   free.    L., 

Woolmer,  1883.    Svo.     'js. 


WOf 


se 


-.Va^^«.MW:  ■#  v^'■p^.^ 


TRAVELS,  CJBNBRAL 


RULiaiONS 


MiMiri',  Kiii'hi'l  WIUoii,  nii'N,  .Tmninl  'Ini'liii;  ii 
Iciiir  I'l  I  111'  Wi'-I  I  ml  Irs  ail' I  Smiili  Aiim'I  Irii  iii  iMl:!- 
I.     I'hil.i  ,  Kni'ii'ls  Ilk.  A-Mir.,  l-'il  .     l'.'iii«.     #1.1*1. 

Niiviiirtlc.  Ui'liilKiiiM  ill'  i|ii(tlru  vuyuKox  uiill'i'|ii'ls 
|mr  !•  I  '..liiiiili.     I's.  IS'.'S. 

Noi'tiiii,  II,  I'lTsi'i'iillDjisiii  Miiili'im  III  |s|:liiiiil  1h|i), 
Klik'lll  of  one  lllollsiillil  ciiliM'il'.  I.i  lln'  Wrst  llullus. 
N.Y. ,  IMITiJ).     i;ili  1'..  1'<.M,     I'.'iiio. 

OliiT,  I''.  .\,  Camps  III  til)'  I'ai'llilii'cs  :  naliirallsl  in 
III.'  [,i'  .-.I'l'  .\iiiillfs,  I,.,  Ilaiiiillijii,  llosiDii,  Li'i'i';  S., 
|s^ll     sv.i.     I'.'s.     .«',V.")ii, 

Oxliiihii,  I'.  I..  Ill'  ilaiiski'  vi'siliiilj^l;t»  Oits  TIIm- 
IiiimI  i  lii'iii   III  rnpiilaliuii,  Ciiliiir  n^'  r'iiiaiisl'nrl'al' 

llilli;    Mil   llii-  I'uiiilUI r    Illi'   lialH.sh   Wi'sl   Iiiilia 

Ishiiiils  III  I'l'L'anl  III  iKipiilatlnii,  uiilture,  uiiil 
llnaiiri'si.     Klilin.  ITIlt. 

I'litoii,  W.  \.  Diiwii  lli(>  iHlnndx;  a  vovni?«'  to  llm 
CanMii'.'M.      N.    Y.,   Sci'ililifl'.s,    insr.      'Jil   i-.,    IMIHI. 

SVII.       $'J."il). 

ij  •ati-clli'H  [rm'tiil.].     I'll  I'arlsii'ii  ilniis  Ics  AnllllHS. 

V^  I  SSI,    sv,,.    :,  jr. 
Klc'lilor,  T.   !•'.  M.    U.'isc  viiii  Xaiitcs  iiai'li  ili'ii  An- 

ml, '11.     Ilivs.l.  |s;)|. 
ICoi'Iii'I'di'I.     Ili-iiiir"  naliii'i'llt*   t-t    ihdi'iiIl'    iIi-h  lies 

.Miiilli's  ill' l'AiiiiMii|ii('.     IMaiii.  Hliri. 
Tiilbiivs,    \\,   v.     West    Inilia  pii'kli's,  juiii'nal  uf  n 

HJiiti'i'  yai'lit  enilsc,     V.  Y  ,  Carli'tnii,  is—,     lliiiio. 

Triilliipe,   A.      Wi'st  Iiiilies  ninl  lln-  Spanish   :Malii. 

I...  Cliapmaii   ,t    H.,  N.  Y..   Harper,  1S,VJ.     nii  i'., 

lsi;l)       l.'nio.      'Js.  11(1.      $l..')ll. 
UiKlorlilli,  a.  II.     Kiiiani'ipalloii  In  llii>  Wi-st  Imlii'S. 

I,.. ,  ism.     Svii      .  — Wist  Inili.'s.  sni.'iiil  ami 

n'li.'iciiis.      L.,  ,Iiii'ksnii  .v  W,  ISO.".     Svu.     -s.  ilil 
AVikIiIi'II,    II.    >I.      TwiMly  Mini"  years   in   the   Wrst 

lihlii's  aiiil  Central  Al'rn'a.     Ij.,  Nelson,  isii.'i.     Svo. 

UN. 
WbIsiiii,   KIrliil.     Defence  of  Weslevan   inissiDiis  in 

West  111, lies.      1,.  isir      Hvn. 
AVrst,  II II IIS.    Diilratflil  lieskrlvelsenverSI.  Cnilx  ineil 

en  k'irt  ii,lsi>.'t  iiver  St.  'rimnias.  .St,  .I,-an,  Tun, ,1,1. 

Spanislihtwii,  aii,l  ('rali,'iieiliiii,|  ir,inlrilinli,>ns  In 

nili'seriptimi  nt  St.  Criiz.  St.  .lean.  Tnrlolii,  Spairisli- 

tinvii,  anil  ('ral)eii  Islainll.     Klilin.  Vi'.ri.    .Svu. 
West   lixllii  Mission,   wiili  ineidenis  ami  notli'es  of 

L'l, livens.     I'liila.,  .\in.  S  S.  V.,  isiiii.     ismn.    i.'."iL'. 
West  Iiiilliiii  Villus,     lly  X.  l!e,le  Kieorge  llainniond 

Hawtaynei.    (Jeiirf;et,i\vn.  Deiiierara,  IS'.M. 

rrc.ir.i.v 

See  Ckntuai.  Ameuk  a. 

IV.  Hr.i.KiioNS  i>v  MissiiiNAiiY  Lands. 
xnyi'iiuisTr.iy  kkluhoxs  ix  aKXKRAr.. 

Ailiiiii,  Ki>l>t.     The  I'eliu'ions  worM  ,lisp!aVi'(l :  a  view 

of  ilii' lour  irranil  syslenis.     Killnli.  isiil).     :)  v.  svo. 

Ailiiiiis.  II.    Dieliiinary  of  all  ri'li;;iiiiisdenoniliiutii)ns. 

Host.  isir.   Svo. 

AU>i'i'iiiii's  Iiiillii:  reliu'ion.  pliiliwoiiliv.  liternliirp, 
astr,.ii,iMiv.  etc.     I,.. 'rrilliiii'r.  isss.    -j  v.  Sv,,.    :ii;s. 

AlKi'r,  VV.  I{.  Criiical  liishirv  of  the  iloelrine  of  a 
fill  lire  lifi-      N.  Y  ,  .Vriiisiront'.  is;s.     Svo,     #:)  ."jil. 

Aiiilcrsoii,  RasiniiH  It.  Norse  iiiythol,i>.'y ;  or.  Ilie 
fell;;!, Ill  ,if  our  forefathers  Cliieii^'o.  (iri^^^'s,  1st 
mill  '.M  e.,  isr.-i.  Svo.  J-.'.M),  Vikiiiii  tales  I, f  ilie 
North;  Saigas  of  Thorstein.  ele.,  from  ihe  Ice- 
lamlii,'.    Tr.  hv  ().  Stephens.     Chiea'.'o.  liriu'k's,  Isrii, 

I'Jiiio.      S'.'ikl  --Thi-    T i.-er     I'JIila:    also    ealleil 

Siiorre's  K,l,|a,  ,ir  the  prose  Kilila.  with  iiitroilnc- 
tioii.  Moles,  etc.    ('liie.ii.'o.  (iri);>;s.  IsSil.     Svo.     «■,',. "lO. 

Aniiiili'll,  l,i)i<l.  I'railitioii.  iiivtholo;.'V,  ami  the  law 
ofii:iii,iiis      I,,.  Ihiriis.  is;-,'.     Svo.     Ills.  Oil. 

IlHi'iiiu-tioiilil.  S,  Origin  ami  ilevelopnient  of  relij;- 
ions  lielief.  I.,,,  Kiviiitiioiis.  isriU],  j  v,  ii,  i  „  :ss',', 
Svo.  l-'s.— Ciirioiis  iinihsof  Mill, lie  Ak'es.  I,..  Hiv- 
in'_'t,iiis,  ISOT.     II.  e.,  ISdl).     Svo.    lis. 

Uastiiin,  ,V<1.  Zur  eihnisolien  Ethik.  lierl,  IsOO 
:i  Hk.  Uer  Fetisch  an  iler  I'Cilste  (liiineas  aiif  ilen 
ilentsi'hen  KorschiiiiK'  n.iher  KPrilckten  Slalioiieii 
iler  ISenhachtniiK.     lierl,  |ssi,    svo.     ^.  WAIk, 

Ileal,  Siiiiil.  Kosho-hiiiK  tsankiiij;.  See  SACiiEn 
Hooks  oktiik  Kast,  vol.  xix. 

UoiuMlit't,  D.  History  of  all  reliRlons.  Proviilenee, 
IS-,' I,     l-.'mo. 

Ilible  Myths  iiiid  tlicir  I'sii-iiIIpIs  in  othei-  ICelig- 
ions,     X.  Y,,  Uonlon.  iss:!     svo.    JtiKI. 

Ili1>lii>tli6i|iii' <>rii'iital<>,ilielionnaire  iiiilver.sel  .  ,  . 
histoires  et  traditions,  relifrions,  seotes  .  .  .  des 
peiiples  lie  rtlrieiit.     Maest.  17711.     Ko. 

Illicke  ill  die  lli'iden-  mid  Cliristeiiwclt.  lierl. 
1S:W.     -J  V.     I  Sgy. 

niuiitncliii,  ,1.  C.  Alt-Asialiseh  llottes  nnil  Welt- 
iileeii  in  ihreii  Wirkiin^en.    Niirdliiigren.  ISiiC).    liiiiio. 

Bohner,  liitinr.  1st  der  Ketisehisnins  die  iirosiinimr 
liche  Religion  der  Neger  ?    Basel,  ISHS.     Svo.     10  Pf. 


Itriinilt,   W,    Me  Mandaisclie  RnliK'ion.    Lpz.,   ilin 

iii'hs.  Iss'i     s.Mk. 
lli'iiiliiii,  l>,  (i.     .'Myitis  of  the  iii-w  uorM;  fVliibolIsm 

of   Ih"   111    rare.     .\.    Y..    Holt,    l»ti«.     ii.  c,    ls;t), 

I'.'iiio.     «■,'., VI, 

lliirlioii,  ,li'iiii  .\,  lllstiiire  iinlverselle  ,li's  rejlgloim, 
I  Ifeli^'ioiis  de  llmle.  i,.ir  i;,  IVIIeiiin  et  I,,  K,  A, 
,>lllUI'y.  II  K.'li:.-lons  d,'  la  ('li:ll>-  ,lii  'I'hiliet  et  ,ll| 
.lap,,n  par  Cli.  Cassun.  — III.  Kehtfions  de  I'l  leeaine 
el  de  lAmeriiple,  par  SI.  (ieniiaiti  l,e  Hue  IV.  He. 
ligions  ilii  Nord,  iiar  M.  Spa/ier  —V.  Iteiii.'iii>is  de 
la  I'erse,  il,'  la  Clialdee.  el  lie  iCgyple,  par  L'li. 
Cassiiii      I's,  ISII-.Vi      .",  v.  S\i). 

liillilcr,  <t<'<M'K,  Sailed  laws  of  Aryas.  See  Saciikii 
II, „ IKS  oi'  TIIK  Kast.  v,iI,  i'  and  II.  — .Alauii,  (See 
Sacukii  Hooks  ok  riiK  Kast.  vol  •,'.•. 

lliiiKf,  ,1.  T.  laiiy  tales;  their  oriuiii  and  iiieiinlng. 
1...  Maeiiiillaii.  |s7s.     1-Jimi,     ;)s,  ii,l. 

liiiiist'ii.  I),  (ie,  liai'oii.  ii,>d  in  liistiiry:  nr.  progrens 
of  niaMs  faiili,  I..  I.oiik'innns.  1>>()7,  3  v.  svo. 
I.'s,— Tile  angel  niessiah  of  Hiiil,lhi'-is.  Kssenes.  and 
Chrlskiaiis,     I,  .  Longmans,  1SS.1     svo.     10s.  Od. 

Itiirder,  Win.  Ilistorv  of  nil  !'eligiiiiis  of  tlie  world. 
N.  Y  .  1  larding,  1S77.     svo.     Si. •.'.-., 

Iliirge,  l„  .Vrviis,  Semites,  nnd  Jews,  ,Je)iovali  ai  d 
rliiist.      Dost,,  I.ee.  issi).     Mvo.     Sl.,'.0. 

Iliirrell,  H,  ,1.  The  religi,,ns  of  Hie  world:  an  out- 
liiH'  of  the  great  religii. lis  systems.  I'liila,,  rresh. 
11,1    I'lih.,  isss.     r.'nio,     *I,-J."i. 

('iilliiiv»,v,  lli'iir.v  isliK')'  IH74  ll|i.  of  Kiill'riii'iiii. 
.Nnrsei-y  tales,  i  radii  ions,  and  iiisioriesof  llie/.nliis, 
III  Iheir  own  w,,ids,  with  a  Hans,  int,i  Kng  and 
notes,  N.iial.  Spriiigvale.  Hvo.  V.d,  1,  IsiXi  and 
isi;;.  I.,  .  Trill>ner,  Pis,  The  n'ligioiis  system  of 
the  .\m:izi.lii.  ,  Native  w,. ids  an, I  Kng  trans. i  1 
parts,  s\-o,  il'art  1  The  tra,lilion  of  ereaiioii, 
Isiis.  Is  Part  ■•',  .Vnensior  worship,  isi;'.i  is 
I'.irt  :)  |li\iiiaiion.  1S70.  Ig  Part  I  .Me,li,al 
inagieaiid  witehcrafl.  Is7-.  Is.  Ol.i  Nalal.  .Spring- 
vale.     I,  .  Trilliiier. 

ClINsllll,  CIlllS,      Se,.  HfClloX,  ,IkaN  \.,  vol,  .I, 

Ciistiiiiis,  (',  r,     I'll.,  atiriiiiites  of  the  principal  fabu- 
lous ,l,'iii,'s.     l',,rtlaml.  |s||,     Hvo. 
Cliaiitepii'  tltf   la   SiiiiHsiiy*',  P.  I),     r,*'lirbii(>h   der 

It'ligionsge.sciiiohle.      Kreihiirg,   .Molir.     S   v.   Hvo. 

Is  Mk. 
Child,  >liiriii  M.,  SIin.    Progress  of  religious  Ideas 

ihroiigh    sneeessive    ages,      N.    Y..    Francis,   ls,55. 

:i  V    IJmo.    SliKi, 
Churrli,    K.   W.    Sacred  poetry  of   early  religious. 

N,  Y..  Macinillan,  IsM.     isnio.     rjic. 
Civilized  Chrlstiiiiilty.  a  r,  ply  fio  'MiKleni  Chris- 

lianiiy.  a  eivili/ed  lieathenisiii."  by  H   \V,  I'ulleii]. 

I.  , 'I'riiliiier,  Is;:),     n.  e.,  Is77.     Hvo.     Is. 
Cliirlif.  Hyde.    Sernent  aii-l  Siva  uorsiiip,  and  liiy- 

ili,,l,igvin  Central  .Mnerica,  Africa,  nnd  Asia.     L., 

Trilliiier.  1SS'.>.     Hvo,     Is. 
C'lHrke,  ,1.   F,    Ten   great   religions.    Vol.  1,     Host., 

Osgood,  1S7(I.     -J'-'d   e.,    IHHO.     Vol.  2,  ISSl.     5lli  e., 

issii.    Hvo,    Ka.  8-'iKi. 
C'lodd,  K,     Cliildlioiid  o(  religions,  embracing  myths 

and    legends,     1.,,  K'gan   Paul,  is;,",,     l-.'in,,.     .v.— 

Childl 1  of  the  worhl.     I.  and  N.  \..  .^laciiiillan. 

IS7:).     11.  ('.,  IH7:i,     I-.'mo.    :;,, 
routes,    I),     Ciiristiaiiilv   Hi,'    ne-aiis  of  civilization, 

I.,.  S,'.'l,'y,  IS:i7.     r.'iiio,     lis. 
<'olliiis,  .^I.     11,'is  I,ie,l  von  il'-r  weisseit  Lotos.     Lpz., 

liri  'lien.  IS'.io.     sv,i.     l.so  ,Mk, 
Con  WHY,  M,  l>.     Sacred  aiitliologv:  a  book  of  ethical 

Scrijilm-es.     I,,,.  Triihiier,  N.    Y-,    Holt,    1H71.     Svo. 

."'Ill  e.,  1S77.     K's.     «i-,'.(H). 
</'ook,  I''.  C.    Origins  of  religion  and  language.    I.  , 

Murray,  is-^l.     Hvo.     l.'is. 
Cox,  <).  \V.     Manual  of  mythology,  in  form  of  qiies- 

lioii  and  answer      I...  Longmaiis,  isijs.     n.  e..  ISTS, 

l.'ino,       'Is.— Mythology    of    ,\ryaii     nations.      I,,, 

Koiigiiians,  ls7il.     n   e  .  1s;h,     -.'v.  sv(,.    'Jss. 
Crabli,  (Jeo.     Mythology  of  all   nalioiis.     1,.,  South- 

L'al,'.  is|ii.     is'iiio.     :)s 
Daliii,  I',  iiiidTli.    \Vailliallisi'l-.-gernianisi'he(ioiler- 

1111,1    11,'11,'iisagen.     Kreiizn.icii,  !■«-,    Ctli  e.,  IHH,-). 

Svo.     ;i  Mk. 
Diiriiiestetei',   Jiis,     Zend   A'.esta.      Pris.    1    and   4. 

See  'Sai'ie,!  Hooks  of  the  Kast."  vols.  4  and  ■,':). 
Dans,   V,     I  iiiista'iiilelig.   sandfiprdig   Peskr.   ox'er  de 

ii'irske     i'inlappers    Sa'iier.    Skikke.     L''vemaa,|(*, 

Kla-ile.liagt,  H,ili,.'er,  (iiidsdyrkelse    lillagt-  Trol.l- 

(loinskoiisier  III.  V  I  I'arlicnlar  and  trntiiful  account 

of  Ihe  manners,  cnsloiiis.  morals,  cosiiiiiies.  dwell- 

iiigs.  religiun.  and  supposed  magic  of  the  Norwegian 

I'iniis).     ^'.|  (much  im|iroveili  ed.     Khhii.  n.  d. 
Deiiiie.   ,f.    II.    The   worship  of  Ihe  serjient   traced 

ihroiigh  Ihe  world.     L.,  Kivinglon,  IHii).     Hv,,      pjs, 
De  (tobiiieiiii,  ,F.  Arthur.     I.es  religtonset  les  phiio- 

s,ipliies  dans  I'Asie  Ceutrale.    I's.  ISIij.    '.'d  e.,  is6fl. 

Hvo, 
lie    tiiibernntis,   AnKelo.      Z'^olo^cal    nifthology, 

L.,  TrUbuer,  1874    a  v.  bvo.    *is. 


i 


RELIOIONS 


iiao 


RELIOIONS 


Uohlilna.  K.  s.,  iiiiil  Wlllliiiiix,  N,  W.     Kiil'x-  ui«\*; 

..r.  i.l   I  "iMNlij|i      I'hlla  .  Siriiii.'1'r.  I'<N|.   nvh.   J;)  ;.^. 
I>i>il>.    ^liirriiH.       Miiliiiiiir I.    Iliiil<llia.   iiml   ('liri>t. 

I.>liiil>.ati>l  1...  lloiMt-r-,  1^;  I.   4tlii'.,  IMNII.   nv.i    '.^.1)11. 
Ui'iiliU,  II  idiiii'l'i''  liisiniy  iif,  Willi   nil  liii|iill'y  iiilo 

iiMir  n'llk'i"ii  mill  ii-  (•iiliu'iijt'iii'f  Willi  llii-  imti'j- 

aivlHil       1,11.  hllrl.l.  IMil.     Mv... 
Itlipiilii,   Cli.    1''.      (.)iik,-iii    "f    all    I'l'lluliiiis   W(>i'n|iI|i. 

Tniiis.   ridiii    I'r.     Ni'W  <  )ilfaii»    IHTI.     hvo.     ft.(K). 

Kr  orljjiiml.     IS,  KICi.     T  v.,  ami  fi-i-<|iii'hll,v. 
E<l\Mii'ili.  J.     A  i'<iiii|iIi'lK  liisiiii'v  III'  811  rw\  i'<(  all  llii> 

(ll-|.rii^allnlls    .    .    .    Ill'  |-|'li>.rhill,      1„  lllll'.l.      Ililllii. 

Kmi'IiiiiiIuiI   K<'.vk  mill  iillii-r  Oilviital  TiiIi'n,     In- 

liii.liirii.iii.  Iiv    Misn   I'aiilui'.     Ilaltii.,    Kflly,    ls.V.). 

I  'iii.i      -i|..Vl  ' 
l"uUli'«  of  tin-  World;  tli<<  k'li'at  rrllKl'ilH  HyHteiiiH  nf 

ilii'  wiiilil.    isi.  liiliM'  l.'i'liiicH.)    Killiili.  uial  N.  Y., 

lllai'Uw.ioils.  IHHe.     Hvo.     .'iK. 
Faii'liiUI,  V.    Tli>>  Siilta  Nipata.    See  Sachkii  HiinKx 

iir  TiiK  Kaht.  viil.  Ill 
Fll>lu«r,  •!.    1  HiiriilHaf  il<-ii  tliiskt*  lli'ili'iitlil  tilliiri'iiii'il 

I'll  Iti'lia^'liilni;  uvit  iIi'mh  KiiiIiuIiI.  Ml  ili'  skiiml  1  ilil 

sau'ii  iiiiilliiif  iif  Ila-  l''iriiii-.li  lll'allll'lll^^lll,  In^i'lli'T 

with  II  I'liiisiiii'i'alion  1  if  lis  i'i'laliiiiislii|i  to  1  In- Scan- 

iliiiaviaii  Ii'Hi'IhIsi.     llailrrsii'V,  1SH.'1, 
Flxki',  .1,     Mvilis  anil  iiivlli  iiiakfi's.     BoHt.,  ().s;,'..iiil, 

\<-:    r.'iiiu.   s-,Mni. 

Friiili'iiliiii'Kli,  J.  N.     l.iviiiK  I'eliKiiiiH;  nr.  the  Ki'i'at 

I'.'lit'iiiiisiilllieUrioiit.    S.  Y.,  I'lilllips,  IHtfil,     I'Jiiiu. 

S\.M. 
Fi'iizi'i')  iF.  <■.     Till"  k'uldeii  liimt,'!':   a  stinlv  in  I'lun- 

iiaratlvH  ii'lii^iiiii.     h.  uiiii    N    V,,  .Mai'iiiillaii.  InUiI. 

■J  V,  Mvii.     '.'Hs.     fli.'.il, 
Fri'i'c,   Mary,     iii.i    |i an   ilays;  or,    lliiiiliiu  fairy 

IrtjfiiilH  iiiri.nl    ill   Siiiillicrn   Iiiilla.     I,..  Miinav, 

IMIlS.      ;i,l   1',    |.H|.    Svu.      Ts.    Oil.      rilllU.,    I,ili|lllli'nll, 

|si;!<.    rjiiiii.    Sl'.'.'i. 
FrIlH.  .1.  A.     I^ippisk  Myth..|.)i;l.  Kveiityr  iiir  Knlk.-- 

s.iirn  .Lapp  iiiylhijliit;y,  fairy  tales,  ami  f.ilk-loi'ei. 

( 'lira.  \x',\. 
(iiir)lii«i',  iIhh,     Faiths  of  the  worlil.     L,,  Fiillai'tnii. 

|S,"iS  liO.      ','  V,  Kvo,      JKs. 

Olll.  W.  \V.     Mvths  ami  sunns  of  the  Suiilh  I'at'ilii'. 

1...  Kim;,  l**;!!.     Svii.     !)s. 
tiliivkselii;,  Aiiliiii  T,     Alliiiiia.    Nui'iliselie  iiiul  imnl' 

slaui^ehe  iii.Mli..|ok'i''.     I.pz.  l":!!.     syn. 
(>rey  iiixl  Klrek.     Ilaii.llinuk  of  .Vfiiean.  .\iisti'alian, 

ami  r.ilynesian  tlii'iil.i^'y.     Cap.'Cily.  !*.>.     :1  v. 
Oi'ry.   <J.     I'.ilviiesiaii    mvl  lniln;,'*'.   ami   trailitimis   nf 

N.'U  Z-alaml,     I,  ,  Miinay,  Is.",.     Hvu.     Ills.  Cil. 
(ii'iiiiiii,  J.     'I'l'iitiiiii.' iiiylli.il.n,'y.     Traii^l.  willi  ii"li'S 

hv  .1    S.  Slalli'Vliniss.     L.,  Siiiiiiensrlu'iii.  Is;'.i  >.|i|. 

;i'v.  SMI,     Ka.  l.'is. 
Gross,  tl.  II,     Til.'  Iieallien  rell^iiiii  In  its  symlmlioal 

.levi'lnpiiieiii.      Ijiisliiii,   ,Je\velt  i:  Co,  isrilj.      Svo. 

.*l.'Kt. 
(Iriiniltx  It;,  N.  F.  S.    Noiileiis  MyllioloRie  eller  Siinl- 

liilli'ispr.  lu    I' Nurse    iiiythol.i>,'y ;     or.    syinli. .Ileal 

lanj.'iiML'e"l.     ('..p.'iiluii,'eii,  IsilS.    H.l  e.,  isiiil.     .sv,, 
Hiiliii,  Til.    ■rsiini(i..aiii,  the  siipr.'ine  lieiii^  iif   the 

Kliiii  K'hni.     I,  .  Trillinei'.  IMSO.     Sv.i.     Vs.  Il.l. 
Iliiiiiiiierli'h,   .Hurt.  il.     I  ^111    l{aL.'>iai'"kMiiyilieii   mi; 

■  leii^  ll.'lyiliiiiit;  i  ili'M  iiM-iiiinliske  Kelii;!"".     Kliliii. 

is:jii.     Kvii. 
Hiippol.  ■'•     f'i''  AiihlKe  lies  Meiiseheii  ziir  Hell^'ii'ii. 

viiiii  i;ei;einvar1ij;eii  Staiiilpiiiikle  ilei'  V.'ilkei'kiimle 

aii^    lii'tnii'litiH    mill    iiiiiersiiehl.     Itiiai'leiii.    iSTT. 

S\  .  I. 

Iliirilwiek,    riiiiH,      Christ   anil   other   iiiasteis.     L.. 

ISell,   )s-,:,-.-,s.     n.  e..  .V.  v..    IMai'iiiillan.    Is;3.     Hvo. 

J:). INI.     Trailitions.  siiperstitiuiis,  ami  folk  lore.     L,, 

Siiiipkiii'<.  is;-,'.     Hvo.    Ts.  (ill. 
Iliirle/,,  <'.  lie.     r,a   religion   iialioiiale  .les  Tarlares 

orienlaii.v  .Mamlsclioiis  et  M.iiip.ls  eoiiipan''.'  a  la 

reliL'i.iii   lies  aiieieiis  Cliiiiois.   il'apres    les    te.\les 

iiiilit;''''iies.  .  .   .  I's.  ms7.     Kv...     li  fr. 
lli'Htlieii  Mvtliolo);v  IlliiHti'iiteil.     L.,  Willoii|;hl>v, 

LSI',',     svo.     lis. 
How  it  t.  Will.     I'riesteraft  in  all  URen  ami    nations. 

I,.,  I 'hapiiiaii,  !«.'):!.     I'Jiuo.     Gs. 
lOKeiiiiiii,    II.   .'^.     (iriimltriek   til  en   noriNlavisk   oif 

veiiilisk  i;iiilel,i>i'e  0  iiiihn.'s   of   till-   lllylholo^;y  of 

til.'  N..rtliei'ii  Slavs  an. I  Veiulsi.     Kl.liu.  |s-.'i. 
Iiiiiiaii,  Thos.     .Vneieiit    faiths  eiiilio'lie.1    in   ancient 

names.     I,.,  TriUiner,  ISCH  il.     ',' v.  Svo.     liils.     -J.l  .■  , 

|Xf.'-3.  — Ancient  paKan  an.l  moilerii  ("hri-lian  svm- 

holism.    -V.  Y..  lioutDii,  IKIifl.   'Jile..  1S7.").   Kvo.   ?:).iHI. 

—  .\iieieiit   faiths   and   nioilern:    ilUsertatioti    tipi.ii 

w.irships,  lej;eiiils,  anil  ilivinilies.     N'.   Y  ,  Houton, 

IKTii.     Svo.     S.'i.lHI. 
Irelmiil,  .1,    Pa(;anism  ami  Christianity  eompai'eil. 

I...  Murray.  ISa.').     Svii.     I'.'s. 
Jacob!,    Ill-nil,     The   fiania    Sutras.     See    Sacred 

Books  op  thic  Easi.  vol   2'J. 
JnhiiHoii,  S.    nriental  lelitfioiis:  (t)  Imlia;  iQi  China; 

I.Si  Per-^ia.     Host.,  OskouiJ,  IST',',  77.  anil  "«).     3   v. 

Mvo.    Ea.  J.'J.CK). 
Jolly,  JuliiiD.    Institutes   of    Vi.-hiiu.    See   Sacked 


Iloimn    OF   THE    r.Asr,    Vol.    T.  -Sarail,    tie.     Hvt 

StrriKii  Hooks  ok  iiik  Kast.  vol.  *). 
KhIhiIIII    Okiilliiktiiiillliilt.      (Iroiilamlske    Koike- 

-.ak-ii'iii iilamll'..lk  i..i'.'.l    \  'i      (loiilhaali.  IS.-i'.i  lUI, 

;<)-Iulitlfv.  TlioM,    I'alry  in)  IholoLCy.    L.,  Uuliii,  Hunt., 

I,illli-,V  H  ,  Kit).     Nvo.     IM.    ILif). 
KeUiiK.    K.    T.     The    IlliiiKa\ail>;ll«.     See    Sacked 

II.IOKS  iiK  THK  Frt-T.  vol.  S, 

Kflly,  Wiillei'  II.  I'olteeti.iii  of  the  pl'overli.s  of  all 
ii.'ilions.      .\iiilover,    Muxs  ,    Inapi-r,    ISflli.      lUiiio. 

Kern,  II.  Saililliiiriiia  |iilliilui'lka.  See  SAriiKi) 
Hooks  ok  tiik  Kast,  vol.  ••'I. 

K<-vs«<i-,  .1.  It.  Hellt'i.iii  of  tie  Norlhtmn.  'I'rans- 
'laleil  liy  II.  l'eim...'h.     .N.  Y.  1H.-|1.     I'.'iii...     *'.MK) 

Kriluer,  ,1,  C.  .\l.riss  elner  Vei'Kleicheiiilen  liiii'- 
slelliiiii;  iler  i'lillsch  I'erslscli'  nnil  I'liineslschen 
l(i'li>;ion-»ysteiiie,  mi'  steier  KiU'lislchlsnalmiK 
aiif  ille  spUteieii    Heli>;|i.nsriirriii-n.  .  .  .  Klslela-n, 

isr.',    Hvo. 

Kiieiifii,  A.     National  i.-IIkIoiih  anil  iiiilversnl  I'ell);. 

ions,     .llllilieri  lecliires  )     I,,  anil    N.  Y'.,  Williams 

,V-  N..  issj     Sv.i.     Ills.  Il.l. 
KiirtH,    I'ricili'ii'li,     .MlneineUu,'   Mytliolo^le.     I,pz., 

•■'il  I',,  |ssi,    ;  Mk. 
LiilioiilHt  f,    K.   It.    I-.     Fairv  talefi  of   all   nations. 

Tiiin^l     iiv    M.    I.,    llooih.      N.   Y.,    Harper,    Ihli;. 

r.'ni...     S.MKI 
Liiistiiwr,  I..     Has   Itlilhel  iler  Spliiiix.     driindzlU'" 

eiii.'r   MvlliiiiK'esclileliK-.     Uerl..  Hertz,  IMKI.     a   v. 

svo.    ','11  Mk. 
laiiiK.  A.     .Mvtli,  ritual,  ami  religion.     I....  liOiiKiiians, 

IssT.     -J  V.  Hvo.     ais. 
!'<'«>{<-.   Jus-    Texts  of  ('i.iiriiclanlsin.      Set-  Sacricd 

Hooks  .ik  tiik  Kast.  vols,  'i,  Ili,  ','7.  anil  Uh. 
I.eluh,  II.  S.     The  ielici,.ns  of  the  m  .ilil.     I,.,  Trllli- 

lier,    l-*!'.!!.       I'.'MIO        -Js.  Oil. 

L*-iioriiiiiii(.    F.      !Mamial  of    Orieiit4il   liislory.      I,,, 

Aslier,     |H7il.       SMI.     I'Js.— Chalilii'iiii    niiii;ic:    lis 

ori>;iii  anil  ilevelopment.    L..  Ilansiir.  1h;7.     gv) 

l','s. 
I,C'Vi'Hi|ii«-  lie  lliirlKiiy,  .1 .     Hist.. ire  ih-  la  pliilosophle 

pa\. '11111',  oil   seiiliim'iis  .  .  .  siir   Dieii,  ranie.   .  .  . 

I. a  ll.ne.  H'-'l,     ',•  V.  I'Jmo. 
l.lllllelllHIlll.    •lull.    <i.      lii'Si'lilchte    iler    Meilillllt'in 

iill.'i.r  iiiiil  miiri'i'er  Vi'ilk.'r  liii  Slaml.'  .ler  l{..hlieit 

iiii.l  Ciiltiir  vondoit.  .  .  .  Sleiiilal,  17K4-U.').   Tv.Hvo. 
I.ipparil,  <i.     U-L'i'iiils  of  Mexico.     I'liila.,  Peterson, 

I--!;,     Svo       '.'.-II' 
l,lppi-t't,  *liil.     .\Il;;.-iiieliii-  (ii-schii'hie  iles  Priester- 

lliiims      ll.'i'l.  iss.'i.     'J  V.  Sm..  — Ine    HeliKionen  iler 

I'lii-.ipaisi'lieiiCiiltiirvr.lk.'i'.    Heil.  IHSI.     s\,,,    s  Mk, 

I,oli-.elirlil.     lii'liu'i f  the  Hyaks,     lloni;  K.Hii;.  If-i"!, 

I.iililMM-k,   .loliii,   sir.      I  iri;;iii   of   oivill/alioii.      L,, 

l.on„'in,iiii.  |s;ii      .Mh  e,  1H!k1,     Hvo.     |Ss, 
I, liken,    lleliir.     fii.-    Traililioiieii   .les    M.'nsi'hi-nire- 

v.'l.l.'i'hl^  0.1. 'r  .lie  l"r. .ITi'iiliariiiii;  (Joltes  imier  ileii 

lli-iiliii,     Aliinsler.  is.-.il,     Svo.     1  Thaler  le  lir. 
Lyilf).  Saiiiiii'I.     Vi-^il   III  the  secret  sects  of  N.irihern 

Syria.     l„.  Hurst  .iC:  11,.  Is.Vi.     svo.     Ills,  li.l      .\.<ian 

mvsiei'v  in  tlie  liislorv  "t  ihe  Ansaireeh.     L  ,  lliirsi 

\  1!..  Hi'.ii      Svo.     ins.  (M. 
IMiiu;iiiisoii,    Finn.      K.l.laia'ren   of;  il.'tis  I  ijirin.lelse 

eller  ii.i,jai;tii;  l-'reni-^Iiilin;;  af  ile  i;aiiile  Ni.r.ilioefs 

DiK'Hiinuer  .Ik'   Menink'er  0111    Venlens,  llinlernes, 

.Aamlernes,    01;     Meniieskenies    TililMivclse.    Aiiii- 

ilernes    .  .  .  Klihn.  IS-.M-Jil.     4  y.  Hvo.-piiM'a'  Ve- 

teriiiii    l!oiealiiiiii  MytholoKlu-   Lexicon.    Hauniii-. 

IH'.'S.      I  111. 
Miiliiii,  Cii'sar.     I.es  j;rani!s   trails  ile  I'liistoire  re- 

ii;;ii'iise  lie  i'hiimaniii''.     Ps,  ISSl.     hvo.     7  fr. 
Mallet,  I*aiil  il.     Norlhern  iiiiliipiilii-s.     Traiislale.l 

liv  li|i.   Percy.     .\  translation   of   the  prose  Kilila. 

.  ".  .  anil  miles  by  J.  .V.  lliackwell.     I,.,  Holm,  ls|7. 

-^v.i.     .^JS. 
Miiiiiiliiii'ilt,   Willi,      (ierinanische    Jlvthi-n.      H.-il. 

is.-,s,     Svo. 
.'\liilliews,  C      In.liaii    fairv  hook,  from    the  original 

le^'.-mls,     N.  V  .  AII.'U  H'l.is..  IsiiH.     I'.'mo.    JI.7."', 
.'tiaiirice,  F.  I».     l{elii;ions  of  the  worlil,     iHoyle  lec- 

iiiri's.i     L.,  Macinillan,  IH4;.    .Itlie.  1S77.    I'jiiio    .'■-■. 
Mavo,  It.     New  svsleiii  of  mvlliolojjv.   .  ,  ,  Tlie  iilola- 

irv  of  the   pajjaii  world,     Pliila.  1HI5  l!l,     1  v.  Svo. 

'.'.I  .-.,  is:w. 
.Mt'liier,  I'liristoph.     finiudriss  der  Qescliiolite  aller 

li.'lik'ionen.      l,enl(;o,    'JJ    e.,    ]TS7.      Hiino.— Alli;.'- 

ineiiie  Kritische  (Jescliichle  der  Keligiouen.     Haii- 

iiover,  I  Him  7.     ','  v,  Hvo. 
.MilU,    I..    H.     /end    Avesta.     Pt.    3.     See    SACiirn 

Hooks  of-  thk  Fast.  vol.  31. 
Mlliier,  Vincent  L.     History  of  all  rellKloiis  de'ioini 

miiions  of  III.'  -.v.. rill.  with'skelclieH  of  the  foiimlers. 

I'hila.  B.aill-V.V  li  .  |H7I.     Svo,     ija.Tf). 
Mitehell.  .1.  ,'\Iiirray.     The  evidences  of  the  Chris- 
tian ieiii;iiiii.  ...  of  Hiniliiisni,  and  Parsiisiii.  etc 

H.imlmy.  IS.'i'J.     I'Jnio. 
.Moll'at,  .las.  C.    Comparative  hist,'>rj-  of  religions. 

N.  Y.,  Uodd,  1H73-4.     '.'  v.  Hvo.    $3.50. 


i--Tri"'-Bft 


RBLIOIONS 


Ml 


RBLIOIONS 


MolU',     I'nill/,    .1,      Clili'lllrllh-    ili'H    nflill'lltllllllK    llll 

Nrn.lll.'lirri  Kiirii|iii      ],]</.    I"','-,'  .'1.     ■.'  v,  nvii. 
.>liii-hi,    lldii'l.     I>c   I'liHa^'M  (If   l,i    iii'ii^rt'    fMiiir    Ici 

Ml. 'lis  piiiuii  \e%   liiiyfii".     [Uisl.  ilo  I'Acad.  \{'iy., 

v.. I.  .-ll 
Miilli'i',    I'.    Mux.      Till*    r|iiiiilMliiii|ii,      8ei>    Haciiki) 

ll.inKMnK    IIIK  Ka«T,  Vo|h.   1    aihl  ITi— Tile  DIllHlllllll- 
inula.       Si'f    Sai  HKII    lliMiKs    !■►•   TIIK.    KamT,    V(iI      111    — 

VHillr   liyiiinM      Si'i-  Saikkii    IIuoks  hk  tiik   Kast, 

Mil.  .'t!.      lllltlllll'H   (if   II    ilil'llilllllVV  ('»■    lllissiMlllll'liH, 

(•x|iloivi>i,e(c.     I,.  Trill ■,  iwir.     IJiiin.     ;s  11.1.    . 

I,f('llll<'»    oh    MCll'IICI'    III'    ri'llL'lnll.         I.,     I,iillk'lllllll<4, 

ITI.     !*\,i.     Ills.  llll.    Diit'iTi  mill  k'niwili  uf  ri'llu'lmi. 
!..,    I itinii'is,    |s;s.     II.  ,...   |s;i).    sm.     nis.  (ii|.  ^- 

Nulllllll  ll'lltfiiillS        I,.  .   I.iillL'lllllllS.    ISNli,       1 1 IX.  llll. 

^Iiifllrr,  .1.  <t.    li.scliiclili'  ilir  Amii'I'Ii'iiiiIhoIii'Ii  L'r- 

ivluln 1       HilscI,  IS.-,,-,,      Svii.      ■J'.imk. 

.^Iiillcr.  s,    (ii'iiMilti'ii'k  III'  ili'ii   iiiii'iliski-   Mvlliiiliit;i« 

I  iilllliiii  1)1   NiH-s..  iiiylh.ilni-yl,      Kl.llll.  l>-s.'l 
.'Miilli-iia,   il.     Vi'iliiiilisiii.    Ilniliniiiiilsiii,   ami    CTuis- 

iiMiiily  i'iiiii|>ai'iMl,     I'ali'iitla.  |s.v.'.     I'.'iiin. 
^Iiiiiilr.  4i.    (Ill  isilaiiilv  mill    lliiiiliiisni   CDiitnisteU. 

Si-iaiii|iiiri'.  I.s"il     '.'  V.  niiiiii. 
Miii'i'iiv,    A.   S.     .Manual  of  Miytlii>li>k'v.     I..    Aniii'i', 

|s;i.     11.  .■,,  IHM.    Mvii.    [I*.    N.  Y,,  Suiiliiifi-,  IHT."). 

sv.i,     $■.'.■,'.■,. 
MiiHlii't,  IColit.    Ti'liillli'sur  till- ani'leiitM:  iiivtliiilnKy 

i.r  llrsi  a^'i-s.     I,.,  I'aikiT.  |M:i7.     Hvu.     ^<s.  liil. 
.^IttliiiloKicul  Kiilili-H.     Tr      N.  Y,  W    K.  Iii-aii,  IS-; 

I'IiiIh..   I,i|,|iillriilt,   |S  — .      I-Jiilii,      Jl,llil, 

IMylhs,   aiirii'iil    uii'l    iiiinlerii,     L,,    Ui'iiiiii|,'li>ii,    ISIS. 

NMI.       .'Is,   tkl. 

Ni-ulc,  (I.  M.    Storit's  fniiii  li'iilln'ii  iiiylliiiliitfy.     I,,, 

.Masiers.  1HI7.     IHmo,    -Js. 
MI/.Hrli,   Fr.     Die    M iil  ilif  StufiMi  ili-s  ilpfor- 

niliiw      Kli'l.  '|-i»ii'li.-.  |S!m,     1  Mk. 
Nitn-llllilti'til  <sv'.t<'iiis  <>f  Ki'IIkIiiii.     A  sviii|i<>siiiiii, 

I.  .   Nisl"-I.   |SS|-,,      Svi,,      I'.s, 

Noii-CliriHtliiii   l*liiloNo|ihl«>s  Iff  t  lif   Aift*.     iPri's, 

II IV  Tiiu't.,,!     I,  .  li.'l    l'r.  .Sill'.,  isrv      sv.i.     :is.  (ill. 
N'iiii-<'lirlittlaii    KfllKliiiin     nvsIhiiim,      I.  .  S.  I'.  (', 

K  .  N.  Y.,  I'lill.     is;ii  sii.     .-,  V.  iiinio.     '.'s  llll.     Sl.v,-|. 
01(lciilicru:«     ll*'i'iii.      \'iiia\a     Ii'.xis.      S.-f     S.vrui.o 

H.iiiKs  UK  TiiK  Kast,  viiIs.  I'I.  17.  •.M,     (lilliyii  Siitnis. 

Si'i.  Sac  iiKii  lliiiii;s  OK  TIIK  Kaht.  vols.  'Jl  liml  ,•)(>. 
Osliiii'ii,   W  111.     Ki'lij,'ioiis  of  tliH  Moilil,     h.,  Hei.'l(>v, 

IS.-,;,    ijiiiii.    .'is, 
l>iili;nivc.  \V.  (iitVoril.    E«sni-Hoii  Kasteni  iiiii'stiinis. 

L.  anil  N.  Y  .  MiU'inillaii.  1«|-J.     Svn.     S'I,.-hi. 
riiliii<>r,    10.    II.       Tlir   Oiii'a  1,     I'ts.    I    ami   ',".      S..i) 

S,viui:i>  l!llOK^4  iiK  TiiK  Kast,  vols,  li  ainl  '.I. 
raliiirr.  .1.  ^Villialllsllll.     \VA.\    t'olk  solids.     N.  Y., 

s.TiiiiiiT,  |si;;.    svii.    •ii.->.0(i. 
riwliii'i-t,  K.  •'.  .1.   r.     /.oroaslrr.  ('oiiriK'iiis,  ct  Ma- 
in.nn-l.  i-iiiii|iiiii''S.     |l's,|l7s7,     Svo. 
rcsi'li,  Clir.     liiT  liiiii.'slM'^rlir  ill    Ifii   lu'lilnisrlivii 

Ki-lii.'iiMii'H  ill's  .Mierlliiiins.     Kri'llnnv,  IMO.    .Sv,. 

l.'.iii  Ml;. 
l'll<'lilcr<'i',  O.     Ht'llk'ioi,spliiloso]iliiH  niif  gi'srliirlii- 

liL'lier(iniii.ila-<-.     IIitI  ,  Ki-iim-r,  IN;s.     Svo.     •.Mr., 

ISs.'M,     -J  V.     IS  Mk.     Kiik'.  IriiMs, 'I'lie  iiliilosiiphy 

of  i-i'li^'inii  llll  111,'  liasis  iif  Us  history.     L.,  Wiliiaiiis 

&  N'.,  |ssii  ss.     1  V.     |-Js. 
i"lK"tt,  (irviivillc.     .\  iiiaiiiial  of  Sonmlliiaviaii  iii.v- 

liml.i.'v.  roiiiaiiiiin;  a  pupiilar  ai'i'oiint  of  llu'  Iwo 

Kil.Uis  anil  of  till,  rcliu'iuii  111' I  iiliii.     I.    |s.'i;i.     Svo. 
I'i'<-hs<'IIm6,    K.    <I<'.      Till-    ri'li;;i  Ills     lii'l'm-.'    Christ. 

Traiisl.  Ii\  I..  CiirUiaii      I...  Maiiiilion,  N.  Y',,  Sciih- 

iU'r.  isil-i'    Svo.     7s.  i»l.     if.!,7.-i. 
Priisi"  of  till-  VoimmT  Kiiila.     Tr.insl.  from  the  olil 

Xol-s,.  Iiy  Wi'lilii-.      I,..  PiiikiM-ilin,  1S|-,'.      Svo.     .'is. 
I'lirclias,  sniiuifl.     Iti'laiioiis  of  ili..  w.nlil  ami  tlio 

i'i'li>;iiiiis  olisi-rveil  in  all  a^i's  aiul  plai'fs.     I,.  11117. 

l-'ii. 
Itiiilliitr,  \V.     Dm  Wcliaiiianeiitlmiu  uml  shIh  Ciiltus. 

I.i,/.   iss,-,.     Svo.     1.,'iOMk. 
liitwiliisDii,  Geo.     The  contrasts  of  ('hristiaiiily  with 

lii'allii'ii  ami  .Ji'wish  systems;  nine  serniniis  liefore 

the    University    of    Oxfonl.      L  ,    l.iiiiKiiiaii,    isiil. 

Svo       9s. — Dri^in   of    imlions.      I..,    Kel.   Tr.   Soc., 

isr7.     Svo.     4s.  till. 
Iti>ii'iii>nl>iirli,  \.     Die  Kelidioneii  iler  Yiilker.     Mllii- 

elieii,  |ss.-,  S7.     ,-)  V.  Svo.     Id  Ml;. 
Keiil,    ,1.    M,      lEil.l      Diiomeil    reliirions:    series    nf 

essavs  on   preat    religions    of    the   worlil,     X.    Y'., 

I'hiliips  \  II..  |SS|,     pjino,     ?l  .^iil. 
Keiuiisiit,  .leim  V.  A.     MelaiiK'es   posthiimes  il'his- 

tiiire  et  ile  litterutiire  [et  relij^ions]  orieiitule.s.     I's. 

ISl.).    Svo. 
nciiiin,   K.      fttiiiles  dliistoire  rellKieiise      Ps.    ls.-,7. 

Svo.     ;th  e.,  Isiil.     7  fr.  .'iii  o.     Km;,  trans..  Sliiilies 
if  religions  history  anil  eritieisni.     N.  \'..  Carleton, 

iSiil.     Svo,     $•,'..■'1(1. 
K^ville,  .Alb.     Les  reli^'ionsiles  peiiples  lion  eivilises. 

Ps.  IS81.     -l  V.  Svo.     fj  fr.— Heli>,ions  iles  peiiples 

lion  oiviliat^s.     P.-;.  ISSS.     Svo.     PJ  fr.-    I'rolet'oineiia 

of  the  history  of  religions.    Ps.  1SS4,     n.  e.,  issii. 

Transl.    L„  Willittius  &  N.,  1801,    Svo,     10s.  (id.— 


NfttlvMrt-llKlnn^of  Mexleonnd  Peru.    N.  Y,,  Serlh- 

llers.   IShl        pJnio.      JI..MI, 

Kh.VN  l>itvl<U,  T.  U'.  IliiililhUl.Siittns.  Her  SAiiiiti) 
Hooks  ok  tiik  Kast,  vol.  II,— Viniiya  texln.  See 
.Sai  iiKh  Hooks  ok  tiik  Kast,  vols.  IH,  17,  !.1».  I.ee- 
lures  on  ilie  origin  iiinl  Kiowth  of  lellKliiii  iin  IIIiis 
Irale.l  l)v  some  polnis  In  the  history  nf  Imhan 
llilililhlsni.  illlliheil  lei'liires,  |SSl,i  L.,  >Vlllianis 
\-  .N,.  iss|,     (.V,..     Ills.  (ill. 

Hllik,  II,  I  >iii  (ill  nliemli'rnes  ^•aiiile  Tin  ok  livml  iler 
af  saiiiiiie  ei'  lit'vaiel  iimler  Krisleiiiliui'iiien  oiii 
the  olil  fallli  of  the  Ureeiilaiiilei'H  mill  »  hal  has 
heen  presi.rM.i|  in  Clii  isilaiiil,.  i  Khhii  Isi'iS.— 
Kskinii.lske  l''\i.|it\r  iv  Sunn,  livers,  efier  ile  lm|. 
fi'iille  Kiiiia'lleies  iipsknfler  o^-  .Mei|cl..|elser  iKs- 
ipiiimi  tales  aiiil  Irailiiiuiis.  Trarsl.  from  Holes  hiiiI 
infiii'iiiatiiin  fiiinisheil  hy  naih"  storv-lellersi. 
Klihn.  IM'iil.  n,  e  ,  «iili  Biippleiiieiil  on  the  Ksoiii 
iiios.  1S7I. 

Koliirts,  Klleii.  Ileallieii  failles  In  C'hrisllaii  verse. 
1...  Nl.sliet,  isiiii.     Iiinio.     Is  till. 

KdIiIiisiiii,  K.  .1.  l'at;aiiisiii  ami  Itoinaiiisiii  III  Cey- 
lon. Imlia.  aii'l  China,     I,..  Nislii't.  |m.',,-,.     hvo.     .'is, 

Itiillif,  I..  .V.  1  nil  Driiiilerne,  deies  Viiseii  mf  l.ii>re 
I'm  the  Uriiiils,  tlieir  iiiaiiiiers  ami  iloi'irliiesi, 
Klihii,  is-js. 

Kiiwley,  II,     liellnlon  of  the  Afrloaiis,     I..,,  (ianl •, 

is;r.    rjiiio,    :)s  llll, 

Siured  Honks  ol'  tlie  Kust.  Tiaiislateil  hy  larloiis 
(iiieiilal  M-lnilais  ami  e.liieil  liy  K,  .Ma's;  Mllller, 
Klist  ami  si-i-oml  series.  Ox!..  Claremloii  Press, 
1S7'.I  >ii|i|.  Svo,  [N,  W,  .Muuinlllan,  Svo,  J;!.;.')  to 
9x-::>  ea,  ] 
HtniUin  l,it*n-tthivf ; 
Yols.  I  ami  l.-i  The  rpanlshnils,  Traiislateil  hv  K. 
.•*lax  :Mllll.-r.  Ka  «-J  i."..  |s;il  S)  Vols,  ■.'  ami  1 1. 
Thesaen.i I  laws  of  the  .\rvas,  Translaleil  liy  ijeuri; 
lliihler.  Ka  ,*'.'.7'i.  is^li,  issi,  |ss..«  Vols,  .'i J s,  ami 
•,').  I'ahlavi  lexis.  Traiislaleil  hv  K.  W.  West.  ;i  », 
Sll.^.'.'i.  issd,  iss;|.  |Hs-,.  Vi.l.  ;,'  The  Instilules  of 
Vishnu  Traiislaleil  hy  ,liiliiis  .lolly.  ?-.'.7.'').  |ssil. 
Vol,  s,  'I  lie  llliMi.'availk.'ila,  I'le  Transhiteil  liv 
Kasliinatli  TrimliaK  Kelam;  «'.' 7,'i  Iss'.',  Vol, 
III.  The  Iihiimiiiapaila,  I  raiislateil  from  ilie  Pali 
hv  K.  Max  Miiller;  ami  Ilie  Siilia  Nipata,  iraiis- 
hiteil  fn.m  Pali  hv  V,  I'aiisl,r,|l.  •!•.■, 7-1,  Issi,  Vol, 
II.  Ihnlilhi^i  Siillas.  Traiislatril  fnnii  Pali  hy  T. 
\V,  Uli\s-|iavi.ls,  *-.',7.-'i.  |ss|  -  Vols  p.'amCJil,  The 
Sala|iallia  llrahmaiia.  Traiislaleil  hy  ,liiliiis  KL'Ke- 
liiii;.  Ka  T.'i.-.'."i.  |ss.,'._Viils,  |;i,  17,  ami  ■.'0.  Vinavii 
le.xis.  Transliiti-il  riniii  the  Pali  hv  T.  \V.  liliys 
Daviils  aiiil  lleriiianii  1  ilili'iilieru',  Ka  $,*,7"i.  Iss-,', 
IS,s-.',  iss.-,  Vol.  r.l.  Ko  sho  him.' Isiiii-kiiii;  Life  of 
lliiihlha  hy  .\.  Itoillii^allva,  traiislaleil  froni  Suns- 
kril  inlii  I  •hiiiese.  ami  frmii  Cliim'si>  iiiio  KnL'lish  hy 

S iiel    Ileal.     $■:::>.      |ss:i.-Vi.l.   •Jl.  Saililharmn- 

piimlaiil;;! :  or.  the  lotus  of  Ilie  true  law.  Traiis- 
laleil hy  II.  Kern.  ?;i.'.'.-i  lSsi,_Vol.  •,'•.'.  (iainil 
Siiiras.  Traiislaleil  from  i'rakrit  hy  Hermann 
Jail. hi.  S'-.' T.'i.  Vol.  •,'"!.  Maiiii.  Traiislaleil  hy 
lle.ir-  liiihler.  S.-i.'J.I. -Vols.  •,':!  ami  ;)ii.  The  lirih.vii 
Sutras.  Hiiles  of  Yeilie  ilomeslle  eereinonies. 
Traiislaleil  hy  llerin.  nl,lenl„.ri;.  Ka.  S:|^,'.-'i  Vol. 
;l.'.  Vt.ilie  hymns,  Translaieil  hy  K.  Max  Miiller  — 
Vol.  ;l,'i.  Nahiila,  ami  si.mi' niiiiiir  lawl ks  Traiis- 
laleil liy  .lull lis, loll V.  Vol.  .'il.  The  Veilaiita  Sutras, 
Traiislaleil  h\-  11.  'I^hihaiit. 
Clihir.i,  l.it-nihtf  : 
Vols  :i,  hi.  -,'7,  ami  -js.  The  te.xts  of  Confiieiaiii-in, 
Traiislaleil   hy   James   l,eK«e,     4   v.     $1J..10,     IS7B, 

ISS-,'  si(l| 

Vols.     I.    •j:i.  Tiie    Zeiel- Avesta.      Parts    1    ami    -i. 

Traiislaleil    hv  ,Iani.s   Iiarinesteter.      irt.M.     ISSO, 

iss;i.     Vol.   :)l.  The  /.ml  Ave.sia,     Part  H,    Truiis- 

laleil  hy  I.,  II.  Mills,    .*;i.^.'.'i, 
Jfo/o/iami  ilini  Lili'idliici- : 

Vols,  li  ami  il.  The  (,)iir'an.     Parts  1  and  3,     Trans- 
lated hy  K.  II    Palmer.     $r,.-i->.     IS,sO. 
Siiussaye,   I''.   I>.  (  iiaiilepie  de  In.     I.ehrhiieh  der 

Heli(,'ionsk'esohirhte.     Kreihurt;  i.  Hr.,  1SS7-S',1,     3  v, 

Svo,     IsMk, 
,Snxe,   J,    »io(irfe,v,     I'ahles    and    legends   of    many 

eniinliies,     I Sos'i.,  Osgood,  ls7*J.     lllino.     $l,.')0, 
SiiyoHH,   Kd.     .l.'-us  Christ  d'apn'^s  Mahmnet.  oil   lea 
"miiionsei  lesdoetrines  innsiilinaiies  siir  le  ChristU 

aiiis I.p/.  issn.     Svo,     K.'iO.Mk, 

SclieriiierliiM'ii,    M.    K.     .Sacred  .seripliires   of    the 

world,     N.  Y.,  Piiliiani,  IHKJ.     Svo,     J.'i.iK), 
Sclilettel.  .1.  K.  F.     I'eher  den  Geist  der  KeliRiositat 

aller  Zeileii  iiiid  Vr.lker.     Hanover.  ISiO.     a  v.  Svo. 
Soliiiildt.  II.     Noidisk  IMythnlatti  (Norse  mythology). 

.\  frat,'iiienl.     iSehuol  jirogramine.l     Kolding,  IS.'il. 
Srliiniii'ker,  s.   M.     lieliniiiis  of  the  wcirld.     Pliila., 

Quaker  filyPiih.  Co..  IS,'i7.    ade.,  lS.'i!l.    1-,'nio.   S^.'.OO. 
ScliiK'Uler,  \V.     Die  .Vatiirviilker.    Missversiiindnisse, 

.^lissdeiitungen,  .ind  Misshaudhingeii,     Paderl.'om, 

ISSB,    -i  v.  Svo.     10  -Mk, 


!.:3:ii 


lit 


RELIGIONS 


032 


RELIGIONS 


Schiilten,  J.   H.     Coniparntivi"   view   of   reliffions. 

Host..  — -,  ii<;ii.    svd.    — . 

Scliroili'i-,  .1.  II.    oiii  l,a|>|iai'iie  noli  di'it's  fjiitlar  (On 

III!'  Liipps  ami  thoii- piilsi.    Upsiila,  isis. 
Scliiil/.)'.    <«<>ttrri<'<l.      Ih'I'     l,i|iilii'(,'iitT    iler    nltrii 

telUsrhi'ii    llMil    liolillsclliMl    V'ilkt'r   voil     ItMll    '/At- 

Ktaiiilc  ili-i' Si'flHii  iiacli  ili'ni  Toile  Ubeihaiipl.  .  .  . 

l.pz.  IT.W     Svd. 
Scliiiltzc,  F.     liiM-  I'Viisoliisiiui!,  ein  Beitia;;  ziir  An- 

tliiopiilo);ie   iinil    KclinioiisKcsuliiclite.      lipz.    Isri. 

hvo.     7  Mk.— Ili'i'  Ki'tisohisiiiiis,  Aiitlimpi)l(i(,'ie,  uml 

I;t'li;xioTis^t'soliicht*'.     I.p/..  If.'.  1.     S\-i). 
Scliiirf.  T.  v..   lii'siirandsinilirs.  rscpiissc  d.- I'liiBtoire 

sfi'it'Mf  dfs  roliK'ioMs.     I's.  l.sDii.     T.lii)  fr. 
.ScliH^iuk,  Kiiiir.     Mytlicilnjjif  il 'I' Giieelu'ii,  Kiiiiier, 

.  .  .  PcrstT.   (ifniiaiii'ii.  und    Slavi'ii.    Kninkf.  a. 

M    Saiiei'liindt-r.  IM'i-r..').    H  v.  Hvo.     -JT  ..Ik. 
.Scolt,  <'.    N.     l''(iivf;li'iiiiis  of  C'lintslianil.v:    reliKious 

liistciry  of  aiitiipiity.    L.,  Smilli  i;  K..  ISm'.    .Svo.   (is. 
he.vdfl,  KiKliiir.     L)as  EvaiiK'i'lii'iii  vuii  .lesii  in  seiiien 

Vfi ii-illiiisseii  zii  liudillia-safra   mid  liiidillia-lt'lii'i.', 

iiiit   Itiifk'iirlit   aiif  aiidcrt*  iieliKionski't*isL'.    Lpz., 

Hi-fitk.ipf.  ISS'j.    Svo.    ,s  Mk 
.SlH'ii,  Uav.,  aiul  Troyer,  Aiitli.    Till'  Daljistan,  or 

si'iioolof  Mianiifj's  |sfcts].    Tiansl.  from  (lie  origi- 

luil  I'ci-sian.     l"s.  l.si.i.    ;iv..sv(>. 
Sliortlaiid,  K.     Maori  religion  and  niylhology.     Illlis- 

tralt'd  l)y  translations  of  tradition,  etc.     L.,  Long- 
mans, IS'*^.    .*<vo.     :js. 
Simon.   M.,    rAI>l>^.     Lh  cnlte  des  inorts  chez  les 

prinL'ipaux  peoples  anoieuset  iiiodernes.     Ijimoges, 

l^.:i.     1-,'inu. 
Smith,  «ieo.    ReliRioii  of  ancient  Britons.    I,..  Long- 

mans.  ISHi.    '..Me.     Svo.    Ts.  (id.— iSaered  annals,  v. 

H  )    (Jentile  nations.    L.,  Loiisjniaiis,  l.S.V!.   Svo.     I'Js. 
Siiillli,  J.  F.     l''roui   lawn  to  sunrisi-.     Ilevievv  of  the 

I'eliKioiis    iileas    of    mankiml.       House's    I't.    1S7C. 

Iiimo.— Stmlies  in  relii,'ion  midcr  (iernmn  masters. 

1, .  Williams  >v  N.,  issii     lUmo.    ."is. 
Spa/.ler,  M.    See  lifCHos.  .Jk.vx  .^  .  vol.  4. 
Siiuier,    K.    <i.    The  serpent  .symhol   worship  of  re- 

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S-J.--'.-'. 
Steiiier,  H.    Die  Mu"taziliten  oder  die  Freiilenker  in 

Islam.      Ein     UeiiraK    znr    allKemeiner   Culturge- 

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Tliibant,  «i.    Vedantra  Sutras.    See  Sachkd  Books 

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Thorpe,  H.     Northern  iiivtiiolojjy,  popular  triiditions, 

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Ted.     I's.  issi.     i-,>iii.,.     4  fr. 
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Alahaster,  Henry.    Thewlieelif  the  law:  Bmldliisia 

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moilcrii  India.     L.. ,  ISlto.     Is. 

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ii  liiiii  iiiiMdiil    ■•  ' 


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6^5 


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us   lllMU 

olii-ift. 


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nuf  lias 
8vo. 

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■y  piob- 
ihiinie- 

Tiiisley, 

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15s. 

iiislatt'd 
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Wellhausen,  .1.  Skizzen  und  Vorarbeilr-  .  Muham- 
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(iesandtschaften  an  ihn.  Berl.  188!)  ■*  v.  Svo. 
»i  Mk. 

■White,  T.  Comparison  of  Mahometanism  and  Chris- 
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Wolff.  >i,,  l>r.  Kl  Semisi's  BegritTsentwickelnng  des 
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Wolff.  I'll.  Die  Drnser.  und  ihre  Vorliiufer.  Lpz. 
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c   l'tirite^t\tm,  etc. 

AlKer,  W.  R.     Persian    loctrin-  of  future  life.    1864. 

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1804.     See  Zeno  -Vvksta. 
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Edinb.,  Simpkin,  IS,")','.    Svo.    4a. 
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Yai;iia.  I'un  des  livres  rellglenx  des  Parsees  .  .  .  le 

texle  expliipn^.  .  .  .  Ps.  183;J.    Tom.  1,  4to. 
Unniiesteler,  J.    Ormazrt  et  Ahrlman,  lenrs  origines 

et   leur  histoire.    Ps.  1877.    Svo.    i'i  fr.    Also  see 

Zend  .\vf,ota. 


RELiaiONS 


G3G 


RELIGIONS 


»;i 


DiiHal  ir.  Tile  ;  oi-.  sticicl  \vi  iliiiprs  of  niioietit  ri'rsiaii 

|lln|iliiMS        ll'HIlll.   IMS.      'J  V.  hvo.      (Ill    IVisiaii   iiikI 

Knvrlish.  wiiii  i-iiinriHMiIarics) 

I'.l'kllI'd,    I'.  S.       SiM'  /,KM)  AVKMTA. 

<tai'<'iii  Ayiiso,  l''r.  K^tiiiliDS  sdhfi'  el  Orienli',  Los 
pui'hlos  Iniiiios  y  ZoKjiisiro.     Madrid,  \>*'ii.    Svu. 

<i<>lK«'r.   W.       Shi-  /.KM)  AVKSTA. 

OlailiHcli.  A.  Ilcijikli'itiis  1111(1 /oroaslcr.  I.pz.  1S.")8. 
Svd.     •.•j  |"f. 

llal'lt'Z,  C.  (If,      See  /.KM)  AVKSTA. 

lluiiK<  .'Martiii.  Li'iMiiif  on  an  original  spi.i'li  by 
/.oron.-ti'i-,  Willi  ri'iniii'Us  on  liis  aw-  l!oMihii>, 
isii.").  Svo.  Kssays  on  llic  sacred  lan».'iia».'i',  wi'it- 
iiij^.  and  religion  of  I'arsci^.  lionibay,  LSI',*,  ',M  c, 
T, .  Ti'i'ibmM-,  and  N.  V.,  UoiikIUoh,  lt'T!<,  Svo.  lUs. 
«l.:)0. 

Hoclty,     Ariiolil,      Zoroastef    untl    si'lii    Zeitalter. 

l,iilll'l)ll|-l.'.   l*^'''''.     Svo. 

If<>v<'lii('(|iie,  Abi'1.     Le  Chieii  (lans  l'Av(?sta.     Les 

soins  (|iii   Ini  sont  (Ills.     I's.  1S70.     Svo.     '■i.'iO  fr. — 

I/Avcsia,  /.oioastre  et  le  Mazdfiisme.     Ps.  1ST8-80. 

•,'v.  ,Svo.     lU  fr. 
Hyde,  Tlioina.s.     Ilistoria  relinionis  vi'tei'uni  IVisa- 

riini.  ('oriini(|ii(' inuKoriini  iibi  Zoroastris  vita.  .  .  . 

(.ixon.  riKi.     Hto. 
Joliiisuii,  Saiiil.     Oricnial  religions.     IVrsitt.     Bust., 

I  isp.od,  isrs.")  |1SM].     Hvo.     §.-).(X). 
JiisM,  I'.     SiM' /.KM)  .VvEsrA. 
Kui'Hkii,  1),   Kiiiiii.ji.     History  of  tlie   Paisis,   tln'ir 

inanni'i-s.  cn.sionis,  rfb;;iun,  and  iiroscnt   iiosilioii. 

L.,  Sinilli  ,^  K.,  lt^58.     1  vol.    n.  c,  Macinillan,  18,S4. 

'J  V.  Svo.     8i)s. 
Kleiiker,  Joli.  Fr.     Aiibang  ziim  Zend  A  vesta.    Lpz. 

irsi  3.    u'v.  4t  ..     UTh.  I-.' (Jr. 
L,!i7.Hru8,  M.  K.    The  Zend  Avesta  and  solar  religions. 

N.  y,  18.V,'.     Svo. 
Lord,  Henry.     .V  discoverie  of  tile  seet  of  tin' Hani- 

iins;  llieir  liislorv.  law,  litiirKie,  etc.     [Kelif;ioii  of 

the  l'ar~ei.'S.]      1,.  Iti.'ill.     4to. 
Mciiiiiit,  J.     /.oroasliv.     Kssai  siir  In  philosophie  re 

lit'ieuse  de   la   I'erse.     I's.  lS-14.     Svo.     Ud  e.,  1S57. 

3  fr. 
IMitelii'll.     iMipeiTon's  ceremonial   system  of  Zoro- 
aster,   li.piiiiiay,  in."it). 
3Iolil.  ,1.     Frasiiiii'iits  relatifs  il  la  reli^'ion   de  Zoro- 

astre:  e.\lraits  des  inaniiserits  persans.  .  .  .  Text 

of  lirst  two  parts  prepared  by  J.  (Jlshansen.    Ps. 

is-,'il.     3  pts,     Hvi). 
Murray,  tl.  .Miteliell.    The  Zendavesta  and  the  re- 

liKiinis  of  thi'  Parsees.     L.  IWl. 
>'>i<>ri>ii.     Piirsee   relitrioii.     IMU^.— Manners  and  cus- 

toMis  of  piiisi-es.    m;-i. 

Tsavalkar,  ^i,  K.  Inquiry  Into  the  Parsi  religion, 
lionibay.  I^TU.     Hvo 

Nelson,  John.  Doetriii"  of  Schooah,  addressed  to 
the  Parsees.     Ediiib.  1847. 

Perron.  A.  dii.  See  Zend  Avesta.— I^ettre  il  — - — , 
dans  Itninelleest  eonijiris  rexuiiieii  desa  TradnctioU 
lies  livres  allribiiC'S  il  Zoroastre.     |  Ps.]  17'71.     Svo. 

Pietraszewski,  I.     See  Zknd  .Xvk.sta. 

]'u|ie,  .J.  A.  The  Anlai  Viraf  Naiiieh;  or.  the  reve- 
lations of  .\rdai  Viraf,  From  the  I'eisian,  with 
notes,  etc.     ].,.  ISIO.     8vo. 

lilinde,  Job.  O.  Die  heiliire  Sap'  iinil  das  (iesainiiite 
HeliKionssvsteni  der  Alien  Haktrer.  Meiler,  iind 
Perser.  od'er  des  Zendvolks.  Fraiikf.  u.  M.,  18'J0. 
Svo.    -JTIi    IfKir. 

Spiegel,  I''.  Ziir  Interpretation  des  Vendiilail.  I,pz., 
Kni-'elnianii.  ls,')4.  8vo.  in  s^m-.- Einleilmitr  in 
den  triiilil.  Sehriften  der  I'arsen.  l.pz..  Ent'el- 
niann,  IWii-GO.  •,'  lide.  8vo.  -i.-M  Jlk.  -  I'onimeiitar 
iiber  die  Avesta.  1  lid.  I)er  Veiididad.  Lpz.. 
En«elniann,  1?<(>I.  8vo.  :i:M  Jlk.— Also  see  Zkxd 
Avesta. 

StimB,  M.  Laniiiiajre,  writings,  and  relitrion  of  the 
Parsees.     I,.  is;s     .Sv,,. 

Tiele,  (',  P,  He  (lodsdienst  van  Zarathiistra  van 
h.'iar  oiitslnaii  in  Maktrii'  lot  de  val  van  liei  (liid- 
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^  iiilers.  J,  A.  I'lagniente  iiber  die  Keligion  des 
Zoroaster.  .\iis  dein  Persiselien  iibersetzt.  .  .  . 
Hntni.  IS.!1.     Svo,     1  Th    1  <ir. 

\V<'<lcr);;>iird,  N.  I.,     See  ZExn  .\ vesta. 

Wliilney,  W.  I>.  Oriental  and  linguistic  studies:  the 
Veda,  Hie  Avesta,  etc,     N,  Y,,  Scribner,  187S,     n.  e., 

is;,-,.    Svo.    $•,'.,'■.(1. 

Wilson,  John.  The  Parsl  religion:  as  oontnined  in 
the  Zend  A  vast  ra,  and  ,  .  .  dereiiiled  by  the  Zoro- 
astrians  of  India  and  Persia,  refuted,  etc."  lionibay, 
and  i,  ,  Allen,  IS|:).     svo.      Ills. 

Windlsehniiinn,  F.  prsagen  der  Ariseben  Viilker. 
Milnchen,  Franz,  lS,":i.  4to.  (i  gr.  — Zoroaslri.selie 
Stndieii.  Abhandlnng  zii  Jlythologie  iiinl  Sageii- 
geschiehte  des  alten  Iran.  Iterl.,  Dilmmler,  ISO.'). 
8vo.     'J.-JOMk. 

Zeiifl  Avestii,  TrimsliitionK  ol': 

Ilartiioloniiie,  C,     Die  liallwis  iind    lieiligen  Oe- 
bete  des  altiraiiiselien  Volkes      Met  rum,  Text, 


flramniatik,     nnd     \Vortverzeichni,ss.      Halle, 

IsVil.    SVC.     r)Th. 
nieeek,  A.   II.     .\vesta:   the   religions   books  of 

the   Parsees,      Fi'ini    Prof.   Siiiegel's    (i-rnian 

translation  of  the  original.     L.  and  Heitford, 

ISill.     :!  v.  Svo, 
Dariiiesteter,  J.     Sac' ')   PooKs  op  'i]tv  East. 

vols.  4  anil  -SI     (ixf    md    N,  Y.,  Ui  ,   Pi      ls7y 

anil  .'    Svo.     Kiieh  J-.'  , 
Kekiird,    F.   ,S,     Zni"     \     isla.      Ornn  <.  1  s  1  l),ri. 

(liges  Won    an    /  pi     i-     r.     In  ciai  ii    Siisziig, 

nebst  einer  Dii  sieli  ,  .»s  PeluicUi  '    !enis 

der  Parsii,.     (i  .ils'  ,  !  1.  .'',"<9.     Svo. 
Oei^er,  W'.,  l>r.     Die     r  i  er-i.in  dea  ersten 

Capiii  ii  des    Veiidiibi        i.  '  a.'.gegebeli,  uebst 

(leiii  \  ersi;eh  finer  ei.s  ,.-ij    Lebersetzung,     Kr- 

langeii,  IS'.  ■,'.     .'iM).     :t  'I'l  . 
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ustri<ine,  tradiiil    dii  texte  Zend,  aeeoniiiaginj 

.  .   .  d'niie  inl.iidiiction  de  la  religion   Mazilt'- 

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1  vol    ai  fr. 
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raiisgegebeii    traiiseriliirt,    iilui   iiber,setzl.  ,  .  . 

Lpz.  ISIIS,     Svo,     1 1  Th. 
Perron,    .\.   dii.      Zend    Avesta,  .  .  .  Tradiiit   en 

Frani'ois  siir  I'origiiial   Zend,  ,  ,  ,  I's,  liTI,     U 

toiii.  Ill  :<  pts.     4lo. 
Pietraszewski,  I.     Denlsohe  verliesserte  I'eber- 

setziing    der    Hiielier   des    Zoroaster,      Herliii. 

ISOt,     Svo,     iiTIi, 
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Parseii,  ,  ,  ,    L'ebersetzt.       Wieii,     185',''U3,      3 

Pile.     Svo.     B  Th.  •,'.")  (ir. 
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ligioiis  books   of    the    Zoroastriaiis.     Ed.   and 

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Ancient  and  Modern  History  of  Cliina  ;  its  gov- 
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,   .   .    L,  I  Sill.     Svo, 

IJeal,  Samuel.  Travels  of  Fa  Hian  nnd  Sung  Y'ling. 
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Uii  iVose,  llaniiidfii  «'.  Tlif  dragon,  iniaL'e.  and 
demon:  or.  ili.'  three  religions  of  China  -Coiilii- 
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\    Y.,  .\rnistiong,  ISSt;,     Svo.     7s.  Gd,     J'J  bH. 

Edliins,  Jos.  UcliL'ion  in  China,  L,,  Triibner,  Hosl. 
Osgood,  IS.V.I.  :lil  f.,  ISSl,  svo.  7s.  Ciil.  pi.W.- 
Chinese  Puddhism:  sketclii'S,  hislorieul,  descrip- 
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popular  aspects  |iii  Cliina],  L.  and  Hong  Kong, 
1871.    4to.    5s. 


IMMta 


■IMMI 


HUB 


RELIGIONS 


687 


HISTORIES 


JlMsln. 
I*'  ■-'••; 

lUlM 

mill' 
|i.li;i\ 

IlinSt. 

.r,ii.  - 
kcrip- 


Kiii|iili'<-r  iINeud.i.  Siicivil  b<ioUsof  C'liiiui.  Slmii;; 
liiii.  l>sosi|ii.  Mvo.-Stiite  religion  of  L'liiiio.  Slmnu- 
Imi,  is^l.    hvi>. 

I'iiIht,  i;.  Iiificst  iif  till-  doctrines  of  ConfiioiiH,  ae- 
uiinlln^  to  llie  Anrtleets.  (ireiil  lenrniMK  hikI  iIik;- 
trine  ot'  i!>e  .Menu  With  ititrodtii'tinn  upon  C'oii- 
fiiriiis  am.'  Cluiit'iieianisni.  'I'raiis.  Iiv  (i.  von 
MiilliMidni  f.  1..,  Trilliner.  isr.'i.  ^vi>.  '  1','s.  (I.V-  - 
Ind'oilni'lion  to  the  si'ienee  of  Cliinese  ri'lik'ion. 
I...  ■I'rilliiier.  IHSII.  Svo.  Ts,  lid.-Tlie  mind  of 
M»*iu-iiis.  .  .  .  l*'i'oiii  tlie  tu'i'iiian.  .  .  .  lly  A.  |{. 
lliili-hiiisoii.     N.  v.,  Il.iii(,'liion.  iw.'.     Svo.     $:i,5ii, 

Griiy.  .Iiiliii  Henry.  I'liina.  History  of  laws,  niaii- 
lieis,  Mild  cnsioins  of  tile  iieoiile.  1m1.  Iiy  Win.  1). 
(iriV'or.  I,,  and  N.  Y..  Maeiiilllan,  ISTS.  3  v.  Svo. 
:i-'s.     JlO.iiti, 

Hii|i|>el,  .1.  Die  nitcliinesiselie  Keiclisreligion.  Lpz. 
l^s■.^     Hvo.     1  Mk. 

IIiili'liiiiHon,  A.  II.  Cliinese  philosophy.  Hong 
K'Miir.  iMti).    ^vo, 

iloliiiKoii,  .S.  (irieiilal  religions  and  their  relation  to 
iiniveisal  religions.  China.  L.,  Triibner,  liost., 
•  i.sgoo.l.  is;r.    Svo.    -J.'is.    J.-i.on. 

Jiilieii,  Sliiiiisliiiis.  Meiig  Tseii  vel  Meneiiim  inter 
stiieiises  pliilosoplios,  in^enio,  doetrina,  nominisqiiH 
elariiate  Confiieio  proxinmin.  .  .  .  l.utetiie  I'ari- 
sioiiini,  IS'-M-ll.     •,'  V.  sv.i. 

I'OU«:«.  »l.  Nolion.s  of  Cliinese  coiiceriiing  fJod  and 
spirits.  1...  Ward.  is.-,-.'.  Kvo,  ^s.  (i.l. -Chinese 
elassies.  L.. 'I'liihner.  lio.st..  lliird  ,t  M  ,  IWd  s(|(|. 
;■  v.  Svo,  Kaeh  -l-Js.  S-l'i".  ■  Life  and  teaehiiigs  uf 
Coiifiieins  Vol.  1  of  I'hinese  irlassies.  1,.,  Triili- 
ner.  ISUI.  Cth  e..  1SS7.  1,11,1  I'liila  .  Lippineoit.  Svo. 
Ills.  lid.  $  I. IK  I.  — Life  and  worivs  of  M.-iieins.  1.., 
Triiliiier.  is;."i,  Svo.  U's.  -Heligions  of  Cliiiia  :  Coii- 
fiieianisin  and  Taoisiii  lieserilieil.  I,..  Ilodiler.  ISSil. 
,Svo.  lis.  N.  Y..  Serilini'r,  ISSl.  J:. .Ml  Christianity 
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LiKiiiiis,  A.  W.  Confnciiis  and  the  Chinese  elassies. 
S.  l''r..  Uonian.  1807.     IJ 9].M. 

Miiliiii,  .S.  C.  Who  is  god  in  Cliina.  Sliing  or  Sliaiig 
Tf.  I.,.  Hagster,  1S.M.  Svo.  Ts.  lid.  Threefold  San 
Tsze  King.     L.,  Niitt,  1H.V1.      Svo.     Js. 

MBiiK-'r/.i".  I.ehrliegriff  des  rinlosopehn  Mencins. 
Klherfeld,  isrr.     Sv,) 

Miirliii,  W.  .A.  I'.  The  Chinese:  their  edneatioii, 
pliilosophv.rtiid  letters,  I,.,  'rriiliiier,  N.  Y'.,  Harper, 
|s-l.     1,'nio.     Ts.  lid.     $1  ;,-,. 

."^lathesiiii.  If.  Nainral  elements  of  revealed  theol- 
trjY.  (Coiifneiaiiisiii.i  i  liaird  lecture. I  L.,  Nisbet, 
Issi.     Svo.     (is 

MedliiirsI,  W.  II.  Traiislntion  of  Slioo  King.  L., 
Sii'nv,  ISIS.  Svo.  1  Is.  -China,  its  stati.'  and  pros- 
peels,     r...  Snow,  Is.'iS.     Svo.     1-,'s. 

I'laeinkiier,  It.  v<iii.  Tehdiig  Yong,  Der  nnwan- 
delliare  Seelengnind.  ,\iis  deiii  Chiiiesiselien, 
I,pz  .  lin^ekliaiis.  isrs.     Svo      ti  Mk. 

SiK'ixd  ISoiiks  of  Cliiiiii.  See  .'^AOiiKD  Books  OF  THE 
Kast.  vol,  .). 

SeliliiKintueit,  K.  Hiiddhisni  in  Thibet,  L,  Triibner, 
isiio.     n   e.,  1S,S-J.     Svo.     4-'s. 

AVatt^Ts,  T.  tablets  in  a  temple  of  Confucius. 
Shanglmi.  isill.     Svo. 

AVilliiiiii.s.  Siiitil.  W,  'I'helMiddb'  Kingilom;  n  survey 
of  tlie  geography.  governniHiit.  edneatioii.  social 
life,  arts,  religion,  etc..  of  the  Cliinese  empire  and 
its  iidiabitaiiis.  N,  Y.  and  I,..  Wiley,  ISIS.  -J  v. 
•Jd  e.,  N,  Y.,  Scribiiers,  I,..  Allen,  1S83.  Svo,  $',),(X). 
r.'s 

WonlsHorlli.  AV.  The  ehiircli  of  Thibet,  and  the 
historical  aii.-ilogies  of  Itnddhism  and  Christianity, 
.\  li'ctiire      l.ombay.  isit.     svo. 

Yates,  M,  T.  Ancestral  worship  and  rnng-Shiiy. 
Shanghai,  IStJT,    Svo,     .5s. 

'■I.   Oriiiifiil  Clirixtiitnilj/. 

Avrll,  ,\.  il'.  Iiociimciiis  relalifs  aiix  eglises  de 
I'l  ifjcnt  et  i\  leiirs  rapports  avee  Kome.  Ps.,  ISli-,'. 
3d  e..  iss.-,,  Svo.  '.'..Ml  fr.— I.es  hier.'irehies  et  les 
langiies  litiirgiipieseii  1  liii'iit.  I's,  |ST(i.  svo.  1  fr, — 
Saint  Cyrille  et  Saint  Melliode.  Premiere  liitte  des 
.Mleniandseontre  les  Sl,ives.     Ps  Iss.-),    liinio.     .'i  fr. 

i(ii7.»roll'.  A'.  Hie  linssi^rlic  orlhodoxe  Kirclie.  Km 
I'mriss  ilirer  Kntslidiing  iind  ilires  I.eliens.  Stiittg. 
is;:i.     Svo.     1  Mk. 

llJerriiiK.  N.  The  offlees  of  the  i;)riental  chiireh. 
.\.  v.,  Randolph,  iss,--,,     svo.     J'.'.ili). 

IOiist<'rii  I'liiireli.  The  orthodox  eonfessimi  of  the 
Catlmlie  and  apostolic  Kaslern  elinreli,  failhfiill.v 
traiislaied  from  the  originals.     L.  17W.    Svo. 

GiiKariii,  I.e  K.  P.  1/eglise  riisse  et  rininiacnlee 
Conception.     Ps.  isro.     l-.'ino.     I..'j0fr. 

GaHH,  \V.  Syinbolik  der  tirlecliisclieii  Kirclie.  lierliii, 
I8?i.    Svo.    TMk. 


<ireek  anil  Kiistern  Cliurelii-s,  their  history,  faith, 

and  woi^hlp.     1,.  IIS.V!  J     lliiiio. 
CJreek  Cliineli,  The.     .V  sketch.     L.,  Darling,  1S50. 

1-Jino,     Is, 
llciirti,  A.  I'.     Unssiaii  elnirch  and  liussiaii  dissent, 

1,,,  l,.ov.  N.  Y,.  Harper.  1SS7.     l-.'nio,     liis.     $1.:.-). 
Holy  Kasterii  ('liiiieli  ;  its  history,  doctrines,  litur- 
gies,  and    vestments.      By  a   priest  of    the   Kiigl. 

church.     Preface  by  Dr.  l.iltledale,    L.,  Hayes,  1S70. 

Svo.     .-is.  lid. 
Kiniiiiel,  K.  >l.     MoniMiieiita  lidei  ecclesla^  orientalis. 

.Iciia.  Hoc-hlianseii.  1st:!.     •-' v.  Svo.     3  I  11.  ai  Sgr. 
King,   John.      Kites  and   eeremonies  o(  the  tireek 

clnircb  in  Russia.     1..  \'t\'-l. 
King,  ,loniis.    'I'he  Oriental  clinndi  and  the  Latin, 

N.  Y,.  Randolph.  I,sii.-,.     iBnio.     $l.7.''>. 
I,ees,   ,1.    C      Ihcck    cliiirch.      iSt,   (files,  cathedral 

ehiiri'h  of  Kdinbiirgh.     Lectures,  series  I. ;     lOdiiib. 

ISSI.      Svo. 

.Aliieller,  .J.  Siillc  rela/ioiii  dclle  eitta  Toscane  coll' 
I  iriciiic  Crisliano.     Kireiize,  1S7!I.     4to. 

Nellie,  J.  :*l.  llislorv  of  the  holv  Kastern  cluireh. 
i.  .  M.istcrs,  N,  V,,  l',,|t.  IS.MI.    -J  v.  Svo,    4lls.    SpJ.IIO. 

I'ierling,  Kome  et  Mo.scoii  (I.V17  l.'i;',>'.  I's,  18S3. 
ISiiid.  'J..')!!  iv.-  -Un  nonce  dii  pape  en  ^loscovie, 
pivlimiiiaires  dc  la  ireve  de  l."iS-.'.  I's.  l,ss|.  ISmo, 
•.'..">nfr.--Le  Saint -Siege,  la  I'ologneel  .Moscoii  (ISSV- 
l.".S7i.     Ps.  ISS.-,.     iSiiio.     -.'..•id  fr. 

Koziiven,  I.e  K.  1".  L'eglise  Kiisse  et  I'eglise  Catlio- 
lii|iics:  li-ltres.     Ps.  lS7ii.     pJmo,     L.TO  fr. 

Scliati',  I'll.  Creeds  of  Christendom.  N.  Y.,  Harper, 
1...  lloilder.  ls;7.     :i  V.  svo.     $1,5.011.     ;.Ms. 

.Stanley,  .\.  I'.  Leclnres  on  the  history  of  the  Kast- 
ern eiiiireh.  I,.,  .51nrray.  N.  Y.,  Seribner,  ISGl. 
■lib  e.,  l.sii'.l.     Svo.     1-,'s.     S-.ri*'. 

Tiinilini.  Kind"  snr  la  ipiesiion  religieiise  de  Rn.ssie. 
I.e  l':ipc  dc  Rome  et  les  papes  ile  l'eglise  orihodoxe 
d'dricnt.     I's.  ls;i!,     1-Jiiio.     1  fr. 

V.  nisTiii;ii-:s  OF  .1//.S.S/0AW. 

(Handbooks.  Cyelopicilins  and  liazetteers.  Manuals, 
Tract  and  Biblr  Societies.  Dcnomiiiatioual  ami 
Special  Missions.) 

1.  Roman  Catholic  Missions. 

Actes  des  .Apotres  Modernes.  Relations  episto- 
lairesdcs  .  .  .  missioiiaires  Catholiipies.  Ps.  1S,5',>. 
I  V.  l-.'mo.     1 1  fr. 

.Allies.  T,  \V.  Kiitslehimg  iind  I'ortbildiingdes  Chris- 
Iciiihiims      Miiiisicr.  ls;o.     Sm.     ^,r)iiMk. 

Andr^'->Iiii-i»',  le  K.  I*.  Missions  Domiiiieaines  dans 
I'exireme  lllielil,      Ps.  lS(i5.     ^  V,  PJlllo.     «  fr. 

Areso,  .loseph.  Manuel  des  niissiouaires  Francis- 
caiiis.     I's.  lSli.5.     Ismo. 

Arnioiry,  N.  Histolic  des  missions  eelobres  dans 
tons  les  pays,     I's.  isti-,'.     ICino.     '.'."letm. 

Iteloiiliio,  Paul.  Hictionnaire  ;;i'ncral  et  complet 
des  pcrseciiiions  soiitTertes  par  I'Ku'lise  Caiholiipie 
clcpnis  .Icsns-Clirist  jnsipi'a  iios  jonrs.  Ps.  1S.">I, 
■-'  V.  svo.     Hi  fr, 

Hergier,  .1.  II,  Jlannel  de  la  mi.ssion.  Ps.  lS(i:i, 
|smn,     .■uletiii, 

liertraiid,  .1.  De  la  formation  dii  elergc  indigene 
d.iiis  les  missions.  I's  isi7,  Svo  -  La  mission  dii 
.51,-idnrc.  d'a  pres  lies  doeimieiilsined  its,  I's.  lS47-5(. 
4  V.  S\ii,     i.'l  fr,  —  l.ctires  ed'tiaiites  et  ciirienses  de 

la  iionvclle  mission  dii  Maiiine,    Editees  par . 

Ps.  isii.-,,     -J  v.  Svo     s  fr, 

Ilesser.  W.  I'\  Der  !\lissionar  iind  seiii  Lohn:  oder 
die  l''riiclite  des  Kvangcliums  in  der  Siidsce.  Halle, 
IS.",-,'.  Vd  e.  Svo.  luSgr  i^lii  cineiii  .\iiliange:  Die 
I'raiiz. .>cn  iiiid  die  .lesiiitcn  in  lU-y  Siidsec.i 

Iligot,  ,lae<|iies.  Relation  de  ee  .  .  .  de  pins  re- 
m.iniiiable  dans  le  mission  Abnaipiise  de  Saint 
.Toseph  de  Sillervet  lie  S.  Krani;ois  de  Sales,  lUS."). 
Ps.  1S.5S.     I-Jino. 

Iloiirgoing.  Histoire  des  missions  d'Aiiicriiine.  Ps. 
!li."il. 

Hressaiiy,  I".  -1.  Relation  abregee  de  qnelipies  mis- 
sions des  Peres  lie  l,-i  Coinpagnie  de  .Icsiis  dans  la 
Noiivcllc-Franee.  Tradiiite  de  I'ltalieii  par  .J, 
llartin,     :\Ionirei\l.  is.v,'.     Svo. 

Hriiiio,  A.  I.e  iiliime  scoperle  .\fricaine  e  Popera 
dci  missionari  Caltoliei.     Momlovi.  Issi,     Svo. 

Cai-iiyoii,  I*.  A.  Relations  incdiies  des  missions  de 
la  Conipakoiie  de  .Ii'-sns  a  Consiantinople  el  dans  le 
LcvMiil  an  .W'll' siccle.     I's,  isiii,     svo,     I  fr. 

Charles,  reri'.  Histoire  abreg"'  des  missions  des 
I'crcs  rapiicinsde  Sav..ve.  Tradiiite  en  rrani;aise 
l>ar  lidcl.-  Talissien.     I's.  I,s|i7 

Charlevoiv,  r.  I'.  X.  ile.  Histoire  di-  I'ctablisse- 
mcnts.  des  progrcs,  et  dc  la  d.'cadencc  dii  Christi- 
aiiisme  dans  rempire  de  .Japon,  Roneii,  1715.— 
Hist. .ire  dii  I'arau'iiav.  Ps.  17.50.  3  v.  4to.  Eng. 
ti'.'insl.     L.  I7iili.     ','  V.  Svo. 

Clionaiietz,  J.  Die  Missiouen  der  Kalholisdien 
Kirche.    Neisse,  1855.    lOmo,    8  Sgr. 


II 


RISTORIBS 


638 


HISTORIES 


Unbliiii,  Uclalioii,  dc  ce  .  .  .  dc  plus  rptnarqimtili- 
mix  iiilssiiiii^  ili's  IV'ivs  ill'  III  ('Diiipnenie  (li>  Jrsiis 

I'll  Ndiivriii-iriiiici',  itiia-iii;;).   rs.  ihou    sio.   aiki 

N.  v.,  shell,  IMid.     Mvd.     iJllKI.— Hi'laliiHi,  i-lc.  .  .  . 
[lis  iiliDV.'l,  ii;;.j-iii;ii.    I's,  isoi.    Hvd.    Ami  S.  Y., 

Slll'll.   ISDl.      Svci.      Jl.llll. 

Diilirv  <!■' Tliiersiiiit.  I*.     I.i-  C'lllholii'isiiii-  en  Cliiiii' 

iiii  \ill' Niecic  elf  iiuiic  rif.    I's.  im;;.    hvo.    n  fr. 
lliiliyiiipli',    I'..   A.      Kxeriptii    ex    iliviMsis    lillciis 

iiiisMoimiiiiin,  10.'15-3S.    (Miirvlaiul  llisl.  Sue.  tliinl 

piilil..  No.  ;.i 
liiiiiiiis,    Lc  H.  1'.  ilf,      Hislitir*'  lies  pi-lils   niissin- 

iiairrs  ft  lies  pamrrs  lilies  <lf  la  niissinii  tin  Sac  re 

Cii'iir  (le /.alileli  an  Jlonl  l,iliaii.     I's.  l.siw,     svi.. 
Uaiii'iKiiiK'.  .1.  .^1.  s.     Ilisiiiiv  "(  IlieS.ieiety  of  Jesiis. 

I'laiis.  Ipv   .1    Cleiiieiiis.     ('iiieiiiiiiai,    Walsli.    isil.'i. 

:Jv,   l:;iin..     J:i.iiO.     UriKiiial  J'leiioh,  I's.  l.si,.J.     ■,'  v. 

1-,'iiHi.     ;  (v. 
Uclloii,  (',     lielatiiiii  lie  rini|iiisilli>iMle  (eia.     I's.  171!) 

r.'Min.     Kiiul.  t:aiisl.  !)>•  II.  WliarliJli.     1...  IGW.    .pi,, 

AllMlher  e.l,     1...  ISI.'i.     f<vil. 
Di'Ipeiirli.    1',   li.     Kssai  Mir   les   Tiiissions  dans  les 

p.us  I'alli.iliniies.     I's.  is;i;      l-.'iiin.     l.MMr. 
DvHi'ilx's,  K.     I,  evaiitrile  nil  D.ilic vet  a  la  euieiles 

esei.ives    oil    ilistuile    lies     Illis.siiitis    Al'ril-ailie.t     lie 

l.v.iii.    I's.  is;;,    sm..    ;fr. 
J>oiiieii<-<'li,   I.'AI>I><^.    .Iiairnal  cl'iiii   luissiniiHire  an 

'l'i-x,iset  an  :Mrxii|iieilMii-.')^'i.     I's  ls."i7.     .svi>.     lilr. 
DdiiiiiiuiK't.     I.es   iMissiiiiiaires  el    le>  iliieeteiirs  ile 

slain  Ills  el  lie  retinites,  il'apl'es  l;i  il'.elriue  lie  Saint 

Krani;iiis-Xavier.  lU^  Saint  Frani;nis  ile  Sales,  ete. 

I's.  IsiM).     Svip.     .-...'lO  fr. 
DoiK'oiii'l,   .\.  S.  dc.     I'leiir  dt's  iimrtyrs  au   XIX'^^ 

Steele.     1'^..  Isii;.     ;.' V.  Svo.     .1  f r. 
Dtiraiiil,    K.   •).      Missions   Catlioliqiies    Frangaises. 

I'S.  Isn.     l-.'nio.     i  fr. 
Ghiikk'Ik's,   r.  <'.  df.     Meinoires  ile  la  mission  des 

Capiieins  lie   la    provinee  ile    I'ari.s.  pres   la   reiae 

ilAllt'lelerre,  ICMii   llii;;!       I's.  1SS1.      I'.'nii).     .'>  f  r. 
(leseliirlite  der  <'ti iiM'siHi'lini  >Ilssi4>ii  iiiit4M-dor 

l.eilnnu'  iler  (1.  .\.    Seliall.      Ans  ilein    I.ateiiiiseii 

iiliersetzt   Villi   ,1.  S.  MannseHj,'.     Wiuii,   IS'Jl.     hvo. 

IS  nr. 
(ii-Ki'liielile    iIiT     KiitliiiliHi'licn     niissioncii     in 

China      Vienim.  IM.")      J  v. 
Gii^'MKit,  C.     I.es  lonipietes  ilii  (lirislianisMio  <•«  Asie, 

en  .Vt'riipie.  eii  Aiiierii|iie.  et  en  <  iceauie.     I's.  18110. 

Kvii.     I..j0fr. 
Ilalni,    II.      (leseliiehle  iler  Katholisehen   Jlissionen 

sell  .lesiis  Ihrisliis.     Ciiln.  IS.'j.s.     Svo.     ^' Tlilr. 
liiiule.v,    <'.      Kai'ly    ehaplers    in    t'a.viina    history. 

Jesiiil     missions     in    (ioi  o.i.'iiiien,    liriii  IliSI;    also 

Snl|iiiian    .Mission    anions'  ('aviis.'as  alioiit    Oniiite 

Pay,  1  Wis      Aiilinin,  Ivison  ^;  I'..  1n;:i.    Svo.     fl.tW. 
Ileiii'iOii.    Itai'oii.      Ilislnire    (reMerale  iles   missions 

(  aiholiiinisilepnis  le.MII''  sieele  jiisqii'ik  uos  jours. 

I's,  Isll-;.     •.'  V.  Svo.     W  fr. 
lliM'liiM't,    l.iidy.      Aliyssinia    mul    its   aiiostle.     I.., 

linrns  &  iL.'lsim.     Svo.    tls.-Mission  of  .St.  I'raiieis 

of  Sales  in  the  Cliuhlais.     I...  lieutley,  Phila.,  Lip- 

pilieolt,  ISIlS.      Svo.      lis.      S-.-'>" 

Hilarioii,  l«(  1'.  I'.  I.e  inissionaire,  oil  Part  des  mis- 
sions.    I's.  ls7,"i.     ISmo.     7."ieiin. 

Iloiiuh,  .liis.  Ilistorv  of  Christianity  In  India.  L, 
Ni-l)et.  ISiniiO.     .-)  V.  Hvo.     ,')Ss.  (id. 

Hue,  K.  K.  I.e  christiaiiisme  en  Cliiiie.  en  Tarrarie, 
ei  an  Thiliet.  Vs.  ls.-,7  s.  4  v.  Svo.  -it  fr.  Kni.'l. 
transl.  1...  Lon^'inan,  .\.  V.,  SaiUier,  1857-8.  ,'lv. 
Svo.      3's.  lid.     ?:1IKI 

JeBiilleriii-s  l(i-pul>li<'  rllfr  dct  onistyrtcdc 
l'ar.'n.'iniy  I'l'lie  repnlilie  of  the  .lesnits:  or,  llie 
ilowneas'i  P. I.  Tiaiisl.  from  the  (ierinaii.  Son'l, 
17.'.s, 

JiLVtii-IIorniid,  (;iil)riel  dc.  Initia  rplifrionls  Chris- 
liana'  inter  llniik'arias  ecel.  onl.  ailserla.  Krank- 
fort.  17III. 

Kalkai',  <'.  A.  H.  Pen  Katholske  Jlissions  Ilistoire 
(History  of  the  Catholie  Mission  i.  k'lihn.  isii'j.— 
Gescliiehte  iler  Chrisllieheii  Mission  IKatliolisi'lieii 
lind  Kvannelisehen]  iinter  den  Heiilen.  Deiitsehe 
Aus(;alie  von  A.  .Michelson.  'I'll.  1.  fiiitersloli, 
1S71I.     Svo.     II  Mk. 

Karl  viiiii  (Ifilitjcii  AloyK.  Hie  Knlliolisehe  Kirclie 
in  Hirer  u'eireiiMiiilit-'en  Aiishrelliina-  Kj;shi;.  1SI.5. 
•,'d  e  .  is|7.  Die  (iotiesninller  ill  ilirein  ilreifalliireii 
TiiniuplieiihenlieWelt.    Ku'shi;.  l.s.'i:t.    Svo.    1.^  Mk. 

KatlioiisrlK'  .>li»Hi(>ii,  Die,  ill  Iniierer  Afrika. 
Innslir.  tS.Vi 

KHllHillNrhes  M isshiiisliiicdilidii.  U).'shf,'..  3Sth  e., 
1ST7.     ir.ino.     1  Mk. 

Kfllery.  I..  I'raiieiseiis  Heiliviviis.  KiziilihuKJ  des 
l.elii-ns  iind  Wnnderwerken  des  Apostels  von  IVru. 
Maviitz.  1()77. 

KevsiT.  Den  norske  Kirkes  Historie  under  Katholi- 
'eisiiien  l-'J  (Ilistorv  of  the  Norweirian  eliuroh 
under  Catholieism.     1  -^1.     Clirn.  IS.'jIJ-liO  i?). 

Kip,  \V.  IiiKrHliiiiii.  Karl.v  Jesuit  iiiissions  in  North 
America.     .Mliany,  Munsell,    lS7.'i.     IJnio.    Sl.50.— 


Ilistnricnl  scenes  from  old  ,Ihsu1I  missions.     N.  Y., 

Haiidolpli.  ls7.').     l-'mo.     }\.:r,. 
KlirliiT,  Atli.  |S.  tl,  .     China  iMonuiiientis.    Amstd. 

llil)7. 
I.iirriilx.     Dielionnaire  des  uiissioiis  Catholiqiics.    I's. 

isiil,     •.'  v,  Svo.     1 1  fr. 
l.itiiilH'l,  1«  Coiiil)!  d<-.     I.e  Cliristliinisine  an  Jnpon. 

I's.  isiis.    «vo.    ^'.."iii  fr. 
I.iiiinay,  .\.     Nos  missionalres.  prft'C'des  il'iine  ('■liiilii 

historiiiue  siir  la  soeieii'  des  mi.ssions  etran^i^res. 

I's.  issr,      ivino.    :i  fr. 
I.e  Itlaiil,  i:,     I.es  niarlyis  de  I'exlremc  Orient  el  les 

peiseentions  aniii|iies,     .\iras.  IK77.     Svo. 
l.4d)oii^  lliit>ei*l.     ^Nlannel  des  assoeies  a  la  propii;;a- 

(ion  lie  la  foi.     i'aris,  ISIS,     3'Jinii.— Smivenirs  eiiri- 

eiix    des    inissiolis    ^traiiKeres.      I's     IMIi.").      HJino, 

;i.")n  tr. 
Lrnraiil,  Caniille.     ;\:.ssions  de  I'extreme  (iiient.  oil 

eoiip  died  siir  les  perseenl  ions  de  la  Chine,  de  la 

Coeliin-t'iiiiie,  ilii  'roiiK-Kinn,  et  lie  la  C'ori''e.     I's. 

1st;,-,.     p,'nio. 

Let  Ires    Kdili<'iiiiles    et    CiirieuHi'H    Kci'itt'S    des 

iiiissiiiiis  elriin>;eies,  par  ipielipies  missionalres  do 

la  Conipat;! le  .lesns.     I's.  Il.Ti-i;.     .'11  v. 

IJiiUKsteilt,    A.      Ilislorieal    sketch    of    rortiiiriiese 

sellli Ills   in  Cliina  and  of   the  lioinan  Catholic 

chiiieh  and  mission.     Iloston,  Monroe,  IS.'lli.    Svo. 
l.uiiiiet,  >1K''»     I.eiires  a  Teveipie  de  l.atiKri's  siir  111 

eon^'ie^alioii  des  missions   elranj;i'*res.      I's,    IHJ3. 

Svo,     1)  fr, 
MaU%  (ieoi'Ki'H.     l.es  missionaires  Catholiipies  el  les 

inissioiiaires    PmiesiMnis.     I's,    Isiil.     Svo,     I   fr  ■- 

Catho|ii)Hes  et   I'roti'slants  dans  les  missions.     I's. 

is;il.     Svo.     I  fr, 
nianserel,  I'fere,     M^-r.  lialailloii  et  les  missions  de 

roeeanie  i-eiiliaie,     I's.   IsS).     a  v.  Hvo.     It)  fr.,  or 

PJnio.     7  fr, 
Mareeau.     I.es  missions  Catliolii|Ues  dans  I'l  leeaiiie, 

I's    isiii.     Svo. 
.tliii'eelliiio  (la   Tlve/,/.ii.      Storia  uiiiv,   delle   miss, 

I'ranee.scane,     Koine.  lS(iO. 
niareliiil.      Son\enirs    il'uii     inissionaire,      I's.    1874, 

1-Jino.     :t.,")(i  fr. 
Itlariiil,   G.    I'",   de,     Delle    mission^  del  Grappone. 

Home.  li;(i:i, 
Marioii-ltr^slilac.     Notice  siir  la  snciele  des  missions 

africaines.     I's,  l'',')S.     PJmo,     ;.*  fr, 
niarsliall,   T.    W,   M.      I'hristianily    in    China,      I.., 

I.oiininan,  Is.v.l.     Svo.     .'is.  (id.     ( 'hiislian  niissioiiH: 

aneiits,  methods,  and  lesiihs.     I..,  ihirns,  Isii-J,     3  v. 

Svo.      11,   e.,    l,on(;niaiis,  lSii3,     'J    v.     ;.'ls.      .\.    Y., 

Sadliers,  ISC.l.     'J  v    l-,'iiio.     $4,0(1. 
Maiirei',     K.      Die     Kekehriiii);     des     Norwecischeii 

Statnmes    ziim    I'liristenlliiiiue.      Milnicli,    l.Sij.'i-O. 

•■!  V.  Svo.     7  'I'lilr.  ISSrr. 
Meier,  <Ht(i.     De  tilula   missioiiis  apiid  Catholieus. 

lii'triomoiiti.    1S4S.     Svo,     s  St;r.     Die    rropatjanila, 

ilire   I'rovinzen   nnil  ihr    Heeli,     (;ritlin)."'n,  is.v,'  3. 

•J   V     Svo.     .■>  Th.    Ill  S.r.-l'eher  Iliiiinseh-Katho- 

lisclie  Missioiien,     lierl.  IS." .     Svo.     1  Sjzr. 
Meiifiiaii,  i>Iur.     I'll  jiretre  depone  en  liir,':  episode 

de   I'liistoire  de  la   revolniioii   et  de  I'liistoire  des 

missions.     Ts.  psi;-,'.     1-,'nio.     3..'"ill  fr. 
nieylaii.  A,     Ilistoire  de  l'e\an^'i'lisation  des  I.apons, 

siiivie  de  revantiile  au  Labrador.    I's,  ISOB.    I'Jmo, 

1  .■.'.5  f  r. 
Mlrlieiis,  Kdiiai'd.     Die  Viilker  der  Sddsee  iind  die 

(iesehichte  der  I'lotestaiitischeii  iiiiil  Ivatholisehen 

Missionen    iinler  den.selheii.      .Miinsler,    ISC     Svo. 

1  Thir,  I.-.  SK-r. 
Millie,, I  acciiies  I'.     Diet  ionnaire  des  missions  Catho- 

liipii's.     I's,  lS(i3  4.     •■!  V. 
MisKioiies  CatlKdieie  Kitiis  l.alhii.     Koine,  1887. 
31iMsi(>us  Gesi-liielile    Npiitei-ei-    ZtMten.     Augsb, 

I7!«;-H. 

niissioiis-l'iil'iiK  der  Jesuitrii.  I'redigton.     Bern, 

IS|3.     Svo,     ■,'.■,  Si;r. 

MiHsiiins-\'erein,  der,  oiler  die  .lesiiiten  ill  Hessen. 
I.pz,  )s:il,     hvo,     '.'i^SKr, 

Mitlenilziier,  J.  ('.  (ieoirrnphische  NoUzen  ans 
dein  Apostel  Vikaiiatp  ill  Ceiiirai  Afrika.  Sthaffh, 
IS.--*-. 

MoiitlKiiy,  !>I.  de,  Saliit-Ciisiiie,  M.  de,  et  Tliuii- 
iiiur  d**  la  Source,  M.  de,  Kelalion  de  la  mission 
ilii  Mississi)ipi  lin  seininaire  del^nehec  en  17nii,  I*s, 
ISiil.     Svo.     ISfr. 

Miiiiti'oiid.  3liixiiiie  de.  Missions  d'.Aineriipie, 
d'Oeeanie.  el  d'.Vfriqne  I'aris.  ISIII.  V.'nio.  I  fr. 
—Uiissioiis  ilii  Levant,  iP.Vsie.  et  de  la  Chine.  I'aris, 
IStn.  1','ino.  I  fr.-  I.es  missions  en  Oceaiiie  au 
Xl.X'siecle.  Palis.  IStill,  Svo —Les  missions  Catho- 
lii|iies  dans  loutes  les  parties  ilii  inonde,  I'.s.  1S7I1. 
Svo. 

MouHsy,  Martin,  Memolre  liislnriipie  siir  hi  deca- 
dence et  la  ruiiie  des  missions  ,lesiiiles  dans  le 
Hassin  de  la  I'latn,  leur  etat  actiiel.  I'aris.  MUZi. 
..Svo.    .-1  fr. 

Miillbauer,    M.     Gescliiehte  der   Katholisehen  Mis- 


i 


"sr-  V 


s:;ss 


■Ma 


,limf4mimihS>^mt'h*-mi::-^amg^ 


HISTORIES 


cni) 


HISTORIES 


siiiiifii  ill  <  isiiii'lii-ii  lii<  ziir  Mitle  ili-s  nrlitziOm  Jiilir- 

liiiiiilfi'lrt.     Kifiliiiiir.  I-.V.'.     ^vii.     1  llilr.  4  Si;r. 
NiirlxTt.     ^Ii'MiHiiri's  lM>t>>i'ii|iii---  siir  l.s  iiilNsiiius  >li-s 

I'.'-ri*^  .lt'-«.iiif- jiiix  IimIi's.     Mcsjiiivnii,  KIT. 
I';i<'lill«r,  (i.    >!.     I'ls  riii'iKli-iilliiiiii    in  'roMkin  iiiid 

icH'lii  I  1  liiii.i     I'ii.liTli.iiii.  isiyi      Nvo,     niilr.  i;Sj,'r. 
I'iiu;«<,   l.^-iiii.     lliKioiri-  ill-  III  ivllt:i<iii  rliri'lii'iiiii'  all 

,lii|iiiM.  l.v.w  ID.'il.  L'iiiii|iiviiuiit  li's  lail'i  ii'iiilil's  mix 

ili-iix   leiil   viiiq   iiiariyni.  .  .  .  IV.  INi!!.     i   v.  Svo. 

I J  fr. 
I\trkiiiiiii(  l-'i*iiii«'ii4.     JhsiiIis  in  Nm  III  Aiiierji'ii.     Shi* 

vol.   .')  Ill    lii.s   Miirks      I;..>|..  r.riiviii   ,v    I,.,   ISTl  :>. 

Tv.'fv      Kii    *-.'.VI      liiTlll.  IlllnsI  ,  Slulln.  1n;s. 
(ri'iiiKli,  y.)     MiMiioir  i>r  l  utln-i' ItiiiailiHiii^Mliiili'iMi 

ycai-'  if~ii|iMii-i'  at  Ihf  iiiiirl   i.t    I'l-kin;:,  »illi  an 

iu'riiiini  1)1'  llif  runihlaliii.i  nf   tin-  <m|Ic||(i'  Iui-  iIh' 

t*iliifMliiiii  iif  yiiiiii;.' Clriii'^i*  at  Naplr^,  ,  .   .   I'mni 

till'   llalian.     1...  .Mm  ray.  :»ll.     ii    ■'.,  IMU.     I.'nm 

'*s 
Hull,  llrrlhert.     k'liatins  I.muli  I  .Iim- '  ir.lHii  di  r 

.li'siiiliMi      .Mannlifiiii.  l-.'il      -vn      -.'ii,  S.t. 
ICi'rilt  Tit'<->  <!<■  rili^loiio  ili-»  .^IIhimiiii.     I's.'.M 

■  ■..  l^iil.     I- 1  f.-. 

Krliitiniis  (lei  *K-%uit«><.  .  •  il-iiis  la  '^1  Ih^Iuii  di-H 

I'l'ii-^  ill-  1. 1  ( 'Miii)ia;;iiii*  lit*  .Ii'"«M?»  liauH  la  NiMivt'llf- 

Immiii'i'.  Iiii;i-;-.'      IS,  I^.^S.     :iv.^Vll.     •.•;  IV. 
ItiiHi'ils,   .1.   1>.     Die    Katlmlisi'li)-    Kirtlii-    iiiul    ilii> 

kair.in      .\in,'sl,    l^si).     Mil,     I'liiMk. 
KirUliii.     l.,a  lnl^silJll  Cutlinlique  ^l'^  /a.itciicliai*.     I's, 

INMI. 
Kioii,    A<l.     \a'*   misHiims    It-s    j>liii   <'i''^!)r<"i.     .A^ii', 

(.'i.iiii*.      .lapiin       ,\riiii'Miu%     .\iiM'rh|in',     Ui'i'anli*, 

.\riii|'iiv     I's.  I'i"ii;      Ibiiiii      '.(."irliii, 
]ilioil4*F4,     Ki'la/iMiif.    f\c.   ili'lla   ( '•■iiipain.i   Ji'su    ni-l 

n';rii<i  ill  rnnrliiiin  iTniikiiii.     li'iina.  Ki'iO. 
lli»y,  »l.  fl.  K.     Hisriiir*'  aliri'-;.''''!'  il'*s  iiiLs-^iuns  Calii'i- 

lii|ni-s  ilaii>   Ifs  ilhfi-ifs  parlirs  ilti   iiinnilr,    .W*'' 

sli'cli*  .jn-^iiua  rpis  jiiiifs      Is.  im",.",,     Kvii.     1, *,'.")  I'r. 
Itllli',  W.  II.      l.lM'Snt  ri-lf!iiali-,l  J.-Sllils.     I,.,  :V|as(ill, 

IS.".:).     ',>  V.  iMnii     l.s. 
Maiiil-C'yr,  I.oiiU.     Nn'ii't'  siir  In  mlisinii  iln  Mailnr^t 

dans  Ifs  Indfs  nii.iiialf  s.  .  .  .  K-ltres  iionvcllfs  ik'S 

inissliinaii'i'S      I'.s  |siit.     IHiiin. 
SalliiNttl.  <J.     Stiiria  di-lle  tnU^iiHtp  npostnlichf  dcMe 

sial'i  did  cliil",  r.illa  di'srti/JMiti*  did    via^K'"   did 

Vi Iiio  al  imimvo  laiindij  futt'idel  antui'u.     Udiiia, 

is-j;.    I  V. 

SaiilK  I><iiiiiiiK<u  Caiditiali".  liisclirifi-,  iind  I'rii'sli'r 
als  1,11-lws  .ViiiMidilii-iiriT.  ric  ,  licscliildi'i-t.  Slnilt,'. 
1^:«.     l-.'mo.     '.'•i  Ski-. 

iSi'liiill,  'I.  A.  |{idaiii>.  IJfsiiiis  in  Cliiiia.J  (ii'i  ni, 
traiisl.     VifiiM.i.  IH  :4. 

ScIiiH'iilcr,  <;.  Iiii-  Kailiiilisi'lif  Mission  in  ZamiiU'- 
liai-      l!i,'s:i>.'    r  ;r.     svu.     4  .Mk 

Siui't,  r.  Jean  il*'.  Mi.sii-iiis  di*  rOiv;;iin  et  vnya^ri'S 
mix  iiiiHiiai.'ii»*s  U'lidi'Misi-s.  aiix  siiiim*s  ili-  la  *'«•- 
luinliii'  (|i'  r  \iliali  iii'ii.  I'l  ill!  Susi'ai.sli.nvin,  isi,,  i;. 
I's.  ISIK.  IJiiiii  .\i)il  X.  Y.  Tiaiisl  i.-I,riiiis 
c-li..isii's      1'-.  |S|i).     *|  .•.,  1ST.-,.     Kvo.     .J.-Mi  fr. 

SttdElK.    I.     .Mfl-.     .llissii.nsliiiililfiii.  .  .  .  filr-   llirist 
li' li  ■  .liiML'MMiiiMi.     K^'stin..  liili  •• .   l""!!.    :).'iiiii      'f'> 
ri.— Mis-Miisliinhli-m.  .  .  .  fill-  Cliiisiliida-    11. ins 
ri-.in.-n.     H;;-!.;.'.    il  .-.    MTT.     .l.'iii.i      T.')  I'f. 

Sliiiiiiie  aiiH  .\l»VHsiiihi|i.  raiiiilifiiliiicri'  ciiii'S 
Mivsi.inar^.     li'.i'n,  ;d  .•     IsT'.l.     sv.,.     sn  pf. 

StrirUl.iiiil.    W.      J.-snil    in   l.idia.     I.i ,    llin  ns,    Is.V,'. 

isill   1.       ■-•>. 

.strirUlaiiil.  \V..  niiil  Mamliall,  T.  \V.  M.     Calliidif 

miss s  in  SiiiitliiMli  India  In  IsO.'i.     L.,  LoiiKnia'is, 

IMiri.    8vii.     .■«. 
Taliellar.       LVher-sioht    der    I'rotpula't*  schen    nnhst 

K.iih'iii.srlii*n  .MissiiiiiHii.     Niiri-nib.  l**;*i. 
TacdiA.   \.     Vniul  anni'i's  di*  niis>i<iiis  dans  Ii'  imrd- 

iini'-I  di' r.\nir'i-iipii-.     I's    ^-MKi      SMI      I,  f|. 
'J'aniii'i-,  .^1.     .-^lu-ii'ta- .li'^ii  inilij.iiis      I'rair   !(;?"» 
Tliiiiiiaiiii,  M.     .li'siiiiiMi  III!  I  Missiiniti'i' in  .\s|)-ii  und 

.\tiiUa      land.-n.  Isij'.i 
Tiiiliii|;,  J.  I".  II.     K  irh   Ko'nan  ('atln.lir  inissimis  tn 

liiiia.     I...  I'ariiidt'".  1^11.     r.'in.i     •.'-.  lid. 
Toiiriiarniid,   I*,     hi-s  iiiissi.,i,s  < '  itliiiliipii-s  dans  li-s 

t'iiiij  parlu's  dii  iiiniidi'.     I  ici'iaiiie.     I.   I.i*s  Hi'sSand- 

« iih      I's.  iss-,'.     ixiim      ;.-,  i-iiii, 
I'ne     .MIkhIoii     Ueli|;ipiiiie    en    (trii'iit.     Krlniii<n 

adivsstV    tl    Sixlf  Vm  iit     par    I  r'n'-ipn'    d"    Sidmi. 

Tniduite  .  .  .  par    .\d      d'.Wril.       I's     IsOO.      Hvo. 

-'  fr. 
VaiiHiiii,  L.'/llil>£.     Valooiir  f i  les  Iiiis-iniialrf.s  dincr- 

s.lns.      I's    issj.     <iy„       1  (, 
VaiioliJ.     Vinu-t  ans  irapiisiiiliit :  li-s  pt'ifs  lilams  on 

iiiisfiiinniri's  d'.\lt"-r.     I. id*-.  I'ST 
Vasseur,    I'eie.     .Mi''laii>r>'s    siir    l.i    rhiai-.     Lt'lln-s 

illustn't's    sin*    line  I'l-idi'  (.'iiirmi*!'  iW  Sainr   l.m.*, 

aiixiliari' d(>  In  priipuifaiiiiii  de  laliii.    )"s  isxi.    -Ito. 

•-Hlfr      [Viil    1  1 
Vcruuet,  I.'AI>I>6.     Illstnirf  di-  l.i  pii-iiiir'n-  mission 

I'ailiiiliipif    an    viiviriat    di-    Midani'sie.     I's.    I8.>4. 

Mvii,     •J..-ii)lr. 
^Vitiiili'lboiirK.  A.  II.  <le.     I^tiides  et  souvenirs  siir 


rorlcnt  et  seHiiilnsliins;  I'alisiinr.  Syrii'.  il  .Sialiio. 
I's.  IKS.).     •,'  V.  Ki'd.     pi  fr. 
Wllliei'l'iiire,    II.    .\.      ;\|issii>niiries    in    .Inpiiii.    anil 
mailvrs  liealiliid  liv  Tins  l.\.     Kdiiih.,  I'nilp.  IMiU. 

Isinn      -Js. 
Wittiiiaiiii,  I*.     Hii' Hi'irliidikidt  dir  Kiivlie  in  iliri'ii 

Missiiiiii-ii  si'ii  ih'i' (daiilii'ispaltnii);.     .\iiksIi.  |K|1. 

'iv.     .Mlp'iiii- lii-si-lilidM.'  iliT  Katliiilisc'lirn  MiK- 

siiiiii'ii   Miin   driM/.idinii'ii  .lain  liiindi'il   Ms  mil'  dio 

niMi.  sir  /.I'M.     .\n;;sl,.  is|i.  ;.     ■,'  v, 
Zaiiilie/c.  La  niissi.>ii  an:    lappnrts  par'  If  luissiunairt^ 

Ciiiliaid  rt  li>paslinr.\ppi.a     I's.  isso.    svn.    .■.iii'im. 
Zeleii.>.     la-  r<lij;i()nis  C'lirisli  in  liulii'inia   principils. 

I'raK'.  lSi)5. 

','.   I'rotiHtdiil  Mmi'ohK  in  (lentml. 

.\Ihi'I,  I>avi<l.     Ui'sidi'iici'  in  Cliina  and  niitddnirin); 

cuiiiihii's     Till'  riiiiimt'nci'niriil    and    prntrri'ss    ut 

iiiissiiiiis  in  I  lie  Hiirld.     N.  Y..  I.ravitl,  I..   A   Co.. 

ls:l|.     sv,,.     Ml,.. 
Aliessiiiieii,  l>le  >llssloii  III.     Ilasid.  IHTii. 
.Mrii-a  Kedceiiieil  :  m-,  il rans  ul'  luM- ndirf  illiis- 

I  r  ili'-l  l.\  111.'  ^'ri'W  III  anil  pnispccis  i.l'  l.i  I  it  Tin.     1.., 

Ni~l...|,  IS.-.I.     |-,'niii     :is.  11.1. 
Alkiiian,  .1.  I-.     .\  cvrlnpa'.lia  of  Christian  missinns. 

I...  idiltlii,  |M.-,i.i,     ill  (.  ,  isi;i.     Kvo.     ;is.  Cid. 
Allien,  'I'liiiotliy.     .\ii   ai'iminl    iif  sninlrv  inissioiia 

a, null).'  il.i'  Srni'cas  and  Miinsi'i's,  in  a  sinies  of  let- 

liTs      N.  Y..  .Si.yiniinr.  Is-.'T.     I'.'ino. 
Alder,  It.     Wi'sli'van  iiiissi.'iis:  Ihiir  piii);ri'.ss  itated 

ami  Ihi'ir  clainis  cnl'Lici'il      1,..  .'Masiin,  IHII,     Mvo. 

'.'s  Dil. 
Alex,    :■;,      riiiifzi;;  .lalne  der  Mlssiiinsllnili^ikcil    ini 

Ki"iiii;;ri'irlii'  Smlisen.     l)iesili'n,  isiiii. 
Alexander,  \V.   l.iiiilNav.     .\niiriil    llritisli   clinrcli. 

Ifi'vl-.-d  liv  T    ().  .Siiinnii  r>.     Nasli\  ill.-,  Sn.  Meth., 

ls.".T.     ISiii.i.     I'liir. 
y\iiiei'li'aii     Kaptlsl    IMIssioiinry   I'lilon.     Klflielli 

aiiniMrsiiiy  at   I'liilail.-lpliia.     N.  Y..  ^lllddlln.  IMl."!. 

N\.l.      .-'I.IBl! 

Aiiierli'iiii  lliiptlHl   >lisHlonH,     >Si',' Smu  II.  S  I'  > 
Allieriran     Kllile     NfMdet\     .liilillee     .^lelllorial. 

N.  Y.  IS  T. 
Aniei'l^^aii   Ituard  ConiiiilsHi<iiiei'H    I'lireluii  !>lts- 

^iiins      iSi'i' 'I'n.MV.  ,1ns.,  .•mil  \\  nKKi.Kii.  M    S.i 

.'\iii«'rieaii  ItoanI  t'liiiiiiitssHiiierH  l''oi-«d(;ii  >liH- 
si-.ns.  Ili^t.iiiral  skrti'Ii  nf  iiiisslims  in  papal  Ian. is. 
II.. si.    issii, 

Ai:ierieaM  Itoard  of  CdiiiiiiissliinerM  fur  l'or*d}*ii 
iiii^siiins,  hi^iLiy  .f      I;. .-I. .11.  I,>.iiiii:      ismn.     H'r. 

Aiiierleaii  lloai'<l  t'oiniiilssioiiers  i-'iiref^ii  Mis- 
sions. CiininiiMiiiii-aii\i<  vnliinie  in  ('..nil' t-ii..ii  wiili 
the  sevenlv-liflii  ainiiveisarv  of  tin".  Host,  If'S."), 
Sv(i, 

.Aiiierlean  ('iiloiii/atloii  Soelety,  History  of. 
III. si,  is:)-;. 

Aiiii*ri<*aii  i'Mui'atioii  Sorletv,  llli«tor\   of.     Il.ist. 

A  iiM'i'lean  l>flsHloiiar\-  >ieiiiorlal.    (l*!.!.  W.  II.  I'ier- 

S..11  .     N.    'S'..  Ilaipi-is.    Is.Vi.     svii.     <I.T."i 
Aiiierleaii     >Ilssiiiiis.     History    of,    from     C'oni- 

iiii-ii.'i  nii'.ii       W  111-,  i-sii'i-,   l.azi'il.  IMii.     svii.     S-'iiHI. 
Aini'ilraii  'P'rael  >o<  letv.     I'irsl  leiiyeais,  IHl  l-;.s;i.j. 

I'l.isl,    is-.'l. 

Aiiileison,  J.  ."i.  "yt,  Ilistnrv  nf  tlie  ehnridi  in  the 
ri.lniii.'s.     I,.,  liiviiiguin.  ISlS-.'io.    i'd  i-..  l.'^.'iO,    3  v. 

|-.'illn.      '.'Is. 

Anderson,    Itiifiix.      Menmrial    vnliiini'   of    the   (list 

liriv  veins  nf  the  .\ ,   If.  C.   I''    M.      Iliisl..  Cnllt,'.   I'nll.. 

isid.'  P.'niii.  Sl.'ii'  The  Hawaiian  Islauds,  llieir 
prnfress  and  eniidiliiiii  under  niissinnnry  lalmrs. 
Il.ist..  C.intr.  riili.Co.  Md  -'Id  e,,  |sc,,-,.  Hvo.  Si  ,-,0. 
—  Hisi.iry  nf  th..  inls-i..iis  nf  the  .\,  Ii.  C  !• .  M.: 
Saiidwieh  Islands.  India,  iiiieiilal  inissiuns  '!nst., 
Clint.'.    I'lili.  (.:ii..  IMTO-TI.     n  V    PJiii.i.     Ka.  ?l  .'id. 

Anker.  M.  .A.  Knrtfalli'd  Oversii;!  over  det  imrske 
Missinii^selskahs  X'iiksniidied  1  S.Miafiika  n;r  pna 
>l:id.i^;askjir  iShiirt  ri-\i"\v  nf  ihe  N.iiwevri.iii  mis. 
sinnar\  a.*Ii\  it,\'  in  tin*  Sniiili  nf  .\friea  and  in  ^la.l- 
aj-'aseari  Ij.'ri.'eii,  lt*T.'i  — Missinn.skort  nver  /.idii- 
laii.l.     Heiwii.  ISTS. 

Ariiiolr,^',  N.  ilish.ire  det  niissinns  eelehres  diiim 
tnlis  ii-v  |,;i\s       I's.  i,si:-J      •,'.■,  ctln. 

Arnold.  .^liilileUeii.     The  Mnsleni  ndssion  field.     L. 

Isllll 

Itaelieier,  O.  It.  Iliiidiiism  and  Chrisiianily  in 
iirissa:  .neenimt  of  .\ni.  Kreen-ill  Hapt  >Iissi..n  in 
Nnrtlii-in  iirissa.     Imver.  N.  II,  1S.-4,     •,'linii.     .Vie. 

liitilley,  H.  H.  Imlian  niissinnary  diivetnrv  and 
meinnrial  viiliintt'-     l.nclviinw.  ISTii     h\n.     j  Ids.  lid.] 

Ilaj^stei'i  Sainiiel.  Hilile  id  e\Hr,vl;uid.  Itesei  iptive 
historv  nf  ihe  Srripinri's  in  all  ilie  laiit,'iiai:es  nf  the 
earth.     I,..  Hatfster.  1H(i,H.     (in.     :il.s.  (id. 

lialeilehi,  K.  It.  Vnn  ileii  Meideii.  Vier  Missions- 
Si leii,    Dresden,  Naninann.  IHHJt,    Nvo,    T.'i  I'f. 

ItainlirliiKe,  W.  F.  AlmiK  the  lines  at  the  front:  a 
general  survey  of  Dapt.   Hoiiu"  and  ForeiKn   Mis- 


HISTORIES 


n-10 


HISTORIES 


Binns,     I'lilla,  Am.  Hni>t.  I'lili,  !•<!*•,'.     r.'mn.    $l.r,o. 
Sflf-^riviiij;;  Htiirv  i>r  Clii'iMtluii   MissiuiiH.     Husi., 
I.dtlinip.  ISK).    i-.'mi).    Ji.rm, 

lliiiiiliriilK)'.  W.  v.,  Mi'N.  Koiiiiil  llii>  wi>rM  li-tdis. 
llcist.,  I.iitliniii,  IKs-.i.     iCiiiii.     SI  Ml. 

llaiiKH,  Natliitii.  Ilislmv  at  ilu-  iiiissiiiiis  of  tlii*  M. 
K   Cliiinli      N.  Y.,  .Mft'li.  Ilk.  Coml-..  IKI.'. 

llii|>tlHt  .MiHHioiiM.  Niiithi'i-n.  Sfi-  Smitu,  S.  F. 
Sniiiht'in.    Sfi'  TiPPKii,  II.  A. 

Unrlti'i',  M.  A.  S.  Hlslnry  <if  iiiissiniinry  HtM'ielies. 
L.  iXV.I.  V  V  Siiiisliini';  or.  Iiiwiii'  iiimI  fiiivlKii  iiiirt- 
8iiiiinrv  ski'lclics.  I,.  Nislii-t.  lK.-.:i.  IHiiui.  -J.s.  - 
Mi.ssioiiiii'v  tail's.  1,.,  Nislic'l,  l,>'liO.  ii.  v.  isniu. 
'Js.  -  S\v«M't  I'hilillioiMl ;  lit',  cliiirch  iiiissiiiimry  wiii'k 
nniiiiij.' till' yiiiitii,'.     I,.,  Ni^lii-i.  I'^iil.     I'.'iiiu.    :ts.  tiil. 

Iliirki'i',  il.  II.  A|Mislii|ir  tiiis'<i.iii<;  of,  siuTi'il  liistmy 
aiii|ililli'<l.     I,.,  (itooiiiliiiilk'i'.  I"*.''"*,     l.'iiio      Is  till. 

Uiirtlftt.  s.  C.     -Mis^loiis  III  A    i:  V.  V.  M.  iti  Tiiiki'v. 
Host,  is^ii.     t-Jiiio.  — .Missiiiiis  of  .\.    Ii.  I'.   !■'    M    ill 
Al'ik-a  iiikI  Cliiiia.    Host.  IHso.    'j  v.  1,'inii.  — Mission 
of  A.  H.  C.  I''.  M.  in  India  aiiil  CVylmi.     Host.  lS,s 
l^'ino. 

Biiiii'i  Iciiiil,    a.     Mlsslonsstiniili'ii.      Ilalle,    Fr' 

1-SJ.      Kvo.      'JMk. 

IltM'iilti'Isi-   mil   <iiiil   <|oii    llpligii    AiuleM 

iirlii'ii'  paa  Ivi'iina   Kaliiiurl.i'-ka  .\illiii;;iii 

lU.'IMii't  Oil  till'  wiiik  lit'  till'  Hilly  (iliiist  on 

of  two  Kalnillks'.     Stoliil.  1M!<. 
Beriiaiiiil.  II.     Missioiiaiv  I  ilioiirs  in  Hiitislii.        ..a, 

with  I'i'inai'ks  on  tin'  nianni't-s,  I'tistonis.  anil  siitiiT- 

stitiiiiis   I'iti's  of  till'  alioi'i);ini's.     I,.,   8liaw,    1M47. 

f'vo.    Ts.  — Missionary  lalmrs  anions  tlm  aliori^-inul 

Iiiilians  of  (iiiiiiiia.     I..,  .Sliaw,  ISIT      ^ivo.     Ts. 
IliliN'r  HUH  (Icr  llerniaiiiisbiii'Ki'r  .Mixsioii.     Her- 

niarin-liinn.  ISSii. 
lIliiKliaiii,  llti'ani,    Siorv  of  tin- Morning  Star.   Host. 

A.  I!,  ('.  I''.  M.,  IWC.     l-.'iiio. 
Illnl,    I.     Hiliit'  work  in   Hilili'  lainls.     Kvt-iits  in   the 

liistorv  of  I  111' .'syria  .Mission.     I'liila.,  I'lvs.  Bil.,  1H7J. 

rJino.     *l.."iii. 
BliK'kKtoiK'.    (Ii'iiiral  ilireelorv  of  missionary  socie- 

tii's.    chii'auo.  ISHl. 
lilirilel,  N.  (J.     .Missionshestyrt'lsens  I.t'ilrlsc  af  drn 

danski'    Missioiisvirk.soiiilii'il.      Kt    Kon'ilnnr    iTIie 

condiiot  of  l!n' dii't'i'toi's  of  tin*  Danish  missionary 

work.     A  li'i'tnri'i.     Klilin,  1S70. 
Itliinihardt.  ('.  <i.     Vi'i-snch  oirier  all^rHineint'ii  ^Mis- 
sions-! icsi'liiilitc  dor  Kiri'he  Christ  i.     Basel,  1H','H  37. 

.'1  V.  in  fi  pans.     'Ji)  S^r. — Christian  missions.     (Kd. 

C.  Ha  rill  )     I,.,  Hi'l.  Tr.  Soe,  isiii.     I8mo.    -Js.  lid,— 

Ilandliiii'h   der   Missioiis'_'i'si'hii'hle    iiiiil    MisKions- 

neotiraphie.      Stntli;-,    Sleinkopf,    1H03.      :j,    Ailsj;, 

•^  V.  I'Jirio. 
Boek,   V.   S,     Km'iii  MisssionsKPsehichlo.     Kiinigsb. 

171.). 
liorroH ,  <Jeo.    The  liilile  in  Spain.     L.,  Murray,  ISIl, 

n.  f..  i.stil.    :!  V.    :ts.  iid. 
Host,   A.     liistorv  of  the   Hoheinian  and  ^tornvian 

Hrethren.     I...   Uel.  Tr.  Sik'.,    Ks34.     ISino.     -Js.   (id, 

n.  e..  istW.     (iliinl.  transl.  from  l'"r.  oriKinal.    (ien- 

eva.  l.s:)l.     '-'  v.i 
Itoweii,  .1,  T,     .Vdvi'iitiifi's  and  missionary  labors  in 

several  eoiiiUries  in  the  interior  of  .\fi'ii.'a  from  ISIII- 

'iti.    Charleston    So.  Hapt.    Miss.   Soc,  1C.")7.     8vo. 

Sl.OO 
Uoyee.  W.  M.    Statistics  of  the  I'rot.  Mis,s.  Sue,  187','-3. 

1„  1871. 
Ilraiier,   J.   H.     fVier]  Heiliiit;e  ziir  (tesehielite  iler 

Ileidenbeki'hrniiK'.      .Mioiia   mid    llamlnir);,    1,'<1I, 

I'Jmo.     I   Til.   Ill  .Stjr.-  Hie   Missionsanstallen  imd 

(iesellsi'haflen     der     Kvautri'lischeii     Kiri'he     des 

Eiiropiiisihi'ii  We.stlandes.    llaiulmrt;,  l»17-,"il,    Uv, 

I'Jmo.     -J.SO.Mk. 
nruiins,  O.    Ueiiriiiie  /.iir  Unnnoverisoheii  Missions- 

fresoliiohte.     Hannover,  Meyer,  IKW).    8vo.    l.l  .Sj;r, 
Ilrett,  \V.  H.     Indian  missions  in  Uiiiaim.    L,.  Bell  & 

U.,  lH.-il.     f.'liio.     .is. 
llreve  fra  MisHioiiiiTeriie  I.iivenllial  or  Jeiisfii 

fra  I  Istindien  (Letters  from  the  missionaries  L.  am' 

J.  from  Kasl  India).     181^'. 
llrlKKs,  C.  A.     American  rreshyterianistn:  its  origin 

and   early  hislory.    N,  Y.,  Scribners,  18S,5.     l'.;nio. 

$:!.01). 
ISrlKjfs,  F.  \V.     Missions,  apostolic  and  modern.     L., 

llaniilton.  IStil.    Svo,    :js.  inl. 
l(rif(l>tw<'II,  C.  L.,  .Miss.     Koniance  of  modern  mis- 
sions.    (I'l'liii)     I.  .  liei.Tr.  Soe.,  1^7(1.   8vo.     is,  lid. 

— ,So  Kieat  love;    sketches  of  missionary  life  and 

labor.     I,.,  Snow,  1S74.     8vo.     Is,  lid. 
Ili'itlsh   aiKl    ForrlKii     Hible  Society,   jubilee  at 

Hombav,  185:!.     Hoiiib.  l>iSI. 
lii'oilheiui,  .V.      Ilislorical   sketches  of    mi-sions    in 

India  il'resbyt  1.     I'hil.  !Hsl.     pjnio. 
Uruwii,  (i.     History  of  the  British  and  Koiei);n  Bible 

Society.     I-.  l^'J. 
Brown,   Wllllaiii.     History  of  the  propagation   of 

Cliristiunity  anions  the  heathen   since  the  Kefor- 


mntlon,    h.  1814.     i  v.     -M  p  ,   niockwooils,   ls,-)4. 

•t  v.  8vo.     .Ills.     Am,  ed..  I'lilla  ,  Clarke.  I8lti.     ','  v. 
Ilriul«>rkln'lie,  reliersiihi  der  Mlssionsuesihichle  der 

l':vam;elis('lien,    in     iliiem     ersteii     Jahrlinnilerte. 

(iiiadan,  IS.'W.     :!  parts, 
IliU'liiH'i',  il,   H.     'Ihe  .Moravians   in   .lainaica.     His. 

lory   of    Ihe    missions  of    the    riiiied    Hrethien's 

('liiirch  III  the   tii'iiriies  in  the  Island  of  .lamaica, 

17."il  18.M.     I,,,  LoiiK'nian,  IS,'.-!.     Nvo.     :1s.  (hI. 
lliirkiiai'dt,     <i,      K.       Kleine     Missions  Hibliolhek. 

Iheli'fi'ld.  Vi'lhatreii,  l.s.'i;  (ij.     I   v.   8vo.     '.'d   e.    by 

r.  I!,  (iiimdi'niann.  ISTU  81.     I  v.  8vo.     .ll.iio  Mk. 
ICiii'iis,  il.     Missionar\'  eiilerprise  in  inaiiv  lands.     1,  , 

Ti'^k-.  :id  e  ,  Kniu'hl'.  I8.-||.     ;Wmo.     Is.  lid 
lliirtoii,  Itella  K.,  .>Irs.     A  year  in  theeonntiy;  or, 

Keili'i's   missionary   work.      Host.,    l.olhrop,'  i?*7| 

lilmo      .*l,','."i. 
Illlscllt    l{.      .\ltes    llllil    Nelles   aiis  (h'P  MisHJoll    llliler 
I  lli'ideii      Ki'kartshert;a,  1887  siiij. 
r,  W,     C.  nipendiiini  of  missions.     Host.  18.V,'. 
•  ,'il,  Kobt.     I.i'1'tiires  on    (he  'rinnevellv    mis- 
loiis.     I,.,  Hell  Jt  I).,  I8.'i7.     8vo.     as.  lid.  -  H'eeoids 
if  the  earlv  history    of  the  Tinnevelly    tlission, 

.Madras,  l.ssi,    8vo. 
iiilvcrl,    iliiH.      I'iji    and    the    Fijians.     (Vol,   1    by 

'Ihos.  Williams,)    Vol.  a,  Jlissioii  history.    L.  18.')S, 

Svo. 
CHiiipbell.  .1.  K.     Mission   in  llindoslan.     \j.  18,V.'.— 

Mi-si..iis  ill  I'pper  India.     I..  l.s.'iS. 
Campbell,  iloliii.     Maritime  discovery  and  Chrislian 

missiniis     I,.,  Snow,  I8III.    Svo.     lis,'  Mfe  and  niis- 

sioiiar\  enterprise  in  South  Africa,    I..,,  Snow,  1811. 

Svo.     Ills. 
Cnrr,   W.    The  chiircli  and   the   Uoman   empire.     I,, 

and  N.  v..  l.ont,'mans,  ISS7.     Svo.     'Js.  (id. 
i'arroli,    II.    K.     The    world    of    missions,      N,   V,, 

I'liiilips,^  II..  1S8I.    aimo.     Idc. 
CasHiill.  Henry,     ( Icrasional  papers  CIO)  respeclinn 

the    West    Indian   .Mission   to  Western   .Vfi'ica.     I,. 

isr,)  .-,,     l-.>iiio. 
Cliapiii,  Waller,    The  missionary  (jazelteur.    AVood- 

stoc'k,  \'t.,  IS'.i.-), 
Clierry,  llie  Missionary;  or,  chnreh  ill  tho  wilder- 

iii'ss.     I'iiila.,  Am.  S,  S..  18118.     Iilnio.     !Kle. 
Christ  iielie     :\l  issioiisKeseliiclil«,      Berl,     18C8-S."), 

a  v.  svo.     '-'Mk. 
Chrlsllieli,  TlieodiM'.     Dei-  (lecenwiirtice  Stand  der 

K.vannelisehen  ileidenmission.     (iiltersloh,  Herlels- 

man.  1880.    -^'d  e.    8vi>,     l.Cid  Mk.    Transl.     Buslon, 

CoiiK'.    I'nh.    <"o,,  188(1.     Kiiiio.      7.ic.     Also    Krencli 

transl.     I's.    1880.      Svo.      -.'..Ml  fr.-Aerztliche   Mis- 

sioneii.   (liUersloh,  Hertelsmaim,  IS8!I.  8vo.  L.'illMk. 
C'liota    NiiKpoi'a    Mission.      Kiirze  (ieschichle  dei- 

.selben.     lierl.  ISC.",.     Svo.      l.-|  Pf. 
Chrislian  Work  in  /iilu-I.anil.     .N'.  Y.,  Randolph, 

IS^I).      I'Jlllo, 

Cliristiaii  Year  Hook  :  asnmmnry  of  Christian  work. 

I,  ,  .lai'ksoii  ,i  W.     Aiinii.'il.     8vii.     4s. 
Cliiiirh  Missionary  Soelely,  ,Iiibilee  volume  of  the. 

1.  .  Ch.  :^lisH.  Sill'.,  IM49,     Svo.     tis, 
Clavk,  fl.    The  Baptist   :\Iission,  .lanmico,   from  its 

I'onimencement.     1,.,  Snow,  ISd.'),     Svo.     (is. 
Clarke,  .\dani.     Christian  missions.     L.,  Te),'g,  lS:iO. 

I'Jiiio.    :u.  lid. 
ClaiiHi'ii,  J.     ( nil    I.edi'lsi'ii  af  den  daiiske   ^lissions- 

virksomhedit  m  lhei:oiidiu't  of  the  Uanisli  missions). 

Klihn.  18^(1. 
CIoiikIi,   ,1,    K.      From   darkness  to  lii;lit:   story  of 

Ti'liiKii   awaki'iiinj;.     Host.,  Am.  Hapt.  I'lib.,   1880. 

.'id  I',,  l.ss-,'.     Iiimi).     «I,'J,-,. 
Colt.  T.  W.     I.i'cliires  on  the  early  liistorv  of  Cliris- 

tiaiiity   ill    EiiKliind.     Troy,   Young,   18(10.      1','nio. 

5I.7.V 
Coke,  Tlios.    Account  of  Ihe  rise,  progress,  and  pres- 
ent state  of  the  .Alethodist  missions.     I...  ISOI. 
Collins,  U.     Missionary  enterprise  in  the  Fast,  with 

espi'i'ial  reference  to  .Syrian  Christians  of  .^lalaliar. 

L.,  Kim;,  1S7:J.     Svo.     (is. 
Coiitrlliiitioiis    toward    a    Ilistor.v    of    Hiblieal 

translatioiis  in  India.     I,.,  Ilalton,  18.')4.     Svo.    '.'s. 
Cooper.     .V  lei'tiire  on  the  manni'i's  and  enstoins  of 

Iht'.hipaiii'se  and  the  progress  of  Christian  missions 

in  ,Iapaii,     .\.  V.  ISSil. 
Co,x,  I''.  A.     Hislory  of  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society. 

I..,    lloiilston,    i84','.      a  V,    K'nio.      7s,  Oil,      liost,. 

Tonipkiiis. 
Craandi.ik,     .1.      Ilistorie     iiederhindske    zeiuldinj,'- 

geiiootscliap   ill   zijii  willeii  en  warkeii.     Kotteid. 

ISli!).      ','  V. 

Craii/.,  I>aviil.  .\iicieiit  and  modern  history  of  Ihe 
Hii'lhii'ii.  Biirliy,  177'J.  Fngl.  Iraiisl,,  1,.  17S().~- 
Weitere  Fortset/.niig  voii  seine  Hriider  Ilistorie. 
(Inadan,  isiio. 

Croifer,  K.  W.  (ieschii'hte  der  Frni'iierten  Brildei 
Kiri'he.  (inaihui,  I8.W-4,  :t  v.  Svo.  (i.."!!!  Mk. -(ie- 
schichle ler  Alter  Brilder  Kirche,  14,57-177:1.  Beth- 
lehem, I'a,    Svo,    $a.'J5, 


»*«-i,»ir<»nji(^t/ 


i.t.;SI**.V'.'«k 


■MU 


HXSTORIBS 


Oil 


HISTORIES 


rriill,   Jiir  Till'  iiils«iiinnry   prnlili'iii.    (Cnnclso 

liisiiTvi     .      ii'-i.'iiii  iiii<~i'iiis  1    'riiniiito.  IHS;). 

('iii'iii>i||<"<  ^>f  t'liristliiii  >liKiiiiiiit,  I'lillii.,  Am. 
Il;i|      I'lilil      ISiii...     iiic, 

('ii-.!*  K.  N.  SkiMrli  111'  iihmIi'iii  iiiisslon"  ill  tin-  KasI 
liiJi.'s  1,  \x;h.-  I'litiiifs  i.r  Ithliaii  lifi>,  with  ilin 
|ii-ii,  ls.•,^;-^<!.     I.  ,  Triiliiiri-,  l>*K|,     Hvo.     ;s.  ll.l, 

<'uIIn,  I'!.  I..     Clirlsliaiis  iiniliT  tlm  orfseeui  In  Asiii. 

I. .  s  1',  ('.  K  .  is::.    SVC.    '.s. 

IliiKiii'll,  I,.  II.,  .Ui'H,  Iliitorii'iil  ski'ii'lii"<  iif 
\MtiiuiirM  iiiissiniiar\-  wiirii'tii's  iii  .Xiiicrira  ami 
Km-liiml.  llusi.,  DaKk'i'il.  is;it.  ii.  c,  ISx't.  liiiiici. 
T.V* . 

DiilliiN,  .\.  Stiirv  iif  tilt*  Irisli  chiiroli  iiilsslmis.  Ii., 
Mai'ininsh.  iww      r.'mn.     '.N.  i!i|. 

DiiiisUii  >!iN<.loii  1  Ostliiilii'ii,  l><<ii ,  I  ill'  Hcnrso 

.\ai.  I:m  Sainliiik'  al'  llii'viv  IMi,'.  iiiril  I'li  Iiiill.  al' 
('.  H.  KalUui' I'l'lii'  Haiil-li  iiii^siiin  in  KasI  Iinlla  of 
lali'  viilrs.  A  rollrrtiini  ul  IrlliMs,  nl.  wllli  an  III 
ini.liini.iii  liy  C.  II.  K  i.     KMiii.  |s;ii. 

Di'iiNiiii.  s,  l>.  .\  liisiiirv  cil'  ilii'  liMi'i>;ii  inissiniiary 
uoik  nl'  III.'  I'nii.  K|ii-.i'.  ell..  1.  s.  A.     N.  V.  l^ii. 

noHrnniliti/,  s.  llistiijri*  di-s  niissjiins  «'x'an^'r-lu|iii'>4. 
I'-..  -.M  !•..  ISCIi.     I-Jiiiu.     I  fr. 

Iti-M-ilios,  i:.  l.'i'vaiik'il''  ivii  Halinini'v  Pi  i\  la  niii- 
ill's  tsi'lavrs,  nil  hisliiiii'  lU's  iiiiKsimm  iifrh'uiiies  ih- 
1..VI111.     I.yiiii,  \>*'i~.    svi>.     :  fr. 

]>llil>lr,  Sliehloii,     TIih   Sniiilvv  IcIi   Islninls  Mlssimi. 

N.  v.,  .\Mi.  'I'l-  Sell',,  ixm.    i-jiim,    ;.«'. 

I>l<'slclkiiiiiiif,  I<.     ViirtniK'  IHhm'  ^llssinii  in  Diiitsch- 

1  Kiafrika.     IJi'il.  issr.    svo.    .|ii  I'f. 
Dicli'l,     K.    «'.      Missiuiissliiiuli'ii.      Lnz.    IW,')    sqii. 

.-.  V.  t<vi>.     Ka.  l.-.'OMk. 
Uolin.      iM'ii   i'vant,'i'lisl;i'   Alis^lmi    I    Anivt    ISC)  iTlio 

I'vaiiK'i'lii'al  iiiissiiiii  in  IsM.i     Klilin.  ls|:(. 
Dobliiii.s,  I'',  S.     A  fiiri'i^'ii  inissiiaiaiy  iiianiial.    I'liiln. 

issi. 
DoiiKliis,    II.   A.    (ftp, I.     Missiiins    in   Imiia.     Srvi'ii 

li'lliTs.     I,.,  (iai-ilni'i-.  is;r.     ,svii     '.'s  Till. 
Diiiit'tiii,  I'eti'r.     Nanalivi' iif  llii' Wisli-van  Mission 

lo.Ianiaira.     1,.,  I'arlriilL'i'.  is|:i.     Svo.     :s.  il.l. 
D»  iclit,  II.  «i.  O.     Clirislianily  I'l'Vivnl  In  Ilii-  Kast. 

'I'lii'  work  of  (foil  anioin;  tin-  Arnirniaiis  of  'liirUi-y. 

N.  v..  ('.  Si'i-ilini'i-.  IS.M).     I'Jiiio.     *l.iHI. 
EiIk»>'i   'f-    H'      I'lirisli'iiilom    from    fonstHiiliiit'    to 

Iti'fornialion.     .\.  Y.  ISsT. 
Kdwai'ils,  II,  It.    The  inisslnnai'v  i?nzcttt'i'r.     Host., 

Ci-o.'ki'i' Jt  Ii..  IS;i'.',  AniloviT.  ls:«.    Svo.     $l.-,'iV 
Eels,    Myi'oii.      History  of    Iniliaii   missions  on   tlii> 

I'ac'ilii'  coast,  in  (iii'i;on.  Washint'ioii,  iiiul  lilalio. 

IMiila..  .\m.  S.  S  .  I,s.S'J.     1','nio.     fl.,'-). 
Egi'ile,    lliiiis,      Dnislii'iiilriiir  OL'  ihllTirliu'    Ui'lalioii 

aiiKaariiili'  ili'H  j;i'oiilanilski'   .Missions   Hi'k'ynili'lsi' 

t'i;    Koi'isa'llel.si"   o.   s.  v.  it'ircnnistaiitl.'il   and   I'x- 

liaiistivi'  expianafioii    of    thf  origin   ainl    fnrilu'f 

liistory  of  till'  (Irei-nlanil  Mission,  .'ti'.i     Kiilin.  i;:iS. 

—  K,|iisoili'  af  mill  Viiksonilifil  i  Nonlnninianil  i  K|ii- 
sciili  of  my  work  in  Norili  (iri'i'iilaiuli.  ISIS-'JS. 
Hailrrslov,  'lST4.— Tliinl  contimMtion  of  tin-  fxpia- 
ii.iiions  of  ihi"  I'oiiililion  ami  rral  naiiiiu  uf  the 
(iri'.'iilaiiil  Mission.  i:.')'.l-|:!.     Klilin. 

Ellis,  Harriet  W.  Toils  anil  triiim|>hs:  missionary 
Work  in  the  world's  dark  plaees.  I...  Seeley,  ISli-.'. 
svo.  :ts.  till.-- liemnark  and  her  missions.  L., 
Seeley,  ISO:!.      K'lno.     :is.  tfil, 

Ellis,  Will.  Tile  Christian  keepsake  and  missionary 
annual.  1,.  ISJiT.  — History  of  .Madatjasear.  l'rot;risH 
of  rliristian  missions,  perseemion  and  martyrdom 
of  Christians,  elo.     1,..  Tallis.  is.'is,     •,•  v.  .svo.    •,>.->«. 

—  History  of  the  London  Missionary  Soeiely,  I,,, 
Snow.  IMl.  fivii.  Ills  (ill.  The  Ai'i'erieaii  Mission 
ill  the  Sanilwic'h  Islands.  1,  ,  ,(ai'ksoii.  ISIili.  .Svo. 
u's.  till.  -The  martyr  elmreh,  a  nanalive  of  the  in- 
ti'i'iliielion  of  Chrislianilv  in  Madapasear.  I., 
Snow.  isco.  ii.e..is:i.  svo.  lis.  Dd.  Host..  Conn, 
S   S.  Soi'.,  ISTO.     Svo.     S'-M"'- 

Eppler,  l>.  Karl  (iotlllili  rfander.  eine  /eiifie  der 
Wahilieit  iinter  den  Hekennern  iles  Islam.  iMit. 
Iijii'ken  in  Ver^ran^'i'iiheit  mid  le'i,'i'nwait  des  .Mo- 
liammedanisniiis      Hasel.  isss.     sv,.,     1..111  Mk. 

EHsa.vs  liv  I'lipils  <>f  the  Tree  Cliiirvli.     Itoinhay, 

IS,-,). 

Evsililsen,  V.  S^var  III  I'astor  .1.  Clausen  1  Uysliiii.'e 
p.ia  hansSkrlft  "(iin  I.edelseii  af  den  daiiske  Mis- 
sonsvirksomhed"  (Answer  to  Pastor  ,J.  Clausen  in 
HyslliiK'e  on  his  paiiiplilei :  '■  ( in  the  eondiiL't  of  the 
Iianish  niissions'",.     Klihii    ls?(i. 

EraiiKelieal  l.iillieraii  ^llssioiiaries,  ilefeiiee  of 
their  position.  I'll'.     Madi-,1-.  Is.Vi 

EviiiiKelisk  liitlMM'Klie  .>li-.sl<iMNansliitll,  I><>ii  , 
I  Hreokluin  (The  Kvanuelieal  l.iiiheraii  missionary 
institution  in  H  1.     Hredsted.  IS?:. 

Eveniril,  I'hilip.  History  of  liaptist  missions. 
Host,  is:!1. 

Ewalil,  V,  (',  Missionary  Itihors  In  .lernsttlein  (I84\!- 
lli.     f..,  Wertheliii.  isi.'!.     I'Jiiio,     Is. (id. 

Falirieiii!),  J.  A.    Salutarisliix  evunKedi.    llnmhurn. 

leJl. 


I'PiiKPr,  J,  V.  Ken  tmnkeharske  MIsslonH  HIslorio 
iTIie  history  of  Ihe  mission  in  Traiiiiiieharl  Khhn. 
1S|:1  —  Hidrat,'  III  Hans  Ki-eiles  nt;  den  k'ninlaiiilski* 
.Missions  llisloi'ie  iContriliiitioim  to  Ihe  kliitor}' of 
Hans  l':>:ede  anil  the  (Jreeiilanil  .Missmni,  If.'I-IMl. 
Khiiii.  is;!l, 

Kf>rrl»,  il,  .liiliilee  luHiiioriul  of  Ihe  .\iiierieaM  llililtf 
Soi'ii'ty.     N    Y.  isiir 

I'Tiiil,  .1.  M.  Zwoir  .lalire  in  .MiessyiriiMi  oiler  lie- 
sihii'hte  des  Kiinins  i'lleoiloros  H.  illlrt  der  .Misviou 
miter  seiner  Ueirleilmi,'.      Iliisel,  Isl'ill.      svo.     S((ir. 

I'Tlrklniter.  It.  K.  Ithiopia;  or,  twenty  years'  of 
mesioiiarv  life  in  Western  Africa,  l)ny(ou,  (),, 
Cii.  H    I'lih  Co,,  in::.     I'.'ino.     '.K)e, 

FIiiikI,  .1,  (irrniland:  ^lissloiishistorie  1  I''orta'llliii.'er 
i(  ireeiiland.  Missionar>' liistor.\"  in  stnrii^i.  chra. 
IS',  i.     La'siiinni  Kvlnde'foreiiiiii.'er  for  HeTlniin,'!'-  ug 

.li'.de  Missiollell.      Krstll,   |ss|, 

I'liirev,  It.  Ziii;.'  am  .Missioiisuitze,  II  Ilefte.  I,pz,, 
•Jd  e.,  is.-,s.     s,,,.     J.;,,,  iuir. 

Kiis-t,  |{.  Hie  .VnriiUk'eder  Nordlseheii  Mission.  lierJ., 
liiii'itiii'r.  |ss'.'_.i.     ','  V.  Ito.     ','  .^lk. 

F(i\,  II,  \V.  (hiipleis  on  missions  In  South  India, 
1...  Seeley.  IMS.    rJiiio.    :is.  t;d. 

I'ov,  W,  IJiief  siirvev  of  Ihe  Weslevnn  missions  on 
Ihe  western  const  of  Afrli'ii.  L..  .\vlott,  IS.'d.  »vo. 
ills.  i;d. 

Freeiiiiiii,  .1,  .f.,  niiil  .IiiIiiih,  It,  I'erseciitions  of 
the  chilstiiins  in  Madau'asear:  ,  .  .  the  escape  of 
six  lefiit'ci'S.     I,.,  Snow,  isiil,     1','nio.     Us. 

Krere.  Hart  l«>,  Sli'.  Indian  inissloiis.  Ij.,  Kintr,  1ST:). 
s\ . ..     .-IS. 

Frtek,  O.  (iesehichten  iinil  Hilder  nils  iler  Mission. 
Iliille.  issi-(l.    II  parts. 

FrilHcliel,  (Jfi'il.  (iesehii'ht.'  iler  Christlii'heii  Mis- 
si 'iieii  iiiiler  den  Indianern  Norilaineril.a's  im 
sielieiizehiilen  mid  aeht/ehiiten  Jahrhiiiiilert. 
Nilrnh    is:ii.     Svo,     'J.lil  Mk. 

(iHiniiicll,  W.  Hislorv  of  Amerlenn  Hnpllst  iiilsslona. 
Ilosi  .(Joiild.  K.,\;  1,..  IKlil.    Cthe,,  is,',ii.     I'Jnio,    T.V. 

iiiinliMM',  T.  t*.  Sources  of  power  in  missionary  en- 
terprise.    X.  v.,  Carlton  ,V  1'.,  ISIl'.'.     I'.'mo, 

Geililes,  >l.  History  of  the  church  of  Malnhar.  h. 
11.11 1      Svo. 

Oeileiikliiicli  iler  Illieiiilsclieii  .tlUsUin,     llariiipn, 

is:s. 

(ierliaril.  I*,    (leschiehtp  der  Mission  unlcrilen  Kolhs. 

r.erl.  ISS.-).     Svo.     1..M1  Jlk. 
Gi'se1iielit4>  iler  .Viishi-eitiiiif;  des  ClirlHtpiitlniinH 

imler  dell   llelil.'ll       I'ollierr,  |s  1  1,      svo       .-,  Sirr. 

<ieN4- III  elite  iler  Aiishrelliiii^  <l*'s  <'lirlst4>nt  liiiniri 

inner  lien  lleideiiviilkern  .SUdafrlkas.  Herl.  is;';.'. 
Svo.     1.-,  St-'r. 

(ieselilclile,  Kiir/p,  der  Aiiswandpriiiiu  der 
/illei'thaler  I'r.iieslaiileii  iiml  ilires  liiireh/iit.'a 
liincli  I  llieriisterrielis  I-A'anu'eiisehe  (ienieimli'ii. 
NiiiiiU.  ls:is.    Svo.    .I'll  Su-r. 

Ge.srliiehle  der  Christ liclieii  .MlHsioiieii  aiif  don 

Kremidsi'hafis-    oiler    Toin.'adiisi'lii list    eimT 

Knr/.en  IJeschichie  der  Wesleyaiiiseheii  MissioiiK* 
(lesellscliaft.     liremeii.  IsriT.     ..ivo.     '^'-ji.,  S^r. 

Gillies,    J.     Si ess   of    the   i.-.ispel.     (Jlask'ow.    IT.M. 

■.'v.     n.  e.     Kdiidi  .  lionar.  ISI.'i.     1  v.  svo.     His.  |j<l. 

Gold  and  the  (iospel  ;  or.  the  Sciiptural  duty  of 
irivinir.     1...  .Nishei.  is.v,.     Svo.     'Js.  tid. 

(•node,  W.  H,  I  imposts  of  /.i.in.  Cincinnati,  Meth. 
Ilk.  Coll.,  isi;:i.     I'.imo.    f  1  ;."i. 

(■onion.  A,  (liir  India  Mission:  thirtv  veni-s'  history 
of  llie  Indian  Mission.     Phil.  ISsi,.    "svo.     «:i.iKi. 

GoMpel  aniiuiK:  the  Heeliiiaiias  and  other  TrihpA 
of  South  Afiica.  I'liila..  .\iii.  S.  S.  I'n..  Ixlti. 
l.'iiio,     Klc. 

Gospel  ill  Saiitliallstaii.  liv  an  old  Indian.  Pref- 
ace  hv    Hoialius   lionar.      L.,    Nishet,    Is:,",.      Svo. 

•-■s,  (111," 

Gossiier,  •loliaiines.     (Iesehichten   uns  der  Ileklpn 

Weil.      Perl.  ls,ii;-r.     (1  V.  Svo,     Ktl,,.  Syr, 

Gossiiei'selier  MIkhIom.     Kiinf/.ij.' .lain e      lierl.  ISSB. 

(iriicey,  ,1.  T.,  >lrs.  Woman's  medical  work  ill 
foieit'ii  lands.     I),iiis\ille.  S.  Y..  ISSI, 

4>i'aiit,  .Int.  .Missions  to  the  heathen,  nmnpton 
lectures  for  isi:i.     I,.,  Kivinu'toii,  |S|,-,.     Svo.     lis. 

Graiil,  K.  KvaiiK'i'lisi'he  I.utherische  Mission  zii  Dres- 
den all  l''.v«iu,'ellsehe-l.U'llieriselie  Kirche  aller 
l.iiMiler.  l.pz.  IS^.I.  Svo.  1  Snr.  — Hie  Christhcheii 
Missiotisiiliitze  nii(  der  Kanzeii  Krde.  Lpz.,  Hiirf. 
tlilik'.  ISIT.      (IS;,'!', 

Green,  Asliliel,  Historical  sketch  of  Preshyterinn 
fori'iirn  ami  duinestic  inissjoiis,  Phila.,  Preshv. 
lid.,  is:)s.     p,'niii.    (i:ic 

Griiiiiilii);.  <>.  V.  Dm  Missiiiieu  i  Osliiulien  (Ou  the 
mission  to  K;ist  'ndia).     Khlin.  lsr.il. 

Griindeiiianii,  I*.  K,  .Missions. liilihothek.  4  v. 
See  l!riiKii.\nnr,  (i.  K  — Ziir  Slatlstlk  der  Evan- 
Seliseheii  Mission,     (ilitersloh,  ISHU.     Svo.     l.WMk. 

Gueiiot,  ('.  Coininctes  ilii  Christiunlsme  e»  Asie, 
.Vfri.pie.  .\iiii''iii|ue,  etc.     Ps.  IsiK).     l.'iiifr. 

(iiiiniiess,  H.  Griitlaii.  .Mi-n.     New  world  of  Central 


HISTORIBS 


649 


HISTORIES 


Vpilc  I,  Willi  n  liixtiirv  of  llir  (list  Chi'lsliiiii  iiiIknIoii 
I'll  111.- (•..UK,..     I,,.  H..1I.I.T.  I'-im     svi..    lia. 

<iiit/.lair,  Ciiii.     Kii  ki.il   ll.ii'liiinn  ..in  ,  or  dm 

('hihi.MJskt'  .MIssii.ii  lA  slii.rt  uiv.iiiiit  i.f  (-".  li.  iiiiil 
111..  Clilni's..  .Ml».*i,.iii.     Ki.liii.  IX»K 

OiiiiiU'i't,  H.  MHsl.iiisliililMr.  I'ltlu.  ISfll.— I)li> 
i;viiii({i.lisclii.  Mission.  Iliii.  l.iinilff,  Vlllki-r,  mid 
AilifiiHii.     C'alw.  1>M|  f)    ■.'.!  i.  .  IHHii     Hvi).     J  Mk. 

Iliiiiiiiiiiiiil,  II.  Iii'ii  iiiii'iliski.  Mi-siiins  Illsliiiii.  i 
Ni.iMliiiiili.n.'.  l.'iiiiiuii'k.'n,  ok  'rrimilliji'iiis  Aint 
111  l.ii|i|..'i's  I'K  I'inii.'rs  (inivi'iiiU-lN..  I'm  llisti'  lli' 
(.•\d..|-i.  Ill  Ih'ii  nrli  Aai-i't  IT'.';  1  lllstoiy  of  llu'  Noilli- 
crii  .nissioiiN  III  Norllilaii.l,  Miiinark,  iind  tlic 
roiiniv  ol"  'ri'iMiilliJi'iii.  I'l-oni  ilii.  lii'K'iiinliic  lo  K-.'Ti. 
Kl.iin'  1>;. 

Ilaiiilliiiok  III'  Foi'flKii  MIh.<Iiiiis.  L..  Tr.  Sue.,  18HS. 
^^..      N.  1.1 

lliii'duii'k.    t;.     .MKs|.,iis  or  III..   Mill. 11..   Aac-s,     (Hi-c 

Ills   rillllslMS   ClUllcll   OK  TlIK    .MlliDl.K   AllKB.      I.., 

Miic'iiiillmi,  ■-'.I  1-.,  IN.l.     s\o.     Ills.  Il.l.i 
iliissfll,    .1.      Kn^.m    pol..    lo   {ioli.       A    linii.ll.ook   of 

('III  isli  HI  llli~Molls.  I,  ,  NKIi.'t.  l"*!'':.  rjiii.i.  ."is. 
Iliitviill.  Ml).  Khiudoiii  mid  I'liiii'i.h  iif.  h.  IMiS. 
Ilinviiliiiii  (liiiirli  .lIlNsloii.    1  iii'asioiial  paper.    No. 

-      I,  .  Hivui>,'l..iis.  isc.'i.    Hv...    i;.i. 
IIiiwUliiH,  i;i-ii.     Missions  of  ilii.  ('Iiiiri'li  of  Kiitrlaiid 

III  .N.  Aiiii'iii'mi  culoiiit'S.     I..,  Krllowcs,  In  1.5.     t^vo. 

Ila/i'lliiH,  H.     Kvaii^.  fosli'i'laii.lssl     tjiip>fi.ni'nrii;a 

v.iksaiiilii'l  rr»ciii\ -liM.  vi'ais'  work  of  llie  Kvaii- 

u'.'l    .Niilional  S..C.I. "  Stoliii.  1S,H|. 
Ili'hlrli,  Siiiiil.     Km  li..|li'aK /.iii' lii'Si'liic'lil.' diT  Indi- 

s..|i..|i  Mi«>ioii,     Has,.|.  ls;j,    sv...     l.iii.Mk. 
Il|.rk|.»i'lili'i',  il.  <i.  K.     Narialivi.  of  t lie  mission  of 

111.'  riiiii'il  Kii-lhit'ii  amoiiK  iIih  Dolawaii'  hii.I  Mo- 

la-k'nii    liiiliaiis,   iriO-l.S()8.     I'lilla.,   .McCai-iy  &  I)., 

l'<-,'0.     s,o 
Ilt'i'tiir,  I'lirker,  anil    I'aj-ii.    Slatisliral   lalili's  of 

I'l'ili'slanl     missions    In    India,    t'l-vlon,   i-lc.      L., 

TliMi-k.-r.  1S'<1.     .'■vo.     .".s. 
JIi'iiliiK,  K.  K.,  Mva.     Ilisl.ii-y  of  ilii'  .Vfrican  Mission 

ot  111..   I'rot.   Kp.   C'lim-ch.     N.    Y..  Stanford  \    S., 

iwii.    i-jiiio.    ;v. 

Ilt'i'ti'l,  I...     Missi.ina'r  li.irri'si'n  og  Sanlalmisslonen 

(.Missi.iiiar.v  li  an. I  tlioS.  M.)     K..lilln),'.  IKTti. 
Hit',  e.v,  G.  \\.     Hapiisi    missions  in   fori'lun   lands. 

fr..iii  Car.'.v  t.i  the  pi.-scnt  dati-.     St.  I.oiiis,  IS.H4  (ri. 
II<..«si.,  ,1.     Her   .Asamekrl."   mi.l  dii'  Mission  aiif  ili-r 

(iolil-Kiiste  In  .'iiiem  kiiizenlleseliielillli-lien  ri.lier- 

lilii-k  .largest. -111.     lias.-l.  isri.     Kine  iii'n.    Mission 

am  N'ltami  S.-.-.     liasel.  ls,s.).     ].-i  I'f. 
Hill.     .Mlssi.m  w.irk  in  CeiiUv.l  Cliiiia      I,   ISH-,'. 
UiHtiii'iial  ('olli-eliiiiiK,  rclalhiu;  lo  Ui'iiiiii-kalilo 

perioiis  of-  sia-e.-ss  of    the   ^of^pel.     (ll:l>Ki>»',   l^-''!- 

'■i  V.  Nvo. 
Ilisloi'U'iil  Sketch  oT  llif.  Afrieaii  Mi.ssions  iif  the 

I'l-ol.  Kp   ell,  ol  f.  S.     N,  Y    ISSI. 
lIlNtiii-iciil  >ki'teh  lit  the  .llissiiiiis  of  the  Aiiiei-i- 

.■:iii  H..anl.     N.  Y.  IMi-.' 
Uisloriial  >«keti'h  ol  the  «'liiiia  Missiiiii  of  the 

I'rol.   Kpisi-    (  li,  ..lllie  r.  S.      N.  V.  ISS.-.. 
Histiii-ieiil  Sketchen  of  the  .Allssliins  iif  the  S.  V, 

li.   1,.  is;!i. 

IliHtiirii-al  Sketi-heH  iil'  the  .>IiHsioiis  of  the  I'res- 

I.M.Tian  I'liiir.li.  L".  S.  .\.     I'liil.  in.sl.     rjiiio. 

llistorieal  Sketi-lies  iif  tin*  !>lissii>iis  miller  the 
t-ai-e  of  till'  lio.ir.lof  l'"or..i(.Mi  Missionsof  iliel'res- 
liyh-riiiii  Clmrt-li.  rnlilisli.'.l  l>y  111.'  Woman's  For- 
eign ;\li-sioiiar\-  So(-t.'l  V  "f  I  lie  I'reslivtcrian  Cliiireh. 
N.I.  |:i:i4  C'hesrimt  Sirl-el.  I'liilail.-l|iliia,  ISSii.  svo, 
N'ortli  .Miierioan  Imlians  liy  Ui'V.  ,),  li.  (Inrritl, 
I'll  1).:  M.-xioo.  by  .M.  \Vools.-.v  Siiykcr:  Oiiaiemala, 
l.y  Win.  lireiiion  (ireeiie.  ,Ir. ;  Soiiili  .Ani.'rioa,  liy 
K.'V.  (leortre  H.ioil;  .Vfii.-a.  Iiv  Kev.  H.  II.  Nassau, 
M.Ii  :  Syria.  I.v  Wm.  A.  llollidav,  HI);  I'ersi-i,  l.y 
.1.  Millo'n  (i.ei'.ne;  India.  Iiv  A.'  Brodheail.  D.l)."; 
Siam.  l.y  ,J.  K.  Dripps.  D.I).;  C'lilna.  by  Allien  H. 
Kobinsoii;  .lapan.  by  A.  (iosmaii.  U.D.;  Korea,  by 
I,   W.  Kekanl.  1)  I). 

Histiirieal  sketehes  iif  Wiiniun's  Missloiiiiry 
Soeielies  in  .\meri(-a  and  Kii>.'lanil.  Itilro.liit-lio'n 
by  1.  Mart,     li.-st.,  DanKett.  ISN).     I'.'iiio.     ;:u\ 

HIstiii'y  anil  I'ro^reHs  iif  the  Missionary  Socie- 
ties.    I...  K.-lly.  l.'<:i'.t.     -,'  V.  ,Svo.    -.'lis. 

IllHtory  iiT  iMailauascar,  eiuhracInK  the  I'roKregs 
ol  the  Christian  mission  m  lliat  island.  N.  Y.,  Am. 
S  S.    iHii.  ■).    sne. 

HiHtory  of  the  iMoravlan  Missiona  Hniiini;  the 
Indians  in  No.  .America.  Ketlileliem.  I'a.  [and  L.], 
Clau.li'r.  ISHM.     1-,'mo     iWe. 

History  of  the  Alissiuns  of  the  Church  of  the 
United  lireiliri'n.     l-<ri.     M. 

Hofl'inaiiii,  Kriedr.  Missionseeseliiehten.  I'otsdam, 
Stein,  iwr-til.    e  V.  «vo.     1.15  Mk. 

Hofl'iuHiin,  W.  Die  Evangelisjlie  Missions^tesell- 
schuft  zii  Hasel  in  iwa.  Hasel.  184','.-Mlsslons- 
Btunden.  .StiittR.,  Steinkopf,  1H47.  Neiie  .Samni- 
luiig,      l!i.">l.     8vn.      1      Jlk.— Missionsge.schiiliteu. 


SliitlK.  INi:),     .,'(1  e,,  IS.M.    n.  e.,  1S."-(11.    (1  v.  Hvn. 

t 'I'lilr.  Ill  Skrr.—Klf.Ialire  In  der  Mission.     Sliiiiu'., 

Si.-uikopf.  I'«.Vi.     Hv...     I  Mk. 
IlUifer.     l-'olk.-ii..  o|{   Missloiien  (The  people  nii.l  the 

nii-sion-'i,     lli'i-Keii,  INS-,'. 
Hole.  <'.    K.ii'h   missions  tn  and  within  the  i'rItlMli 

Mauds.     1...  S    1'.  c,  K.,  INSM,     1-,'nio.    -Jk.— Home 

missions  m  (lie  early  meihieval  period.     1...,  .s.  I'.  C. 

K..  l^"-!!.     rjino.     Is.  i;d 
Ifolni.     r.lsinl  over  .1.-  nie.l   ilet   danske  M.  S    l.irb. 

I\re.ls- oif  Kviiid.-forenln^ers  ,\rbeide  I  View  . if  the 

work  .Ion.'   b\-  til.-  Cireiiit  an. I  Women  s  .\s-.oi-ia 

ti..iiseoim....|.'.d  Willi  till-  li.'iiiisli  M.  S  1.     Kl.lin   I'-so. 
IIoliiii's,  .1.     llistorieal  siieieli..s  of   tli.-   missions  of 

ilie  I'liiii-il  |;i.'ilii-eii  lo  III.-  bi.alli..n.     Diihliii.  .ilal- 

lall..|i,  IslH.    '.s.  .  .1,     Kepr.  Il.-tldeliem.  Pa  ,  ( 'laii.l.-i-. 

]>•■!'•      -Jd  e  ,  hyo.     SKIKI,     llisloi-\  i,f  ili.-  eliiireli  of 

111..  United  llrellireii.     Dublin.  .Mallalieii.  IS.','..     ^  v. 

Svo.     1,'s. 
Holt,   K.     Aiieedotes  of   Cliristlan    missions     Ilosl., 

('i...-k..r  A  H.  I'i.'ir.     l-,'iiio.    ,'ioe. 
iloiiil,   <i,      llisioi-ii-al   sketeli   of  missions  in  Soiilli 

Amerii.a.     I'liiia.  l^^^l.     l','mo. 
Hoole,    I-;.     'I'll..    \earl.ooU  of  missions.      L.,   I,onK- 

man.  isi;.     "v..      -Js 
lliirrlii);.     li.-imerkn.  til  Dr.  I!inks  Skrift  "  oiii  (Irc'ln- 

land"  111    111.  (Notes  lo  Dr.  Uiiik's  work  "About  llie 

lir.-.-nlanil.-rs,"  <-le.i     Kbim.  in>^'.'. 
HoiikIi,  .lames.     'I'lie  missionary  Vade  Meeiiin.     I,, 

llat.-liani,  1M.-J-J,    1-,'nio.    -.'s.  — Ilisloi  v  of  Clirisdaiiity 

In  In.lia.     1,,,  Seeley.  IH-'W.     4  v.  Svo      l«s. 
Iliiiixe,  Kilniii.   Missionary  in  many  lands.    I..,  IIok'k'. 

N.  Y.,  Carlton  &  Porter,  iwil.    Hvo.    .'is.Od.    Nie, 
Hiiwai'il,   \V.    I>.    OriRlii  of  tlie   lioai-d   of  I-'on-iirn 

.Missions    of    I'l-esbyieiian    ( 'liiiii-li.    I'.    S.   A.    [in 

"Sketelies  of  Missions"],     N    Y.  l.s;!l.     svo. 
Iliiie.  •!.  A.     History  of  Cliristiaii  missious.     Kdiub. 

anil  1,  ,  Simiikiii,  I'HIJ.     l','mo.    ,')S. 
Hmi>|ihrevs,   Diiv.    llistorieal  KCL'oimt  of  S.  V.  G. 

I,.  i;-iii.  ■ 

Iliiiitei'.    IC.      History  of  the  missions  of  tli..  Free 

Clim.-li  of  Seollai'id.    (Iiv   C.  J.    lirowii.i    Kdinli,, 

Nelsons,  is;,).     Sv.i,     :Js,  I'l.l. 
IliHeii,  O.  O.     Korl  I'llsit't  over  den  ilansk.'  '\lissioii  i 

■Svdindien   iSliort   view  of  111..   Danish   .'\lis.-ioii   In 

Soiiilierii  In.liai,     Kbliii.  iss;. 
Ireliinil,  W.     Ilistoiic.al  sk.-teli   of  tlie  /nlii  Missi.in 

mill  also  of   111.'  (iaboon   .'\lission.     lioslon,  C'oiij,'. 

I'lib.  Co..  lsi;,"i.     l-.'iiio. 
Iseiiliei');.  <'.  W.,  anil  Kni|i|i.  I,  I..    Chiiiuli  mission 

I..  Ab\  ssinia  and  Kj-'vpl.  IS.'ill-lHI'J.     L.,  Seeley,  isiy. 

,Syo.     1-,'s. 
.laekHoii,   slieliloii.     .■\lnskn,  and   missions  on  the 

N..rtli   raeilie  coast.     N.   Y'.,    Dodd,    IS.si).      K'liio. 

SI. -'ill. 
Jacolisen.    Santlialniissi.men  (The  Santhal  Mission). 

Kbllll,    ISS.',. 

•IVKsiip,  Henry  H.  Moliamm.")aii  missionary  prob- 
li'Mi.     I'bila..  I'i'.-s.  liil.  I'lib  ,  1S7!I.     l-.'mo.     o"c. 

JiiiieH,  W.  .Iiiliil.-..  memorial,  iieliKioiis  Tnii't  So- 
cieiy.    I..,,  Ki'l.  Tr,  Soc,  isr.n.    Svo,    ;s. 

Jiii-Keiisen.  Folk  ..>;  Kirke  paa  51  ida;,'askar  1 1'eopl.' 
and.-limeli  in  M.).  ('lira.  IssT.  — VidiiesI  yr.l  fra  del 
liorske  M.  S,  ^lissions^n.'rnint:  iTesllmoiiy  from  llie 
Norwt-cian  M.  S.'s  woiki.     ('lira.  isss. 

JoilKHi',  Tli6ophili'.  I,a  mission  fi-aiii;aise  .'-van- 
K.'-liiin.'  ail  Siiil  .1..  r.\frii|iie.  son  (M'it'iii.'  el  .le- 
vel.'ppem.-m  jnsipi'a  nos  jours.  J's,.  l-'is.-libaeker, 
issii.     -,.  v.svo.     1,".  fr. 

Kalkur,  V.  H.  Me.lil.-lelser  ani;.  Kvaiiireliets  U.lbr.'- 
deise  i  Cliliia  I  Memoirs  on  llie  propaKaiioii  of  the 
pospel  In  C'.l,  ls.")l-;.  Kliliii.— U.lsijrl  ..v.-r  d.-a 
evaniieliske  Mission  lilandl  li...lniii(;ern.'i  .\  view  of 
the  evangelical  iiiissi-.il  amonir  ili.'  bealli.'in. 
Kbhn.  ISIKI,  .'id  ,..,  is;j.— K!  I'ai-  ( ir.l  Iil  Mis- 
sionsvenii.'in.'  I  iLinmark  ..m  miii  Stillinu'  111 
JlissLaissauen.  Kbhn,  IMl'.l.- Del  danske  Missions, 
selskabs  Histori.'  i  d.'  fi'irst.'  fyii-'et\  v.-  Aar  ,  liis. 
tory  of  the  Danish  Missionary  S..ei.-iy  diiiiiiK  its 
first  foriy  y.'arsi.  Kbhn.  ls;i.— Di'ii  krisl.'liu'.' '^lis- 
sion  blaiiilt  iledniimeriie  iTIie  Cliilsiiaii  mission  to 
the  li.-aih.'iii.  1--.',  Kbhn.  IS?,!,— ( l.-s.-lii.-lile  il.'r 
Christli.'ii.'ii  .^lission  miierilen  lli'id.'ii.  (iiin.|-sl..h. 
ISMi  —  Kirkens  Virksomlie.l  blaiidl  Mnham.-ilaiienie 
iiulhil  Constant iiiop.. Is  Krobrim.'  af  Tyrk.-rne  ('I'lie 
ehureii's  activity  amoiit'  tlie  .Moliaiiimedans  until 
the  coiapiest  of  Coiislantinopli'  by  the  Turks). 
Kbhn.  isst, 

Kay.  Win.  Is  tli.'  Clmrch  of  KiiKland  fulfilling  her 
ollic.*  as  a  niissioiiar\'  chiireh  y    *  >xf,  isil.".. 

Kavi',  J.  W.  llistoryof  Cnristianity  in  India.  L., 
Siiiitli  A-  K  ,  l.s.W,     8vo.     Kis. 

KeKi'l,  T.  Misslonsstlinden.  Ljiz..  D.'irtllin;.'.  I8S4, 
Svo.     L'.'J."  Mk, 

Kingsley,  Calv.  Round  the  worl.l.  A  serii's  of  let 
ters,  (Metli.  Ep,  missions.)  Cincinnati,  Melli.  Hk. 
Cone.    'J  V.  I61110.     $'J.,SO. 

KingHUilll,  Jog.    Missions  and  missionaries  liiston- 


'^■.ir..r?,aL  i. 


■MtMaftAd 


L-j^::«^:ij4tir- 


HISTORIES 


048 


HISTORIES 


on  the 
l;!iiio. 


r.iiii-.'- 

uf     tllf 

.MI-    lU'n 

A  vJHW  t'f 

hi'allii'lii. 

Ill    MN- 

illiiik'    til 

Mi-M.'llS- 
,\lll'  lllis- 

liiiiiitr  its 
■lit'.-  Alls- 

kUsioTl  111 
•hi.'  lllT 
iitcl'sl.ili, 

■(laiipnie 

■nif  (Till' 

nils  Ulllil 

Tiirlfs). 


18S4. 

nf  It't- 
teth.  lik. 

histori- 


I'nllv  vh'wed  from  tlieir  i'i>niiiu'nri>ni(>nt,    I,.,  Liiii«- 
iiiiiii.  l'<'':l      11.  1',.  is:il,     NvH,     Ids.  lid. 
Kiiiitvlfn,  il.  It,     Mi'iimlr  (if  Mix,  A.   II.  .Iiulsmi,  ninl 
lii-iiii\   III    llii-  .\i>>    llii|'l.  Misslii'i  ill  llii'  lliii'iimii 

rilipiiv.      I!ii«l   .  :iil  I'  .   IH-.".!.      VJllln. 

Kii|>kr.     Mi-.^liiii.tliisliniii  fiir  Kulknt  i History  of  iiiIk- 

,~iiiii«  liir  ilii'  |i.-(i|ilii).     Kii|iiin;,  iss'.i. 
Koi't    Itfri'liihiK  •>»>  <l«ii   Ik'I*  I  Triiiikcliiir  nil- 

I'ltlfiii'    Kj.'i     iliiii'*l\i'    Mis«liiiis    iiilviirii's  'I'ilsljiinl 

(li'ii   ,'i   iirt.    lT-,'ii,  'Jli  .■;  1.  ;iil  (Sli.ii-I    Ml ml    111'   Ilii' 

I'Mi-niiil  riiiiililiuii  (if  Hie  rnuil  H.iiiii-li  Missimi  ul 
'riiiiuiiii'liiiri,  I  ii'l    .'.  i;','il. 
Kort     Iti'Hki'ilinliiK    iivt-r    IihIohIiiii    crtcr    Itoit. 
Ili.hvi'il.  11.  tl  (Sli.iil  ilcsci'liiiinn  (if  lliiiiliistiui  nflcr 
Hue,  Ildlwcll  a.  (1.).    (('(ill.  lit  iriivcis,   D.)    Kliliii. 

Ki'ii|;li.  I'.     I'llliiK  af  IiaclidK  (K-Nlraels  from  dliirvi. 

1  ■.',    lliiiiiTsi.-v,  ix;.\ 

Kriil/«iiNt<!iii,  Kil.  I\iii'ze  (iesi'liielite  tier  Iterliner 
Missiuii   ill  Slid   Afiikii,     Hell.    18711.     3<1  e.,    l(<tW, 

^Ml.       '.'Mli. 

<,iin<lKi'<'ii.  ( ifversijfl  nf  de  r.idti'sitnnllska  Missln- 
iiei's  ii|i|)l,iiiiist  iii'li  iilirviii'i'iidi' lilstaiiil  lilrvii'Wdf 
till'  riw  (if  llie  I'l'dlesiaiil  iiiissiiiiis  and  Ilicir  pres- 
(■111  cdiiiliiidiii.     I--,'.     Iluililisaali.  inn  •.'. 

I.eftliiri's  on  itli'dteiil  .MissloiiH.  L.,  Siiiipkln,  ISItl. 
l-Jinii.     'Is.  I'lil. 

l.i'<'tiiri*N  to  YoiiiiK  Men  on  Missions,  I'lefnce  liy 
Itnilii's.      I.  ,  Slm»,  ISlli.     Svd.     I'm. 

Leililei'liose,  V.  V.  See  IMissiiin  iiiilii'  den  Freieii 
lllis('lllll').'eril  ill  Slllilmill.  lleidelli,  ISV.'.  Hvo. 
1»  S^r.— Die  Missioii  uiilei'  den  Aiuwnkkeli.     I'.asel, 

i-.'ir, 

Leoiiliarili,   G,      Naelit    iind   'Murpn.      Krziililiiiik'cn 

aiis    lier    (  lirisilichen     Missidiisi.'csclil('lil('.      I. pi.. 

ls.v,l-;:).     'Jv.     ;(  pri.s.     H\„.     I.SilMk.     (-.'d  enlaivi'd 

ed.   df    I'lc  Mi.ssidnsfresi'lilclite   ii.   8.  w.     (^iieiliin- 

liin-K-,  lsi;j  I 
Liverpool    Mlssioiiitry    Ciinferenc)',      L..    Nisliet, 

l-'lill.      Svii.     'Js.  Oil. 
Lohley,  J,  A.     Tin'  clinicli   in   Jsinillu'rii  India.     I>., 

I!i'll,<   D  .  isri,     Hvd.     -Is. 
Loekliai't,  Win.    The  nii'dioal  iiiissinimrv  in  C'liina. 

L.  Hurst  .^  n.,  11.  e..  ISOl.     Hvo.     l.'is. 
liiirehei',  il.      liie  liasier  Jlissioii   ill  Cliina.    Basel, 

iss-j.    Hvo.    .-id  I'f. 
LoKiiii,  IColit.  W.    Tlie  word  of  God  ill  Miei'one.sia, 

l-vVJ  s:j.     Itdst.  ISMI.     l-,'iii(>. 
LoKstriip.     Den  iiyeic  daiiske  Mission  lilandl  Tniiiii- 

Ici'iie   (Tlie  recent   liuiiisli  Jlissinn  aiiidiiK  Hie  Ta- 
mils).     Khllll.  1SS.-1. 
I.oiiilon  iMildiniiy  I'lirki  MisMloimiy  Conferenee. 

]s;,s. 
Loniloii  Missionary  Society,  Fruits  of  luil  in  Hie. 

I,.,  Snow,  lS7il.     .11(1.     Ds. 
IjoihIou   Missloniirv  ^SoeU'^v.     Jubilee.     L.,  Snow, 

1SI4.     :)s.  lid. 
Lull);,  Jas.     Handlioiik  of  Kenpil  missions,    Bengal 

iiiid  1,..  Shaw,  IMS.     8vd.     !ls. 
l,oi'il.     C'diiipi'iKlioiis  liistoiy  df  the  pr'iicipal  I'rotes- 

tiint  missiuiis  ti>  Hie  lieallien.     linst.  ISI.J.     'J  v. 
Losklel,    «i.    II.     Histiiiy   of  the    I'liited    lirellireiis 

.Mission    in   Nc.vHi   AniiTica.     Transl.    frulii   tJerni. 

ed.  prinled  li.irliy.  t>!i. 
Lowe,  tl.     Medical  missinns:   their  place  and  power. 

liv    Sir  Will.  Miiir.     I,.,  I'nwiii,   IS'^U.     ii,  o.,   ISST. 

Svo.     .'is. 
LowrU'.  •!.  C,    Manual  of  the  foreign  missions  of  tin' 

I're-liv Chiircli.  U.  S.  A.     X.  Y,  1S51.     4to.     XM  e., 

IsHS.      [Si. -J.-,.) 

MeKee,  W.     History  of  the  Sherliro  Mission,  West 

Africa.     Dayton.  Un.  H   I'lili.  Co.     lOiiio.    T.'ic. 
>IrKt?rro\v,  ,1,     Hishirv  of  the  foreiijii   missions  of 

HieScotchCh.    Kdinli  ,  Ilaiiiilliin,  1W)7.    «\o.    fs.  (id. 
MiU'Ieiir.  ti.  !•'.    The  cross  and  Hii'  naliniis.     !>..  Jlnc- 

luillaii,     lS.'iK.      ,Svii.      'Js.  — .\piisHi's    of    niediii'val 

Kiirope.    L.  and  N.  Y..  Macniillan.  ixilll.   Svii.   4s.  (id. 

Sl.T.-i.— The  convei'sion  of  Hie  Cells.  KiikHsIi.  Norlli- 

men,  and  Slavs.     I..,  S.  I*.  C.  K.,  X.  Y.,  I'utt,  Y',  ..>t 

Co..  isrs-i).      I  V.  I'.'ino.     Ss.     ?:).IIO. 
MailaKiisetir    Hiid    it.s    Murtvrs,      L.,    Snow,    184'J. 

l'.;i'lii.      s,l. 
Marallii  Mission,  Memorial  papers  of  tlie  Americau, 

Itdinliay,  it^>. 
Marsh.     Xarrative  of  the  orii;iii  and  progress  of  the 

.SdiiHi  .Vinerican  Missinn.    I,.  Ibf*-'!. 
Marshall,   T.   AV.    M.  [H.  C],    Christian   missions. 

Ii..  I.,onKmiins.  n.  v..  isii.'i.    -i  v.  Hvo.    24s.    N.  Y'., 

Sadlier,  li<(i4.    'J  v.   limo.    $4.00,    Fr.  transl.,   I's. 

iw;,-..    a  V.     15  fr. 
Mateer.     (iospel  in   Southern  India.    L.  and  N,  Y', 

ISNi.     Sl.'J.'). 
Matheson,    Ilonalil.      Xarrative  of  the  mission  to 

China.     L..  Xishet,  ISWi.     I'Jnio.    as. 
niatthewH.    Notes  of  iiiission  work  ill  Madagascar. 

I,.  1881. 
Matty's  Hungrv  Missionary  Itux.    Cost.,  Nelson, 

1S65,     18nio,    50c. 


3leniorial  Volume  <if  thr  Flmt  Fiftjr  Vaari  of 

ilie  .\    H.  C.  F.  M.      Ildst.  |X|i.'. 
Merivale,  C.    The  coiiver-lun  of  llif  Koinaa  pnipirp. 

I.,  I tmnins.  .N.  Y.,  .Vppleiiui,  istil.    '.M   e..  im,,1. 

Nxi.    8s.  (id.  $J  IK).— Tilt irersion  of  the  Northern 

nations,     I,.,   l,din;Mian«,    .\     Y  .    A|>plet(>n.   I•'l.^. 

8vo.     i^s    (id.     .*'.'.1MI.— The  Cdiiversioh  of  the  West. 

I...  S.  I'.  C  K  .  ls>.     IJiiid.     ','*. 
MelliiMllst  KiiNeoinil  .>ll>slon«.     See  \{r.lD.  ,1.  M. 
.Mi'\  laii,  .\.    lli~ldin'  de  iF.Miin;elisalldii  ihs  Ijijii.ns, 

siiiv  i.' lie  1  evantsdc  ail  Ijiinaddr.     I's.  I8i*).     l.'ino. 

1  '.'."i  Ir. 
Millar,   Itnht.     Histurv  nf  the  propak'ntluli  of  Chris- 

Iiaiiil,\.     Kdinli.  i;-,'.i,     'J  v.     .'id  ,-..  i;;)l. 
MlHslonitry  Itox.     I'lilia,.  I'reshy    llij.     IXino.     .'iHe. 
I>liHsloii]ii-.\  l^iit(!r|M-iNi*  ill  many  Lniiilt.     ,\  Ixiok 

fur  till'  l'lllllll\  I.  .    Xei'XlllS.    I«;','.       IJllld        .'s. 

Missionary  <iiilile-ltool(.    1,.,  Seeley,  IHiil.   Xvo.    Ids. 

Dd. 
Mlssloniiry  Skftelii'ii  for  (liililrt'ii.    I'liila.,  Pres, 

Ilii.    .TJiiiii.    •.■.■..•. 
Missionary  Society  of  tlie  .Metli.  KplHO.  Cll.   of 

(  iiniiila.    Tiirnii'iii.  Iss|. 
.Mlssioniiiy  stori«?s;  or.  skelelies  of  Moravian  mis- 

si'ins.     .\.  Y  ,  .\lii.  S.  S.     18111(1.     .'i.'s'. 
MlHsionary  \\  orlii :  eiicycl"|ieilia(if  infomintlonron- 

ceriiiiii.' missidiis  of  all  deiidmiiiiiiK.iis  in  nil  p.irtil 

df  III.' ui.rl.i.     X    \..  |{iiii.tdl|ili.  |x;:t      Svo      $'.'..-mi. 
Missloiii'ii  i  Norilpolarlaiiili'iK'  The  mi'sinns  m  the 

ImiiiIs    of    ihe   Xdrtli    pdlei.       .\fier   the    lieriiian, 

Kliliii.  lw;'.i 
:>Iissioiis  ofS,  V.  a.  to  the  Heathen.     Calc.  1811. 
.Missions  to  the  AVonieii  oft  liiiia.     Kdited  hv  Miss 

Wllllli'lv.      i...   Ni^liel.   iMili.      l-.'llid.      -Js. 

Mlssloiis-nerk  iler  I'ivanKellselifn  Ilriiiler- 
ueineiiiile.     (iiiadan.  ltd  e.,  1'<'<1,     hvo.     ?"  IT. 

Mili'liell,  ,1,  Miirriiy,  l»,l».  Foreljfn  missions  nf 
I'riil. -slant   chiirches  :    iheir  slate  and    prnspects. 

I,..  Xislii'l.  X.   v..   Ifeveli.  ISSS.      l'J„|,,,      Is,      ',i\y 

Modern  (  hrisliaiiily,  a  Civlli/.eil    Ilcatheiilsm. 

1...  Simpklii.  IsTi.'.     II   ('..  ls,NI.     "vii.     Is. 
MotViitt,    IColit.      .'Missionary   lalxirs    and    scenes    in 

Sdiiiliern   Africa.     X.  Y.,  (/arler  A:  Uros.,  'Jtli  ed., 

istll.     I-,i|ini.     ;.-K'. 
Moisler,  \V,     History  of  Wesleynn   missions  In  nil 

]i:iils       I,.,    SId'k.,    ad    e.,    1870.      8vo.      (is  -The 

missionary  world:  an  encyclopu'dia.     L.  187'). — Mis- 
sionary aiiecdotes  :  sketches,  facts,  and  incidents. 

I,.,  Wess.  Conf,  187.'i.    8vo.    4s.    .Missidiiaiy  stories: 

iiarrut Ives,  scenes,  and  incidents.     L.,  Wesl.  Cont. 

1877.     Svo.     :is.  (h1. 
Moller,  r.     lilad  iir  war  lids  mission.    I.  Madagascar 

niissidiiliislorie  i.\   leaf  from  the  mi.ssiolis  of  our 

day.     1.  Mis-imiiiry  history  of  M.). 
3Iontroii(i,     yiaxiiiin    <!«■.        Missions    d°.\meri(|Ue 

d'Oi-i'-aiiii' et  d'Atrniue,     I's.  ]84(i.     1  fr. 
Moore,  K,  l>.     Life  scenes  fi'diii  mission  lields.    N.  Y., 

Scriliner.  Is."i7.     I„.  I.nw.  ls."is.     svo      ^1  i»i.     (is. 
Moravian    Missions  aiiioiii;   the  IikIIuiis  of  No. 

.Mnericii.    llislmv   nf.      lieilileheiii,    I'a  ,   Clauder, 

is.-f^.     lam.i.    Idle. 
:>lnrtiiiier,  >Ir8.     Xiudit  of  Ti.il:    Inliors  of  the  first 

niissidiiarics.    I...  Halchard.  7tli  ed.,  187>'.     :te,  tid 

X.  Y..  Am.  Tr  Soc  .  IMfl.     ISino.     t.lc. 
3Ioslieim,    J.    L,       lie     leluis    Chiistianorum    ante 

Ciinstaiiliniim  M.    Cdiiiiiieiiialni  Helinstedt.     17.M. 
Moiile,  A.  K,     The  stdiy  of  the  Cheli  Kiang  Mission 

of  the  Cliiirch  Jlissiunarv  Society.     L.,  Seeley.  1878, 

■Jd  ed..  ISril.     8vo.     lis.  (id. 
MiiiriieHil,  \V.     China  and  the  Cinspel.     L.  1''70. 
Mullens,  .los.     Missions  in   Suiitli   India  visited  and 

descrilied.     L..  liallnn,   ls5."j.     8vo.     4s.— Review  of 

Id  veais'  inissionarv  laborin  India.    L.,  Xisl)«'i,  1863. 

8v('i.     3s.  (kl. 
Mullens,  Mrs.    Faith  and  victory- :    Christianity  in 

liciiKal.    L.,  Xisliet.  ad  e ,  I'hiia.,  I'res.  Bd.  Pub., 

I8(i7.     lamo      4s.  lid.     8(.k'. 
Miirra.v,  A.  W.     Missions  in  Western  Polynesia.     I.,., 

Snow,    I8(ia.     8vii.     Ids    (id.     Forty  years'   iiii.ssioD 

work  in   I'olviiesia  and    New  (iniiiea.     L..  Xisbet, 

X.  Y.,  Carter,  1870.     8vo.     7s.  fid.     ?a.50. 
Murray,  T.  It.    Account  of  the  oriKin,  object,  and 

jfenerai  proceedinps  of  S.  P.  K.     I.   INIO. 
Neale,  J.    \V.      Christian  edncatiuu   in  India,      L., 

Seeley,  ISKi.     8vo.     as. 
NeNtoriiins  of  I'ersia.    Origin  and  progress  of  that 

jieople,   anil  of    missionary  labors    among   them. 

I'hiia..  Am  S.  S.  Uii..  1848.     lamo.    -I'm. 
Neweoinb,  Harvey.    Cvclopajdiaof  missions.    X.  Y.. 

Scriliner.  l,s(JO.     ',',1  e.,"l.88.'-,.     svo.     J.',. (10. 
News   of  Female  Missions    in    Connection  with 

the  Church  of  Scotland.     Kdinb.  is^l. 
Nieramp,  J.  L.    History  of  Danish  missions.    Geneva, 

:jv. 
Noel,    H.   AV.     Christian    missions    to    the    heathen 

nations.     L.,  Xi.sbet.  18-fa.     Svo.     Ss. 
Noget    mere  oni    Missionen    1  Ostinilien    (More 

alHHit  the  mission  to  Eas'  India).    Haderslev,  MXt, 


HISTORIES 


644 


HISTORIES 


Niirlii'tl,   1'.     Mi'itmiriiK  liUli>t'l(|iii>H  iiri"<i'iili'M'«  i\  Ho- 

IIMll       II      n\l\-      ||"<      llllnHhIIIH      lIl-H       IlKlf^      lllll'lllalCH. 

I.ih|ni'-t,  r,  l."i.     I  V 
Motlroli,    I,.       iHi'  (iimsMi'i'yi'lii*  MIknIkii   liiitcr  diiii 

KmIIis      llalli'.  in;  I  ST.    '.'v  Mvo.    H  Mk. 
Olilfiiiloif,   <;.    (1,    A,      (li«ihicliti>  tier   Missiiiri  iUt 

h;viiiit.'i'li«rlii'ii    Hrlldrr  mil   ilrn  rai'Mllihclii*  (iim'Iii 

M     Tlic. Mills,  SI.  Cioix,  iiimI  si,  .Ihm.    Ilarliy,    li;. 

<Mii  lliii'iilil  KliikH  l>iiiili)iiK<lcii  Ki'loli-lliji'  Kli'ki-s 

lit'^\  ihlrl^f  I  liiititiiurk  (On  Itic  l)a|>(isiii  ot'  liaraM 

Kiiik  Mi.d  till'  lii'i.-iiiniiiK  III'  Ilii-  Clii'islliiii  ('liliirli  In 

I  la ai'Ki.     Kliliii  .  IN'.'U. 

Osliiii'ii,  >l.  (',    .AlisHiiiiiK  anil  inissliiiini'ii'H  nf  iIih  Inst 

li  ill-i'i'niiiry.     li. 
OsIIiim'k;,   (1,        IImI    filrslii    KknnilliiavlKkii    Misslniis 

iiioii'i  I  till'  lli'Ki  Si'iiiiillnaviaii  nilssiunary  nii'<'llii|;>. 

srnliTliilpint,'.  l-i'l 
Osici'tiii;,   A.      KiiKiihimu's   u'l'sihii-lilc   ili'f  cvaiini- 

lisi'lii'ii     Mis-i,iMsi,'i'>''llsi'liiili    zn     llasid.        HasrI. 

ilalinii'iili-r,  IHid.     nvu,     lii  S:;r, 
tt\\<>ii,>l.    oiiKiii  anil  llisl  till  viaiH  of  llic  Hii".  ami 

I'nr,  Hill   S..,..     I,.,  S,>i'Ih\,  ISi;.     .'iv.  Svii,     .■)i)», 
i'lii'Ui'i',   llrleii  I<'.,   Mft,     Mhshiiw  anil   inait^rs  in 

.Ma.hn;  isi'  ir.     HusI  ,  Am.  'I'l'.  S.m'.     Iliino.     f*tii'. 
I'alli'i'soii,  o,     MisHJnnarv  lili'  a iiu'  tin-  rannllials, 

liriii.'  Mil-  lifi-  lit'  .Iiiliii'  llivlilii-,  inissMiiarv  in  lln' 

Ni'W     llrhiiiliM,       .\    liisl.ii-y   iif    llii-    Niiva  Sriillii 

I'li'sin  .  MissiiiM  nil  llial  t'l'iaip.     'rnriiiitn.  IMSJ. 
raiillu,  I<°.    K.     Ilijiii'i'  alls  iliMii  .MissliiMsli'lii'ii     [,|i/.. 

Hiv.lt  .  INii.'l.     ,s,,,,     1  Mk. 
IN'iti'soii,    II.      Dissci'iaiiiMi    nil   iliH    piiijiauallnn  nf 

rill  Kiiaiiiiy  ill  .\sia.  ami  a  lirii^f  liismrir  viinv  nf 

ihi' pin^'i'i'S^  of  Mil' K'ns|ii'l  in  ililtVri'iit  naliniis,  .  .  , 

1  1x1'     INilS 

I'lTk,  .liiliii.     Ilisiiiiy  nf  till'  N'l'w  Ynrk  Iia|itlst  mis- 

^iniiary  cniivfiitinii.     Id. St.  I  v.  1S:JT. 
I't'UKs,  Jus.     Missiiiiis  ill  Oiissa.     K,,  S.  Claiki',  IS  ID. 

IVi'kiiiH,  tliist,,  anil  I.ii»  I'll'.  Mistni'ii'iij  skctrli  nf 
iiilsHlniis  to  the  Nfstni'iaiis  ami  nf  tlir  Assyrian 
lllissinll.     Hvo.      N.  V.  ISIW. 

I'l'llltt,  «li'<>i'({«'.  Tiniu'v'i'lly  mission  of  llit"  Chiiicli 
Missi.iiiiiry  Snt'ic'ty.     h.,  Si'i'ley,  IWI,     pjiiio.     7s. 

I'lillllps,  .1 .    K.     Woiiian's  work  in  loivi^'ii  inissiniis. 

I.  ,   Kivui^'hilis,  1SI15.      Svn.      Oil. 

l*ii'i'soii,  .\. 'r.   Tilt*  ri'isis  III' iiiissinris.    N.  Y..  ('a''ti'rs, 

ami  1...  Nislii'l,  ls.Mii.    Dili  1...  issr.    Mvn.    fl,','.-!.   .'is. Oil. 

I'ialli,  K.  II.  C.     Dif  Krwiililiiiii;ili<i'Vrilki'i'  im  I.ii'litii 

■  li'l-  .Missinns-p'Sl'lliollli',  Hell.  |Sli,.  Svn.  li  StT. 
—  linssliiT's    Missinll     llllll'l'     IlillilllS    IIMil    KnIlls    IIIU 

Ni'iiJMhr.  1M7>.  Ili'il.  l-^r'.i.  Svn.  :i  .Mk.  Di'iitsi'lin 
Knlniiial  Mission.     Hi"liii.  issr.     >nn.     MV(. 

1*1111.  «i.  Kiii/i'  (ifsoliii'liic  ili'i-  liitlifi'isi'lit'ii  .Mission. 
I'j-laiiK'i'n.  1S7I      Svii.     :i.liil  .Mk. 

rolyiii'sla  :   111',    iiiissiniiaiy  Inils  in   tlio  Smith  Si'as. 

1...  SllnW.    |.s:i:i       Sin.       Is    llil. 

I*i'i'sl>\  tcriaii   i'liiii'i'li    t'li'iiiiiihiiiit     till"    Wiirid. 

Ilisini'ii'al  ami  liin),'ra|ilii('al  skfli'lics.     N.  Y.,  Lt'iit, 

is;  I.       Svn.       «|,lill. 

■  ■iiiiipliri'V.     Viiiiids-  Missiniis.     I'hila   ISSO.     1'Jo. 
K^cils  I'lr^-s  <l)*  rilistuli'i-  ill's  -tllssioiiM.    1's.  ISCI. 

I  I'l- 
Proi'liiioiv,  .1.  I).     Missiniis  (ii'seliiohten  flii'  kimliT. 

li.'li.   ISI'i'.V      -Ito.      1  'I'll.  -J.-iS;;!'. 

ICiiiiteiihi'ri;.  Itnndst'liaii  iiliiT  dii>  fifschiclile  ilrr 
iliiiiisi'li-siirlisisi'lii'ii  I'vatik'i'lisc'li-liilhi'i-i.si'lH'ii  >Iis- 
sinii  iiiiti'i'  ili'ii  Taniiili-n.  Vnn /ii'nanlialK  his  aiif 
ill- (ictrciuvai't,     I.pz.  |s,ss.    Svn.    ','.Mk. 

Iloli'lii'l,  I,.  T.  Eiiilv  hisioiv  of  Mniaviniis  in  No. 
Cainlina.     liosl.,  I'laiiili'i',  lS."i7.     '.Minn.     .Mk'. 

ICi'iil,  .1.  M,  ;\|ission  ami  iiiissionni')'  sncietics  of  tlio 
M  !■;  Chui't'li.  N'.  Y.,  Phillips X  il.,  1S79.  ■-'  v.  l',>ino. 
S'i.lKl. 

Kiiliili'ii.  I.,  fjesrliielite  diT  I'lii'inisi'lii'n  Missions- 
1,'i'si'llsc'li.ift.  Uainii'ii,  lS.-ilj,  :W  ed.,  1SS8.  a  v.  Svo. 
.')  Mk. 

KidKi-nay.  Jos.  I'l'iils  nmonK  thu  hfatlu'n,  N.  V., 
Nflsnii.  isi;:l.     iCnm.    .«l.iHl. 

Itiihb,  A.    Hi'aihi'ii  wmld  and  the  duty  of  tin- Chiii'cli. 

I,.,  Hatlliltnll.   IMl-.'.      ISilln.      Is.  (id. 

Kolx'i'lHoii,   Jas.      Illsiniy   nf  ilii'   mission  of  N'ova 

Sl'nlia.       I,..  (ilnnllllll-l.lL'l",   ISIT.       l"lllO.      :)S.  lid. 

Kolx'i'tsDii,  W.  A.  s.     Missioiiarv  snuii'tii-s  nf  (Ircat 

Hriiaiii      1...  M.'Zli'y.  is7:i.    Svi^     is. 
liolisoii,  .1.    c  iiiiiiiii's  nf  I'lott'siant  missions.    F.dinli., 

Illlllllllnll.    ISS,").       ISlllO.      till. 

IJosle.T.     Coast  Missions.    .^  mrimiii'.  by  .las.  Dodds. 

I,  .  Nislii'l,  isii'.i.     ,Svo.     .'Is.  till. 
How  Icy,    II.     Stnry  of   tlii'   Inivi'isities'   mission   to 

I'l'iili-al   Africa.      I..,   Saiimlei's  i>t    ().,   istlti.     8vo. 

•-'Is.    n.  o„  ls(i7.    .Os, 
Riuli'lliatdi,   A.  G.     Di'ii   Ihiii  laplamliska  Missimn'ii 

til  17'.'li  oc'li  Til.  V,  Wi'sti'iis  li'I'iiail.     i  dvi'i-siittniinj 

ri'lu'  I-'inn-r,app  Mission  tn  17'.'il.  ami  tlii'  lit'i"  nf  Tli. 

V.  W..    Tninsl..  Stnini.,  |s|l. 
RUchbllc'k  uuf  uuiiei'e   huiiilui'tfiiiifzitj;  JUhrige 


MMoiiHiii  hfit  [MorMlftnl,    Hormliiit,   ISSU.    svo. 
■,^  I'f. 
IliiosKl,   >l.    I'lihiii'slft.     Illslnry  of  llio  South    Stvi 
Nliimls.  iiii'liidiiiK'  Ni'^v  /I'alamI,  with  iiariaiivi'  of 
till'  iniriiiliii'ii if  Chnsiianiiy.     I,.,  Ni'Ihoii,  Ihi-j, 

II.  I'.,   IS.M.       I.'llln.      ;|M 

.Siiiiust)'!',  >l,  I';.,  .Mi'H,  iKil.i  .\  iiiaiiiial  of  Ihi-  nils- 
siniis  nt  llii'  111  tnrnii'd  IHitrli  Cliiirrh  In  .Vmi'i'li'ii. 
N.  V    l-s,. 

.Suiitlialiiiissioii,  NiinlUlia 'TliH  Sranditiaviaii  inis, 

Hlnll  In  tin-  .sailllialsl.       Kllllll.  ISSI. 

Srliaii/..  .siaiiihiih' af  l-'nri'drak;  aiii;,  di'ti  ,\dri'  .Missinii 
iriilli'i'iinii  nf  li'iM nil's  ri'l.iiMit;  in  lori'lidi  iiilnKioiisi, 
Kllllll.  |ss;. 

Srliiitli'iitbiiiii  mill  l,lrliltrliiiii|ili  iiiir  ili'i'  •illil. 
Iirlii'ii  llalliUiit'i'l.     W a,  is;..-'      Hiino.     'J-.'i,.,  Sur. 

HrlilliT,  .1.  .MisHlonNsiiiiiili'ii.  .\'di'dhnK<'iii  IMii  '-'•i. 
•i  V,     sMk, 

Si'liiiiitll.  <'.  C.  (I.  I>rr  Sii'i;  des  Christt'iithiiins. 
1,1./..  Iliiirii'liH,  |s|.-,,     ;ldi',is.-i;      Svii,     Hi  Sjfr. 

.SrliriMlfi'.  il,  II,  I  nil  Skyiti'iinska  Si'linlaii  i  l.yi'ksi'li- 
l,appiiiiirk  Kill  llii'  SkMlraiiska  si'hnol  in  tlm 
l.M'ksi'ii'  l..'i|ipniarui.     Si'indsvall.  IS.M. 

Si'li»iii't'/.kii|in'.  Missiniis  (iisi'hii  hlo.  irrio  1-4.  1, 
•  iriMilaiiil:  '.'.  l'i',\lnn:  :l.  Hrr  rnilii'  Mann;  1.  Di'r 
di'iissi'  I  ii'i'im  iiiirl  llii-  Missinll.  A.  .\ll«i'inriiii'H. 
Ni'iihnllaml.  Hi'il,  IMIS  (111  Svn.  I  v,  ii,-,  I'f.— 
Ilfii',  .'i  H,  .-I.  Iii'r  t.'1'ii-si' ni'ean.  It.  N'i'ussi'lami;  8. 
.MIi'iKiai'ilini'V.  odi'i-  iiii  kalli'ii  Sildi'ii;  7.  I'nlvnrsii'li, 
■Tahiii;  s,  l.alirailnr,  lli'i'l.  |s;ii-;(.  .|  v.  ,'ivo.  l.iii) 
Mk.-llfl.  II  /inn  lli'rzfii  des  .Srhwarzi  n  Kid- 
thi'ils  (Ci'iilial  Afrii'in.  is7s.  Svo.  tin  IT.  llfi. 
10.  Samlili  mid  ('I'lsrhwavo.  Kanirlaml,  isru, 
Svn.  li.'il'f.  llfi.  II.  nil' liassiito,  odi'i' das  l.aiiil 
dii'ssi'ilM  iiiid  ji'iisi'ils  d.  Vaal,  |ssi.  Svo.  X,  I'f. 
llfi.  I-,',  liio  lli'ihni'r  in  'rransvaahen,  Iss','.  8vii. 
M  IT'. 

Si'oll,  .v.  M.  The  dav  dawn  in  Afrli-a,  or  progri'ss  nf 
ilii'  I'lol.  Knisi'.  ^lissinii  al  Cape  i'almaH,  West 
■  Mrica.     N.  Y.  Is.'.s.     pjnm.     $1..MI. 

Scililall,  llfiii'v.  Missionary  history  of  Sierra  I..«'one. 
1,.,  Iluti'harils,  1,S7I.     l','nni,     :js.  lid. 

Sclwyii,  <;,  A.  Letters  ou  the  .MelaiU'slan  Misslnii. 
I.,  is.-.'i. 

.*«liii«.  Will.  Narrative  of  niissionary  labors  in  Smith 
i:asl  .Xfrii'a.     1,.,  lliiinillmi,  isiiti.  '  Hvn.     lis. 

Slii'i'riiii;,  .^l.  .A.  Imliiiii  Clinrrh  dnriiiK'  Ihe  (Iri'iil 
Itelii'llinn.  1,.,  Nislii'l.  iSW.  I'Jnin,  ."iS.  Ilislnry 
nf  I'rnli'siaiii  niissimisin  India,  17i»i-lS71.  I..,Trl'iLi- 
iier.  is;,-,,     ','d  I'.     Ki'l.  Tr.  Sue.    ISKI.     Hvn.     lis. 

Skiiiir,  <i.  N,  Mada^'a-kar.  I'l'i'inslilli't  i  Missimis- 
liiiii'i'iM   i'\'liiiiili'd  in  missinll  hmirsi.     ('lira.  ls(i;. 

Ski'iiiatiskofvi'i'slKt  iil'vi'i'  .SvuiiNkii  iiiis».  Deihr., 
ISMii.Si'hi'iiiatii'  review  of  Swedish  missions.  Ueelir., 
issiii.     I.uml,  1SS7. 

Sinltli.  Fifty  years  of  fnniun  missions;  or,  the  fur- 
i'i>;n  mlssinns  nf  the  l-rei-  Cluireh  of  Seotlaud,  in 
Ih.'ir  yiar  of  .jnliilee.  is;;)  HO.     Kdinb.  1H7!». 

Siiiilh,  r.  V.  itiissisk  >lissionsvn'si'n  I  Silierlen 
iHiissiaii  iiiissiniiary  alTairs  in  Silieiiai.  Kliliii. 
I.si'ill.     Finm  a  Danish  pel  indieal. 

Siiiltb,  (ii'o.  Slinri  hislniv  nf  Cliristian  missiniis. 
Kiliiili..  Ilaniillnii,  ISII.     ','d  e.,  l.ssii.     Kmi.     -.'s.  ild. 

Smith,  S.  I',  Missimiarv  skeli'lies:  emieise  history  of 
the  .Xiiieriean  Ha|ilist  riiinii.  Ijost.  1h;1).  n.  e., 
is.s:i  —Kambles  in   mission  llelds.     Host.,  ColtlHll, 

l-^SI.       llillln.       Jl. ','.•). 

Sniilli,  Tlioiiiits.     Meilin'val  missions.    Kdinb. ,  Ilaiii- 

lllmi,    ISMl.     Svn,      Is.  (id. 
Siiiilli,  Titos.,  mill  (lioiilfs,  John  It.     The  liistnry 

;iiid  nrii:in  nf  niisvinnarv  sneieties.    L  ,  Kelh  .  1S','I  .'i. 

■.'V.     Cmiliiiiie.l  hv  .Inlin  Williaiiis.     I,.  |s:',s  il.     liih 

e  ,  1S||.     •-'  V.  Svn.'   ^'(is.     Host.  I'epr,  of   llli  e..  Is.'l7. 

■-'  v.  (to.     57..W, 
Society  I'.  O.  I'.  I».     Results  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 

years  of  work.     I,,  issl. 
Sih'i'iisi'ii.       lien    evans-'i'liske    ^lisslnn    i    Iln^'imlli'ri 

ri'he  evant;elieal  mission  in  Farilier  Imliai.    Kbliii. 

1S7.-1. 
Soiiiiiii'i'ri'Iilt,  II.  C.    Hen  norske  Ziilnmission  iThe 

Niirwe(,'ian  Zulu  lllissinll  I.     ('lira,  isi^'i. 
,Soiillij;ati>,  II.     Visit  tn  the  Syrian  Church  ot  Mcs... 

pi'taiiiia-  the  present  stale  of  Ciirisliaiiilv  in  Tur- 
key.    N.  v..  .\piiletnii.  isn.     1'-'iiiii.     $I.(H). 
SiuiiiKeiiberi;,  .\.<i.  Vnii  der.Vrbeit  ilerevangelisclieii 

liniiler  null-;  -Ifii  Hei-ieii.     It.-irhv,  17S-,'. 
S|>i'rkiiiiiiiii,    K.     Hie    lli'iiiiannsliiir(.'er    Mission    in 

.\rrika.     Ileriiiaaiisb.  ls7ii.    Svn.    ;iiiOMk. 
St  •■ell'.  It.     The  New  Hebrides  and  Chrislian  missiniis. 

I,.,  Nisbet.  KSsii.    ,svn.    Ss.  lid. 
Steiter,  V.St.     Missioiishislorien      liearbetad  af  C.  .1. 

Nordenson,     Slni'khm..  ii.  e,,  1S|:1. 
Steiiit'i',  I'aiil.     likill  alls  der  (ieschichte  iler  Ibiider- 

iiiission,  Oder  cine  ]\lissiniisversnch  auf  der  (inM- 

kilste    vnr    Inindiilfiiiifzit'    .laliren.      Uasel.    ISSS. 

sv...     I. -I  IT'. 
StevoiiHuii,  W.  F.    Our  iiiissiou  [I.e.,  Irish  Pres.  Ch.J 


»%«i»l.«vri|Mli  I  II— I ' 


HISTORWR 


645 


HISTORIES 


lllissiiilis. 

Is,  i;,i. 

■  histciiynf 

:.,  t'uiilull, 

Hull.,  Ilaiu- 

riii'  liisriiry 

'.).    mil 
111  !•.,  im;. 

.,1  iiTiii  nfiy 

r.n^'incli.'ii 
1.     Kliliii. 

sioii  iTIif 

.lot  M.'sn. 
liiv  ill  Till-- 


..-r  HiiiiliT- 
,I,T  (iolil- 
iiisel.    IfSS. 

Pres.  t'li] 


III  ihi    Kn^t.     I,.    I«ril.  -Till-  iliiwii  iif    llii-    iiiiiili'i-n 

iiiiH-hiii.     Kiliiili  ,  Siiii|iUlii.  I^p:       U'iiiii,     '.n.  i'iiI. 
Hltii'k,  K.     llK'  Kiiiry  nl'  ili>-  liikii-ii   iiil>nl<iii  ur   llii- 

fliiiii-li  ^li»^illlml■y  pldi'li'ly.    l,.Si>i'li',\,  \x:T.    Hiiiiii. 

In  (ill.     .Iii|iiiii  mill  till'  .la|iiiii  iiiIhkIoii  hI'   tin*  C'li. 

Ml«».  SiH-,     I,.,  N'l'li'y,  INN).     t<ni.     N.  till. 
Hliili.  V.     Iiii'  IIuhIi'I'  itlisHiiiii  111  lii.lli'ii.     lliiMol,  lr<NX 

■-i>i.   Ml  rr, 

stiM'i'iiw,  I'Mltxl,    I'l  III!  mill  C'lirl'-iiiiii  iiilssiiiiiH.    Ii , 

SniiH,  1H.MI.     I'Jiiiu.     '.'h.  Oil. 
Sttirv  of  till-  IrNIi  Cliiinli   Mlmtliiliit  lo  l!<liO.     I,. 

Nislii'l,  l«;.'i.    KM..     :N    liil. 
StiiH',  Itiiniii.     Ilisliiry  nl'  llii>  KukIKIi  llujitlHt  Mission 

111  Ilhllil.      I'llilu..  .\m.  S,  S.  IJli.,  IS.).'i.     [•.'inn.     :i.'r, 
Stiiui'll,    \V.    I'.     MIssliiimry    wmk   nC    llir  Cliiiirli. 

i;ii,  ii.\  I..  sioriiiH.    1, ,  siiiiw.  i>;:),    hm.    .'m. 

.sti'iirliiiii,  •).  .11,     riniii  I'.isl  III  Wfsl;  or.  (iliiini'S  lit 

(III-  I  iniri'irs  wot'k  ill  ilishiiit  laiiils.     I,.,  (larillii'l*, 

Iss-,1,  'J,!  ,..,  IVHM.     Nvo.     .'Is    liil. 
Mi'iK'k.  r.    MIssliiiiSKi'srIiirlili'Miii  lli'iitsrlilnml.  I,|iz. 

|sr.ii.    H\o.    •.liSirr. 
.Hli'iirki',  «i.  S.     N stii  liilllscli.',  Iiiillliriilisclii'.  iiiiil 

ili'Uisi'lii.    MUsjiiMsitiistiillcii   Irii   M'ln"'iist('ii  Vi'i'riii. 

Ilii' n.  I^<ii:| 

.Klrlrlilaiiil.  \V.  r.     IlisiiM'v  <ir  (III-  .\iiii-rlciiii    IIMilo 

.'sill.,     N.  v..  Ilai'lii'i's,  IH.Ml.     Hvii.     $|..M1. 
.SiKliirrlkii  ziir  lliii'sla'lliinii  tier  (ii'nclilclitv  <l«r 

lliTlllli.rli|.si.l|si-li:ilt.      lii-ll.  mVi. 
.Siitliiii,   Aiiios,     llisimy  iif  till,   nilsslon   (n    Orissii. 

riiila..  Am.  S.  s.  I'll..  ls.'l."i,     svii.    ■.';i'     (iiissiiaiiil 

llsi'vaii„-i'li/alii.ii.    1...  Il.'iiiiiliiiii.  Ilosl..  Ili'alli.  |s.-||). 

Svii.     .'is.     .*l.iiii. 
Tallin  wlllioiil  tlii-«i<>H|i)'l.   riiila.,  .\iii.  S.  S.   ISiim. 

Vni'. 
Tiililtl    n'<'i-ivliii;    III)-   (iiis|>('l.      IMiilu.,    Am.  8.    S. 

i^iii.i.    ;ii.' 

Tallin  ivilli  tliu  (<<>s|ii'l,     riiilu.,  Am.  8.  S.    l!4mo. 

^ii|. 
Tallin  aiKl  ilH  MIsHloiiarlc-H.   I,.,  Kvl.  Tr.  Soc.,  1810. 

II.  c,  lN"i.H.     I'jniii.     :)s. 
Tairs   ri'oiii   till'    Diai'v   of  a  JMlHHloiiiii'y  I'l'loiit. 

lit.  C.i    N.  V.    Saillicr.    ixiii.i.    ;:«.■. 
Tayliir,  .1.  II,    I'hiiia;  Its  s|i{ritiial  iiimmI  ami  cl.iiiiiy., 
\Mili  liiiii'  iioiii'.'M  of  luihsioiiary  rITorts,  past  ami 

I'l-.'srlll.      I..      IMm. 

TfiiiD'iil,  •».  I'),  clii'lstlniiity  In  ('I'vlnii.  its  iiviii;n'.ss 
iiiiili'i'  ilii'  I'lii'iiiu'iii'si'.  Inili'li.  lli'iiisli.  ami  Aiiii'i'l- 
ran  niissi.iiis.     1...  Murray.  Is.M),     Hvn.     Us. 

Tolriis,  s,  C'lirislfn.liiiiinii'iis  Imlt'iirrlsi.  i  Nnrili'ii 
M'.|  .Viisi'liarliis  iTIh*  intr'nliu'linn  nf  C'lirisliaiiily 
l.i  till.  Niirlli  In   .\nsraii.     Kliliii,  IS-.'i;. 

Till  I'll  iliibileu  <ir  (liu  .Miiruvlaii  .'>IiHHl(iiiH.  L.  tS.'<'.>. 
N. 

Tlioliiirii,  tl.  M.     My  missionary  apin'ciitiefslitp.     I,. 

l-s| 

Tliniiisdii,  .\.  ('.    Mornvlaii  missions;  li  li'otiiirs.  I,., 

II..1I1I1T.    I-Si.      Svii        Ts.  llil. 

TIkimisiiii,  i-: '  |M.E.|  (ii'ii'iilal    IMissinns:    Imlin, 

I'liina,  aiiil  Iliil):iiria.     ('inciiinati,  .Mrtli.  Ilk.  Cone, 

)-;ii.     ■-'  V.     Iiliiio.    $•.'.. Ml 
Tlinip,   l».    'I'll.  V  Wi'sl I'll  oi;  Kiiini'-Missjiin.'ii  (Tli.v. 

W    anil  till'  inisMiin  lo  llii.  I'liuisl.     ('lira.  ISW. 
Tiiiipsoii.  T.     Milili'  'rriinnpli^;  .IiiIhIim'  nn'moriiil  fur 

till'  I'.i-.  anil  l''or.  liili.  Sue.    1,..  I'artriilK''.  l^^M.    Svo. 

:-.  fill. 
'roiiriiHriiiiil,    riiiil.     Missions  ( 'atholii|iii's  dans  Irs 

i'iiii(  I'ai  Ill's  .In  Mmiili' -( ii'i'-anii'.     I's.  IsS','.     T."k'. 
Traasilalil,     J.     Km-si'ls    Si'jiT,   I'll.     .Misslonn'iiTni' 

Skri'f'.iiiils  lar    ({."ii  rt'seiis    I.iv   oj;  Virksoniiii'ii   hi. 

SamaliTim  iTIn'  \icliiry  ot'  llif   i 'ross,  or  ilir   lil'i' 

anil  ^\  ork  of  tlii'  inissioiiariL's  8.  ami  U.  anions  tin' 

Santlialsi.     Ili-i-Kcn.  IKs^'. 
Tracy,  .los.     History  A.  11  C.  F.  M.  up  to  1>I11.     Wnf. 

ii'sliT.    '\Iash.,   imo.    '.M  .'..   N.    v.,   Doil.l,  anil    1... 

W'lli'V,  IM-J.    Hmi.     ii:r>.    Us. 
TuckiT,  11.  W.    fniliT  IlisliuiiniT.    [i>xf.  ainl  Cainl). 

Missiiilis  in    India.]      L..  S.    1".   C.  K.,   1»73.      bvu. 

Tui'kfr,  Miss.  Soiitli  Indian  Misslonsrv  skrtclics. 
I...  Nislii't,  1S|S.  Ijnio.  Cis.— Alilii'okiila.or  sunrise 
wllliin  till'  Iropies;  tin' i'ri;.-iii  and  prot;ii'ss  of  tin' 
'^'onilia  mission.  1...  NIsIihI.  and  N  V..  Cai'ti'f. 
1S.M).  l-.'nio.  .'Is  lid  r."ii'.  Till' Soiitlii'i'ii  Cross;  or, 
Oospi'l  in  .Ni".v  /I'alaml.  L..  N'islii'i,  and  N.  Y., 
Carii'r.  IS.'iS      I'.'iin..     .'is.  lid.     r.'«'. 

Tiippi'i*.  II.  .V.  l-'orcajiii  Missions  of  tin*  Rniitlicrn 
I'.iptisi  Convi'iitioii.  I'hila..  Am.  liapt.  I'lili.  Sm'., 
iss".     Svo.     $:\.M. 

TvaiiKlri.  Ili'fti'i'  iinU'h.  Tu'edd.  0111  T.i'ivi'iitlials  Mis- 
sion. I-','  ircrioilii'al  pamplil.'ls  coiitaiiiiii;:  iiifor- 
iiiaiion  alioiil  I.,  mission,  1  ','1.     Koidiii),'.  IWi'i-T. 

TyliT.  W.  S.  Mi'inojrof  II.  l.olidi'll,  .  .  .  and  Ilii' early 
liisior\- nf  fill' Assyrian  .^Iissillll.     Host.  IS.V.i.     I'Jnio. 

I't'hcrlilU'k  iiher  di'i'  Mission  di'r  Ki'aiiKcllsi'hcn 
Itriidi'r  T'oiiii  liis  i.s:!'!.     linadaii. 

I'f'lMTliIh'k  iiImt  lias  >liKHioiis-u«'rk  der  Itruilt'r 
ili-nii'liiiU'.  r'."!?  I'.I. 

Ili'berslt'hl  iter  MiHsioiiH-Kt'HcliU'lite   del'  Kvaii- 


Ki'llsrlii'ii    llindiM'kli'clii'  In  'Iti'Iii  itsIch  .lalnlnm 
ili'ii.     iiiiailMii,  |s;i-.i.    -J  V   N\o.     lOS^r, 

riidi'i'lilll,  r,.  II.  I'liilHliaii  MihkIiiiis  Kant  and  Wi'st 
lll.ijiiKi  I    II.  I     Is.  i;d. 

Viilil,  <l.  I  nil  I  liilsti'ii  doinlni'iis  ('dlii'cdi'lKi'  paa 
liroiilaml  iiiii  iiii.  spii.nd  of  Cliilstlaiili,\  In  (li'i'i'ii 
liindi  Kiiliii  IH.'iti  Koi'l  I  iM-rsi^,'!  ovir  di'ii  daiiski' 
.^ilssll•;l.•.^||  ks.iinlM'd  sidi-n  lli'foi  nial  loiifii  (lliit'l 
arioiinl  of  111!'  Iiai.lsli  inisslonaiy  rlTortH  kIik'c  IIh' 
Iti-roi  Illation  I  Klilin.  IMiiii.  — Alllaiit'i'solli'iidi'allii. 
.Miidr  I  Kliliii  I  Ijijioii  on  till' I'li'vi'iilli  irini'ial  >'oii- 
vi'iitioii  i.f  till'  KMin;.'i'lii'al  Allliini'i'i.     Klilili.  IhHIi. 

Vuiiuiiiiril  i>r  III)'  (liiNnaii  Ariii.t :  01,  Skitili'  s  of 
mission. Ill  liti-      I.,,  II, -1.  Tr  .sor',  ISK'.',    icnio.    .V. 

Vnrli'HiilNi'i'it'  llillliflliiiiKi'ii  iiIm'I'  lliiiidtd  iiiiil 
lnilii>tiii'  in  di'i'  |iasi.||.|'  .Mission.     Ilasi.|.  Ihs|. 

Vlsli,v,C'.  II,  l|..|si.'i,s  Kri.lirlnif  I'l;  ( imvi'inlidsc  III 
Krlslrndoiii  al  Ki  ivr  Carl  ili'ii  StiH'c  iTIii'  I'oii- 
ipicst  of  llolsii'iii  and  its  I'luivi'i'slon  to  (  lirlstianlty 
liv  llii' I'liiiii'r.ir  Cliai  li's  till' ilri'iiti.     Kldiii.  lH','li, 

U'allo'r,  S,  .\.  .Missiuiis  In  Wi'.sH'in  .Vfik'ii.  Iliililln 
and  I,..  I.oni^mnii,  IHl.'i  Hvo  1,'s.  Cliiii'cli  of  Kn^'- 
land  missions  111  sii'iia  l,i'iiiii'.  I. ,  Dt'clry,  18^17.  11.  u. 
l^.'d.     '*\>i.     K'M. 

>Valliiiaiiii,  •!,  (.',  .Illnlcki's  MhiHlnnnre  iind  vit-r 
1  iliirsirhti'ii  illii'l'daH^'t'saininti'  MissloiiHunsi'ii  iliT 
(ii'lii'iniart.  Ilalii'.  Is.MI.  Hvo.  IJ  (ii-  -  l.t-ldi-ii  mid 
I'l'i'iidi'ii  ilii'inisclii'r  Missloiiiiii'.  Ilallc. '.'d  i'.,  IWW. 
^vo  IThiillr.  Di'iik-clinft  (llii'r  AiitK'alii',  Arl  'It, 
Ki'urii.  mill  lli'dllifnissf  ilrr  lli'ilini'i'  .MissliiMHKe- 
Hi'llsrliiift.     lli'il  .  -.'il  t',,  lsti',1. 

Wali'oiid,  T.  K  (  liiistiaii  iiiIssIoiih  lii'fori'  llii'  lU'f- 
i.riiiiitioi)      I,.,  s    I'  (•    K  .  I'<;.'l.     r.'iiio.     '.'s.  lid. 

A\'iiiiil*'llHiiiri;,  .\.  Ii.  lie.  I%nii|i's  siir  I'orii'iit  I't  hoa 
nii~-iMiis  :  I'.ili'-i ],     I's.  IKKI.     Iv.     Ill  fr. 

V  aiiKi'iiiaiiii,  II.  T.  Iiii'1'vaiii.'i'lisrlii'  Missioiisai'lii'lt 
In  sridafiika,  H.  rl  K.-i.  Svo.  (..•id  .A|k.-  |)i.'  Ik-r- 
lini'r  Mission  ini  Koninna  Lamii'  IIitI.  IK:I.  Nvo. 
;)  Mk -nil' lii-rliniT  iMi-sion  ini  KalTi'rlandi'.  Il.-rl. 
I-*,.)  Hv  I.  I  Mk.  iJif  HiTliiirr  .Mission  Im  Cap. 
lair.li'.  Iliil,  IMT.'i.  Hvo.  .S  Mk,-  I lii' Hi'iliiii'i' Mission 
im /iilii  l.aiiiU".  lii'rl.  1h;.'i.  hmi.  |  Mk  liii'IkT- 
limr  .Mission  Im  ILissiito  Ijimli'.  Iti'il.  IKV.  Hvn. 
Ii  Mk. 

WaiiH'ik.  lico,  Missliinssliindi'ii.  (iUti'i'sloli,  Tlirtnl. 
iiiaiin,  1s;h-SI.  'Jdt'.,  1HH.)-H(i.  Hvn.  O.'.'il  Mk.  Aliiiss 
ciiiiT  lii'-i'liirliti'  di'r  pi'oli'staiillsriii'ii  .Missimn'ii 
Villi  der  Ki'foniiatliiii  lim  aiif  illi'  lit't;rii»arl.  l.p/., 
llinrirli. -.'d  1'..  1hh;1.  Hvo,  l..-i(iMk.  Knttl.  trniisl.  liv 
T.  .Sniiili.     IMIiil)..  (ii-i II,  IsHI.     Hvo.     .-Is.  lid. 

WatHoii,  Itirliai'd.  DrIi'iR'i' of  Wt'sliyun  iiibisiuii  in 
Ihi'  W.'Sl  liidi.'s.     I,,  IHir.     Hvo. 

Wt'lx'r,  A.  Louis  llarmsct  li's  Mlsslonaile Hcrnianns- 
1 ir.     I's.  |s;ii,     l-.'mo,    'J  fr. 

W«'K"'ii<'i',  M.  Ci'si'liiclilf  d.T  Christ llrlii'ii  Kirolienuf 
dill  lli'scllscliafls  Afcliipi'l.  .  .  lii'il.  IM.'i.  Svo. 
•JTh, 

AVcltlircclit,  .1,  J,  rrolcstant  missions  in  Itcnpil. 
I,,.  Shaw,  isil      IJiiin.     .')s. 

Wi'illircclit,  .'>liM.  l.cttcrson  fHiniilc  inissioiiiiriHS  in 
India  I...  Sisi.ci.  IHli  Isino.  -js.  Missionary 
sketches  ill  Northern  India.  1...  Msliet,  Is.V"*.  1','ino. 
Ijs. 

'Wln'eli'i',  M.  n,  VIrst  decade  of  the  Women's  Koi'. 
.Miss.  Soc  of  the  M  K.  Clinrch.  wilh  sketches  of  its 
missionaries.  N.  Y.,  rhilli|is  iS  H.,  18S1.  I'Jmo. 
?l..'ii). 

AVIiili'lioiise,  ,1,  4>.  l(e^;i!,tei' of  missions  niid  depu- 
lain. MS  from  ITliil-lHTT.  of  ilie  1 dim  M.  S.    I,.  Ih'.r. 

■Winucrs,  .1.  (ieschichle  der  K\ ain.'elischen  .Misslo.i. 
ll:iniliiiri,',  IVrthes.  1H.15-G.  ','  v.  Hvo.  .'J  lii. 
Ill  S-r. 

AVililcr,  It.  <;,  Mission  schools  in  India.  X.  Y'.,  Han- 
li.ilph.  IMil.     Hvo.     SI.-J.5. 

Williams,  «'.  II,  The  Jlissionary  (iazetteer:  .  .  . 
aeciiimt  of  the  various  stations  of  the  Church,  etc.. 
Missions,  wilh  their  pniK'i'ess  in  evancelizution  uiiil 
ei\ilizatioii.     1...  Ward,  isjs,     u'mo,     Hs. 

'Williaiiis.  •loliii.  .'MisshaiiMV  enterprises  in  the 
Soiiih  Sea  IshuiiN.     1,  .  Snow;  11.  e.  |n:)7.     Hvo.     Is. 

AVilliaiiis,  Tlioinas,  I'iiiandthe  Kijians:  iiilssloiini'y 
laliois  I,.,  Il,.ddei',  N.  Y..  Hoii:lril);e,  IHro.  Hvo 
I's.     si-J.."'". 

WilliHiiis.  Win.  Christinnity  niiinng  the  New  Zea- 
hinder*  isee  his  complete  works).  L.,  Mackenzie. 
f^ii;      lio.    ;tiis. 

'Wilson.  Missions  of  the  Meth.  Kpiso.  Cli.  South, 
Nashv.  ISS4. 

Winslow,  -M.  Sketch  of  mis-Ions.  Amlover,  187'J. 
l-.'mo 

Wlsoiiiiiii,  N.  I.a  sterilitil  ilelle  mi'sii.ne  iiilraprese 
dai  pi-oii'staiiii  per  laconversione  del  popidi  inl'edeli 
ilimostralii  dalle  rcla/ifmi  .leuli  stessi  intcressuti 
iielle  nii'desinie.     Hmiia.  ls:)l. 

Woman's  Work  lor  Foreign  .Migslonii.     L.  1^75 

Worci'sler,  Isaac  H.  Historical  sketch  of  the  mis 
sions  ot  the  Am.  Hoard  In  I'npnl  lands.  Best.  iH't'i. 
I'-^mo. 


HISTORIES 


646 


HISTORIES 


Wnro«'»ti'r.  s.     Uistorv  of  Aniprionn  missiona.    Dust. 

I  Ml. 
Work  ill  tlieCiiIiiiilps  :  iiiissioimrv  oiii'iaticiiis  of  ihi' 

ClmrclL  ..I  KiiK'lan.l.     I,,,  (Jrilllili  X  V..  1n;.">.     liiiiM, 

Wiii-le    iler    KliiKi-     mid      Ki'iiiiiliiiiiii);     an    ilii' 

H.i^li'i-    Mis-.il. n.    siiwif    an    ilii-    l''r-i'iiii,l,>    mi. I    Hi'- 

f.'.r.l.M-tT  .l.'i- Missi.iii.  .  .  .     U.TM.  |V|.l.     fvo,    S  Sfr. 

■Wiillk.'.  Adolf.    C.sinny-.ini.Mli.r  l|.'i.liii>-i'li<'ii  V.'.lliiM- 

V..ri    (liT  /..Ml   .li-s I    .I.T    Aiii.^ti'l         Kill!'  V.MI    .l.T 

Haa>:iT  (i.'<.'lls.-li  ii'i   /.iii-  V.m  ilii-i.lit;iiiiK'  .li'i-  clii-i-it 

lioliiMi  Kflii;i,iiit,'''Ur.'.iiiiii-  I'lcissi'lii-ill       Ha.iK'.  Isr.O. 

^v...      •.'.">    Sj;r      ij.'si'lii.'lii.'    il.'s     lli'iil.'iitliuiiis    ill 

Hezii'liiin;  aiif  licliu'ion,  Uis-imi.  KiiiiM.fUv     liivs- 

laii.  IViJ-t      •.' V.  sv...     1  Th.  ."il  Su'f. 
Wyse,  iloliii.     .\  th..iis.'iii.l  \ear»<:  ..r,  lie  itii'si.mar.v 

oi'iilivs  i>r  tin-  iiii.l.llf  aj;.-s      I,.,  .S    I'.  I'.  K.,  lurC'. 

V.'iii...     -l.. 
YoiiKc   Cliiirlotte  M.    Si.iiy  ..f  thf  I'liriKlians  nn.i 

Ml. ..IS  ill  S|miii.     1,.  aiiil   X.  Y.,   Maciiiillaii,  l(*;s. 

Him...     Is.  i;.l.     JI.-,',-i. 
[Yoriilia.]     I>it' Miissi. .1!  ill  ,1.11'iilia  [.ninl.    Hasnl.  l-;.". 
YoiiiiK,  K.  ^l.i.i.Tn  imssioiis;  ilu-irtriats  ami  iiiniuplis 

I.,  aiiil  .V.  v..  C'ass.'ll.  is-il-:!.     .■),!  i..,  IS><i;.     IJiii-..    ."is 

S'J.t'ii.     I.ik'lii    ill    lands    ..r    liaikni'ss:    missii.naiy 

lalii.r  aiii..n^:  (trt'i'iilaii.lt*rs.  l-'-skiiiins.  I'aia^^iniians. 

i-to      I,  .111,1  .N.  Y..Cassell,  |>.K:!.     :i,l  c.  ISni.     l-,'iiiii. 

lis.     Sj.iKi, 
Ziiliii,  Til.     Hie  .Vilieiti'tiilHrXonlilfiitsrhi'ii  Mi.^sioiis 

^-Hsi'lisi'lwil't.    UriMii.'ii.  I'^.'.l  — Missiiiiisiiii'tlio.l<-ii  nil 

Zfitalii'i' il.T  \|...s|.l.     i;rlan^: I>«il.    .■<»■. i.    Sil  PI'. 

Zehii  *laiirc  ant' diM-  <ifildlciiHt<*.     Ski/.Zfii  aus  .l^'iii 

LcIhmi     ill's     UiisliM'    .Missi.iiiai'S    .1.    lli'ik,    Hascl, 

•,'ii  I'.,  i!*i;'.i. 

Zvllt-r.  r.  H.  liiuM.liini;  der  orsten  CliristHiiiii" 
iiiciii.li' 111  Kiimpa.     St  ni.sslv.;.  1SI7.     ISiii.i.     •,' .Si.'i'. 

Zii-|;Ur,  <'iiil.  Kiuv.f  Ofseliii'lil.'  ili'r  li.'i'liii.'r  Mis- 
si. iiisi:t's.*llsi-liar'l.  iiclist  ilt'ii  ihi'  /.u^fliiirLMiili'ii 
SiatiDiicii  ill  Siiilafi'ika.  Kckartsliei'na,  l.Or.  Svn. 
I'.  Sirr. 

Ziii'helli,  .1.  ^lerkwiirdii^e  IMissinns-  iiii.l  Ht'ischf- 
si'tiiriliiint;  M.u'li  Ciiiiu;.).  Aius  deiii  llalii'iiisolii'ii. 
Kiai.kf.  a.M..  V.Ki. 

Zwi'l(jl)«TKli.  I)i'ii  ii.vai'o  fv  liith.  Tamiilfr  mission 
iTIi.  iivfiit  ovaiiK-liitli.  mission  to  Taiiiili. 
Sti.lui..  II.  .1. 

3.  I'lvtestant  Miaaions  among  the  JeicH. 

Ayerst.  W.    Jews  in  tin'  lOtli  ooiiliirv:  ossa.vs  nuil  I'o- 

virws.     I,..  W'lTthi'im.  ISIS.     Svo. '  lis. 
Ilai'bt-r,    .'»I«ry   .V.    S.     Hcdemplioii    in    Ismfl;    oi', 

narratives  of    conversions  anion;;  tin*  Jews.     L., 

Seeley.  1S.").5.     IJiiio.     lis. 
UiisHiii,    K,    The  111.  ileni   Ilelirew.  ami   the   Hebrew 

Clirisiiaii.     1...  Nisi  I't.  lSS-,>.     Svo".     4s.  liil. 
Hollar,  .V.  A.,  and  .'^It'Chey  ne.  K.  >I.     Narrntiveof 

a  iiii.s.si..n  of  eni|iiirv  to  Ihe.li'ws  fnnii  the  I'linivli 

of  Scot  land  in  l,»'i'.l.    Kiliiih.  Hamilton,  isrj.     Ivimo. 

11.  e..  IN'il.     Svo.     .")s.     I'hila.  ISI.'i. 
llyr,     Jernsalein.  .I.idefolket  ok  .I.i.ieniissionen  i.Ier- 

iisalem,  the  Jews,  ami   the  missi.ins  to  the  Jews). 

Lillehamnier.  1!^*S. 
Christen,  Dip.  in  .MisohiniK  der  Jnden,  wiesiesind; 

nil. I  wie  sie  ^"in  s..»llen.     Wien,  I7M1.     8vii. 
t'ullcotiiiii   of   Testiiiioiiips   in    favor  of    religions 

liheriv  in  the  oase  of  lliedissenteis  .  .  .  and  Jews. 

L.  IT'.m.    S\o. 
Crawford.  L'liait,    Three  letters  to  the  Hebrew  nation. 

L.  1M7.     l-.'nio. 
Ua  Costa,  I.     Israel  and  the  Gentiles:  history  of  the 

..lews,     I,..  NisI.et.  1S.")|1.     Svo.     'is,  liil. 
UiilliiiKcr,   ,1.   J.     Ueiitile  and   Jew  in  the  courts  of 

the Teinple of  Christ.     1...  i,.onKnian,  IMi-,',    viv.  Svo. 

•Jls. 
Uuncaii,  Jolin,  I.L,.U.     The  work  of  the  Holy  Spirit 

in   coniieeti..ii    with   tlie  conversion  of   the  Jews. 

K.linli  .  IM'.i.     Svo 
Eckstein,    Karon   von.      (Jeseliichtliches    fiber  die 

Askesis  iler  alteii    Hi'idnisrlieii  iin.l  der  alien  Jii- 

disclien  Welt,     l-reilnirc.  ISti-J.     Svo.     1  Tli,  li)  Sj;r. 
Kdnartis,  Mrs.     Missioi  ary  work  anions  llie  Jews  in 

Molilavia      I. .  liaiiiili.m,  ISCT.     I'Jnio.    ,'is. 
£tlieiidKe,    •!.    \V.,    Dr.      lteli».'iiiiis  and   seholastio 

learniiiK  of   the  Jews.     I,..    l.oiiKmnn.    18.'iti.     Svo. 

Ts.   (kl. -T«it,'iiins   of  Oiikeliis  and  Jonntlian    Hen 

Uzziel.       L..  I.onKinan,    l.siii.      n.    e.,    ISIi.'J.      Svo. 

8s.  Od. 
Flail,    J.    M.,    Notes    from  the  Journal  of.    Edited, 

with   a  brief  sketch  of  the  .\byssiuian  clinrch.  by 

Kev   \V.  1)  Veitch.    I,..  Sisliet,  ISIiO.    P.Miio.   '.'s.  (kl.- 

Dreizehn  Jalire  in  .Miessinieii;  oder  (Jesohichte  des 

KiiniKS  Tlieo.loros  II.  iind  .ler  Mission  mil er  seiner 

KeKlcnin«.    Uasel.  istl'.l.    Svo.    '.Mir.-Tlie  Kalashas 

(or  Jewsi  of    Abyssinia.    Preface    by  l)r    Kranf. 

Transl.  from  tlie  (•eriiian  by  S.  P.  Uooclhart.     L., 

Macintosh,  ismi.     l.'iiio.     Is.  Ikl. 


FIooiI,  J.    LirsninR  1  Koindeforenlnger  for  Hednlnge 

cMli  Jiiile  .'Mission.     Christa,  ISSI. 
<>aiiNHeii,    S.  V.  L,     I>ie   Verkiimliiriim;  des  Kvaiiire- 

liniiis   miii'r  den  Jnden   iind   ihre  nal'.e  Kiliisinin 

Haiiib.    isi),     Sv.),     lij  .Sirr.    Jinleii  iiii.l    llolTiiiiii;; 

ihrer  baldi^cen    Wieilerherslellmit;  vermiiielst   des 

KvaiiKcliiiins,     Karlsriilie.  isn.     svo,     ■,'}  fS),'r. 
<Jav,    T.       Tie    scliiarinienli    auli    Israeliti.     Kireiiz '. 

ISsil      Sm.. 
<flol4lHlerii,  Israel.     Kl    Ililleiie  fra  .leii  n.veste  .I.'i.lo- 

inissii.n  ,  .\  picinre  from  Ihe  most  recent  mission 

to  llie  .lews'.     ( lilense,  ISSli. 
iJrnber,  II.    I  lirist  iiml  Israelii.    HeichiMilmch  i.  Schl., 

IS.SII.      Svo        ..O  I'f. 

Ilariiis.  I..,  1'astor.     I'eber  die  Jiulen  Mission.    Hies- 

Ian.  isii-,',     Sv...     -JStir. 
Il«d)i-«MV    <'iisloiiis:     or.    the     missi.marv's     return, 

I  hila  .  Am,  S.  S.  V .  |IS*i].     l-.'nni. 
Heine,  (iei  li.     Has  Volk  Isr.iel  niul  .lie  I'hristcnhiil. 

r.ilh.'ii.  issr,     iiini.i.     i'<l  I'f. 
Ilirscli,  s.  K.     System  der  lieli^iiisen  .\iisi'haiiiiiii.'eii 

il.-r  ,lii'l.-n.  iiiid  s.-in  Verhiiltiiiss  ziim  Ili'iilenlhiini. 

('hrisii-nihiiin.  etc.     I.pz.  is|,',     I.  lid,     svo,     IS  .Ml;. 
I/.iites,   K.     liri.-l'e  an  cine  chiislliche  Freiimlin  i'lher 

llie  (iniiidwahrhi'iten  des  Jn.lentliiims.     L|iz.  ISS'i. 

Svii, 
.lew.    riie.  in  this  ami  oth.-r  luii.ls.     I,.,  Kel.  Tr.  Soo., 

isii       Is.  11.1. 
•lewisli  Kail li  and  <ios|iel  l-'alth.     [I,.   ISSI.]     1(im<>. 
Je\t».  .\  l.ookiiii;-(;Iass  for  tlie  ;  wlierein  t hey  niav 

el.-.irly  s.-e  that  ili.'  Messiah  isciiie.    I..  Itiri,  '  H.iii.i. 
Jews  ill  lielalioii  to  llie  (liiirrli  and  Hie  World. 

i.ei-lnies  liy   Cairns,   etc.     I.,,    Hudder,  ISII.     Svo. 

■Is  (i.l. 
.lews.  To  the.      .lesns  of  Nazareth  the  true  Messiah  1 

1...  isi.l.     l-.'in.i, 
.laden.     Hierin   aiilT  das   Kiirtzest    ist    aiik'ezaitft  d.r 

llai.len.  .Imleii.  ninl    t'hrisleii   die   frilmbsten    iiii.l 

pr.sl.-n  .Mamicn.     l."dS.     Ho. 
•Iiideii.     Wainiii    tieteii  wir   nicht    in    das   Christen- 

thiiiii   ein.      Von   eineui  Jiideii.      Lpz.    ISSJ.     Svo. 

Ml  l"r. 
tliiden.    Von  dein  Chrislehoheii  Stryt  soschehen   zii 

Lissbona  .  .  .  ZwUschen  den  Christen  nnd  Neiiwcii 

Christen  oder  Jii.len.  von  wegeu  des  OecreiltziKlcn 

Gottes.     \:M.     4to. 
Kalkar,   C.   \.    II.     Mi.ssionen  blamll  Jiiderne  iTlie 

missions  anion;;  the  Jews'.      Klihn,    ISuS,  — Israel 

mill   die   Kirche.     Hamburg',  ISli'.l       Svo.     Swedish 

tr.iiisl.     Kl.hii.  1SS|. 
Keith,  .\Iexr.     The   lainl  of   Israel,  ace. iidiiit;  to  111." 

c..venaiii  with  .Vbialiam.     Kilinli.,   Longman,  isti, 

Sv..      :is  od. 
KelloKu:.   ^.  H.,  I>r.    The  Jews;  or.  prediction  mid 

fiillilinent.     1...  Nisbet.  N.  Y.,  Kandolph.  ISS.'i.     Svo. 

Is.  li.I.     ei.--'-"i. 
Kiia|i|i.    Albert.      Missionslieder  fUr    Israel  gesam- 

iiieli.     Hasel.  1S:!T.     Svo      -J  S;:r. 
KniK.    I'..  OK  (itiiili    Wiilir.    r.    To   I'll  red  rag  vi'd 

Isiaels   .Missionsmi'del   i    Helhasda    '.'li    .April.   ISS'i 

(Two  addresses  at  the  "Jewish  Mission  "  in  liclb- 

asila.  ■-'litb  April.  lSS:b.     Kbliii.  iss.-j. 
l.,ectiires  on  the  <'oiiversioii  of  tli<9  .lews,  I'te.. 

bv   ministers  of    th.-  Chiircli  of  Scotland.     Kdiii.. 

.Vyli.ti,  isjv>.     l-,'iiio.    :is.  11.1 
Lectures  on   tile   Coiiversioii  of  tile  Jens,  etc., 

under  Hiilisli  Soc.     1..  1SI3 
{..eetiires  on  the   Destiny  of  llie  Jews,  by  cl'igy 

at  Liverpool.     I,  .  Ilatchar.l,  ISII.     I'.'iii.).     '.Is. 
Leetiires  on  Hie  History  of  the.l«*ws,  by  ministers 

of  the  Kstablishi-.l  Church  of  Scotlaml.'    Ulu.sgow. 

Collins.  IS:iil      I-Jnio.     .'is.  lid. 
[Leslie,   (has.)     The  case  of  Ihe  Jews,   eonsidereil 

with   res|M-cl    to    Christianity.     1...    IT.Vi       K'nio. 

Short  and  Kasy  Meth.id  with  Ihe  Jews  fsee  Vol    I. 

of  Ills  works.    t>xf.  lS.'i'J.  7v   Svo].    Alsoseparalclv. 

I.  ,  Hiviiigt.in.     I'.'nio.     '.'s.  (id. 
litiwe,  II.     I  Me  .Iiiileii- Mission,  eiiie  .Vufi;abe  lier  exiin- 

gelisclien  Kirch.'.     Erlangeii,  ISillI      Sv...     10  pt 
Lord.  J.  II.     The  right  attilmle  of  ilicchiirrh  Inward 

Ihcji'ws.     !,..  liosworlh,  ISs:).     Svo.     Is,  (id. 
Marsh,  W.     "  Salvation  is  of  the  Jews.  '     I'leface  by 

— .    I,.  [IS.S.-.;.   Svo. 

Bfjers,  .\.  31.,  I>r.     The  Jews;  or,  crisis  of  Judaism 
"ex plilied.    I...  Wertheim,  ISIS.    ii.  e.,  1H.V.>.     I'.'nio. 

4s.  ti.l. 
Narrative  of  a  Miuioii  to  Ihe  .lews  frtiiii  Cliiireh 

of  S.'..ilaii.l  in  is:«».     K.linb  .  Ilamillon,  1S.W.     n.  .'.. 

I...  I,.iligli.aii.  lS,*i4.     'J  v   S\'o.     .'is. 
Nat  og  Morgeii,     Kortii'll   fra  Missionen  bl.  Jii.l.'rm' 

iNiglit   ami   morning.    Stories   from   the  inissi.nis 

amoiii;  Ihe  Jews!.    Slavanger,  isij:). 
Norris,  II.  H.    (  bigin.  etc..  of  the  London  Society  for 

I'roiiiotiii;;  Christianity  among  Ihe  Jews.     L.,  Maw 

man.  IS'.'.'i.     svo      1','s. 
ObllKalioiiH  of  Christians  to  atteuipt  the  Con- 
version of  .lews.     ISl.'I.     Svo. 


..  V. 


^^ 


«p^ 


^m 


jmk.*C:^-m-- 


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si:lll,> 


lii'ih- 

,  «-t<-.. 

Kdiii.. 

,  PlC. 

■  i-'l  'i-j,')- 
las},'.>\v, 

si.llMX'.l 

.  Vc.l    I. 
i-atflv. 

■  fvan 
I'l, 
KwanI 

fan'  hy 

iiilaisiii 
r,Min>. 

IlUlfll 

II.  r., 

I'iili'vni' 
IssiDiis 

civ  fur 
.,  Maw 

li.ii- 


BISTORIES 


1)47  BIOaRAPHIES 


Or»bia.  loiuu-,  Isrspl  avpnceil.  TraiiKl.  by  McCnul. 
I,  .  \V.-rili.-im.  1S4<1.     Svo.     Is,  ChI. 

[Phillipo,  .1.  C]  Till-  iviiiinal  .■('  the  vail,  a  trail- 
sieiil  vi«-«  of  thf  .  .  .  .-!oii|itiii'al  waliMworks  frum 
Kiltfti.  anil  (laptisiiial  foiiiitaiiis  whk'li  spring;  up 
into  evrrhislin;:  lift*  fur  the  uiiiiviM'sidii  of  liic  Jews. 
Ellesiiifre.  l*****.     *^v<», 

Plitth.  C.  H.  C.  Was  iiKiclien  wir  C'liriston  mil  iinsiTii 
Ju.li-ii  ?  Xiir.il.  1SS1.  svii.  -.'.sti  Mk.  -W.-l.lii'Si.'l- 
lun^  linlteii  ilii*  (■hfiler  <ter  <'hri<-tlii-tH>ii  K  ire  lie  detii 
iii'Ml^THfii  Jjitlt'iilliiiini'  ^(';:«-iiiilitM'  fiii/.tiiifliiiien. 
IVrl    I-*!,     tiy.i      ">ii  I'f. 

Ponl%«rii.  iMii  jrHleiii-eln  islt'lijie  Hevn't^else  i  Svii-Iliis- 
Liii  I   Tlie  j*'Hwh-<'iirisliaii  iiiovi'ineiil  in  SuiithtM'ii 

l:>l-~l:l  Ktillll     UHli. 

R!il>t>ini->iii.  Kdiiu.  Iu  Clirisliaiiily.     I..  {\HM].     Svci. 
KiUI'"'''"^''-     I'laveis  iif    Jewinli    New     Years    Day. 

K'.iiiluy.  ivi-.'. 
RawliiiMin.G.    C'unira.st  uf  Clirislinnily  with  henllieii 

j4ll«IJt»wij.|i  svsteliis.     L..  Loii^tiians,  1801.     Svi).    Ds. 
Rvirliardt.  K.  tl.     Ui-lalion  of  ilie.iewisli  Cliristiaiis 

li>  ih»- .lews  <.•!  tile  Iir>l  aiul  seeoiui  ceiiliiries.     L., 

Sefl-y.  1*<K|        ^vo.      -Jn,  Cm,. 

Rise,  Fall,  Mini  Fiitiirc  Ki'stiiiatioii  of  tlie  ilews. 
.\Dnexe«l  arv  six  >eriii  'ii^  aildressetl  in  liieseetlof 
Altmli.tiii  tiy  several  evaii;;ellcal  iiiiiiislers.      .  .  }i, 

Rol,  J.  F.  .l.ilela.  IiieKvaiinelisolii'Clirisleiilieil  iiiiil 
die  Juilen.  Karl>riilie,  1"<S(.  ,Svo.  7  :\Ik  —Das 
In^Iitiitiim  Jii<iaieiiiii  in  seiner  Illiitliezeit.  Karls- 
ruhe. |v<4      J'v..      l.-.>mk 

Saphir.  A.  Dei  i;anski'  Israel  skal  fielses  (.\11  Israel 
t..  lie  sj»v.-il..     Traiisl.     Klihn    ISS.i. 

Schnetleriuann.  <■■  D.as  .liiileiithiiiu  iliiil  ilii' Clirist- 
liclie  VerkUnili^TUiiK  in  dell  Evangeliiiiii.  I,pz. 
issi.    >vo.    .•i<mMk 

Srhririen  <le4  Iii-titiitinn  •liidainiiu  in  llerliii. 
Nr.  I-''..     I^il    lss,i^,|,|.     sv,..     sii  I'l       l-.'ii  M!i.  ea. 

Schriftfii  deti  liiHt itiitiiiii  'luilaiiMiin  in  Leipxifj^. 
Nr.  l--'l-     l.pi   l^Ms.(.|.     S<vii.     :ii  I'f.  -  1  Mk.  ea. 

Stern.  U.  A.  nawnin^s  of  litrlit  from  ilie  l-^ast. 
I...  Wertheim,  \'<'>i.  ^vo.  Ss.-  .louriuil  of  a  mis- 
si. >n«rv  journey  to  the  .lews  ill  .\ialiia  Kelix.  li,, 
WerllHMni.  I^a6.  — Wan.lerinsis  anion;,' the  Kalaslias 
in  .\t>v<«inia-     1...  Wertlitini.  ISi;-.'.     Svo.     l."is. 

Titylftr.  M.  C.     Jii'luisiii      Kiliiili.     Iil. 

Tinianii.  R.  I'ie  .liKtenfrat^e  iiiiil  clie  EvaiiKeli.'sclie 
Kir>-Iie.     Halle.  l?<-:i.     r^vo.     .Ml  I'f. 

Verein  der  Freunde  Israel.s  zii  liasel.  Seiiii" 
Ent*l»-litinir  iiiul  seiii*'  ,\rlieit  wiihreiul  fiiiifzi^ 
Jalir-ii.     1U1S4-I.  IS'^l.     Svo.     1  Mk. 

Warmi.  \V.    .lew  aii'l  riirisiian.    I'anilir  IHW.    Svo. 

VTilkiiiMin,  .loliii.  Israel's  mission  ami  missions  to 
Israel.      I,    I>s'.l. 

Wise.  i.  M.  Jii'laisiii  aihl  Christianity  their  nKree- 
Mieiils  anil  ilisiurreeinents.  I,i'c'tiiies.  lineiiinati, 
Bl.*-h.  I»*»      IMiio      Slim. 

IVolir.  .IcM.  Missionary  journal.  1HJ4  •-•!).  L  IH.'n.  -^vo. 
—  Kes.-an-lie*  ami  inissioiiarv  lalioiii's  |IS:il  31]. 
I. .  Xisliet.  Km.  Svo.  i-js.  I'liila.  is:ir.— .loiiiiialof 
his  missionary  lalHUirs.  IS'.''.  :tS.  I,  ,  Uiiriw.  N.  Y., 
Ri«ers.  l-vM.  <vo.  IJs  T.V— .Mission  lo  liokliaia. 
I..  I\«rker.  N  Y  .  Ilarp.'is.  isi.',  n.e  .  lilaekwooils, 
1>4-.  ■♦vi'  S'.'iXi.  Ills.— Travels  aii<l  ailveiilures. 
I...  Sanmlers.  IS<,1.     Svo.     1','s. 

Zielhe.  \V.  Kiinfzii^Jalireiier  (Herlin]  J  mien  Mission. 
Uerl.  Ki.    ^vo.    M  I'f 


((?1  Colkcfive. 

American  MUsioiiarirs  fomiorly  ronnectt'il 
with  the  Soeietv  "f  Kinpiiry.  .\mlover.  Memoirs 
of:  wi'li  iiitp.'luction  liv  !*eo!iaril  Woods.  Host. 
ISa     svo. 

Amnlil-Fi>«ler.  F.  E.  Heial.ls  of  the  eross;  or.  the 
fuitillnu-  ''f  llieeoiiiinaiiii  ('lia|iters  on  iiiissioiiary 
w..rW      I...  Ilaleharils.  Iss-J.     n   e.,  ISS.").     Svo.     .■>s. 

BanIcA,  J.S.  "Three  Iiiilian  heroes:  niissioimrv,  stales- 
man.  s..l.|i.>r.  I-..  Wesl.  I'onf.  Oft.,  1S74.  rjmo. 
Is.  6.1. 

BraidwuotI,  J.  .'iie  j-okefellows  in  Hie  mission 
lieM.  Ijfe  and  lalMiiirs  of  Kev.  .?.  Ainlerson  aiul 
Rev  R  Johnston,  trat'i-d  in  the  rise  ami  develop- 
nipnt  of  (hf  .Madras  F.  C  Mission.  L  ,  Niahet,  ISli'J, 
Sto.     T».  S.I. 

Baet,  C"ha.«.  Nos  niissioiiaires.  Ts.  1S84.  I'.'iiio. 
•-•S  cttn. 

Came.  4i»hn,  T.ivt^  of  eiiiineiit  missionaries.  L., 
Washl^'iime.  I«K.    u.  e.,  IS.V.'.     :)  v.  I'Jmo.    its. 

Cltrivllan  lliocra|>hy,  eoiiiaiiiim;  the  lives  of  {many 
einiii*-nt  inis-i  maries  and  oihersi.  1*..  Tr.  Soc. 
(l-sV.  •    16  v.  I'.'iiio.     ea. -is  r«l 

r<>rl:ell,  John.  The  heaiiiifiil  feel:  nieinorials  of 
s»»ven  West  Indian  iiiissi-itiaries.     |,.  is."m;. 

I'ux,  ^iamurl  II.     Missi'uiaiy   remains:   or.  sketches 


of  .  .  .  Evarts,  Cornellim.  and  Wisner.  with  notes 
by  Kllis.     I,.  Jackson,  mi's.     ISmo.     i's. 

CrUBer,  K.  K.  •!.  Cliristenlelire  in  Leiieiisliildei  n 
alls  iilierer  iiiid  iieinrcr  Zeit,  liesonders  aiis  der 
Ml.ssionsKescliiclite.     Ui'i-l.  lS."i7.     Svo.     17^  S^r. 

l-^ildy.  I>.  C  Heroines  of  the  iiiissionarv  enlerprise: 
Iskeiehes  of  ||a"iii'i  N.'well.  .\iiii  II.  .liidsipii.  I-Mlier 
liiiller.  Klizalii'lli  Harvey.  Ilarriel  1).  Slew.irl.  .'i.irali 
1.  .Siniili,  Kleanor  Jlacomlier.  Saiali  |i  romsioek, 
Henrietta Sliiick,  Sarah  1!.  .Imlson.  .Vioile  1'.  .lames, 
.Marv  K.  Van  heniieii,  and  Kiiiilv  l.  .liid^on  '.  1|.  isi  , 
Tickn.ir  ,y  Co..  1-.,  Ilall.  1S.VI.     7V      '.'s  ii,|.' 

Kills,  Harriet  W.  tJiir  Kasterii  sisters  and  llieir 
Iiiissionarv   helpers.     I,.,  Kel.  Tr.  Sue..   ls,-.i.     sy... 

■,'s  i;d. 

I''ariiliani,  J.  .M.  \V.  Directory  of  I'rotesiant  tnis- 
siniiaries  in  China,  .'siaiii.  and  the  Straits  setlle- 
meiiis.     Shainrliai.  I'res.  .Miss.  Dr..  ■"^sr. 

I'inislied  Courses,  The;  lirlef  notices  of  departed 
cliiiii'li  inissioiniries.  I'reface  hy  C.  K.  L'hilde.  I,., 
Seeley,  l.-^ii.").     l','nio.     .Vs. 

Forbes,  A.  «i.  Pioneers  of  the  Christian  faith.  I,, 
Virtue,  isr:i.     Mvo.     .'is. 

tiariliier,  ilas.  Memoirs  of  Christian  missionaries. 
1...  liiiHiu.  ISI.).  'il  e.,  lS.")ii.  l-.'mo.  '.'s,  lid.— Miii- 
islerint;  iiieii:  or,  heroes  of  iiiissionarv  enterju'ise. 
1,,  Dean.  ISW.  1','mo.  n.  e.,  INSO.  '.'s  Ikl.-IIero- 
iiies  of  missioiiary  enternrise.  L.,  lilackwuoil,  ISIl:). 
n.  e  .  ISsU.     J-.'iuo,     -Js.  till. 

Grove,  Kasinnssen.  KiisteliRe  Levnetsliih  1  de^ 
iiilteiiile  .\ar  liiiiidrede,— (lerilil.  tiolmt,  I'alteson, 
I'lc  iCIirislian  lives  in  the  nineteenth  century, — 
anions' these  ...   I.     Ddense,  1SS7. 

Ilayilii,  II,  C,  .Vinerican  heroes  on  niission  fields, 
Drief  mission  irv  hiof^rapliies.  N.  Y.,  .\ni.  "Tr. 
Soc.  is;«i.    1-,'mo'.    $1. •,'.-,. 

ilapp.  A.  II,     Master  missionaries:  studies  in  heroic 


pionet'i's'    work. 
David   /eisherK'i 


Sketches    of    Jas.    ( Vlelhoriie, 
r,  Samuel    Heliich,  Win     Klmslie, 
W.'ilker,  Roll.  MolTal.  .las  Slew- 
John   C.  I'allisi iiid   John   It. 

1SS>.     N.  Y'.,  Carter,  IsSl.     .'id  e., 
fl.M. 
Memoirs   of    female    misstonaiy 


(ieo.  Wasliin;;iou 

ail.   Will.    Illack, 

Feej.     1,.,  riiuin. 

iss.-j      Svo.     .-ts   lilt 
Kiiill,     Kiehard 

lalii>iireis,     1...  siiiipkiii.  is;i!l.     ;V,'iiio.     Is  lid. 
Labourers    in   the    KiihI  ;   or.   nie:iioirs  of  eminent 

men  who  were  de\oled  to  the  service  of  Clirisl    ill 

India      By  the  aiillior  of  I.ily  Douglas      Leitli.  ISJ','. 

K'mo. 
Laborers   in   the   Kiist :    iiiemoii's  of  Claudius   Bii- 

clianan,  llenrv  Martvii,aml  David  Brown,     I'hila,, 

rreshy.  lid    I'llhl.      l-iliio.     li.V'. 
Larnii.v,  L.'.\l)l>^di'.    Vie  dc  trois  niissioiiaires  aposto- 

liipies  dii   diocese  de   I'oitiers,  iiioris  victimes  ilo 

h'lir  zt^le  pour  la  conversion  des  iiilideles.  ])eiidant 

1S:17.  is.-i:t.  is.-ii.     I's.  KS.-)!).    Svo. 
Lush,  A,  II,     lilossoiiis  of  missionary  work.     [India.] 

1,.  ISSI. 
Lebeii    KvaiiKelisolier   lleidenboton,      KrlaiiK<'ii, 

ISTi.     Sv.i,      MI,S);r. 
Lebensbilder  aiis   der    Geselii<'lite  der    Iiiiieru 

Mission,      llambiir^.    l^.')l  O'J.     14   ' 

ISl.j  Sk'I'. 

Lebensbilder  voni    Misgionsfelde, 

4lo. 
Lives  of  >li.4sloiiarieH,     lireenland. 

ISitj.     I'.'IIIO     'Js.     India.     1...  S.  1'.  C. 

9s.— N    .Miierica.    I...  S.  1>.  C.  K..  l"-!).") 
LlKKlns,  .1,     Missionary  piciiire  gallery. 
Marriitt,    d.      Two    standard-hearers 

Sk.'lchcsof  Dr  DiitTamI  Dr.  Wilson. 

issj.    ismo.    Is.  r„l. 
Memoir  of    Uritisli    l-'eiiinle   .MissionarieN.      L., 

.Smiili,    1S41.    I'.'nio.    lis.  lid.    See  also,  Thompson, 

jK.MIM.t. 

Meniorials  of   Protestant    Missloniirles  to    the 

Chinese:    ^ivin^  a   list    of  their  pulilicalious  and 

ohiiiiary  notices  of  the  decea-sed.     Shaii;;hae,  .Vm. 

I'res.  .Mission  I'less.  lsii7. 
itloister,    Will.      Missionary    martyrs.      $l.'i'i.  — Mis- 

sioiiarv  pioiu-ers:    skett-hes  of  eniineiit   ministers. 

1,  ,  ll.inullon.  IS71.     Svo.     7a.  IJ<1. 
Moraviiiii    .^lissloiiaries.     I'hila.,    I'res.    I3d.    Pub. 

ISluo.      '.'.">.•. 

MorlHoii,  John,  The  fathers  and  founders  of  llm 
l.ondoii  Missionary  Socielv.  .\  jiihilee  meinorial. 
I,.    Fisher.  1S14.     ii   e,  isjii.     Svo.     lis.  (id, 

Net  Cast  III  ■iiaiiv  Waters:  lives  of  missionaries. 
1, .  lieiiirose.  IST.I.     |.\nmially.]     Svo.    '.'s. 

I'ierson,  II,  W,  .Miiericaii  missionary  meinorial. 
ISkelches  of  liordon  Hall,  Jas.  Kichaids,  Harriet 
Newell.  .\<loiiiraiu  Jiidson.  Ann  H  Jiidson,  Sarah 
It  .liidson,  (irover  S.  ComstiH'k.  Sarah  D.  Coin- 
stock.  Harriet  \,  Wir.slow.  Jas.  McKwcii,  Catherine 
H.  Scndder.  I'liiiy  Fiske,  Ia'vI  ['arsons,  Sarah  I.. 
8iiiitli.  David  Templi>,  .\zjtriali  Smith.  David  .\lieel, 
Frederick  H  Tl.oiu|>soii,  Samuel  Minison.  Ileiiry 
Lowrie,  Walter  .M  l..o«rie,  Jane  Isabel  White,  .Mel- 


1 

.'mo. 

7  Th. 

riiiln 

18.)8, 

L 

S.I'. 

C.  K., 

K 

.,  ISIil 

.    3  v. 

1 

.''no. 

•,'s.  lid. 

N    Y 

lSti7. 

III 

the 

Fast. 

1. 

.,  Wooliner, 

BIOORAPHISS 


648 


BIOGRAPHIES 


ville  B,  Cox,  I„\Mnoi'l.it  R,  Miiim-.  Willinni  IV  Wil- 
liiuiis.  (J.  \V.  Siiiinsoii.  iin4  Kiiz.i  1'.  Siiii|PMiii],  N  Y  , 
HarpiM's,  isvi.    Hvo.     Sl.,."> 

Piper,  fVrdiimiKl.  iK.I.)  l.ivi  s  cil'  ili<-  1im,Iim-s  of 
our  cliiirch  iiiiiviTsal.  Kniiii  tin-  (Iitmi.ui.  widi 
iiiliifd  livi's  hy  ATin'iican  Hrittrs.  Hv  H,  M. 
JlHcCnickeii  llftlili'hciii,  Pii.,  L'li.  H.  I'lil).  C'n., 
1^711.     Hvo.     S.'ilHI. 

I'iliiiiin,  K.  ■(.,  Mv».  Ilcmini's  of  llic  niissinii  di'ld. 
liio;?ni|)liii'al  Hki'ti.'lics  (of  Mrs,  AIoll'iil,  Mrs  (iohiil, 
Mrs.  .lliilleiis.  Mrs.  K.  C.  ,liji!s.,n.  .Mrs.  Williiiins, 
Jliis  Kiili-liii  I'iske,  Jlrs.  Kllis.  Mrs.  Dorolliy  Jorirs 
(West  liidios),  Mrs.  ('lialiiicrs  (.Vi'w  (iiiim''a\  Jlrs. 
Anna  Iliiiderer,  Mrs.  Sar.ili  Smith  (Mailras).  Mrs. 
\Vaki''ii'ld  (E.  Afriiai,  .Miss  Susan  H.  Ili;.'t;iiis 
(Japaiii,  Jlrs.  Kilhaiii  iSierra  I.iMini-i.  Mrs.  Hope 
I  India).  Mrs.  Ann  H.  Jndson.  .Mrs  Vali'nlini'  (No. 
India  1,  Mrs.  Han  i'tt  Xewcll,  Mis.  Mait'aret  Wilson. 
Jliss  l.ctitia  A.  Cainplicll  (Cliina).  .Mrs  M.  .lowclt 
(Malta),  Mrs.  Knisi'i  iKjypti.  .Miss  Miwy  (innsou 
(China),  Mrs.  Krapf  iK.  Afriia),  Jlrs.  Foster  (,Ia- 
tiiaioai,  JlissLonisatiomez (India),  Jlrs.  .Maiy  Ciyer 
(Indiai,  Jliss  Jlargaret  liiirtuu  (Cevloiiii,  L., 
Cassell,  1«S0.     Hvo.     Ss. 

riul/.weB.  ('.  Lel)ensl)i!derdeiitsolier.Iesiiiteii  liiaiis- 
>\iirii>;eii  Jlissionen.     I'aderliorn.  IKS:".     Hvo.     ;J  Mk. 

Kt'latiiiiis  iilirA|;6es  >!<'  l;i  Vie  et  il«  lu  .Mort  <les 
pretres,  cleres,  et  freres  de  la  conHrejjution  do  la 
niissi./ii.     l>s.  IWi-J.     -i  V.  8vo. 

Srliinidt,  K.  C.  <J.  Kinzegefasste  I.ehensliesphri'i- 
l)nn^;en  der  iiierkHiinli(;steii  Kvi'.ii);eliselieii  JIis>;io- 
niiren.  Liiz.  ISKi-lT.  (i  v.  uud  iiene  Folj-e,  'J  v. 
Ka.-,'rSK'r. 

Srlireilier,  A.  I,eliiiisliilder  alls  der  Rheini.scheii 
-Jlission  fiir  Jlission.sstiiiiden.  liariiien,  1S.S.1.  Hvo. 
1  Mk. 

•Scliweliilt/.,  Kiliiiiinil  ile.  Some  of  the  fathers  of 
the  American  Moravian  Chiireli,  Bethlehem,  Va., 
111.  Hr.  I'lib.  Co..  IHS-.'.     8vo. 

Siiiitli,  L..  K.  Heroes  and  ninrtyrs  of  the  iiiodern 
missionary  enterprise.  |Skeleiies  of  Win.  Carey, 
,lno.  Cliiimlierlaiii,  Henry  Jlarlyn.  (ioidon  Hail, 
Saniiiel  Newell.  Henry  W,  I'o.v,  Tlios.  Coke,  Adoiii- 
rani  ,li:dsoii.  (ieo,  Dana  Itoirdman,  Hob.  .Morrison, 
Will.  Jliine,  V/alter  Jl.  Lo«  ri".  David  .Vbeel,  Sand. 
Jliinson,  Henry  Lyman,  .lohaiines  T.  Vanderkemp, 
Will.  U.  Crocker,  Loit  Carey,  Jlidville  B.  Cox.  I'liiiy 
Kiske.  Levi  I'arsons.  Asaliel  (Jraiit,  .Iiio.  Williams, 
Win.  Kichanis,  Aid  Hoyl.  Cyrus  Siiepard.  Win. 
Hepburn  Hewitson.  (irover  S.  Couistock,  and  Jas. 
Richards]      Hartford.  1852. 

Stoveiisdii,  Will.  Fl.  I'rayini;  and  workinp;;  some 
account  of  what  men  can  do  when  in  earnest. 
[Jleiiioirs  of  John  F'alk.  Iminaniiel  Wioherii.  Theo- 
dore V'liediier.  .lohii  K  (iossiier,  Louis  Harins]. 
L.,  Strahan,  N.  Y.,  Carters,  18<j.3.  ii  c,  L.,  IHOit, 
8vo.     f  1.^.^.     Is.  lid. 

StruthiMH.  G.  Jlemoirs  of  .Viiieriean  missionaries, 
OlasKow,  Whiltaker,  lS.i4,     l','iiio.     .'is. 

'''Ii  iiiipsiiii,  •leniiiiia.  Jlemorials  of  British  female 
nissionarie'*.     L.  IHJl. 

ThoiusHii,  Andrew,  (treat  missionaries:  n  series  of 
biotirapliies.  L.,  Nelsou,  ISiiS.  u.  e.,  18(58.  jamo. 
■■is.  (id. 

Vornibaiiin,  KedihoM.  EvaiiRelische  Miss|ons(iri»- 
schichle  in  l!io);iiipliieii.  Elberfeld,  I850-ti3.  5  v. 
Svo.     l-.'.MJIk 

WhIhIi,  W.  I'liki'iiliaiii.  Heroes  of  the  mission  field. 
I...  Ilo.lder.  N.  Y..  Wliiilaker.  isrit.  IJmo.  .^s. 
?l.'ri.  — Jlodern  heroes  of  the  mission  Held.  L., 
H.idder,  and  N.  Y.,  WhittaUer,  ISTU.  3d  o,,  1S(<S. 
Hvo     .-Is  Oil.     Sl.50. 

Wiiriieck,  <•.  I.ebensbilder  ans  der  Heiden  Jlission. 
(;iiiers|..h.  1h;.-.  .s,),,.     .-i  v.  Hvo.     11  JIU. 

"Wheeler,  >l.  s.  .Sketches  of  woin.-m  fureitjn  tuisslon- 
.iries  [III  her  "  First  decade  of  the  \Vom:ins  F.  M. 
S.  of  (lie  M.  K.  Church"].  X.  Y.,  ri.illips  .V;  H., 
18.H1.     i-.'nio.     iUM. 

WiMe,  Dan.  Our  mi.ssionnry  heroes  ami  heroines;  or, 
heroic  ileeds  dom-  in  Jleihodjst  missinnai'v  llelds. 
N.  Y.,  I'hillip.'i.'C:  H.,  IN-il.     liiiii,>.     Sl.(ii). 

AVnker.  I'.  \V.  .\iis  Norddeiilscheii  Jlissionen  des  17, 
iMid  IH.  .lahrhundei'ts.  Fianciscaner,  Doniini<'iiner 
iiiiflan.lere  Jlissioniire.  Colonn.-,  18,H|.  Hvo.  l.HilMk. 

AViillseliliiKel,  II.  K.  I.ebensbilder  nils  der  K" 
si'liichle  der  Briidermission.  Stiiitx.,  1M:)-4IJ.  u  v, 
Hvo.     1  Th. 

Y<iiiKe,  C'liarliitle  >I.  rioneersaiul  I'oiiiiilers:  In  the 
mission  field.     L.,  Jlaciuillan,  ii.  e.,  IhTH.     Hvo.    (is. 

(/()  Individual  Mimonaries. 

Bvfi.  U   Williamson.    N.  Y., 

iHiiio.    r>Oc. 

Jlemoir.      L.,     Cross,    IH.IU. 


Alieel,  Diivlil  [Cliinnl. 

Carter.^  Hros..  IHCt. 
Adam,    tloliii    (India] 

l.'iiio.     (is. 
Adiinis,    II.    M,    [W.   Africa 

Bust,  18au, 


By   Alljert   Bnshiiel 


Allelilsoii.   Win.   [China].     By  ('•   1'.   Bush.     I'liila., 

l'l•esl^,  Dil.  Pub,,  IH(!.-i.     Ilinio,     80o. 
Aldhiner,  «'.  I',     liasel,  IHHC. 
Allen,  .Mvrii  W.  [Ui>nd)av|.     By  Cyrus  Jlaiin.    Bost., 

Jlass.,'SMbb   Sidi.  See.,  is:)-,'.     IHnio,     3(ic. 
Aniiniinii,  i).  J.  (India],     liasel,  iHUI, 
Anders John    (Free   Church,    Madras],  and   K. 

.iohnslon.     Bv  .lohn  Braidwood  (mider  title  True 

Yoke-Fellows].     1...  Nisbct,  IN)-.'.    7s.  Oil. 
Anderson,    Kiilns   (Sec.   A.  B.  C.  F.  JI,].     By  Mrs. 

Harriet  Newell  and  Jlrs.  A.  II.  Jndsou.    Lawrence, 

JiHss..  IHStl. 

Andrels.  K.  (R.  C.j.     Wi ISMIJ. 

AnsKarS)  I^evnet.     Ikwkrevet  af  Krkebi.skop  Rinibert 

OK  en  anden   Di.scipel,  ved  C.  S.   Ley  I'l  he  life  of 

Anstar,   de.scribwl    liy    Archbishop    Riiid.ert    and 

anollier    disciule,      By   C,   S.    l..ey).     Kbliii.  18;i7.— 

[Bv   L.  C.   Miiller.]     Kbhn.  184'J 
AnK);ariiis.  .Vpostel  des  Nordens.     See  SoNNT'.os- 

BiHi.ioTHKK.     Y.    Band,    5    Heft.     Bielefehl,    Kbi. 

Hvo.      .--i  St-r. 
Antoniewic/..  K.  H.    Von  F.  Spiel.     Berl.  187.'). 
Applevard,  .lohn.     Hy  T.  Smith.     L.  1H87. 
AriiistVoiiK.  John   [So.   Africa),    liy  T,  Carter.     L.. 

I'arker.  lH.->7.     rjmo.     7s.  (id, 
.VrniMlroiiK,  W.  .1.  (Sec.  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.].     Bv  B.  IM- 

wards.     Hos(.  IKH. 
Ashinaii.  .lehiidl.     By  11.  K,  Ourley.    N.  Y.,  Robin 

son  &  F..  Ih;)!1.     Hvo. 
Alter.  <;.,  lip.     Bv  J.  Hesse.     Basel,  1883.    25  I'f. 
AiiKiislini,  V.  A.     BimI.  1h,57, 
llavster.  Waller  \\ .  |  W,  Africa],     (Under  title  "  ,Ioy 

of  Missionarv  Knterprise.")     Bost.  1883. 
Itahlwiii,  >lary  H.  |(ireeee].     By  Jlrs.  V..  R.  ritman. 

1..  and  N.  Y.,  Ca.ssell,  1'-H1.     Hvo.     r)S. 
Itaniliy,  J.  11.     By  Barrett.     18,V,'. 
Kiirelavolos.  (Bp.  of  Jerusalem].    L.,  PartridKe,  1883. 

Hvo.     1-Js. 
Ilarker,    I'rederle,    lip.    [Australia].      By   Wni.   JI. 

Cowper.     1...  Hat<'hards,  I8.H8.     Kvo.     7».  6d. 
Itarr.J.  W.  [I'reslivieiiaii|.    By  E,  P.  Swift.    Pittsbn., 

Perkins,  WXi      1-,'ino.     .M)c. 
llartli,  <•.  Ii.  [Kniope].     Bv  C.  Werner,    Stuttg,  18t)9. 
•     8vo.     1    Jlk.     Bv  Weitbrecht.    Stnttj?.  1875.     Ifinio. 

75  Pf. 
llertrain.   J.   M.    |So.    Africa].     By   E.  JI.    HatfleM. 

(Cnder  title  "St.  Helena  ami  theCapeof  (iood  Hope; 

or,  incidents  in   the  life  tif -.1    N.  Y.,  Fletcher, 

],H.V,>.     I'Jmo.     .VV-. 
lllniiev.    Jos.    Uetchell    [Buriiiah].     Bv    his    wife. 

I'hila  ,  IHHt). 
IUi>(;f'apliii*al   Ski'leh  of  Jane,  beloved  wife  of  a 

medical  missionary.     L.  184G.     8vo. 
Iluardiiian,   <feo.    I>.   [Iliiriiiahj.     Bv    Alonzo  Kin^JT. 

Host.,  l.otbrop,  18.1li.     n.  e.,  1875.     lOiiio.     $1. •,'.>. 
lioaz.  Thoinus  (F.ttvpt].     By  his  widow.     L.,  Snow, 

IHC'^      11.  e..  IHlili.     8vo.     lis.  (id. 
ItdKiier,  A.    Le  Jlissionaire  de  Jletldakatla.     Ps.  IHSJ. 

(ill  elm. 
Itonll'aee,  AVlnfrid,  afterniird  called .     (fler- 

inaii\].     1!\   W    Selw_\n.     Camb.  IHiil. 
Donifai-ins,  l.elieii  lies  heillKen  ((lermany].     Von 

Willibald.     Berl.  18,Mi     Hvo.     H  .S^r. 
Uunnaril,  Jean  Lonis  (R.  C,  Touipiiii].     Lyon,  1871^, 

1-,'iiici.     3  ,'ii)  fr. 
nuiiiie.   Win.    J.,    Up.    [China].     By    Bp.    Stevens. 

(Jlemorial  sermons. )     Phda.  lM(i.*). 
IliioH.    Martin.     V.n    ,1.    (iossner.     l.pz.    1K31.    Hvo, 

•,'.'i.j  Sjjr,     Von    11     JI.    Luicke.      Lpz.     tH.t7.     Hvo. 

•Jd.><K'l'.      Bn.sel,  IHIIi.     Hvo.       I.'i  S^r.- See  SoNSTAtiS. 

BiHi.loTliiK.     VI    Band,   4   Heft.      Bielefeld,    IH.M. 

Hv,i.     I.-.  Sur. 
Itoweii,   .lohn,    lip.    [Sierra   I,eoiie].     By  his  sister. 

1...   Nisbel.    IHi;-,'.      Hvo.      lis. 

Uriiinerd,  llav.  [.\iii.  Indians].  By  John  Wesley, 
from   his  own  diarv.      Bristol,  17(iH.     Iv'iiio.  — liv  .1, 

Styles.      L.    and     "Newport.      188(1.      \i By   J. 

Kciwanls.  Also  edited  by  Dr.  Dwi^'ht.  New  Haven, 
IH',"-.'.  N.  Y.,  Am.  Tr.  Soc.  IKH.  IHino.  7iic.  n.  e., 
bv  J,  JI.  Sherwood,  N.  \..  mH^I.  I-Jmo  $l.."iO.— 
Bv  Rev.  J.  Pratt  L.  18.31.  Hvo.— Voii  C  F.  Fopler. 
/iirieh.  1H5I.  Hvo.  IJ  .S(;r.  — By  W.  P.  ( ).  Peabody, 
in  ,lared  Sparks'  hibrary  of  Am,  Biography,  Vol.  8. 
N.   v..  llariiers.     I'Jmo      Jl.'J.'). 

Ilraiiierd.  >)iiliii.     By  T.  Braiiierd.     Pliila,  Pies.  Bd.. 

INi.'i       Svo.      J-.i.-ill. 

llreek,  .las.  I,.  (Am.  Indians].     By  C.  Breck,     NY., 

Yoniit;,  1HH3.     PJiiio.     $'.' (HI. 
Urett,    Win.    Henry   ((iiiiana].      By   F.   P.    L.   Josa 

Hinder  liile    'Apostles  of  the  Indians  of  Ouiaua"). 

1...  (iardni'r.  1HH7.     Hvo.     (is. 
IlridKnian,  Ulljali   ('.  ICIiiim].     By  his  widow.    N. 

Y    ivil. 

ItriHik.  .Ill I.,     Bv  SI.  John.     L.  1H71I. 

Ilroiitthloii,  Wni.  (iriiiit,  lip.  [Australia].    By  Benj. 

Ibiriisiin  iprelaced  to  a  volume  of  Kerinoiisi.     L. 

li.-ll  .V    I)  ,   IS.-,-       sv,.       Ills    ('ill. 
Ilnrliaiiaii,  C'laiiiliiiH  [lli'iiKal].     By  H.  W.  Pearsou, 


a^^^i^^Ai 


KiiiK. 

■J.i. 
Snow, 

iN.  1S8S. 

[Her- 

f].    Von 

jii,  IStO. 

Stevens. 

Kil.      !»V0. 

.:n.     >vo. 

INNTAliS. 
1,1,     ISM. 


Weslev. 
^lU  .1. 
lly  .1. 
llavin, 
M.  e., 
»1..'>0.— 
Km.l.;r. 
i.aiiiiil.v, 
,  Vol.  ». 

res.  Bil., 

N.  Y.. 

[I,      .IcKft 
kllillUU"). 

IIdw.    N. 


lUy  Beiij. 
Iiisi,     !• . 


BICaRAPHIES 


049 


BIOORAPIIIES 


L.  ISID.    2  V.    .'jth  e.,  f  •  elev,  1840,  and  V    1.,  A;,.. 

Tr.  Soc..  1S^7      l-JiiK.  :>.■•(!. 

Viiinby,  tliiliii  I'    (Ni      /i.-iiau  l].    i      Alilr.  "'   "i  tt. 

L.    ilasiiM.  IH.'.J.     r.'ii,  I. 
Kiirdiell,  TIkih.  (Jmiii'     .  '"'  F.  PurcL'   '      /.., 

(irrrli.  IM'.I.      llit  :ci.      .<.  „ 

IliiniH.  W.  ('.  [C'li   ,.  I     Hyl;ii'    .;iirns.    I,,       '    .. 

ISIUI.     nil  e.,  IS'iU      -^    1.     lis      >:.  v.,  C'iirl>-r.    ., 

l-.'iiici.    J','..jO.— Kill       .ide!  I     Uusel,  is^.    Svo. 

I'.')  I'f. 
KiinliiK'll.  Alliert  \\(i  .iil.     An    irii.  N.  Y..  ii.  il. 
IJ11XI..11.  T.  !•'.  IW    Iiidu^  A.Collier.     Host., 

.\iii.  Ti.  Soc.     Kiino,     *.') 
iiilvi-i't,  Miiry.     l!y  (i.  IS.  Ho\     .     o.'it'. 
Ciiiii|>l>i-ll,  .loliii  s.  [So  .Vfiieal.     By  Robert  Philip. 

L    Ifill.    11.  I'.,  l.-^lili.— liv  K.    hViirnson  uiid  A,  yi. 

lii-.iwii      I-..  HiMitley.  I.HtiT.     Kvo,     IJs. 
Caiiiplx'll,  >liiry.     I'liieiVi.'o.  ISS.'). 
.'iirlioiie,  Sel>i>!i'tiiiii<i.    liv  (i.  Seiirati.    Milano.  18TM. 
Cui't'v,    l';iislii<T   |lii(lia|      H>    liis  widow.    L.,  .Maii- 

lionillK'll.  ism.     Hvo.     -Js.  lid. 
Cari'V,  W  til.  Iliidial.     Hv  his  ncplievv,  Kii.-taet'  Carey. 

1...  .laeksoii  A  \V.,  IHiiH.     -Jcl  e,  IS-i;.     I-,'iiio.     7s.  lid. 

—  liv   Jos.    Uelrher.     I'lilln..  Am.  Hap.  I'lib.,   PttS. 

Iliiiio.     ?l.'i-i.— VoM    .\.    (,'liiist.      liasi-1.    1877.     H\i). 

411   I'f.— Hv   .las.    Ciilioss.     I,.,  llodder.  IfWl.     «vo. 

*.  (id.  — Il'v   tieii.  Siiiilh.     L..  .^liiriav.   isav     i'd  e.. 

1C87.       Hvo.      7s.    lid.  — Hv    .lolm    li.    Jlyers.      I.,., 

rnrtiidte,    1H87.     Svo.     Is.    (1,1.  — liy    J.    Jlaishinaii 

(Willi  I.ivi's  of  .hishiia  Jlai'sliiiiaii  ami  Win.  Ward). 

L  ,  l,,)iiKiiiaii.  isild,     ■-'  V.  Svo.     I'Js.  11.1.    X.  V.  is7ii. 

Iv. — Hv   .hiliii   S.    Hanks  liii   "'I'liii',-    Misshniarv 

Heroes  •,.    h,  Wesl.  Coiif.  OIT.,  1S74.     IJiiio.    Is.CiI. 
Cartfill,  >!.,  Mrs.     Hy  her  hiishmid.    L.,  Mason,  IS.'),'). 

isiii,).     :{i»  i;,l. 
Carlile,   Win.    |Jaiimiea].     By   his  son  (under  title 

•■  Thirl vei^lii    years'  Mission  work  in  Jainaicu"). 

I...  Nisiiei.  ISSI.     Svo.     :Js.  ed. 
4'>n'o|i(i,  lien,).     Hy  (i.  Hleiieowe.     L.  18.17. 
C.lsil-i.     See  l..\s  CasAS. 
4  liiiliiiei's,  .FiiH.  [l',dynesia].     By  Wni.  Rohsou.     L., 

l'arlri,lt'e.  ISS7.     Svo.     Is.  lid. 
(  liaiiilivrlaiii,  John  [India].     By  Win.  Yates.    Calc. 

1.,.,  West  lev,   l.i-'4.    Svo.     10s.  (id.— By  C.  B.  Lewis. 

Cale.  1S7G.     Svo. 
C'liiireli,  Ctias.  iliulia].     Hv  Jas.  HoiirIi.     I,.,  Rei  Tr. 

Sue.,  lS.'iK.     p,>iii,i.    -Js. 
<'liiver,    Tetriis    l.\friea].      Von    F.    J.    Ilolzwarlli. 

'riiliiiiKi'ii.  I.S.V1.     Svo.    JflSirr. 
(;1imikIi.  Mrs.  [India].     Hy  J.  K.  C'IoiikIi. 
•t'oaii,  Tltiis  [Hawaii].     .Ciirohiotrrapliv.    X.  Y.,  Han- 

dolpli,  ISS-,'.     l-,'ni,i.    $1. .•)().     Hv  .Mrs.  Lv,lia  HinKliain 

Coan.     ChieaKo.  Hevi'll,  IS.s.'i.     l-,'iii,i.     Sl.iHI. 
Cok«-,  Th us  |W.  lialiesl      Hv  Sand.  Drew.     I,.  1S;7 

nn,l    N.    V.    ISIS,     hvo.— Hy  J.  W.    KllieridK'e.     1.., 

Mas,in.  ISilil.     sv,i.     (Is. 
('oluen-lion'niiiiiii,  riias.  (W.  .\fiiea].     Hy  Geo.  T. 

Fox        1...  .Seelev.  1H(W.     Si,),     (is   Gil. 
Colensii,  .roliii  Will.,  ll|>.  [.\atal].     Hy  Geo.  W.  Cox. 

1...  Kiilu'Wiiy,  If-H-.     -Jv    li.e.     --'Is. 
C'liliiiaii  Hiiil  ivheeloek.     Hv  Wiilaid.    .'4."io. 
Cumber,  T.  . I.    [.Vfiicaj.     Hv  ,1.  B.  .Myers.     L.,  I'ait- 

riil;:,'.  isss.    )4v,,.     Is.  (111. 
Conibiiiii,  Dun.  [li.  C.].     Von  F.  X.  Geyer.     Botzen, 

l^SJ, 

Cuinenius,  Jobann  A11108.  See  KoMKNSKV,  Jan- 
Am, >s. 

CoiiiHtork,  Sarali  I).,  MrH.  [Biirinah].  Hv  Mrs.  .\. 
M.  Kiliii.ind.     I'hila.  Is."i4. 

Cook,  Kdw.    By  Cook,     lipool  ,  JIason,  IS4'.t.    liiiio. 

Cook,  .Ji»s.,  ('apt.  Hv  Hev.  (ieii.  Yonn;;.  L.,  Whit- 
taker.  1SJ4  U'liio.  (is.— Hy  W.  Be.sant.  h.,  .Mao- 
niillaii.  ISIKI.        Svo.     --'s.  i;,l'. 

Corii.>nii«,  Klhis  [See.  .\  It  ('.  F.  M.].  By  B.  B. 
K,|war.ls      N    Y..  Clark  ,^-  .\,.  is:i:j,     ;.v. 

Corrii',    Itiiiil.,    Il|i.    [liiilia].     Mi'iiioirs.     L.,  Seelev, 

isi;.    sv,,.    lis. 

C'otK,   ('.  II.  <».  [Canada].     Bv  N.  Cvr.    Pliila..  Am. 

Hapt.  I'lili.  c,i.     ISino.    ."inc. 
Cotton,   (ieo,   Kdw.    I.vnili,    Up.   [[iidia].     By  his 

«-i.lt)W.      I,.,    l.onnmaiis.    ISTl.      •>.{   e.,    1873.     Hvo. 

7s  (id. 
Crocker,  Win.  (iims.  [Afriia].     Bv  Mrs.  R.  B.  Med- 

lierrv.     Hosi  .  (ioidd\  L.  ISIS.    (i;ic. 
Cio.s,    Win.   [Kijij.     By  J.   Hnnt.    L.,   Mason,   1801. 

lSm,i.    lis. 
Cruullier,  Saiiil.    Tlie  slave hov  who  liei-aine  Bishop 

oftlieNltfer      I,  .  I'artriilp'.  isss.     Svo.     :is.  «d. 
Cyi-llliis   iinil    .MelbodiuN,  die  .Xpo-'l,'!  der  .Slaven, 

von  Phiiaiet.     Mitau,  1H4S.     Svo.     l.'iSirr. 
ItiiNHln,   ,1.    11.    |W.    Africa],     l-ehi'iisliild    ans  West 

Africa      Basel,   law,     Svo.     4,4  Sjii  -Hv  Ostertaif, 

Basel,  IS77.     Svo,     '-'.tOMk. 
Uavlil,    Cbrlsllan    [lireenlainl].     Iirniltel.se    niii 

iKeeonl  of  Cliiislian  Havidi.     'Jil  e..  Sloliii..  IS-ie. 
DavlH,  K,  [New  /ealaiiilj.     By  .John  Noble  Coleman. 


L„     Isii:.     X-i     8vf.    7s.  fid.-By  Clins  Bnllock  In 

"Missinniu.  -  ami  .\nlliropo|o,.'|sls"   I>.  isii.',.  Hvo, 
I>eiiii,   Tlieoilii  ill,    ^trs.    U'liinai.      Hv    riiaroelliis 

CliMc  ).      Hosi.    IS.'iO.   I'h.iia     Am.    liajit.    I'lili.  Sou. 

IS.',     liimo.     ^I.i'  . 
I>lcl.s    ■ii.ii..l.S.     ,.y  stokes.     N.  Y.  1S70. 
Ui<'Usi>ii.   ituiriet   K,      'iieeee].     B.v   .\.  N.   Arnold 

[ini.li'r  Illle  "(iiie  -.v..       ,.s  mission,  and  liow  slie 

fnin   ed  iC'].     Host.  is.   . 
l»ri  v>  r,  Oiiil.  .».    [Ansiralia].    By    F.  J.  Jobson. 
isoii. ~liy    ',ihn   C.  Symoiis.     L.,   Hodder,    !S70. 

Ivo.     .'is. 
Drill);,  Steplian.     Basil.  1.-^  -.'. 
imn,  Ali-xiiiiiler  [India].     Hy  I-nl  Behari  Day.     L., 

.\ei.s,iiis.  is;s.  1-Jnio.  :js.Gd.— Hv  .1.  He.sse.  I'liaiisl.] 

Basel.  is;s.     Sv,i.    -.J.'iHf.- Hv  (ieo.  Sniilli.    1..  aml.N. 

v..  Hodtler.  1S7!I.     Ii.e..l88l.     Svo.     Ills.  ftl.     #3.7.V 

—  Hy  .'Marratt    lin    "  I'wo   Standard-bearers  in   tlie 

l-'.iisi'i.     I,  .  W,...lmer,  1S8-J.     ismo.     Is.  (1,1. 
DwiKbi,  Kdwiii  W.  iTiiikey].     Hv  Henry  UlMiokiali. 

N.  V  .  .\m.  Tr.  S,.i-  .  is;);.     ISmo.     .'{.io. 
DniKbt,  Kli/abetli    H.    i'l'iirkevj,  aii,i   Jlrs.  Judith 

S.    1  Irani    [I'ersia].     Hy    H.    G.   O.    Dwiflit.     X.  Y. 

ISUl. 

l>y«'r,     Samuel     [Chiiia|.       Hv     Evan     Davies.       L., 

Sn,,v\.  ISKI.     l-Jiii,,.     .is.  (Id. 
Eilkins,  Jane  K.  [China].     In  "Chinese  Scenes  and 

l'e..ple."     Hy   ,los.  Kdkins.     h.   1SG.3.      ','11  e.,    18G0, 

l-.'mo.     :js.  (Id.     <ier.  traiisl.  fiiitersl.,  1S71, 
Kdwards,  J.     Heminiscenees  of  earlv  life  and  nds- 

sioiiary  laboui-s.  So.   .Vfrica.    L.,  NVoolmer,   1880. 

sv,,     -Js  Gil. 
EiUvaid.  Katli.  [Fnrone.]     Halle,  1809.     Hvo.    27  Pf. 
Egede,    lliiiis    [(iri'iMilan,i|.      [  Hy    .S".    M.    Peterson] 

l.fvm-l    ,l,ife   of    Hans   Kcedel'.    Klihn.    lS.-i(i.— Von 

l-'r.  W.  Hoileiiiann.     Hielelelil.  IS.',:;.     8v,i.     4  Sjrr.— 

Hy  .1.   Olaf.     L.     .\postel     lU-r    (Irilnliimler.      See 

SoN.'i-rAOs-Bini.ioTiiKK.    G.  Ban,!.-,'.  Heft.    Bielefeld, 

is.-):i     Svo.    .'iScr. 
Kllol,  Jiiliii  [.\iii.  Indians],  iiml  ilie  Fain.  Mayhew. 

V I.   H.   Hiaiier.    .\ltona,  ISltri     l-.'mo.     7JSKr. 

Bv  Convers  Francis.     [Vol.  .5,  Sparks'   .\merioan 

Biography.]      Boston,    18.-)0.      Svo.       <;l..")tl— By    X. 

Adams  [in    "Lives  of   the  Chief  latliers  of 'Xew 

KiiKlamri.      B,.st.    1847.      I81110.      «i:).(XV— Bv    Dr. 

Wilson.      I...  Hamilton,    is.').-).      l!<mo.      Is.  Gil. -By 

H.  H   Calveil\.     1,.  1881. 
Kills,    Mary    M.    [Polynesia].      Bv    Wm.   Ellis.     L., 

Tallis.  I.s-iS.     i-,'iii,).     .w. 
Kills.    Wni.    [Ma,lat.'aseai-].      Bv  John    Eimeo    Ellis. 

1, .  MmTa_\-.  is;.-i.    Svo.    lOs.  (id. 
KIloy,   1..     Kvi'ipie  titnlaire  ile  Tipasa.     By  Rev.  A, 

.Aloiilat.  under  title    '  I.e  inissioiiaiie  (le  Samoa." 

Ps  .  Vic.  I.siKI. 
KInislle,  .lei-enilali  [Sec.  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.].     By  S.  H. 

Co.v   ill    Missioiiarv   Htinains.      I,..    Jacksoii,   18;)3. 

;siii,i     -.'s.  — Hy   K  C. Tracy.     Hosl.    ls(.'), 
KImslie,    Will.   .1.    [Kashmir],      Memoir.      By   Win 

lliiiiis  Tii'iiiison  nmlcr  title.  Secillime  in  Kasliinir. 

1...  .VisliiM.  isr.-i.     II.  f.,  is,s-,'.     Svo.     Is. 
Kvaiis,  .1.     Hy  E.  C.  Tracy.     Htii.  isfi. 
Kveretl,    s.  'H.,     Mrs,    iConsianliiioplei.      Life,    in 

•■The   Missionary   Sisi,-is."  ....   Hv    Mrs.   .M.   U. 

Hfii,iaiiiiii.     Ho-t..  -Mm.  Tr.  S,.c  .  isilu.'  I-Jmo.     Jl. •,'.■), 
Fabtii-,or  Faiivreoi-  l-'uvr«')  I'ierr**,     Bv  Boero.     L. 

is;-. 
Fabrlriiis,   .1.    1'.    [Imliaj.     V,iii    W.   (iermann.     Er- 

laiij.'cii.  isii.-,     Svo     -,'11  Sirr. 
Falconer,.!.  Keitli,     Se,- 1Ck:itii-Fai.conkii.  .1. 
Keilil,    Kihvil.,     lip.    [Ncwf.iiimllamli       Hv    H.    W. 

Tih-lo-i       I...  il.ii,liii-r.  ls;:i.     .'ith  e.,  I.sss.     Svo.     .'is. 
I'iske.     l-'ideliii.     >Iiss    il'ci..ia].     Hv    Tlios.    l.anrie 

[miller  I  iilc  ■■  Woman  ami  lici-  Savimir  in  Persia"]. 

li.ist.  l.othrop.  and  1...  isn:!  -  liv  D.  T.  Fi~kc  |iiii,ler 

till,'  -■  Faith  Working'  I'V  l.,,vc"j      Host..  Coiik-  I'iiIi. 

(',!..  ISGs.     l-.'mo.     fl.;.1  — Hy  W  .(incst  liimicr  title 

'-  Storv  of  a  Coiisecraleil  Life  "1.     L..  Hoilder,  1S70. 

•-',1  ,-..  is7-,'. 
FIske,    riiiiv   [Palestine].      Bv   Alvan   Bond.      Bost. 

C|-,..-l,-.-r,V  n..  1S-,'S,     l-.'iiio.     «1.00 
FJellsliidt,  Peler.     Hans  verksomhcd  i  Fosterlandet 

II.  isi:)  SI   (p.  F.     His   work   at    home,  ls|:i-81i. 

Sioliii.     l-s|,  — [Hy    Ijiiirin]      Sjelfl)i,)»;ra(i    (.\nto- 

hioirrapliyi      Stoliii    ISK4. 
Fletcher,  ilas.  I'lillllpM  [Armenia].     Antobiographj". 

1...  llmsi  ,V  li     18,V).     -.'v.  Svo.     -Jls 
Foster.   K.  .\.,  Mrs.     Hv   her  husband.     L..  Mason, 

!8.v.>.     ISnio     Vs. 
Fox,  llenrv  WalMoii  [India]      Bv  Geo    T.  Fox.     L., 

Hel.  Tr.  Sill-..  IS.51).     n.  c.  1880.     Svo.    .is.  Od.     Repr. 

N.  Y.  Carter  .4  Bros.     1.     1.     fl.Oi). 
Franeke.  .\.  H.     Bv  H.  E.  F    (iiiericke.    Translated 

liv  S.  .lai'kson      I.  .  Seeley.  ;s;)7      limo.     r>». 
Fnes,  F.  .1.  [(Jermany].     Der  heiliire  Moi-aml.  Apostel 

iiiiil    Patron   des  SiimlKanes.   etc.     Slrassl));.    185(1. 

ISliio. 

(•ardliier,    Allen    Franriit    [PataKonin].    By  J-    W. 


BIOaRAPHIES 


GdO 


BIOGRAPHIES 


narsh.  h..  Nislii't.  isns.  S<1  e.,  Jffir.  8vo.  r.s.-Iii 
•'  Mart^vi-sipf  Ilif  Sniitli  "  I,.  1»fi-,'.— By  J.  W.  Mnrsli 
uimI  W  .  II  siiiliiid  Ml  'I'lir  Sidi-v  uf  CdiiiiiiaiKi.T 
AlliMi  (iiiriliiuT.  1...  ^'i^ll(■l.  isnr.  I-,'inii.  '.'s.  -Hy 
Ch.irlc-  liiill   jk  liMiilci-  mil-  ■•■{■>,>'  (.'mil  of  WiwM 

li.viiit'.  fl('."|     1,.  ;sl(i.  — sii.rv  (if  iiii^is iiry  work  in 

S.I   Aiiii'iii'ii      I. .  Nislifi.  i!sW.    .•1<1 1'.     iJnio.    'js. 

Oc(l<li<',  .liihii  [Iiidial.  By  ueo.  I'altiMson.  Toronto, 
isvj. 

GeiNsli-r,  Joliiiiiii  <iottlo)>  [New  (iiiiiifaj.  Von 
Haiiiii      Kuisfiswcnii.  18> 

Cicraril,  •IkIiii.  Uii  iiiissionain'  ('alli(ili(|iii' in  Anijic- 
tiTi-f  suns  li-  rcj,'iii'  (rKlisiil.Hili.  MiMiKiMfs  ilii.  Tni- 
iliiiis  par  H.  1'.  Janifs  Korlirs.  I's.  it*;^'.  I'.'inu 
■,'/.:  I  Ir. 

(ifi'ii'kf.  <'lii'lMti»n  W.  Ilnilia).     I,|i/..  If^f^S. 

(iiTsliifkiT,  rricdrii'li.     Von  (i.  Jiilm      Halli", -,'(1  t-,, 

Gill.  Williaiii.     ANti.lpidcnipliv.     I,.  ISSO 

tioliat.  Saiiil.,  H|i.  [I'alfstiiii''),  licrl.  ISIO.  8vo.  5 
Slt.-  ]'ai'  .M.  'Iliii-rsrli,  V.uu'i.  tr.-insl..  I,,  and  N.  Y., 
Nislift.  INS)     «vii.   Ts  rill.— Ha-cl,  ISM    Svo.  J.Hii  Jlk. 

(ioldb**!);,  Kiihlil.  Tanlivili'  niiil  lioi.ehrunKs  Ole- 
scliii-liti'.     Ilii-i    l.s-,>:j. 

(iolilHtcrii,  iHi-iK'l  (.Ifwlsli].  Denniaik.  Odt-nse. 
Iss.-,      ..\ls  . -Jil  e  ,  Kiiln.  ISS.-,.     Svri    1  Mk. 

Ciooilfll.    Willisiii'     !(i.iisiantin.i|i|i'|      Hy   K.    I>.   O. 

I'li iinilfi-   lillH    ■■Kurlv  Vi-ai's  in    t'lic  Tnrkisli 

Kniiiii-f."    N.  Y.,  t'aitf  1-,  Isril.     n.  u.,  ISKi.     linm. 

Goriliiii.  (i.  M.  [Indial.     Bv  A.  I,ewis.     L  .  Sin'lcv,  3il 

H..  |SK9     8vi).    :is.  (id. 
Goi'iliiii,  J.  II.  [R.  CI.     MiMiiiiir  lin  ■Tnir  Nuliiliiv"). 

1,.  IHtiS. 
GiiHsiier,  iloliHiiiK'N  E.  [(Ii'inianv].     Von  M.  A.  von 

ll|||-lliinaiin-Hiill«ct;.      HitI.    IWK.      Svo     .">  Sur.— 

By  J.  I).  I'niL'liiiuw.     Bell.    IS.-il).     Svo.      r,'l.;    S(.'r. 

Kiif.'.  tiansl..  I..    Miii'sran.  IS(B.     n.  e.,  lS(l."i.  "laiiio. 

Is.  -Villi    II     Iiallnii.      Hcil.  isr4.     id  o.,  is;s.     4  50 

Mk -Bv  Ciaitr.     I,.  INSr. 
Grant,  .\salK-l   [I'cisiii!.     Bv  A.  C.  Lntliiop.    X.  Y., 

lio.lil.   is4r.     riiic  — Hy  Tlionins  I,niii-ii'  (iindiT  title 

"  1)1-.  (iiant  and  llic  Mniinlain  Ni'Sluriaiis"].     Bust. 

(iuiild  i:  l,..aii(!  1...  (ii-oiiiiiliriiii;ii.  is.-,:i.     n.  (..,  is."i5. 

rjiiiH.     j«l.-J."i.      to.— Biogiai)liical   skiMcli.      Kdinli. 

|IS.-)I!.     :i-.'iiii>. 
Grant.  iliKlitli  S.,  Mrs.  [Persial.    Sei-  Dwirinr,  Kliz- 

.\ni:iii  H..  ;Mb.s. 
Gray.    ISolit..    Hp.   [So.    Africal,      Bv  Ids  sun.     L., 

Kivinirt'ins.  is;ii.     -jv.  Hvu.     o'Js. 
Gii'i'iili'iir,  >lnrv  <'.     Bin.  IS.VS.     Klmo. 
Cii'ittltliN.  I>av.  IMadau'nscar]      L.  ISIM. 
(ii-«Mrs,  .Antlioiiv  fIVrsia].     Bv  his  widow.     L.,  Nis- 

iiii.  is.-id.    .-id  •• ,  ISO!).    Svo,   '^s.  i;d. 
Giiiisfii,  .>lai-y  [cliina].     Bv  (■.  I'ieiev.     I,.,  Ilainilton, 

ISi'i'l.      ISllli,        Is.  (id. 

Giitzlair.  Call  K.  A.  [Cliinal.  [L'ndiT  titii'  "  Lidien 
Mild  Mi'iMii-'an-'').  By  C.  .J.  L'osiick.  Bi-ii.  IK"d. 
II.  p.,  iVii     svo.    3  Sirr. 

Iladilo,    Lord.     Jli'iiioirs  (In   "Triii>  NoliiliU'").    L. 

lsi;s. 

lialdiini',  R.  iind  .1.  A.  [fJcnova].     Bv  Alex  llnldaiip. 

i  diiili  .  llaiiiiltnn.  1S.VJ     II,  I'..  IS,'..'."    Svo.     IJs. 
Hall.  <iordoii   [liiilia|.     Bv    H     Bardwidl.     AndoviT, 

I'l-ikins.  |s:i).     r.'nio,     (liic. 
Ilallrr.  .VI.  [Africa].     Von  ,1.  ('.  Miiii'iriMzner.     Inns- 

iinii'k.  IS.V).     Kvn.     71.,  Srr. 
Ilaniliii,  lli>nrli-lli>  .\.'l..,  ItlrH,  [Tiirkt-v]      Bv  :Mi^ 

M.  W.  Lawivin-c  [iiiidt-r  lilii'  "  I.i^lil  on  lliii  Daik 

Kivpr"!      Bust..   Use I,  is.-,.|.     i-,'riiu,     «I,.'iil.— See 

als..  KvKHKrr.  Mils  S.  II 
Hainllii,    II.    .>!.,    Mr-.   ■Cunstiiiilinoplei.      I.iff.    in 

•Till'  Mis-iiiiiarv  SistiMs."     By  Mrs.  :\I.  fj    Bciija- 

iiiiii.     Bust  .  Ami.  'I'r.  Sui'..  1stio.     i-.'mo.     Jl, •,',■,. 
lltiiinin^toii.  .I)iiii4*s    'Cfiiir.   .\frira]      Bv  Ilawsuii. 

I,..  S i.\      |--sr.      s>,,       .,1^    i;,| 

llniniiiiKton,  .lakoli,  ltii>lin|i  and  Miirlyr.     I  In  is 

tiaii  ('..llii-iur.  IS'; 
IlHriiiM,    Liidwii;    [.linvs].      Von    Tlii'odu;'     Ilanns. 

lliTmannshiiiv.  nil  1'.,  IsTi.    Hvo.    Wl'f. 
llaHh.ni.  J.  F.     Bv  Hill.     I..  Is.'iT. 
llavi'lock,  Henry.  .MiiJ.-<i<'ii.  Sir.    Tin-  Christian 

siiIdiiT.     L..  UfriSfV.  ls.'>s.     svo.     Is. 
Ilelifr.    ■{■■|;iniild    ll|>.   [Iiiilia].     Bv  Ills  widow.     I.., 

Miiirav.    N.    V..   Carvid.    is:t0.      -J  v.    ttu.      ;s    (id. 

Alir,  imI..  Bust.,  .l.iwiMt.  laMi.     I'.'niu,     $l.nO— Last 

dttvs     HvTIius  Kuhirsun     I,.,.Ieiiniiii.'s.  l-!)(l,    Hvo. 

!ls.-Hv  (i.    Bminir.     I...  Siin|ikiiis.  is:«.     svo,     ;)s. 

6d.- Bishop  Hi'lii'r  and  linlian  niissions.     Bv   .las. 

ChaiifliiMs      1...  I'arkiT,  IK|(i,     Ijiuo     is.  (id.- [I'ar 

I,.  Alldiat  I     S>iiMli-s,  IS.MI.     Svo      1  fr, 
Ht'blrli,  Saiiil.  [S.  W   India  1     Tiansl,  (from  (ffrnianl 

hvCul.  .1    (i.  Halli. lav.     I, .  Sc.dfv.  is;.'..     Svo.     ,',s, 
HPCk  (\V.  Africal.     (In  CMimani     liasfl,  IKCii 
Heckfwelder.    .Iiiluniii   «i.    K.   [V.   S.    A  |.     By   K 

Ranilthfller.  fd.  by  B.  H  Conies,  riiiia.,  Town- 
send  &  W  ,  )S47,     Nvo.    r.'*. 


II(>K<-1p,  C.  G.   Von  .1.  Hesse.   Basel,  1RS6.   Svo.   10  I'f. 

II lersoii.  lias.  IChina].    N,  V.,  I'arler,  18T3.     I6ino, 

?,'«■,     (iiTin   nans,  liasel,  187!).     Svo.     l,'!  I'f. 
Hender >l.  ,\.,  >lrs.  [Br.  (iuiaiiu].     By  T,  Hen- 

iliiisnn       1,,,  Snou .  ls,"i,"i,     I'Jmo,     'Js, 
Uewitnoii.  \y,  H.     By  .1,  Haillie,     N,  V,.  I'arleis,  lS,-)7, 

I-,' ,    ;  !• 

Hill.  Ileiirv  >Iartyii.  Serniun  liy  A,  C.  Tlioiiipson, 
Bill,  is.'iil 

Iliiid4>r<-r.  .Viiiia  |VV  Africa]  By  K.  B.  Hone  [under 
liiic  .'Seviniii-n  V-ars  in  Ihe  Voiiiha  ('(UiiilryJ,  I.., 
Hid.  'I  r.  Sue  .  l--:-.',  11.  e.,  |S7T,  r.'mo.  3s,  Itepr. 
t'hieacu,  ISS,').  (ieiin.  iraiis.  hy  I'aiili,  Bariiieii, 
is;!i 

HixIl' laroli  [Afriia],     By   A,    II.   Eildy.     I'lilln,, 

.\iii    S.  S.  In,  l^^','      liiiiio.     lOe 

lliidfiisiiii,  iloliii.  Bv  Bev  J.  Hiiitie.  L,,  Smith, 
|s,'-,7-S,      n,  e  ,  ISCu.     •,' V    Svo.      Ids.  l,d. 

Hoilt;soii,  T.  I..  BvTlioiidev  Sinilli  .Nashville,  So. 
Mi-lli.  lik.  fuiic..'lS74.     IS Hk\ 

Hi>ln'r[Missioiis-liisperlor],  Von  t'lir,  .lenseii,  Breek- 
liini,  Isrii     Svu      50 1'f. 

Hotl'niiiii,  «',  «  olden.     See  ("olden  Hoffm.vn. 

HiMiKlitoii,  .1.  and  Mrs.  [I'ulvnesi.i]  Hv  BieMin. 
1,.  is.sc,  [1  iider  title  "The.Marlvrs  of  (iolhiami"]. 
1..  1SS7. 

Hiiiit.tlolin  [i'lji].  BvG.  S.  Rovve,  (■ineiiiniili,  :Melli, 
Bk  Cone.  l's37.  i4mo,  H,"ie,  I'ar  Malihieii  I,e- 
lievre,      I's,  1805,      |-,'lllo,     3..M)  fr, 

Hiitton.  .lanie-,.  :Meiiiiiirs  uf,  and  liis  coiiiie.\ion 
Willi  ilie  Cidied  Bielhreii  Oluraviansi.    I,,     -Js.  (id.— 

Ml- s  hv  liaidel    Beiiliam.     I...  Ilaiiiillon,  Is.'iU. 

svu.     i-.  lid'. 

Ignatius,  Loyola.  By  Father  Bnrloli  Trans,  .from 
till-  Iiali.in  hv  Mine'.  Calderon  de  la  Barea.  N,  Y,, 
Slioii).'.  I'."i5,'  •-'  V  Svu,  $3. IK),  Vui-inn;  vuii  II. 
Baiiiiit.'arlen,  Slrasshiii-).'.  issu  Svu.  SO  I'f.— By 
.Mli.iii  liniier.  iMihliii,  t'uyiie,  1841.  l-.'iiiu,  — I'ar 
I)uniini(|iie  liunhuni's,  I's  Kis-,',  4lu,  Trans,  into 
Kn;.'.  hv  :Mr.  lUvdeii  I...  Tunsuii.  1(!,H8.  4lo.-  By 
(ieni-li.  [Trails]  I, ,  Burns  *■  ( i.  ISTI,  8\o.  (is.— 
Vuii  I'h.  I-r.  Iliine.  Itustiiek,  17-J5.   Svu.-Vuii  Trz  de 

Paula   [lllliier   lilli-  "■  Ilii- Zeilstjenusseli;    ller  heilitfo 

( irdeiisslirii-r  Ik'naliiisMin  I.uyulii  iiml  der  I'rul'essor 

Martin  l.iilher.     Ihr  l.i-leii  iinil  Wiikeii.  iiii  Lielite 

di-i     Wahrlieit    dai^-esirlll"].      Wieii,    188.5.      8vo, 

•J,  10  Mk. 
IsriiherK;.     Bv  H.  (iiindert.     ITransI.  from  Ger.]    L, 

1  "-s.-i. 
•laiiicke.  tJiiliann.      Bv  K,   F.    Leilderliose.     Berl., 

Heel,,  l^li:),     Svo      '.M  Siir, 
Jaiiii'ke,  .1.  I>.     Bv  T'eilows.     L,  IKW.     Svo, 
Jaiiu's Win.  |,\fiiiaj.     By  A.  Rohh,     Idinlmreh, 

llainiliiiii,  isiil,     Svu,    .Ss.  (111. 
•Ijinileson.  .^liiry.     By  J.  K,  Seaver,     N,  Y..  4lli   e,, 

ts,-,n 
Ji-fVery,   .foliii    (MadaKaseai],      By  Kaliirah  JetTery 

[iin.ii-r  lille  'Till-  Widowed  .Missionary's  Joiiiiial  "J, 

s.  iiihiiiii|iiun,  1S-J7. 
tleiikiiis,  iloliii  l.laiiiaica].     By  G.  Jackson,     1..  I.s3w'. 

I. 'III.  I 
•Itiliii,  t.rilllth  (Chiiial      !lv  \Vm.  Rohsoii.     I,.,  I'art- 

I  iiIl'i-.   isss.     Svu       ..    Id. 
Jolinsoii.    Win.    ,\iit{.    H.    (Sieri'a    I.eonel.     By    W. 

.hiueii,    1...  .Sceiex .  1S.V.'.    1-,'nio.   .5s.    N.  Y.,  Carters, 

IS.'.;;     i-.'inu.    Si,i'.ii. 
Joliiiston.    Kohl.    [IMadriis]       By     Braidwood.      I.,, 

Nisht-I.  ls|,-j      Svu,     7s   (id. 
Joliiisloii.  s.  I'.     |i\  I'aMerson.     Blill.  18(54.     TJino, 
.loiies.  i:iliotl   illavlij      Bv  1>,  Fra/.er,     I'erlli,  18',>3. 

l-.'lnu. 
Jones,   I'lUil    f,\iii     Indians]      Bv  ,1,  II,  Sherhoiirne, 

1.  ,  rii.ipinaii,  '.'cl  e.,  ls,'d      Hvo,     lis, 
Junes,  i'eter  I  Am.  Indian-],    By  his  widow.     Toronto. 

(Jni-li.  |si;n      |-.i|,iu 
Jonet.    KIi/«    <i.    jHiiriiinh].      By    Mrs,    Sit'onrney. 

I'hila.,  .\ni.  Bapt.  I'lih.  Sue  .  18|-J.     ISmo,     .Wc. 
•  loseiiliaiis,   .Ills.      I.ehensahriss.     Basel,    18S5.     8vo. 

■-',',  i'f. 
Jiidson,    Adoniriiiii    [Bnrniahl,      Missionary  of  the 

apustolii.    school.      By    Buiiar,     !.  ,    Nishel.    Is7l. 

I'.'iiiu.     ,'is    (id.  -By  J,  I'lemeiit,     .\nhiiiii,  licrhv  .4 

M,.    1851.     l-Jino.     81.00 -l!v    Mrs     II.    ( '.    Cuiianl. 

Host     l«."i(l,     Svo,  — Bv  A,  1),  Oillelle       I'liila,    Is.M. 

Kiniu.-llv  his  sun  Kilward.     N.  Y..  Itaiiduliili,  lss3 

Svu.     .<'.Mi(i.-    Bv  his  sun  Kiistace   .liidson      1,    ami 

N.  V  ,  Baiiilolpli,  I8S3,     Svo,     f-.'.OO  — The  aiiusile  of 

Burma      Bv    Win.   C,    Bicliaids,     Host  ,  I,ee  &  S,. 

ISIHI,     By  Kiniii-is  Wavland.     Bost  .    I'liill'ps,  S.  ,.t 

('u,ls,"i,'l     'J  V,  K'nio,     $',",'5.     Kiinieroiis  editions. — 

Incidents  in  Ids  missionary  life.     1..,  Nelson,  IS.'i'J. 

I'.'lno      'is. 
JiiiImoii.  Ann  llaseltlne,  Mrs.  [Biirinnlij.     By  Mrs. 

('  1.   Balfiir      1,  IS5I,    f.'iiiu— Bv.Ims  D,  Knowles, 

—  I'hil.i  .  Am.  S   S    r..  |s:)0.     l-,'mo.     34c. 
Jiidsiin.  Ann   MiiHeltlne,  and  SMrali  Hoanlniaiii 

.Mrs.     IBiirmahl.     Von  V.    A,    K.   Heiinick-.-.     Li)Z. 


JUm 


BIOaRAPHISS 


651 


BIOORAPHIES 


iiiiiii!i-gh, 
Jtli  f.i 

li  JrfTiTy 
iiuiiial  "]. 

1,.  1S3-'. 

1,.,  Pail- 

Hy    W. 

,  ('aitfi'S, 

,..,1.      1.., 

rJiiii>. 
,.i-ili,  IS-.':!. 

iTlioiiriie. 

THniiiti), 

Sip>iii'iu'.v. 

IHSS.     Hvo. 

,„v  nf  tlie 

^M.  \>;\. 

1,  pfltlV  >« 

(iiiiant. 
Iiilii.    l^M. 

,      1..   aiM 
I  apiisilc  nf 

lUips,  S.  & 
Icrtltloiis  — 
I'lson.  IS^iO. 

Bv  Mra. 
|.  Ktii>"1i'S. 

i!trilii>>*>'< 


>!(>     Svo.     Ti-4   S-I-. -liv    Mis.    A.  W.  Sliiart,     1... 

lii'If.     11.  (•    K.J.     1-,'Mio'    (;^<,    Uil.-l'liil..    Am    S.  S. 

fii.,  \<W.     IsiM...     :ili', 
tliiil><iii,    Kiiiilv   (liiilihiK'k,   Mi'H.    [litiriiialij      ISy 

.\    (■    Ki-ii.lnVli      I1..S1  .  Sheldiiii,  18U0.     l-,'iiiii.     \... 

M-ls,iii,  IMil.     -v...     Jl. ■.■."■.     :;s.  Oil. 
.IuiIhiiii,  Siii'hIi    liiiiirdiiiiiii,    >li-s.    |UuriimliJ     Sit 

.li'li.sii.v.  .\.  11.  ami  S.   li  .  ah. •»•(',   ami   .liMi.suN,  llir 

tliri'c   Mis  .  Iifliiu.     Hy    Mary  I'ryoi-   llai'k    jiimlri' 

lite  '■  Kaillil'ul   Si'i-vicc'  1.     1.,..    I'lculilrr  ^  S.,  is^.'!. 

Svii.      .'is.  — liy     IKiiiily     Cliiilplmrlv  |    iiluli'i-    psi-uil. 

Fniinv    run-sli'i'.    al'i«Mwaiils    Mrs.    .Iinlsim.      K., 

Aviiilt,  l.sis.     N    Y..  Cnlliv.  !■-"'".     SVii,     '.S.liil.     WIc. 
JiuU'oii,   the   Tliifc    >li«.'     liy    1).  I'.   Kilily.     linst., 

1^110.      Itlimi.-Hv     \raliflla    W.    Small.     Aiilaini, 

Hi'iliv   \    M..   I*il.     l-'imi.    i\-::>      liy  Mrs.   A.    M. 

Wilson.     N.  Y  ,  Millfi-,  (1   A-  M.     l-.'iiio.     «I.-J.'J. 
JiuiHoM  .>l)'iiiiiriiil.     Ky  .1.  liowliii);.     N.  Y.,  SlieMoii, 

Is.M.       ISlllli.       I.K.-. 

KUIiii-r,   Clirislliiiii'.     Vein   (i.   Wanifck.    liurmeii, 

is;-.',     .-ill  I-..  l.ss-J.     Svci.     IHtlMk. 
Kcilli-ritliiiiii'i',    lion.    Ion.    [MaliiaJ.      liy    Rob. 

SillkiM-.      1...  lifll  \  "S..  1H.SS.     SVII.      Is. 
Krilfv,  A.    F.,    Mrr..     I'.y    \V.    W.    KiUev.     CliicHKo, 

is^s. 
Kiiiraid.    Kii){«'iiic.    Hv   .V.  S    raltoii.     N.  Y.,  iJay- 

tun,  1H.5S.      l-.'llin.      Jl.iK). 
KiiiK,  JiiiiaM  ISvria  ami  (Ircfci'l.     By  Mrs.  V.  V.    11. 

Iliini'S.     N.  Y.,  .\iii.  Tr.  S.ic,  is;i).     l-.'iiio.     .*l..'i(l. 
Kill Will,    [.lainaical.      Bv    ,1.    \\.    illnton.     I,, 

iiciiisi isi;.    11.  c,  is,i     i-.'iiio.    as.  uii. -Hy 

(1.  K.  Sai-H'Mil.     I...  tii-i'fii.  isiil,     ISiiin.     Is. 
Kiiill,  Kh'lul.  |lmlia|.     Uv  .1.  .\iik<-II   Jaiiit'S  ami  C. 
.M.    HiricH      I...    Nishi-t.    N.  Y.  Caller,  IS.V,).     ii.  e. 

~v.i.    js.  i;i.    ;."«•. 

Knak.    «;iisl.iv.     Vmi    Kr.    Waiin.'inaiin.     Berl.    !«:!). 

-.'I  !■  .    ll:ls,-i,   |SS1.      ,Sv,i,      4   Mli. 

Kiiolileclitr,  l^iiiiitiiis  i  K.  C  i  ICeiit.  Africa].     Vmi 

.11'    .Milii"  uiziier.     Hri.\en.  lSii:j. 
Kjilih-r,    Christiaiiiii.      [Memoir    I)}'   W'aii^eiiiiiiiii.J 

Uar.;ii-n.  Issj. 
Koiiii'iiskv,  •lull  Aiiias  [I'c.IamlJ.     By  S.  S    Laurie. 

r.iiiil.iiilj,'f    Wai-eliniise.    iss),     -jil   e.,    ISSl.     r.'nio. 

:;s.   (-,1      Villi   (i.    C.    11.   LiUelie.     Wieii,  IS^Il.     Svii. 

.-.'i  I'f. 
Kra|>r,  .lull.  I.ikIw.  (Cent.  AfiioaJ.    Von  \V.  Clans. 

Basel,  l.ss-.',     Svii.     1.1,11  .Mk, 
l.iK'roix,  .\.   1'.     By   .Jus.   Miiileus.     L.,    Nisliet,   l,si;-i. 

S\il.       ."is 

LikiiiK.  •!.  (S.  K.  Afriea|.     Bv  Win.  Govaii.     L.,  Ham- 

ilmii.  isl.'i.     S\(i.     Us. 
LiiiiK, .).  .1.  [Caiicasiis).     Vun  Juliii  LaUK.     liasel,  ISS-,'. 

SVII      1  Mk. 
Lns<'asaK,  Hiiitdloiin-de  (Jlexienl.    ByArtli.  Helps. 

1...  Bell  \  1>.,  1st  ami  -.'il  e..  ISliS.     Svu     (is. 
Laviil,    Fatlier    i  IS.    C'    (.Mii.    Imlians{       Bv    .las. 

MeSlierrv.     Hall  iimne.  .Miii-).liy.  ISUii.     Itlim.'.    Cde. 
Leitf'oi'k.     Ilaiiilile    .las.    [\V.     .\friea]      \W    Henry 

CasHall  iiimler  liile  '    Tin-  M.irlvr  nl'  the  I'liiitias"]. 

I.,  ami  N.  Y.,  l{iviiii.'i.'ii.  i,s.-,;      r.'imi.    .v.  il.l. 
LfBKe.  i*Iiii-v,  .'>Irs,  It'liinaj.     Bv  lier  son.     I,  .  Nisliet, 

IsSl.     Svii.     Ss.  lid. 
LeiKli,  Saiiil.  (Aiislialia  ami  N.  Zealalul].     By  .Mex. 

SIraeliaii.     1,  ,  Ileyliii.  |s.'i."i.   Svu.   iis.~ilu  Uft'iiiaii.  i 

I'liila.  ami  ciiieinnaii.  l.s.V.i,     liiino, 
Lelli-h.    V.    V.   [K:isl    Imliesi.     Bv    liev,    Dav,  Sinitli. 

K'liiib  .  Ilaniillon.  IS.Mi.     l-.'iiin.     .'is 
I.ciiiiiier/,  .liiliaiiii  [So.  ..Sfrieai.     Vun  K.  V.  LeiMer. 

hose      Basel.  1  SI -,-.i.     ,Svii.     "il-.j  Sk'I-. 
Liclipi-iiitiiiii,    I'litcr   lU.   C."  lAfiiea].     Reneiishi;. 

\  ss ; 

Leiipiilt.  v.  II.  |Inilia|.  Aiiloiiinnriipliv.  L.,  S.  P.  C. 
K..  l-i;-.',     :i.l  e..  |sM.     r.'imi.     Is  lid.' 

l.iviiiKstoiie.  Itav.  Bv  II.  li.  Ailains  I.  .  .laekson 
\  \V..  isi;'.  II.  e.,  Uiiililer, 's;:t.  Kinm  .-N  hil.— llv 
\V  (1.  Itlaikie.  I.,.,  Miiriav,  ami  N".  V.,  llaipi  i.  issi. 
:til  e..  IS.s-,'.  Svo.  l.-is.  J.). .Ml.  Bv  Iioiiiilil  L,, 
Seolt,  isss.  Kep.  Is.  Uil.  Hy  T.  lllisihes.  .V  Y., 
.^laeniillan.  ISS'.i.  svo.  I'liV.— Can-er  ami  eliai-ae- 
lei.  By  Dr.  Jlaeaiilev.  I, .  Hel.  Tr.  Soe  ,  isWl. 
I'.'miV  Is,  Ikl.-By  Me(.iilehi-i-i  I,  .  llaiik'litoii,  IsT.', 
n.  v..  l!<sr.  l-.'im>.  Is.  liil  —Mis  lahmirs  ami  his 
le^raey.  By  \.  Mniitelinie.  L..  I'arlriilL'e.  Iss'i. 
Svu.  Is.  (ill  — l.ile  mill  ailventiires  By  Saiiil. 
Miissniaii.  1...  Ilaniilliiii.  Iss-J,  svn.  Is.  — l.iCi- ami 
expliiiaiioiis,  Hv  .1.  S.  Hoherls.  Host  .  I.iiihnip. 
Issi,  $l..'i(l.  — Bv  H.  .Seyniiiiir,  I'hil.  l.ss-.'.  $1.','.-|.— 
Hv  Samuel  Smiles  I,,  aiiil  N.  Y.,  Cassell,  iss,"i.  Svn, 
Is      Life  ami  travels      I,..  Nel.sdtis,  1S87.    Svu.     Is, 

—  Life  lilstiii-y,  N  Y.,  I'mter.  I.'iiii).  J-,'.,")0, 
X.  Y,,  Huiilleiiee.  IDimi  ;."ie.  — IVisiiiial  life,  friilil 
iiiipiihlislieil  imirnals,     1...  Miirrav,  1W<(),     Svo.     ].^s. 

—  [YoiiiiK  I'lilks'  l.ilirarv,;  I, .  ,\ilaiiis,  is",  I'.'m.i, 
Is 

liiviiiKsliiiie,  Diiv.,  mill  stHiili-y,  Lives  ami  trav- 
els, Hv  ,1.  K.  (.haiiihiiss,  Hhila,,  Crawfonl,  l(«il, 
Svo.     ^-^..-iO. 


I,ii  iiiusioiie's.  Dr.  David,  llistnrie  iThe  liistury  il 

hr.  li.  1..I,     (hia.  IST'.I. 
I.ivliiustoiie,  David,  iiiid  .-^loilal.  \V.     By  A.  Man 
iiiiij  [umler  lille  ■•  Hi  roes  .  f  ihe  lieserl'  J.     N,  Y.. 

Nl  Imiii.  II.  e  .  Issi;.      l-,'|,i,i.      Sl.-J.-i. 
l.ivliiKsliiiie.    (•Ill-doll,    and    rHilesoii.     )ty    Mrs. 
Cliailes    iimlii-  iiile  •-'lliree  Mai-I.\  rs  of  the  Niiie- 

ii-iiiih  I  .iiiiiiy  -J,    1...  S.  I'.  C.  K  .  ISh.-i.    Svo,    :)s.  till. 
I, i\  illusion,    ilidiii    11,     Hy  Alexander  (illliii.     N,  Y.. 

,Mi  leeili.  Is-Jil,      svo. 
I.oeku-ooil,  ,1,  l>,     Hv  1>   Bi'ihler,     L,  1808, 
Loli.lell,   lleiiiy   (Ti'iikev),     Hv  W,  S.   Tylor.     N.Y,, 

.\iii    I'r.  ^ol•,,  Is,V,l,     rjiiiii,     ;,"k;, 
l.iiiiK.  ■laiiiKs,   Mrs.   [UeiiKulJ,    L,   Iliuiiilton,   184S. 

r.'iiio.    ."is, 
l,<ii-d.    I.iKv   T.,    .•\Irs,  (wife   of  Kdwd,  (.',)  [Cliiim], 

I'hilM,.  Am.  B,-ipt,  Huh,  Sou.,  IS.'i,'!,     ISiim,     (illo. 
Loveless,  ,saritli.     .\  missionary's  wife,     Bv  H.  KniU. 

I'hil,  IS,')!). 
I.iiurie,    l.oiiisa    A.,    .'>lrs.    [Xo.    India].     By   A.   (I. 

l-'aii-ihilil.     1...  Ward,  ISIiS,     ISmo,     Is,  lid, 
Lowi-ie.  Walter  .■»l.  jChinal,     Bv  his  father,     N.Y',, 

is,-|ii,     I'hila  ,  I'leshv,   Hd,  Hiilil.,   IS.'iJ,     :)(1  e.,  1S35. 

I-.'mo,    J 1  ■.•,-., 
Loyidii.  iKiialiiis  [K.  C  ].     Bv  l-athi-r  Barloli.     X.  Y. 

is.'i'i.      -J    V      !-.'Mio.     »;.-J,'i,      1..,     Kiehai-dson,    1S4S. 

-.'v,sv,i      Ss.     Hv  Rose.     Ball,  I --I  ISTd.     Sr.;i'i. 
L,ii<Ik<'I'ii».  >t.      -Aposlel  del-  Saehseii    "     Von  I'.  W. 

liehrei  lis.     Nenhaldeii-li  lien,  ISi:!.     Svo.     J(»  S^;r, 
I.iiiidie,    M.    I,.  [SMinoai.     By  .Mrs    M,  L   Liimlie.  L. 

|s.-,i     i-.'iiio,    :is.  (1,1, 
I.iinii.  Heiirv  S.    i,\iiioliioiriHpliy  under  caption  "A 

l-iHiiil  of  .MissiohS  in  India,  ';     L,,  J.  Clarke,  1S90. 

p.  s\o.  pp.  i.-|j.      Is. 

I.yinaii,  lli-nry  ISiiinatral.  By  Ills  sister  (uf.lpr  title 
-  I  lie  .Maii.vr  III  Minialra'].  X.  Y.,  C'lirl"!',  Is,')0, 
I-.'ino.     Si  'id.— See  also  Ml.Nsox,  SAJiL.,  and  LVMAN, 

IlK.XKV.   liellUV. 

M'.ieiioiiHid,  .1.  liy  Hev,  ,1.  Mnekay.  L,,  Grooiii- 
liriiikje  i'.'ili,  rjiijo,  .'is.-  bv  Iweedie.  L.,  Tlieo- 
hald.    ism.     Svo,     ss.  lid. 

MelloiiKiiII.  l-'riiiii  Is 'I'.,  mid  Hm-riette,  Ills  wife 

iHji    of    SariiMiiki.     Bv    C.  .1,    BiiiiMni,     I.,.  Look'- 

mans,  issii.   >;    y     i.ont-niaiis,  IS«(I,  Svo.    Us.   J4  .M), 
MiK'DoiiKiill,  (ieiii-Ke  [Biirneii|,     By  J.  MaeLionKiill. 

Til-o ,    Isss. 

»le4ire|;or,  W.   M.     irmler  lille  "Oiilv  for  .lesiis,") 

H.\   l,i-\\(S  Muiiro,     L,.  |-ailiiilKe,  is,ss.     svo.     Is.  (id. 
Mai'iiay,  .loliii  [liidiaj      Hv  ,las   Ciilross  liimler  liile 

•■'I'lie  Mis.iouarv  .Marur  of  lielhi'J,     1.,,  lleatoii, 

ISCiO,      S\ii.      -.'s, 

.^lueKi'iin,  r.  S.  [Tahiti].     Bv  .1,  A,  Miller.     L,.  Snow, 

l-K.     r.'mo.     ,-)s 
."Maki  mie,  I  laneis  |X,  Aineriea],     B\    L    1',  liowcii. 

riiiia,,  I'li-sl.y    Bil,  Huh..  Iss.",.     I-Jnin.     i-\:,\ 
31ai-keii/ie.    ,\iiiie.  and    liei-    Itrotlier,  tlu'    Mis- 

sioiiaiv  I  ishi.p      Hv  I- lames  .Vwilry,     L,.  Heiiiose, 

IS>.      I-.'lilo.      4s    (id. 

MiK'ken/ie,    C.    F.    [So.    .\friea).    See    Mackenzie. 

Anm:      Hv     llaivev   d'oodwiii.     L.,    Bell.    Isiil.     :)d 

e..  ;ssii.     svo.     :is.  ii<l. 
.-tlmelial,    |{.    1".     Souvenirs  dun   niissionaire.      I's. 

>;!      :i,.-.ii  fr. 
Maiia.  Franziskii.     Voii  A.  liiehaid,     Maiiix.  '.'d  e., 

ISSI      SMI.     .-;  .Mk. 
Marie.  F.  i'lonipuii!      Har  E.  Uainhriiie.     I'aris,  ISS,'!, 

i-.'nio,     ■-'fr, 
:>larsdi'n,  .loslma.    [In  "Grace  Dis|ihiyed."]    X,  Y'. 

lM:i      r.'mo. 
Mui'Hdeii.  Sainnel  [Iiiilia]      By  his  son,     L  ,  liel.  Tr, 

^oe..  Is.-.s.     I-.'mo.     ,<is. 
Itlarsliinaii.  tlosliiia  |  India]      See  under  Wm,  Cakev, 

li,\  .1    M;i!slim,-iii 
:>liiriitt.  t'lii-n.  ]i  liiiial      Basel,  ISII,'),     Svo,     ,'1  Xer. 
.Martin.  Win.,  and  <;aviii  jlndial.     Bv  Win.  V.  ,Mur- 

iiii      Kdiiili..  llMiiiilioe.  IssI.     SMI.     -.'>  (ill. 
Miiilvn,  lleiirv  lliidia].     Hv  Charles  li.  Hell.     L.  and 

.\"V  ,  Ai-mslroii.',  I.'^sii     l.'nio     T.-.e      Bv  .lohn  Hall, 

I'hila..  .Mil.  S   S,  Iss,-).     iiinio.     liie  —  liy  .lohii  Sar- 

t'eaiil      L  ,  Seelev,  hSijI.  and  f  rei|iieiiily,'     n,e,,  ls(i7. 

svo     ,'is.         Itosl..  Savie,  lS,-i-.',     l-.'nio.     $l,'.'.'i,-l  By 

,1    Vahl  1     Ba-"l.  lHUs._-,h,u' mils  and  lelters,  eil.  liy 

Sand    Williei  foree,     I„,  Seidev,  IMT,     'J  v.,  ahr,  ed,, 

ls:«l.     -.'d  e..  1S1I,     V.'ino.     U'ls'. 
.'»lasoii.  Francis  IHiirmahj.     I..     Ids  (id. 
.'\li.^on.    Ilrteii    II.,    Mrs.    [L!iirmah|.     Bv    Frnncis 

■MiiMiii.     N.  v..  (-olhy.  isil.     p.'mo.     Cde.' 
Matlieson,  Donald  i('liiiia|.     I.,  .Morjtan  \  S.,  Is';. 

11,  e.      l-.'nio.     '.'s,  li. 
.Miitlieson,  J.    W..   and    Mrs.    Hv  (ioo,  Palteison, 

Phil   I'-^iil      I'.'Mio. 
Meckeiji.  H.  «'..  :>Irs.  [India],     Uv  -M,  I^'slie.    I'ais- 

le>  ,   lSS,-i. 

.^IcssinKC-r.  KrasiniiH.I.  V.  |  Africa]      Bv  S  H.  Tvne;. 

X    Y,  l"-.';       Hepr.  I'hilii  ,  Am    S   S,  C,     ISiiio,  ;0<.'. 
.Mlddleton,    TiioH.    FaiiKhawe,     lip.    {Iiiilia|.      By 
C.  W    I.e  Has      L.  Hivlnniiin    1S;«).    i  v.  svo     'iUs, 


BIOGRAPHIES 


G5i 


BIOaRAPHIES 


9Iiei'tH<'liiiiK.  .1.   A.    [(iiv.'iilaiid].     Itv    D.    Hi'iiliiiin. 

Hi'iMlchi'jii    I'a  .  claii.li-i'.     ltd.    ndc. 
MIIN,   Srtiiil.  iliihii    lACrk'ii],     liy    K.  C    Ilridk'nmii. 

N     Y..    li«nilol|ili.    1S(U       r.'im'i.     #1.^5.  ^l!v  (innl. 

SiMiii;;.     N.  Y.  IH'Jl).     Iinpi-.  fil    by  E.  C  Biiiljciimii 

lllnl  r.  \V.  Allen.     lH-,>i). 
Milniuii,  K<-i;liinl<l,  ll|>.  llncUuJ.     By  his  Mister.     L., 

MiM-iav,  isi!l.     Mvii.     r.'s. 
MiliH',   .«.     Hv    11     Hiiimi'.    L..    N'isln-t,   Wm.    N.  Y.. 

Cai'li'i'.  IKO.     |-,'iiui.     Os.     ?-,MH). 
Blllim,    Will,    li'liiiiii).     Hv  Kuiit    I'liilip.    N.  \V,  Kuu- 

sliiiHc.  1H|().    ;.v. 
MlNxloiiairi',  l.i',  lii-  Mi'lliliikiilla,  |iar  A.  Boeniii'r. 

l'«    l.'^S',',     I'.'ni,..    liiiniii, 
Moulin);.    H>-riiiaiiii,    iiiiil    Wi'itliruclit     [Imlin], 

V..11   li    (iiiiiiliTt.     liu.si'l,  l^St).    u.  V.    Calw.  ISSi. 

Sv,,.    .iMIi. 
Aliill'at,  Kiiht.  |.S(),  Africal.     »y  Daviil  J.  Deaiip.     I,., 

l'ailii(i(,'f.  Mini  fhicano.  Hi'vell,  l.ssT.     Svn.     Is  lid. 

and  ;■)(•. Hv  \V.  Walli'is.     L.  ainl    N.    Y..   CaitiT, 

IW-J.     :-.'Tiiii.     Jl  ■.'.•>.     By    JI.    Iv    WililiT.     I'liicat'o, 

IK>7.— Sei'  al.so   1,ivin(istun,    Iiavid.     By   A.   Jluii- 

idiir 
Mofl'at,  liiibt.,   Hiiil    Mary.     Bv  their  son   Jiio.  R. 

Mciltat.   I,.,  I'liwiii,  anil  N.  Y.,  Aiiii-.tron>,',  18K).   Hvo. 

INs.    J'.'..">0.- Life's  labor  iu  S.   Africa.    L.,  Snow, 

inn.    svo.    3s.  lid. 
Motfat,   Hobt..  anil    I.ivliiKstoii.     Bv    Anne    Mnn- 

iilni;.  under  title  "  Mercies  i.f  the  Krsert.  "     I,  ,  Nid- 

suns.  :s;  I.  N    v..  Nelson,  l><:.'i.     1','nio,     .Ss.  (id.    Jl.M.'i. 
Morike,  K.  K.  (i.     Basel,  IHST.     Svo.     ,'iii  I'f. 
Morisnii,  Kol)t.  [CIdna].     By  Win.  John  Townseiul. 

I..    |sSS. 

Morrlsc.ii,    ,\.    M.     By    K.    Uioliaids.    N.    Y.    l&ia. 

I'.'IIIO 

Morristin,  ClmrleH.     lleiaoir.     KJ9.     '.'v. 
Murri.41111,  Uaibl.  |(.liinal.     l!v  Aleoll.     .'Kif  — Bv  \V.  J. 

Biadiie.     1,.  -Von    Ad.    C'liiist.      Basel,    IHTH.     Mvo. 

30  I'f.-  liy  Mis.  Morrison.     L..  Lont'iiniiis.  IH3U.  l.'v. 

fvo.     -.Ms      iln  (Jerinan.l     C'inciiiuiiti.  IStll. 
MUller.ThviMl.    VoiiKilliler.    Basel.  1S;T.    svo.   ".'i  I'f . 
Miiiisiiii,  Saiiiiud,  anil  Lviiiaii,  lleiirv  [Siiiiiatraj. 

By  Win.  ■riioiii|ison.     N    V.  isil) 
Itturi'ay<    A.    W.    [l'olyn.-sia|    jiindiM'    title    "Forty 

Y'ears'     Mission     Work     in     I'olynesia     and     New 

(iiiiiiea"I.     1...  Nisliet.  ISUi      Svo!     Is  lid. 
X«'riiickx.  C.  \H   C.  U.  S.  .V.|.     By  (.ainilliis  P.  Maes. 

I'iiieinnali.  C'larlie,  iss(i.     Mvo.     S-J.fiO. 
Nfsblf,  Kobt.  Ilndial.     By  J.  .Murray  Mitoliell.     L., 

Nisliet,  l.s.-)S.     Hvo.     lis. 
Nf«,  <'Ii»rle»  |K.  Afnoal.     Memoirs  by  .S.  S   Barton, 

I...  liodiler.  isr3.     n,  e.,  ls;ii.     Svo.    "lOs.  liil. 
Nt'wi'll,  Harriet,  Sirs.  Ilndial.     Bv  Leonard  Woods. 

Bo.ston.    ISU.    .V,  Y.,  Oates  A  S.,  ,^ll<•.,  an. I    I'liila.. 

.\iii    S.  S.  L'.     ismo.     3)f.    Meiiioiie.s  de.     'I'radiiil 

lb'   lAiiKlais.     I's  ,  n.  e.,  ISUl.     I'Jino.     T.'x'tin. 
Nitscliiiiaiiii,    Oaviil    IT.   S.    .V.].      By  Kdiiiiind  de 

.Sidnvejniiz   |in  "  I-'atliers  of   tlie  ..\nierican  ^lora- 

vian  t'hiii-eir'l.     Belblehein,  I'a..  I.hSJ. 
Nobili,     Itdberlo     ilei,    iiiid     Siliwartz,    (lirist. 

Kr<lr.    |K     India).      Vou    Jul.    I'auli.      NiirnlieiK. 

is;(i.     Illnio.     <«)  !'f 
N<>l)le,  Kiibt.  T.  I  liidial.     Bv  his  lirolher  John  Noble. 

1...  Seelev.  ISlin.     Al  e,,  isiis.     Svo.     ,3s.  Od. 
Nolt.  Suiiil.  |lndia|.     Hartford.  Isiill. 
OKle,.!.  I''.     By  liissister.    1,.,  T.oinrniatis.  isr3,    10s  6.1. 
l*iirH<iiii«,    I.Hvl   (PaleslineJ.     Bv  1).  (I.  .Mi>rton.     Biir- 

liiitrt.m,  Vt.,  I',  (i."..!!-!.'!!.  ls-,'l.     ."lOe. 
rHtei-snii,  tl.   [in  "The  B.tok  f.ir  l*'.verv  Lan.r'].     I., 

Snow.  IS.-,:,     n.  ,>..  isiili.     Sv.i.     'Js,  li.l'. 
rHtoii,  .1.  «i.  I  Hebrides].     .Viitoliionniphv.     I,,  II. 'il- 

der.  iswi.     Svo,     (is. 
ralrick.  St.  [Indan.l],     Slost  ancient  lives,  with  laef- 

aie  by  Jas.  O'Leary,     N,  \'.,  Kenedv,  ISTI.     3.1  e., 

isro.     Uinio.    SI.(H). 
ratlersoii.     I,e  niissinnaire  de  la  Mi'lnn^'sie,  par  .\. 

li.ie>:Tii.r.     Ps.  ISSl.     l-.'iii.i.     (iOetni. 
I'utlesiiii,   Jiiliii    Colerblce,    l<|i.  | Polynesia].     By 

Kranees   .\w.lry    [iin.ler   title    "Story  of  a  IVl|.>w 

Soldier").     1,,   Macinillan,    187,").     l.'ino.     lis.   (j.l.    - 

Von     Willi.     Baiir     [in     "  Leliensliilder    aiis    .ler 

Heiilen    Mission"].      (Jlltersloh.    vol.   4.   isrs.    Hvo. 

a.HO   Mk.  -  By   W.    E.    (iladsloiie    |iii   "  (iladslone's 

OlennliiKs."  I,.,  Murray,  ISTB    7  v,  liinii>.  ea.  .'s  Uil.] 

— En  JIartvr  i  Missionen,     Bv  Kniidsen.  ('.    J.  ('.  P.. 

a  inartvr  Iu  niissi.ins  i    Stavantfer.  ls77  —  By  .lesse 

Pane.       1,,     Parlriiltfe,     isss.       Sv...       Is      li.l.     In 

Meinoriain.     Bv    C     .M.    Yoime.      I,.,    Skelflnjiton, 

1N7-,'.     liino.     (iil.-  BvC.  M.  Yon«e      I.,  and  N.  Y., 

Macinillan,   1H73-T8     •,'  v.  Svo.     $,',  tlo,_See  LIVINO- 

HTo.NK,  (iouDoN.  and  I'AT'rKSON. 
Pniill,     (leoi'ice    iBeniia].      Bv    S     Wilson.      Phil., 

I'resliv    B.l    Piih  ,  1S7J.     Uini'o.     Si. 10 
rniiliiH,  Iteiit^.     By  .M.   Weitbrecht.    N.   Y.,   Dodd, 

1ST3.     isiiio.    V.'jo, 
P«>iirce,    Hitrutio,      By  Thorueley    Smith.      Edinb., 

Hamilton,  IStil,    Hvo.    4a. 


rcaice,  W.  II.  [India],    In  memoir  of  Yates,  Win  , 

Bp.,  wliich  see.  ,      ,     ,       , 

I'eik,  ,1.  M.  iNo.  America].     Memoir  by  Hufus  Bab- 

c.'i.    Phil.,  Am,  Bap  Pill),  8oc„  1S<14,     P-'iiio.    $\.M. 
I'eek,  \V.  K.     Bv  his  father.    L.,  Mason,  1S30.    ii,  o„ 

ls.-,j.     isino.     Is.  (ill.  „     , 

I'erkliis.   .Iiiilltli   <i.  [Persia].    By  Jnstin    Perkins. 

H..-I..  .\lii.  'I'l.  Soe.,  IS.Vl.      Iiiiii.i.     $1.IKI. 
I'erry,    .Mattliew    f.,    <<iii>iiuiiii|€T.      By    W,    E. 

(iiitlls.     Post..  C'lipples  \    II.,  1SS7.    11.  c,  Iliird  A 

11  .   Is'.lO       s\...      S'.'.IHI. 

I'faiuler,  K.  <ii>tllleb  |  Arabia],     Veil  Ch.  F.  Eppler, 

Basel,  isss.     ^v.l.     l.lii  Mk. 
I'liillips,  .J.  <i.    '111.'  inissi.inary  martyr  of  Terra  dwl 

I'lle);...     I...  Werilielin.  IWil      .Svo.     3s,  (id. 
riillipiio.  .1.  ,M.  |Jiiiiiiiica|.     By  Edwd.  B    Underhill. 

I,  ,  \ales.  ISSl.     Sv.).     (is.  (id. 
riiilMliaii    |lniniiiiel.ai|.      Von  W.  Ciermann,      Er- 

laiiK''!!.  isiis.    Svo     ■.'  He. 
I'lileiil/.,     «;ei>rK     v.     |Samland].      Vou    P.     M.     H. 

Tseha.-lo'rt      l,pz.  isss.     Svo.     I.-,'0  Mk. 
I'orter,  i:bfiH'/.er.     Bv  .'\latthews.     Bost.  IS.-)". 
l■ose.^,  lliiiiiplirey   [T.  S.  .V.J.    By   Kobt.  ElemiUK. 

lioiil..  Am.  Tr.  S.ic 
I'liHsett,   WiHudin   |S.).  Africa].     Von  E.  P.  WaiiK'e- 

manii.     lierl    is^s,     svo.     ','.:'.')  Mk. 
I'oiiiir,  ,1111111  Ilndial.     By  (i.  Smith.     Calc.  ISClt. 
I>rHt<>riiis,    II.     Vol!    O,    Schott,     Basel,    18S;3,     Hvo. 

I.-,  I'f. 
I'riitl,    Aiiilrew  T,  [Turkey].    By  Cleo.   K,  Ilerrick 

(iinilir  lille   "An   Intense  Life  ).     N.    Y.,   Revell, 

ISIHI.     .Vk'. 

rnitt.  Jiisiiili  [Sec.  C.  M.  S.].     Memoir  by  Ills  sous. 

I,.,  Seelev.  1S4!),     1','ino.     3s.  (id. 
Pyer,  .loliii.    By  K.  P,  Hiissell.    L,.  Snow,  1865,    Svo. 

lis.  (i.l. 
Kiilibinowitseli.   .1.     I.evenet.   forlalt   at  haiis  selv 

il.ile.  I. .1.1  liv  himselfl.     Kl.lin.  1S8T. 
ItaBlaiiil,  Tlios.  G.  (IikliaJ.     By  T.  T,  Perowne.     L. 

IS—. 

Itebl,   John    IE.    Indies]      Bv    Halph   Wardlaw.     I,.. 

.hicks.in.  1S4.-..     n.  e..  I8,"il,     1-,'in...     3s.  Cd, 
Klica.  s.  A.  [I'eisial.     By  Dwinht  W.  Slarsh,     Pliila., 

I'r.sh,  li.l.  Piibl.,  18()0.     l-.'mo.    S'.'.OO, 
inieiiiiis.  V.  T.    By  his  sou.    L.,  Nlsbet,  1841.    Svo. 

Ills. 
Itibbeiitrop.  F.  [India].    Von  Krllger.    Bremen,  1873. 

s\...     -^Mk. 
ISieel.  Pater.     Seliaffh    IS.M. 
Ilice,  I.iillier  IBiiriniibJ,    Bv  Jas.  B,  Taylor.    Phila. 

|S|!. 
ICieilel,  Joli,  Frdr.   [Imlian   .\rclii|ieIaj?o].    Von  U. 

(iniii.leinai.n    [in    "  I.ebetisbil.ler  aiis  tier  lleideii* 

Mis>i..ii,"  vol.'J).    (liitersl..li,  187,5.     Svo.     3.Mk, 
Ilieiiieiiseliiieiiler,  tl.   I'r.  [New  Zealand].     Von  L. 

riesm.'ver.     liiemen,  187."),     Sv.),     1  Mk. 
IliKB".   .st'eplieii    U.    lAni.    Iii.liansl.      [Under    title 

"  Mary  an. I  1;   or,  forty  Y'eais  with  the  Hioux"']. 

Cliieai;.).  II. .lines.  1S80,     I'Jmo.     Jl.M). 
ICiKliter,   CIicHter    Neweil    !  Levant].     By  Sanil.  I. 

I'riine   [iin.li'r  title   "The  Bible  in  the   Levant"). 

N.  Y..  Shel.l..ii  A  Co  .  1S,-,!1.     ISmo.     7,")C. 
Kipkii  |K.  C  .  C'liinal.     Memorial  liy  F.   Praudi.     L. 

ISIil. 
IlolierlHon,    Henrietta,   -Mrs.    [So.   Afrien)    (under 

till.'  "  Missi.in  l,«t.-  aiiionn  the  Ziihi  Kalllrs"),     L., 

Belnrose.  l.Sili.     'Jd  e..  18;,"i.     Svo,     3s,  lid. 

Itoliiii ,  K.  .1.  [Iniliai.     Meni..rial.     I4.  1S6T. 

liiiiil,  Kiiilolph  von  [Iiiilia),     Vou  K.  W.  Bonternek. 

Elb.TtVI.I.  1S,V,'      Svo.      lOSKf. 
Hooiiey.  .Mrs.  |l'iji|.     [In  "  Kinn  and  People  of  Fiji.'  ] 

llv  .1.  Waterh.iiise.     L,,  .lolisi.n.  1807.     Svo.     5s. 
Koper,  Kilwiii'd.     Bv  Met'aithie.     L    1S77. 
Uosie,   T.    |\V.  Afii.a).     liv   Jas    |)ol)bs   [under  title 

■■  C.iasl  Missions").     L..  Nisbel,  ISli^     Svo.     33.  Od. 
Ilnss.  Williain.     By  U.  K,  I'isber.     (ilnsg.  1881, 
Kostiin,   J.    I..    ISwitzerland].     By   Lellevre,    Trans. 

bv  .1.  K.  French.    L.,  Wesl.  Cdnf.  Off.,  1870.     1','mo, 

3s.  (i.l, 
Itott,  Ferd,     Von  ().  Braiins,     Ilerrmansb.  1871. 
Koiise,  L.  .M.,  Mrs.  (India).     By  lier  husband.    Caic. 

ISS,"). 

Kiiilolpli,  von  Itoilt  [India].     By  K.  Vk.  Bouterwek. 

KIberfeld,  t.s.VJ      Svo.     10  Stjr. 
.Saker,  .Vlfr.  [Africal      Bv  K.  B.  I'nderliil!.    L.,  Bapt. 

Miss.  S..C.,  ISSl.     Svo.     -Js  (ill. 
.SHiKleninii,    David  IChinal.     By  A.  A.  Boiiar,     L  , 

Nisbei,  ISdl.     8vo.     .Is. 
Snr.jant,  .loliii    1  Jlaiiritiiis|,     By  T,   Bond,    L.  18.il. 

P,'mo. 
.Si'liliuii/.,   C.    F.    EuloKie    von    RigBeiibach.    Basel. 

lliSS. 
SeliuiilHer,    Will,    nottlleli    ITiirkev).      Autobioi.'. 

raphv.     N.  Y,,  Kaii.l.)lph,  isss.     iv>m"o.     $\.2r,. 
.Soliiieiiler,  .las.  II.,  and  Kdwd.  M.     By  I,  N,  Tar- 
bo,';   (miller  title  "Missionary  Patriots").     Bust., 

Conn.  Pill),  Co.,  l','o7.    16mo,    Jl.iK. 


__:w    f  - 


j!.*V..AV. 


BIOORAFHIES 


or)3 


BIOGRAPHIES 


Phila. 


IT   title 

lUX"']. 


lumler 

n-  L-. 

lltiTUrk. 
>f  Fiji.-  ] 

iler  title 
Us.  Ikl. 

Trniis. 

IJlllO. 

;i. 

1.    Cftl<" 

lltlTWlk. 

liapt. 
liar.  1. . 
|l.  1811. 

Basel. 

litoliioK- 

fjj.  Tar- 
Bost  , 


Scliiieliler,  II.    <;nailaii,  loflo. 

Scliriiiii|ir,  lt<»etle    S   .\rricai      Strnsli.  1S0:1. 

Sriiwiirt/,  C.  r.,  mill  M'liiiliert,  O.  li.     Iter  Send- 

I... I.-  .Ih»  Kvant.-'liiirii'-  jii  liidu'ii.     KiliiiiKt'ii,  l^i'iii. 

-VI).     IJS«i-.— lU  Ueiui  IVursiiii.      I...  SivifV,  IMI, 

II   .'..  lsj."i.     •••  V.  tvi).     Ids     Alscj  N.  Y.  1SS.V     1','iiici. 

■,'s.  i;il      (ifriii.  tiiiiisl.  IMi;.— S<c   Soiui.i.  KciiiKUTo 

iiKi      Von  (i.  II,  holiiilifii,      Kilantffii.  l-^UO.    Wvo. 

'•■.'  .■!;,'r. 
M'iKlili'i',  lliiviil   Ciiit     luiiia].     Ilv   II.  K.  Sciulder. 

N.  V  ,  liin.i  ,V  H  ,  l-<»-i.     -v.).     JJ.iHI, 
HciiililiT.  Jiiliii    IiiiliaJ.     Ily  J.  II.  Wali'ibiifv.    N.  Y., 

Iliiip.r.    I-Tii.      I-.'iiii..     JI.T.'i.— Hv   M.    i:.'  Wiliiier. 

N    V    iK.  I'   I>  <h.  I!.l.  I'libl.)     l?<iiio.     S»c. 
sclwvii,  <t«-i>.  Auk..  '*!>•  [New  Zealuiul|.     Dv  H.  W. 

Iiirhii-      I...    I.,<ii.i;iiiaus,   IST'J.     a   v.    5tli  i-.,    lt>«G. 

-v..     v^  r.,\. 
>Iiiiu,  lliiriiiilius  fSn.  Africa].    Hv  MnisliT.    I,.   3s.  (id. 
Sliiiu.   W.     s.  i;.  Alrii-ai.     L.  WVsl.  Coiif.  OtX..  is;  1. 

Svii.      11'^.  li.l. 

.Sliiirt,    .Vinjiistiis,    lt|i.    (.Viistralia|.      Bv    I'led.    T. 

\Vliiiirii.'u.ii      I.  .  liardii.T.  isss.     Svo.     7s.  tld. 
Slirrwsljiirj,  \V.  .1.     Ily  liis  son.     MaiK.'heiit«r,  liaiii- 

ill.ili.  !SliS       svo      .Is 
SliiK-k.  Ili-iirii^ttii    I'liiiia;.     Hv  ,1.  BfUJetcr.     N   V. 

IHl.'i.     -Jd    I'..    Ifcist..    l.<.Iiiioii.    IsTt      lOniii.     $I.-,'."i. 

Uiidei-  111!''   ".\ip  AiUfricau  Woman  in  China  and 

lier  Work  tlifiv    ' 
Slinoii,  riiililiert  [Maiiti'lmria]      Par  Briand.     I'oi- 

Tiers.  Is;s.      r.'rilo.      'J  T.^i  fr. 
Smitli.   .Iiiliii    llr    (iiiiaiia,.     Mv  Hiclnl    Tri'lTev.  .Tr. 

L.    Mason,    n.  e  .  Kill.     ICiiio".     :js.  — Hy  K.  A.'Wall- 

lirij.'.'.     I.  .  Casli,  |K4s.     ^vfl.     7s. 
Siiillli,  S.  I,.,  .Mrs.  iSvria'      Bv  K.  W.  Hridker.     Bust. 

ls:i'.i.     ,1.1  ..      N    V  .'Am.  Tr.  .SiK...  isi,",.     i-,'nio.     :.'.o. 
f^iiiiicrville,    .\iiili-cw   ;S<-c'.   K.    .M.    V.  V.   C'li  ].     L., 

.siin|itiiM.  1SS4I.     s>.,      ,-,, 
SiiiiiiKi'iilifri;.  -ViiK.  Gottl.    N'o.  .Xin.  and  W.  TndlHs], 

Hv  V.  K.  Leddprn.'se      EukI    iraiisl..  U..  Mallalieu, 

I.s.-,.->.     Svo.     -.'s,  lid,     Voii  .1    Kisler.     B.irliv.  I7!ll. 
Spittlcr,  «lir.  Frilr.     Von  J.  Kolier.     Ila.sid,  1S87.~ 

Kiiio;;!*  von  W.  I,ei;raii.l.     Basel.  isi;7. 
Sqiili*-,  \V.     By  .1  Jenkins.     Monireal.  |s.Vi. 
Stnll.ibniHs,   .Mrs.     Bv   iier  liiisband.     L.,  .lackson, 

isiii.     l-.'mo,     ,-,s, 
.'■tHtliaiii,    Loiiisii    M..    .Mr*.    Inilia].     By  Iler  Iiiis- 

liand.     I,..  Hall.  isij.     i,' .Js,  0,1. 

Steere.   Kduil.,    lip,    '('     .\frira|.     Iln    "Notes    on 

Sermons   "l     I, .  Hell  .V  S  .  1HS4.     Hvo.     7s.  ft  I —By 

K    M.  lleaiil.-y      I...  H.-II  A  S..  1«S(<.     Mvo.    Ss.  M.  ' 
StelnliaiiHiT,  .\iiKiist    W .  ,\frieaj.     Basel.  1S7I. 
M«*phitiiiis,     JiiliHiiiieH     ; I f eortrl.'i j .       'In    (lerniaii  ) 

llerminnsli,    Ismi.—Von    J.   LeMiiii.      Ilerniannsli. 

Isi.:i     Svo.    7(SKr. 
Stern,  II.  A.  (tin-  Jews],     Br  Mrs.  .«lern.     L.  ISSS,— 

Also    I.,.,   Xisliet.  IfWG.     »vo.    9g.      By  Isiiacs.     L. 

ISNI. 

Stevenson,  Win.  Kleniini;  iof  Diililim  [in   "  I'lay- 

int;  and  WorWiiiK'  ],     Dublin.  Bnr»;ess,  ltiS7.     i-.'jii'o. 

Is, 

Sloeklleth    N..rwayl,     V.,n  H.  Steffi-ns,     Berl.  isii. 
>tiMl(liiri;,  Uaviil  Tup|>aii  [IVi-sia  .     Bv  .1.  I'    I'lioiiip- 

soii.     N    Y.  |s.-is.     M  >■.     ll-ist..  Am.  Tr.  Sou,  ISUI. 

IJnio.     jl  ■.'"), 
Siitlii'rliinil,  ,>Irs.    By  A.  Waildel.    I'aisley.  1SS8. 
Tiiylor.   .1.  It.      F're,.||meii  ,     Bv  Ills  sun.     Meni|iliis, 

IVmi)  .  S...  I!ai>,  I'iib,  S,,c  .  is;-,',     Sl.riil. 
Taylor.    Win.,     Hp.    |W.    Afnea)       Bv    E.    Davies. 

Heading',    .Mass.,    II  diiiess    Bk,  Cone..  1SS5.     iJnm. 

;.Se, 
Tellslroni,  fiirste  svenskii   Miiisioini-rvii  I  Lapp- 

mark,'!!        .leinl,-     bifojia.l"     i.nder      iiiii-lsir    .ml 

eiifi'lska    Mlssioiii'ii    i    .si's'kliolm.     By    li,    Seoii. 

I  T  .  I  lie  tli-t  S\\eili»li  iiiis,.ionary  in  llie  Uipimiark. 

Al-o,  Milorniaii >n  llie  Kntrlisli  ilissioii  in  Sli>ok- 

liolnn.     li-lle.  !S|-,'. 
Temple.  Iliiiilel  iTnrk.'v],     Bv  II  H,  Temple.     Host, 

('on>r.  I'nl,   I'll  .  Is.Vi.  "l-Jnio.     ,*l  .>i, 
Tlieoilui'u   lliidia].     V,m   F.    .Matliisseii.     Basid.    IsH). 

svii.     W  I'f. 
Thomas,    John    [Bengal)      Bv  (1.  B.  Lewis.     I.    and 

X.  Y.,  Maemdian.  1S73.     Sv,,.     Ids.  (si.     Jl.im.     By 

U.S.    Howe      N    Y  .  Aletli    Bk   Cone      liino.     7i'i'. 
Tliomiisoii,   Tliiiiiias    T.     Iiidi.i;.      By    J.   8ar»;ent. 

riiila  ,  .\rii,  S,  S   L'n..  \<ii      Jsnio,     -.'le 
Thompsnn,  T.  S.  (Iiuliai.     Bv  .1.  H.  Haeke.     L.  1W7. 

Hv  ll.'ibi's.     L.  1SS7. 
Threlfall,  Win,  [So,  Afriea],     By  S.  Broa 'lieut,     L,, 

Mason,  istk),     ifini.i.     N.  '.i,l 
Thurston,  I.iiey  Oooilale  [Hawaii),     By  Mis.  .-V.  K. 

Cninininjrs  [under  title  "The  Missionary's  Daugh- 
ter"],    N,  Y.  ISAi. 
Tlesnu'yer,   L.    [yew  Zealnn,!].    Von  Fraulein  Rie- 

iin'uselineider.    Bremen.  1S7.').     liimo.     1  Mk. 
Tinker,  K,  [Hawaii].     Bv  M.  I..  P.  Thompson.    N.  Y., 

Derby  &  .1  .  ls.Vi     l-.*nio.    .Vic. 
Titfoniii,    JoiiHtlian     Holt,    Kp,    [Biirmali].      B., 

Allen T,  Edwards;  L.,  Banks.  lss7.    Svo.    &.  Od. 


Tiiwiiseuil,    Henry    (W.    .Vfrieaj.    By    his    brother 

(I, 'or.;,..      I,.  1SS7. 
Tinker,  J.  T.  [India].    By  IVttitt.     L.,  Nisbet,  lS7i. 

r.'iiio.    -.'s,  lid. 
Tinker,  .lane,  .■♦Irs.  [India].     Bv  Mrs.  (1.  1'.  While. 

I.,  iss;, 

Tiir ',  N,    lN,-w  Zealand).     Bv  ,1.  ().  Turner.     L., 

w.-si  c.iii,  1  irT.,  is;,',    Svo.    ."is. 
T.vrrell.  Win.,   Itp.   | Aiislialia).     By    U.   G.    Boo<Ile. 

1...  (ianln.T.  l-^si,     Svo.     7s.  tid. 
l'ri|iiliart,  John  |  India).    By  W.  Orme.     L.,  Xisbet, 

ls(i'.l       l.'iiio.     .!>,  Cil, 
Van    l.ennep,    .Alary    10.,    Sirs,    [Tiirkev).      Bv    her 

iiioiliiM,    .Irs,  .Io,.|  Ilawes      lluril'ord.  Conn,  li,  Ik- 
nap  A:  II.,  |sir,     -.'d  e,     N,  V,  IsiiO,     |-,'ino.     "jl.iW, 
Vassar,  .liiliii,     l:v    T    I'.    Vassur.    N.   Y.,   Am.  Tr. 

S..|.  .  l-;'.i.     l-.'nio      Jl.iHi. 
Veiialiles,  .\iliiiKtoii  It.  ]'.,  lip.  |Nas.saii].    By  W. 

1'.  II,  Knii,'.     I„.  liardner.  IS7«      Svo.     :js  (Id. 
V« Ileiirv   I  lion,  S,e,  C.  Jl.  S],     Bv  W.  Kniglit. 

I...  S.'i'li.y.  ISSd,      -.Me,.  ISSI.     Svi,.     (is. 
Vinton,  , Instils  \.,  anil  Calista  II.  i  Kurmah'.     Bv 

Calisla    V.    Luther.     I'hila.,   Cortliell.    ISSI.     l^'iiio. 

SI, (III, 
\'oullin,  ,1.     I!as,d.  I.-<SI, 
Vos,  M.  C.  [So,  Africa],     (In  German  from  the  Diiteli  ) 

r.as.'l.  |s;;;i, 
Wakellel.l,    Kebecca,    Mis.    [E.    Africa).      By    U, 

lil-.-uill.      L  .  -.'d  e..  ls;!l,      Svo,     4s, 
AValiliiieier,     Tlieophiliis     [Lebanon],      Aiilobi.,^- 

rapliv,     I.,.  I'artridire.  |s;iO,     Svo     -Js,' 
Walker,  S.  A,  jW.  .\fricaj.     By  his  sister.     Diililin, 

l-t;      l-.'nio.     4s,  (Id, 
AVallieh,  .Mr„..  S.rm  in  to  the  niemoiy  of.     By  Ward. 

Seiainpore,  |si:l. 
Wiilsh.  ,1.  ,1.  i  Iiiilia).     Bv  A,  O.  .lolinson.     Phila  is.",!). 
Wiiltlier>,  <:.  T.     Von  ( ',  Seli.liiKen.     Halle.  171.'. 
Ward,  Will.  [Inilia).     liy  Sand.  Sti'iinect.     L..  Simp- 
kin.    IS-,'."),     l-.'mo.     .'is,  — Memoir,     I'hila. ,  Am.  S.  S. 

r.,  l.-*!.     liino.     ■J'Jc.— See  Cahev.Wm.     By  .Marsh- 
man 
Wateilioiise,  <Ioliii   [An.strala.sia]      By  S.  Dmin.     .V 

si-rmon.     L.  1S|',',     Svo. 
WelKeli',  Christ,  (iottlillf  [India].     Von  Mutthissen. 

Basel,  1^;'.).      Sv,).     40  I'f. 
Weltbreelit,  .loliii  ,J,  [India'.     Von  J    D.  Prochnow, 

lleil.  lS(il.     Svo     -^'S  Sk'i-.—Hv  his  widow.    L..  Nishet, 

IS'.M.     ."ilh  e..  is;s,     l-Jnio.     :!s,  lid,     N,  V.  ls.".ii. 
WeiKfer,   .luhii    jlmlia),      liv    E,    B.   Underhill.     L., 

Hapt.  Miss.  Soe.,  ISSIi.     Svo.      ■,'«.  lid. 
Werner,  (iiistav.     Von  Dr.  Paul  Wurster.     Heutliii- 

(;,-n,  ISSS,     Svo.     .").-,'0  Mk. 
AVesl.    I>aiil,   [W.   Africa].      By  T.    West.       EdinI). 

IS.-,;,    ijiiio,    .5s. 
Wliiitely,    Miss     Mary  Louisa    (Ettypt).      By   her 

sisu-r    K.  ,1.  Whalely.      L.,  Keli>,'ioiis  Tract  Soc, 

isiio.     |-,'ino,    -Js, 
Wliei'ler.    Daiil.    [dceanical,      Bv   D.    Wlieeler.    .Ir. 

L  .  Gilpin,  1S4,',    -,',1  e,  is,v.',     l','nio.     :is. Ikl.     I'hila. 

IS4.!,     -Jd  e,.  IS.W;  abr.  ed..  |S,V.I. 
Wilkinson.    -Mieliael   jln.lia).      Bv   R.    Whytehead. 

1...  W.-iili,.|ni.  is.-.il.     I-,'nio.     4s.  (i.l. 
Williams,   Jolni    ;  I'olviusiaj.      Von   W.    F.   Bes>ei-. 

lierl.  |S|;      Svo.     Kij  St-r  -The   Marlyr  of  Erro- 

niaiit,'a.     By  J.. hn  Campbell.     L.,  Snow|  1S|-,'      n  e., 

I.silti.     I'Jnio.     ','s. —  Hv  Ebene/.er   I'ront.     L,,   Snow, 

isii.     nil  e.,  l,S4r.    Svo.    .Is.— The  missionary.     L. 

ls4ii.     Kinio. 
Williams,  lileliaril  'Patnponlal.    Bv  .Ti's,  Hamilton. 

I„.  Nisbi-I.  iv,:i,     -,'.1  .•  .  IS.57.     Svo   '  :i~   lid. 
Williams,  Samuel    Wells   [Cliina]       By    Iiclerick 

Weils     Williams.      N.    Y..     Piilnams,     IsSS.      svo. 

S-i.od. 
Wilson,  Daniel,  lip,  [India].    Bv  .los.  Bntenian.     L., 

.Miinav.    ISdii.     -J   vols       .'id    l.iKli).    ISliO;     rev.   aiij 

, -b-nsi'd.    ISill.     fls.      Bust.,    Goiild    &    L..    IStiO. 

1  V..1.     sv,.      Sl.dii, 
Wilson,  K.,  Mrs,    | Bombay].     By  her  husband.     L., 

I..>ni:siniiiis.  IS-,',",,     |-,'mo.     Ids. 
Wilson,   ilanies  ll'olvnesia].      Bv  John   Griflln.     L., 

(.1  >■  .  isiii      l-.'mo.  'as.  tid.     Repr.  Host.,  CrocKer  & 

II,.  |S-,'7.     l-.'mo      ."(V. 
AVllsoii,  iloliii    linliai.      Bv  Geo.  Sniitb.    L.  Murray, 

ls;s      -,1,1  ,.,,  is;i)      Svo,    ''.Is 
Wil-iiu,    Maruaret,    wife   of  Jolin    Wilson,      By 

.l.lin  Wilson.     K.linli,  is:<s.     5tli  e.,  IS,jS.     Svo.     Os. 
Wiiines.  I'liilip.     Hiis.l.  IS73. 
Uiiislow,  tiiiis.  I..  [Cevlon].     By  Mrs.  E.  C.  Hutcii- 

iiit's.     Host.  Am.  Tr,  Soc,  ISOU.     IHmo.    IHK,-.— Also 

aie.lber  lif,-.     liosi,  isai. 
Winsiow,  C,  .>l.-»,  [Cevlou).    Bv  J.  B.  Waterbury, 

B.-t.  l.s.M, 
Winsionr,  Harriet  L.,  Mrs,  [Ceylon],     By  her  lins- 

ban.i,    Mii..n   V  inslow.    N.  Y.,   Am.  Tr.  Soc,  lS.'i5. 

I-mo.     ","','. 
Wolll',  ,liisepli  IPiih'silneand  Pei-sia].    By  J.  liayfair, 

N,  Y  .  Iihvs.v  W,.  is-ji,     unio.    $1.00. 
Wood,  John.    Basel,  Itititj. 


BIOaRAPHIES 


051 


BIOGRAPHIES 


M'cini'sli'r,  Siiiiil.  is.v.  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.l.  Dj  S.  JI. 
w  ..ii'i'si.r.     liost.  lH.v,>.     :i  V.  Svo. 

\iivlor,  St.  Ki'iiiii'lM  111.  t.|  llinlia  nml.Tnpnn].  Par 
l>.  liuiiliMiiis.  I's.  itisj.  4t...  TiHiisl.  I.v  Mr.  Div- 
ilrii.  1..  lii--><.  ^^M.— Ity  Il..).c'<>l«Mi.iri'. '  I,..  Uiiifis 
\  II.,  is;:  :).    '.M.  >v(..    -.'Is.    I,..  H  \  n.  is-^i.    svn. 

-    I'm-   .1.    K  (iiMli-suanl.     l,i ;;!■«(  1>;-,'|.     l.'in... 

Villi  N.(iii'tr.     r.iii.sii'ilflii,  I'-M.'i.     sx...-   Hv    Miiiliili 

anil  MiilTi'i.     Kiik   nans,  hy  I;r.   I'lilifi'.     1,.,  .Ii s, 

Is.'iS.      sv...     t;s.     H.N     Venn.      I>.,    Lunk'iniiii,    ISUJ. 

ftvii.    :>.M. 

ViitcM,  Will.,  lip.  lliulin].     Hv  IViirci'  aiul  Ilobv.     I.., 

lloiilsiiin.  ISi;.    Hmi.     Ids.  ti,|. 
YciirilU-y,   iloliii    [(iH'iTi'l.      llv   (.'liii.s    Taylor.     L., 

Iti'iihi'lt,  IVill.     Svu.     Sh. 
York.  .Siinih   K.  \V.,   Mrs.  [(In'offl.     Hv  Mrs.  H.  M. 

.Mi'iMifirv.     li.«l..    l'liilli|i».  S.,  A:  Cii.,"l\")a.     1-,'inip. 

Yoiiil.   'I'hoH.   |Ur.   HuiaimJ.    Uy   W.  T.   Wuess.     L. 

1  !>;:•].    •<»n. 

/.iii'oiiil)!!,  i'l-livhiii  V.   [Svrirtl.     Von  K.  I'".  Leililcr- 

ho-.,..     lia.M'l,  iss-.',     Svu.  ■  Ni  I'f. 
/»'isl(i'ix«i'>  Haviil  1  \iii.  Incliaiis].     Tar  C,  ti.  Hluni- 

lianli.     NiMilVlialii.  \^U.     IJiiin.— Von  ,1.  .1     El.-iiii 

[ill    Soiinlans  liiiilioiiii'U.   vol.   ;!].      Ilii'li-I'i-M,   l^l.i. 

Sm).     ."i    S;;!-.-  Von     II.    WrmiiT       (iiUfrsloli.    l-'.»l. 

Sio,     1  Jlk.  -     liy  K.linnnil  iIm  Scliwcinil/.     I'liil.i., 

Lippincotl.       is:;s.       S\o.       !?l..'.ii.  — IMaiv.    KSI-'.ls. 

Tians.    by    K.    I'.    I'.liss.     ('im-inn.iii.  Clarki'.    ISs.'i. 

■.'  V.   Svo.      SCOO, 
/■(•Ki'iiliiilK  [1  raniini'lmf).     Von  W.  (^crrmnn.     Kr- 

iiin;ron,  |Si,r  s,     -J  V.  Svo     -J  Uf. 
/Iciiiiiiin,    Willu-liii     [Imral.      liorlin.     issi.      fivo. 

.'in  I'f, 
Zlii/.<'iiiloiT,    NlrhnlasI.iKlwIir.    CiMiiit    V.     Tiv    V. 

Ilovi't.     I's.    ismi.     il    v.    s\(i.     :    IT.     'I'lansl.  '  inio 

Knul.    Iiy    .r.   dill,     irn.l.-r    liile    ■■  Tli.-    I!ani>.|iiMl 

Coiinl.l     I...  ami  Kiliiili..  Ni-lii>t.  isi;.-,     svo.      tN — 

Von    .1.   K.    Hi.iiiiis    [in    Sonnia;:-.-I.ililioilifl;.    III. 

Kancl, ,'.  aiulr,  llrfi]      l!irlft'i-lil.  lsi;i.    Svo.     lOSur. 

— Von  (i.  Ilni-kliaiilt.     Ilriisb.ii-jr.  isiiii.    n.  «•..  is.ii. 

Hvo.     IS  IT,     Hv  .Ja.-*.  Hiilton   |in"an  fs-av.  iMr."'] 

I,.  ir.V")      Svo.  — Von  I{.  t)i-MT.     Irankf.  a    M..  IS.VJ. 

Svo.     Ill  Sk'i'.     n.  e,   |S(m.  — lipiMiiaf  \Mn /.  nml  ilio 

I!iiiilei-;,'oniiinili'  .  .  .  \"oii  I,  (".  von  .Srliiaiilonbarli. 

(inailau,   ls.'il.     Svo.     I  Tin- —Von  , I.  T,   Srlii-r..l«'i-. 

I.pz.    IMi.).    Svo.     1   Til.   1-.  Siri.  -Von   II.  Tii-t/.i-n. 

(liitersloh,   ISSS.     Svo.     .■>  Ml..— Von   \V.   Zwiok   [in 

HammliniKvoii  Voi-ii'aiffii.  11,1.  s.  lift..')].     IliMilclli. 

ISW.     Svo.     5.10  Mk. 

c.  Mmioiiiiri/  Convcrtx. 

Abvssiiiiiiii   Iliiy.     Nasliville,   Ti-un..    So.   Moth.  lik. 

Cone.,  l^.'.r     -.M  .•.,  isiiu.     isnio.    .'iiic. 
Ailjiii.  Ill*"  .Vl'iitiiii  sliive  liov  :  (JoihI  out  of  evil,  or 

Hv   .Mis.  ,\,  K.  ihilile.     1,.,  Werllieiuc.  IS-'AI.     ISiiio. 

••li  o.  by  C,  K,  Cliil.i.-.  IS.VJ,     -.'s. 
Afrii'itii    <>r|iliuii    Hoy.     N.   V.,  Am.  Tr.   Soc.  IS.").). 

.T.'iii...    :iii,-. 
AI'iirantM-.  a  XaiiiiifMinii  ('liii>r  of  South  .\rri('a. 

Iiy  .loMii  Caliii II.     I,.  lS,-;ii,     Svi). 

Afrimiier,  or  .tllssionary  trials.     I'liila..  I'lv.s.  liil. 

I'mo,.  I"*  tsino.     ■J.'ir. 

.\iiii,|.'c,  .l<isi>pli.     Hv  Mrs.  Morton      Halifax,  lS7fl. 
Aiiilr^''  .>litrii',    !<■    It.     I'.     I.c    Trioniplio    >lii    Saint 

Kn>airo.   oil   lis   IMartyrs    iloiniiiicuux    ilii    .lapon 

lii'Mtilios  ,  .  i-ii  isi;?,     i's,  i^ii'.f.    Svo. 
Ai',)iiiiia,  KliieTo('lit<>r  .VTrlkHs.     Voii  ,1.  Kobcr. 
Ari'li.  John,  ii  ('licrokt-e  liiiliaii.     By  Hufiis  .Vnilcr- 

son.     Host  .  ■,'il  I',,  is:)-;. 
Aiisti'iills<'li<-r  KrslliiiK.     Hasi'l,  1S,S7.     lOino, 
l<al>a,i<'<'<  a  roiivrrtcil   llraliiiilii.     By  lloilis  Ret^I. 

N    v.  JS.IC.     ■•', 
Itala  Slioodore  Tagorc.     Spc  Taoohk. 
llartlK'leiiiy,  K.  <!*•.     Traiti'-  ilt's  f»>It's  niobiles  et  his- 

loir*"   ilfs  (Icrnii'is  iiiartM's  lie  la  ('liiio-.     I's.  ISW. 

>vo.    r  fr. 
IliirtiiiKMis  of  thr  SikiiilwU'h  Thlaiiils.    Hv  llirani 

llintrliam,     N   V.  .\iii.  Tr,  S..i' .  )s.-,i.     iSiii,!,     -jik'. 
Itartliiiciis  and  llawaii.    Hv  (ireeii  und  t'lark.    Host, 

is),-i. 
liasak,  Mahendra  lal.     By  Kwart,     Calc.  IWt. 
Ili-aiivais.  <i,   F.  de.     I.es  Qnaraitfc  niariyrs,  on  Vie 

ilii  H.  Itriiai-i*  .\/e\eiIo,  .  .  .  Iiistoire do  suii  martv  re, 

el  lie  fell  li  de  rrente-neuf  am  res  ile  la  iiioine  Coin- 

pajrnie.     I's,  IS,")4,     l^'mo      Kiipl,  traiisl.  by  Faber, 

I,  ,  Kiebarason,  IS4r.     -J  v.  8vo.     .Ss. 
Beelniunii  Uirl,  Tlie.     I'liila.,  I'resb.  B>l,  I'nb.    isniii. 

IteiijHiiiln  ;     or,     the     impll     of    the    C'lirlsliaii 

Hroibers.     N.  V.,  SiuMier.     Il-nio.     .'>(•<■, 
IliHhallaiiv,    .\iitonlo.  Ski-ten  of,   a  Svrian   of  Ml. 

Lebanon.     BvC.  Wldtelieud,     .N",  Y.,  Am,  Tr,  .Soc, 

isr,:).     iSmo.    •!.>, 
lloern.      Fails    lilstoriijiies   concernnnt    la    vio  et    W 

marlyre  des  saiiitii  Japouais  I'aul  }Iiki,  Jeuii  duaii 


lie  IliiN.  ol  Jai'l|lles  Ki-..r  I's  I'li.'  I'.'ino.  I  fl-, 
--l.es  li.-iix  <-eni  eini|  niiiilvis  iln  , lapon,  bral lie -t 
p.ir  Tie  l.\  en  I'liJ.  I  railiiil  ile  I'ilalieii  par  le  I', 
Aiilierl.     I's  l.stiS.     l-.'ino,     1  fr. 

Iluiiix,  l».  Ilisioireili's  vint'tsix  iiiarlyrs  ilii  .liipiii, 
eineilli's  a  .\aiii,'asai|iii  IMC  ,  .  ,  nvee  .  .  ,  »(ieii;ii 
,  ,  ,  siir  les  Clin  lii  lis  ilii  , lapon  ,  .  ,  .{ii.sqii'a  iins 
lours      I's    l-ii.',     s,,,,     .-,  fr. 

Ilrlef  Itleinoirs  of  four  ChriHtiaii  Iltudoos. 
i„  iMi;,    iiMiio 

lli'onn,  Calliaiine,  a   t'Jirlhtiaii    Indian   of  tin 

Saiiiiwioli    lsl,oiils,      H.\    Hnliis    .Vmlerson.      |ii.~i 

isji,    ;id  I .,  is.'S.    I'liila,,  Am.  S.S,  L'li..  ls:lJ.     ■,'li-. 

Vork.  Kin.'..  lsj;. 
lliiek.  Vielor  lie.     I,es  Saints  :Marlyrs  japonnis  de  la 

I'oininit'iiii'   'Ii'  .lesns  :    I'aiil    Mikl.    .lean   Snan  de 

iiiiiio.  .  I  .i.K'i|iii's  Kisal.    I's.  ls(i:).    ^vo.     L.'iufr. 
Iliiild,  lleiiry.     Kill  liiiliaiiei' als  l'i'i'dii.-er  des  Kvan- 

«i-liliiiis.     liasi'l.  ls;ii.     Svo.     1.-.  I'f. 
llulii,  .loel   |l'iilMH'sia|,     -ViiloliioKinpliy,     I„,  Wool. 

iiier,     -.'il  iv,  ISSI.     ls|ii,,.     Is. 
Carter.  I.vdiii.     Sie  i  is.vio;  C.il'TIVK. 
Cliaphi.  r.'Abli^.     I.i's  .Marlyrs  dii  .lapon;  snivisirnn 

np|n'iiilii*r  sur  li'S  eniioiii'.ati'iiis.     I's,  ]8C*w.     IVnio, 

1  fr 
('harit<'>  (In  <^lieiiiie  an  .\IX' »IAele.     LesJIarlvrs 

oil  I  liiiii-,     I's    |s,M.     i: ,     ■-'  Ir. 

Cliarlolte.  the  Hindoo  Orphan.     Hv  A.  DnlT,     I,„ 

lioi,  Tr  S.  e,,  is;  I,     l.snio.    «d. 
C'lianvierre,  I*.    I..1-S  .^lartyrs  de  (iorfiiin.    Ps.    ISflT, 

r.'iiii.    I.Mifr. 
ClavH,  retriis.    Sklnve    Hy  J.  Holzwnrlli.   TllbUnren, 

|s.-,v     svii      -.(ISKr. 
topwav,  iieii.  |\.  .\,  Iiiilinnl.     .Mbany,  1S|7 
Diida.  ioila,  a  Convi-rt  of  the  I  niled  .Metlioilist 

I  loi-  iiiuivii,    1.,  is-;, 

l>eleroi\,  >  ietor.     Lis  Marlvrsrni  Japon      I's.  ISD.i. 

svo      ■,',".ilfr. 
Dikkop,  l>,.  Non  of  a    llollpiitot   t'hlef.     Hy  Julill 

(  aiiipli.'il    liiiiiler  liili- ■■  lloiteiiliit  (_'liildren  "J,     L. 

l,s.',n,    svo. 
Dilanar.   I'luiii,  ein    AfKliHiiiseher    ChriKtoplioriis. 

Hasol      ','.1  1...  l,ss:i.     svo.      1(1  I'f. 
I'atiiie,  ranline,  first  rriiits  of  tlie  (iailiis  [Fast  .\f- 

riea'      llv  K.  I',  I.edileiiiose.     Trans,  by  lir.  Krafi, 

I„  185", 
Cienonie,  IMii-o.     Kin   (lalla  Madolieii  [Afr,],     Hasel, 

1S.-4. 
tlhee,    .'Mohesli    (hniKler.     Hv    K,    M.     HaniiaK'ea. 

l','l!e.  1^:1; 
Godoe.  .Voain.     I.eliiiisbilil  eines  I.arkaKolli.     Hv  I.. 

.Nollroii.     Hell,  ISsii 
ttopiiialli,   Naiidv.    Her  Miirtvrer    von   Allahabad. 

Ha;.i.  IMli 
tiovtindar,  Iter  Klephantenfiihrer,     Ein  Leheiia- 

bilil  ;iiis  MHlaliar.     Hasrl.  isiiii. 
Green,   Cliarlotle.      Jlme   fiiiiis  from  India.     The 

life  a. id  bappv  death  of.     By  Ur,  UnlT.     I.,  [Fdiiib,, 

priiili'd].  i  IS.-1IJ.     r.'oio. 
Ilaniitli     Dalo,    <ler     briiiin«    I'astor.        Von    U. 

1.1  llliilellwlMl.      I.|i/.    ISSs,      ill  I'f. 
Iliiil.jaiii.  I.ai.     Hav'l.  Iss4 
Uisloire      populaire       illuHlr^^e     dex     vlnut-slx 

inarlvrs  ilii  .lapmi  enieilies  a   Xat;asaki  l.V.i;,  ,  .  . 

I's,  ISO-.'.     Svo.     1  fr. 
lltilHier.  ,1.     Keboiisbildor  bekelirtor  Ili'ideii.  Kesiiin- 

moll  mid  bean  eili-i.     Kisli-beii,  ISNI.     Svo.     IKi  I'f. 
Iliiiiiphrev.  K.  J..  >li-s.   (lems  of  liiilia;  or,  skiMeliot- 

of  (lisiin::iiislieil   ilii. iloo  and  Moliainineilan  Woni- 

i-ii.     N    V,,  Miili.  Ilk.  Cone..  ;s;.-)      1-Jino.     .■fl. •.'•,. 
Iinudeddin.     ein     lieki'hrtii'     IMuliaiiiiiiedaiior. 

Villi  II.  Hull. lell,      Ha.sel.   |ss-,'.      Svo       III  I'f 
JelleHina,  ,1.    i;.  [Java].     By  J,  Kriiijt.     Lenwaidin, 

is;-.' 
.loHhee,  ,\iiaiidiliai.  Dr.     Hv  Mrs,  C,  II.  Dall,    Host., 

Hob.-rts.  Isss.     i-,'ii„i,     $1,110. 
Kal>oo.  a  wild   ItiiHliiiian.     Hv  Jolin  Campbell.     L. 

is)ll,      |-,'iiio. 
Kalli:  >leiiioii- i»f  an  Ksiiiiiiiiatix  I'lirislliin.     By 

Til. IS.  H.  Minify,     N,  V  ,  Initimi,     Isnio.    4iie, 
Kardoo,  the  liindoo  tlrphiin.     Hv  a    /enana  inls- 

sioiiarv  K.Iiel  Ii,  Si.,' ,  ls;0.  I'.'ino.  Is.  (kl. 
KiiuiHlinJa.  II,  .\nandra,|a.  Hasel,  ,'ld  e,,  lS,'i5, 
liii  'I'liali  llvn,  llie    Karen    .Vpostle.      Bv  Francis 

Ma-iili       r,  ,  Kel.  4'r.  Soe.,  ls4ti.     ISiiio,     Is. 
Kiiiiler.  t'lirist.     Kiiie  liiakiinlssinanf  dem  Misslous- 

fililr.     Villi  WaiiKeniiimi.     Hariiien.  .'id  e.,  ISsS. 
Koiliis  Chiinder    :Muoker|;ee.     Hv  J.    Maelloimld. 

Call.,  isi.-i 
KriKliiiii     Till,   llrst    eonvert     of     Cflrey    in    India, 

I'hila  ,  Pri-sby    Hil    I'libl,     IDino,     4i>i.v 
KriHiinii   I'lil,  tlip  first    Hindoo  who  liroke  the 

eliaiii  iif  easte  bv  embraciiii;  the  Uospel,     L.,  'Jd  e., 

ls-j:l      pJino, 
l.afoi'<>f,  .M({r.     Les  martyrs  de  Oorciim,    Ps.  18()r, 

l-.'ino     -Jfr. 
l.esli<s  31.  K.     Fastern  iilossoin  :  skefi'hes  of  native 

Christian  life  iu  India.     L.,  Snow,  1875.     I'Jinu,     :.'s. 


MiwdUVTMnu^ 


'hLf 


iXZZ 


BIOORAPHIBS 


0.").") 


MISCELLANEOUS 


MaimiMir  Slink<i(>r,   nf  l.rbniinii,     Tly   Mhs  M.   Ti. 

WlKil.-ly.      I,  ,  S.-c|..y.  l->;:i.     l-^ilio.     Is.  (1.1. 
Miii'lyi'H,  i.<'s,  lie  rrxtri^iiK'  Orient,  oil  1<-H<|iuitr<>- 

\  ini;i-<HmtMi'Zf  srf\  iit'iti'^  lit'  hh-ii  mis  a  iiiori  p. 'lit* 

1.1  fcii  I'll  (  (ii'iV ('■ii-liiiM'liMH'.  iiM  TnjitrKui;;,  I't 

iMi  CliiiM".     I's.  IS.'.M.     I'm. I.     iiii.'im. 
Ma»rili>,  tli<*  liiilin-liiiiil  iiiitlilfii  |Afl'ii'ii|      liv  l{. 

II.  Nii.s.saii.     N,  ^'..  Ami.  Tr  S.,i'  ,  l>S',>.    iCm...  »h\ 
M<'ni>/.ii,    fill    AHiitllHi'liiT    I'l'iiu,    uxirlifi'    illi* 

Wi'li  iiiiii'i'  J,'.'/.. .>;.'n  ('linr.li'11  /,ii  siiclii'ii.     IIitI.  l^V.l. 

Mv...     '   I'lir 
Mu->HiM'li,  .\l>ilt><il.  II  llliiiliM)  ('<    <vi'i'l    of  lli'iiry 

,M:iri\ii  ijii  ••.I..iiriiiil  aiiil   l,.'ii.-.s   ..f    lli-iir.v  Mm-- 

ivii"|.     I'liilii..  Am.  S  S    r,     ■^v..      ;tk\ 
MiKSiiiiiiiry  Ciiiivi-rU  in  lltiil lit-ii  LiiiiiIn.    riiila., 

Ai.i     ILiji    S.ic..  I-*.'.!       l^lMl.i.      111... 
Moil.  Ilhi)',  tl.<-  Maori  >liii(l<'ii.     liy  J.  i:.  Dllivuiit. 

I,  ,    li.iuliiav.  I>;:i.      I'.'iii.i.     .'Is.  li.l. 
tliiliciiii,  I'aiilo,     \\nsi-\.  is:><.     Iiiiii  .. 
nioiili'oiiil,     MasiiiK'    lie.     Ki's    s;iinls    iMiii'tvr-<    ili) 

(l.M-.inii.     I's.   |siM.     |-,'iii(>.     1  fi-.— I,fs  Hiiiiiis  niur- 

iMs. Ill  .hill. M.      I's,  I  si;  I.     Hv.i.      l..'iU  ll-. 

■^loolii'vra.  K.  «;.     Ilv.l    Midi iM.     C'alc.  ISIJ. 

.■\liilu..>'i,  If.  C.  .>Iis.     Itv   .Miss  I.i.sli,..     Calo. 

Niiri|Miiit  and  ICIia.laii  li.     I'MJsl.'y. 

Nal  M'liai'otV,    lliikiili.    has     l.i-lii'ii    ili-s    Ar ni.rs. 

Vi.li  I'.  K    l-;|.|il.T.     Hiis.-I.  is-.i. 
Ni'Hiorlaii  Hloi;i'apli.v  ;  skrtrlifH  of  pioiiH  Nu^^to- 

nais   \ilii>   li;iv.'   .|i'...l    at    i  ir.i  .iiilali,    I'l'isia,      liy 

iii'tiiiiiTS  ..r  III.'  N. .St. .nail   ;Missi..ii.     I!..st..  CnitC- 

I'lili  <:.!..  KiT.     I'Jiii'i.     SI  '-'•"'. 
Nrtli,  Sum,    Vuii  U,  UniiKlcnianii.    l,|i/..  Is^T,    ]','mo. 

ID  IT. 
OliioUiali,     Ifoiirv,    of    tli«    SaiKlvriili     InIiiiiiN. 

I'liii  1.,  Mil  s.  .s;."  I'.,  \i.".)     ixiii.i.     111.-. 
(tllt-iMlorlV,   licriiiaii.     liy    Isaac    llinl.     li.isl.,  Am. 

Tr,  Sue.     ISin.i.     .LV'. 
Oiilp  lyixlit,    Kal.    Aaron    [.^fiioaj.      \'i>n  J,    M'Tf. 

Hr.'iiu'ii, 
Osaiic  Captivi',   lln>   IJItle   [I.villii   larti'ii.     Hy 

KliiisC.ii-M.-liiis     li..si,.-j.l,-,,is;i-,',    Y.iili.  Kiij,-,.  is-.'i, 
I'rtx*'**,  Keoii.     Ilisi.nr.'  ll  -s  viau't  si.»c    iiiai'tyi',s  jap.i- 

nais.  .  ,  ,   I's.  1*1.'.     ISiii..,     r.".  I'liM. 
I^aniliiraiii;    llari  ;  .ir.    nit^iuoir.s  <if  a   Hiiiiluo.     I,,., 

Kill;;,  11,  >•.,  isr;,    swi.   (Is, 

I><>lil<aii,  il<>r  Klfliin.     liast-l.  1Mr!l.     Idm.i. 

IN'ii'V  i'oiiio:  .11-  til."  aiil.i  iii>K'ra|iliy  of  a  Smith  Si'il 

Islaiiil.T.     [-..(iriilllli.  l.s-*.'.    --'.I.-.  ISSI.    Sv.i.   -.'s.ll.l. 
P«'rii,v.     La  sallt'  .l"s   martyrs,  iixfc  i|,*s   imlicHS   siir 

piiisiiiirs  miu'tvis  rliiii.iis.     Mis  imi  unlro  par  A.  ili' 

tlr.irtUiiy.     I's    lsr».     Hv.i,     1  fr. 
I'liiil.    Uiiiii    Krinlina.      Hy  J.   \V.    I>iilli's,      I'liila., 

I'lVS,   ll.l,   I'lllll.      I.'iii.i.      T.M'. 

I'uiil,  Itaiii  Ki'lsliiia,  lli«  llov  of  lU-iiKal.    liy  K. 

W.'lii.     I'hila..  Am.  S.  S.  l'..  isiiii.     |smi.i.     41'.'. 
Kaiiiawarlnit,    .lakob.     L>er   liitlisrlic    I'ilrsU'iisiiliii. 

Ilis.-I.    ISli.'. 

litiiiseiis,  I'Miiioiiil.     Ioonoi;r,apliii>  ilt'S  liii'iilifurt'iix 

timrlyrs  .!.■  (i.iri'iiiii.     I's.  ISas.     Sv.i.     8iii'iiii. 
KoiisHi'aii,     I,'.\lili*.      N.ilic'f    siir    l.'s    K.ixaiiti'-.lix 

s.'rvii.'iirs  .|i'  III. Ml  mis  i\  m.irl  p.iiir  la  f.'i  t-ii  Cliim-, 

ail   T. .iiK'  KiiiK,   rl    I'll   (.'.K'liiiK'liiiii'.  .  .  ,  I's.    IS-*."). 

t-.' 

Sti'.  Marie,  l.a  Tiinosi<>  (Mir^tieiiiie.     I.voii.  ISTS. 
San.  <j(iala.     I!y  h'taiiiis  Mas.m      ll.isi.  Is.V). 
Sliakoor,  .>lf>iiHoor,  of  Lrl>Hiion  |Syria  aii.l  K^ypt]. 

liy  M.  1,.  Uliali'ly.     I,..  St-d.-y.  isr.i.     IHm...     Is.  li.l. 
.Sliiiliak,  Asiiail    Ksh,   tlie   .Martyr  of  I.eliaiioii. 

Hv  Isaa.'    Hird      Unsl..  Am,  Tr.  's..c.,  ISill,     liimo. 

SiKv 
.Slioslii)-,  till-  IIIikIoo  Xcniiiia  Ti-ailior.     Hy  Miss 

Man  i.'tt  (1   Urillan.     N.  Y..  Wliiltalvi-r,  I^T:!.  "  Kim.). 

?  I.  ■-'.-. 
Slt»ilna's  Story  (,S.  Afr.).     I!y  .Mrs.  II.  (i.  (liiiiiiH'ss. 

1,,  l,s-ij,     sv,,. 
.Sti'pliaii  llsiiiK.     Kill  Cliiiirsisili.r  Xatliaimcl,    liascl, 

is;i, 

TiiKore,  Itala  sliooilorc,  it  lliniloo  I.ail.y.     liy  K. 

Sl.'i  i.i«  Inii.lfr  I  ill.' "Til.'  Kasii'in  Lily  (iallii'ieil"]. 

L,  .Siiiiw,  IST)-.',     -.'cl  I',,  isr.ii, 
Ti-1  ,Sano.    Tlii'.Iapaiieseietoriiiyr:  nil  aiiK.MoKraphy. 

N    V,.  Hunt,  IMKI, 
Tiyo  Sa({a  :  a  pai;i-  of  tlie  S    African  Mission.     By  J. 

A,  I'lialiiicrs.     Kiliiili  .  H,.,l.lcr. -.'lie,  isrr.    Hvo.    (Is. 
Viili-Ta-.VIi,  tin-  Ke<-.|<-aii  I'rlii-css.    Hy  ,Ios.  Water- 

li.i.isc.     L.  iwr,     IMm.i,     -.'s 
Villt'fraiK'lii-,  .F.  M.     I.i-s  mai   '      ilii  Jnpon:  liisli.lri" 

.    .    ,  ct    lies    l'i"'lcs    lie    Ic'ir  Ci.,    illisiilinli.   Isd'J.     I's. 

IMIl.'.     ismii,     ,V)  ciiii      llistoirc  .l.'s  iiiaityis  can.i- 

niscs  par  I'ic  I.\,     I's    P<T><,     I'.'m..,     •-',aO  tr, 
WaiiK,    Old,    tilt!    FirHl    ('lilnese    KvHiiK<'li"t    in 

.MaiU'liiiria      A  sljctch  of  liis  life  an. I  «.irk.  uilli  a 

cliaiXer  .III    native  iiKencv  in  I'lirisiiaii   niissioiis, 

I.  .  Tr.  S<ic.,  !»<'.».     Hvo.     Is. 
Wlilti".  W.  s.    The  African  preacher     I'liila  .  rresby, 

H.I      ISmo.     (111'. 
Wllajiit  All.     Dt-r  .Miirlyrer  yon  Delhi.     Basel,  1SC5. 

—  liasel.  18«). 


AViniaiiiM,    Itlcliard   (''atechlst    to  .lulin   Williaiiisl. 

11\    .las     llaiiiiU..ii.     L.,  Msl.et.    1H.V).     'Jd   e.  :^.-i;. 

^v.i.    :is.  ii.l. 
Yana,    I.ytli«',   Di-r   I.eli.'nHueK  von   |\V,    Afiical. 

V..I1  ,1     M.'I7,   ;mi.lir   title   "  K.imin:    liiMlilier  lind 

liilfl  iiiis'J.     Lr.aiieii.  !s-.;. 
Xanilia,  an  .\fiii-an   Nei;ro  KiiiK.     K.I.  liy  T.  Nell- 

S..1.,     I,,,  Smilli  ,V  K,,  1m;      svi.      Ts  Oil. 
/errre,   ,|acol>.     Vim    I!,    liriiiideiiiaiiii.     I.pz.    1^8T, 

IJUU).     lul'l. 

i7f.  Misci:i.i.A\i':ors. 

(Essays,  Sermons,  ll..rlai.iiy    \V.>ilis.  the  rililosopliy 

of  ^lissi.ins.  etc.: 

Alii'el,  David.  The  missi.  iiaiy  conv.nii.in  at  .lerii- 
^<lllelll :  nr,  ihe  exhiiiili.in  of  I'lie  claim.s  iif  the  workl 
to  III.'  J.'.ispel.  S.  V.  IN.'IS  IJlll.i  llapiiy  illllll- 
eiice  i.r  liireiK'ti  iiiissl.iiis  on  the  church.  ISeiiiiuii 
on  Is.  liv.  ■,',  I 
AliriHs     iliT     tii'selilrlite     il«»,     rrNprnnf^H     iiimI 

Wachstlmms  iler   liil.cinesellscliarten,   etc.      liar- 
men  j  ls;itj.     I'.'m... 
AktstykkiM'   til    ItelyHii.    iif    I'orlioldt-t     iiiplleiii 

llis'l,..p   .Schii-ii.li'r  .!,■  del   'U.'  .Ms,  ili...-iimeiits 

I  I   ellici.lale    li.e    relall'.llship    l.i'lweell    lilshi.p   S. 
anil  tile  Norwi'trian  M.s.i    Sla\ain.'er,  ISd. 
VdaniN.  CliiiH.     r.vaiiKi'iisI  in  the  \m. rid  of  the  uilie- 

te.Mith  century,     lilii.  I"*.'.!. 
.\daiiis.    \V.     .Man    the   iiiiiiisler  i  (    (loil.     ISerinon.* 

NY.  IS.-..-., 
AlsUedsiniidet     I     Kbliii.     iiied     >lisHioiiii>i*ei  iM* 

M>r.-fsi  ll.l   i.tr    I'm    lliirres Th-   taii-w.-ll  tec.  p- 

li..ii  ill  CnpeiiliaKcii  I"  tile  iiiissi..iiai  .es.     S.  ,v  H  t. 

(1.1,  li-i;i,  ]ss|. 
Allien  {I.  M..  ,>iis.l     Shall  we  linve  n  missionary 

ie\ival  •     .N',  Y,  ls;.s,—  riie  pocket  measure.     Host,. 

L.itlii-..p,  iss7. 
Anderson,  KiifiiH.     rnreii.'n  missions,  their  relatione 

tiii.l   claims.     N.  v..   ."Seril. tiers.   INlil.     ;{d  e.     Host., 

('..III.'.  I'llli  Co.,  Ih^O      ic. ,     $\.:*>. 

Anderson,  .S.  T.     Kssiiy  on  missi.. ns.     Xiislivllle,  So. 

.Meth.  I'llli  .  isri,     l-,'iiio,     !,'•.<•. 
Aiieedotes  (  lirlstiaii  .Alissioii.     L.  IS:;s. 
.\iiker.  .>!.  A.     K..rifalt,i  i  iveisi;.'t  over  iioiske  Mis- 
si..iisseNkalis,  etc.     Heri.'eii.  |.s;.-.. 
AiinaleH  de   la    I'l-opiiKatlon   de    la  Fot.     Lyons. 

is:j--|ii      111  V.     'I'nitislate.l      I,.  IKII      i\  \ . 
Apei'vii  <,^ii^ral  sni'  les  Mlssiiins  I'mtestaiites. 

I's,  i,si;ii     sii  ,.1111. 
Ajiostel    iind    Missiuiiarbiicli,    Uiis.     Stiitt_'.    is.-i'.. 

Iilnio.     '.'I  Si;r. 
Appeal  to  tlie  Vuniig  on  llelialf  of  tile  C.  M.  S. 

Loiulon.  is.so. 
Ariiold-l''oster,   F.    K.     nernlds    of    the    cross.     L 

is,s;i,     Kim.,, 
.Vrtliiir.  \V.    The  L.tiirue  of  fire;   or.  trii.'  power  rf 

Clilistialiity      L,,  llal.iitoll.  IS.M1.     l-.'mo.     Is,  (Id, 
.\veliiit;.    T.  AV.    It.     Th.'   missi. .iiar,\      oiiytiiii,     L. 

is,-,ii      Missionary   triuniiilis   the  wi.rk   of  (iod.     A 

sermon      L,  ls,-,i),     l-Jiiio, 
lla(;ster.  Walt.  AV.     *■  .lov  ..f  missi. mar v  out erinise,*' 

Lett, -IS,    I  West  African' Mission  .   Host    ls.s:i     i-.>iii.>. 
KainliriilKe.  W.J''.     Self  K'iMii-':   stoii   of  christian 

mi-sions.     Host..  L..ihi..p.  iss.-),     U'liio,     ?l,.'iO. 
Itai'de.  K.     "  I'elils  coiiinieiicemeiits,"    Ttaiis.  from 

the  (ieriiian  of    In.  -V    ( isteiiaj;.     Laiisaniie.  IHiJT. 

I'Jiiio,      *V.*iii  fr  -    filat    actiiel  iles   missions   ,'-vanK- 

eliipies.     Trans,  from  (he  lierman  of  Dr.  Chrisllieb, 

I.ausa ISNi.     |-,'m<..    '-'..'itlfr. 

Itarrass.    Fdwd.     Missionary  scenes  ill  ninny  Ian. Is 

T..1..III...  iss.-,. 
Ilai'w  inlicl.  Dr.    III.'  nein-ste  .Antisklnvereiliewivniii; 

I. II. I  ill.'  l'.vaiii;eliM'lie  Mission  m  ( istafrika.     ilalle. 

I'^sil      s,.,      I.-,  I'f. 
Deck,  .\le.\aiider.     Iiie  Mission  iind  die  Confession. 

Si'lialfhaoseii.  IKItl.     Svo.     I  Sl'i'. 
Iteerlier.    II.    W.     Sermon    liefore    K.  .M.  H.   of  New 

York  anil  Hrooklvti      Ik;-,'. 
IterKler,    J,    U.    .Manuel    de    la    inissiou.    Ps.    1S63. 

."idi'lm. 
Kerleht  viiii  <ler  KiilHteliiiiiK  cIck  KviiiiKeliNplieii 

Missions  Vereins      iiii      (iroshei/oi.'ihuin       Haiieii. 

Ileiilelli,   I.SIIl.      Svo.      •.'  Sirr. 
Dersier,  KiiKeiie.     Jlissions  I'rotestantes.    I's.  IsTO, 

."ill  el  111 
Itertvaiid.  ,1,     I'oriiialion  du  clerf;e  indiReiie  dans  les 

missions      i's.  |S|7. 
Desser,  W.  V.     I  lie  .^lission;  der  Kifclie  Sehuldiekeit. 

.Vilrnli.i'.'.  IS.Ml.     8vo.     a  Sur, 
Hetraktelser     n  id      uianudtllgH      MisHlons-An- 

.laklssiiiii.ler    (Meditntions    at    (lie    inoiithly    mis. 

sioi.ai'v  pnn  ■•I'-me.'tini.'si,     .'illeft,     Stoliii    i.SIO, 
DIble  <'oiii|iieHts  In  >ian.\  Lands.     Si  '-'''> 
Itiekerstetli,  Kobt.     'I'lie  liearinir  of  coinnierce  tipoii 

tliespiea.l  of  chi'i-iiaiiiv     (111  •   Lectures  to  YoiiliK 

Men  111  Y.  y\.  C.  A,'     Loiulon.  ShiiH.  1S4,S  .Vl  ] 
Dlene.  Die,   auf  ileiii   Jlissi.,ns.f,-I.le.  ll*H-58.     Berl. 

1834-68.    4to.    as  v.    WTh.tf5Hj.Sgr. 


MISOBLLANBOUS 


m 


MISOBLLANBOUS 


miller  nil-"  <l<'r  MUhIoim-wpH.     Sit  .InsEsn.vt'a,  J. 
lIliK'li,  .1.  V.     Vdil    Mini,,  iii.'.i  ,||.  |.|i^'i.|>kc  .MiHsioiirt- 

VfiiiitT  H  iiir   iiiii'tiiiK'  Willi  til.    KiixHsli  I'llfii.ls  iif 

miIkkIoiisi.      Kliliii.    Ih;j,— Siii'klukki'n.     Tit    Kuri'- 

illiltf  rriu- siimvlii'ii.     'I'liriM'  li'i'tiircsi.     Klihii.  iMliJ. 
I'iiitsfkliikki'ii  (I'l'mccnst  hfllsi.    Khiiii.  isi;, 
]llv<l«i><  K-   ^*  .     ('Iiiisiiiiiiily,  Isliiiii,  and  Ilii'  Nt^jro 

i-aui'      I..,  Wliilliiiifliiuii,  IHHT.     Kvii.     Ids.  L.l. 
Iloile,  A.     Knr  /'in'  MiNNion,  in  st-clis  ri'iMli),'ii'n.     lii|. 

lenliiui.'.  I"'"'!'-     '<vo,     !•,').«  hyi'. 
Ilohiier,  H.     Wlr  it'll  ileii  llriili'ii  lii-fdim-  (\V.  Afiii). 

Hiivl    1 '"*■*.     Svo.     Ill  I'f. 
]l<iii<l,  II.  \V.     I'rliK'ipIrs  mill  fails  of  iiilssiiiiis.    NonIi- 

villi',  S'l.  MiMll    l'lli>,,  IH;|.      I'.'iiiii.      i:,r. 
Iliiiitli,  K.  II.     rill'  !(iii);ili>]ii  wliii'li  cMuiioi  III'  iii.'vi'il. 

.s.'i  iiMiii  lii'l'iu'r  I''.  .■*!.  S.  ot  .New  York  ami  Uninklyii, 

1 -»■.'. 
llniiK-r,  J.  II.     Diu   Missions' Anstalli'ii   iind   (li'»'l|. 

si'lial'ti'ii    dcr   KvaiiK>'lisrli''n    Kirulu'  dus   Kiii(i|iil- 

Iwlii'ii  Kisiliiiiili's.     I)as  Missi.,iisrtt'Si.'ii   Ui'i'  Kviin- 

Ki'lisL'lifii  Kii'i'lii-  ill  .si'inciu  llrsiaiid.    Humb.  li>IV, 

5v.  Mvo.    ^•■unik. 
Uriiy.  \.  J.    I'lmrolies  of  Christfiulom.    Jloiiti-fnl, 

ixh;     svii.    'i'li'. 
Ilrli'l'  Vtfw  <•!'  tli<-  Principle)*  iiiiil  rr<i<'<M'<liiigK 

111'  llii'  L'iiiiii'li  Missiciiiiiry  Siii'ii'Ij  .     I,.  11>;'.I. 
liriiiiK'l,  .V.     Wii'  inllsHon  Mission' I jeilicn;  eiin-  I'li-. 

dim.    l.jiz.  IS,'.;!    Nvd.    usk'i'. 

llriMiks,  Ki'IiiIhII.  Missions  in  llirif  rrlall'ii  lo  do. 
iioiiiiiiaiioiial  i.'i'"«'lU.  \.  Y.  ISU.'!.  N\o.  [A;.i. 
Ha|il.  Lnioii  Mi^sioijai-y  .Inliili'i'  ] 

Ilrowiie,  K.  H.  .Mls.sion' woik  of  St..  I'aid.  I,.,  V.rll, 
|S(i(.     ?ivi>.     Is. 

liriiwiiliH',  W.  C  Diil.v  of  tnnkin);  cITorts  and  sai'i'i- 
lli'i's  for  llii' I'onvt'i-sion  of  Mil' world.     N,  Y'.  l>w, 

llriiilerlli'lieH  Wort  iiii  i'ri'iiiKl))  <lrr  Kvimije- 
liMlii'ii  Missliins-llfsi'llst'liaft.     Itascl,  IMV. 

Itr\rc,  .Ih*.  C'luinis  of  L'lirislianity  in  India.  I., 
llaniillon.  1H.-|9.     Hvo.     Is. 

II  ii'liaiiiiii,  I'liiiidiiiH.  TliK  star  In  the  East.  A 
si'rnion.  .  .  .  L.,  Cadcll,  l.SKl.  Hvo.  7s.,  I'liila. 
I'^d'.l  — (_'liristiaii  rescarclii's  in  .Asia,  with  notiri'S 
of  tlie  translalion  of  tin-  Sfriptnrcs  into  tlio 
uriental  laucmigi'S.  (,'aiiiliridKe.  IHll.  Svo.  ii.  c, 
I,.,  Koutli'ild''.  1K58.  1-,'nio.  3k.  till.  Am.  ed., 
Host.  ISU,  svo.  derm,  liansl.,  Stiittn  I'^IM  - 
I'olonial  eL'i'ii'siastii'al  estalilishnienis:  lieinn  a 
view  of  IliH  slate  of  the  colonies  if  (ireat  Hiitain 
and  of  her  .Vslntic  empire  in  respect  to  relit;iiins 
iiistnii'iion  .  .  .  [aiulln  sketch  of  an  eccle^iasiiial 
estalilisliinent  in  India.  1..,  Cudeil,  l)il3.  6vu. 
4s.  lid. 

lliiet,  (lias.     Nos  missionaires.    Ps.  18R4.    SSctm. 

Iliietlner,  ('.  G.  Hie  Kiiclii'  mid  (lit)  lleideii  .Mission, 
l-ninkf.  a.  M.  ISSl.     Hvo.     liii  I'f. 

Bnlloek,  W.  T.     Sermons  on  ndssioiis.     L.,  Bell,  18T9. 

I'.'lllo.       .'.S. 

Uiirckliar<lt,    <>.    K.      Missinii.s   CvanKeliinies.    (Fr. 

transl  I     I's.  is-'il.     ;i  v.     is  fr. 
llnrns,  \V.  <'.     Notes  of  nddresses.     Ed.  .M.  T.  Ilar- 

lionr.     I,..  .Xislii'i,  Al  e.,  isi;:i.     I'jmo.    its. 
Ilnss,    h'..     Die   ('liris:lii'lie   Mission,    ilii-e    princi|iielle 
Dereelitijciing  lind  pracliscliu  iJiircliriilirniivj.     Lei- 
den, ih:ii. 

lliiyers,  Will.  Letters  on  India  as  re(,'ards  Chris 
tiaiiity.  L.,  Snow,  IMil.  l'.;nio.  5s,— -Letlirs  on 
Indian  missions. 

Cain|iliell,  Jus.  I'lemiiim  I'ssny  on  missions,  liost. 
IMIJ.     Hvo      ISaiidw  ieli  Islands.] 

Caiiiphnll,  .lolin.  Afiiian  \'\n\\\  thrown  on  ft  selec- 
tion of  Senptnie  te.vts.  l-idinli.,  I Jrooniliridi;i', 
IKW.  .'Id  e..  ls.-|'.>.  IHiiio.  Is.  till.— Mariiiiiie  dis- 
covery and  t'liristian  missions,  considered  in  their 
nuitniil  relations.  I,..  Snow,  1H40.  '^'d  e..  ISiili.  Hvo. 
Ss.— Marlvr  of  Krroinan^'a.  riiilosopliy  of  mis- 
sions.    L.'.  Snow.  :iil  e  .  is|:t.    1'.' tis. 

I'liniphell.  W.  tiiandpiipa's  inissioiiary  stories.  L., 
liook  Soc,  IsVT.     IMiio.     Is,  Ikl. 

C'urt-y,  Will.  Inipiiry  into  the  ohli^ntions  of  Chris- 
tians to  iis«'  means  for  the  con  version  of  the  heat  hen. 
Leicester,  ITU'.',     n.  e.,  IS'J'.'. 

Ciirpenter,  V.  II.  .Studies  in  mission  economics, 
riiila.  Am.  liapt.  I'lihl..  IHSIi.     I'Jrno.     JIIHi. 

Carpenter,  .Mnry.  .\ddres.ses  to  the  Hindoos.  L., 
Lonirnians,  IHlit.    Hvo.    is.  tid. 

CiitenliiiKCii,  1'.  K.  W.  Vnsere  Missionsfrende. 
I'redi>;t  Ul)er  Kvnnjr.  Matthiiil  viii.  11  nud  \i.  Dres- 
den. IHI7.     Hvo.    ;i  s^r 

C'heetliain,  A.  '1  he  one  hundred  texts  of  the  Irish 
church  missions  hrielly  expunnded.  L.,  liemrose, 
IHHI.    I'Jmo.    lis. 

Chrlstlieb,  T.  Per  Missions  henif  des  evnnt'clischen 
Hentsehland  nach  Idee  inid  (iesohichte.  lititcrsloh, 
IsTli     Hvo.     1,40  Mk. 

Cliureh  :>llssli)iiary  Society  In  IK.'tT  and  1K8T. 
li(K'. 

Cliui'ton,  E.  T.    The  island  missionary  of  the  Ualm- 


mas:  a  nianinil  of  Instniciion  and  routine,  in  ten 

liractiiiil  addresses.     1..,    JIasters,    1st  and  '-id  e., 

|sss.    SMI.    :is, 

C'liirk.     A  ii-vii'«  of  iHeiil.\.lhe  J s.     liost.  1885. 

Clark,  .\.  W.     .\lissionary  work  essential  to  the  de- 

viloi Ill   and   tii'Wili  ot   the  chinch.     Hermou 

l„.| |,'.  .M    s,  of  New  York  and  Hiooklyu.     l^kVJ. 

<lai'k,  T.  C.     The  Held;  or   home  and  lu'ilthen  popu- 

lalioiiseoiitiasleil,     Kilinh,  INi'.', 
Clarke,  W.     I'lie  leiKii  of  the  saints.    Sermon  before 

the  I'.  M   S.  of  Ne"  York  and  Urooklyn,  IMIO. 
CIni'ksoii,   Will.     India   and   the  );os|iel.  empire   for 

the  .Mi'ssnili,     L  .  Snow,  IS.'iil.     iHnio.     Is.  (id.— Mis- 

sioniiiy  i'iicoinai,'''iiieiits  in  India.     L.Snow,  tH.^iO. 

ismo.     Is,  lid.    Christ  and  inisHioiiH:  facts  of  evan- 

t'l'lisiii,     1. ,  Sno«.  IN'iH.     svo.     Is. 
Cleavelaiid,  K.  L.    ?liiti\es  to  the  missionary  work. 

.\  si'i I     lio^t.  iHi;.'i. 

CiiKHMell,  W.     Ilai  hinder  of  the  iiiillennltim,    liORt., 

i'ierce.     Is'll.     r.'iiio.    Hlic. 
Coltoii.    Siicci'ssfiil  inlssionx  iSociety  iHlands,  etc.). 

I'hil.  IM",     '-'In,.. 
Coiislderalioiis  on    tlii'    rriiellcalilllty,    rollcy. 

and  iil>li».':ilion  of  ('oinniiinicaliii);  to  the  natives  of 

India  till'   kiiowli'dKc  of  ( 'liristianily.     Ily   a  late 

ri'siili'iii  ill  Hi'iinai.    L.,  Uichardson,  IHiiH,    Hvo.    l-.'s. 
Cotton,  4..  I';.  I..     A  chai>,'e  to  the  clei>;_\  of  tliedio. 

cise  of  Calciiiia.     Canibr.  IH.'il).    Hvo.    ;.M  e.    Cal- 

ciilla.  isii'l,     Hvo.    3s.  Gd. 
Crawford,  Clias.     An  essay  on  the  iiropasation  ot 

the  j,'ospi'l,  etc,     riiihi.  ISM,     1','ino, 
Creiiier,    II.     Lnlher's    Stclliin^^    /.in    .liideninisgion, 

liarnieii,  is;ii.     Hvo.     4  Sgr. 
Croll,  lias.    The  niissii  nary  prohleni.    Toronto,  1883. 

I'.'mo. 
CiiiiiiIiikIihiii,  •!.  AV.    F.ssay  on  Introdiiclnt?  Christi- 

aiiily  iiil"  liiili,i      L.,  I  alchard,  l.S'.'-J.     fis.  tkl. 
<'iiiinyii|;liaiii,    W.    (1.    K.     Tiioiifilits    on    missions. 

Naslivilli',  So   Jlelh.  I'ul).,  IHM.     K'ino.     ISc. 
i'nst,  It.  >.     LanL'tiai:!'  ns  iiliislrated  by  liible  trans- 

lation.     In    "Notes  on  .■*lissionury   Siilijecta."     L., 

Slock,  IssH-Hil.    Hvo.    '-'Is. 
I)aa,  L.  Kr.    Til  det  norske  misslonsselskahs  (iene- 

ralfoi'sainlin^'  I  liramineii.  is;:)  (To  the  NoiweKhiu 

k-eiicral   Inissioiiary  ussembly  at  liiamiiien,  1S73). 

Chiii.  )Hr:i. 
Dili V,  IS.  L.    The  world  white  to  harvest.    N.  Y. 

Is.Vs' 
I>auKi'tt,    lleriiian.     Inan(.'iiration    addiess   nt   the 

opi'iiiin."  of   the  foi'ei).'ti  mission  scliool  [(Jwyliee], 

Miiy  li.  1M'<.     Klizaheih,  N.  .1.,  IHIU. 
Ueekei't,  K.     Die  l'i\  ilisatorische  Mission   der  Etiio- 

iiHT  niitei'  den  w  ilden  Viilkeni.     Uerl.,  Jlahel,  IHHl. 

8v.,.     7,-.  i'f. 
Iteeoiiilmz,  Saiiil.      Ilistoiro  dcs  missions  ^'vnii|;e- 

liijui's,     I's.  IM.ll.    av.    4  f-. 
Dililile,  Slirldoii.     A  voice  from  abroad:  or.  thoii),'hts 

on  iiiissioiis.     N.  Y.,  Am.  Tr.  .Soc,  IHIS,     IHiiio.   4iic. 
lilelilinaiiii,    K.      I'nioiisi^iialeu     eiiies    Missionars. 

Niiiiilii'!^'.  1,s,-,l.     Hvo,     30  I'f. 
Dlelel,  It.  W.    .Mission.sstundcn.    Lpz.  If'HI-O.    5  v. 

Hvo.     7.-.'il.Mk. 
DoiiiliiKiK'l,  It.  p.     LcHmissioiinireset  les  direeteiirs 

de  siniiiiiiset  retraites.     I's.  IHIill.    ,'i,Mi|r. 
UorclieHler,  D.     The  piolilem  of  reliu'ions  proofless. 

.V.  Y..  riidlipsX-  11.,  IV  1.     K'niii.     I'.'.uii. 
lioiifflas,    tiaiiies.     Hints  on    missions.     L.,   Cndell, 

I--'.'.     I'Jiilo.     '-'s.  Cd. 
Driisike.  ,1.   H.  II.     Die   rechle  Sli  llnnK  ziim   Mis- 
sions Wcrk.     .Aliii;debiirk',  ls.':4.     Hvo.     5  S^r. 
Diiboc,  ,J,     Hie  l'riipaj;Miiita  ties  Kaiii'ii   laiises  tiinl 

diis.lohaniii'sh'idi  in  Herlin.    Lpz.  IMi',',   Hvo.    OSjir, 
Dllir.     KvaliKilisiic  theology.     Kdinh.  I.SGH. 
l>nll'.  Alex.    Spe 'ch  in  Kxeter  Hall  ...  at  niiniver- 

saiy  o^  the  Chmch  of  Sroila^uls  foreign  missions, 

I'.ilinb.     I  .■)7.     Hvo.— rniiale    eilncaiion    in    Imlia. 

l-'.ilinli     INI!),     Svo.— Missions  tile  chief    end  of  the. 

Christian  (liiircli.     L.,  (iioomlirid^-i',   is:;'.i.     luiino. 

'.'s.  till,— .^lissionary  Kynipatliy  witli  ilie  1- ree  Clinrrii. 

A  sermon.     I'oi'iiments  of  aitliereiue  to   the  Free 

Cliiiicli.  by  the  iiiissionaiii'S  to  t!ie  Jews.     Kdinh,, 

.lohnstoiie,  1>  li,     Hvo.     Kxpliinalory  statenn'iit  to 

the  friends  of    the  li  ,!iaii  .'Mission  of   the   Chnrcli 

of  Scotland.  .  .  ,  I'.di.ib   IHll.     Mo._  ]|,i,ne  oruani 

zatloii   for  fon'ik'ii  inisslons.      F'.dinb.  1H50.     Hvo.— 

Jiissionarv  addresses  belore  the  (ieiieral  Assembly 

<if  the  Chnrcli  of  Scotland,  lH.i.'>-7-l».     L.,  (ir ii- 

bridt;e.    IH.'iii.      p.'mo.     .Ss.    (id.— Foreign    missions 

[two  addresses].     Kdinh.  IH7C. 
East,  1).  J.     ^V.•stem  Africa,  its  eondition,  and  Chr's- 

ti.initv  the  means  of  its  recovery.    L.,  Honlston, 

IH4I,     I'Jino.     6s. 
£liriii'<l,  .1.  II.  A.    Die  KinwUrfe  wider  die  Mission. 

Ziirich.  IHfi      Hvo.     3  Sgr. 
KIliiiiTooil,  K.  F.     The  >rieat  conniiest.     N.  Y.  1876. 
I'lppler,  C.  I-'.     .Missions-Ilarfe;   Wetk  iind  Erinner- 

uints-Stimmeii.    Basel,  1H,V.'.    Svo.    18  Sgr. 


5 


2iXL 


'T'^^mmrmm 


m 


MISCELLANEOUS 


o:)7 


MISCELLANEOUS 


I'.r  I>ainiii«rk  for  lllli-  til  lit  liiive  t'li  nfiilnlntr)'- 

nil-sidM  ?  il«  Dt'iiiniirk  mci  suiiill  to  liavc  ii  riii-Miiii 

lo  the  lieiilli<-M4  :<     KKIiii.  {■^■'I. 
KIwiiH  Uliur  MIsnIiiiwii.     IIiixI.  I^<l>:|. 
l-;v«i'»,     Klliif  wi'l'l''  lllii'i'  MIssiiinsHi'si'ii.     Oi'itliiiK'i'tl, 

i*.'r. 

I'librl,  K.  Dii-  KnlHlplmnir  il.-<  HcI.I.miiIuimih  iiihI  cIIc 
Aiifnalif     ili'l'     llrlili'iiiiiissiiiii.      l,|i,!,     IWJ.      Hvii. 

•.'i;  I'f. 

Kiillai'UiN  Rx|iiis<>il  III  "  Moilorii  C^lii'lHtliiiilty,  it 

Civili/.i'.l    lli'allii-nisni."      I..   Siin|iUiii,    isl.'t.     !<vi). 

Is. 

Kui'«'\v«'ll  l.ftlcrt  liiii  >liHi.ii>iii<  .     I,.  I'^JJ. 

FrliT    *\VH     l''iiiir/.t*liii   ,|aliriu;«*ii    •liililliiiiiii    ilni' 

liliiMii   MU-i.iMSk'i'wllsi'liiiU  zii  Utti'iiu'ii.     lluriiii'ii, 

riiistmils/,  (leH  llf;l<l<'iilliiiiiiH.     Ciiio.  KST9,     Kiiiio. 

I'lHi'lii-r,  tj.  K.  Dii' Kiafi  drs  Kvniik'i-liiiins:  Mittlii-i- 
liiii^'iMi  mis  iliT  UlttM'iMi  Mia,siiiiisj,'csi;lilclltu,  etc. 
NIlnihK'.  is:,;)      Svo.     v'l  Sk'I'. 

Fluixl,  .J.  Ny  Uu'kki'  af  Missioiistniktati'r  iiicil  Dilli'- 
ih'r  fNt'W  serins  uC   iiiissinn  tracts  with   pictiirt'S). 

StttValllffl',    ISrt.  — l.il'l'lliHK'   i    Kvilli|rfiil('llillK''l'   I'll!' 

HeiliiiiiKf'  iiif.irnlH.Missiiiiii'ii  iU<'aillij»;  foiMMMinMrs 

ussui'iiitioiis  fur  iiiissioiis  ti>  tile  liralhi'iis  and  lliu 

Jewsi.     C'lini.  ISHI. 
Flciri-y,  K.     liiii't  iiii'il  Missiiiiis;;ai'iiet  i  Haul  with  ilii> 

iiussiiiiiafv   iii'li.     Tiaiisl.   iiy    1'.  Illcssiiif;,     liraiii- 

iiirn,  Is(i;. 
Fiii'iiii'<tultiiiiiK<'i'   iiikIpi'    lliiii|;«r«iii>ili'n  I   Siiii- 

lalislan  issi .  Ijelief  n.ii'k  in  SatilalUtaii  during;  liio 

t'ainiii.'  ill  IsNii.     Klilm.  iss:,. 
FoirliliiiiiiiiK'r,  .1.    Niils  VitH'Stacktlflli.   (Alecdiri-.) 

I'-ii;. 

Foitsii'ttflHi'  itl'  Uiivlil  Crtiiizi'H  lii'nilD'-lllNtiirir. 

OviTsat  I'l'ier  den  i  Uarliy  IVJl   inlkiiiiiiif    LMuavi- 

(C'ontiiiiiaticiii   of    David   C'i'aii/.es'    liistoi'y   of    the 

Viiited  liietliri'ii.     After  tliecil.  of  IT'Jl,  (aibl.  atU.>. 

Kliliii    Klli. 
Foster,  .lohii.     Missions  the  glory  of  the  IIBO.     Bost., 

i-leteliei-,  lH;t!.     Itiino.     liv. 
Friiiitz,   Alexr.     Das  .Missions  Werk,  Predict.     Mag- 

d.  Iiiiri;.  I^|(i.     8vo.    il'-.j  Si?r. 
Frere,   Hurtle.     Kastern"  Africa  as  a  luissloii.  field. 

I,,.  Mni-ray,  \H7i.    »vo.    ,")S. 
Frieil.-I,  II.  A.    Uer  Kleiiie  Misslonafreimd.    N.  Y. 

isiii.     lUnio. 
<iiill,  •liinies.    Thi'  scieiiee  of  missions.     Edhil).  and 

I,.  is;s.     svo.     [In  pmirivsH.) 
(iiille,    Frteilrl<'li.      .Missions     Ui'de    in    dor    Doiil- 

Kirehezii  Halle.     Halle,  lS4."i.     «vo.     1  Sfir. 
(iariliiier,   Tli.     IJ^lit  for  the  lieatlieii.    Ahurdeen, 

I  ■*:•:. 
liarratt.    s.    The    iiiidiiiKlit    cry.    L.,    NIsbet,    ISfll. 

■id  e..  ISIJS.     8vo,      Is. 
(iaiinie,  •!.  J,    L'evaiiKelisation  a|>ostoli(|iieilii  glohe. 

I's.  isril.     r.'riio.     I, 'id  fr. 
Giiiissi'ii,  .S.  C.  I...     Uie.lnden  Mild  die  HotTniini;  ilirer 

lialditreii  WiederdieisielliiiiK  venniltelst  des  Kvaii- 

m'liiiiiis.     Karlsruhe,  IS).'),     svo.    ^JUj  Sur. 
Gelkic,  A.  ('.     Christian  missions  to  wrong  plares, 

amoiii;  uroiig  laees,  and  in  wrong  hands.     Ij,,  Nia- 

het.  is;i.      Svo.      '.'s.  Dd. 

Gdst  tier  llrltlselieii  MlHUlnii.     Rasel.  IsrT. 

(iillMM-t,  It.  t».  Das  jede  Missionsfi'ier /.uniii'hst  eiim 
Krinnerini<  an  die  iilierseliwengliclie  Unadf'  (lottes 
in  C'hrisio  gep-n  tins  seil»st  sei.  Dresden.  ]K.")0. 
svo.     -JSgr. 

<iU!aiiiiigs  fi'oni  31is8lou  Fields  iiliout  CliiUIreii, 

Oossiicr,  Joiianni'H.  .\iiserlesene  I^r/.iililiins;en  aiis 
der  Heiilen  Well,      lierl    IS.SS       !l  v.  Svo.     !l  Sgr. 

(ioiillturii,  K.  M..  and  Wiiiilleoiiilie,  i;.  <'.  I'ray- 
ers  ill  behalf  of  missions  and  missionaries,  eom- 
piled  from  tlie  Holy  Si'ripliiies.     ii.vf.,  Itli  e.,  issj. 

(iriiiiile  .'MisHi<iiiair<'S.     I's.  is;.-,,     j  f r 

tiraii(l|ia|iii's  .^lissiiiiiary  stories  lor  the  Tniiiig;. 
I...  Snow,  is.v.i.     IJnio.     is. 

(iriint,  A.  The  past  and  prospeetive  extension  of  the 
gospel  by  missions  to  the  heathen.  (Dampton  lee- 
tiire,  isiij.)  1,.,  Kivingtoii,  isil.  n.  e.,  ISI.'i.  .Svo. 
9s. 

Graul,  Curl.  Die  Evangeliscdie  Lntlierisclie  Mission 
zu  Dresden,  an  die  Kvaiigeliselie  Kiiehe  aller 
Lande.  I,pz..  Dia-ffling.  1S4.',.  Svo.  4  Sgr.  Wie 
nmclien  wir  mis  fertig.  miter  den  Heideii  zu  treilien 
d»a  Kvangelium  des  Kriedens.  NUrnlierg,  IStil. 
iivo.     v!  Sgr. 

Oriiv.  .1.  Claims  of  the  world  on  .\iiierieaii  youth. 
l''hila.  1S.«.  [Aiinutt!  of  Board  of  Kdiicntion  of 
I'resby   Ch  | 

Great  Debate.  Verbatim  report  of  A.  B  ('.  F.  M. 
meeting  Des  Moines.  la..  Oct.  T,  IBWi.  Bost., 
Houglitoii,  M.  *  Co..  is8t>.     Svo      iUv 

Guile.  Den  .\aiid  livori  I'hrlsti  Mission  bdr  fores 
I  The  spirit  in  which  tlie  mission  of  ChrLst  ought  to 
be  conducted;.     Kbhii.  1005, 


OiieniKey,  I..  R.  Klhel's  trials  in  Iwcoiiiiiig  a  mi  i- 
sloiiarv.  N.  Y..  Am.  S,  H.  (Is?  ).  r.'iiio.  Jl.-.'.').— 
Mission  bo.\.     .N.  v..  .Vm.  S.  M.  1S.S0.     l<imo      Unc. 

Oiiliiiii-sH,  II.  (irHltati,  .MrH.  Tlie  uiile  tiorlil  and 
oiir  «oi  k  III  il  Sloiv  oi  tlielininness  KasI  l,oiido:i 
Instiiiiie  for  Home  and  Korelgn  .MlsKhiiis.J  I.. 
Illodder).  ISsr. 

Giit/lMtr,  K.  (ieseliiedenis  der  I'ithreidiiiK  von 
rhrisiiis  Koiihigrijk.  etc.    Kdaiii.  IN-,'ii. 

Gtviiiall,  W.  'i'lii'Cnrisiinn  iiieoiiipletuuniiour.  L., 
legg.  |s||.     Svo.      n.  e.,  1M»|.      1»H. 

llliiiriK-r,  I.  I  iii<ler/.ock  iiaar  liel  mil  der  /•■ndellngeii 
en  /elidelgi'iioolscll.     '.' ilriick.     .\inst.  IH.'Tl. 

Iliirtliiw;.     L'el,erblii,'k   der   Kvangelisolien   .^lissioniMi. 

i,p/..  I  sill  ;•■, 

llaKeiiliiD'li,  I'.  It.  Die  Theologisclie  .Sihiile  Basel's 
iiii.l  Hire  l.clirer  HCn  Isii).    Basel,  iwiii.     Iio.     iWSgr. 

Ilaiiiiltoii,  It.  \V.  .Missions,  their  niiiliority,  aim, 
and  ,'11,'oiuagenient.     I,..  .Mian,  tH|i;.    'M  u.    ttvo. 

Is    I'm  I. 

Ilaiiileliiigeii     iler     iiIk.    Veruaih-rliiK    vail    liet 

Nc.l,-il  liijl,.-!  lii is,'|ii  p.     .\msi    msii. 

IlaiiHeii,  W.  Iii,'  Missii.iis  'I'liiiiigkeit  der  fjriecll 
isebeii  Kiiclie  Itiissland  s,     Dorpat,  1S11«. 

Ilarille.  .\.  'I'ln'  beaiing  of  evangelistic  work  uii 
llii>  divine  life  and  d.>eliine.     Kdlnb..  vM  e.,  IsT'J. 

HarlesH,  G.  ^^.  .\.  v.  Das  l.ieht  in  der  Kinsteriiiss. 
I'li'digt.  Wilt, nil.  ISIS  Hvo.  :!  Sgr —Die  B<'deii- 
lung  iler  Mission.  Dresden,  ism.  svo.  3  Sgr. - 
.\us  welcher  i^iiielli'  die  gesj-giiete  Tlleliligkei' 
ziiiii  Werke  der  .Mission.  I'ledigt.  L|iz.  1S,V,,  svo. 
:t  Sgr. 

Ilarnarh,  Theoilosiiis.  I>le  Kirchliohe  Missions' 
Arbeit  ist  .\iisrielitiiiig  ties  .Miitsious-aiiiteH  Cliristi. 
Nllrnbi'ig.  is.',s.     sv.,.    Shi  Sgr. 

Harriiig,  ^l,  Sendwort  uiif  das  Vorwort  de.s  Koop- 
man  In  Heide,  mit  deiii  Kiidworte:  "  Niclit  Ujitio- 
nalisiiiu.s  oiler  i  ntliodoxie.  "  Itzehoe,  llSI.3.  Svo. 
5  Sgr. 

Harris,  J.  The  great  comniinsion.  L.,  Ward,  Bust, 
li',llld  ,V  I,  ,  isi-,'.  11.  e.,  IhS'.'.  Svo.  Ts.  Isl.  $I.IK). 
-  The  Ciiristian  I'limch  constituted  and  chargeil  i,) 
crmvey  tile  gospel  to  the  worM.     II,,st.  IHI',;.     ]',*mo, 

llartlioorti,  S.  1*^.  Uiide  grieveii  en  iiieiiwe  Ih*w  ij/eii 
ten  iiaii/.ien  van  de evangel,  /ending.     Harlem.  lsi;i. 

Ilartiiiaiiii,  It.  Das  elfle  Waldeiiburger  Missions 
I'l'st.     Hreslaii.  IS.'il.     Svo.    -J  Sgr. 

llasle,  I'ra'diken  oiii  Herreiis  Mi.ssionslM'faling 
.Sermon  on  the  Lord's  iiiissionary  ooiiiiiminl). 
lir.nii,',  18SI). 

U»,VKoo<l,  A.  G.  Prize  essay  on  niisslnns.  Nash- 
ville, So.  iU-iU.  Piibl.,  1S7».     lOth  e.,   1876.     r.'iiio. 

■JOl! 

Heathen  Nations  :  duty  of  the  present  generation  to 
evaiig.'li/e  lb.,  world.   ( il«'rlin,  U.,  Kitch,  ;Jd  v..  ISI'J. 

l-.'lllo       .'j-Jc. 

Heliieinaiifi,  G.  AV,    F.     Kin   Missionskleeblutt.     N. 

Hiippin.  lsi;:.     Svo.     ."i  Sgr. 

Ilellier,  heiijii.  Universal  mission  of  the  church  uf 
Clirist.      I,,  issi. 

Hesse,  .1.     l-romme  Heiden.     Ba.s4.|.  1879. 

Ilessey.  The  supply  of  ministers  and  especially  of 
native  ministers  fur  tlie  coiouiul  and  iiiissiunury 
rlimvh. 

Hlbbert  Lectures  on  ths-  origin  and  growth  of  re- 
ligion, I,,  Williams  &  X„  I87S  wiq.  U' v.  I-Jino. 
•  a.  Ills.  11,1. 

Hickok,  Coriipl,!,'  i,lea  of  tlie  worMs  I'onversion  to 
.bsiis  Cbiisl.      .\seili|ii||.      Iii,stoll.  IWKl. 

Ililiirloii,  I'.  F.  I.e  iiiissi,,naire,  au  I'arl  des  missions. 
I's   Is;.-,.     ;.-,  Clin. 

IIIi'i'Ik',  «1.  T.  I,.  Preiligt  Iwi  iler  ersten  Mission's 
I'lMer  lies  Jlssn.  IliiUvereiiis  am  linkeii  Ufer  der 
Xeisse.     Itollii.nbiirg.  1S4-.'.     sv.i,     1^4  Sgr. 

HitcltciM'k,  It.  11.  Final  triumpli  of  Christianity. 
Sermon.     N".  Y.  IMW. 

Hiiyer,     I'olki'iie  f,g  Missiontn.     Bergen.  ISS^'. 

Hull',  V.  J.  i';r  v,,r  Tid  en  .Missionsiid  ?  i  Is  our  age  a 
missi.,nary  aL'e  ?i     Kbhn.  IS";7. 

Hofl'iiiaiiii,  \Viii.  S4tll  ilie  ll,-i<ieii-Missioii  von  Frei- 
will.  IJesfllseh.  ,»lcr  v,,M  il»T  Kil'che  belrieben 
werdeii  ■/  Schaffh.  184'.'.  — Soil  die  Saci.e  wie  bislier 
von  Kreiwilligeii  (iesellstdiaften.  (sler  v,,n  ,ieii  .Viiit- 
lielien  Kepraesciitanteii  der  Kirelie  betrieljen  wer- 
deii r  Seli.ilTliaiis.-n.  ls|-.>  liino.  .',  Sgr  —  Brilder- 
liclies  Wort  an  siimnilliclie  Kreiinde  iler  KvangiJ- 
lischen  Mission  zu  Basel.  Basel,  1817.— Missions 
Kragen.  Heiilelberg.  1848.  Hvo.  I  Tli.  1 1  .Sgr.— 
Missions  Stun, leu.  Stiitig.  1W8.  8vo.  ITh. '."OSgr. 
— Missioiistimer  (Missionary  hoiirsi.  Transl.  by  H. 
P.  F'alck.  Kbhn.  1H19.— Missions  Stimden:  I'leiie 
Sammlmig.  Stuttg.  18.51.  Svo.  I  i  Tiir  Iiie 
Christliclie  I.iieratiir  aig  Werkzeiig  der  Mission 
miter  dell  Heiileii      Berl    IS.').',.     Svo.     r,  Sgr 

Hofiiiaiiii,  .1.  <'.  4'.  voii.  Die  .Missi,,ii  in  der  Hei,len- 
Welt  mid  nnter  Israel.    NlirnlH-rg, 'S.Vi.   Sv,,.     ssgr. 

Hogarth,  \V.  .Missions  n  natural  growth  from  Chris- 
tianity.   (.Sermon.;    X.  V.  is.v,. 


MISCELLANEOUS 


lliiliii,  tl,     iH'ii    I'.\niirfi'li-.l<i'    Min-loM    I    Aiiifl    I'-D. 

Kiiliii.  I>*|:l      MiKsliiiis  ('iii>'i'hi> ■>      Kliliii    |s|.'!. 

Ml— <h>iii'ri  Korii  Mi'kfiis   Sii({   I  Mhsloiio,   llii'  iilTair 

"1   I liiiH'lii,     Kliliri.  l"!:. 

Iliiliii,  I".  A.     I'lii'iliki'ii  v.'.l  MUsiiiiKtMi'l.ii-  I  Sliiyfise 

M-iiiiuii  lit  Miix.-iipimry  mh-i'Iim;;  hi  >hiKflst>).    »\a- 

Hi'lv     I  Mill 

lloiiiH    llfl|i«rN    fur    1''iii'<-Ikii     .M  Ii»<1iiii«,     |,,   hikI 

I.Miiili    l^-tl 
lliMik,    \V.    F.      Ui'iisniis    fur    I'oniriliiilliiK    l>i    iln- 
Mi|i|'orl    of  nil    KiiKlHii   lii^-liiiip  lit   Jft'iiHiili'iii.     I, 

lliipkliis,    \\  ,    II.     A|iimliilii'    iiiltnliiiio      iCaiiilit'lil^'i- 

sfiMiiMis       I...  I'liikiT.  1N.V).     ^\.,,     js. 
Horn)',  >lflvill«,     l.i'ilirs  m  iiii-tsioiis  iiilili'i'>>si'il  i.i 

lli>'  I'lcii.'^liiiil  iiiiiii~lfrs  (il    Ihi-  Hnll«li  rhiiichi's. 

I..  i;il|,     II.  I'..  SiTli'\,    is-.'l.     r;iiiip       !■.  Iiil.     Ilnst. 

is:i:.. 
Iloiiuli,   •liiit.      I'l'iiifHiiiiit    iiiis<.iiihH   \iii<licaii'il.     I.., 

swii'v.  is.'ir.   svii.    N, 

lliiiiiiliiN,  Curl.     .Missions  l'ri'i|i({t      .Ifiiii,  l>.V,l.    sm. 

■-" ...  Su'i- 
Iri-ni-',  llii' .MNiiliiiini'v.     llosi.,  Hulierls.  Is'.ti.     liliu.i. 

SI. ■.'■.. 
•luiiii-s,  il.    A.     KiHM'is  siiK'i'i.     Kii    MIssjiiiiKlal,     Nv 

liiiiliiiiiiii.l  ii|.|iliiKa,     lli.|Miiu'li.ir;.',  Isfj. 
•Iiiii/.i'ii,   il,      >iis>iiiii-.ii>'ii.il>ii'iM'    iii;    liiiii.     ',>.   ii|i|>l. 

I  Vlissiuriai  V  iinMliiaiiiMi  iiii.l  |iiii.M'i'.     '.M  i' 
■li-iik.Mi,  T.  W.     111.' iiiih f  ihc 'lli.|>  Spirit  mill  till' 

rliiiic'li  ill  ilii'  |.i.iu.Tsi I'  ilii'  Mi.iiil.     h..  Siniw, 

|s.i;,     I'.'iiiu.     II.  i.,,  IWi.     lis, 
■  loliiiiist-ii,  .1.     Iii'i'  s|<:il  lilivi'  I'l'ii  Ilji.fil iillviiliv 

■Ml-iSlull^l'.ili.lilil),'  .'llli'li.  >llllll  III.  Mill'  tl'.l'li!  iiMl' 
slii'l  lifl-.l.     .Ml-.~iiitMiy  Ici'tiMi'i.      llii.|i'l>li.v,  ISIfci. 

•Iiiliii,  li.  Iii.rsiiii.|,|.r  iiiiil  ilii.  Missii.n.  Il.ilii'.  isiiti.— 
I|.i|i.' fill' I'iiiiiii.  A  M-i'iiiiiii.  I,  !■■;'.'.  Hvii.  C'liiiiii, 
lii'i'  rliiiiMs  anil  rail.  I...  Mm'^'an  \  Si"itt.  ISS^'. 
s\ii.  -  S|.ii  itiial  puwi'i'  fi.r  iiiissiiiiiai'V  Hull*.     :i"ir. 

•liiliiiHtiiii,  .Ills.  A  I'Hntiirv  i.f  I'n.i.'-t.ini  iiil>si.inK, 
anil  till,  inri'i'a'^i'  "f  till*  lii'allii'ii  iliu'in.;  till'  liniiili'i'i I 

.M-aiS.       I...    Nisill'l,    ISSr.       .J.'il     I.IHHi        |S,ss.      I,,    Kx,,. 

Is  — .V  ci'iiliify  of  C'hl'istlan  |iio;,'ii.ss.     1,..  Nislirt, 

ISSS,       SMI.       .Js. 

Josfiiliiiiis,  J.     llililcr  mis  ili'i'  Mission^  W.'ii.     llasol, 

ts.-.s  ;.j      1   V.    .svo,      s  fS^r.    -An-tfoHiiliiti.  lii'.ii.n. 

Haspi.   Issil, 
.loiii'iiiil   III'  II    Dcpiilnlioii  H<*iil    Kiist    ri'oni    tlir 

Malta  i'..lli'Ki's.     I,  .  NisliMt,  is;,|,     -j  v    svo,     1','s. 
•liHivi*,  .\lili^,     I.f  iiiishioiia.rc  ill' 111  Caiii|iu)(iie.     Va. 

|s;(,    .jv.    (Ml-. 
.Iiiiiili'i'  s«.i*\'ii'i.M  <if  l.oiifloii  Misstdiiiiry  SiH'lely. 

I.   ,    .'SllOH.     |S||.        ..|s.    l„|. 

■Iiilillex  XDIiiiiii'  <it'  lli<-  Cliiiic-li  Missliiiiiir}'  Sii- 

rii'ty      1...  Si.i'li'v,  ls|:i,     IS 1.. 

Kiilkiir,  <'.  II.  Kt  |iar  nnl  til  Mis^ionsvi-ninTiii'  I 
Ii.'iiiniark  oni  ruin  Sliilin^  lii  >li>si<iiissa^i*n  <  .V 
i'..ii|i|i'  of  wonis  to  liani^li  frit-n.is  of  inissiuns 
uliiiiit  in\' position  in  iiiissiiin(i|.\  mattiTsK  Klilin. 
]M)9.  t.'i'lliast  lil  lli'lii-nkiiinn  af  lii-n  ini-il  lli-iis\n 
til  ili'ii  1,'n'inlaiiiNki'  ^lissmns  I'lhiUiini;  m-iisatii- 
t'ointni-siiiii.  Kliliii.  Is?.'  Draft  of  ivport  fioni 
c'lMiniiitt-e  appoinieil  with  leKniil  to  tlm  (irei-niaiul 
Mission ). 

Kii.v.  U'lii.  U  tlifCliiii'i'li  of  KiiKlaiiil  iliil}- fiiltllliiiK 
lii'i'  olIli'H  us  11  iiiissi  III  I'hiirch  y    ( i.xf .  uiid  L.  1W5. 

•.'■1...      Svo. 

Ki'lU'v,  l>.  C.  (lo.orillt'  Kssrtv  on  missions.  Nash- 
viii.'.  So.  M.'lh.  I'lilil..  1ST4.     l-.'nio.     -Jik'. 

K«rr.  .I.e.     llcilicnl  missions.     San  Ki-o  1n;s.     pjnio. 

K«'ssi>ii-iiiK,  11.  I>ii.  .Viififalii'  lie!'  ri'ot'-stantisrhfii 
Kiri-lif  iinil  Tlieo|i.i.'if  in  IJi'ZIil'  anf  (lit.*  iinssi'ri* 
■M'i..sion.     /.ili'ich,  1>"<1.     «ivo.     .-.u  I'f. 

Kl«*i'k«'if}|iir«l,  I'i  r.     Tale  vnl  Missi-iiisinriilet  i  Aal- 

liiiij:,  Nov,  11.  IsiM  .Sit II  at  nii^sionarv  ini'etiiiK 

ill  .\.iili..i-i;,  .N'ov.  n,  IHi;.-ii.     Aallior^r,  IsW. 

KiiiK,  t".  \\.,  itiiil  l.ii.v,  «'.  T.  Tlir  flaiinsof  .Tapiin 
ami  Malaysia  on  ('iMistt'tnloni,  N!  Y.,  FriMieli, 
is.ili,     -J  V.  l','mo,     $,'.(HI. 

Kiri'iiliofcr,  JoIiiiiiid'H.  lias  Missions- Wi-rk.  hi'- 
Irarliti'l  iiacli  si'iniT  \Vii'htii^k»*it  iinil  Notliweii- 
.li;;ki'il.     Si'lialTliansi'ii,  is:j-.'.     Svo,     .5  .S(;i'. 

Klf'iii*' .  Hei'i    !\lisHiiiiis    rreiiiid.     Hai'iiieii,  185.'M>i. 

'.t  V,  Svo,   ,n'ii. 

Klit'l'otli.    Tli«*«Mlor.      I'leili^jt   ziini     Missions-Kesti.', 

\V..iMiar,  |s,V,'.     Svo,     a-'Vi  Sitr, 
Kliiin|i|t.   F.   \\\     l>a.s  Mvainrt* lisolie  Missions-West'Ii. 

Stllltu'.  I"*!!      .•<vo.      ri.,.  S.'l- 
Knitli'l.  r.  \V.     lias  /I'linti'  Walili-nlinrger  Missions 

K.-st      Hri'«laii.  is.vt     Svo      Ii.j.Sifr 
KmiimIIoiii  .>!.  »I.    'I'liH  foi't-Jvtn  rnissjoiiary;  his  fielil 

anil  his  woi-k,     I'liila    iss]. 
Kiiii<ls<-ii.  <'.    I  ini  ^lissi.iiii.n  til  lirun  .On  the  mission 

to  iliililivn),    Siavani.'1'i.  is;;, 
Kiik,   il,      HvorlMilfs  Kkulli'   vi   f.'itv  Mi'iineskeiiH    til 

Kristns?     Missionspni'itikfn    Mow  are  wh   to   lead 

iiiHii  to  t'lirist  ?     Slissionai'.v  si'i-inoin,     Klilin,  Is'lH, 
Koo|iiiiitiiu,  W.  H.    Missions  I'lfillKt  iilicr  I'liilipper 

ii.  «-ll.    Altoua,  18(10.    Svo,    .'iSK"". 


MISCELLANEOUS 


Korilliiii,    .1.     r.      Misz'niislwo  •Kni'siiwe     lUJekii, 

.l.-ini  i»i  isi.l,    svo     I  Sur, 
KriilM,    .1.    «  .  li.   I"     Viiitiak' (.'''lialti'ii  111  ili'ifisti.ii 
oMi'iitlii'liiii   \|i  — ions  Sliimli'  ill's  Miss|oiis.\'i'i'i'lns 
l'.ilaiii.'1'n,    i-ll       "'o,      .'l-ii     .-"tJi'     /iM'i    Missions 
VoiiniBf,  ziiin  U.'«i"n  ili'f    ,Mis«ion.Hin'li»',     Kilan 

gfW.     INl".       Svo        I    S«l'.      iMl'l      .Ml^slolK  rri'ilnfllll 

llliir  1  K.iiintlii'i' x\,     liiilii-n,  Is.'iip,     sj,,.     ;i  Stfr. 
KriiK.    r.,  OK    Willi)',   r.     To    KoiciliaK    veil    Isiai'ls 

Mi>si..iisnio.l''i    I    lli'llirsila    -.'(i   April.   l)v<.'l,     Kliln, 

issi, 
Kriiiin/.iilil,  l.itKMi/..     fiiiliift  am  Ml^sl'itm   Ki'sti-  /.n 

lni.-..li.n  ufliaiii'ii      |iii.sil..|i.  |Hia     H\o,     '.'lu  S)ir. 
Ki'iil/i'iiNli'lii.      /I'lifoij.'!'    ili'i'   (•liiisliaiUslnini:   iIit 

\  ..iki'i,  I'll',     liiii    1'>II, 
Kiiiit/i',    h'..    \\.   T.     I'lMilik't    /.inn    .lalin-sfosti-    ili's 

.Miiiiiirkisclii.n    Missions  llillfsvi.ri.iiis.     Ht-i  I    is.v.i, 

s»o,    ,HaSi;r.     Hfili'  lii'l  il>T  I'liiilTiiiinif  ili's  .Missions. 

Ili'isaali's,  I'll',     ll.'il   Im:;ii     Hmi,     -.'h,  Si{r. 
Kiiplir,  I'".     .Mi'iii  I.ii'i.ir.  vmIIsI  iIii  I'ln  Clnlst  bcIii,  so 

lull  .li..  Ili'iili'ii  lu'kiliri'ii.     Ilasi'l,  is,.ii, 
l.iiiKluri'ii,     i'lfvi'i^iKt     iif    ill'     I'loii'si,     .MIssloiiars 

llii.iikswali,  is; -J, 
I.iiiiu,  <iiisiii\.    \'oii  lii'iii  lirlHui-ti  Wi'i'k  ili-r  Mission 

s.  Iiiiilii'ihaii,  |sijl     svo,     |i.j  Skiv 
I.IIIIU,  •>.  ■»•     l'aii«i's  of  tl;  '  I'oiiipaialivi.  fiiliiri-  of  tlif 

naii^pot  laiion  s.vslt'ni  in  tin*  .\iisti'aliaii   culonit'S, 

I.,    \'.ilp\,  |s:ir      |-Jino.     lis. 
I.iiiiulx'iiii    '••    .*.     "i*"   .^llssioii,   I'itii-   l-'ili'dens-rti'- 

.iiL'i'iin.     (  hi'innit/,  isiil,     Sm,,     ■,' Skti'.- bit' Kiii'lii- 

k..ninil     I'lst     in     di'f     Missionsaiiii'lt.       I'leiliitl 

Nilnili    |s|ii     s\o,     ■.'Stff, 
LiiiikIiiiiis,    K.    I''.     I'ii'ii^nins  iind  Clnisti-ntliniii  iiii 

spii'Ki.i  iliT  iiii«si.|i.ii   .Mis..ioii.    I,  'I'lil.     rii'tisiniis 

l.iiz  .Wiumiil,  isr.l       Kvo,    ','.111   Mk --J.   Till,     I'as 

('lii'i>.ii'iitl>niii    nil. I    si'lni'    Mission   liii    I.irliii'  ili'i' 

Wi.|tci.,|.liii.liii.,    ZiliK'li.  |s;.',     .Svo,    sMk-l'ii'iis 

inns    iiiiil    iiii~si'i('    Mission  vor  il"m    Kliliti-islnlil 

iiiri.f  \i'itlii'i.|ik"-r.     I.p'.   I-'iii.     H\o, 
I.iii  i'<ii|iif,  riitiiri*.     Ill'  I'l'silavaKi'  ilii'/.  Ics  nations 

(■|ir..iii.|im's.     1.)./.    IsDII.     I'.'iiiii.     ■.'IISki-, 
LiisoimIit.      |}|i.   Ii<'s(-liii.ili.niss  iIit  Clii-ist.   /.I'niiint;, 

I'.-ii    lii.|ain.'iijk    oiiilfidei'l    diT    Clirlst.    tliroloKif 

riii.|.|ii    l-l!l 
I.iitlifi  II.    .1.     llii-   ^Im'Hiloniati   cry.   and  a   plea   fui' 

iiii-M.in-.    '1 iito.  Iiiitrirs.  ISHI.     I-.' :iiiv 

L:iiii'l<'.  Thus.     Till.  Kly  solniiii.;  or,  rnnti'lliiiiioiis  of 

foivi;;!!  nii.«sioiis  to  srieiii'f  iiiiil  lininan  Wflt-lit'jn^ 

Itost,,  Collk',  I'llli,.  is,si.     •,'(!  e,.  ls.s;,     Svo.     J.'llHI, 
I.i'lxiii,    Ifiilierl.    Sonvcnirs    i'iirii.|i.x    dfs    missions 

r'iijiiii.'.'.ii's,    I's,  is.'i',',    1  fr, 
Iifiiitill,  <liisl.     I>ii.  I.i'iili'ii  di's   Kiirnpiii'i's  iin  Afii- 

k.'ini-.rlii.|i   'riopinkiinia   iind   dii-   .Mittil   /ii  diTrn 

Aliwlir.     I.p/.  ,  iMiiirki'i,  Iss;,     nvo.     •,' Mk. 
I.t'iiiiliiiiill,  (iiistiiv.    Narlit  nnd  MoiK'i'n  Ki/.iililiink."'n 

alls  dnr  I'ivaiiui'lisi.licn  lli'ldi'tiOlission      l.pz.  I^.*'.t 

■.'  \    SM,      1  Til,  ;i._.  Sitf, 
].if;uli>s.  Jdliii.     (ii'i'iit   \aliiH  and  success  of  foi-ci/n 

mis-ioiis      N.  v..  Hakci' A  T.  isss,     l-.'mo,     ■;,v 
l.llle.    IMe.  di  r  .^INsloii.     ]-'ioni  tlic  NorweKtaii  liv 

11    Sclialil     (Jotiia.  |s,-,|      I'Jiiio.     I.-iSki-. 
Lliikv,    r.      .Mi.-..ionsstn.lii.|i    odcr   lleitn'iKe    zu    Mis- 

sioiiswissi.iiM.liaft,     tioi(iiik:i.n,  Isis, 
Lipsliis,  KIclid.  A.     Ill  wclclici-  Konn  sollcn  wir  dt'li 

Ili'i. Inisilii-ii      Knltnr.Vr.lkcni      das      KvaiiKflimn 

Inin^'i-n  ■•     Hcriin,  rSMT.     sm.      .Si)  I'f. 
I.iilie,    WIIIikIiii.      Hie    Mission    iiiilcr  der    ileiden. 

/.vM'i   (ie-priiclii.   ziir   Kcli'lii'iint;,  ,         .N.ii'dliiit;eM, 

ISI.l      liinio     .'i  Sk'I, -  Hie  Ileideii-Missioii  in  N.ii.l 

.\iiii'i'ika     Kin   Vortrair    in  dcr  (ieneral  Vei'>.atniii 

lmi>;iles  Pi'oti'stantisclien  Central  .Missions  Vereins 

ziir  .Niiridiertc,  ls|ii.     Mirnli.  IMi;,     svo      I'jSirr  — 

rrotestunti^clii'    Missions  lieiliyt  von  i\t*f   Aliend- 

inalils /iii'lil.     .Viiinliit.  1H.V1     Hvo.     I'j  Sur 
T.ooiiils,    s.    I,.     Jloilern    cities    and    llii'lr    relifflons 

pl'.iliienis      Iiitrodncliiiii    liv    Hev.   Josiali    Siroiig, 

I), II.     N   Y  .  liak.'i- A  Ta,\lor,  ISXT.     l-.'nio.    Jl'r). 
Loyeiilliitl,  ('.      Til  den  daic-ke   Meniitlied   »f   Knlke- 

kirken,     IMit  Mi^sioiissyn  I'l'o  tlie  Iianisli  coni^rega* 

tion   of   tlie  state  clinixli.     My  \  iex\   of   niissioiis). 

Klilin    isrn. 
l.iiwe,    finliii.      Medii.'iil    tnissioiis,    tlielr    place    and 

liovver,     [Uy  Sir  Win,  Milir.]     I„.  UiiHin.  Jd  e,  ISsT. 

I'Jmo.    .'Ss. 
Ijiwrle,   •!.   C.      Misionurv  paiiers,     N,    Y.    Carter. 

l><si,    i-jii,,,,    ji  r*). 
Liibkt-r,    Krli'drlcli.      Iler    Fall    lies    Heideniliiiins. 

Si'liwerin,  1s.m;.    Mv..     !i  S(;r. 
I.iicke,  4i.  ('.   K.      Missions  Sliinden   nder  lieitrlixi^ 

ziir  Missionswissensolittft.     liiittinKen,   l.'*41.    Svo. 

lOSL-r. 
I.iKlewii;,  K.  A.    Das  Krnte-  oder  Mlsslonsfeld  tinsers 

Met  in  .lesii  ChrNti.     Predict.     Itreslan,  IX.MI,     8vo, 

I  l.j  Sk'I-, 

l.iii|iiel.  •!,  !•'.  O.  I.ettres  i\  Jlsgr.  de  Ijiiifres  siir  la 
cui^rnVatiou  lies  missions  6trunK^ri-s.  I's,  1S4:J    t)  f r 

McCiiiil,  Ur.  The  old  |itttlis,  or  inodern  Judaism 
ouiupai'i'd.    L,,  \Vertlielui,  184tS.    8vu.     lOs. 


MISOBLLANBOUS 


(l.M* 


MISOBLIiANEOUS 


Miii'l''iirl»iii',  •liihii.  Till*  .|iiIiIIhi>  nf  llii>  world:  I's-ny 
(III  ('hi'Utiiiii  iniMslmis  in  (lie  liciulii'ii.  <II»>K°< 
W  IlillllklT.   IMI,'.      Mv.r.      •!« 

MrFIt',  U,  A.     Hliiii't  iH'iii'llial  lillilH  (III  inlHuliiiis.     I,. 

Mi'lixcvi'i',  II.  II.     Till'  MiiHtfi''!<  valU  tn  till')-,  voiiiii; 

iiiiiii.     I'hllii.  I'lo.     liiinii. 
Miiliiii.   ^.  ('.    I,i'iifi'><  to  II  viiiiii;;  iiilsfiuiiiiry,    I,., 

Mll.llTS,    l-.VH,       IJ Is.  11,1 

niilliillry,   .1.  ^^.      Wuinaii   iiiM'-lili-  iif   Clii'lsti'iiiluiM. 

1,  .    lllllMliT.    IKSII.      hM,.      :s    D.l. 

I^liiiiiul  lor  >ll<iMi<>iiiii'>' Citiiilliliiti'x.     Illii.  Is.ill. 
.^Iiiilvn,   ■■•■iir\.      r»<>iilv  M'l  iii"M^  iMi'iirlicil  in  I'al- 

culiil,  I'lr,     l„,  Sf.'li-v.  I"-;.'      .Mil  !■.,  I-.'I. 
Ifliiioii,   K,     SIk'ms  i>r   llii'  liiiM'S      Si'i'iiioii  lit'f'in'  III" 

Itn.nklyii  aii.l  N.  V.  K.  M    S  ,  I'.VI.     N.  Y.     l-.-«i. 

Mullrl't  .lltlllK'N,  lliHlliil'l'('lllil|IIH  illl  lllHntll.'iHIIIIM't 
ill'  sun  IlinurllCi'  Sill-   llSHlTIH   K'liK'il'IIHl'H,      SII'UmIik. 

isrt-ii.   .'1 V.   kmi.    t 'I'll. '-'li  Sifi'. 

Mii.\il<>i-ii,  K.  It.  U.     nil'  liiih'i'i' iiiiil  IliisNiTii  MInmIuii 

HI  ilfi- Srhiil.'.     llri'slaii,  I--".!.     Kml     fifittr. 
Itlfiiim.     rin|ii.si'il  liilH.shiii  tA    II.  C.  I'.  .M.I  III  tVnhiil 

M'liril.     Mn-t,  |S^:i. 
.Mfjfiiii,    ICiiilli'.      rani  (^riiHH  <*l  niiii  a|>'>l<>i;rtli|iii> 

Cul.tri'  li'S  |lll s,       SInisll.   IMi','.      (<V'l.      .tl   s.rlH. 

I>litls<'lii'l,  .1.    K,     Missions   l-1'i'ilii.'t   llliiT   I'sulin    Hi. 

\iiinl..'|-k'.  I'^.'il.     Mvii.     •-'  Sri-. 
.^Ii'i'i'iisky,  .\,    Kni'oiillWi'lii'  KiiIiiiI'iiikI  CliriNiiMilliiiin 

I,'i');.'mIII>i'I'    iIi'iii     >ll<lalril.itiii<i'lii'n     lli'lilvhtliiini. 

n.'il.  |H,ss,    hv.i.     ■,'.-.  I'C. 
.tli'i'iiiitiiiiliix,  Tlioitlfiiiii  C'iiiivci'sIoiiIh  (ii-iitllini, 

I'll'.    .\MHv.  Ix'.J. 
.Mer/.,  .1.     Koinnii  lifiUln'i'  iiml    llill'i  L'lis.     Ilivnii'ii. 

Mlliur,  S,     Till'  iilwHrviiiiri'  of  llii'  iinMillilv  rmu'ci't  in 

I'liivi'i'.     I'hlla  ,  I'li's   ll'l.  l-*!.-!.     l-'ino.'  .').■«•, 
Mls'iiiiiiiii'v  <'iii><liiliiti'H'  Miiiiiiiil.     Cunt.  l-<.'i!). 
.'^Il'.sioinii-y  I'iiil4'r|ii'in(' ;  A  sitm-n  of  ili^roiii'sfs  ili'- 

lui-ii-il  I'li  Aiiii'iii-'a.     I.,,  fliainimn,  IM.V    n.  c,  IHIO. 

Sm.    r.s. 
Mliisliiiiiii'y  .Si'i'iiioim  III  IIiikIcv.  Iiv  vui'lmis  uliTtty- 

iiii'ii,     I, ,  It'll  .V  I).  I'- '.'.I,     r.'ni'i.    :i.>i  liil. 

.Missi ii'v  Hpni'iiw..  >...  ;i.    1...  s  1". (J.,  iittr. 

>lls'<ioii.ii'y  Tnii'Is.  No.  I.     lt..Ht.  Is'ill. 
Mls^l(iiiiir\  *ri  '  .\  I  lli'i'iiiii  :  'I'lie  rlt'r^\',  nni\i'l'sitit'H, 

uii.K'liiircli.     I,.,  KivliiKliiiis,  IHNI.     ^vo.     -.'^   iJl. 
MisNliiiD'ii,  KItTiiH   lllier,  iiili'i'    iilici'  ilti<    lli'iiiil- 

liiiiiifii  fill' (III'  lli'ki'lnnni,' iltT  llciili'ii.  lii'MHnlcrs 

ilii'j"ni>.'iii     iltr      KiiKlivbi'ii      MiMlKim-Suuielill. 

Mas.'l.  l-dW. 
Ati'.'.ioiis  :   ihi'ir  tt-iiip'iriil  utility',  fate  of  |it'offi'e»H, 

iiii'l  ...■i-i|iiiinil  IciiiMil.ili'iii.     I,',  l-*;:!. 
.'>lisNliiiin  Hi'IsIiiikIi'II  Kino  /i-llsclirirt.     I(i'<lii;irt 

voiii  liii'i'i'l'iiiiiiii  iiihI /.Hill  lli'st.'iii  ill's  all^'fnii'iM.'ii 

|ii'iiti'stiiiilisi'lii.n    I'fai'i'  Waisi'iiliaii^i'S    zii    Wiiuis- 

liai'li.     Nllnili.  i-n,  l'^.')'<-li),     »vii.     1  Til.  l.'i  .Sj;i'. 
.'\Iissl<iiis-li;ii'lili'iii.     Il.'ili'lli    l-i'.il.     •^M>.     ^' Sur. 
.MissloiiH-Hili'lili'lii,  fill'   DIciiitlliotHii.     .Vnlfitiini; 

/.ii  I'iMi'i' t.'iiii'i>  tii'iii'i'allH'irhl.     Iilllineii,  IH.V,'.     Hm. 

Pu    Su'i'      Jvli'iMi'i'i'.s,  ziir    llt'iilll/.iiin;   lifi   .Missions 

Aiiiliicliti'ii.     Kiilii.   'Jil   1*.,    KVJ.     lliino.      tj  Sni'.— 

Kailiolisi'lii's,     Anii'il'ini;    zii    eini'iii    Cliiistliulii'n 

l,clH'ns«aiuli'l.     Uei;i'nsi>.,  ^M  e.,  1S58.    I'.'iiio.     l*>j 

r-Ki'. 
MlsnioiiH-iiiii'lilflii   Mili'i'  PriirtlHcIic   Aiisli>);iiiig 

ill's   Missioiisti'Xtt's.       Luc.    vi.    '■>",      lii.sln.    l^."ij  ^1. 

•-'v.     .-.'.I  SkT. 
AllsHtoiis  ('iitt'kes.     Siklin.  |xi!ii 
.'Missions      l'irilif[l*'ii      mi"     dt'in     KviiiiKeliiiin. 

Iliiailiiii.  l-*!'.!      sv,,.      1  'l-li    III  s_'i-. 
!^l  issioiiH  Ui'deii  )iiMli«?  rrolcstiinlisclii'ii  <ti'iiieiii- 

■  li'ii  lli'iil^rlllali.N.     .Vim'sliiirK.  l"-!!.     "vo.     i;' j  S^'r. 
Alllrlii'll,  .1.  .>liiri'iiv.       Tile   ri'll|;ioii'4  I'linilllinn   of 

I'lnistHihliiin.      I,  ,"  IIoiIiIhi'.    Issi).      Hio.      7s.  ijil  — 

('hnstianity  aiil  aiirii'iit   |iai;aiiisiii.      I.  ,   Iliniili'r, 

1SS7.  — The  fiirriirii  inissioiisuf  I'loti-stiiiit  cliiirrlies: 

tlieir  stall' and  iiiuspecl.^.     b..  Nisliet,  1M'<'<.     1','ino. 

Is. 
ntiillt'i'.  M'illii'liii.     I'lii'istiis  mid  ilUH  ^iKsiniis  WVrk. 

.Missii,iis.l'|.,.,|i;rt       l.pz..  I>i:i;.     Sv.i.     .•i:t4  Sl'i', 
Moist I'l',  W.     rill' iiiissiiiimiy 'Villi. I,     I,.  1^;3 
Moiioil,    4iiiilliiiiiii<',        (oiifi'Tein'e     di'S    Chii'tii'ns 

i'vaii>;i''lii|iii's  ill'  toiiti"    naiioii.  it  Purls  iis.").")..     l'n. 

is,'iil.     Mil.      .')fr. 
Moiioil,  .li'iiii.     t'onf.Ti'ni't'  lie  I'aliiain'i' i'vain?i''lliiiu' 

il  l.oiidrt's  (IS.'il).     I's.  IM.V,'.     >v.i      •,' tr 
Morit/,  1. 1'.    Woi'leder  Kriiialiiiiiii;.' an  ineiiie  Bniik-r 

\'<iiii  llaiise  Israel,     ilaiiiliiir^. 
Motile,  A.   K.     I'liina  as  a   niission   tlelil.     I..    |1HHI.] 

Uiiiiii.     i>|iiiiin    unl    till'    spread    of    Cliristianity. 

Sliaii);iiai.  1H77.     Svo. 
MulleiiN,   •!,     I^iidnii   and  Caloiitta  compared.     L., 

Nishet.  I.SCM.     l-.'liio.     .'ts.  Oil. 
Miiller,  f.  M.    On  missimis.    I.,  it  N.  Y.,  Scrihner. 

IS71.     Mvo.     Sl.Oll. 
Miiller,  .1.  I..    Missions  I'ri'diet  (Iber  das  Evangellum. 

OlileiiliiirK,  IMI.     ?<vii.     .'i'l^Sgr. 


:»IHiil<el,  r.  r.    Mlsslmii.  I'ledlnt.    Nenleti,  Is.VI.    Svo. 

■.'i.j.-k'i 
Niii'lii'lelilrii     iiilK    ilcr     lli'lileti     Wi'lt.      Kliilt|/, 

is.'li.  l.'l.     IJ  V.  s\ii.    »  '111.  10  H«r.— I'inclii.,  ["iVl  t. 

','  V.  li'iinii      'JDHkI'. 
N'lii'lirlelileii    lllr    t-'i-t-iiiMlt'    di-r    .MImIiiii.    I.)"., 

1S.V,I  Illl.       ■.'  V.   Svo.       N  '1  111' 

Niiiiilioti,   It,  I*.     .Matiiiel  dii  Missionalre.    I'm.    t»lll. 

li  .III  I'r, 
NoNiiii,   II.    A,    Attiiielioii  of  lliu  cross:  ii  Hi'mimi. 

I  lust      |si;S 

Nfiililu,  .\iiilreaK.     lias  I'liristi'iilliiiiii  als  Wilt   lie- 

lU'lmi  lii'inii'liti'l.     I(i'«'i'iisl)k'.  l-i:i.     sv,,.     ■.'.•,  >^r 
Neuiiiiiii,  .1.  I'.     Cliristianity  triiiiiipliant:  lis  deteii- 
sivi'  and  aifKiessive  Mclorieii      N,  \ .,  Kiink,   issl, 

I'.' ;.•"'. 

Nlekell,  .1,  II.     rt'emium  I'M.say  on  iiiiHsions.     Alton, 

111.,  i-i;i 

Mt/si'li,  <;.  il.     WIrkiitiK  lied  cvnnir.  ('lirlHtenlliiiiirH 

mil  Kiilliirlose  Viilker.     Iterl.  1«.V.'.     Nvo.     I  Sirr. 
Noel,  II.  W,     Ks-av  on  (  liristiaii  iiiissioiis  to  lieiitlietl 

I, .11 s,     I...  MsIm'I,  is|;.     Sv,,.    Hs. 

Niiu^^e,    <i.      Nei'i'ssliy    fur    Cliristl.in   ediicatlnti   III 

India.     I,.,  Kivihul isill.     SMI.     :is  i.il. 

N'liueiii,  >oi>lilii  .M.     "I   .Must:  "    slinrt    missionary 

llilili' ri'niliiik's,     I..,  Cass.'ll,  IKSs.     .■(■.■mo.     lid. 
Oelis.   ('.     Ilie   IMissiiiii,   ili'r  Sainarltaner   Illenst  der 

Kiivlii'.     Niliiiln-rir.  l-.M'i      sv.i.     '.' Sur. 
Ollirliil  Itepoli  oitlie  Cliiiieli  (.'oiiKresD  lit  Wol- 

vi'l  li:lllip|i,|l.      I..   I-^S. 

Ollplllllll,  l>r.  Ilid  euini,'i'lii'al  lllissiiilis  lliHI  iMllI, 
|iiii|iak'ale  lieisinr  I,.,  Kivinis'loiis,  1817.  8vo.  Is. 
1-1. 

(Illl  MlNsliiiiHitiiRPii.  Af  Korf.  til  "Sinonvlnl;  oni 
.Miiiiii'ski'laiis  loiliiild  s.-l  i  Naadi'in  I.vs"  ii  in 
>lissi,,iis.  It\  III.'  anili.ir  of  "idnnpsi's  ot  linnian 
hi'.' in  till' lik'lil  of  ^'iiii'i'".       K'llin.  is;  I 

OpI'oiilrliiK  III  dell  diiiiskn  Weiilulieil  (Call  to 
Illl'  iMiilsh  riiiik-i'i'k'atliili  111'  till'  Cliilli'll'.  .'^liilille- 
liirl  lis; .  I 

Orleiitli'i'iiil<<  Oversl);!  over  den  Kiistiie  .'\IIs- 
siiiiis  liiiTiiiiik"'.     Mavaiik'i'i'.  I""''.'. 

OHtliertf,  ,1.  Missions  I'ri'llikiiiiiK'ai'.  Hiiiier  oili 
Ui'ialti'|s..r  iMissimi  s.'i'inniis,  prayers,  and  s.'r- 
vii'i.si.  I.iiikopiiii;.  If(.'il. —  Kiirsta  'skandiiiavlska 
.Mi-si-ns  .Mi',i.-t.  s,-„l.'rk.  IsiH.  .MIssionsllilien  1 
llji.rl.d  iTIie  miss!, ,11  Held  ill  II. 1.     Stolm    |H7il. 

OsterliiK.  Allien.  :iie  I'nivi'i  siliiten  In  ilirein  N'er- 
liiiliiiiss /nr  ,Missiiin  llascl.  Is.'is  -  !.,.«  I'eiits  Com- 
ini'iiri'meiits,  on  Komlation  ile  la  tiocieie  lies  Mis- 
siiiiisili'  Hale.     I's.     ISIIM.     '^..^fr. 

Osvviilil,  Tlii'oilor.  has  MIssioim-Werk  des  Apostels 
I'.iiiliH.     Lant'i'iisal/a.  lS,"ii).     svo.     ai^  Sijr. 

Outlines  of  I'rolesliiiil  Missions,     -.'iv. 

I'lirker.  .1.  |iiiiyi,r  ilu- piisi  ni  K'Hi'mtion  of  C'hriil- 
liaiis  hi  I'vanireli/.i' Illl'  wiirlil.     N.  V.  Is.W. 

i'lilterson.  (ieori;e.     I'lie  ln'iillieii  world:  Its  need  rif 

till' K"-i"'i.   'roiiiiiiii,  isHi.    ji.oii. 

I'eiirson.  Iliiuli.  Iiisseriatiuii  on  the  proiinKatloli  of 
Clirisliiinity  in  Asiu.    U.xfd..  llutcliuril.  ISOM.    4to. 

l.-iS. 

I'eKKs,  ,1.     India's  cries  to  liritisli  humanity.    L,  183U. 

S\'i. 

I'etrl.  A.     .Viisliililmiir  der  Kvuncel.  Ileideiiljoten   in 

liiiiisi'lil      llerl    |s7.) 
I'elrl.    I..    A.     Illl'   Missliin    iiiid    die    k'irelie:    Kiirze 

.ViiiwiMt    an    die  (ii'Kiier.       Krlan^'eti,    IMVJ.      Hvo. 

■  <  Sk'r. 
Ptilelit,   l»le,  der  evaiik'elisi'lien  Kirclie  filr  die  Ver- 

kiiiiilii:iiii|f    lies    Kvaii^eliiinis    iinler    den    Mt'iden 

vvirksam  ZII  sein.     NUiiiliei'K.  I^I'l.     '^vo.     ^'•v'^K''. 
Plersoii.  A.  T.     I'lie  (luspei  tlnodim;  the  world.     In- 

iliana]iiilis.   IKs:).— Kvaiinelistic    work    in    priiiciplu 

ami  practice.     N    Y,  Haker  i  Taylor.  1887.     I'Jtno. 

Jl.-.'.V 
rierson.    II.    W.     'Kd.l     American   missionary  tne- 

i;ll        \    Y  .   Il.l   lii'ls.   l".'.').      SVO.      81  7.%. 

Pliilh.  C.  H.  <;.  Ilie  Knviildiiiii;  der  Yi'ilker  im 
l.iilite  di'i-  Missiiiiis  itescliii'lile  lierl.  Isii;.  Mv,i. 
Ci  I'f  Missioiisindifii  Iterl.  ts7(i.  svo.  un  I'f .  _ 
The  sjiliifct  iif  missions  iiiidiT  three  new  as)iei-is: 
the  Clinrch  and  missions:  ihi*  i-epresentatinii  uf  tlie 
si'i.'iu'e  of  missions  at  the  university;  i'< .mnieii.'e 
and  till'  Clinn'li.  Knu'  iraiisl  .  Kdiiili  .  ilainiltoii. 
1:*;:!.    SMI    .'is.  lid.     Xeiii'Mi-sionsfrairi'ii     Heil  |ss.-i, 

Plt'H   for  Voliiiitiiry  ( >llsHi«iiiHry|   Soeli^tles,  and 

ilil'eiH f  the  decisions  of   the  ll'resliy  |  (ieni-ral 

Assi'iiilily  ,,f  1H:)i1.     N    Y.  1s:)7.     1','mo. 

I'liiid,  I'liioeli.  .Short  iiiissioiiury  disconrses.  Wor- 
cester, is-.'l.     7iK,'. 

Porter.  A.  A.  Tlie  principli-sof  our  fftlth  in  the  work 
of  fiireijtn  missions.     N.  Y.  18.V<, 

Poiiliilii.  He  Kvaiitr  Zendiin.'  als  Retnlire  van  de 
(ioilslijkheit  d.  t'Inisieiid.     I'ti.'chi.  Isils. 

ProeeeillnuH  of  the  ForeiKii  Clirlslliiii  .'>Ils> 
sionaiy  Society,     cincin.  iss;) 

Procet'illiiKH    oif    the    tieiieriil    Conference    on 


MISCELLANEOUS 


noO  MISCELLANEOUS 


I 


FiM-elKii  Missions,  etc.,  lield  nt  Mililinny  Paik.     L. 

rriM'liiiitu,  J,  I>.     Kbrni'/.i'i-:   r)iiiks|i'in  ciiii  r  liliif 

iiliilz«aiizi({jliliii»;fii     Missions  Tliiiliirlic ii.        li.-il 

1S(;-J.     !iv..,     Tl.j  St'l-. 
I*UM\v,  K.  It.    'l'lTi>  I'limvli,  llif  coniiMliT  iif  llie  liwi- 

Ili.-ii.      I'wn  M'irii. Ills      1,,  Kixiii^;!. Ill,  is.js.    svii     :ts. 
Itiiiiiliii ,     Alili^.       F)lihli>    lii>iui'.    sill'    I'liiirii'iiiii' 

Mi<si,.ii  l>iiii'i''-^iiiiic  ill' ('Ifniiiiiii.     I's.  iss.'i      I'.'ii- 
KHiikiii.  \\.     Aili'i'i'ss  licfon-  llii'  Syiiiiil  cif  N.'w  ,1hi'- 

-.'V        S.  I„  A..  IS.-,,',. 
Itiiiili-iilirri;,  .1.  W.     Dif   Kirclii'iispiilliiiiv  unci   ilji' 

.>ll>Mc'll.      FlaillliK',  1S41.      I'Jillii.      Tl.,  S(;r 
Ita\<-ii,     I..      I.H    Missiiiiiaire    rintisliiiil.       I's     is-.i; 

1  .-.■1  fr 
RfU'lK'l    lip.  iif  Mfiitli  .    The   iwirlii'st    ii.isvjoiiiii-y 

iili.'alli/;ll|..|i    of    till'    Clil'lsliHll    Clllll'l'li:  II    si-lllioii 
.      on  lit-lialf  of  iln'S.  1',  (J.     iJiililiii  cM.'Ufi'i,  isim 

Mo.  p|>    X      M. 

Rrinii'k.     Vi'rliaii<lliiiiK  ">•''  Vi'isaiiiiiiliiin;  ilcr  K.vnn- 

K'<iis<'lii'U    cliiisii-ii     lioiilsclilaiurs     mill    ainlfier 

l.iiiiiN'r.     Il.'i'l    I'Ci;. 
Kt'lHlioiiii  iibr6_4^i's  lie  in  Vio  ft  lie  la  .tloit  ili's 

I'n'ii'fs.  fU'.iii'  In  I  ouKi  elation  ilt-  In  Jlissimi.     I's. 

isii-.'      ','  V. 
Itii'liliT,  (iiistHv.    Missions  ri'ciliKt  iilicr  KlniiiT  xiii. 

^.     Silif.'lli.-iliaii.  1S.M.     Svo.     UuSur. 
ItiKKi'iiltui'li.    I'll!.     Kiiiliiiiiili'i'ljiiririi'f    (o'lliiitittiiss 

Ki'it'i-  il."  tsi'lii'ii    L'liiislenlliiinis  (icKtllsoliafi. 

Ila«.-' 
Itlpli'-  issions  ill  tlii'ir  I'l'lntinii   to  filiu'a- 

'ioi.  HIS      N    Y.  Ihtij.    .Svo.     [.\iii.  liapt. 

I'liioii.  ....Moiiaiy  .Inliili'i'.] 
lliilierlNoii,  Scott.  "  .\iialysis  of  Itritisli  ooiitiilmtioiia 

lo  foi'i'i);!!  niissions.     I.   IS,S3. 
IColiiiixoii,  C.  K.     National  ailvantaKi's  of  luissinns  in 

a  Clirislinn  Slate.     I,  ,  llalrlianl.  IKVl.     Svo.     .Ss. 
KobliiMoii,  S.    fhiist's  kinttiloiii  on  rartli,  a  selfex- 

paniMiiK  missionary  soi'ieiy.     N,  Y.  IH,").". 
Itoeiilgeii,  .\.     Missiiinsial  ofli  en  missloiislieilittelse 

l.V  mission  sei-mon  anil  a  inission  sfrvice).   (liietlie- 

horn.  If*!''. 
BuBi-i'o,  A.     OtTeiie  Tliilr  zum  verliorKenen  lleiili'n- 

iliinii.     N'iirnli.  IWii. 
Itiiiiieyii,  tl.     I'len  for  tlie  evnuKelioal  press  [for  mis- 
sions].    N.  Y.  lfM.'l.     I'Jiiio. 
ICiitli,   .1.  <J.     Die    Ilenlii'likeit   iler  Missions- .Vrlieil. 

Si'hreiU'ilmn,  1S.W     H\i>.     IWSki'. 
Riitlilieli,  .1.     Wnrtiilsiippiimiiin»;al  werker  forfJiuls 

rikas  iiiitireilandi'  iTlie  eall  \t>  our  H«e  to  work  lor 

_  Ilie  extension  of  the  kinuilom  of  (loili.     Stoiiii.  I'ilK. 

Rl'ickert.      Hie    Missionssiulie.    u'eu-nindet    aiif    ilem 

lliispiel  nml  ileiii  Hefelii  iles  Si, lines (iottes.     lierl. 

IS'.M. 
Salfelil,    Kriist.      Naeliricliten  mis  iler  Iteideinvelt, 

Haiiilii.'   is|s.    .•<  V.  I'.'iiio.     I'.'S^'r. 
Saiiiler,  riiillpp.     Das  Werk  iler  Kvanirel.  Mission  ein 

Weik  iler   Kirolie.   tiastpreillKt.     C'elle,    ISI.").     Svo. 

■"  S>;r 
Siipliir.  I'liilip.     Letters  nml  iliaries.     Kilileil  tiy  liis 

liroiliii       Kiliiili.,  lii'oomliriiltie.  Is."i.'.    I'.'ino.     Is.  (1.1. 
Srli»tt<*ii»<'lteii     iler     .Mlssimi     iiiiil    iler    Itlliel- 

Verliieiiiini.'      iielleviie      svo      II'jSl'I- 
Sriieele,    C".     Missions    ToilleiilVier.     Mat'ileli^'.    IS.-)S. 

Svo.     'Jlj  Sfr. 
.Scli«ili«l.  .1 .  «i.     Keile  nm  Ki.  Sliftimtrs  Keste  iles  Mis- 
sions Vereins    zii    Diesilen,      Uiesden.    IS:)','.     Hvo. 

','!.,.  Sirr. 
Si'hellHer,    :>l.    I".     Die   Veilireiliinp;  der   liiliel   eiiie 

Weltliecelleldleil.      KllierlVld.  ISl'.l. 

Si'liiielilei',  .1.  Die  iiiisseie  mid  liiiiere  Mission  in  der 
Silinle,     llieslaii.  is.M.    Svo.    ,■)  Sjrr. 

S«'liiii,iiler.  Iler  l'"vaii;.'elisi'lii'ii  lleideii  -  Missions- 
iJ.ilit.  I'llielit  mid  Krfoljr.     liasel,  lS.s(i. 

.Scliott.  O.  Warmii  ist  ilie  Hekelininir  der  Heideti  so 
vi'liHer.     Hnsi'l.  Missioiislii'lilil'i.-.  ISK!. 

Srlireilivr,  A.  Ziir  Cliarakerisilk  iler  Missions  (jehiele 
der  Ulieimselieii  Mission     Hnrinen.  lSs:t     Svo.    Kll'f. 

.Hrhri'iiiler,  II.  Noijle  Onl  lil  Noi>.'is  Kiike  om  eln-is- 
telii."  I'll;;!  iiieil  Ileiisvii  till  Unsold  lor  dike  I'lirisI lie 
Me-llirrtdres  Salixlied'iSoine  words  toilie  Nor\vi';rian 
Clmreli  about  Cliiisiinii  duty  in  ii'traiil  lo  tlie  sulvn- 
tioii  of  non-Cliristlan  lirellii'ein.     ('lira.  IS|'.'. 

Sriiiili.  lletOaiiiiii.  KsmiI  sin  lexereieeilii  ministi're 
evnii>reli'|ne  paniii  lis  jieiiples  iion-C'liretiens. 
SlrassliK-  I't'-.    Svo.    :)  fr. 

Schweiirr,  <».  Die  ■.■vnnfteliselie  Mission  niit  liesoii- 
deier  Hezielimi(;aiif  das  Kvanueliselie  Denlsehlund. 
Berl.  1!«7.     Svo     8  S^r. 

Scnililer.  •Iiiliii.  Tlie  Kedivnier's  Inst  roninwiiid: 
Api«'nl  to  Christian  motlurK  on  lielialf  of  the 
heathen.  .\.  Y  .  Am,  Tr.  Sue..  INll.  ISmo.  'Jili--^ 
.\p|ienl  to  the  Christian  yonlli  of  the  I"  k  „,  he- 
half  of  the  henlheii  world.  I'liiln..  .\iii  S.  .^.  s..i'., 
IMC.  ISiiio.  ,'i,V'  -Talesalioiit  the  Iieatlien.  NY. 
Am.  Tr  .  ISlii.  ISnio.  4.V.-A  v.dee  froio  the  Kast 
totbeyoiin)?.     N.  Y..  Am.  S.  S  .  is,')ii.     I'Jnio.    .'i.V, 

Seflyv,  J.  H.    The  wnv.  the  truth,  tlie  life:  Lectures 


to  educated  Hindoos,  on  hlf  Into  visit  to  Imlift. 
Host  C'oHK'  I'ldi..  IsrS.  lOmo.  jfltX).— Christian 
:iiis>ii'iiisiVaU'  Lectiiresi.    N.  Y.,  Dodd,  IST.'i.     1','mo, 

Slie'.lil.  \V.  «i,T.     Ill '  Kiiill  of  the  VftKan.    A  sermon. 

lli.^t,    1S|)|. 

sliepiii',1,  u.    The  moral  tliscipliiie  of  KiviiiR.     Host. 

)S.")S, 

Miolierl.  F".     I'l'esetii  slate  of  Christianity  and  of  Iiiis- 

-.loimi  v  estalilisliiiienls      N,  V    IS'JS      I'Jino 
.sii'u.    Iter,   lies   Kvaii);eliiiiiis  in  dell  lleidenllinileril. 

I'lii'iii.  |s:'.i.    ii.iiio.    I'JSki'. 
sieverls     (i.    A.     W' r  Cliristimi  lieh  hat  dem  ist  die 

Mi-slili.  eiiie  hi'lli;,'!' lli'izeus.snclie.    l"iedi(;l.    Kliiis- 

iioni.  |s.'I.     Svo.     l:)Scr. 
sUliiiier,  •!.  II.     Tlioiinlilson  evant'elizint;  the  world. 

N  .  'S  . .  I  s-lil. 
Skinner,  V.  M.    Story  of  the  Kriend!y  Letter  Missio:i. 

;i'i' 

skiHi.  C.     Ilerrens  Tanker  oj;  MeniieskeneS  TniiUer. 

Mi-~  ohs  piHiliki'ii.     Skaiiderhoij;,  ISIiU. 
Slater,  T.  K.    The  pliilosophy  of  missions,    L,,  Clnrke, 

ISS-,',        svo.        ','S.   tili. 

Sill i til,    Kll.      Missionary   sermons    and   addresses. 

Host.  !S:t.-). 
Smith,   «;eii,    Cliiiia,   her  future  nud    lier  ]iast,     A 

I'haiL'e.     I.    IS.M. 
Siiiitli,  II.     The  tine  iiiissionaiy  spirit  in  the  ehtircli 

the  asnre  of  her  Chrisiian  principle,     Itoston, 

isi;-,'. 
Siiiiili,  W,  s.    (Il.slncles  to  inissionary  success aiiioni; 

ilie  lieatheii.     1 ...  Maciiiillati.  IsiiS.    svo.    ;is,  lid, 
Soiiieriillr,  A.  I Hires  on  iiiissioiisand  evaHKellsni. 

Kdiid...  Ihinidlon,  1874.     s»o,     (is. 
Siiiiileriiiiii I.  S.     Taliellariselie  I'ehersicht   illier 

ilie    I'roii'st.'iiiiisi'heii    Missioiisj;i'si'llschafti'ii,    Mis- 

sioiissiiitioiieii     nud     Mis^ionnre    der    (iCKenwart. 

Niiniliert'.  is|r,.     Ito,     1  Tli,  l.'i  S),'r. 
Siiiii'liiiii,  A.    V.    Das  Missions  Werk  ein  Werk  des 

Heireii.  mill    keiii   M'luehliclu's  Werk.     Herl.  lsi:l, 

Svo.    .i-li    S^:r.-  Mi'lir  Kriicht    nnf    dem    Missions- 

Kelde  Predij:!      Halle.  Istil.     8vo.     :)  Sfr, 
Spear,    s.   T.     The   riitiire  of  Chiistianiiv.     Seriuoii 

hif.ire  the   I'   M.  S.  of  N.  Y.  ami   Utooklyii,     NY. 

IS.-!;,     (.oil's  rule  for  christian  KiviiiK'     '''h'. 
Spieker,    II.    II.    «.     Zions  Klaire  niid  IIolTiiniiK  an 

seitieii    MisM.iiislesleii.      Predict.     Urilnliei');,  ISIT. 

Svo.     ii.Sur. 
SpraKue,  W.  H.    Coiitia.st  between  true  Chrlstinnity 

and  other  systems.     N.  Y.  Is.iT.     I'.'ino. 
Sleaiip,     I'locei'liiurs  of  the  .Vinstenlaiii  Conference 

of  the  Kvaiiiielieal  .\lliance.     1..  IStVS. 
Ste(tei',    II,    St.     Die  Aiislireitiint;  der  Kirdie  Clnistl 

imter  alien  Viilkern  der  Krde.     Predict.     Nilndnr. 

1S43.     Svo.     '.'Ij    S«r.-  Die    K.vancelisehe    lleideii- 

inission.     Diei     (iespriiehe     ziir     Krweekiini.'    iitid 

Ilelelnmt;    des    >lissiotissiiines    iiiiier    dem    Volke. 

Nllridit.'   'Ml.     Svo.    :i.T4  Skrr.— Die  rroleslaiilisi'lieii 

Missioiii  ii  iiiiilderen  >!eset;tietes  Wirkeii.     llof,  1S41, 

:)  V.  Svo     -JTh   lit^SKr, 
Stler.   Kiiiloir.       ^iissions-I'ieiliet    aus    dem    lioheii- 

prii-teilielieii  (iehete  lies  lleirn.     Lpz.  lS.Vi,     Svo, 

■I  St'l'. 
!9|||'liiiiK«reler.  Die.  des  .lilliehsclien  Hiilfs-Misslons- 

Hiliel-iiiiil  TractatVeieins.      Kllierfeld,   l*'i4,      Svo. 

*'.,  Str. 
StiiH.    liaroii.     (Kd,>      Missionary    enterprise.      Dis- 
courses l.y  .Vnieiicnn  nntliois.     L  .  Chapman,  1S4'.I, 

I'.'lllo.      lis. 

.Slrarke.   41.    S,     Neiieste  Hritische.  llolliiiidische  iiiul 

D.'iit-i'lie  Missions  Anstalleii.     lliemen,  ISO:). 
Striiiiiberi;,   V,     lltdimiiiissioiieiis  nein-'afva  til   den 

iiiisvioiii'iaiide  K.\  rkaii  iTlie  letiiriis  of  the  heallieii 

iiiis-ioiis  to  the  chiii'clii.     Calniar.  1Sn">. 
.SwMii,    W,     Litters  on    missions      Host.  IK)  1.  and  L., 

Swan,  '.'d  e.   is|:i.     K'liio.     Is. 
Sviioiliis    Vicar     .Siitehiielisls,    etc,     Appeiiil'x. 

ifoiiia.  1S-.^J  .t. 
Ta.v  lor.    I>iiae.     New    moilel   of  Christian   niissions. 

'I.  .  llol.lswortli.  IS'Jil.     Svo      ,'is.     IN    Y.  is:t(ll 
Tavliir,  .1,  II,  China;  its  spiritnni  needs,  etc.     L.  ISO.'). 
Teilslriiiii,  C,  I.,     Missioiistal.     Sloeklioliii,  ls|S. 
TeHtliiioiiy  III' tile   4ii>\rriiiiieiit   of  liiilla  to  Ilie 

vidiie  of  ini-sioiiaiies  and  their  work,     L.,C.  M.  S, 

IsT.'l. 
Tliobiirii,  tl,   M.    Missionary  addresses.    N.  Y,  iss". 

I'.'nio. 
Tlioliick,  .\,  K,  T,     >lission«rede  znr  .laliresfeler  des 

Missioiisvereiie.  zii   Leipzig      Lpz.    1S4','.     Svo.     'Jijj 

SL-r     Dns  lli'ideiithiim  nacli  der  Helli^jen  Schrift. 

Hell.   Is.-,(       Svo        I  Sfr. 

Tliiiiiipsoii.     l-'iiiiire  pi'olintion  and  foreixn  niLssions, 

Host  on.  issii. 
Tliuiiipooii,  A,  <',    The  tlieolo|{icnl   missionary  and 

foi'riyn  iMis'ions.     lst*|.     ^loravinn  missions.     Lec- 

iiiies.     N.  Y  .  Scribnei's,  1SX4.     I'-'mo,     f ',•  («). 
Toiiillii,   tineob.      Missionnrv    Journals    and    letters 

from  the  Kust,     L..  Uailli^re,  mu,     r.'mo.     Is.  Cd. 


mSCELLANEOUS 


661 


MISCELLANEOUS 


Toniiii.  >Ir».     Mi><iiiimrv  lull's  (if  ival  life      "iV. 
rM-liacfcrrl.  H.  M.  K.    VMitrili' iiiiil  (■(•rahri'ii  wclrlio 

■  |<T    >li«>i"n    Hus    iliM'    K"l<'iiial|ii>lilik   i'i»ai'li-.('ii. 

I.l-z.  !"»••.     Kill.    :ui  I'f. 
l'l>pmauinK    til    MNKloiis-HiikciiH    lii'li'Uiii,|»iiil<- 

•  "•ll- I<iTiW|i  llif  iiilssinnm.     Stcilni.  IMI. 
VmIiI.  •!.     Kr  ilrl    (iii<K  Vi'lic.  at  ('In  isti'inUiniiiii'ii  i 

.■>iv  l>a»:ii-  Kkal  lulhri'ileK  hlaihlt    II<'iliiint:i'riii-.  n^; 

ln-«»r|t^l»-*  kAii  <l*Mti'  skf  i>aa  ilfii  betKlf  Maailf  y 

'l9  il  tlie  will  nflKiil  I  hat  Christ  iaiilty  shall  Im'  imp- 

aKalrd  aiimui;  tlic  ht-athrii  in   iiiir  ilav.  aiiil   how 

i-an  lliis  U'st   Ik*  aCL-omplishi'd  Vi      Kiihm.  IS.">',i, — 

Kort  Oversijft  nvtr   I»atiskH   Missioiis\ii-ksiniiheil, 

ftc.    O'hii    IHiHi  — Ht-retuliiK'  <""  il''ii  Kvain;.  Aili- 

•iH'vs  •'(■•-ikIi*  aim  MTiilf     ciiliii   isw; 
Vaiiichan.  <".   .1.    •KniKi't   iitii   Ihiui'  mvii   penpli'." 

I. .  Macniillaii.  .>C1      -J.l  .■  .  l^TH      Sv,..     .Is  t;,l 
Wllnian.  J.  <i..  iiikI  FruaiKkrii.     'r<"'s|ii'akeii  hij 

ii«'l»-j^-iiiM-iJ     ';Vr    ul<i'iiu*ein'     Vfixuileriuj;,    etc. 

K.  1.1  III.  1-<K 
VeiiB,  J.     K'>reiifii  missions:  Ihp  ini'asin'o    of    their 

i-bllliis  on  ih*' rliliri-h's  attt'tltioll.      U. 
Vm-iiiiciini;,  I'i-Imt ili)-,  l.Mt lii'iischiT  I'hristrii  iiiit 

aii*l**Mi  *''»jif«-s^ion.*ii    im  Wefk  ilci-    llfiilfiibt'keh* 

nini;      iHiriii'-iaMI    isiil. 
Vett.      Il.iiiihiirir  s  Tlii'iliialime  an  ili-n  Hi'stivliuiincii 

.l.-r  Hehleii  .Mission.     Hamli.  is*.'. 
Vrlt<>r.  C.  \V.     Mucht  il.-r    KiiisliTiiiss   imil   i<U't;  ili's 

Iji-lil-s.     .\iis  .ler  (ifsilMi'liii-  ch'r  Kvaii/i'l    llcidfn- 

MissL.n^n      Sen  Kuppin.  IStid.     plino.     I.' Si,'f. 
Voriiiltaniii.    K.       .Missions  Sei;<Mi.      UleletVlj,    1S.VJ. 

»%••      l->  S_T. 
V«»«.      !>••    /^M.lintrs    Metlioiie   viiti  Jan    Companiiiiv 

I'T-l.t     issjj 

WaKiiT.  C.  K.  Schrifiniiissik'''*  lliMlHiikfii  illior  Vi'r- 
liati<ttiiii«^fi  (les  iifHiiIfi)  Kiri*lifnta^t*s  iM-trt'lTciid 
•li>-  ■{••Hl>-n-  iiikI  iiiiK're  .Mission  Kiankfiii'l  a.  .M., 
I<C><     »»..      4Str 

Waldiiifirr.  T.  K<-pi  of  work  uiiiler  his  chaise. 
l.'-"-ii-nsT»*r. 

Waliinann,  .1.  •'.  PiViliL't  am  !>Iissioiw  (■".•sti- in  di-r 
lioiiikirvlie  7.U  I<hII>-  llallf.  isti.  Svo.  •,' Ski- —Die 
Mi!wioo.'nil«T  Kvan»r''Iis<hen  Kirche.  Qiieilliiiliniv. 
I"*".  i.'fUo.  l.'i  Si;r  -.liiiii<'ke  s  Missionare  niul 
Tit»r  I'rcMrheii  uImt  das  K**samiate  Missionsvvesen 
.|^r<Sfireii»art.     Halle.  lS,V,t.     Hvo.     pj  S^r. 

Waloh.  \V.  I*..  B|i.  Christiiii  Missions  iDonellan 
I."iiir>-«  I*]!    Kuliliii.V  l,..llatc'lianl.is»l,'.  svo    lis. 

Waniiriuann,  K.  I'tlioht  iind  .ViitValH' del'  Missions- 
artn-il  des  .\IX  .l.itiilmnderts  iitid  Wideili't'iimr  ilei' 
IC^TTMi  «i«»erholi«'neii  EiuwUrfe.  Uerl.,  \Viihl>;emiith, 

|<ST.        «Vo         iJlf. 

nrarnrrk.  O^o.  Komm'  nnd  sieh'.  Ein  Wort  der 
Kiiiieitiiiii;  iiiiil  Kinlalnii).'  zii  deii  "  I^-lieiisliildirii 
an  >ler  lleiienmission."  liiltersloh.  Ileitelsmaiiii, 
1"CI.  I»iea(">si<ilisi'he  nnd  der  inodernen  Mission. 
GOlersl.  IXTrt—liasStudiiim  der  Mission  aiif  derUtii- 
versiiil.  liiltersloh.  Ilertelsmann.  1S77.  «vo  — has 
SiU'liiim  iler  .Mission  aiif  der  rnivet'sitiit.  (Jdtersl. 
l>«r;  — Die  I'hrisllielie  Mission.  Oiliersl.  tsta  ^Die 
B**l^(Hini;  des  Mi^sionsiMiies  in  der  Ileiniath. 
ifQC»-rs|  1*79.  -Hie  i:e;:eiiseitiKen  Heziehnnj^en  /wi- 
«t-lif-n  der  nKhlerneii  Mission  imil  (Niliiir.  (iiltersl. 
l«rv.— Kii.:!.  trans.  Kliiih  .  Simpkiii.  IfvSl  Svo, 
4s.  &I  — Wariim  is  das  XI.V.  Jalnhiindert  ein  Mis- 
ajonsjahrhiiii'len.  Halle.  Krieke.  IHSii  svo.  ■,'.•>  I  f 
— IHe  Heideiiiiiission.  eiiie  (}rcwsinai-lit  in  Kneeli 
tesjr.~ial:.  Halle,  InS1  -I'rotestantisrlie  Hel.'iieli- 
tiiiii' ilrr  romaiast'li'ii  AiiuMilTeaiiF  die  .■\.'iiiL'''lisehe 
HeiiienniiiMioii  iii:tersloh.  nei'telsinann.  issf  ,',. 
2  V.  J»TO.  66>l  Mk,  I'ie  Mission  in  der  yehiil". 
Gatend..   Bertel-niaiin.    1!>S7,     svo.      'J     .^Ik.-Der 


KeKeiiwaiiiKe  Uoniaiiismiis  ini  Liclite  seiner  llei- 
deniiiission  |.  I>ie  riiniiaehe  Keiiidsohaft  wider 
die  evaiinelische  Kirelie,  'J.  Das  Hoinisehe  I'hrls- 
teiithiiiii    Halle,    Strieii.    IsMK.      Svo,      ;),')  I'f  — Klr- 

<'heiiniis>ii di-r  fiei-  .Mission,     tiiilersl,,  Uertels- 

liiaiin,  I'Hs,     s^,, 

Wiiriiei'k,  <ieii.,  mill  (iriiiKli'iiiiiiiii,  It.  Mission- 
stinideii.  '.'  l,d  :  ln>-  .^lission  in  liililern  aiis  ihrer 
(iesehu'hte,  •,',  .Vlitld't;  .\sien  nnd  Aiiierii'a. 
tliltersl  .  Ilertelsiiiann.  isss.     svo.      I'JiiMk. 

Warren,  \V.  These  for  those:  onr  iiidehlediiess  to 
Hussions,     Poiilanil.  l";!! 

Wi'bli,  .\.  II.,  lip.  Woman's  works  for  forei(.'n  mis- 
sions of  the  (hiircli  of  I'.iiKland  I, ,  Skeflllit;toii, 
1S7.^— A  Sisterhood  in  the  inisMon  Meld.  I,..  Skef- 
llnnton.  IHK).     Hvo,     ','s  inl. 

Week.  K.  .M.  Has  walire  Weseii  derl'nion:  ein  Mis 
sioiis  nnd  Nenjalir's  tirn.ss.  Zeitz.  l^r>M.  (<vo 
.-1  S^-r. 

AVIiatel.v,  K.  Jiiik*.  Home  workers  for  foi-ei»rii  mis 
sions  1...  1{.  Tr,  So.-,  1S71).  l','ino.  Is,  (1.1.— 
"I'li'ar  tlii-  Wa.v  :  "  or,  liiu.lian.'es  to  inissionary 
voik,     1..,  Shaw,  IsSd.     sv.i     '.'s,  cd, 

Wlii'eler,  <',  II.,  !>,!>,  <  i.l.ls  anil  en. Is:  or.  (ili-aniiiKs 
from    iiMssi.>narv    life,      llost.ai,   C'oiiK-    I'nh     Co., 

|SSS,       l','||i,i       $1   -e, 

Wlguirs,  •liiliiiH.    |iie  M.'cklenhnrKis.'he  Mission  nil. I 

.111'     C<iiiror.lien  Korinel,       I'ari-ldm,     IM.'i,       tvii, 

r.  S^ir. 
WlllH'riorci".   Sunil..    lip.    Speeches    (in    iiiisHions, 

Kd.    H.    l<onle.>.     L,,  (iaidner,    1»T4.    x'd  e„   1888, 

sv.i     Ts. 
AVIIil,    V.   «'.     Vnisi'liaii  niif   deni    Arleilsfelde  der 

K\aiii;eli,si'hen    -Mission.      NiiriiliiiKen,    INM.      8vo. 

'.  Sl  r 
WIlllaiiiH,  W.  II,     Mis'-ioi  H  needful  to  hiiilier  lilesse.U 

iii's>      N    >   .  Caili'is,  IN'.tl.     I'.'ino,     -:,"k'. 
'Wiliiier.  .■»!.  K.    'Hie  Missioiiarj  il.ic-tor.     .N.  Y..  Hef. 

Ill    H.I.     1-.' s|ii', 

'Wiiisliiw,  >lii-oii.     Hints  on  iiiiKsioiis  to  India.     N. 

V  .  Iioil.l.  is."iii,     I'.'iii...    $1  im. 
Wllliriiw,  .1.  I,.    Con.liiioii  oi  the  In-atlien  ami  their 

rt'IlMTsioii.      Sermon        liost.      ISSCi. 

MItliriw.  W.     lioinaiire  ii Hussions,     CiiV. 
'Wink  111!  I  III- 'tiiiiiiK  at  lliiiiii-,     I'ai^li-y,  1s.s*,v 
Wiii'li-th-r  KliiKi-iiiiiil  Kriiialiiiiiiig  an  ilip  llasler 

Mission,  et.-      Hern,  Islc, 
Wiii'kert,  W,  M,     Missions  I're.lik'i    ni..r  .lie  ( iflfeii- 

haiiiiii;    St,  ,loliaiines  x.\ii.    Id  '.'1.    Canun/,  ls,'>4, 

Svo     '.'Ski 
W>  lie.  Marl,     Kendal   as    u  field  f.ir  niissi.'iis,     L.. 

iNllt.in.  IS.'i.-,.     Hvo.      Ills, 
Yoiiiii;,  K,     'Uie  sn.-i'ess  of  Christian  missions  tesli- 

iiiotiii-s  to  their  lienetl.'eiit  results.     l,oniloii  tllod, 

der,   IS!H1.      1 'list  svo,  pp.  ','70,      .'is. 

/aim,  F,    M,     Kiniire  Iledenken    ^e^en   .lii>   Missi.>n. 

Hienieii,  INk'i.-   Hail. lei  nnd  Mi-sioii      (iiileisl.  IHMC. 

lier  iiliirseeisihe  llraniit weiiiliaii.lel,     lier  west- 

iifrikunisi'he     Itianntwi'inhan.lel.       (ihtetsl.     |8M!. 

Svo,    :*>}•( 

Zey.scliwil/,  C.  A,  «;,  v.     Wle  feierii  w  Ir  niisere  Mis- 

sionslesl.' als  K!r.  lieufesle?     .NIlridiei'K.  l^«iv.     f<vi>, 

:i  S^-r, 
/iiiiliit>riiiii.iiii,    I'.    U,       tlie    Mission    eine    (iottes- 

Kiiiiij'teriii,     lii'e^iU'ti.  is.'d      '  vo      *J  S^r, 
/iir     Missiiiiis-Keier     In     Her     lilJii'i'se     .Xaleii. 

Nrinllinir.-n,  ls,M,     svo.     -.'i.,,  s.r 
/tir  >llssi«MiN<Sarlie  il<*s  I'rof.   llr,   llaiiinuiirteii. 


l.p/     is.-.l,      Svo 


>>:r, 


/yeliliiiski,  I',  Missions  Itlh,,]  j  e  'lexis  Kiariiit;  on 
iiiisvji.n  work],  (jtltersl.,  liertelsinaiin,  ItiJt,  f\u. 
UO  I'f, 


